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Ahinda

2026-05-03T18:34:29Z

Adiyogirudraksha:

{{Short description|Kannada acronym: minorities, backward classes, Dalits}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2020}}
{{neologism|date=January 2020}}

'''[[Ahinda]]<ref>https://ahinda.in/</ref>'''
(a [[Kannada]] acronym for Alpasankhyataru or [[minorities]], Hindulidavaru or [[backward classes]], and Dalitaru or [[Dalits]]) is a [[political terminology]] coined by the [[Karnataka]] state's first backward leader [[Devraj Urs]], AHINDA has been reinvigorated by [[Siddaramaiah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/867739/in-karnataka-it-is-congress-partys-ahinda-versus-bjps-hindutva|title=In Karnataka, it is Congress party's AHINDA versus BJP's Hindutva|first=Supriya|last=Sharma|website=Scroll.in|date=7 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|first=Paul|last=Wallace|date=7 July 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351505174|via=Google Books}}</ref>

There are two explanations regarding the motives behind Ahinda. Firstly, it is a challenge to the continuing dominant caste hegemony in Karnataka politics. Secondly, it is a non-political social movement aimed at pursuing the cause of social justice to the oppressed classes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cdCwAAQBAJ|title=Emerging Political Leadership Of Backward Classes In Karnataka|first=Dr Prahalladappa|last=M.H|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329462205|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The religious minorities, [[Dalit]] and [[Adivasi|Adivasis]] constitute 39% of the state’s population – Muslims and Christians (14.79%), Scheduled Castes (17.14%) and Scheduled Tribes (6.95%) and thus they form a significant electorate within the state. However political alignment is not along [[Demography|demographic]] lines because of the inherent political differences between [[Chalavadi]] and [[Madiga]] sub groups within [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Supriya|title=In Karnataka, it is Congress party's AHINDA versus BJP's Hindutva|url=https://scroll.in/article/867739/in-karnataka-it-is-congress-partys-ahinda-versus-bjps-hindutva|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Scroll.in|date=7 February 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=MANOR|first=JAMES|date=2013|title=Lucky in Its Adversaries: A Slipshod Congress Gains a Majority in the Karnataka Election|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528642|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=48|issue=47|pages=51–59|jstor=23528642|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caste politics]]
* [[Bahujan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External Links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary|AHINDA}}

[[Category:Political terminology in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political movements in India]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]

{{poli-term-stub}}

Aurangzebpur

2026-05-03T16:36:18Z

Adiyogirudraksha: Adding The Post Added Tags...

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Aurangzebpur''' is a small village in [[Saharanpur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Aurnagzebpur also known by another name Nazeebpur, this village has a small population dominated by Muslims almost 99% population is Muslim, Located on Saharanpur-Chilkana road.
Aurangzebpur is not connected to the main road, but has the connectivity through "PM Garamin Sadak Yojna".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmgsy.nic.in/|title=Home | National Rural Infrastructure Development Agency (NRIDA), Government of India|website=pmgsy.nic.in|accessdate=24 February 2024}}</ref> to the Chilkana Road.

Padhan is the Strongest Clan (Family) in the village. Nearest villages to Aurangzebpur are Ghathera, Buddhakhera, Katla and Patni. Most Population in the village belongs to Gada or Gour.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars
! Total
! Male
! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses
| 172
| --
| --
|-
| Population
| 1,063
| 565
| 498
|-
| Child (0–6)
| 184
| 97
| 87
|-
| Schedule Caste
| 20
| 9
| 11
|-
| Schedule Tribe
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Literacy
| 68.26%
| 78.21%
| 56.93%
|-
| Total Workers
| 277
| 257
| 20
|-
| Main Worker
| 272
| 0
| 0
|-
| Marginal Worker
| 5
| 4
| 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/109551-aurangzebpur-uttar-pradesh.html|title = Aurangzebpur Village Population - Saharanpur - Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Aurangzebpur.jpg|thumb|Beautiful Aurangzebpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30|03|N|77|30|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Saharanpur district]]

Kanna Naga Raju

2026-04-25T03:34:43Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding basic data v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanna Naga Raju
| image = Kanna Naga Raju.jpg
| caption = Kanna Naga Raju
| office = [[Guntur Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Guntur]]
| term_start = 5 October 2005
| term_end = 30 April 2008
| succeeded = Rayapati Mohan Sai Krishna
| preceded = Chukka Yesu Ratnam
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]] (father) Kanna Vijaya Lakshmi (mother)
| occupation = Politician
| relations = Kanna Phaneendra (Younger brother)
}}

'''Kanna Naga Raju''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Guntur Municipal Corporation|Ex-Mayor of Guntur]] from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EX-OFFICIALS !! |url=http://210.212.227.99/Contact_Info/ex_officials.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=210.212.227.99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur ex-mayor barred from polls for 3 years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/may/27/guntur-ex-mayor-barred-from-polls-for-3-years-256939.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> He is the elder son of former Minister [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]] who was five times an MLA from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-05 |title=Congress leader Kanna Lakshminarayana formally joins BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Congress-leader-Kanna-Lakshminarayana-joins-BJP/article60348956.ece |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Andhra court directs BJP leader to pay Rs 1 cr compensation to daughter-in-law |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-court-directs-bjp-leader-pay-rs-1-cr-compensation-daughter-law-160060 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] on 23 February 2023, at [[Mangalagiri]] TDP's headquarters in the presence of party chief [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavan |date=2023-02-23 |title=Kanna Lakshminarayana joins TDP at Mangalagiri office, Naidu welcomes him |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kanna-lakshminarayana-joins-tdp-at-mangalagiri-office-naidu-welcomes-him-784541 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2023-02-23 |title=Kanna joined TDP :చంద్రబాబు సమక్షంలో టీడీపీలో చేరిన కన్నా లక్ష్మినారాయణ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/guntur/kanna-lakshminarayana-joined-tdp-anr-1016966.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kanna Naga Raju was born to [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]] and Kanna Vijaya Lakshmi in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanna Lakshminarayana: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/kanna-lakshminarayana-71741.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh: గృహహింస కేసు.. కన్నా లక్ష్మీనారాయణ కోడలికి రూ. కోటి పరిహారం {{!}} Andhra Pradesh: Domestic violence case .. kanna Lakshminarayana son nagaraju |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-domestic-violence-case-kanna-lakshminarayana-son-nagaraju-r5zgld |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=telugu.asianetnews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Devi Gita

2026-04-23T21:07:58Z

Adiyogirudraksha:

{{Infobox religious text|image=|image_size=250|alt=|caption=Devi Gita by Mackenzie Brown|religion=[[Hinduism]]|verses=507|author=Traditionally attributed to [[Vyasa]]|language=[[Sanskrit]]|date=|chapters=10|name=Devi Gita|period=|sutras=}}
The '''Devi Gita''' ({{langx|sa|देवीगीता|lit=The Song by Goddess|translit=Devīgītā}}) is a Hindu philosophical text from the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]], a major text of the [[Shaktism|Shakta sect]] devotees, in the form of dialogue between [[Mahadevi]] and king [[Himavat|Himavan]].<ref name="shivagitacs">{{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=satyananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXfOuAEACAAJ |title=Devi Gita |publisher=Temple of the Divine Mother, Incorporated |year=2016 |isbn=9781877795565 |edition=4th |pages=4–5 |language=English, Sanskrit}}</ref> It is also one of the sixty-four Gitas commonly referred to in [[Hindu scriptures]]

== Nomenclature ==
Gita means "song", Devi is the sanskrit word for [[Devi|"Goddess"]]; the masculine form is [[Deva (Hinduism)|''deva'']]. Accordingly, ''Devi Gita'' literally means "the song of the Goddess."'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Cheever Mackenzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Date ==
C Mackenzie Brown states that given the specific philosophical ideas and literary works with which the Devi Gita is familiar, "it is difficult to place the text earlier than the thirteenth century of the Common Era, and it may be as late as the sixteenth century."{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=5}}

== Structure ==
The Devi Gita is a text that consists of the last ten chapters of the seventh Canto of the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]. It has 507 verses and often circulates as its own text.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackenzie Brown |first=Cheever |title=The Song of the Goddess: The Devi Gita : Spiritual Counsel of the Great Goddess |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=0791453944 |edition=1st |pages=4 |language=English}}</ref> It presents a magnificent vision of a universe created, pervaded and protected by an all-powerful, all-knowing and all-compassionate Divine Feminine.

== Content ==
The Devi Gita frequently explains Shakta ideas by quoting from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}}

=== Narrative ===
The Devi Gita focuses on the Goddess’s answers to Himalaya’s queries. [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]], the king of demons, conquered the three worlds after receiving a boon from Lord [[Brahma]]. While the gods, who have lost their divine kingdoms to the demon Taraka, take refuge in the goddess to regain their worldly fortunes, Himalaya, the epitome of supreme devotion, seeks spiritual realization for himself. He inquires of the Goddess about her true nature and relation to the material world as well as the means of union with the Supreme Goddess, the ultimate goal of human existence. As the Universal Mother is anxious to satisfy the desires of all her children, she fulfills the desires of the King Himalaya. She first appears to the gods and the Himalayas in a blinding light representing the Absolute or [[Brahman]], whose nature is infinite existence, pure consciousness and eternal bliss. Then, the Goddess quickly emerges from the orb of light in her non-transcendental form as [[Bhuvaneshvari|Bhuvaneshwari]], the beautiful and gracious, four-armed, Mother of the Universe.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=26-28}} Later in the Devi Gita, while describing her essential oneness with the universe, the goddess manifests her most terrifying, masculine form, Virat.

=== Chapters ===

==== Chapter 1:The Appearance of the Great Goddess before the Mountain King Himalaya and the Gods ====

The first chapter of the Devi Gita provides the mythological background for the spiritual instructions of the devotees of the Great Goddess. The Devi Gita begins with Vyasa's disciple King [[Janamejaya]] questioning the manifestation of this supreme energy. Oppressed deities She is praised in hymns. This is the first of two important hymns in the Devi Gita that depict the Goddess as one power. Behind all the goddesses, the energy of all, and identifies her with Brahman. The first part of the hymn is based on the "Devi Stuti" contained in the [[Devi Upanishad]]. After the hymn, the gods called for help against the Taraka. In view of the exemplary and steadfast devotion of the king Himalaya, the Devi Bhuvaneshwari assures them of help by promising to send the energy known as [[Parvati|Gauri]] as a special act of grace to the king Himalaya. Unlike the gods, Himalaya is primarily motivated by a desire for spiritual realization, and so he makes a special request of his own. He prays to the Devi to explain the true nature of the Goddess and to explain the various paths of yoga discipline, devotion and knowledge.

==== Chapter 2: The Devi as the Supreme Cause of Creation ====

Second chapter briefly outlines the first cosmological process using two overlapping models of creation, one an evolutionary unfolding of primordial elements based on the classical Samkhya school, and the other a reflective model emphasizing the transcendence and immutability of supreme reality, a model particularly favored by Advaita.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} According to the evolutionary model presented in the text, as Mackenzie Brown points out, the Goddess brings forth from within herself the creative, projective power known as Maya, the efficient and material cause of the universe.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=15}}{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
I am the Lord and the Cosmic Soul;
I am myself the Cosmic Body (Virat).
I am Brahma, Vishnu, and Rudra,
as well as Gauri, Brahmi, and Vaishnavi.
</poem>
| source = —''Devi Gita'' 03.13
| align = right
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
}}

==== Chapter 3: The Devi Reveals Her Cosmic Body (Virat Rupa) ====

Chapter 3 describes how the Goddess enters into her creation and thereby becomes unattached to [[Saṃsāra|samsara]]. At the same time, she expresses her identity with all cosmic and mundane manifestations in a grand cosmic vision of the universe.

==== Chapter 4: Instruction in the Yoga of Knowledge ====
In chapter 4, the Devi continues her discussion interrupted by her cosmic manifestation as the Virat of the genesis of individual souls through the power of ignorance and its karmic entanglements.

==== Chapter 5: Instruction in the Serpentine Yoga ====

==== Chapter 6: The Goal of the Yogas: Knowledge of Brahman ====

==== Chapter 7: Instruction in the Yoga of Devotion ====

==== Chapter 8: Further Instruction in the Yoga of Devotion: The Sacred Sites, Rites, and Festivals of the Devi ====

==== Chapter 9: Vedic and Internal Forms of Goddess Worship ====

==== Chapter 10: The Tantric Form of Goddess Worship and the Disappearance of Mahadevi ====

== Philosophy ==
The Goddess is described by the text as a "universal, cosmic energy" resident within each individual, weaving in the terminology of [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} It is full of [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas, emphasizing its ambiguity, misrepresenting all dualities, and treating the interconnected oneness of the soul of all beings with Brahman as liberating knowledge.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3, 12-17}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=9, 34, 89-90, 131-138}}{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston|Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=15-16}} The [[Bhakti]] concept of the Devi Gita portion of this Purana is influenced by the Bhagavad Gita, and shares similarities with the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] concepts of devotion to [[Krishna]] found in the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. A special type of devotion called para bhakti is mentioned here as the highest way of realizing the supreme goddess.

== Translations ==
There are several separate translations of Devi Gita.

* Devi Gita - The Song of The Goddess translated by C. Mackenzie Brown
* Devi Gita translated by swami Satyananda Saraswati<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Satyananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXfOuAEACAAJ |title=Devi Gita |publisher=Temple of the Divine Mother, Incorporated |year=2018 |isbn=9781877795565 |pages=274 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sri Devi Gita translated by Ramamurthy Natarajan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Natarajan |first=Ramamurthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZq_zQEACAAJ |title=Śrī Devī Gīta: Sri Devi Gita |publisher=India ISBN Agency |year=2020 |isbn=9789382237723 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sri Devi Gitai (Tamil Edition) by Ramamurthy Natarajan
* Le chant de la déesse: le Devi-Gita & autres textes de la tradition sakta by Pierre Bonnasse<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnasse |first=Pierre |title=Le chant de la déesse : le Devi-Gita & autres textes de la tradition sakta |publisher=Almora |year=2021 |isbn=9782351185018 |pages=281 |language=French}}</ref>
* El Devî Gîtâ. L´ univers de la gran deessa by Samadhi Marga<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marga |first=Samadhi |title=El Devî Gîtâ. L´ univers de la gran deessa |publisher=Samadhi Marga |year=2001 |isbn=9788492331246 |language=Catalan}}</ref>
* Деви гита. Песнь Великой Богини (Devi Gita: Song of the Great Goddess)

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Devi Mahatmya]]
* [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]
* [[Bhagavad Gita]]
* [[Ishvara Gita]]
* [[Uddhava#Uddhava Gita|Uddhava Gita]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Prasthanatrayi]]
* [[Vyadha Gita]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |author1=Lynn Foulston |author2=Stuart Abbott |title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC |year=2009 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Cheever Mackenzie Brown |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC |year=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Tracy Pintchman |title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC |year=2014 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Tracy Pintchman |title=The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Gita]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Puranas]]

I (2015 film)

2026-04-23T12:22:30Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding basic post nd citations

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Shankar}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I
| image = I film poster.jpg
| alt = Theatrical poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| producer = {{plainlist|[[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V Ravichandran]]
* D. Ramesh Babu}}
| screenplay = Shankar
| story = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Subha (writers)|Subha]]
}}
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|[[Amy Jackson]]|[[Suresh Gopi]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd.]]
| distributor = Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2015|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 188 minutes<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shankars-I-run-time-is-188-min/articleshow/45790432.cms Shankar's I run time is 188 min] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110104344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shankars-I-run-time-is-188-min/articleshow/45790432.cms |date=10 January 2015 }}. ''The Times of India''. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}100 crore<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-big-is-not-always-great-ians-tamil-movie-review-115011400828_1.html |title=Shankar's 'I': Big is not always great |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619214613/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-big-is-not-always-great-ians-tamil-movie-review-115011400828_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
| gross = ₹240 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=Times of India Tamil Samayam ₹227 crore|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/list-of-a-top-10-tamil-movies-of-all-time-worldwide-box-office-collection/articleshow/68112250.cms|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601143132/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/list-of-a-top-10-tamil-movies-of-all-time-worldwide-box-office-collection/articleshow/68112250.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NDTV ₹239 crore|work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cain |first1=Rob |title=Forbes ₹240 crore|website=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/24/vijay-passes-another-career-milestone-with-mersals-%E2%82%B9250-crore38-5m-worldwide-gross/|access-date=15 June 2023|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180617112624/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/24/vijay-passes-another-career-milestone-with-mersals-%E2%82%B9250-crore38-5m-worldwide-gross/%23135e77c0410e|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''I''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller|romantic]] [[body horror|action thriller]] film directed and co-written by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]], produced and distributed by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] under Aascar Films. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Amy Jackson]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead roles along with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Ramkumar Ganesan]], [[Upen Patel]], M. Kamaraj and Ojas Rajani in supporting roles. The film, told in [[nonlinear narrative]], tells the story of Lingesan, a bodybuilder-turned-[[supermodel]], who sets out to exact revenge against his enemies after they [[Disfigurement|disfigure]] him by injecting him with the ''[[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|I]]'' virus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-vikram-takes-beauty-and-the-beast-to-another-level-ians-movie-review-rating-115011700464_1.html |title='I' – Vikram takes 'Beauty and The Beast' to another level (IANS Movie Review, Rating – ****) |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=17 January 2015 |work=Business Standard |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201090321/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-vikram-takes-beauty-and-the-beast-to-another-level-ians-movie-review-rating-115011700464_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Parts of the film were loosely based on ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' and ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''.

The music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[P. C. Sreeram]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. The production design was handled by [[T. Muthuraj]], while the [[visual effects|VFX]] were designed by [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] through [[Rising Sun Pictures]]. [[Weta Workshop]] had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 15 July 2012. The filming lasted for two years and eight months, during which shooting was done extensively in [[China]].<ref name=schwngjc/> Further schedules were filmed in locations in [[Chennai]], [[Bangkok]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Pollachi]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]]. The climax was shot in the railway stations of [[Chengalpattu]], [[Rayagada]], [[Berhampur]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. The film was released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages, along with the original version.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram putting extra effort for Hindi dubbing of Movie I |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/10/vikram-putting-extra-effort-for-hindi-dubbing-of-movie-i/ |access-date=12 October 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021042025/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/10/vikram-putting-extra-effort-for-hindi-dubbing-of-movie-i/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''I'' was released on 14 January 2015, coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, and received positive reviews from critics with praise for its direction, cast performances (especially Vikram and Suresh Gopi), cinematography, VFX, production design, action sequences and music.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The film was a commercial success, grossing {{INR}}240 crore worldwide, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest grossing Tamil films of all time]] and Vikram's highest-grossing film until ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''. Vikram won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]] for his performance in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vikram-Nayan-take-home-Best-Actor-awards/articleshow/52821355.cms |title=Vikram, Nayan take home Best Actor awards |access-date=16 January 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Suganth |first1=M. |last2=Balachandran |first2=Logesh |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623155033/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vikram-Nayan-take-home-Best-Actor-awards/articleshow/52821355.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lingesan is a bodybuilder from [[Chennai]], whose main ambition is to become [[Times Mister India|Mr. India]]. He receives the title of Mr. Tamil Nadu, which gives him direct entry to the Mr. India pageant. He has a crush on Diya, a leading supermodel. Diya is soon blacklisted, with all her advertisement film contracts cancelled by John, her co-star in all her advertisements, after she refused his sexual advances. To save her career, Diya decides to replace John with Lingesan, whom she had earlier met at one of her shoots, as her co-star for her next advertisement. The shooting will take place in China at the same time as the Mr. India pageant takes place, but Lingesan agrees, sacrificing his Mr. India ambitions in the process.

Lingesan, renamed "Lee" by Diya, is given a makeover by transgender stylist Osma Jasmine but he struggles with shyness during the ad shoot. To help him relax, Diya pretends to be in love with him, as the ad director advised her, which works initially but leads to hurt feelings when she reveals the truth. Focusing on modelling, they both succeed as a lead pair, and over time, Diya reciprocates Lingesan's love, leading to their engagement.

Lingesan, in his rise from a bodybuilder to a top model, gains several enemies: John, whose modelling career falters due to Lingesan's popularity; Osma, whom Lingesan rejected after confessing her feelings; Indrakumar, an industrialist whose company suffered losses due to Lingesan's refusal to endorse a pesticide-laden drink; and rival bodybuilder Ravi, who lost to him in the Mr. Tamil Nadu competition. These four conspire to ruin Lingesan, eventually kidnapping and assaulting him. He regained consciousness in his car the next morning, unaware of what had happened.

Two days before his wedding, Lingesan slowly starts to experience hair and teeth loss and a skin disorder. He consults his friend Vasudevan, a doctor who is also the guardian of Diya's family. Vasudevan claims that he is suffering from a rare and incurable genetic disease that results in premature ageing. Lingesan's condition worsens, with his face and body deforming, and eventually, he becomes a [[kyphosis|hunchback]]. In his current condition, Lingesan decides to disappear from the public eye and also from Diya's life by faking his death in a car accident. Only his friend Babu and Vasudevan know that he is alive. Nobody is willing to marry Diya due to her past with Lingesan. Lingesan asks Vasudevan to marry Diya, as he is the only person who will be able to understand Diya's past and present situation. Vasudevan agrees, and the wedding is fixed.

On the eve of Diya's wedding, another doctor named Thiruvengadam reveals to Lingesan that, contrary to Vasudevan's claims, he is actually suffering from H4N2 influenza, caused by the "[[Orthomyxoviridae|I]]" virus, which can only be transmitted by injection. Lingesan discovers that John, Osma, Indrakumar, Ravi, and, to his horror, even Vasudevan, are responsible for injecting the virus into his body. It was then revealed that Vasudevan lusted after Diya since she was a little girl when he was their family doctor, and was enraged when she chose Lingesan over him. So, he sided with Lingesan's enemies and planned the entire operation to have Lingesan injected with the I virus (after Lingesan was kidnapped and beaten, Vasudevan injected the virus into him). Enraged and betrayed, Lingesan abducts Diya on her wedding day and keeps her safely in an old house without revealing his identity to her.

Aided by Babu, Lingesan decides to take revenge on those who had deformed him by disfiguring them without killing them. He first immolates Ravi, who suffers severe burns. He then prepares a paste which he mixes with Osma's daily cosmetic products, which she applies to her body, causing her body to have [[Hypertrichosis]]. Next, he douses Indrakumar with sugar syrup, which causes a swarm of bees to sting him all over his body. He lures John to fight over a moving train and gets him electrocuted. Finally, he gets Vasudevan to unwittingly inject the "I" virus into himself five times due to a dog bite (as he swapped the antidote with the virus), causing his whole body to [[Elephantiasis|swell up]]. After achieving his revenge, Lingesan reveals his condition to Diya, who, though initially taken aback, still loves him despite his deformity. They decide to live a secluded life together. Lingesan undergoes stem cell treatment, blood transfusion, yoga, ayurvedic treatment, and physiotherapy for his condition and gradually returns to normal.

==Cast==
''As per the film's opening and end credits.''
{{multiple image
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{{Cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Lingesan "Lee", a [[bodybuilder]]-turned [[supermodel]] who transforms into a [[deformity|deformed]] [[hunchback]] through an [[influenza virus]] injected in him.
* [[Amy Jackson]] as Diya, a supermodel and Lingesan's love interest (Voice dubbed by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Babu, Lingesan's best friend
* [[Ramkumar Ganesan|G. Ramkumar]] as Indrakumar, a businessman
* [[Upen Patel]] as John, a supermodel, who loses his fame because of Lingesan's rise
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Dr. Vasudevan, Diya's family doctor and guardian
* M. Kamaraj as Ravi, a bodybuilder and Lingesan's rival
* Ojas Rajani as Osma Jasmine, a transgender makeup artist
* [[Shree Karthick]] as Sushil's assistant director
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Keerthivasan's fan
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as himself (cameo appearance)
;Uncredited
* [[Mohan Kapoor]] as Sushil, ad film director<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/reviews/i-tamil-movie-review/|title=I Tamil Movie Review|author=Webdesk|work=Onlookers Media|date=14 January 2015|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] as Keerthivasan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2015/01/14/i-a-terrific-performance-let-down-by-an-uninspired-exhausting-movie/|title="I"… A terrific performance let down by an uninspired, exhausting movie|work=Baradwaj Rangan|date=14 January 2015|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[T. K. Kala]] as Lingesan's mother
* Mahru Sheikh as Diya's mother
* Azhagu as Lingesan's father
* Radha Ramakrishnan as Maya, modelling agency head
}}

==Production==

===Origin===
In an interview with the Tamil channel [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], held shortly after the release of ''[[Enthiran]]'' in October 2010,<ref>{{cite news|title=Shankar's first film with Rajinikanth was supposed to be 'Periya Manushan' in 1993|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-shankars-first-film-with-rajinikanth-was-to-be-periya-manushan/articleshow/65306624.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-shankars-first-film-with-rajinikanth-was-to-be-periya-manushan/articleshow/65306624.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the film's lead actor [[Rajinikanth]] revealed that [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] had approached and pitched three storylines for him to consider for his next venture, 15 years ago, post the release of his directorial, the [[Kamal Haasan]]-starrer ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996). Rajinikanth was impressed with two of the scripts and agreed to star in the films, which became ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007) and ''Enthiran'' (2010). The third script narrated by Shankar was centered on an aspiring bodybuilder who would later turn into a deformed hunchback following a freak accident. Rajinikanth was sceptical of it and refused it.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Rajinikanth (Actor) |date=October 2010 |title=Super Star Rajini – Special Interview |medium=Interview |language=ta |location=Chennai |publisher=Sun TV}}</ref>{{efn|The claim was also backed by composer [[A. R. Rahman]] who, in the press meet held to unveil the film's Hindi version, disclosed to the media that Shankar had discussed the film with him almost 15 years ago.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Xydogd7nXA |title='I' Movie: Hindi Audio Launch Event |medium=[[YouTube]] |time=2:15 |people=A. R. Rahman (Composer) |date=3 January 2015 |publisher=Bollywood Hardcore |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203125838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Xydogd7nXA |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Following the release of ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012), Shankar revived the project with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead, his second collaboration with the actor after ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005).

===Development===
Shankar collaborated with writer-duo [[Subha (writers)|Suresh and Balakrishnan]], to work on the script of his next film.<ref name=Iannounced>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Shankar-to-find-a-new-team/articleshow/12210265.cms |title=Shankar to find a new team |date=11 March 2012 |access-date=27 December 2013 |author=V. Lakshmi |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927085857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Shankar-to-find-a-new-team/articleshow/12210265.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> His norm collaborator [[A. R. Rahman]] was signed in to compose the soundtrack album and background score for the film, working with Shankar for the tenth time.{{efn|A. R. Rahman and Shankar had previously collaborated for nine films: ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994), ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996), ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998), ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999), ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'' (2001), ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003), ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007) and ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).<ref name = Iannounced/>}} [[P. C. Sreeram]] was confirmed to do the film's cinematography in his maiden association with the actor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/PC-Sreeram-in-Shankars-next-film/articleshow/14319729.cms |title=PC Sreeram in Shankar's next film |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927065522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/PC-Sreeram-in-Shankars-next-film/articleshow/14319729.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Action choreographer]] [[Peter Hein]] was initially roped in the project, but he had to back out, due to commitments with [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s film ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |author=V. Menon, Thinkal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-wanted-work-ai-peter-hein |title=I wanted to work in 'Ai': Peter Hein |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080909/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-wanted-work-ai-peter-hein |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, [[Stage combat|Martial arts choreographer]] [[Yuen Woo-ping]] was selected for handling the stunt sequences.<ref name=stunt>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-and-the-Matrix/articleshow/17462717.cms |title='I' and the Matrix |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915075832/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-and-the-Matrix/articleshow/17462717.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additional stunt direction and supervision was done by [[Anal Arasu|Anl Arasu]].<ref name = stunt/> VFX company [[Rising Sun Pictures]] under visual effects designer [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] was selected to provide the special effects in motion filming, while Indian art director [[Thotta Tharani]] was confirmed as the film's art director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.directorshankaronline.com/2012/06/%E2%80%98%E0%AE%90%E2%80%99/ |title=ஐ |publisher=S. Shankar Official Website |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040744/http://www.directorshankaronline.com/2012/06/%E2%80%98%E0%AE%90%E2%80%99/ |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In May 2012, Shankar visited [[New Zealand]] and met filmmaker [[Peter Jackson]] and [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]]'s special effects and prop company [[Weta Workshop]].<ref name="devquot">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shankar-opens-up-on-Ai/articleshow/21098818.cms |title=Shankar opens up on 'Ai' |author=Prasad, Shiva |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926211842/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shankar-opens-up-on-Ai/articleshow/21098818.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sean Foot and Davina Lamont provided the prosthetic makeup for [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s [[Beast (Disney)|beast]] get-up in the film and additional [[prosthetic makeup]] was done by [[Christien Tinsley]] and Dominie Till.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}<ref name="IBN">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322070759/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/director-shankar-hires-avatar-and-lotr-makeup-artistes-for-i/379794-71-180.html Director Shankar hires 'Avatar' make-up artistes for 'I' – IBNLive]. Ibnlive.in.com (19 March 2013). Retrieved on 18 July 2015.</ref> Gavin Miguel and Mary E. Vogt were in charge of the [[Costume designer|costume designing]] of the film's cast.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2014|title=Shankar's 'Ai' getting ready for release|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-s-ai-getting-ready-for-release-news-tamil-odykfkfdciesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915041358/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-s-ai-getting-ready-for-release-news-tamil-odykfkfdciesi.html|archive-date=15 September 2014|access-date=15 September 2014|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was earlier reported to be titled as either ''Thendral'' or ''Therdal'', while ''[[Azhagan]]'' and ''[[Aanazhagan]]'' were also used as alternate titles that Shankar had kept in mind. Since they were already used in the Tamil films released during 1991 and 1995, Shankar decided that a single alphabet would be the film's title.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In mid-2012, the team confirmed that the project would be titled ''I''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankar-vikram-to-team-up-for-thendral/257505-71-180.html |title=Shankar, Vikram to team up for 'Thendral' |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903230348/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankar-vikram-to-team-up-for-thendral/257505-71-180.html |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankar-Vikram-Samantha-next-Project-named-as-I/articleshow/14358249.cms |title=Shankar, Vikram, Samantha next Project named as 'I' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 June 2012 |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027005933/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankar-Vikram-Samantha-next-Project-named-as-I/articleshow/14358249.cms |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', Shankar opted for the title ''I'' as he thought it "explains all the characteristics of the protagonist"; the word has a variety of meanings, which include "king, beauty, astonishment, guru, vulnerability, owner and arrow".<ref>{{cite news|author=Ramanujam, Srinivasa|date=3 September 2013|title=Kollywood filmmakers opt for classical words for film titles|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-filmmakers-opt-for-classical-words-for-film-titles/articleshow/22230095.cms|access-date=3 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913053156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-filmmakers-opt-for-classical-words-for-film-titles/articleshow/22230095.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Sudhir|date=2014-10-11|title=Shankar and I|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece|access-date=2021-12-30|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083551/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's title got the name, as in the film, Lingesan (Vikram's character) was deformed due to [[Influenza|H4N2 Influenza]] caused by the "[[Orthomyxoviridae|I]]" virus that had transmitted due to an injection.<ref name="Hindu" />

In September 2014, producer and distributor [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]], stated the project would cost about {{INRConvert|220|c}},<ref name="BS sept">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-costliest-movie-i-to-be-released-in-10-000-screens-in-china-114091700951_1.html |title=India's costliest movie I to be released in 10,000 screens in China |last=TE Narasimhan |date=17 September 2014 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103031046/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-costliest-movie-i-to-be-released-in-10-000-screens-in-china-114091700951_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however by October 2014, he and director Shankar was widely quoted as stating the budget would be less than {{INRConvert|100|c}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

===Casting===
In April 2012, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was selected to feature in the lead role.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Priyanka Chopra]] was initially reported to be in talks for the female lead.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/vikram-and-asin-to-act-together-in-shankars-next-film-sources/259182-8.html Vikram and Asin to act together in Shankar's next film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119171109/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vikram-and-asin-to-act-together-in-a-film-sources-475577.html |date=19 January 2016 }}. CNN-IBN.com (18 May 2012). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> Later, [[Asin]]'s name was suggested along with Chopra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Therdal-to-have-a-Bollywood-lead/articleshow/13381584.cms |title='Therdal' to have a Bollywood lead |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129130101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Therdal-to-have-a-Bollywood-lead/articleshow/13381584.cms |archive-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was reported that [[Deepika Padukone]] was also approached, but she denied her involvement in the film.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Model-turned-actress [[Evelyn Sharma]] eventually selected for the female lead, by an audition, but had opted out due to language reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/evelyn-sharma-was-offered-the-lead-in-i_1535238.html |title=Evelyn Sharma was offered the lead in 'I' |work=Zee News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401164922/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/evelyn-sharma-was-offered-the-lead-in-i_1535238.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She claimed this in an interview, more than a week after the film's release.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/evelyn-sharma-was-offered-the-lead-in-i/article1-1310204.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124200336/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/evelyn-sharma-was-offered-the-lead-in-i/article1-1310204.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2015 |title=Evelyn Sharma was offered the lead in I |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=24 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150122142134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/evelyn-sharma-wants-to-work-in-tamil-cinema/article1-1309606.aspx Evelyn Sharma wants to work in Tamil cinema]. ''Hindustan Times''. (22 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] was then signed on, but she had opted out of the project citing scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samantha-out-of-Shankars-film/articleshow/14466583.cms |title=Samantha out of Shankar's film |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=V. Lakshmi |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003122722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samantha-out-of-Shankars-film/articleshow/14466583.cms |archive-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> The role finally went to [[Amy Jackson]], who was paid {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} for acting in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankar-signs-i-for-whooping-price/272679-71-180.html |title=Amy Jackson signs 'I' for a whooping price |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911221347/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankar-signs-i-for-whooping-price/272679-71-180.html |archive-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Raveena Ravi]] dubbed the voice for her role.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Ramkumar Ganesan]], a leading film producer and the elder son of the late-Tamil thespian [[Sivaji Ganesan]], was also added to the cast to play a pivotal role in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3613600.ece |title=Grand re-entry |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=7 July 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130014256/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3613600.ece| url-status= dead |archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> [[Jiiva]] was considered for portraying the antagonist, but was unable to accept the offer due to his prior commitments. The role instead went to [[Upen Patel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ssmusictheblog.blogspot.in/2014/01/why-jiiva-rejected-shankars-ai.html |title=Why Jiiva rejected Shankar's 'Ai'? |publisher=[[SS Music]] |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042714/http://ssmusictheblog.blogspot.in/2014/01/why-jiiva-rejected-shankars-ai.html |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] actor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was reported to play an award presenter for a brief scene. Ravichandran, however, denied the news, but said that he would appear in the audio launch of the film. To prepare for his role in ''I'', Vikram took some weight loss and gain tips from Arnold as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140826/entertainment-kollywood/article/arnold-schwarzenegger-launch-telugu-movie-ai |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger to launch Telugu movie 'Ai'? |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041536/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140826/entertainment-kollywood/article/arnold-schwarzenegger-launch-telugu-movie-ai |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Make-up artiste Ojas M. Rajani, who previously worked with Shankar in ''[[Anniyan]]'', was reported to play the role of a [[transgender]] make-up artiste in the film in addition to being the make-up artiste for Amy Jackson.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Sudhir|date=2015-01-24|title='I meant no offence'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-meant-no-offence/article6818549.ece|access-date=2021-12-30|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327223134/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-meant-no-offence/article6818549.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140609/entertainment-kollywood/article/real-reel-all-happening-ai |title=Real to wwwreel, all happening in 'Ai' |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=9 June 2014 |author=Subramanian, Anupama |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924073840/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140609/entertainment-kollywood/article/real-reel-all-happening-ai |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mr. Asia contest participant Syed Siddiq appeared in the action sequences featuring Vikram.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bodybuilder-syed-siddiq-talks-about-winning-the-mr-asia-title/article6345040.ece |title=The champion quest |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Achal, Ashwin |date=26 August 2014|access-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140826113431/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bodybuilder-syed-siddiq-talks-about-winning-the-mr-asia-title/article6345040.ece|url-status=live|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

===Characterisation===
[[File:Hunchbacked look of Vikram in I.jpg|thumb|Vikram's look for the film after the character is deformed]]
In the film, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] plays the character called 'Lingesan', who considers [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] as a role model and aspires to win the Mr. Tamil Nadu title. Shankar had crafted the hair style of Vikram by taking the front curl look of the younger Schwarzenegger as a reference.{{efn|name=fn1|American actor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], launched the film's music.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-impressed-by-Vikram/articleshow/41004486.cms Arnold Schwarzenegger impressed by Vikram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027011437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-impressed-by-Vikram/articleshow/41004486.cms |date=27 October 2015 }}. [[The Times of India]]. M. Suganth. 28 August 2014</ref>}}<ref name=icl>{{cite web |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-exclusive-scoop-i-making-video-16-09-146058.htm |title=AN EXCLUSIVE SCOOP ON 'I' AND ITS MAKING VIDEO |work=Cinemalead |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917114416/http://cinemalead.com/news-id-exclusive-scoop-i-making-video-16-09-146058.htm |archive-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> As per Shankar, among all get-ups in the film, the [[Kyphosis|hunchbacked man]] character was the most difficult one to sketch. Vikram was confirmed to sport his hunchbacked get-up in most parts of the film.<ref name=icl/> The bubbles observed on the character's face were reported to be designed by [[Weta Workshop|Weta]].<ref name=icl/> [[Amy Jackson]] plays a model in the film. On casting and re-defining her looks Shankar was quoted saying, "I wanted someone who could authentically look like a model and then fixed Amy Jackson".<ref name=schwngjc>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/jackie-chan-and-arnold-schwarzenegger-set-south-gala |title=Jackie Chan and Arnold Schwarzenegger set for South gala |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054815/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/jackie-chan-and-arnold-schwarzenegger-set-south-gala |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vikram also went bald for the film to change his looks in the film easier. Santhanam was also asked to lose some weight for his character.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} For a cycle fight sequence shot in China featuring actual cyclists, Peter Ming and [[Alfred Hsing]] worked as an action choreographer and assistant action choreographer, respectively.<ref name="VikArn">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-was-an-inspiration-for-Vikrams-character/articleshow/42637647.cms |title=Arnold was an inspiration for Vikram's character |author=M. Suganth |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917010442/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-was-an-inspiration-for-Vikrams-character/articleshow/42637647.cms |archive-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2013/07/04/kick-artist-wushu-champ-alfred-hsing|title=Kick-up Artist: Wushu Champ Alfred Hsing|first=Jerry|last=Chan|date=4 July 2013|work=[[The Beijinger]]|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] officially commenced on 15 July 2012 accompanying a poster photo shoot that featured Vikram and Jackson.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankars-venkat-prabhus-films-launched/articleshow/14950245.cms |title=Shankar's & Venkat Prabhu's films launched |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=M. Suganth |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926101159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shankars-Venkat-Prabhus-films-launched/articleshow/14950245.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule of filming was completed in [[Chennai]] by early September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Priyanka-or-Deepika-for-Vikram/articleshow/15117530.cms |title=Priyanka or Deepika for Vikram? |author=Srinivasan, Lata |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927030848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Priyanka-or-Deepika-for-Vikram/articleshow/15117530.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main cast and crew were off to [[China]] for a 50-day schedule to shoot certain stunt scenes while some song sequences were also filmed at locales in the northern part of the [[Hunan|Hunan province]]. The schedule in China was wrapped up by late November 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/amy-jackson-takes-time-off-from-shoot-to-explore-china-608230 |title=Amy Jackson takes time off from shoot to explore China |publisher=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]] |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913131138/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/amy-jackson-takes-time-off-from-shoot-to-explore-china-608230 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', one of the film's [[line producer]], Bill Chang was quoted saying, "We worked closely with S. Shankar for nearly 50 days in 2012, during which his film was shot in nine different locations. The range of locations available in China is simply mind-boggling. No other country in the world has such variety of locales ranging from colored mountains to futuristic city landscapes." Scenes in the song "Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal" were shot in [[Red Seabeach]] in [[Panjin]] and on [[Li River (Guangxi)|Li river]] in [[Guilin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chinese-temptation-for-Tollywood/articleshow/43161171.cms |title=Chinese temptation for Tollywood |first=Hemanth |last=Kumar |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923083219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chinese-temptation-for-Tollywood/articleshow/43161171.cms |archive-date=23 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The canned footage of the track was put on hold by the Chinese film processing studio for a year, due to settlement disputes with the producer.

In January 2013, a fight scene was filmed at an abandoned, 20-year-old factory in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Shankars-I-leaves-Suresh-Gopi-voiceless/articleshow/18102210.cms |title=Shankar's 'I' leaves Suresh Gopi voiceless |author=Sidhardhan, Sanjith |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 January 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927052424/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Shankars-I-leaves-Suresh-Gopi-voiceless/articleshow/18102210.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sixty percent of the shooting was completed by the end of the same month.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shankars-next-with-Vikram-on-fast-track/articleshow/17873389.cms |title=Shankar's next with Vikram on fast track |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926151401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shankars-next-with-Vikram-on-fast-track/articleshow/17873389.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/i-tamil-movie-songs-lyrics/ |title=I Tamil film songs lyrics |work=tamilsonglyrics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109045158/http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/i-tamil-movie-songs-lyrics/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> By March 2013, four songs and three major action sequences were shot around [[China]], [[Bangkok]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Pollachi]] and Chennai.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In June 2013, a three-week filming schedule was completed in [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]] and Chennai, and 75% of the shooting was completed by July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/latest-on-shankars-ai-news-tamil-nhriSoiaeba.html |title=Latest on Shankar's 'Ai' |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926113608/http://www.sify.com/movies/latest-on-shankars-ai-news-tamil-nhriSoiaeba.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filming was almost wrapped up by March 2014, with just one song sequence and patch-work for the film remaining.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vikram-Amy-Jackson-sizzle-in-Shankars-Ai/articleshow/33023795.cms |title=Vikram, Amy Jackson sizzle in Shankar's 'Ai' |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Kumar, Hemanth |date=31 March 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922005906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vikram-Amy-Jackson-sizzle-in-Shankars-Ai/articleshow/33023795.cms |archive-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> Shankar confirmed that the song would be shot after the film's audio launch.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} As per reports, a song of 5 minutes duration (later deciphered as "Ennodu Nee Irundhaal") was shot for 40 days.<ref name="schwngjc" /> For filming the track, Vikram had gained a lot of weight of about 110 kg as he had to wear bulky costumes for the number.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Vikram-puts-on-weight-for-Ai-song/articleshow/38807135.cms |title=Vikram puts on weight for 'Ai' song |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205052504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Vikram-puts-on-weight-for-Ai-song/articleshow/38807135.cms |archive-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song sequence was filmed at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad labs]] in [[Vadapalani]], Chennai where a set was erected by Muthuraj. The climax train fight scene between Vikram and Upen Patel was shot in the railway stations of [[Chengalpattu]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Rayagada]] and [[Berhampur]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} On 24 September 2014, Jackson confirmed that the shooting of the film was completed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

===Post-production===
By October 2013, Shankar had almost spent more than {{INRConvert|60|c}} for the shooting and [[post-production]], that include extensive visual effects work.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Due to the budget constraints, [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] had tightened the cost of the film, which led to several complications regarding its production.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In February 2014, Vikram started dubbing for the first half of the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-starts-dubbing-for-ai-news-tamil-ocwqwWeaiehsi.html |title=Vikram starts dubbing for 'Ai' |work=[[Sify]] |date=22 February 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908073527/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-starts-dubbing-for-ai-news-tamil-ocwqwWeaiehsi.html |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and had completed within March 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} On 3 April 2014, film critic and journalist Sreedhar Pillai stated that the film's trailer was in stages of editing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Patchwork and dubbing for the film was completed on 11 September 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The visual effects work began during mid-January 2014 and processed for more than 9 months, according to VFX supervisor Srinivas Mohan.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-01-19|title=Understanding Shankar's 'I' through the eyes of Srinivas Mohan|url=https://animationxpress.com/interviews/understanding-shankars-i-through-the-eyes-of-srinivas-mohan/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083554/https://www.animationxpress.com/interviews/understanding-shankars-i-through-the-eyes-of-srinivas-mohan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{main|I (soundtrack)}}

[[A. R. Rahman]] composed the [[soundtrack album]] and [[background music|background score]] for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/vikram-starrer-ai-now-has-a-new-name-i/article1-1262440.aspx |title=Vikram starrer 'Ai' now has a new name, 'I' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913190428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/vikram-starrer-ai-now-has-a-new-name-i/article1-1262440.aspx |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The music of the Tamil version was launched at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Nehru Indoor Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-Jackie-Chan-come-together-for-Shankars-Ai/articleshow/40914556.cms |title=Arnold, Jackie Chan come together for Shankar's 'Ai' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829051855/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arnold-Jackie-Chan-come-together-for-Shankars-Ai/articleshow/40914556.cms |archive-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TOIAi">{{cite web|date=25 August 2014|title='Manoharuudu' audio launch on Sept 12|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Manoharuudu-audio-launch-on-Sept-15/articleshow/40868783.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906164416/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Manoharuudu-audio-launch-on-Sept-15/articleshow/40868783.cms|archive-date=6 September 2014|access-date=26 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], who was the inspiration of the character Lingesan, was invited as chief guest.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramchander |date=10 September 2014 |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/count-down-begins-ai-audio-launch-158948.html |title=Count Down Begins For 'Ai' Audio Launch |work=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]] |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914004457/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/count-down-begins-ai-audio-launch-158948.html |archive-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dubbed Hindi and Telugu versions of the soundtrack album were released on 31 December 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Marketing==
[[File:P._C._Sreeram_unveils_the_first_look_of_%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99_to_media_2.jpg|thumb|The first look poster launch event of the film in 2014]]
The first look title poster of the film was unveiled on 15 July 2012.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Stills featuring the lead pair were released in March 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The official motion poster teaser of the film was released on [[YouTube]] on 8 September 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The motion poster crossed 1 million views by the third day of its release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Two posters released on 12 September 2014, with J. Hurtado of ''[[Twitch Film]]'' labelling them as "out of this world".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurtado, J.|date=10 September 2014|title=These New Posters For Shankar And Vikram's 'AI' Are Out of This World|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2014/09/these-new-posters-for-shankar-and-vikrams-ai-are-out-of-this-world.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913093854/http://twitchfilm.com/2014/09/these-new-posters-for-shankar-and-vikrams-ai-are-out-of-this-world.html|archive-date=13 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|work=[[Twitch Film]]}}</ref> The producer screened a sneak preview of the teaser and the song "Ennodu Nee Irundhaal" for the critics in late August 2014. The teaser carried a dummy music score that was not composed by A. R. Rahman.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The complete teaser trailer of the film was [[internet leak|leaked on the internet]] on 2 September 2014. Although the leaked teaser lacked decipherability, the person who had leaked the teaser openly informed the team about it and challenged them to take action against him. After further inquiries, it was revealed that the culprit broke into producer Ravichandran's office during the night and had copied the teaser. However, Ravichandran refused to make changes to the leaked teaser, and planned to release it as per the original schedule.<ref>{{cite web |author=Karthik, Janani |date=4 September 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ai-makers-respond-to-the-leaked-teaser/articleshow/41632593.cms |title='Ai' makers respond to the leaked teaser |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915122857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ai-makers-respond-to-the-leaked-teaser/articleshow/41632593.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The teaser was unveiled at the audio launch of the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 September 2014|title=Shankar's 'I' teaser|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankars-I-teaser/articleshow/42561789.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916002343/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankars-I-teaser/articleshow/42561789.cms|archive-date=16 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Hurtado in his teaser review wrote, "We see Vikram taking on multiple characters including a Quasimodo-type, kicking monstrous amounts of ass in various action sequences, running across water, riding a cyborg motorcycle, and dancing up a storm in some absurdly colorful backgrounds" and concluded by saying "Shankar is nothing if not a visual stylist, and it looks like he's pulling out all the stops for this one".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hurtado, J.|date=13 September 2014|title=The First Teaser For Shankar's 'I' Will Be The Most Spectacular 64 Seconds of Your Day|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2014/09/the-first-teaser-for-shankars-ai-will-be-the-most-spectacular-64-seconds-of-your-day.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917014522/http://twitchfilm.com/2014/09/the-first-teaser-for-shankars-ai-will-be-the-most-spectacular-64-seconds-of-your-day.html|archive-date=17 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|work=[[Twitch Film]]}}</ref> Prajakta Hebbar of ''[[CNN-IBN|IBNLive]]'' wrote, "When we heard that Tamil filmmaker Shankar was making a new film, we fully expected it to be larger-than-life, with a funky storyline and starring popular actors. But what we didn't expect was that feeling of thrill and intrigue", asserting that "Vikram and Shankar have us hooked with the teaser".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hebbar, Prajakta|date=17 September 2014|title=Shankar's 'I' teaser dissected: Prepare to get thrilled by Vikram, who features as two beasts and two heroes|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankars-i-teaser-dissected-prepare-to-get-thrilled-by-vikram-who-features-as-two-beasts-and-two-heroes/499461-71-174.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918062526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shankars-i-teaser-dissected-prepare-to-get-thrilled-by-vikram-who-features-as-two-beasts-and-two-heroes/499461-71-174.html|archive-date=18 September 2014|access-date=17 September 2014|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> Nivedita Mishra of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' elaborated in her teaser review, "Without doubt, the film's special effects are great by any standards. Now, whether or not, they have been indigenously put together or have been outsourced from the West, the producers alone will know, but just the desire to make a film that gets its production value right yet doesn't overdo it, is good enough. Here's hoping it will ignite a desire among Indians to go for the skies." and praised the spectacular landscapes, edgy camera angles, action sequences before concluding that "Shankar has put in a lot of effort to make this magnum opus worth a watch if teasers are to go by."<ref>{{cite web|author=Mishra, Nivedita|date=17 September 2014|title=Teaser review: Vikram impresses but will Indian audience take to hunchback's passion?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/teaser-review-vikram-s-part-werewolf-part-hunchback-avatar-in-i-will-stun-you/article1-1264728.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918135058/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/teaser-review-vikram-s-part-werewolf-part-hunchback-avatar-in-i-will-stun-you/article1-1264728.aspx|archive-date=18 September 2014|access-date=17 September 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The teaser crossed 1 million views in just 12 hours of its release, making it the first Indian film to do so, beating the record set by the teaser of ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), which crossed 1 million views in 13 hours.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} It reached 7 million views in 2 weeks after its release, becoming the only Tamil film to cross the mark till date.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The making video of the film was released on 31 October 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The official trailer of the film was released on 17 December 2014.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The Hindi-version of the trailer was attached with the prints of Aamir Khan-starrer ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014).{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The film was promoted by Vikram on [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
A report published during December 2013, stated about the release of ''I'', which will hit theatres on the occasion of [[Tamil New Year]] (14 April 2014), thereby clashing with [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer Kochadaiyaan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} However, the film was pushed due to production delays.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In February 2014, trade circuits reported that the film will be scheduled for release on the summer of 2014 (May—June).{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} During late-July 2014, it was further reported that the film will be releasing on the occasion of [[Diwali]] (22 October 2014),<ref>{{cite news|title=Ai to hit screens for Diwali?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ai-to-hit-screens-for-diwali/articleshow/39123670.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ai-to-hit-screens-for-diwali/articleshow/39123670.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which was officially confirmed by the producers during August,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ai set for Deepavali release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ai-set-for-deepavali-release/articleshow/40923704.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ai-set-for-deepavali-release/articleshow/40923704.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in clash with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s ''[[Kaththi]]'' and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]'s ''[[Poojai]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The date was later pushed due to extensive post-production and dubbing works.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vikrams-i-release-date-postponed-690371 |title=Vikram's I Release Date Postponed? |work=NDTV Movies |date=8 November 2014 |access-date=2 December 2014 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211033112/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vikrams-i-release-date-postponed-690371 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2014, the producers officially announced that the film will release on the occasion of Pongal (15 January 2015).<ref>{{cite news|title=Shankar's I to release for Pongal?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankars-i-to-release-for-pongal/articleshow/20260061.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankars-i-to-release-for-pongal/articleshow/20260061.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The release date was later finalised as 14 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Official: Shankar's 'I' on January 14|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/its-official-shankars-i-on-january-14-news-tamil-pbgjbmhabbjfe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230090558/https://www.sify.com/movies/its-official-shankars-i-on-january-14-news-tamil-pbgjbmhabbjfe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-30|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the release of the film, the [[Madras High Court]] passed an interim stay on the release till 30 January 2015, following a petition filed by [[Chennai]]-based Picturehouse Media Limited which alleged violation of financial and commercial agreements between the company and producers.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-01-09|title=Madras HC orders interim stay on release of I|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/madras-hc-orders-interim-stay-on-release-of-i/story-s7Ek0946xrhuCSWRIUYZHM.html|access-date=2021-12-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230094237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/madras-hc-orders-interim-stay-on-release-of-i/story-s7Ek0946xrhuCSWRIUYZHM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2015-01-08|title=Court orders interim stay on release of 'I'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-orders-interim-stay-on-release-of-i-115010801296_1.html|access-date=2021-12-30|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230100212/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-orders-interim-stay-on-release-of-i-115010801296_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Sreedhar Pillai, film critic and journalist had tweeted that the legal tussles between the two parties were solved amicably and announced that the film would release as planned.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==== Screenings and statistics ====
The film was scheduled to be released in 15,000 screens across the world, with 10,000 screens being allotted for the [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[English language|English]] dubbed versions of the film.<ref name="BS sept" /> But, the plan was later backed off.<ref name="BS sept" /> The film was released on 3000 screens worldwide, including the Tamil, dubbed Telugu and Hindi versions of the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vikram-is-embodiment-of-commitment-ravichandran-114082600177_1.html |title=Vikram is embodiment of commitment: Ravichandran |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826174550/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vikram-is-embodiment-of-commitment-ravichandran-114082600177_1.html |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, the film was distributed in more than 400 theatres{{Cn|date=August 2023}}. In Kerala, the film was premiered at more than 232 theatres, the highest release for a Tamil film in that state.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} In the United States, the film was showcased 400 screens including the Tamil, Telugu and Hindi versions. It was also showcased in other overseas countries, such as [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The Telugu and Hindi-dubbed version of the film screened a day after the Tamil version's release, 15 January 2015. It is the first Tamil film to be released in [[Pakistan]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The advance bookings for the film began on 11 January 2015, and saw a "tremendous response".<ref name=":3"/> On the evening of 11 January, the advance bookings began at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] and tickets for three days of the opening weekend, were almost sold out.<ref name=":3"/> The film also saw "solid booking" in major theatres such as [[AGS Entertainment]]'s cinemas, [[PVR Cinemas]]' Sangam Theatre at [[R.K. Puram]] and the [[Abhirami Mega Mall|Abhirami]] theatre.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Tremendous advance booking for Shankar's I|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tremendous-advance-booking-for-shankars-i-news-tamil-pbmjSqcifdagi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112123355/http://www.sify.com/movies/tremendous-advance-booking-for-shankars-i-news-tamil-pbmjSqcifdagi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2015|access-date=2021-12-30|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Owing to the ticketing response, several single screens theatres, including Kasi theatre conducted a special early morning show for celebrities and noted [[VIP]] personalities.<ref name=":3"/>

=== Distribution ===
In September 2014, Sushma Cine Arts announced that they have acquired the [[Tamil Nadu]] theatrical rights.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The distribution rights for the Telugu-dubbed version titled ''I: Manoharudu'' were purchased by Tirupathy Prasad and [[R. B. Choudary]]'s joint distribution firm [[Super Good Films|Mega Super Good Films]], for a price of {{INRConvert|30|c}}, thereby beating the distribution rights for ''Robo'', the Telugu-dubbed version of Shankar's previous film ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010) which was sold for {{INRConvert|27|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-s-i-sold-for-record-amount-news-tamil-ojukI7ifbcfgf.html |title=Shankar's 'I' sold for record amount! |work=[[Sify]] |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920084353/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-s-i-sold-for-record-amount-news-tamil-ojukI7ifbcfgf.html |archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> The [[Kerala]] theatrical rights were sold to [[Global United Media]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[AGS Entertainment]] acquired the theatrical distribution rights in the [[Chennai]] and [[Chengalpet]] regions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

===Home media===
The media rights of the film was purchased by [[Jaya TV]] for {{INRConvert|20|c}}. The media rights included satellite rights and ringtones.<ref name="BS 'I' film">{{cite news|date=17 September 2014|title=Diwali to see costliest Indian film release|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/diwali-to-see-costliest-indian-film-release-114091600033_1.html|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921152129/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/diwali-to-see-costliest-indian-film-release-114091600033_1.html|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref> The streaming rights were given to [[Amazon Prime Video]].

==Reception==
===Box office===
====India====
''I'' earned around {{INRConvert|20.8|c}} nett in South India on its first day,<ref name="boidayone">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/iallindabusiness |title=I All India Business |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=18 January 2015|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118142850/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/iallindabusiness|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> setting records in Kerala and [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The film grossed over {{INRConvert|34.74|c}} worldwide on its opening day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} The film went on to collect {{INRConvert|55.6|c}} nett in India in three days from all its versions.<ref name="boidayone"/> In its extended five-day weekend, the film earned {{INRConvert|81.50|c}} nett in India from all three versions, with the Hindi version netting {{INRConvert|7|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ifourdaybusiness |title=I Four Day Business |publisher=Box Office India |date=20 January 2015|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120151104/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ifourdaybusiness|archive-date=20 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It grossed around {{INRConvert|184.25|c}} from all versions twelve days after its release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

According to Andhra Box office, the film had collected {{INRConvert|239.35|c}} worldwide and eventually became a commercial success.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

====Other territories====
''I'' grossed US$697,346 in Tamil version and US$10,373 in dubbed Hindi version in [[United States|USA]] in its first weekend.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150119130233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/561 'I' scores over other releasesBox Office Overseas Report]. Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved on 18 July 2015.</ref> ''I'' (Tamil) grossed US$201,207 and ''I'' (Hindi) grossed US$4,009 in [[Canada]] in its first weekend. ''I''(Tamil) grossed US$258,764 in [[United Kingdom|UK]]-[[Ireland]] in first weekend. ''I''(Tamil) grossed MYR 2,162,742 in [[Malaysia]] in first weekend. In first 10 days, ''I'' (Tamil) grossed US$789,298 in USA, US$323,714 in Canada, MYR 3,146,295 in Malaysia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150130011200/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/562 Baby shines; Dolly Ki Doli fails to impress Box Office Overseas Report]. Bollywood Hungama. 26 January 2015.</ref> In first 17 days, ''I'' (Tamil) grossed £386,542 in UK-Ireland and MYR 3,404,582 in Malaysia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150203075140/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/563 Dull response for Hawaizaada, KhamoshiyanBox Office Overseas Report]. Bollywood Hungama. 2 February 2015. {{Web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203075140/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/563|date=2015-02-03}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''I'' received positive reviews from critics with praise for its direction, cast performances (especially Vikram), VFX, action sequences, cinematography and music, but criticized its lengthy runtime.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=45|count=11|average=5.7|ref=yes}}

Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote "Shankar's visual ingenuity keeps things zippy for much of the hefty 188-minute running time, and star Chiyaan Vikram delivers a knockout three-pronged performance, but this cinematic bravura is offset by underdeveloped scripting, flatly one-dimensional villains and overdone lone-hero-vs.-swarms-of-murderous-attackers setpieces."<ref>[https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/film-review-i-1201407492/ ‘I’ Review: Chiyaan Vikram's Triple-Threat Performance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128033244/http://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/film-review-i-1201407492/ |date=28 November 2017 }}. Variety (18 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''I'' is exuberant and unselfconscious, but too cartoonish to engage your emotions. The onslaught of images and music will engage your senses, though, even as you're left giggling at the too-muchness of it all."<ref>Saltzjan, Rachel (14 January 2015)
[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/15/movies/i-a-tamil-film-by-shankar-starring-vikram.html?_r=0 ‘I,’ a Tamil Film by Shankar, Starring Vikram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709072200/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/15/movies/i-a-tamil-film-by-shankar-starring-vikram.html?_r=0 |date=9 July 2017 }}. ''The New York Times''</ref> J Hurtado of ''[[Twitch Film]]'' wrote "''I'' strains the boundaries of self-indulgence and modern tolerance in a way that has become something of a plague among Indian blockbusters. The film is amazing to look at, features a number of amazing set pieces, and some appropriately over-the-top action sequences, but even with everything including a few kitchen sinks thrown in, it may go on a bit too long for its own good".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150117115602/http://twitchfilm.com/2015/01/review-shankars-i-a-tale-full-of-sound-and-fury-signifying-something.html Review: Shankar's I: A Tale Full Of Sound And Fury, Signifying... Something?]. TwitchFilm (15 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> Subhash K. Jha gave 4/5 stars, describing ''I'' as the "most exceptional" film from Shankar and wrote that it "takes us beyond the imaginable and the conceivable, fusing with fabulous flamboyance the fantasy element with a level of heightened reality that's commercial cinema's forte."<ref>[http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2015/01/movie-review/4125694.html I: Movie Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113921/http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2015/01/movie-review/4125694.html |date=28 January 2015 }}. SKJBollywood News (16 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 4/5 stars, stating that "Shankar balances a social critique along with technical gimmickry and here the message centres about our obsession with physical perfection and beauty."<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-i-8218.html Movie Review:I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615054253/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-i-8218.html |date=15 June 2015 }}. Filmfare.com (16 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] felt that Shankar's direction was "first rate" and wrote "His vision is unique and the translation of his vision on to the celluloid is brilliant. He has kept the narration so interesting that the viewer's eyes remain glued to the screen. He has given the film a huge canvas and has made it an audio-visual treat.<ref>[https://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/i-dubbed/ I (Dubbed) | Komal Nahta's Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118123644/https://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/i-dubbed/ |date=18 January 2015 }}. Komalsreviews.wordpress.com (2015-01-16). Retrieved 2015-04-15.</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] from ''[[IBN Live]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''I'' from visionary Tamil director Shankar is a work of staggering ambition, somewhat weighed down by the filmmaker's own indulgence...(it) may be far from perfect, but for the most part it's pretty entertaining stuff."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150124044755/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-review-theres-a-lesson-in-i-for-makers-of-masala-movies/523300-71-174.html 'I' review: There's a lesson in I for makers of masala movies – IBNLive]. CNN-IBN.in.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Shot mesmerisingly by PC Sreeram on virgin locales in China and India, with world class CG work, this spectacle works because at the core, it's a romantic-thriller told simplistically....This is pure escapist fare, but will resonate with those who read fairy tales at bedtime."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/I/movie-review/45919364.cms I Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120045339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/I/movie-review/45919364.cms |date=20 January 2015 }}. ''The Times of India''. (16 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The narrative lacks the pace; we usually associate with a Shankar's film. But he does tell a beautiful tale of love sullied by jealousies, greed and anger. The intriguing screenplay as the director alternates between the light-hearted past and the thrilling present keeps you engrossed."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vikram-i-is-definitely-a-pongal-treat/20150114.htm Vikram's I is definitely a Pongal treat – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117175541/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vikram-i-is-definitely-a-pongal-treat/20150114.htm |date=17 January 2015 }}. Rediff.com (14 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "It's not everyday you will get to watch a visually rich movie like this."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/movie-review-watch-i-for-shankars-vision-vikrams-acting-235875-2015-01-15 |title=Movie review: Watch I for Shankar's vision & Vikram's acting |work=India Today |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302122833/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-watch-i-for-shankars-vision-%26-vikrams-acting/1/413475.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Vikram's terrific performance is let down by an uninspired, exhausting movie."<ref name = "Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/i-movie-review-by-baradwaj-rangan/article6789179.ece |title=Shankar's I Review |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 January 2015 |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201141639/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/i-movie-review-by-baradwaj-rangan/article6789179.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]]'' gave 3/5 stars, calling it a "great looking film but with shoddy writing and poorly sketched characters."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-shankar-s-i-is-a-great-looking-film-but-with-shoddy-writing-and-poorly-sketched-characters-2053285 |title=Shankar's 'I' is a great looking film but with shoddy writing and poorly sketched characters |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229033330/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-shankar-s-i-is-a-great-looking-film-but-with-shoddy-writing-and-poorly-sketched-characters-2053285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'', gave 2/5 stars and wrote "All that's big may not necessarily be great. Hope Shankar realises that much better films can be made on a smaller canvas and much lower budget."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/i-movie-review-1075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125015/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/i-movie-review-1075 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2015 |title=Shankar's I Movie Review |publisher=NDTV Movies |date=14 January 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "''I'' is definitely not the best of Shankar and he has to take the blame for poor writing. His story is predictable and there are no twists or scenes which keeps you engaged. Barring few eye-popping stunt scenes, a slew of beautiful unseen locations, breathtaking camera by PC Sreeram and few hummable songs by AR Rahman, ''I'' is very ordinary.".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114144441/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-review-tamil-15058840.html Movie Review :]. Sify.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "While the movie and the effort is good technically, its content is just average."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150114/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98i%E2%80%99-shankars-directorial-fails-impress |title=Shankar's I fails to impress |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043622/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150114/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98i%E2%80%99-shankars-directorial-fails-impress |url-status=live }}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars, stating that Vikram's performance was the film's "only high point"; he noted that the film had similarities to the novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'' (1831) and the fairy tale ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1756), "without infusing any novelty into these age-old yarns."<ref name = "HT">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/i-review-vikram-cannot-salvage-this-tale-of-hunchback-and-beauty/article1-1306982.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115071408/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/i-review-vikram-cannot-salvage-this-tale-of-hunchback-and-beauty/article1-1306982.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2015 |title=I review: Vikram cannot salvage this tale of Hunchback and Beauty |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |author=Gautaman Bhaskaran}}</ref> Deepanjana Pal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "''I'' is too long, too stupid and too regressive to be entertaining" and also called it "superficial and the least fun Shankar film ever."<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/review-vikram-stars-regressive-superficial-least-fun-shankar-film-ever-2049317.html I review: Vikram stars in a regressive, superficial and the least fun Shankar film ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918080010/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/review-vikram-stars-regressive-superficial-least-fun-shankar-film-ever-2049317.html |date=18 September 2016 }}. Firstpost.com (16 January 2015). Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| 7 January 2016
| Best Cinematographer
| {{sort|Sreeram|[[P. C. Sreeram]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| 7 February 2016
| Most Popular Tamil Actor
| {{sort|Vikram|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| 18 November 2016
| Excellence Award
| {{sort|Jackson|[[Amy Jackson]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''.}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: and the winners are... |website=Malayala Manorama |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610104839/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| 14 February 2016
| Mass Hero of the Year
| {{sort|Vikram|Vikram}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |title=9th Edison Awards 2016 |work=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123020556/https://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.worldhab.com/edison-awards-2016-winners-tamil-tv-live/ |title=Edison Awards 2016 Winners Tamil, TV Live Streaming |work=WorldHab |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523031906/https://www.worldhab.com/edison-awards-2016-winners-tamil-tv-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| The Gorgeous Belle
| {{sort|Jackson|Amy Jackson}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editor
| {{sort|Anthony|[[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Karky|[[Madhan Karky]]}} – for ("[[Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| {{sort|Sriram|[[Sid Sriram]]}} – for ("Ennodu Nee Irundhaal")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Iconic Spellbinder
| {{sort|Shankar|[[S. Shankar|Shankar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Stunt Director
| {{sort|Arasu|[[Anal Arasu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="8"| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''I''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8"| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224221/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |work=Filmfare |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Shankar|Shankar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Vikram|Vikram}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Karky|Madhan Karky}} – for ("[[Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Kabilan|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]}} – for ("Ennodu Nee Irundhaal")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Sriram|Sid Sriram}} – for ("Ennodu Nee Irundhaal")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} – for ("[[Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[IBNLive|IBNLive Movie Awards]]
| 7 March 2016
| Best Actor
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Vikram|Vikram}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actor-south-1198638.html |title=IBNLive Movie Awards 2016: Nominees for Best Actor (South) |website=CNN-News18 |date=3 February 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603141322/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actor-south-1198638.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 28 April{{ndash}}1 May 2016
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2016 |title=The 7th annual NTFF — Tamilar Awards 2016 Winners announced! |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704082111/http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |archive-date=2017-07-04 |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Karky|Madhan Karky}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''.}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| {{sort|Sreeram|P. C. Sreeram}}{{efn|Also for ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''.}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June – 1 July 2016]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''I''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-here-list-43912 |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations out – here is the list |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610100939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-here-list-43912 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2016-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/53017745.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Tamil winners list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 July 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610102657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2016-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/53017745.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Vikram|Vikram}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Jackson|Amy Jackson}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Gopi|[[Suresh Gopi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Kabilan|Kabilan}} – for ("Ennodu Nee Irundhaal")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Sriram|Sid Sriram}} – for ("Ennodu Nee Irundhaal")
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes}}
* {{Mojo title}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}
{{S. Shankar}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Biopunk films]]
[[Category:Bodybuilding films]]
[[Category:Films about scientists]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Sanjay Hansda

2026-04-21T11:20:52Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made some entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian banker and economist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Hansda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Balurghat]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| education = [[University of North Bengal]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = Banker, Economist
| office = Executive Director, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start = {{start date|2025|03|03|df=y}}
| governor = [[Sanjay Malhotra]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Chief General Manager, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 = 2022
| governor1 = [[Shaktikanta Das]]
}}

'''Sanjay Hansda''' is an Indian [[banker]] and [[economist]] who serves as an executive director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). He has held senior roles in economic research, [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|monetary policy]], and public debt management, and has represented India at the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>{{Cite news |title=RBI appoints Sanjay Kumar Hansda as Executive Director |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rbi-appoints-sanjay-kumar-hansda-as-new-executive-director/articleshow/124405819.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BusinessWorld: RBI selects Sanjay Hansda as Executive Director |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/rbi-appoints-sanjay-kumar-hansda-as-executive-director-575116 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sanjay Hansda completed his schooling at [[Balurghat High School]]. He then graduated from the [[University of North Bengal]] and post-graduated in [[economics]] from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. He also hold a diploma holder in financial services management from [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]], [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Career and Education of new Executive Director Sanjay Hansda |work=Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/rbi-appoints-sanjay-kumar-hansda-as-executive-director-2969899.html |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanjay Hansda's career milestones highlighted as he joins RBI as Executive Director |work=HR Today |url=https://hrtoday.in/sanjay-hansda-appointed-as-executive-director-at-reserve-bank-of-india/ |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hansda has held several senior positions at the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. He served as Chief General Manager and Adviser between 2020 and 2022. Earlier, he worked as Director in the Department of Economic and Policy Research and the Internal Debt Management Department.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Reserve Bank of India names Sanjay Hansda as Executive Director |work=Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/rbi-appoints-sanjay-kumar-hansda-as-ed-4005192/ |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2007, he was seconded to the [[Bank of England]] as an analyst in the area of financial stability. He later served as senior advisor and member of the executive board (India) at the [[International Monetary Fund]]. In March 2025, he was appointed executive director in the Department of Economic and Policy Research of the RBI.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Executive Director Sanjay Hansda joins RBI |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/rbi-appoints-sanjay-kumar-hansda-as-new-executive-director-125100901222_1.html |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RBI appoints Sanjay Hansda as ED to oversee economic policy research department |work=Informist Media |url=https://informistmedia.com/MoneyWire/37078/rbi-appoints-sanjay-hansda-as-ed-to-oversee-economic-policy-research-dept |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India – Departments including Economic and Policy Research |url=https://rbi.org.in/content/departments.html#DEPR1 |work=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Central bankers]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]

{{India-economist-stub}}

Krishna Salkar

2026-04-19T23:29:12Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding initial details initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Salkar
| birth_name = Krishna Viswambhar Salkar
| caption = Salkar in 2012
| image = Krishna Salkar in 2012.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vasco Da Gama (Goa Assembly constituency)|Vasco Da Gama]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| education = B. Com
| alma_mater = [[MES College]]
| profession = Business/Landlord
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Krishna "Daji" Salkar'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Vasco MLA Krishna Daji Salkar Warns Cable Operators Over Hanging Cables in Nullahs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Vasco-MLA-Krishna-Daji-Salkar-Warns-Cable-Operators-Over-Hanging-Cables-in-Nullahs/221792 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Goa]] and a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. Salkar won the [[Vasco Da Gama (Goa Assembly constituency)|Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. Salkar defeated [[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 3,657 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/almeidas-close-aide-supports-rival-salkars-induction-in-bjp/articleshow/88038906.cms|title=Almeida's close aide supports rival Salkar's induction in BJP
|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/vasco-da-gama-election-result-live-counting-of-votes-bjp-krishna-v-salkar-congress-jose-luis-carlos-winning-trailing-5275602/|title=MVasco Da Gama Election Result: BJP's Krishna V Salkar Wins Against Congress' Carlos Almeida|website=India.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=168|title=Krishna Salkar (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|website=My Neta.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salkar, Krishna}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

Udaya Studios

2026-04-13T14:46:36Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made some data first draft - done

{{Short description|Film studio in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Udaya Studios
| logo = Udaya Studios.jpg
| logo_caption = Udaya Studios logo
| type = [[Film production]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1947||}}
| founder = [[Kunchacko]]
| location = [[Pathirappally]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| key_people = {{UBL| [[Kunchacko]] | [[Navodaya Appachan]] | Boban Kunchacko | [[Kunchacko Boban]] }}
| industry = [[Motion pictures]]
| products = Films
| divisions = Excel Productions
}}
'''Udaya Studios''' is one of the oldest [[film studios]] in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] of India. It was established in 1947 by director-producer [[Kunchacko]] (1912–1976) and film distributor K. V. Koshy in [[Pathirappally]], [[Alappuzha]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chelangad|first=Saju|date=2014-04-20|title=How Udaya Productions came to be|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/how-udaya-productions-came-to-be/article5928834.ece|access-date=2021-03-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The studio influenced the gradual shift of Malayalam film industry from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[Kerala]].<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Renaissance for Udaya Studio |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042951290300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052938/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042951290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name=pop>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle| author=Asha Kasbekar|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page=234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=Udaya+Studio&pg=PA234 }}</ref> The first film of the studio was ''[[Vellinakshatram (1949 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' (1949).<ref>Ommen. p. 50.</ref>

The films made at the studio were produced under the banner of '''K & K Productions''', and later under '''Excel Productions''' (also spelt X. L. Productions). Udaya's professional rivalry with [[P. Subramaniam]]'s [[Merryland Studio|Maryland Studio]] was quite famous.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/02/stories/2009010250680300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060110/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/02/stories/2009010250680300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|title=Visionary and entrepreneur|author=Lekshmy Gopalakrishnan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2009|access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>

== History ==
Kunchacko established a film production company named Udaya Pictures in 1947, though he continued production at traditional base of Malayalam film, Chennai, but it all changed in 1947 when he came together with film distributors K. V. Koshy and R. A. Krishnan and established '''Udaya Studios''' in [[Alleppey]] ([[Alappuzha]]), and in time the studio also set up its own distribution network. Soon it had a string of successes with blockbusters based on Vadakkan Pattu.

===Resuming production===
Years after the defunct Excel Productions, [[Kunchacko Boban]] established a new film production company Udaya Pictures and produced the 2016 film ''[[Kochauvva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' directed by [[Sidhartha Siva]], thus reviving the prestigious Malayalam production house after 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udaya Pictures announces its comeback project|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Udaya-Pictures-announces-its-comeback-project/articleshow/51268135.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban announces 'Kochauvva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-announces-kochauvva-paulo-ayyappa-coelho-news-malayalam-qdhjhncijjhbg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308164913/http://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-announces-kochauvva-paulo-ayyappa-coelho-news-malayalam-qdhjhncijjhbg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2016|website=[[Sify]] |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kochauvva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho Produced by Udaya Studios|url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/kochauvva-paulo-ayyappa-coelho-produced-by-udaya-studios.html|publisher=cochintalkies|date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Films==
===Udaya Studios===
*[[Unniyarcha]] (1961)
*[[Palattukoman]] (1962)
*[[Othenante Makan]] (1970)
*[[Aromalunni]] (1972)
*[[Ponnapuram Kotta]] (1973)
*[[Thumbolarcha]] (1974)
*[[Kannappanunni]] (1977)
*[[Palattu Kunjikannan]] (1980)

===Udaya Pictures===
* ''[[Kochauvva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' (2022) (co-produced with [[Kavya film company]]
* ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]'' (2024) (co-produced with [[Amal Neerad|Amal Neerad Productions]])
* ''[[Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil]]'' (co-produced with [[Magic Frames]]

==See also==
* [[Navodaya Studio]]
* [[Merryland Studio]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://wikimapia.org/277181/Udaya-Studio Udaya Studios] at ''[[Wikimapia]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaya Productions}}
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1942]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]

Johnny Depp

2026-03-20T14:36:42Z

Adiyogirudraksha: updated page

{{Short description|American actor (born 1963)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Johnny Depp
| image = Johnny Depp 2020.jpg
| caption = Depp in 2020
| birth_name = John Christopher Depp II
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|9}}
| birth_place = [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|musician|painter|film producer|director}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| works = [[Johnny Depp filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Lori Allison|1983|1985|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Amber Heard]]|2015|2017|reason=divorced}}}}
| partner = [[Winona Ryder]] (1989–1993)  [[Vanessa Paradis]] (1998–2012) 
| children = 2, including [[Lily-Rose Depp|Lily-Rose]]
| signature = Johnny Depp's signature.svg
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Johnny Depp|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[hard rock]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals}} 
| label = {{hlist|[[Republic Records|Republic]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]}}
| current_member_of = {{hlist|[[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]]}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rock City Angels]]|[[P (band)|P]]}}
}}
}}

'''John Christopher Depp II''' (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, musician, and filmmaker. He is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Johnny Depp|multiple accolades]], including a [[Golden Globe Award]] and a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] as well as nominations for three [[Academy Awards]] and two [[British Academy Film Awards]]. [[Johnny Depp filmography|His films]], in which he has often played eccentric characters, have grossed over $10.8 billion worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.the-numbers.com/person/580401-Johnny-Depp | title=Johnny Depp - Box Office | access-date=December 1, 2023 | archive-date=December 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213005223/https://m.the-numbers.com/person/580401-Johnny-Depp | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-06-01/johnny-depp-amber-heard-movies-career-whats-next | title=What comes next for Johnny Depp and Amber Heard's movie careers after the verdict | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=June 2022 | access-date=December 1, 2023 | archive-date=August 6, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806210431/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-06-01/johnny-depp-amber-heard-movies-career-whats-next | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-04/10/content_564548.htm|title=Tom Cruise and Hanks top new power list|date=April 10, 2006|publisher=World Entertainment News Network|archive-date=November 5, 2007|access-date=December 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105115230/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-04/10/content_564548.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ulmerscale.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ulmerscale.com/Mainarticle.html |title=The Ulmer Scale |archive-date=January 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105160531/http://www.ulmerscale.com/Mainarticle.html |access-date=June 12, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Depp began his career as a musician performing in several amateur rock bands before making his feature film debut in the horror film ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' (1984). He then acted in ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' (1986) before rising to prominence as a [[teen idol]] on the television series ''[[21 Jump Street]]'' (1987–1990). Depp portrayed lead roles in ''[[Arizona Dream]]'' (1993), ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'' (1993), ''[[Benny & Joon]]'' (1993), ''[[Dead Man]]'' (1995), ''[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]'' (1997), ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' (1998), ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'' (1999), ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' (2000), and ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]'' (2001). During this time, Depp became known for his work with director [[Tim Burton]], collaborating on eight films together, starting with ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'' (1990), followed by ''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]'' (1994), ''[[Sleepy Hollow (film)|Sleepy Hollow]]'' (1999), ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (2005), ''[[Corpse Bride]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (2007), ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (2010) and ''[[Dark Shadows (2012 film)|Dark Shadows]]'' (2012).

Depp gained worldwide stardom for his role as [[Jack Sparrow]] in the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|''Pirates of the Caribbean'' film series]] (2003–2017). He earned three nominations for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his roles as Jack Sparrow in ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' (2003), [[J. M. Barrie]] in ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' (2004), and the [[Sweeney Todd|title role]] in ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (2007). His other well-received films include ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]'' (2009), ''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]'' (2011), ''[[Into the Woods (film)|Into the Woods]]'' (2014), ''[[Black Mass (film)|Black Mass]]'' (2015), ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'' (2017) and ''[[Minamata (film)|Minamata]]'' (2020). He portrayed [[Gellert Grindelwald]] in two films within the [[Wizarding World]]'s [[Fantastic Beasts|''Fantastic Beasts'' films]] in [[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|2016]] and [[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald|2018]].

For his work in the film industry, he received an [[Honorary César]] and star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 1999. He was named ''People's'' [[Sexiest Man Alive]] twice, in 2003 and in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2009 |title=2009's Sexiest Man Alive: Johnny Depp |url=http://people.com/celebrity/2009s-sexiest-man-alive-johnny-depp/ |access-date=March 23, 2017 |website=People |archive-date=March 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024446/http://people.com/celebrity/2009s-sexiest-man-alive-johnny-depp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Outside acting, Depp has produced films through his company [[Infinitum Nihil]], which he founded in 2004. He also formed the rock [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]] with [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]].

In 2022, Depp won [[Depp v. Heard|a defamation case]] against his ex-wife, [[Amber Heard]], with the jury awarding him $15 million{{efn|The jury awarded Depp $10 million in compensatory damages and $5 million in punitive damages,<ref name="CNverdict" /><ref name="APverdict" /> although the punitive damages were reduced to $350,000 due to a limit imposed by a Virginia state law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |last2=Diaz |first2=Jaclyn |title=Depp is awarded more than $10M in defamation case against Heard and she gets $2M |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231157/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and Heard $2 million in her countersuit. The highly publicized case sparked widespread debate on defamation, [[domestic abuse]], and [[Violence against men|male victims of domestic violence]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Depp v Heard trial: 10 moments that defined the Johnny Depp-Amber Heard court case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c977de3x007o |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=March 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321173356/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c977de3x007o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Johnny Depp v. Amber Heard |url=https://www.nytimes.com/news-event/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321173356/https://www.nytimes.com/news-event/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Depp was born on June 9, 1963, in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Monitor |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=June 14, 2013 |issue=1263 |page=40}}</ref><ref name=peoplebio>{{cite web |url = http://www.people.com/people/johnny_depp/biography |title = Celebrity Central: Johnny Depp |work = [[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date = June 19, 2012 |archive-date = June 8, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120608042454/http://www.people.com/people/johnny_depp/biography |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|date=July 6, 2020|title=7 Things You Need to Know About Johnny Depp's U.K. Trial|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/global/johnny-depp-sun-trial-amber-heard-1234698986/|access-date=May 20, 2021|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|quote=...over the case brought by John Christopher Depp II against Rupert Murdoch's News Group Newspapers...|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520085129/https://variety.com/2020/film/global/johnny-depp-sun-trial-amber-heard-1234698986/|url-status=live}}</ref> the youngest of four children of waitress Betty Sue Depp (née Wells; later Palmer)<ref>{{cite web |first=Philiana |last=Ng |url=http://www.etonline.com/news/189599_johnny_depp_mother_betty_sue_palmer_dead/ |title=Johnny Depp's Mother Dies After Long Illness |website=Etonline.com |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318044632/http://www.etonline.com/news/189599_johnny_depp_mother_betty_sue_palmer_dead/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and civil engineer John Christopher Depp.{{sfn|Blitz|Krasniewicz|2007|p=1}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pLBnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22BETTY+SUE%22+%22WELLS%22+%22DEPP%22 The Genealogist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204824/https://books.google.com/books?id=pLBnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22BETTY+SUE%22+%22WELLS%22+%22DEPP%22 |date=June 26, 2019 }}, "Richard T. Oren Depp (1879–1912); m. Effie America Palmore. 9th gen. Oren Larimore Depp; m. Violet Grinstead. 10th gen. John Christopher Depp; m. Betty Sue Wells. 11th gen John Christopher Depp II (Johnny Depp), b. 9 June 1963, Owensboro. See Warder Harrison, "Screen Star, Johnny Depp, Has Many Relatives in Ky.", Kentucky Explorer (Jackson, Ky), July–August 1997, 38–39. 247 Barren Co."</ref> Depp's family moved frequently during his childhood, eventually settling in [[Miramar, Florida]], in 1970.<ref name=tca>Stated on ''[[Inside the Actors Studio]]'', 2002</ref> His parents divorced in 1978 when he was 15,<ref name=tca /><ref name=people1999>{{cite journal |title = Keeping His Head |first = Kyle |last = Smith |journal = [[People (magazine)|People]] |date = December 13, 1999 |url=https://people.com/archive/keeping-his-head-vol-52-no-23/ |access-date = December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622035739/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20130037,00.html |archive-date = June 22, 2012 }}</ref> and his mother later married Robert Palmer, whom Depp has called "an inspiration".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/5635464/Johnny-Depp-interview-for-Public-Enemies.html|title=Johnny Depp interview for Public Enemies|last=Hiscock|first=John|date=June 25, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=UK|access-date=May 23, 2011|archive-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129143611/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/5635464/Johnny-Depp-interview-for-Public-Enemies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/02/15/johnny-depps-grammy-song-toast-his-late-stepfather/80424092/|title=Johnny Depp's Grammy song is a toast to his late stepfather|last=Alexander|first=Bryan|date=February 16, 2016|work=USA TODAY|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-date=August 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807223243/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/02/15/johnny-depps-grammy-song-toast-his-late-stepfather/80424092/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp's mother gave him a guitar when he was 12, and he began playing in various bands.<ref name=tca /> He dropped out of [[Miramar High School]] at 16 in 1979 to become a rock musician. He attempted to go back to school two weeks later, but the principal told him to follow his dream of being a musician.<ref name=tca /> In 1980, Depp began playing in a band called The Kids.

After modest local success in Florida, the band moved to Los Angeles in pursuit of a record deal, changing its name to Six Gun Method. In addition to the band, Depp worked a variety of odd jobs, such as in telemarketing. In December 1983, Depp married makeup artist Lori Anne Allison,<ref name="peoplebio" /> the sister of his band's bassist and singer. The Kids split up before signing a record deal in 1984, and Depp began collaborating with the band [[Rock City Angels]].<ref name="sleaze">{{cite web|title=Sleaze Roxx |work=ROCK CITY ANGELS |url=http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/rockcityangels/rockcityangels.shtml |access-date=July 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508015710/http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/rockcityangels/rockcityangels.shtml |archive-date=May 8, 2006}}</ref> He co-wrote their song "Mary", which appeared on their debut [[Geffen Records]] album ''Young Man's Blues''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock City Angels – Mary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ8uQTVx3iw|publisher=YouTube|access-date=August 13, 2013|archive-date=April 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ8uQTVx3iw|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp and Allison divorced in 1985.<ref name="peoplebio" />

Depp is of primarily English descent, with some French, German, Irish and distant African American ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Johnny Depp: A Modern Rebel|last=Robb|first=Brian J.|publisher=Plexus Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-85965-385-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppmodern0000robb}}</ref><ref name="USAToday2013" /> [[Elizabeth Key Grinstead]], one of the first African Americans in the [[Thirteen Colonies|North American colonies]] to sue for her freedom and win, is an eighth great-grandmother.<ref name="USAToday2013">{{cite web |first=Ann |last=Oldenberg |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/06/26/depp-hammer-roots-justice-freedom-fighters/2458909/ |title='Lone Ranger' stars have roots in historic figures|website=USAToday.com |date=June 26, 2013 |access-date=June 27, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627113816/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/06/26/depp-hammer-roots-justice-freedom-fighters/2458909/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His surname comes from a French [[Huguenot]] immigrant, Pierre Dieppe, who settled in [[Virginia]] around 1700. In interviews in 2002 and 2011, Depp claimed to have Native American ancestry, "I guess I have some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] somewhere down the line. My great-grandmother was quite a bit of Native American. She grew up [[Cherokee]] or maybe [[Muscogee|Creek Indian]]. Makes sense in terms of coming from Kentucky, which is rife with Cherokee and Creek Indian."<ref name="EW">{{Cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/05/08/johnny-depp-tonto-lone-ranger/ |title=Johnny Depp on 'The Lone Ranger' |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |date=May 8, 2011 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=August 8, 2011 |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708131555/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/05/08/johnny-depp-tonto-lone-ranger |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp's claims came under scrutiny when ''[[Indian Country Today]]'' wrote that Depp had never inquired about his heritage or been recognized as a member of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref name="exploiting" /> This led to criticism of Depp, from the Native American community, as Depp has no documented Native ancestry,<ref name="exploiting">{{cite web|title=Disney Exploiting Confusion About Whether Depp Has Indian Blood|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/17/disney-exploiting-confusion-about-whether-depp-has-indian-blood-149941|date=June 17, 2013|access-date=August 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705002853/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/17/disney-exploiting-confusion-about-whether-depp-has-indian-blood-149941|archive-date=July 5, 2013}}</ref> and Native community leaders consider him "a non-Indian"<ref name="exploiting" /><ref name="AIFT">{{cite web|title= Sonny Skyhawk on Johnny Depp, Disney, Indian Stereotypes and White Film Indians|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/11/sonny-skyhawk-johnny-depp-disney-indian-stereotypes-and-white-film-indians-149841 |last=Toensing |first=Gale Courney |date=June 11, 2013|access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715084025/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/11/sonny-skyhawk-johnny-depp-disney-indian-stereotypes-and-white-film-indians-149841 |archive-date= July 15, 2013|quote=Yet [Disney] has the gall and audacity to knowingly cast a non-Native person in the role of an established Native character. ... American Indians in Film and Television's argument is not so much with Johnny Depp, a charlatan at his best, as it is with the machinations of Disney proper. The controversy that will haunt this endeavor and ultimately cause its demise at the box office is the behind-the-scenes concerted effort and forced manipulation by Disney to attempt to sell Johnny Depp as an American Indian. American Indians, as assimilated and mainstream as they may be today, remain adamantly resistant to anyone who falsely claims to be one of theirs.}}</ref> and a [[pretendian]].<ref name="Mouallem">{{cite news|author-last1=Mouallem|author-first1= Omar|author-link=Omar Mouallem|url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/5/22/18634743/aladdin-middle-eastern-muslim-representation-hollywood|title='Billionaires, Bombers, and Bellydancers': How the First Arab American Movie Star Foretold a Century of Muslim Misrepresentation|work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]|date=May 22, 2019|access-date=July 17, 2021|quote=Though not a 'pretendian' to the degree of Iron Eyes Cody, the Sicilian American impostor of 'Keep America Beautiful' fame, or Johnny Depp for that matter, Lackteen appropriated Native American culture.|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717233225/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/5/22/18634743/aladdin-middle-eastern-muslim-representation-hollywood|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="APTN-2">{{cite news |author-last1=Murray|author-first1= John |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/investigates/cowboys-and-pretendians/ |title=APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians |work=[[Aboriginal Peoples Television Network]] |date=April 20, 2018 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007175631/https://www.aptnnews.ca/investigates/cowboys-and-pretendians/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jago">Jago, Robert (February 1, 2021). [https://nationalpost.com/opinion/robert-jago-criminalizing-pretendians-is-not-the-answer-we-need-to-give-first-nations-control-over-grants "Robert Jago: Criminalizing 'Pretendians' Is Not the Answer; We Need to Give First Nations Control over Grants."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215536/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/robert-jago-criminalizing-pretendians-is-not-the-answer-we-need-to-give-first-nations-control-over-grants |date=November 8, 2023 }} ''[[National Post]]''. Retrieved June 19, 2023.</ref> Depp's choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in ''[[The Lone Ranger (2013 film)|The Lone Ranger]]'' was criticized,<ref name="exploiting" /><ref name="AIFT" /> along with his choice to name his rock band "Tonto's Giant Nuts".<ref name="ICTnuts">{{cite web|title=Is 'Tonto's Giant Nuts' a Good Name for Johnny Depp's Band?|work=[[Indian Country Today Media Network]]|date=May 22, 2013|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/05/22/tontos-giant-nuts-good-name-johnny-depps-band-149470|access-date=May 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524200540/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/05/22/tontos-giant-nuts-good-name-johnny-depps-band-149470|archive-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ICTybarra">{{cite web |last=ICTMN Staff |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/12/video-tito-ybarra-greets-indian-country-phat-johnny-depp-149865 |title=Tito Ybarra Greets Indian Country as 'Phat Johnny Depp' |work=[[Indian Country Today Media Network]] |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=February 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725211948/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/12/video-tito-ybarra-greets-indian-country-phat-johnny-depp-149865 |archive-date=July 25, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Keene1">{{cite web |last=Keene |first=Adrienne |url=http://nativeappropriations.com/2012/12/native-video-round-up-johnny-depp-identity-and-poetry.html |title=Native Video Round-Up: Johnny Depp, Identity, and Poetry |work=Native Appropriations |date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=February 4, 2014 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155500/http://nativeappropriations.com/2012/12/native-video-round-up-johnny-depp-identity-and-poetry.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bogado1">{{cite web |last=Bogado |first=Aura |url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2013/11/five_things_to_celebrate_about_indian_country.html |title=Five Things to Celebrate About Indian Country (Humor) |work=[[ColorLines]] |date=November 25, 2013 |access-date=February 4, 2014 |archive-date=January 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131191716/http://colorlines.com/archives/2013/11/five_things_to_celebrate_about_indian_country.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the promotion for ''The Lone Ranger'', Depp was formally adopted as an honorary son by [[LaDonna Harris]], a member of the [[Comanche Nation]], making him an honorary member of her family but not a member of any tribe.<ref name="8Tribes">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Nohemi M. |date=May 15, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp's History of Racism and Broken Promises to Native Americans |url=https://eighttribes.org/johnny-depps-history-of-racism-and-broken-promises-to-native-americans/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=Eight Tribes|archive-date=December 6, 2022|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206205551/https://eighttribes.org/johnny-depps-history-of-racism-and-broken-promises-to-native-americans/|quote=While promoting The Lone Ranger, Depp was made an honorary son by LaDonna Harris, a member of the Comanche Nation. Although now an honorary member of his family, he is not a member of any tribe.}}</ref><ref name="Eonline">{{cite web |last=Gornstein |first=Leslie |date=May 23, 2012 |title=Why Can Johnny Depp Play Tonto, but Ashton Kutcher and Sacha Baron Cohen Get Slammed? |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/318280/why-can-johnny-depp-play-tonto-but-ashton-kutcher-and-sacha-baron-cohen-get-slammed |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=E! Online |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134133/https://www.eonline.com/news/318280/why-can-johnny-depp-play-tonto-but-ashton-kutcher-and-sacha-baron-cohen-get-slammed |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 1980s: Television and early film roles ===

[[File:President Ronald Reagan greets Johnny Depp while Nancy Reagan looks on.jpg|thumb|Depp greeting President [[Ronald Reagan]] at a [[White House]] benefit for [[Just Say No|The Nancy Reagan Drug Abuse Fund]] in 1988]]

Depp moved to Los Angeles with his band when he was 20. After the band split up, Depp's then-wife Lori Ann Allison introduced him to actor [[Nicolas Cage]].<ref name=tca /> After they became drinking buddies, Cage advised him to pursue acting.{{sfn|Blitz|Krasniewicz|2007|pp=16–17}} Depp had been interested in acting since reading a biography of [[James Dean]] and watching ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Hooked on Dean, says Johnny Depp |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/09_september/26/depp.shtml |website= bbc.co.uk |language= en |access-date= June 22, 2021 |archive-date= June 3, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220603073420/https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/9_september/26/depp.shtml |url-status= live }}</ref> Cage helped Depp get an audition with [[Wes Craven]] for ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]''; Depp, who had no acting experience, said he "ended up acting by accident".{{sfn|Blitz|Krasniewicz|2007|p=17}}<ref name=Testimony>{{cite news |title=Johnny Depp reveals the legendary thespian who encouraged him to pursue acting |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/04/20/62607073ca4741c46e8b45d3.html |access-date=May 1, 2022 |work=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |date=April 20, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517190126/https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/04/20/62607073ca4741c46e8b45d3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thanks in part to his catching the eye of Craven's daughter,{{sfn|Blitz|Krasniewicz|2007|p=17}} Depp landed the role of the main character's boyfriend, one of [[Freddy Krueger]]'s victims.<ref name="tca" />

Although Depp said he "didn't have any desire to be an actor", he continued to be cast in films,<ref name=Testimony /> making enough to cover some bills that his musical career left unpaid.{{sfn|Blitz|Krasniewicz|2007|p=17}} After a starring role in the 1985 comedy ''[[Private Resort]]'', Depp was cast in the lead role of the 1986 skating drama ''[[Thrashin' (film)|Thrashin']]'' by the film's director, but its producer overrode the decision.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite AV media |title= [[Thrashin' (film)|Thrashin']] |orig-date= 1986 |last=Winters |first=David |author-link=David Winters (choreographer) |type=Commentary track |publisher=MGM Home Video |year= 2003}}</ref><ref name="Adam Tyner">{{cite web| url = https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/7178/thrashin/#supplements| title = Thrashin'| access-date = September 29, 2008| first = Adam| last = Tyner| date = August 5, 1993| quote = something that (the) cast found so astonishing that they apparently called Depp's girlfriend in the middle of the commentary to find out if it is actually true.| archive-date = June 6, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606105624/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/7178/thrashin/#supplements| url-status = live}}</ref> Instead, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as a Vietnamese-speaking private in [[Oliver Stone]]'s 1986 [[Vietnam War]] drama ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]''. He became a [[teen idol]] during the late 1980s, when he starred as an undercover police officer in a high school operation in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] television series ''[[21 Jump Street]]'', which premiered in 1987.<ref name="tca" /> He accepted this role to work with actor [[Frederic Forrest]], who inspired him. Despite his success, Depp felt that the series "forced [him] into the role of product".<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=It's a pirates life for Johnny Depp |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-a-pirates-life-for-johnny-depp-news-hollywood-kkfvj7chfdisi.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=July 4, 2006 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000855/http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-a-pirates-life-for-johnny-depp-news-hollywood-kkfvj7chfdisi.html }}</ref>

=== 1990s: Diversification ===
Disillusioned by his experiences as a teen idol in ''21 Jump Street'', Depp began taking roles he found more interesting, rather than those he thought would succeed at the box office.<ref name="reuters" /><ref name="moviesonline" /> His first film release in 1990 was [[John Waters]]'s ''[[Cry-Baby]]'', a musical comedy set in the 1950s. Although not a box-office success upon its release,<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|cry-baby|Cry-Baby}}</ref> over the years it has gained [[cult film|cult classic]] status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2010/09/16/cry-baby-depp-makes-the-girls-swoon/|title="Cry-Baby" Depp makes the girls swoon|work=[[The Denver Post]]|first=Michael|last=Booth|date=September 16, 2010|access-date=June 26, 2018|archive-date=June 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062323/https://www.denverpost.com/2010/09/16/cry-baby-depp-makes-the-girls-swoon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 1990, Depp played the title character in [[Tim Burton]]'s romantic fantasy film ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'' opposite [[Dianne Wiest]] and [[Winona Ryder]]. The film was a commercial and critical success with a domestic gross of $53 million.<ref>{{AFI film|id=58487|title=Edward Scissorhands}}</ref> In preparation for the role, Depp watched many [[Charlie Chaplin]] films to study how to create sympathy without dialogue.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Tim Burton's latest film | magazine = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = December 14, 1990 | url = https://ew.com/article/1990/12/14/tim-burtons-latest-film/ | access-date = March 25, 2021 | archive-date = February 27, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183210/https://ew.com/article/1990/12/14/tim-burtons-latest-film/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' praised Depp's performance, writing that he "artfully expresses the fierce longing in gentle Edward; it's a terrific performance",<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Edward Scissorhands|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/edward-scissorhands-19901214|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 14, 1990|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=May 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516020611/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/edward-scissorhands-19901214|url-status=live}}</ref> while Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that he "brings the eloquence of the silent era to this part of few words, saying it all through bright black eyes and the tremulous care with which he holds his horror-movie hands".<ref>{{cite web|title='Edward Scissorhands'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/edwardscissorhandspg13kempley_a0a0bf.htm|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 14, 1990|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008151527/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/edwardscissorhandspg13kempley_a0a0bf.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp earned his first [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe]] nomination for the film. Owing to this role, a species of extinct [[arthropod]] with prominent claws was named after Depp as ''[[Kootenichela deppi]]'' (''chela'' is Latin for claws or scissors).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-16 |title=Actor Johnny Depp immortalised in ancient fossil find {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/122626/actor-johnny-depp-immortalised-ancient-fossil/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Imperial News |language=en |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031093957/http://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/122626/actor-johnny-depp-immortalised-ancient-fossil/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Johnny Depp immortalized in name of fossilized creature with 'scissor hand' claws |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130516063842.htm |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en |archive-date=April 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422203725/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130516063842.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Johnny Depp Cannes nineties.jpg|thumb|upright|Depp at the [[1992 Cannes Film Festival]]]]

Depp had no film releases in the next two years, except a brief cameo in ''[[Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare]]'' (1991), the sixth installment in the ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' franchise. He appeared in three films in 1993. In the romantic comedy ''[[Benny and Joon]]'', he played an eccentric and illiterate silent film fan who befriends a mentally ill woman and her brother; it became a [[sleeper hit]]. [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that Depp "may look nothing like [[Buster Keaton]], but there are times when he genuinely seems to become the Great Stone Face, bringing Keaton's mannerisms sweetly and magically to life".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/movies/review-film-he-s-his-sister-s-keeper-and-what-a-job-that-is.html | title=He's His Sister's Keeper, and What a Job That Is | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Janet Maslin | first=Janet | last=Maslin | date=April 16, 1993 | access-date=September 29, 2011 | archive-date=May 26, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526091905/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/movies/review-film-he-s-his-sister-s-keeper-and-what-a-job-that-is.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Depp received a second Golden Globe nomination for the performance. His second film of 1993 was [[Lasse Hallström]]'s ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'', a drama about a dysfunctional family co-starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Juliette Lewis]]. It did not perform well commercially, but received positive notices from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=gilbertgrape.htm|title=What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|access-date=December 30, 2008|archive-date=September 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902053547/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=gilbertgrape.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Although most of the reviews focused on DiCaprio, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance, Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that "Depp manages to command center screen with a greatly affable, appealing characterization".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117902133.html?categoryid=31&cs=1|title=What's Eating Gilbert Grape Review|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|date=December 6, 1993|work=Variety|access-date=December 30, 2008|archive-date=June 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618164434/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117902133.html?categoryid=31&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp's last 1993 release was [[Emir Kusturica]]'s [[surrealist]] comedy-drama ''[[Arizona Dream]]'', which opened to positive reviews and won the [[Silver Bear]] at the Berlin Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Dream {{!}} film by Kusturica [1993] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arizona-Dream |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=January 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117155055/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arizona-Dream |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/awards-juries/awards.html/s=%22arizona%20dream%22/o=desc/p=1/rp=40 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424000158/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/awards-juries/awards.html/s=%22arizona%20dream%22/o=desc/p=1/rp=40 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1994, Depp reunited with Burton, playing the title role in ''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]'', a biographical film about one of history's most inept film directors. Depp later said that he was depressed about films and filmmaking at the time, but that "within 10 minutes of hearing about the project, I was committed".<ref name="Arnold, Gary">{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Gary |title=Depp sees promise in cult filmmaker Ed Wood's story |work=The Washington Times |date=October 2, 1994}}</ref> He found that the role gave him a "chance to stretch out and have some fun" and that working with [[Martin Landau]], who played [[Bela Lugosi]], "rejuvenated my love for acting".<ref name="Arnold, Gary" /> Although it did not earn back its production costs, ''Ed Wood'' received a positive reception from critics, with Maslin writing that Depp had "proved himself as an established, certified great actor" and "captured all the can-do optimism that kept Ed Wood going, thanks to an extremely funny ability to look at the silver lining of any cloud".<ref>{{cite news |first = Janet |last = Maslin |author-link = Janet Maslin |title = Film Festival Review; Ode to a Director Who Dared to Be Dreadful |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 23, 1994}}</ref> Depp was nominated for a third time for a Best Musical or Comedy Actor [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyar |first=Michelle |date=2023-05-22 |title=Johnny Depp's Best Movie Secretly Saved His Career |url=https://screenrant.com/johnny-depp-best-movie-ed-wood-saved-career/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ScreenRant |language=en |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815072838/https://screenrant.com/johnny-depp-best-movie-ed-wood-saved-career/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/johnny-depp/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Golden Globes |language=en-US |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424000208/https://goldenglobes.com/person/johnny-depp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Johnny Depp Jim Jarmusch Cannes 1995.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Depp with director [[Jim Jarmusch]] at the [[1995 Cannes Film Festival]]]]

The next year, Depp starred in three films. He played opposite [[Marlon Brando]] in the box-office hit ''[[Don Juan DeMarco]]'', as a man who believes he is [[Don Juan]], the world's greatest lover. He starred in [[Jim Jarmusch]]'s ''[[Dead Man]]'', a [[Western (genre)|Western]] shot entirely in black-and-white; it was not a commercial success and had mixed critical reviews. And in the financial and critical failure ''[[Nick of Time (film)|Nick of Time]]'', Depp played an accountant who is told to kill a politician to save his kidnapped daughter.

In 1997, Depp and [[Al Pacino]] starred in the crime drama ''[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]'', directed by [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]]. Depp played [[Joseph D. Pistone]], an undercover FBI agent who assumes the name Donnie Brasco to infiltrate [[American Mafia|the Mafia]] in New York City. To prepare, Depp spent time with Pistone, on whose memoirs the film was based. ''Donnie Brasco'' was a commercial and critical success, and is considered one of Depp's finest performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2012/06/the-essentials-the-5-best-johnny-depp-performances-109702/|title=The Essentials: The 5 Best Johnny Depp Performances|last=Lyttelton|first=Oliver|date=June 9, 2012|work=IndieWire|access-date=December 12, 2020|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203044708/https://www.indiewire.com/2012/06/the-essentials-the-5-best-johnny-depp-performances-109702/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/15-best-and-worst-johnny-depp-roles-from-scissorhands-to-sparrow-56536/best-donnie-brasco-1997-70735/|title=15 Best and Worst Johnny Depp Roles: From Scissorhands to Sparrow|last=Ehrlich|first=David|date=September 16, 2015|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=December 12, 2020|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080329/https://videoevents.outbrain.com/events/recordjp?json=%7B%22eventType%22%3A%22VIDGET_VIEWABILITY%22%2C%22abTestVal%22%3A%228838-27421%22%2C%22adBlocker%22%3Afalse%2C%22configuredNative%22%3A%22never%22%2C%22configuredProvidersCount%22%3A3%2C%22configuredReloadCount%22%3A8%2C%22consentData%22%3A%22%22%2C%22currentReload%22%3A1%2C%22description%22%3A%22viewability%20percentage%20threshold%3A%2050%22%2C%22docId%22%3A2017830342%2C%22externalCampaignId%22%3Anull%2C%22featureFlag%22%3A%22GA%22%2C%22gdpr%22%3A0%2C%22iframe%22%3Afalse%2C%22isNative%22%3Afalse%2C%22localTime%22%3A%22Thu%20May%2020%202021%2008%3A03%3A27%20GMT%2B0000%20(GMT)%22%2C%22mediaOrientation%22%3Anull%2C%22obRecsAbtestAndVars%22%3A%22784-2488%2C833-2565%2C386-1123%2C852-2628%2C822-2522%2C902-2790%2C792-2661%2C841-2598%2C859-2649%2C699-2184%2C811-2474%22%2C%22orientation%22%3A%22PORTRAIT%22%2C%22partner%22%3A%225dfa1d8b775faf0004d55434%22%2C%22placementType%22%3A%22footer%22%2C%22playerLocation%22%3A%22inWidget%22%2C%22pauseOutOfView%22%3Anull%2C%22playMode%22%3A%22AUTO_PLAY%22%2C%22playingType%22%3A%22OUTSTREAM%22%2C%22prebid%22%3Atrue%2C%22provider%22%3A%22VIDAZOO%22%2C%22providerIndex%22%3A1%2C%22publisherId%22%3A28377%2C%22runningWidgetIdx%22%3A%220%22%2C%22screenResolution%22%3A%221000x1600%22%2C%22sessionId%22%3A%2290708a6e-79e7-95c3-0213-054ba478c338%22%2C%22sourceDocUrl%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-lists%2F15-best-and-worst-johnny-depp-roles-from-scissorhands-to-sparrow-56536%2F%22%2C%22sourceId%22%3A5854137%2C%22sourcePvId%22%3A%22a222bd8e5fcb14a2f9ac06412edbf18b%22%2C%22sourceRequestId%22%3A%22a222bd8e5fcb14a2f9ac06412edbf18b%22%2C%22sourceSubWidgetId%22%3Anull%2C%22sourceWidgetId%22%3A%22AR_1%22%2C%22sticky%22%3A%22none%22%2C%22subPlatform%22%3Anull%2C%22timeSinceFirstEvent%22%3A27281%2C%22timeSincePreviousEvent%22%3A27281%2C%22trafficType%22%3A7%2C%22version%22%3A%22v5.63.0%22%2C%22videoBitRate%22%3Anull%2C%22videoClickUrl%22%3Anull%2C%22videoDuration%22%3A5.217%2C%22videoHeight%22%3Anull%2C%22videoMediaUrl%22%3Anull%2C%22videoPlayerId%22%3A%22Vidazoo%22%2C%22videoProgress%22%3A0%2C%22videoVastUrl%22%3Anull%2C%22videoViewablePixels%22%3A0%2C%22videoWidth%22%3A550%2C%22viewability%22%3A100%2C%22waterfall%22%3A%22Vidazoo%2COPA%2CAniview%22%2C%22widgetIdx%22%3A0%7D&callback=OB_VidgetAuditCallback|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 1997, Depp debuted as a director and screenwriter with ''[[The Brave (film)|The Brave]]''. He starred in it as a poor Native American man who accepts a proposal from a wealthy man, played by Marlon Brando, to appear in a [[snuff film]] in exchange for money for his family. It premiered at the [[1997 Cannes Film Festival]] to generally negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brave (1997) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10001126-brave |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007052936/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10001126-brave |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Variety'' called it "a turgid and unbelievable neo-western",<ref>{{cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |title=The Brave |url=https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/the-brave-1117329721/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 25, 1997 |access-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114072629/https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/the-brave-1117329721/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] wrote that "besides the implausibilities, the direction has two fatal flaws: it's both tediously slow and hugely narcissistic as the camera focuses repeatedly on Depp's bandana'd head and rippling torso".<ref>{{cite web |date=February 9, 2006 |title=The Brave |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/the-brave |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225142338/https://www.timeout.com/movies/the-brave |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the reviews, Depp did not release ''The Brave'' in the U.S.<ref name="filmink">{{cite web |last=Free |first=Erin |title=Movies You Might Not Have Seen: The Brave (1997) |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/movies-you-might-not-have-seen-the-brave-1997/ |website=filmink.com.au |date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |archive-date=February 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072300/https://www.filmink.com.au/movies-you-might-not-have-seen-the-brave-1997/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-19-ca-60345-story.html |title=The Sad, Strange Journey of Johnny Depp's 'The Brave' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=May 19, 1997 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012025124/http://articles.latimes.com/1997-05-19/entertainment/ca-60345_1_johnny-depp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp was a fan and friend of writer [[Hunter S. Thompson]], and played his alter ego [[Raoul Duke]] in ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' (1998), [[Terry Gilliam]]'s film adaptation of Thompson's pseudo-biographical [[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas|novel of the same name]].{{efn| Depp accompanied Thompson as his road manager on one of the author's last book tours.<ref name="contactmusic">{{cite web |work=ContactMusic |title=Depp was ray for thompson book tour |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/depp%20was%20ray%20for%20thompson%20book%20tour_1001455 |access-date=July 3, 2006 |date=July 3, 2006 |archive-date=March 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315173941/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/depp%20was%20ray%20for%20thompson%20book%20tour_1001455 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, he contributed a foreword to ''Gonzo: Photographs by Hunter S. Thompson'', a posthumous collection of photographs of and by Thompson, and in 2008 narrated the documentary film ''[[Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson]]''. Following Thompson's suicide in 2005, Depp paid for most of his memorial event in his hometown of [[Aspen, Colorado]]. Following Thompson's wishes, fireworks were set off and his ashes were shot from a cannon.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |publisher=BBC News Entertainment |title=Thompson's ashes fired into sky |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4168266.stm |access-date=June 22, 2007 |date=August 21, 2005 |archive-date=October 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010020116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4168266.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} It was a box-office failure<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fearandloathinginlasvegas.htm|title=''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas''|work=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 24, 2008|archive-date=October 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044030/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fearandloathinginlasvegas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and polarized critics.<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|fear_and_loathing_in_las_vegas|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas}}</ref> Later that year, Depp made a brief cameo in [[Mika Kaurismäki]]'s ''[[L.A. Without a Map]]'' (1998).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Depp appeared in three films in 1999. The first was the sci-fi thriller ''[[The Astronaut's Wife]]'', co-starring [[Charlize Theron]], which was not a commercial or critical success. The second,''[[The Ninth Gate]]'', starred Depp as a seller of old books who becomes entangled in a mystery. It was moderately more successful with audiences but received mixed reviews. The third was Burton's [[Sleepy Hollow (film)|adaptation]] of ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'', where Depp played [[Ichabod Crane]] opposite [[Christina Ricci]] and [[Christopher Walken]]. For his performance, Depp took inspiration from [[Angela Lansbury]], [[Roddy McDowall]] and [[Basil Rathbone]], saying he "always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile person who was maybe a little too in touch with his feminine side, like a frightened little girl".{{sfn|Burton|Salisbury|2006|pp=177–178}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Johnny Depp on playing Ichabod Crane in ''Sleepy Hollow'' |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=May 2007 |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20039648,00.html#20056052 |access-date=December 25, 2007 |archive-date=July 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704025641/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20039648,00.html#20056052 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sleepy Hollow'' was a commercial and critical success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamman |first=Cody |date=2023-10-03 |title=Sleepy Hollow (1999) – WTF Happened to This Horror Movie? |url=https://www.joblo.com/sleepy-hollow-1999-wtf/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=JoBlo |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2000s: Worldwide recognition ===
Depp's first film release of the new millennium was British-French drama ''[[The Man Who Cried]]'' (2000), directed by [[Sally Potter]] and starring him as a [[Romani people|Roma]] horseman opposite Christina Ricci, [[Cate Blanchett]], and [[John Turturro]]. It was not a critical success. Depp also had a supporting role in [[Julian Schnabel]]'s critically acclaimed ''[[Before Night Falls]]'' (2000). His final film of 2000 was Hallström's critically and commercially successful ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]],'' in which he played a Roma man and the love interest of the main character, [[Juliette Binoche]]. Depp's next roles were both based on historical persons. In ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]'' (2001), he starred as cocaine smuggler [[George Jung]], who was part of the [[Medellín Cartel]] in the 1980s. The film underperformed at the box office<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Blow#tab=summary|title=''Blow'' (2001)|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|publisher=Nash Information Services|access-date=July 26, 2016|archive-date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816125352/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Blow#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blow/ |title=''Blow'' (2001) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=April 6, 2001 |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030213246/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/blow|title=''Blow'' Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=June 27, 2016|archive-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630024816/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/blow|url-status=live}}</ref> In the comic book adaptation ''[[From Hell (2001 film)|From Hell]]'' (2001), Depp portrayed inspector Frederick Abberline, who investigated the [[Jack the Ripper]] murders in the 1880s London. The film also received mixed reviews<ref>{{cite web |title=From Hell Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/from-hell?ftag=MCD-06-10aaa1c |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080255/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/from-hell?ftag=MCD-06-10aaa1c |url-status=live }}</ref> but was a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fromhell.htm|title=From Hell (2010)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112015/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fromhell.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow in Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|upright|Depp in costume as [[Jack Sparrow|Captain Jack Sparrow]]. He is pictured here on the set of ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'' in 2015.]]

In 2003, Depp starred in the [[Walt Disney Pictures]] adventure film ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'', which was a major box office success.<ref name="moviesonline" /> He earned widespread acclaim for his comic performance as pirate [[Jack Sparrow|Captain Jack Sparrow]], and received [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]], [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|BAFTA]] nominations. He won a [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role|Screen Actor's Guild Award]] as well as the [[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie]]. Depp has said that Sparrow is "definitely a big part of me",<ref name="abc">{{cite web|publisher=ABC |title=Johnny Depp Finds Himself, And Success, As Captain Jack Sparrow |url=http://abclocal.go.com/wjrt/story?section=news/entertainment&id=4319945 |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224104422/http://abclocal.go.com/wjrt/story?section=news%2Fentertainment&id=4319945 |archive-date=February 24, 2009 }}</ref> and that he modeled the character after [[The Rolling Stones]] guitarist [[Keith Richards]]<ref name="torontostar">{{cite news |last=Howell |first=Peter |work=[[Toronto Star]] |title=Depp thoughts; Reluctant superstar Johnny Depp returns in a Pirates of the Caribbean sequel, but vows success won't stop him from making movies his way |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/439003907 |page=C.01 |date=June 23, 2006 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084340/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/439003907.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+23%2C+2006&author=Howell%2C+Peter&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=C.01&desc=Depp+thoughts%3B+Reluctant+superstar+Johnny+Depp+returns+in+a+Pirates+of+the+Caribbean+sequel%2C+but+vows+success+won%27t+stop+him+from+making+movies+his+way%2C+writes+Peter+Howell |id={{ProQuest|439003907}} |url-status=live }}</ref> and cartoon skunk [[Pepé Le Pew]].<ref name="Newsweek 26 June 2006">{{cite web|title=A Pirate's Life|url=http://www.newsweek.com/pirates-life-111141|last=Smith|first=Sean|date=June 26, 2006|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=April 26, 2015|archive-date=January 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110083047/http://www.newsweek.com/pirates-life-111141|url-status=live}}</ref> Studio executives had at first been ambivalent about Depp's portrayal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Derschowitz |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnny-depp-disney-hated-my-jack-sparrow/ |title=Johnny Depp: Disney Hated My Jack Sparrow |work=CBS News |date=November 30, 2010 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |archive-date=March 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315192210/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20024110-10391698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the character became popular with audiences.<ref name="moviesonline" /> In his other film release in 2003, [[Robert Rodriguez]]' action film ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mexico]]'', Depp played a corrupt [[CIA]] agent. A moderate box-office success,<ref>{{cite web|title=Once Upon a Time in Mexico|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=onceuponatimeinmexico.htm|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 22, 2013|archive-date=September 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912043352/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=onceuponatimeinmexico.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> it received average to good reviews, with Depp's performance in particular receiving praise.<ref>{{cite web |title= Once upon a Time in Mexico (2003) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/once_upon_a_time_in_mexico/ |work= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=September 12, 2003 |access-date= January 29, 2020 |archive-date= November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114151851/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/once_upon_a_time_in_mexico |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Once Upon a Time in Mexico|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/once-upon-a-time-in-mexico|work=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=June 19, 2015|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716193002/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/once-upon-a-time-in-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp next starred as an author with [[writer's block]] in the thriller ''[[Secret Window]]'' (2004), based on a short story by [[Stephen King]]. It was a moderate commercial success but received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secret_window|title=Secret Window (2004)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=March 12, 2004 |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|archive-date=May 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519135002/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secret_window/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/secret-window|title=Secret Window Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105218/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/secret-window|url-status=live}}</ref> Released around the same time, the British-Australian independent film ''[[The Libertine (2004 film)|The Libertine]]'' (2004) saw Depp portray the seventeenth-century poet and [[rake (stock character)|rake]], the [[Earl of Rochester]]. It had only limited release, and received mainly negative reviews. Depp's third film of 2004, ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'', was more positively received by the critics, and earned him his second Academy Award nomination as well as Golden Globe, BAFTA, and SAG nominations for his performance as Scottish author [[J. M. Barrie]]. Depp also made a brief cameo appearance in the French film ''[[Happily Ever After (2004 film)|Happily Ever After]]'' (2004), and founded his own film production company, [[Infinitum Nihil]], under [[Warner Bros. Pictures]].<ref name=variety_in>{{cite news|first1=Marc|last1=Graser|first2=Dave|last2=McNary|title=Johnny Depp Moves Production Company to Disney (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/johnny-depp-moves-production-company-to-disney-exclusive-1200562176/|access-date=December 28, 2021|newspaper=Variety|date=July 12, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194516/https://variety.com/2013/film/news/johnny-depp-moves-production-company-to-disney-exclusive-1200562176/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp continued his box-office success with a starring role as eccentric candy maker [[Willy Wonka]] in Tim Burton's adaptation of ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (2005). It also had a positive critical reception,<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie and the Chocolate Factory |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlie_and_the_chocolate_factory/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=July 15, 2005 |access-date=May 17, 2008 |archive-date=May 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508030014/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlie_and_the_chocolate_factory/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie and the Chocolate Factory |url=https://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/charlieandthechocolatefactory |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=May 17, 2008 |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430184635/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/charlieandthechocolatefactory |url-status=live }}</ref> with Depp being nominated again for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy]].<ref name="torontostar" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/26011 |title=Charlie and the Chocolate Factory |work=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=July 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215211716/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/26011 |archive-date=December 15, 2009}}</ref> ''Chocolate Factory'' was followed by another Burton project, the stop-motion animation ''[[Corpse Bride]]'' (2005), in which Depp voiced the main character, Victor Van Dort.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papamichael|first=Stella|title=Corpse Bride (2005)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/10/10/corpse_bride_2005_review.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=October 21, 2005|access-date=August 13, 2013|archive-date=April 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414093933/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/10/10/corpse_bride_2005_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp reprised the role of Jack Sparrow in the ''Pirates'' sequels ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest|Dead Man's Chest]]'' (2006) and ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End|At World's End]]'' (2007), both of which were major box office successes.<ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|work=ABC News |title=Depp's Pirates Plunders Record $132M |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=2170743 |access-date=July 12, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209030107/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=2170743 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 }}</ref> He also voiced the character in the video game ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow]]''.<ref name="gamasutra">{{cite web |website=Gamasutra |title=Round Up: PAX, Depp In Pirates Game, Kuma\War |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=9842 |access-date=June 23, 2006 |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919135948/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=9842 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a survey taken by [[Fandango (ticket service)|Fandango]], Depp in the role of Jack Sparrow was the main reason for many cinema-goers to see a ''Pirates'' film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-07-10-depp-main_x.htm |title=Crazy for Johnny, or Captain Jack? |work=USA Today |date=July 10, 2006 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=May 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503083954/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-07-10-depp-main_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, Depp collaborated with Burton for their sixth film together, this time playing murderous barber [[Sweeney Todd]] in the musical ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (2007). Depp cited [[Peter Lorre]]'s performance in ''[[Mad Love (1935 film)|Mad Love]]'' (1935), in which Lorre played a "creepy but sympathetic" surgeon, as his main influence for the role.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gold|first=Sylviane|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/movies/moviesspecial/04gold.html|title=Demon Barber, Meat Pies and All, Sings on Screen|work=The New York Times|date=November 4, 2007|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124205939/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/movies/moviesspecial/04gold.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sweeney Todd'' was the first film in which Depp had been required to sing. Instead of hiring a qualified vocal coach, he prepared for the role by recording demos with his old bandmate Bruce Witkin. The film was a commercial and critical success. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki/>'s Chris Nashawaty stated that, "Depp's soaring voice makes you wonder what other tricks he's been hiding ... Watching Depp's barber wield his razors ... it's hard not to be reminded of ''Edward Scissorhands'' frantically shaping hedges into animal topiaries 18 years ago ... and all of the twisted beauty we would've missed out on had [Burton and Depp] never met."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nashawaty |first=Chris |title=Johnny Depp and Tim Burton: A DVD Report Card |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=April 4, 2008 |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20186999_6,00.html |access-date=July 8, 2008 |archive-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920031025/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20186999_6,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]] and received his third [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Oscar]] nomination and two [[Critics' Choice Awards|Critics' Choice]] nominations (for [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble|Best Acting Ensemble]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Johnny Depp (July 2009) 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Depp at the Paris premiere of ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]'' in 2009]]
In 2009, Depp portrayed real-life gangster [[John Dillinger]] in [[Michael Mann]]'s 1930s crime film ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Smooth criminal|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/smooth-criminal/2009/07/23/1247941995088.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1|newspaper=The Age|access-date=July 30, 2018|last=Walker-Mitchell|first=Donna|date=July 24, 2009|location=Melbourne|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825074142/http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/smooth-criminal/2009/07/23/1247941995088.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1|url-status=live}}</ref> It was commercially successful<ref name="bog">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeguru.com/intl.htm |title=Worldwide Box Office Grosses |publisher=Boxofficeguru.com |date=March 28, 2010 |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721024940/http://www.boxofficeguru.com/intl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and gained moderately positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10009526_public_enemies |title= Public Enemies |work= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date= July 2009 |access-date= April 20, 2014 |archive-date= August 30, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170830075407/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10009526_public_enemies |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/publicenemies?q=public%20enemies |title=Public Enemies reviews |work=Metacritic |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080254/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/public-enemies |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] stated in his review that, "This Johnny Depp performance is something else. For once an actor playing a gangster does not seem to base his performance on movies he has seen. He starts cold. He plays Dillinger as a fact."<ref>{{cite news | author-link = Roger Ebert | first = Roger | last = Ebert | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090629/REVIEWS/906299997 | title = Public Enemies | publisher = Chicago Sun Times | access-date = April 2, 2010 | archive-date = April 14, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100414001931/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090629%2FREVIEWS%2F906299997 | url-status = live }}</ref> Depp's second film of 2009, ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'', reunited him with director Terry Gilliam. Depp, [[Jude Law]], and [[Colin Farrell]] each played the character initially portrayed by their friend [[Heath Ledger]], who had died before the film was completed. All three actors gave their salaries to Ledger's daughter, Matilda.<ref>{{cite news |last=Salter |first=Jessica |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2578354/Heath-Ledgers-daughter-given-wages-of-stars-in-Terry-Giliams-Dr-Parnassus.html |title=Heath Ledger's daughter given wages of stars in Terry Gilliam's Dr Parnassus |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=August 18, 2008 |location=London |access-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-date=May 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513032102/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2578354/Heath-Ledgers-daughter-given-wages-of-stars-in-Terry-Giliams-Dr-Parnassus.html }}</ref> The film premiered during the [[2009 Cannes Film Festival|62nd Cannes Film Festival]] out of competition and was released to generally positive reviews and mild box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verifying |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Imaginarium-of-Doctor-Parnassus-The#tab=summary |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.the-numbers.com |archive-date=November 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102210610/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Imaginarium-of-Doctor-Parnassus-The#tab=summary |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2010s: Career fluctuations ===
Depp began the 2010s with another collaboration with Tim Burton, ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (2010), in which he played [[Tarrant Hightopp|the Mad Hatter]] opposite [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Alan Rickman]]. Despite mixed reviews, it earned US$1.025 billion in the box office, thus becoming the [[2010 in film|second-highest-grossing film of 2010]]<ref name="2010 Yearly Box Office Results">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2010&p=.htm |title=2010 Yearly Box Office Results |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=June 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113000534/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2010&p=.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and one of the highest-grossing films of all time.<ref>Corliss, Richard (May 13, 2012). [https://entertainment.time.com/2012/05/13/the-avengers-storms-the-billion-dollar-club-in-just-19-days/ "''The Avengers'' Storms the Billion Dollar Club — In Just 19 DaysP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814225822/http://entertainment.time.com/2012/05/13/the-avengers-storms-the-billion-dollar-club-in-just-19-days/ |date=August 14, 2014 }} . ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.</ref> Depp's second film release of 2010 was the romantic thriller ''[[The Tourist (2010 film)|The Tourist]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Angelina Jolie]]. It was commercially successful, although panned by critics.<ref name=mojo2>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tourist.htm |title=The Tourist (2010) |website=Box Office Mojo |date=March 10, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629204955/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tourist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Regardless, he received [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]] nominations for both films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice in Wonderland |url=https://goldenglobes.com/film/alice-in-wonderland/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Golden Globes |language=en-US}}</ref>

Depp's first 2011 film release was the animated film ''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]'', in which he voiced the title character, a [[Veiled chameleon|chameleon]]. It was a major critical and commercial success and went on to win the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/07/06/paramount-pictures-animation/ |title=Riding high off the success of 'Rango,' Paramount Pictures to launch in-house animation division |first=Aly |last=Semigran |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034611/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/07/06/paramount-pictures-animation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A.O |title=There's a New Sheriff in Town, and He's a Rootin'-Tootin' Reptile |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/movies/04rango.html |access-date=August 13, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504105630/http://movies.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/movies/04rango.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His second film of the year, the fourth installment in the ''Pirates'' series, ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides|On Stranger Tides]]'', was again a box office hit,<ref name="abcnews" /> becoming the [[2011 in film|third-highest-grossing film of 2011]].<ref name="worldwide">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |title=WORLDWIDE GROSSES |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 2, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726070111/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |archive-date=July 26, 2013 }}</ref> Later in 2011, Depp released the first two projects co-produced by his company, Infinitum Nihil. The first was a [[The Rum Diary (film)|film adaptation]] of the novel ''[[The Rum Diary (novel)|The Rum Diary]]'' by Hunter S. Thompson and starred Depp.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|title=The Rum Diary – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/nov/10/the-rum-diary-film-review|access-date=August 13, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=November 10, 2011|archive-date=April 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428220841/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/nov/10/the-rum-diary-film-review|url-status=live}}</ref> It failed to bring back its production costs<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rumdiary.htm | title=The Rum Diary (2011) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=November 1, 2011 | archive-date=November 5, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105000254/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rumdiary.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/10/box-office-puss-in-boots-in-time-rum-diary.html | title=Movie Projector: 'Puss in Boots' to stomp on competition | last=Kaufman | first=Amy | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=October 27, 2011 | access-date=October 27, 2011 | archive-date=November 18, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118175315/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/10/box-office-puss-in-boots-in-time-rum-diary.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_rum_diary_2011? | title = The Rum Diary (2011) | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date = October 28, 2011 | publisher = [[Fandango Media|Fandango]] | access-date = August 19, 2019 | archive-date = September 25, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150423/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_rum_diary_2011 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-rum-diary | title = The Rum Diary Reviews | publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] | work = [[Metacritic]] | access-date = August 19, 2019 | archive-date = November 10, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111110174031/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-rum-diary | url-status = live }}</ref> The company's second undertaking, [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]'' (2011), garnered major critical acclaim and numerous awards nominations, but similarly did not perform well in the box office. In 2011, Depp also made a brief cameo in the [[Adam Sandler]] film ''[[Jack and Jill (2011 film)|Jack and Jill]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

By 2012, Depp was one of the world's biggest film stars,<ref name="Labrecque" /><ref name="NBC4 Washington" /> and was listed by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the world's highest-paid actor, with earnings of US$75 million.<ref name="Guinness" /> That year, he and his ''21 Jump Street'' co-stars [[Peter DeLuise]] and [[Holly Robinson Peete|Holly Robinson]] reprised their roles in cameo appearances in the series' [[21 Jump Street (film)|feature film adaptation]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|title=Johnny Depp '21 Jump Street' Cameo: Inside The Star's Appearance In Big Screen Reboot|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2012/03/19/johnny-depp-21-jump-street-cameo/|access-date=August 13, 2013|publisher=moviefone.com|date=March 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820063020/http://news.moviefone.com/2012/03/19/johnny-depp-21-jump-street-cameo|archive-date=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Depp also starred in and co-produced his eighth film with [[Tim Burton]], the Gothic comedy horror ''[[Dark Shadows (film)|Dark Shadows]]'' (2012), alongside Helena Bonham Carter, [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], and [[Eva Green]].<ref name="mad">{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/filmNews/idUSTRE48N9HA20080925 |title=Depp to play Tonto, Mad Hatter in upcoming films |work=Reuters |date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=September 25, 2008 |archive-date=September 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928052245/http://www.reuters.com/article/filmNews/idUSTRE48N9HA20080925 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was based on a 1960s Gothic television soap opera [[Dark Shadows|of the same name]], which had been one of his favorites as a child.<ref name=LAT_2012>{{cite web |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|agency=24 Frames| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/05/johnny-depp-dark-shadows-tim-burton-box-office.html |title='Dark Shadows': Has America fallen out of love with Johnny Depp? |last=Zeitchik|first=Steven|date=May 14, 2012 |access-date=June 4, 2018 |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531232342/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/05/johnny-depp-dark-shadows-tim-burton-box-office.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the United States box office but did well in foreign markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Shadows {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dark-shadows-2010 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203204332/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dark-shadows-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:JohnnyDeppHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Depp at the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 2013]]

After Infinitum Nihil's agreement with Warner Bros expired in 2011, Depp signed a multi-year [[first-look deal]] with [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]].<ref name=variety_in/> The first film made in the collaboration was ''[[The Lone Ranger (2013 film)|The Lone Ranger]]'' (2013), in which Depp starred as [[Tonto]]. Depp's casting as a Native American brought accusations of [[whitewashing in film|whitewashing]], and the film was not well received by the public or the critics,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|title=The Lone Ranger (2013)|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20483133_20687796,00.html|access-date=August 13, 2013|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=July 19, 2013|archive-date=August 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805223622/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20483133_20687796,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> causing [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] to take a US$190 million loss.<ref name=Variety16>{{cite news|last=Lang|first=Brent|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/box-office/johnny-depp-box-office-1201785126/|title=Johnny Depp: Anatomy of a Fallen Movie Star|access-date=April 28, 2021|newspaper=Variety|date=May 29, 2016|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121050935/https://variety.com/2016/film/box-office/johnny-depp-box-office-1201785126/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fonseca|first=Felicia|title=Disney's Tonto Offensive To Some In Upcoming 'Lone Ranger' Film |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/disney-tonto-offensive-lone-ranger-film_n_3263071.html|agency=Associated Press |access-date=June 22, 2013|work=Huffington Post|date=May 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609145738/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/disney-tonto-offensive-lone-ranger-film_n_3263071.html |archive-date=June 9, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |title='The Lone Ranger' to Cost Disney $160–$190M in Q4 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/lone-ranger-cost-disney-160-190m-q4-earnings-108876 |access-date=August 7, 2013 |newspaper=The Wrap |date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=August 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810044624/http://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/lone-ranger-cost-disney-160-190m-q4-earnings-108876 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=deadline2013>{{cite news |last=Lieberman |first=David |title=Disney Expects To Write Down As Much As $190M For 'Lone Ranger' |url=https://deadline.com/2013/08/disney-expects-to-write-down-as-much-as-190m-for-lone-ranger-558385/ |access-date=August 7, 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=August 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807235801/http://www.deadline.com/2013/08/disney-expects-to-write-down-as-much-as-190m-for-lone-ranger/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a brief cameo in the independent film ''[[Lucky Them]]'' (2013), Depp starred as an [[AI]]-studying scientist in the sci-fi thriller ''[[Transcendence (2014 film)|Transcendence]]'' (2014), which was yet another commercial failure,<ref name=deadline2014>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2014/04/alcons-johnny-depp-failure-transcendence-what-the-hell-happened-717698/ |title=Alcon's Johnny Depp Failure 'Transcendence;' What The Hell Happened? |author=Mike Fleming Jr. |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 21, 2014 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015021/https://deadline.com/2014/04/alcons-johnny-depp-failure-transcendence-what-the-hell-happened-717698/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=transcendence.htm |title=Transcendence (2014) |website=Box Office Mojo |date=June 19, 2014 |access-date=July 20, 2014 |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719203222/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=transcendence.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and earned mainly negative reviews.<ref name=Variety16 /><ref name="rt">{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/transcendence_2014/ | title=Transcendence | work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=April 18, 2014 | access-date=June 14, 2015 | archive-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129230602/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/transcendence_2014/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/transcendence | title=Transcendence Reviews | work=[[Metacritic]] | access-date=April 22, 2014 | archive-date=March 20, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320142829/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/transcendence | url-status=live }}</ref> His other roles in 2014 were a minor supporting part as [[Big Bad Wolf|The Wolf]] in the [[Into the Woods (film)|film adaptation]] of ''[[Into the Woods]]'', and a more substantial appearance as eccentric [[French-Canadian]] ex-detective in [[Kevin Smith]]'s horror-comedy ''[[Tusk (2014 film)|Tusk]]'', in which he was credited by the character's name, Guy LaPointe.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 2015, Depp appeared in two films produced by Infinitum Nihil. The first was comedy-thriller ''[[Mortdecai (film)|Mortdecai]]'', in which he acted opposite [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]. The film was a critical and commercial failure.<ref name=Variety16 /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mortdecai.htm | title=Mortdecai (2014) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | access-date=November 2, 2015 | archive-date=October 21, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021094258/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mortdecai.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mortdecai (2015)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mortdecai|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=January 23, 2015 |access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114043202/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mortdecai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mortdecai|title=Mortdecai Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080313/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mortdecai|url-status=live}}</ref> The second film, ''[[Black Mass (film)|Black Mass]]'' (2015), in which he played Boston crime boss [[Whitey Bulger]], was better received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_mass_2015|title=Black Mass (2015)|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=April 4, 2020|archive-date=October 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071327/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_mass_2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/black-mass|title=Black Mass reviews|website=Metacritic|access-date=November 25, 2015|archive-date=November 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108062753/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/black-mass|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called it one of Depp's best performances to date,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/black-mass/review/820013|title='Black Mass': Venice Review|first=Todd|last=McCarthy|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=September 9, 2015|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054009/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/black-mass/review/820013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/black-mass-review-johnny-depp-whitey-bulger-1201570428|title=Venice Film Review: Johnny Depp in 'Black Mass'|first=Scott|last=Foundas|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=September 9, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906221557/http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/black-mass-review-johnny-depp-whitey-bulger-1201570428/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the role earned Depp his third nomination for the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor SAG award]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramisetti|first=Kirthana|title=Johnny Depp signs on to play infamous criminal Whitey Bulger in 'Black Mass' |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/johnny-depp-play-whitey-bulger-biopic-article-1.1606355 |location=New York |work=Daily News |access-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234357/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/johnny-depp-play-whitey-bulger-biopic-article-1.1606355 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the film failed to bring back its production costs.<ref name=Variety16 /> Depp also made a cameo appearance in the critically panned ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]'', starring his then-wife Amber Heard, which was to be released in 2015, but its general release was delayed by litigation until 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviethatmatters.com/johnny-depp-making-cameo-amber-heards-movie-london-fields/ |title=Johnny Depp Making Cameo in Amber Heard's Movie London Fields |date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408160832/http://www.moviethatmatters.com/johnny-depp-making-cameo-amber-heards-movie-london-fields/ |website=Movie That Matters |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/09/amber-heard-london-fields-lawsuit-settled-release-date-1202000657/|title=Amber Heard and 'London Fields' Team End Controversial Legal Battle, Movie to Open After Three-Year Delay|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Zack|last=Sharf|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=November 17, 2018|archive-date=September 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906112727/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/09/amber-heard-london-fields-lawsuit-settled-release-date-1202000657/|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to his work in films in 2015, French luxury fashion house [[Dior]] signed Depp as the face of their men's fragrance, Sauvage,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/johnny-depp-dior-fragrance-10139875/|title=Johnny Depp to Front Dior Scent|website=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|first=Jennifer|last=Weil|date=June 3, 2015|access-date=March 17, 2021|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430000120/https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/johnny-depp-dior-fragrance-10139875/|url-status=live}}</ref> and he was inducted as a [[Disney Legends|Disney Legend]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flores|first1=Terry|title=Johnny Depp Makes Surprise Appearance at Disney's D23 Expo|url=https://variety.com/2015/scene/news/johnny-depp-disney-george-lucas-disney-legend-honorees-1201569849/|access-date=August 14, 2015|work=Variety|date=August 14, 2015|archive-date=August 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815105312/http://variety.com/2015/scene/news/johnny-depp-disney-george-lucas-disney-legend-honorees-1201569849/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Johnny Depp Alice Through the Looking Glass premiere.jpg|thumb|upright|Depp at the premiere of ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' in 2016]]
Depp's first film release in 2016 was ''[[Yoga Hosers]]'', a sequel to ''Tusk'' (2014), in which Depp appeared with his daughter, [[Lily-Rose Depp]]. Next, he played businessman and presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] in a [[Funny or Die]] satire entitled ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'', released during the run-up to the [[2016 United States presidential election|US presidential election]]. He earned praise for the role, with a headline from ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' declaring, "Who knew Donald Trump was the comeback role Johnny Depp needed?".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/review/who-knew-donald-trump-was-comeback-role-johnny-dep-232041 |title=Who knew Donald Trump was the comeback role Johnny Depp needed? |last1=Adams |first1=Erik |date=February 10, 2016 |newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213021057/http://www.avclub.com/review/who-knew-donald-trump-was-comeback-role-johnny-dep-232041 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also announced that Depp had been cast in a new franchise role as [[Griffin (The Invisible Man)|Dr. Jack Griffin/The Invisible Man]] in [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]]'s planned shared film universe entitled the [[Universal monsters#Legacy|Dark Universe]], a rebooted version of their [[Universal monsters|classic Universal Monsters franchise]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://screenrant.com/the-invisible-man-johnny-depp-universal/ |title=Johnny Depp Cast In The Invisible Man Remake At Universal |publisher=[[Screen Rant]]|via=screenrant.com |date=February 9, 2016|last=Tyler|first=Adrienne|access-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405231454/http://screenrant.com/the-invisible-man-johnny-depp-universal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the severed zombie heads featured in ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' [[The Walking Dead season 6|season 6]] episode "[[Not Tomorrow Yet]]" was based on Depp. Episode director [[Greg Nicotero]] said, "I think we had sculpted an emaciated version of a dummy head for something and we used Johnny Depp's head as a basis just for a clay sculpt."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2016/03/07/johnny-depp-has-cameo-in-latest-walking-dead-episode |title=Johnny Depp Has Cameo In Latest Walking Dead Episode |last=Carpenter |first=Nicole |date=March 7, 2016 |publisher=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310000710/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/03/07/johnny-depp-has-cameo-in-latest-walking-dead-episode |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp reprised the role of the Mad Hatter in Tim Burton's ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' (2016), the sequel to ''Alice in Wonderland''. In contrast to the first film's success, the sequel lost Disney approximately US$70 million.<ref name=hr2016>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016s-biggest-box-office-bombs-958780/item/box-office-bombs-gods-egypt-959603|title='Ben Hur' to 'BFG': Hollywood's Biggest Box-Office Bombs of 2016|first1=Pamela|last1=McClintock|first2=Mia|last2=Galuppo|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 8, 2016|access-date=July 13, 2018|archive-date=July 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171444/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016s-biggest-box-office-bombs-958780/item/box-office-bombs-gods-egypt-959603|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Variety16 /> Depp had also been secretly cast to play [[Dark Arts (Harry Potter)|dark wizard]] [[Gellert Grindelwald]] in a cameo appearance in ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' (2016), the first installment of the ''Fantastic Beasts'' franchise. His name was not mentioned in the promotional materials and his cameo was only revealed at the end of the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Douglas|first1=Edward|title=Fantastic Beasts Producer David Heyman Explains Why They Cast Johnny Depp|url=https://collider.com/fantastic-beasts-johnny-depp-grindelwald-explained/|access-date=November 20, 2016|work=Collider|date=November 20, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121082232/http://collider.com/fantastic-beasts-johnny-depp-grindelwald-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Fantastic Beasts 2': Johnny Depp Confirmed as Grindelwald; Setting Revealed|newspaper=Collider|date=November 8, 2016|first=Adam|last=Chitwood|url=https://collider.com/fantastic-beasts-2-johnny-depp-grindelwald/|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109083602/http://collider.com/fantastic-beasts-2-johnny-depp-grindelwald/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Depp appeared alongside other actors and filmmakers in ''[[The Black Ghiandola]]'', a short film made by a terminally ill teenager through the non-profit [[Make a Film Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/with_help_of_hollywood_make_a_film_foundation_grants_film_wish_to_16_year_old_fighting_cancer/prweb13864616.htm|title=With Help of Hollywood Make A Film Foundation Grants Film Wish to 16-year-old Fighting Cancer|work=PRWeb|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054536/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/11/prweb13864616.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/make-a-film-foundation-johnny-depp-sam-raimi-others-1201863923/|title=Johnny Depp, Sam Raimi & Others Contribute To Film By 16-Year Old Cancer Patient|last=Lincoln|first=Ross A.|date=December 3, 2016|work=Deadline|access-date=March 16, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=March 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305020657/http://deadline.com/2016/12/make-a-film-foundation-johnny-depp-sam-raimi-others-1201863923/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://makeafilmfoundation.org/la-benefit-premiere-of-anthonys-contis-the-black-ghiandola-april-22nd/ |title=LA Benefit Premiere of Anthony's Conti's THE BLACK GHIANDOLA – April 22nd |publisher=[[Make a Film Foundation]]|access-date=June 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612055426/http://makeafilmfoundation.org/la-benefit-premiere-of-anthonys-contis-the-black-ghiandola-april-22nd/ |archive-date=June 12, 2017 }}</ref> He also reprised his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in the fifth installment of the ''Pirates'' series, ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales|Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'' (2017). In the US, it did not perform as well as previous installments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Busch|first=Anita|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/dunkirk-movie-christopher-nolan-international-box-office-results-opening-weekend-global-1202134249/|title='Dunkirk' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4M No. 1 Spot For $105M+ Global Opening; 'Valerian' $23.5M Start|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=July 23, 2017|access-date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725090711/http://deadline.com/2017/07/dunkirk-movie-christopher-nolan-international-box-office-results-opening-weekend-global-1202134249/|archive-date=July 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Razzies2017">{{cite web|last=Perez|first=Lexy|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/razzie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-1078488|title=Razzie Awards: 'Emoji Movie' Named Worst Picture of the Year|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 3, 2018|access-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032651/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/razzie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-1078488|archive-date=November 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film had a good box office return internationally, especially in China, Japan and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/pirates-of-the-caribbean-box-office-1202453369/ |title='Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office |last=Kelley |first=Seth |work=Variety |date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604173914/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/pirates-of-the-caribbean-box-office-1202453369/ |archive-date=June 4, 2017 }}</ref> Depp's last film release in 2017 was the [[Agatha Christie]] adaptation ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', in which he was part of an ensemble cast led by director-star [[Kenneth Branagh]]. He portrayed Edward Ratchett. The film received mixed reviews and box office success.
[[File:Johnny Depp by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Depp in costume as Gellert Grindelwald at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in 2018]]
In 2018, Depp voiced the title character Sherlock Gnomes in the animated movie ''[[Sherlock Gnomes|Gnomeo & Juliet: Sherlock Gnomes]]''. Although moderately commercially successful, it was critically panned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sherlock_gnomes|title=Sherlock Gnomes (2018)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=March 23, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=November 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129073352/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sherlock_gnomes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/sherlock-gnomes|title=Sherlock Gnomes Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405163320/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/sherlock-gnomes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Razzies2018">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSTHbwqpSd8 |title= 39th Razzie Nominations! |format= video |via= YouTube |publisher= Razzie Channel |access-date= January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131030132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSTHbwqpSd8 |archive-date= January 31, 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref> Depp then starred in two independent films, both produced by him and his company, Infinitum Nihil. The first was ''[[City of Lies]]'', in which he starred as [[Russell Poole]], an LAPD detective who attempts to solve the murders of rappers [[Murder of Tupac Shakur|Tupac Shakur]] and [[Murder of Christopher Wallace|The Notorious B.I.G.]] It was set for release in September 2018, but was pulled from the release schedule after a crew member sued Depp for assault.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/city-of-lies-pulled-johnny-depp-1202897208/ |last=Lopez |first=Richard |title=Johnny Depp's Notorious B.I.G. Film 'City of Lies' Pulled From Release Schedule |work=Variety |date=November 17, 2018 |access-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060416/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/city-of-lies-pulled-johnny-depp-1202897208/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second film was the comedy-drama ''[[Richard Says Goodbye]]'', in which Depp played a professor with terminal cancer. It premiered at the [[Zurich Film Festival]] in October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/johnny-depps-richard-says-goodbye-gets-world-premiere-at-zurich-festival-1142539|title=Johnny Depp's 'Richard Says Goodbye' to World Premiere at Zurich Film Festival|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Scott|last=Roxborough|date=September 12, 2018|access-date=September 12, 2018|archive-date=September 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170144/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/johnny-depps-richard-says-goodbye-gets-world-premiere-at-zurich-festival-1142539|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp's last film release of 2018 was ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]'', in which he reprised his role as Grindelwald. Depp's casting received criticism from fans of the series due to the domestic violence allegations against him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Romano |first=Aja |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/8/16746844/jk-rowling-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-fan-backlash|title=J.K. Rowling is "genuinely happy" Johnny Depp is in the Fantastic Beasts films. Fans are not.|work=Vox|access-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211041202/https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/8/16746844/jk-rowling-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-fan-backlash|archive-date=December 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jk-rowling-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts_us_5a2988bfe4b0b185e53a3000|title=J.K. Rowling Defends Johnny Depp's Role In 'Fantastic Beasts'|last=Blumberg|first=Antonia|date=December 7, 2017|work=Huffington Post|access-date=December 12, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212194917/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jk-rowling-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts_us_5a2988bfe4b0b185e53a3000|archive-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp also experienced other career setbacks around this time, as Disney confirmed that they would not be casting him in new ''Pirates'' installments<ref name=ind_Disney>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-pirates-caribbean-dropped-disney-reboot-captain-jack-sparrow-release-a8695916.html|title=Johnny Depp officially dropped from Pirates of the Caribbean, Disney producer confirms|last=Stolworthy|first=Jacob|website=[[The Independent]]|date=December 22, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121184042/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-pirates-caribbean-dropped-disney-reboot-captain-jack-sparrow-release-a8695916.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and he was reported to no longer be attached to Universal's Dark Universe franchise.<ref name=reviews>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/the-mummy-reviews-roundup-1202457392/|title='The Mummy' Reviews: What the Critics Are Saying|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607223217/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/the-mummy-reviews-roundup-1202457392/|archive-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/universal-elisabeth-moss-invisible-man-1203153172/ |title=Elisabeth Moss Circling Universal's 'Invisible Man' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 1, 2019 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302001003/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/universal-elisabeth-moss-invisible-man-1203153172/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp's next films was the independent drama ''[[Waiting for the Barbarians (film)|Waiting for the Barbarians]]'' (2019), which premiered at the [[76th Venice International Film Festival]] and is based on a novel by [[J. M. Coetzee]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== 2020s: Personal struggles and resurgence ===
In ''[[Minamata (film)|Minamata]]'' (2020), Depp portrayed photographer [[W. Eugene Smith]]. The film premiered at the [[2020 Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news | last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Johnny Depp to Play War Photographer W. Eugene Smith in 'Minamata' |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/markets-festivals/johnny-depp-photographer-minamata-1202989438/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 6, 2019 |date=October 23, 2018 |archive-date=February 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216071548/https://variety.com/2018/film/markets-festivals/johnny-depp-photographer-minamata-1202989438/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, Depp resigned from his role as Grindelwald in the ''Fantastic Beasts'' franchise at the request of its production company, [[Warner Bros.]], after he lost [[Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd|his UK libel case]] against ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', which had accused him of being a domestic abuser.<ref name="varietynov20">{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=November 6, 2020|title=Johnny Depp Exits 'Fantastic Beasts' Franchise|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/johnny-depp-exhits-fantastic-beasts-franchise-1234824564/|access-date=November 6, 2020|work=Variety|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106162655/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/johnny-depp-exhits-fantastic-beasts-franchise-1234824564/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reichert|first=Corinne|title=Johnny Depp leaves Fantastic Beasts films on Warner Bros' request|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/johnny-depp-leaves-fantastic-beasts-films-on-warner-bros-request/|access-date=November 6, 2020|website=CNET|language=en|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190748/https://www.cnet.com/news/johnny-depp-leaves-fantastic-beasts-films-on-warner-bros-request/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beasts" /> He was replaced by [[Mads Mikkelsen]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharf|first1=Zack|date=November 25, 2020|title=Mads Mikkelsen Replacing Johnny Depp as Grindelwald in 'Fantastic Beasts 3'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/11/mads-mikkelsen-replace-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-3-1234598075/|access-date=December 9, 2020|website=IndieWire|language=en|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124103414/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/11/mads-mikkelsen-replace-johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-3-1234598075/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2021, ''City of Lies'', which was originally scheduled for 2018, was released in theaters and streaming services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/city-of-lies-wojnarowicz-last-call-specialty-box-office-preview-streaming-1234716550/|title='City Of Lies' Finally Lands In Theaters; 'Wojnarowicz' Docu Spotlights Iconic Queer Artist; 'Last Call' Debuts – Specialty Preview|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Dino-Ray|last=Ramos|date=March 19, 2021|access-date=April 26, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426100209/https://deadline.com/2021/03/city-of-lies-wojnarowicz-last-call-specialty-box-office-preview-streaming-1234716550/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=City of Lies: Johnny Depp's Notorious B.I.G. movie hits theaters in 2 weeks |url=https://www.joblo.com/movie-news/city-of-lies-johnny-depp-notorious-big-movie |website=www.joblo.com |access-date=March 5, 2021 |date=March 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163102/https://www.joblo.com/movie-news/city-of-lies-johnny-depp-notorious-big-movie |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, an online petition to bring Depp back to the ''Pirates'' franchise, begun four months earlier, reached its goal of 500,000 signatures.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reyes|first=Mike|date=March 3, 2021|title=The Petition To Bring Johnny Depp Back For More Pirates Of The Caribbean Finally Reached Its Goal... Then Moved The Benchmark|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2563740/the-petition-to-bring-johnny-depp-back-for-more-pirates-of-the-caribbean-finally-reached-its-goal-then-moved-the-benchmark|url-status=live|access-date=March 12, 2021|website=CinemaBlend|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309195013/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2563740/the-petition-to-bring-johnny-depp-back-for-more-pirates-of-the-caribbean-finally-reached-its-goal-then-moved-the-benchmark}}</ref> His ''Pirates'' co-star [[Kevin McNally]] also expressed support for Depp returning to the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-kevin-mcnally-supports-johnny-depp-return/|title=Pirates of the Caribbean Star Wants Johnny Depp Back As Jack Sparrow|author=Rivas, Katie|work=[[Screen Rant]]|date=November 6, 2021|access-date=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122170952/https://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-kevin-mcnally-supports-johnny-depp-return/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2021, [[Andrew Levitas]], the director of ''Minamata'' (2020), accused [[MGM]] of trying to bury the film due to Depp's involvement,<ref name="burying">{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr|date=July 26, 2021|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/johnny-depp-minamata-director-letter-mgm-buried-movie-1234799868/|title=Did Johnny Depp's Fall From Grace Prompt MGM To "Bury" Japan Mercury Poisoning Drama 'Minamata'? Read Letter Director Andrew Levitas Sent To Studio|work=Deadline|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628221948/https://deadline.com/2021/07/johnny-depp-minamata-director-letter-mgm-buried-movie-1234799868/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Kennedy|url=https://screenrant.com/johnny-depp-minamata-release-theaters-hidden-star-power/|title=Johnny Depp's Fall From Grace Is Confirmed In Minamata's Release|website=ScreenRant|access-date=February 5, 2021|date=March 4, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205170551/https://screenrant.com/johnny-depp-minamata-release-theaters-hidden-star-power/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Zack|last=Scharf|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/07/minamata-director-accuses-mgm-burying-film-johnny-depp-1234653673/|title=MGM Says New Johnny Depp Film Still Awaiting Release After Director Claims Studio Is Burying It|website=IndieWire|access-date=October 5, 2021|date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=September 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909012647/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/07/minamata-director-accuses-mgm-burying-film-johnny-depp-1234653673/|url-status=live}}</ref> with Depp claiming he is being boycotted by the Hollywood industry and calling his changed reputation an "absurdity of media mathematics".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drury |first1=Sharareh |title=Johnny Depp Says He's Being Boycotted by Hollywood |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-boycotted-hollywood-1234998032/ |access-date=November 15, 2021 |work=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428201423/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-boycotted-hollywood-1234998032/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Minamata'' was released in the UK and Ireland in August 2021,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theartsshelf.com/2021/07/06/minamata-will-be-released-in-cinemas-across-the-uk-ireland-on-13-august-2021/|title='MINAMATA' will be released in cinemas across the UK & Ireland on 13 August 2021!|work=The Arts Shelf|date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726211131/https://www.theartsshelf.com/2021/07/06/minamata-will-be-released-in-cinemas-across-the-uk-ireland-on-13-august-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in North America in December 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/johnny-depp-movie-minamata-us-release-december-mgm-1234882900/|title=Johnny Depp Movie 'Minamata' Is Finally Getting A U.S. Release, But Not With MGM|first=Andreas|last=Wiseman|publisher=Deadline|date=December 1, 2021|access-date=December 28, 2021|archive-date=June 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604043116/https://deadline.com/2021/12/johnny-depp-movie-minamata-us-release-december-mgm-1234882900/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive reviews,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/minamata|title=Minamata (2020)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=November 21, 2021|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916070541/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/minamata|url-status=live}}</ref> with multiple publications praising Depp's performance as his best in years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/johnny-depp-minamata-berlin-film-festival-andrew-levitas-1202864977/|title=Johnny Depp's 'Minamata', True-Life Japanese Tragedy, Gets World Premiere & First Look For Buyers – Berlin|author=Hammond, Pete|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126001414/https://deadline.com/2020/02/johnny-depp-minamata-berlin-film-festival-andrew-levitas-1202864977/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/minamata-film-movie-review-johnny-depp-best-performance-japan-pollution-disaster-1149669|title=Minamata, review: Johnny Depp gives his best performance in years in this true story of corporate exploitation|author=Newland, Christina|work=[[i (British newspaper)|iNews]]|date=August 13, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=July 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714044210/https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/minamata-film-movie-review-johnny-depp-best-performance-japan-pollution-disaster-1149669|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/whatever-you-think-of-him-johnny-depp-acts-here-with-grace-and-grit-20210531-p57wri.html|title=Whatever you think of him, Johnny Depp acts here with grace and grit|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=June 3, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603183910/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/whatever-you-think-of-him-johnny-depp-acts-here-with-grace-and-grit-20210531-p57wri.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3130125/minamata-movie-review-johnny-depp-plays-tortured|title=Minamata movie review: Johnny Depp plays tortured photojournalist in retelling of Japanese disaster|author=Marsh, James|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=July 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705032046/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3130125/minamata-movie-review-johnny-depp-plays-tortured|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7278674/depp-shines-in-story-of-suffering/|title=Depp shines in story of suffering|author=Fredbury, Jane|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=June 6, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126001413/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7278674/depp-shines-in-story-of-suffering/|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp also continues as the face of Dior's men's fragrance, Sauvage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lofficielmalaysia.com/beauty/johnny-depp-remains-the-face-of-dior-beauty-s-latest-sauvage-elixir-fragrance|title=Johnny Depp remains as the face of Dior Beauty's latest Sauvage Elixir fragrance|work=[[L'Officiel]] Malaysia|date=August 16, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=November 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128222714/https://www.lofficielmalaysia.com/beauty/johnny-depp-remains-the-face-of-dior-beauty-s-latest-sauvage-elixir-fragrance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vman.com/article/johnny-depp-francois-demachy-speak-on-diors-sauvage/|title=JOHNNY DEPP & FRANÇOIS DEMACHY SPEAK ON DIOR'S SAUVAGE|first=Greg|last=Marku|work=[[VMan]]|date=July 26, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021|archive-date=June 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606224124/https://vman.com/article/johnny-depp-francois-demachy-speak-on-diors-sauvage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp received multiple honorary awards at numerous European film festivals, including at the [[Camerimage]] festival in Poland,<ref>{{cite web |last=Barraclough |first=Lee |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Johnny Depp to Be Honored at Camerimage, 'Minamata' to Close Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/festivals/johnny-depp-camerimage-minamata-1234816352/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126001411/https://variety.com/2020/film/festivals/johnny-depp-camerimage-minamata-1234816352/ |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |access-date=November 22, 2021 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] in the Czech Republic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-honored-by-karlovy-vary-film-festival-1234995010/|title=Second Major European Festival Honors Johnny Depp|first=Scott|last=Roxborough|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 10, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531134849/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-honored-by-karlovy-vary-film-festival-1234995010/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]] in Spain,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/johnny-depp-decries-cancel-culture-before-receiving-san-sebastians-top-prize-2021-09-22/|title=Johnny Depp decries 'cancel culture' before receiving San Sebastian's top prize|author=West, Vincent|work=[[Reuters]]|date=September 23, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531190920/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/johnny-depp-decries-cancel-culture-before-receiving-san-sebastians-top-prize-2021-09-22/|url-status=live}}</ref> where Depp was awarded the [[Donostia Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-donostia-award-1235037224/|title=Johnny Depp to Receive San Sebastian Donostia Award|last=Hopewell|first=John|work=Variety|date=August 9, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=June 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607134631/https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-donostia-award-1235037224/|url-status=live}}</ref> These awards were controversial, with various domestic violence charities criticizing the festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58170506|title=Johnny Depp's film festival awards insulting, domestic abuse charities say|work=[[BBC News]]|date=August 11, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628221946/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58170506|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/metoo-controversy-film-festival-johnny-depp-woody-allen-roman-polanski-1235053849/|title=Are Film Festivals Behind the Curve in Dealing With #MeToo Controversies?|first=Elsa|last=Keslassy|work=Variety|date=September 4, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531230439/https://variety.com/2021/film/global/metoo-controversy-film-festival-johnny-depp-woody-allen-roman-polanski-1235053849/|url-status=live}}</ref> The organizers of the ceremonies released statements defending their decision to award Depp,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/johnny-depp-cancel-culture-so-far-out-of-hand-no-one-is-safe-asks-people-to-stand-up-against-injustice-1234842145/|title=Johnny Depp Says Cancel Culture Is 'So Far Out Of Hand' & 'No One Is Safe', Asks People To 'Stand Up' Against 'Injustice' – San Sebastian|first=Tom|last=Grater|work=Deadline|date=September 22, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625075222/https://deadline.com/2021/09/johnny-depp-cancel-culture-so-far-out-of-hand-no-one-is-safe-asks-people-to-stand-up-against-injustice-1234842145/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movieweb.com/johnny-depp-fan-support-kviff/|title=Johnny Depp Fans Shower Embattled Actor with Love at KVIFF: We Believe You|first=Jeremy|last=Dick|work=[[MovieWeb]]|date=August 27, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126001415/https://movieweb.com/johnny-depp-fan-support-kviff/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/johnny-depp-honor-by-san-sebastian-festival-director-1235041084/|title=Johnny Depp Donostia Award Defended by San Sebastian Festival Director|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|work=Variety|date=August 13, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2021|archive-date=June 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604120632/https://variety.com/2021/film/global/johnny-depp-honor-by-san-sebastian-festival-director-1235041084/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the San Sebastian Film Festival stating that "he has not been charged by any authority in any jurisdiction, nor convicted of any form of violence against women".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58200208|title=Johnny Depp: San Sebastian Film Festival defends honorary award|work=BBC News|date=August 13, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2021|archive-date=June 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601033450/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58200208|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2021, Depp described himself as a victim of [[cancel culture]].<ref name="CancelCulture">{{cite web |last1=Grater |first1=Tom |title=Johnny Depp Says Cancel Culture Is "So Far Out Of Hand" & "No One Is Safe", Asks People To "Stand Up" Against "Injustice" – San Sebastian |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/johnny-depp-cancel-culture-so-far-out-of-hand-no-one-is-safe-asks-people-to-stand-up-against-injustice-1234842145/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=November 6, 2021 |date=September 22, 2021 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625075222/https://deadline.com/2021/09/johnny-depp-cancel-culture-so-far-out-of-hand-no-one-is-safe-asks-people-to-stand-up-against-injustice-1234842145/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, he launched [[IN.2 Film|IN.2]], a London-based sister company to his production company, Infinitum Nihil, and announced that IN.2 and the Spanish production company ''A Contracorriente Films'' were starting a new development fund for TV and film projects.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-development-fund-1235072265/|title=Johnny Depp Launches London-Based IN.2, Unveils Development Fund With Spain's A Contracorriente Films|first1=Jamie|last1=Lang|first2=Anna Marie |last2=de la Fuente|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 28, 2021|access-date=November 29, 2021|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129102843/https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-development-fund-1235072265/|url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Johnny Depp Festival de Cannes 2023.jpg|thumb|Depp at the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]]]] On February 15, 2022, Depp received the Serbian [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Serbia#Mdeals|Gold Medal of Merit]] from President [[Aleksandar Vučić]] for "outstanding merits in public and cultural activities, especially in the field of film art and the promotion of the Republic of Serbia in the world".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-serbia-medal-president-aleksander-vucic-1301054/|title=Johnny Depp Receives Medal of Honor from Controversial Serbian President|first1=Althea|last1=Legaspi|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=February 15, 2022|access-date=February 16, 2022|archive-date=February 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216170628/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/johnny-depp-serbia-medal-president-aleksander-vucic-1301054/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zeller |first=Terry |date=February 16, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp Makes Rare Appearance After Losing Amber Heard Lawsuit To Receive Serbian Medal |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2022/02/16/johnny-depp-serbian-gold-medal-photos/ |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=[[Hollywood Life]] |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422135407/https://hollywoodlife.com/2022/02/16/johnny-depp-serbian-gold-medal-photos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Minamata'' and animated series ''[[Puffins (TV series)|Puffins]]'' were shot in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Isobel |date=February 16, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp says he's 'on the verge of a new life' as he receives medal in Serbia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-serbia-aleksandar-vucic-amber-heard-b2016294.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-serbia-aleksandar-vucic-amber-heard-b2016294.html |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

On May 29, 2022, Depp, who was still awaiting a verdict in his highly publicized [[Depp v. Heard|defamation trial against ex-wife Amber Heard]], made a surprise appearance at a [[Jeff Beck]] gig in Sheffield, playing guitar alongside Beck to three classic songs from [[John Lennon]], [[Marvin Gaye]] and [[Jimi Hendrix]]. Depp joined Beck on his last concert tour in the UK and Europe during June and July and in the United States in October and November, to promote their album ''[[18 (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album)|18]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Will |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp appears on stage with Jeff Beck at Sheffield gig |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/johnny-depp-appears-on-stage-with-jeff-beck-at-sheffield-gig-3236301 |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=NME |language=en-GB |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811112548/https://www.nme.com/news/music/johnny-depp-appears-on-stage-with-jeff-beck-at-sheffield-gig-3236301 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp, Jeff Beck and an album called '18' – DW – 07/15/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-and-an-album-called-18/a-62465882 |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811112548/https://www.dw.com/en/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-and-an-album-called-18/a-62465882 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Angermiller |first=Michele Amabile |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp-Jeff Beck Tour Brings on the Guitar Heroics and 'I Love You, Johnny' Shrieks |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-tour-concert-new-jersey-1235401164/ |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119133012/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-tour-concert-new-jersey-1235401164/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2022, he made a cameo appearance at the [[2022 MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp makes surprise cameo at MTV VMAs – with Taylor Swift and Harry Styles among big winners |url=https://news.sky.com/story/johnny-depp-makes-surprise-cameo-at-mtv-vmas-as-taylor-swift-and-harry-styles-among-big-winners-12684348 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830064232/https://news.sky.com/story/johnny-depp-makes-surprise-cameo-at-mtv-vmas-as-taylor-swift-and-harry-styles-among-big-winners-12684348 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp next starred as King [[Louis XV]] in French actor-director [[Maïwenn]]'s period film ''[[Jeanne du Barry (film)|Jeanne Du Barry]]'' (2023). This was the first film for Depp where he acted in French.<ref name="LeJDD">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2022 |title=Maïwenn sur le tournage de son film sur Jeanne Du Barry: " Ma mise en scène n'est ni pop ni rock " |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/exclusif-maiwenn-sur-le-tournage-de-son-film-sur-jeanne-dubarry-ma-mise-en-scene-nest-ni-pop-ni-rock-4157619 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Le Journal du Dimanche]] |language=fr |archive-date=May 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517213232/https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/exclusif-maiwenn-sur-le-tournage-de-son-film-sur-jeanne-dubarry-ma-mise-en-scene-nest-ni-pop-ni-rock-4157619 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]] as the opening film, where it was greeted with a 7-minute standing ovation and received a mixed reception from film critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rutherford |first=Nichola |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Johnny Depp: Critics lukewarm to comeback film Jeanne du Barry |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65619877 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805194955/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65619877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=Damon |date=May 16, 2023 |title='Jeanne Du Barry' Review: Johnny Depp Holds Court In PG Spin On Scandalous Historical Tale |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/jeanne-du-barry-review-johnny-depp-maiwenn-1235368922/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516201310/https://deadline.com/2023/05/jeanne-du-barry-review-johnny-depp-maiwenn-1235368922/ |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=May 16, 2023 |title='Jeanne du Barry' Review: Johnny Depp Makes a Decent, if Distracting Match for 'My King' Director Maïwenn |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/jeanne-du-barry-review-johnny-depp-maiwenn-1235613773/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516195634/https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/jeanne-du-barry-review-johnny-depp-maiwenn-1235613773/ |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Setoodeh |first1=Ramin |last2=Sharf |first2=Zack |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Johnny Depp Cements Cannes Comeback With Teary Seven-Minute Standing Ovation for 'Jeanne du Barry' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/johnny-depp-cannes-standing-ovation-jeanne-du-barry-1235614130/ |access-date=September 28, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006111822/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/johnny-depp-cannes-standing-ovation-jeanne-du-barry-1235614130/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many critics deemed it Depp's comeback role, something he did not agree with.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Mary |date=May 17, 2023 |title='I don't have much use for Hollywood': Johnny Depp slams industry that 'boycotted' him |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-05-17/johnny-depp-press-conference-cannes-jeanne-du-barry-slams-hollywood |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523134559/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-05-17/johnny-depp-press-conference-cannes-jeanne-du-barry-slams-hollywood |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Modì, Three Days on the Wing of Madness]]'' (2024), was Depp's first directorial effort in over 25 years. The film is about 72 hours in the life of Italian artist [[Amedeo Modigliani]], and Depp co-produced it through his European company IN.2 Film, alongside [[Al Pacino]].<ref name="Modigliani" /> It stars [[Riccardo Scamarcio]], [[Stephen Graham]], Al Pacino and Antonia Desplat, and it is based on a play by Dennis McIntyre.<ref name="Modigliani">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/johnny-depp-direct-modigliani-al-pacino-amber-heard-1235092154/ |title=Johnny Depp To Direct 'Modigliani', His First Directorial Effort in 25 Years; Al Pacino Co-Producing |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Zac |last=Ntim |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818043142/https://deadline.com/2022/08/johnny-depp-direct-modigliani-al-pacino-amber-heard-1235092154/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in September 2023 in Budapest, Hungary and was completed in Los Angeles and Turin in early 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/johnny-depp-modi-hungary-italy-luisa-ranieri-al-pacino-1235737158/ |title=Johnny Depp Starts Shooting 'Modì' in Hungary, With Italy's Luisa Ranieri Joining Al Pacino and Riccardo Scamarcio in Cast |website=Variety |first=Nick |last=Vivarelli |date=September 27, 2023 |access-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927114248/https://variety.com/2023/film/global/johnny-depp-modi-hungary-italy-luisa-ranieri-al-pacino-1235737158/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Johnny Depp regista a Torino per due giorni: ciak per "Modì" con Scamarcio |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/02/09/news/johnny_depp_regista_torino_modi_scamarcio_modigliani-14056862/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=La Stampa |language=it |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713084325/https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/02/09/news/johnny_depp_regista_torino_modi_scamarcio_modigliani-14056862/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Johnny Depp Hails "Transformative" Experience Of Directing 'Modi' As First Behind-The-Scenes Images Revealed Of Depp, Al Pacino & More |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/johnny-depp-directing-new-movie-modi-first-images-al-pacino-1235796528/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713084323/https://deadline.com/2024/01/johnny-depp-directing-new-movie-modi-first-images-al-pacino-1235796528/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[72nd San Sebastián International Film Festival]] on September 24, 2024, where it was received warmly by the audience with a lengthy standing ovation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Johnny Depp's 'Modi – Three Days On The Wing Of Madness' To Debut At San Sebastián |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/johnny-depp-modi-three-days-on-the-wing-of-madness-san-sebastian-film-festival-2024-1236044644/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825224348/https://deadline.com/2024/08/johnny-depp-modi-three-days-on-the-wing-of-madness-san-sebastian-film-festival-2024-1236044644/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Johnny Depp's 'Modi' Charms San Sebastian, Filmmaker Dedicates Flick To Late Rocker Jeff Beck |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/johnny-depp-modi-san-sebastian-film-festival-2024-jeff-beck-dedication-1236098599/ |access-date=September 28, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927135421/https://deadline.com/2024/09/johnny-depp-modi-san-sebastian-film-festival-2024-jeff-beck-dedication-1236098599/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp will next appear in [[Marc Webb]]'s action thriller film ''[[Day Drinker]]'' alongside his ''On Stranger Tides'' co-star [[Penélope Cruz]], and star as [[Ebenezer Scrooge]] in [[Ti West]]'s ''[[Ebenezer: A Christmas Carol]]'', set for release on November 13, 2026. He will star alongside [[Andrea Riseborough]], [[Tramell Tillman]], [[Ian McKellen]], [[Rupert Grint]], and [[Daisy Ridley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2025-10-23 |title=Johnny Depp To Star In ‘Ebenezer: A Christmas Carol’ At Paramount With Ti West Directing; Andrea Riseborough Also Joins Movie Dated For November 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/johnny-depp-ebenezer-scrooge-movie-ti-west-1236586975/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211070743/https://deadline.com/2025/10/johnny-depp-ebenezer-scrooge-movie-ti-west-1236586975/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Josh |title=Tramell Tillman and Ian McKellen Join Ti West's EBENEZER: A CHRISTMAS CAROL |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Tramell-Tillmann-and-Ian-McKellen-Join-Ti-Wests-EBENEZER-A-CHRISTMAS-CAROL-20251104 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en |archive-date=November 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111082221/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Tramell-Tillmann-and-Ian-McKellen-Join-Ti-Wests-EBENEZER-A-CHRISTMAS-CAROL-20251104 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2025-12-17 |title=Rupert Grint, Daisy Ridley, Sam Claflin And Charlie Murphy Among Those Rounding Out Cast For 'Ebenezer: Christmas Carol' Starring Johnny Depp |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/rupert-grint-daisy-ridley-ebenezer-johnny-depp-1236648800/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217213051/https://deadline.com/2025/12/rupert-grint-daisy-ridley-ebenezer-johnny-depp-1236648800/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2025, Depp spoke with Jerry Bruckheimer about a possible return to the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' in the sixth film of the franchise, pending script development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2025-08-12 |title='Pirates of the Caribbean' Producer Spoke to Johnny Depp About Jack Sparrow's Return in 'Pirates 6': 'If He Likes the Way the Part's Written, I Think He Would Do It' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/johnny-depp-pirates-of-the-caribbean-6-talks-jerry-bruckheimer-1236487332/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813172740/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/johnny-depp-pirates-of-the-caribbean-6-talks-jerry-bruckheimer-1236487332/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other ventures ==
In 2004, Depp founded film production company [[Infinitum Nihil]] to develop projects where he will serve as actor or producer.<ref name="variety_in" /> He serves as its CEO, while his sister, Christi Dembrowski, serves as president.<ref name="variety_in" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Johnny Depp-Produced 'Muscle Shoals' Among 5 Series In Works At IM Global TV|url=https://deadline.com/2016/04/johnny-depp-muscle-shoals-series-planetoid-lesser-dead-im-global-tv-1201746064/|work=Deadline|date=April 28, 2016|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223002735/https://deadline.com/2016/04/johnny-depp-muscle-shoals-series-planetoid-lesser-dead-im-global-tv-1201746064/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company's first two film releases were ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' (2011) and ''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|title=Update: That's Not Johnny Depp on the Set of 'Hugo Cabret'|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/7778287/update-that-s-not-johnny-depp-on-the-set-of-hugo-cabret?page=all|access-date=August 13, 2013|publisher=hollywood.com|date=March 28, 2011|archive-date=November 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111113813/http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/7778287/update-that-s-not-johnny-depp-on-the-set-of-hugo-cabret?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> A European sister-company to Infinitum Nihil, entitled [[IN.2 Film|IN.2]], was launched in September 2021. In a press release, Depp stated: "From the student to the maestro, from the aspiring artists to the yet-knowns, to the well-established great masters across all forms of modern media, IN.2 will build a space where artists can be artists, where they will be free to create those unexpected moments, those happy accidents that contain the propensity to constitute great art and so bring their unique vision to life."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Lang |first1=Jamie |first2=Anna Marie |last2=de la Fuente |date=September 23, 2021 |title=Johnny Depp Launches London-Based IN.2, Unveils Development Fund With Spain's A Contracorriente Films |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-development-fund-1235072265/ |access-date=October 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129102843/https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/johnny-depp-san-sebastian-development-fund-1235072265/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp co-owned the nightclub [[The Viper Room]] in Los Angeles from 1993 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_47_27/ai_n15933833|title=Nightclub coils to strike in trademark infringement suits|first=Amanda|last=Bronstad|work=Los Angeles Business Journal|date=November 21, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015074344/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_47_27/ai_n15933833|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=October 15, 2007}}</ref> and he was also part owner of the restaurant-bar [[Man Ray (bar)|Man Ray]] in Paris for a short period of time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/paris/N25308.html |title=Man Ray {{!}} Bar/Club Review {{!}} Paris |work=[[Frommer's]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501054138/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/paris/N25308.html |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017 }}</ref> Depp and [[Douglas Brinkley]] edited folk singer [[Woody Guthrie]]'s novel ''House of Earth'',<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Johnny Depp Co-Editing Lost Woody Guthrie Novel|url=http://rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/1149-johnny-depp-co-editing-lost-woody-guthrie-novel|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=July 11, 2012|date=July 10, 2012|archive-date=May 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507023747/http://rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/1149-johnny-depp-co-editing-lost-woody-guthrie-novel|url-status=live}}</ref> which was published in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Woody Guthrie's Dust Bowl Novel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/books/review/woody-guthries-dust-bowl-novel.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 11, 2012|first1=Douglas|last1=Brinkley|first2=Johnny|last2=Depp|date=July 9, 2012|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712193556/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/books/review/woody-guthries-dust-bowl-novel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:HollywoodVampsSSe200618-126 (42513694350) (Cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Depp performing with the [[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]] at [[Wembley Arena]] in 2018]]

Prior to his acting career, Depp was a guitarist, and has later featured on songs by [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Shane MacGowan]], [[Iggy Pop]], Vanessa Paradis, [[Aerosmith]], [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]], and [[The New Basement Tapes]], among others. He also performed with Manson at the [[Revolver (magazine)|Revolver]] Golden Gods Awards in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/04/johnny-depp-marilyn-manson-golden-gods-awards.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Johnny Depp jams with Marilyn Manson at Golden Gods Awards |date=April 20, 2012 |access-date=May 30, 2012 |first1=August |last1=Brown |archive-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607034704/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/04/johnny-depp-marilyn-manson-golden-gods-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp played guitar on the soundtrack of his films ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' and ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mexico]]'', and has appeared in music videos for [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]], [[The Lemonheads]], [[Avril Lavigne]] and [[Paul McCartney]]. In the 1990s, he was also a member of [[P (band)|P]], a musical group featuring [[Butthole Surfers]] singer [[Gibby Haynes]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] bassist [[Flea (musician)|Flea]] and [[Sex Pistols]] guitarist [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 2014, Depp joined Aerosmith on stage at the [[Xfinity Center (Mansfield, Massachusetts)|Xfinity Center]] in [[Mansfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Juul |first=Matt |title=Johnny Depp Joins Aerosmith on Stage at Mansfield Show |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2014/07/17/johnny-depp-joins-aerosmith-on-stage-at-mansfield-show/ |access-date=January 31, 2024 |website=www.boston.com |date=July 17, 2014 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131193416/https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2014/07/17/johnny-depp-joins-aerosmith-on-stage-at-mansfield-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Depp formed the [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]] with [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]]; the band also includes Bruce Witkin, his friend from his 1980s band, The Kids. Hollywood Vampires released their [[Hollywood Vampires (Hollywood Vampires album)|self-titled debut studio album]] in September 2015. It featured eleven classic rock [[cover version|covers]], as well as three original songs (all co-written by Depp).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itun.es/gb/o0W58|title=Hollywood Vampires|work=iTunes|date=September 11, 2015|access-date=September 12, 2015|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080301/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/hollywood-vampires/1440835039|url-status=live}}</ref> The band made their live debut at [[Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood)|The Roxy]] in Los Angeles in September 2015,<ref name="RTTNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.rttnews.com/2541518/alice-cooper-johnny-depp-joe-perry-supergroup-announce-first-live-dates.aspx|title=Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, Joe Perry Supergroup Announce First Live Dates|website=RTTNews|access-date=October 14, 2018|archive-date=October 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014204045/http://www.rttnews.com/2541518/alice-cooper-johnny-depp-joe-perry-supergroup-announce-first-live-dates.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> and has since done three world tours in 2016,<ref>{{cite web | title=Hollywood Vampires Announce 2016 Touring | url=http://loudwire.com/hollywood-vampires-2016-touring/ | date=April 3, 2016 | website=[[Loudwire]] | access-date=October 14, 2018 | archive-date=November 17, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117200945/http://loudwire.com/hollywood-vampires-2016-touring/ | url-status=live }}</ref> 2018<ref>{{cite web | title=Hollywood Vampires Announce 2018 Tour Dates | url=http://loudwire.com/hollywood-vampires-announce-2018-tour-dates/ | date=March 28, 2018 | website=[[Loudwire]] | access-date=October 14, 2018 | archive-date=October 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022055256/http://loudwire.com/hollywood-vampires-announce-2018-tour-dates/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://loudwire.com/watch-hollywood-vampires-johnny-depp-sing-david-bowie-bad-wolves-public-image-ltd-more/|title=Watch Hollywood Vampires' Johnny Depp Sing David Bowie|website=Loudwire|date=May 25, 2018 |language=en|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=May 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530160539/http://loudwire.com/watch-hollywood-vampires-johnny-depp-sing-david-bowie-bad-wolves-public-image-ltd-more/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp announces new tour as Amber Heard reportedly 'still weighing legal options' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/johnny-depp-hollywood-vampire-tour-amber-heard-trial-195346818.html |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=Yahoo! Entertainment |last=Ryder |first=Taryn |date=June 22, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322114729/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/johnny-depp-hollywood-vampire-tour-amber-heard-trial-195346818.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CvWRwjtMWQ4|title=Though we didn't open our season with @hollywoodvampires, we feel lucky we got to help them close out their tour #worththewait |user=bethelwoodscenter |postid=CvWRwjtMWQ4 |date=July 31, 2023 |access-date=August 4, 2023|archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804045614/https://www.instagram.com/p/CvWRwjtMWQ4/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their second studio album, ''Rise'', was released in June 2019 and consists mostly of original material, including songs written by Depp. The album also features a cover version of David Bowie's "Heroes", sung by Depp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/hollywood-vampires-feat-alice-cooper-johnny-depp-joe-perry-rise-album-due-in-june/ |title=Hollywood Vampires Feat. Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, Joe Perry: 'Rise' Album Due In June |website=Blabbermouth.com |date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418033020/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/hollywood-vampires-feat-alice-cooper-johnny-depp-joe-perry-rise-album-due-in-june/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Depp released a cover of [[John Lennon]]'s "[[Isolation (John Lennon song)|Isolation]]" with guitarist [[Jeff Beck]], and stated that they would be releasing more music together in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/jeff-beck-and-johnny-depp-team-up-to-reimagine-john-lennons-isolation |title=Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp team up to reimagine John Lennon's Isolation |website=Loudersound.com |date=April 16, 2020 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802203753/https://www.loudersound.com/news/jeff-beck-and-johnny-depp-team-up-to-reimagine-john-lennons-isolation |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in May 2022, Depp joined Beck onstage for a number of concerts in the United Kingdom, where Beck announced they had recorded an album together.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jun/03/johnny-depp-to-release-album-with-jeff-beck |title=Johnny Depp to release album with Jeff Beck |website=[[The Guardian]] |first=Ben |last=Beaumont-Thomas |date=June 3, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618054521/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jun/03/johnny-depp-to-release-album-with-jeff-beck |url-status=live }}</ref> Their joint record, titled ''[[18 (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album)|18]]'', was released on July 15, 2022. Depp also accompanied Beck on his last European and American tours, which began in June and ended in November.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-new-album-1365081/ |title=Johnny Depp, Jeff Beck Announce Collaborative Album '18,' Share First Single |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |first=Daniel |last=Kreps |date=June 9, 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609140135/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-new-album-1365081/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2023, Depp performed at the Jeff Beck tribute concerts held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, sharing the stage with [[Eric Clapton]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[Ronnie Wood]] and [[Kirk Hammett]] among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnny Depp Returns to Stage for Jeff Beck Tribute Concert |url=https://people.com/johnny-depp-plays-guitar-at-jeff-beck-tribute-show-7501670 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=People |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524032021/https://people.com/johnny-depp-plays-guitar-at-jeff-beck-tribute-show-7501670 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eric Clapton Leads Jeff Beck Tribute Concerts in London |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/eric-clapton-jeff-beck-tribute-concerts-london-2023/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=Ultimate Classic Rock |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523161340/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/eric-clapton-jeff-beck-tribute-concerts-london-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 17, 2024, Depp was a special guest at one of the three [[Andrea Bocelli]] 30th anniversary concerts. Together, Depp and Bocelli performed the song "En Aranjuez Con Tu Amor" in honor of Jeff Beck. Depp played the guitar, while Bocelli sang. Other guests included [[Will Smith]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Russell Crowe]], [[Brian May]], [[Jon Batiste]] and [[Laura Pausini]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Smith, Johnny Depp, More Perform at Andrea Bocelli 30th Anniversary Celebration |url=https://people.com/will-smith-johnny-depp-more-perform-at-andrea-bocelli-30th-anniversary-celebration-8679878 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=People |last=Blanchet |first=Brenton |date=July 18, 2024}}</ref>

=== Art ===
In July 2022, artwork made by Depp sold out less than a day since it debuted in the art retailer Castle Fine Art in London's [[Covent Garden]]. The art house hosted his "Friends & Heroes" collection, which was described as paintings of people "who have inspired him as a person". Among the art pieces, the names include actors [[Al Pacino]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and musicians [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Keith Richards]]. Depp made for nearly $4 million and sold 780 prints through the art house's 37 galleries. Ahead of the sale, Depp expressed his desire to display his art publicly and stated, "I've always used art to express my feelings and to reflect on those who matter most to me, like my family, friends and people I admire." He added, "My paintings surround my life, but I kept them to myself and limited myself. No one should ever limit themselves."<ref>Brito, Christopher (July 29, 2022). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnny-depp-artwork-sells-out/ "Johnny Depp's Artwork Sells out within Hours of Debut."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610184153/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnny-depp-artwork-sells-out/ |date=June 10, 2023 }} ''[[CBS News]]''. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</ref> All 780 pieces sold within hours, with framed individual images going for £3,950 and the complete portfolio of four images selling for £14,950. "This world-first release proved to be our fastest-selling collection to date, with all titles selling out in just hours", the gallery announced on [[Instagram]]. Speaking on behalf of fine art publishers, Washington Green Glyn Washington described Depp as a "true creative, with an extraordinary eye for detail and nuance".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metro.co.uk/2022/07/28/johnny-depp-sells-artwork-for-3m-amid-amber-heard-legal-battle-17087689/ | title=Johnny Depp raises a whopping £3million in hours by selling his art | date=July 28, 2022 | website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] | access-date=July 29, 2022 | archive-date=July 29, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729191015/https://metro.co.uk/2022/07/28/johnny-depp-sells-artwork-for-3m-amid-amber-heard-legal-battle-17087689/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/johnny-depps-debut-art-collection-sells-hours-nearly-4m | title=Johnny Depp's debut art collection sells out in hours for nearly $4M | website=[[Fox News]] | date=July 29, 2022 | access-date=July 30, 2022 | archive-date=July 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730034644/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/johnny-depps-debut-art-collection-sells-hours-nearly-4m | url-status=live }}</ref>

A second installment in the "Friends & Heroes" collection, this time entitled "Friends & Heroes II" was released in March 2023. Prints of public figures [[Heath Ledger]], [[Bob Marley]], [[River Phoenix]] and [[Hunter S. Thompson]] were made available for sale, as a four-piece, and signed by Depp, or sold individually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yossman |first=K. J. |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Johnny Depp Selling Hand-Painted Heath Ledger, Bob Marley Portraits For Thousands of Dollars |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/johnny-depp-paintings-heath-ledger-bob-marley-1235543866/ |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017095557/https://variety.com/2023/film/global/johnny-depp-paintings-heath-ledger-bob-marley-1235543866/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, Depp unveiled an auto portrait, entitled "Five" which he had painted in 2021. The meaning of the number five is, according to Depp, linked the fact that he was about to enter the fifth year of a dark phase in his life. Depp spoke about the difficulty in creating a self-portrait, stating: "It's not the most comfortable thing doing a self-portrait. Although, in a weird way, almost everything you do is a self-portrait in one way or another." The collections were once again hosted by Castle Fine Art gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp Unveils His Debut Self-Portrait, Titled 'Five': 'Not the Most Comfortable Thing' |url=https://people.com/johnny-depp-debut-self-portrait-new-artwork-for-sale-photos-7563372 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017095558/https://people.com/johnny-depp-debut-self-portrait-new-artwork-for-sale-photos-7563372 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp opened his first art exhibition ''A Bunch of Stuff'' on October 4, 2024, at the [[Starrett–Lehigh Building]] in New York City. The exhibition features artworks created by Depp over many decades, with some dating back to his 20s. On September 30, 2024, a special preview event took place, with Depp and some of his friends and family members present, including [[Jim Jarmusch]], [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] and [[Justin Bartha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Johnny Depp's Art Exhibit Opening in N.Y.C. Where Actor Got Support from Family, Pirates Pals and More |url=https://people.com/inside-johnny-depp-art-exhibit-opening-nyc-8721137 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en |archive-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001161013/https://people.com/inside-johnny-depp-art-exhibit-opening-nyc-8721137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pavia |first=Will |date=September 10, 2024 |title=Johnny Depp unveils immersive art show with 'artefacts' from his life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/johnny-depp-artwork-exhibition-paintings-zb6x99dg0 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |archive-date=September 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925092434/https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/johnny-depp-artwork-exhibition-paintings-zb6x99dg0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Depp has a history of supporting various charitable causes. In 2006, Depp received the "Courage to Care" award from Children's Hospital Los Angeles for his advocacy for children and children's charities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/j-lo-and-depp-at-gala-for-kids/ |title=J-Lo And Depp At Gala For Kids |work=CBS News |date=October 9, 2006 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704174948/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/j-lo-and-depp-at-gala-for-kids/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, he received the "Rhonda's Kiss Healing and Hope Award" at the Rhonda's Kiss annual benefit concert. The award recognized his work with cancer patients and his contributions to research.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etonline.com/news/198498_johnny_depp_to_be_honored_with_healing_and_hope_award_for_his_support_of_cancer_patients_need |title=Johnny Depp to Receive Charity Award for His Support of Cancer Patients in Need |work=ET Online |last=Willis |first=Jackie |date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=August 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808153210/https://www.etonline.com/news/198498_johnny_depp_to_be_honored_with_healing_and_hope_award_for_his_support_of_cancer_patients_need |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp donated nearly $800,000 to several charities through the sale of his "Never Fear Truth" NFTs. The donations were made to children's hospitals and other organizations, including the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Perth Children's Hospital Foundation, Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity, and The Footprint Coalition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-charity-nft-donation-b2119476.html |title=Johnny Depp donates earnings from NFT sale to charity associated with Amber Heard |work=The Independent |first=Maanya |last=Sachdeva |date=July 10, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722165351/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-charity-nft-donation-b2119476.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also donated the $1 million settlement he received from Amber Heard to five charities: Make-A-Film Foundation, The Painted Turtle, Tetiaroa Society, Red Feather, and Amazonia Fund Alliance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/johnny-depp-donate-million-defamation-settlement-charity-1235514671/ |title=Johnny Depp to Donate $1 Million From Defamation Case Settlement to Charity |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=White |first=Abbey |date=June 13, 2023 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704174948/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/johnny-depp-donate-million-defamation-settlement-charity-1235514671/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp and Rod Stewart collaborated on a private benefit concert to raise money for Celia Hammond's Animal Trust. The event, which took place in London, aimed to support the charity's efforts in rescuing and caring for cats and kittens. The concert successfully raised over $300,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smoothradio.com/artists/rod-stewart/johnny-depp-charity-gig/ |title=Rod Stewart and Johnny Depp join forces at charity gig for stray kittens |work=Smooth Radio |last=Nissem |first=Mayer |date=February 7, 2004 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704174948/https://www.smoothradio.com/artists/rod-stewart/johnny-depp-charity-gig/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://catsofcapetown.com/2025/01/24/johnny-depp-and-rod-stewart-raise-300000-for-supermodels-cat-and-kitten-rescue/ |title=Johnny Depp And Rod Stewart Raise $300,000 For Supermodel's Cat And Kitten Rescue |website=Cats of Cape Town |date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704174948/https://catsofcapetown.com/2025/01/24/johnny-depp-and-rod-stewart-raise-300000-for-supermodels-cat-and-kitten-rescue/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp donated an original, signed piece of artwork to The Bright Foundation, a UK-based children's arts education charity, for auction. The auction, managed by Kerry Taylor Auctions, included the artwork and three of Depp's costumes. The proceeds will help the arts education charity to provide access to creative activities for children and young people facing disadvantage in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatrefullstop.com/2024/03/05/johnny-depp-donates-original-artwork-for-uk-childrens-arts-education-charity-online-auction/ |title=Johnny Depp donates original artwork for UK children's arts education charity online auction |website=Theatre Full Stop |date=March 5, 2024 |access-date=July 23, 2025}}</ref>

Depp has visited hospitals' children's wards as Jack Sparrow around the world, from Vancouver, Paris, London, Australia and U.S. His most recent visits were in Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://people.com/johnny-depp-visits-childrens-hospital-spain-as-jack-sparrow-11756989 |title=Johnny Depp Dresses as Jack Sparrow for Surprise Visit to Children's Hospital in Spain |work=People |first=Jen |last=Juneau |date=June 18, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=June 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622023753/https://people.com/johnny-depp-visits-childrens-hospital-spain-as-jack-sparrow-11756989 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.diariovasco.com/culturas/zinemaldia/johnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariovasco.com%2Fculturas%2Fzinemaldia%2Fjohnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariovasco.com%2Fculturas%2Fzinemaldia%2Fjohnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html |title=Johnny Depp sorprende a los niños del Hospital Donostia caracterizado de Jack Sparrow |language=es |work=El Diario Vasco |first=Jon |last=Munarriz |date=September 26, 2024 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826054734/https://www.diariovasco.com/culturas/zinemaldia/johnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariovasco.com%2Fculturas%2Fzinemaldia%2Fjohnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariovasco.com%2Fculturas%2Fzinemaldia%2Fjohnny-depp-sorprende-ninos-hospital-donostia-caracterizado-20240926210643-nt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also recorded a video message as the character to a terminally ill boy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-63971424 |title=Johnny Depp: Jack Sparrow's message for terminally ill boy |work=BBC News |last=Martin |first=Dan |date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704174948/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-63971424 |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp made a voice message as himself for a girl who had been in a coma for five months; parents of the girl asked him to tape a message because he was the favorite actor of their daughter and they hoped playing the message would help wake her up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pajiba.com/celebrities_are_better_than_you/johnny-depp-helped-wake-a-girl-from-a-9month-coma-with-the-sound-of-his-voice.php |title=Johnny Depp Helped Wake a Girl From a 9-Month Coma with the Sound Of His Voice |website=Pajiba |last=Rowles |first=Dustin |date=June 9, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214074856/https://www.pajiba.com/celebrities_are_better_than_you/johnny-depp-helped-wake-a-girl-from-a-9month-coma-with-the-sound-of-his-voice.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public image and reception ==
In the 1990s, Depp was seen as a new type of [[sex symbol]] that rejected the norms of that term.<ref name="Freeman2">{{cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=November 3, 2020 |title=The fall of Johnny Depp: how the world's most beautiful movie star turned very ugly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/03/the-fall-of-johnny-depp-how-the-worlds-most-beautiful-movie-star-turned-very-ugly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309003209/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/03/the-fall-of-johnny-depp-how-the-worlds-most-beautiful-movie-star-turned-very-ugly |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, England}}</ref><ref name="Everett2">{{cite book |last1=Everett |first1=Anna |title=Pretty People: Movie Stars of the 1990s |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8135-5244-6 |editor1-last=Everett |editor1-first=Anna |chapter=Johnny Depp and Keanu Reeves}}</ref> After becoming a teen idol in ''21 Jump Street'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Joyce |date=March 2, 2021 |title=From the 90s to now: Here are Johnny Depp's most iconic roles |url=https://filmdaily.co/reviews/wtn/johnny-depp-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316204047/https://filmdaily.co/reviews/wtn/johnny-depp-roles/ |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=Film Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> he publicly protested against the image, and with his subsequent film and public relations choices began to cultivate a new public persona.<ref name="Freeman2" /><ref name="Everett2" /> ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' characterized Depp in the 1990s as the "[[Bad boy archetype|bad boy]] of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]";<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=November 21, 2003 |title=Johnny Depp named 'sexiest man alive' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/johnny-depp-named-sexiest-man-alive-20031121-gdhtrm.html |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527114659/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/johnny-depp-named-sexiest-man-alive-20031121-gdhtrm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp's [[chain smoking]],<ref name=":0" /> [[recreational drug use]] and drinking habits were generally documented during this time.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 3, 2020 |title=The fall of Johnny Depp: how the world's most beautiful movie star turned very ugly |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/03/the-fall-of-johnny-depp-how-the-worlds-most-beautiful-movie-star-turned-very-ugly |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527082531/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/03/the-fall-of-johnny-depp-how-the-worlds-most-beautiful-movie-star-turned-very-ugly |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' journalist [[Hadley Freeman]] in 2020:
{{blockquote|Along with [[River Phoenix|Phoenix]] and [[Keanu Reeves]], he was part of a holy trinity of [[grunge]] heart-throbs. They were the opposite of the ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' boys, or [[Brad Pitt]] and DiCaprio, because they seemed embarrassed by their looks, even resentful of them. ...This uninterest in their own prettiness made them seem edgy, even while their prettiness softened that edge. They signified not just a different kind of celebrity, but a different kind of masculinity: desirable but gentle, manly but girlish. Depp in particular was the cool pinup it was safe to like, and the safe pinup it was cool to like. We fans understood that there was more to Depp, Phoenix and Reeves than handsomeness. They were artistic—they had bands!—and they thought really big thoughts, which they would ramble on about confusingly in interviews. If we dated them, we understood that our role would be to understand their souls.<ref name="Freeman2"/>}}

Similarly, film scholar [[Anne Everett]] has described Depp's 1990s films and public persona as "anti-macho" and "gender-bending", going against the conventions of a Hollywood leading man.<ref name="Everett2" /> After ''21 Jump Street'', Depp chose to work in independent films, often taking on quirky roles that sometimes even completely obscured his looks, such as ''Edward Scissorhands''.<ref name="Freeman2" /><ref name="Everett2" /> Critics often described Depp's characters as "iconic loners"<ref name="moviesonline">{{cite web|work=MoviesOnline |title=Interview: Johnny Depp |url=http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_9211.html |access-date=July 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705061408/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_9211.html |archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> or "gentle outsiders".<ref name="Everett2" /> According to Depp, his onetime agent, [[Tracey Jacobs]] of [[United Talent Agency]] (UTA), had to take "a lot of heat over the years" for his role choices; Depp characterized higher-ups at UTA as thinking, "Jesus Christ! When does he do a movie where he kisses the girl? When does he get to pull a gun out and shoot somebody? When does he get to be a man for a change? When is he finally going to do a blockbuster?".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tyrangiel|first=Josh|date=March 9, 2004|title=Doing It Depp's Way|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040315-598528,00.html|access-date=March 15, 2021|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=December 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225090515/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040315-598528,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Everett, his "rule-breaking" roles matched with the "much publicized rebelliousness, unconventionality, and volatility ascribed to Depp's own personal life throughout the decade. From reports of his repeated confrontations with the police, trashing of a hotel room, chain smoking, drinking, and drug use, to his multiple engagements to such glamorous women as supermodel Kate Moss and Hollywood starlet Winona Ryder and others, we clearly see a perfect fit between his non-conformist star image and his repertoire of outsider characters".<ref name="Everett2" /> Indian actor [[Dino Morea]] hailed Depp as a creative muse, crediting the iconic actor's fearless character portrayals as a guiding influence on his own artistic journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dino Morea and Nandita Mahtani's date with Johnny Depp |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-and-nandita-mahtanis-date-with-johnny-depp/articleshow/59433427.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804122905/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-and-nandita-mahtanis-date-with-johnny-depp/articleshow/59433427.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Dino met Depp |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/life-style/when-dino-met-depp-432126/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804123030/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/life-style/when-dino-met-depp-432126/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also stated that Depp's fearless commitment to complex characters encouraged him to explore bolder, more challenging roles in his own career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Dino Morea and Nandita Mahatani had a fan moment with Johnny Depp |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/dino-morea-and-nandita-mahatani-had-a-fan-moment-with-johnny-depp-22017.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804123326/https://www.filmfare.com/news/dino-morea-and-nandita-mahatani-had-a-fan-moment-with-johnny-depp-22017.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Dino Morea had a fanboy moment with Johnny Depp and we can't keep calm {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/dino-morea-had-a-fanboy-moment-with-johnny-depp-and-we-cant-keep-calm-2294909/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804122711/https://www.india.com/entertainment/dino-morea-had-a-fanboy-moment-with-johnny-depp-and-we-cant-keep-calm-2294909/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:JohnnyDeppJerryBruckheimerTomCruiseHWOFJune2013.jpg|thumb|left|Depp with producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] (center) and actor [[Tom Cruise]] (right) in 2013]]

After a decade of appearing mainly in independent films with varying commercial success, Depp became one of the biggest box-office draws in the 2000s with his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]]' ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' franchise.<ref name="Lennard">{{cite book |last1= Lennard|first1= Dominic |editor1-last= Pomerance |editor1-first= Murray |chapter=Wonder Boys – Matt Damon, Johnny Depp and Robert Downey Jr. |title= Shining in Shadows: Movie Stars of the 2000s |year= 2012 |publisher= Rutgers University Press }}</ref> The five films in the series have earned US$4.5 billion as of 2021. In addition to the ''Pirates'' franchise, Depp also made four further films with Tim Burton that were major successes, with one, ''Alice in Wonderland'' (2010), becoming the biggest commercial hit of Depp's career and one of the highest-grossing films in history (as of 2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aliceinwonderland10.htm |title=Alice in Wonderland |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218045346/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aliceinwonderland10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Depp was one of the world's biggest film stars,<ref name="Labrecque">{{cite magazine|last=Labrecque|first=Jeff|date=June 8, 2012|title=Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and the state of the modern Movie Star|url=https://ew.com/article/2012/06/08/johnny-depp-will-smith-movie-star-2012/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=December 11, 2019|archive-date=March 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331005013/https://ew.com/article/2012/06/08/johnny-depp-will-smith-movie-star-2012/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC4 Washington">{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp May Now Be The Biggest Movie Star Of All Time|url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Johnny-Depp-May-Now-Be-The-Biggest-Movie-Star-Of-All-Time-94928899.html|work=NBC4 Washington|date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=July 27, 2014|archive-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522111117/https://www.nbcwashington.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Johnny-Depp-May-Now-Be-The-Biggest-Movie-Star-Of-All-Time-94928899.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was listed by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the world's highest-paid actor, with earnings of US$75 million in a year.<ref name="Guinness">{{cite web |last=Erenza |first=Jen |title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records |url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |publisher=RyanSeacrest.com |access-date=September 16, 2011 |date=September 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925171516/http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011}}</ref>

According to film scholar Murray Pomerance, Depp's collaboration with Disney "can be seen to purport and herald a new era for Johnny Depp, one in which he is, finally, as though long-promised and long-expected, the proud proprietor of a much-accepted career; not only a star but a middle-class hero".<ref name="Lennard" /> In 2003, the same year as the first film in the ''Pirates'' series was released, Depp was named "World's Sexiest Man" by ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''; he would receive the title again in 2009.<ref name="Lennard" /> During the decade and into the 2010s, Depp was one of the biggest and most popular film stars in the world<ref name="Labrecque" /><ref name="NBC4 Washington" /> and was named by public vote as "Favorite Male Movie Star" at the [[People's Choice Awards]] every year for 2005 through 2012. In 2012, Depp became the highest-paid actor in the American film industry, earning as high as $75 million per film,<ref name="Guinness" /> and as of 2020, is the tenth highest-grossing actor worldwide, with his films having [[gross (economics)|grossed]] over US$3.7 [[billion]] at the United States box office and over US$10 billion worldwide.<ref name="The Numbers">{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars|title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office|work=The Numbers|access-date=November 4, 2018|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars|url-status=live}}</ref> Although a mainstream favorite with the audiences, critics' views on Depp changed in the 2000s, becoming more negative as he was seen to conform more to the Hollywood ideal.<ref name="Lennard" /> Regardless, Depp continued to eschew more traditional leading-man roles until towards the end of the 2000s, when he starred as John Dillinger in ''Public Enemies'' (2009).<ref name="Lennard" />

In the 2010s, Depp's films were less successful, with many big-budget studio films such as ''[[Dark Shadows (film)|Dark Shadows]]'' (2012), ''[[The Lone Ranger (2013 film)|The Lone Ranger]]'' (2013), and ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' (2016) underperforming at the box office.<ref name="Variety16" /><ref name="LAT_2012" /><ref name="deadline2013" /><ref name="deadline2014" /> Depp also received negative publicity due to allegations of domestic violence, substance abuse, poor on-set behavior and the loss of his US$650 million fortune.<ref name="trouble">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/the-trouble-with-johnny-depp-666010/|title=The Trouble With Johnny Depp|first=Stephen|last=Rodrick|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 21, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194405/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/the-trouble-with-johnny-depp-666010/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/johnny-depp-rolling-stone-650m-film-fortune-almost-all-gone-report-1202415197/|title=Johnny Depp's $650M Film Fortune "Almost All Gone", New Rolling Stone Exposé Says|first=Greg|last=Evans|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 21, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326084923/https://deadline.com/2018/06/johnny-depp-rolling-stone-650m-film-fortune-almost-all-gone-report-1202415197/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/johnny-depp-a-star-crisis-insane-story-his-missing-millions-1001513|title=Johnny Depp: A Star in Crisis and the Insane Story of His "Missing" Millions|first1=Stephen|last1=Galloway|first2=Ashley|last2=Cullins|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 10, 2017|access-date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218044124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/johnny-depp-a-star-crisis-insane-story-his-missing-millions-1001513|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Variety2019">{{cite magazine|first=Jordan|last=Moreau|title=Amber Heard Claims Johnny Depp Threatened to Kill Her During Years of Abuse|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/amber-heard-johnny-depp-abuse-threatened-kill-1203187472/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=Los Angeles, California|access-date=April 19, 2019|date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205513/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/amber-heard-johnny-depp-abuse-threatened-kill-1203187472/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Freeman2" /> After losing a highly publicized libel trial against the publishers of ''The Sun'', Depp was asked to resign from Warner Bros.' ''Fantastic Beasts'' franchise.<ref name="varietynov20" /> Many publications alleged that Depp would struggle to find further work in major studio productions in the future.<ref name="hr2020">{{cite web|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|date=December 6, 2020|title="He's Radioactive": Inside Johnny Depp's Self-Made Implosion|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/hes-radioactive-inside-johnny-depps-self-made-implosion|access-date=November 6, 2020|work=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-date=December 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211195252/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/hes-radioactive-inside-johnny-depps-self-made-implosion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Freeman2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/johnny-depp-career-could-be-over-after-losing-libel-suit-2020-12|title=Insiders say Johnny Depp may never work in Hollywood again after losing 'wife beater' libel suit|first=Merle|last=Ginsberg|work=[[Insider Inc.|Insider]]|date=December 29, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Depp owns a property in [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]] and currently lives in [[London]]. By February 2023, he had not yet bought a property there, instead choosing to either stay at hotels or at friends' houses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/johnny-depp-london-b1061425.html|title=Johnny Depp 'living in London' after shunning LA|date=February 19, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023|work=Evening Standard|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405034015/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/johnny-depp-london-b1061425.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
Depp married Lori Anne Allison on [[Christmas Eve|December 24]], 1983, in [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]].<ref>Ancestry.com. ''Florida, U.S., Marriage Indexes, 1822-1875 and 1927-2001'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/05/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-marry|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard marry|date=February 5, 2015|access-date=February 28, 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208231739/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/05/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-marry|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the sister of his rock band's bassist.<ref name="Furnell">{{Cite web |last=Furnell |first=Hannah |date=2020-10-31 |title=Here's What Happened To Johnny Depp's First Wife, Lori Anne Allison |url=https://www.thethings.com/lori-anne-allison-johnny-depp-ex-wife-life-today/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=TheThings |language=en |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529223144/https://www.thethings.com/lori-anne-allison-johnny-depp-ex-wife-life-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple moved to [[Los Angeles County, California]] to pursue careers in music; Depp found some success with his group ''The Kids'', opening for the [[Ramones]] and [[Iggy Pop]], but Allison's career as a record producer was halted after she became deaf in one ear, prompting her to pursue a career as a makeup artist for film and television.<ref name="Furnell"/> Through her connections, Allison was able to introduce Depp to [[Nicolas Cage]]. Cage was impressed by Depp and arranged for him to audition for ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'', which became his first film credit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kindon |first=Frances |date=2020-11-02 |title=Where Johnny Depp's 1st wife Lori is now after launching star's Hollywood career |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/johnny-depps-first-wife-lori-22930970 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Mirror |language=en |archive-date=January 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103203058/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/johnny-depps-first-wife-lori-22930970 |url-status=live }}</ref> After two years of marriage, their divorce finalized on March 7, 1986.<ref>Ancestry.com. ''Florida, U.S., Divorce Index, 1927-2001'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005.</ref> Depp and Allison remained friendly over the years, with her still using Depp as her professional surname and voicing sympathy for him during his [[Depp v. Heard|defamation trial against his second wife Amber Heard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakhnazarova |first=Nika |date=2023-04-13 |title=Johnny Depp's ex-wife slams 'horrific' Amber Heard: 'I felt really bad for him' |url=https://nypost.com/2023/04/13/johnny-depps-ex-wife-slams-horrific-amber-heard-i-felt-really-bad-for-him/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103203058/https://nypost.com/2023/04/13/johnny-depps-ex-wife-slams-horrific-amber-heard-i-felt-really-bad-for-him/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1980s, he was engaged to actresses [[Jennifer Grey]] and [[Sherilyn Fenn]].<ref name="Freeman2" /> In 1990, he proposed to his ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'' {{nowrap|co-star}} [[Winona Ryder]], whom he had begun dating the year prior.<ref name="https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-dating-history/">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=July 13, 2020|title=Winona Ryder to testify that Johnny Depp was 'never violent' to her during libel trial|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/winona-ryder-johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-libel-london-violent-a9615551.html|work=The Independent|access-date=December 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 5, 2007|title=Ryder's parents refused to let her wed Depp|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30322148.html|work=[[Irish Examiner]]|access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref> They ended their relationship in 1993;<ref name="https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-dating-history/" /> Depp later had the "Winona Forever" tattoo on his right arm changed to "Wino Forever".<ref name="Freeman2" /> Between 1994 and 1998, he was in a relationship with English model [[Kate Moss]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/kate-moss-breakdown-and-johnny-depp-heartbreak-vanity-fair-interview|title=Kate Moss' Breakdown And Heartache|date=October 31, 2012|access-date=February 28, 2021|work=[[British Vogue|Vogue (UK)]]|first=Ella|last=Alexander|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080255/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/kate-moss-breakdown-and-johnny-depp-heartbreak-vanity-fair-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> Following his breakup with Moss, Depp began a relationship with French actress and singer [[Vanessa Paradis]], whom he met while filming ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'' in France in 1998. They have two children, daughter [[Lily-Rose Depp|Lily-Rose Melody Depp]] (born 1999) and a son (born 2002).<ref name="children&BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1938099.stm |title=Baby boy for Depp and Paradis |work=BBC News |date=September 18, 2002 |access-date=November 21, 2008 |archive-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727044922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1938099.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp stated that having children has given him a "real foundation, a real strong place to stand in life, in work, in everything ...You cannot plan the kind of deep love that results in children. Fatherhood was not a conscious decision. It was part of the wonderful ride I was on. It was destiny. All the math finally worked."<ref name="abc" /> In June 2012, Depp and Paradis announced their separation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp & Vanessa Paradis Officially Split|url=https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-vanessa-paradis-split/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=June 19, 2012|access-date=June 19, 2012|archive-date=October 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014192435/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20562667,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the end of his relationship with Vanessa Paradis, Depp began dating actress [[Amber Heard]], with whom he had co-starred in ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |last=Finn |first=Natalie |title=Is Amber Heard Engaged to Johnny Depp: Exclusive Ring Pics! |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/499499/is-amber-heard-engaged-to-johnny-depp-actress-is-wearing-a-massive-ring-see-exclusive-photos |website=E! Online |access-date=April 29, 2019 |date=January 14, 2014 |archive-date=November 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115122647/https://www.eonline.com/news/499499/is-amber-heard-engaged-to-johnny-depp-actress-is-wearing-a-massive-ring-see-exclusive-photos |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp and Heard were married in a civil ceremony on February 3, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard: A Timeline of Their Tempestuous Relationship|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-1201837685/|first1=Lamarco|last1=McClendon|first2=Maria|last2=Cavassuto|first3=Lawrence|last3=Yee|date=August 19, 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127083059/https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-1201837685/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="courtdocument">{{cite web|url=http://documents.latimes.com/amber-heard-and-johnny-depps-court-declarations-regarding-allegations-domestic-violence/|title=Amber Heard and Johnny Depp's court declarations regarding allegations of domestic violence|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 27, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304030720/http://documents.latimes.com/amber-heard-and-johnny-depps-court-declarations-regarding-allegations-domestic-violence/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Tie the Knot: Source|url=http://www.people.com/article/johnny-depp-amber-heard-marry-wedding-civil-ceremony-los-angeles|work=People|access-date=February 4, 2015|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206221803/https://people.com/article/johnny-depp-amber-heard-marry-wedding-civil-ceremony-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard filed for divorce on May 23, 2016, and obtained a [[restraining order|temporary restraining order]] against Depp, alleging in her court declaration that he had been verbally and physically abusive throughout their relationship, usually while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.<ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/16/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-timeline/|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Settle Divorce|website=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|first=Lisa Respers|last=France|date=August 16, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215238/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/16/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wright">{{cite web|url=http://www.refinery29.com/2016/06/113149/domestic-violence-911-call-famous-friend|title=Why I Called 911|last=Wright|first=iO Tillett|website=[[Refinery29]]|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=October 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004154126/https://www.refinery29.com/2016/06/113149/domestic-violence-911-call-famous-friend|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-bruise-photos-20160601-snap-story.html|title=New photos of Amber Heard show bruised eye and bloody lip|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 1, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|first=Libby|last=Hill|archive-date=March 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315024551/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-bruise-photos-20160601-snap-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Variety2019" /> Depp denied these claims and alleged that she was "attempting to secure a premature financial resolution".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lyons|first=Izzy|date=March 25, 2021|title=Johnny Depp refused permission to appeal High Court 'wife beater' ruling|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/25/johnny-depp-find-can-appeal-high-courts-wife-beater-ruling/|access-date=March 26, 2021|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325183710/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/25/johnny-depp-find-can-appeal-high-courts-wife-beater-ruling/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnn" /><ref name="guardiancarroll">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/aug/16/amber-heard-assault-allegations-johnny-depp-divorce|title=Amber Heard settles domestic abuse case against Johnny Depp|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=August 16, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222165524/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/aug/16/amber-heard-assault-allegations-johnny-depp-divorce|url-status=live}}</ref> A settlement was reached in August 2016,<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/19/amber-heard-to-give-7m-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-to-charity/|title=Amber Heard To Give $7M Johnny Depp Divorce Settlement To Charity|work=[[The New York Times]]|location=London, England|date=August 19, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212121140/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/19/amber-heard-to-give-7m-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-to-charity/}}</ref> and the divorce was finalized in January 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38621519|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Finalise Divorce|date=January 14, 2017|access-date=January 14, 2017|website=[[BBC]]|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005741/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38621519|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard dismissed the restraining order, and they issued a joint statement saying that their "relationship was intensely passionate and at times volatile, but always bound by love. Neither party has made false accusations for financial gain. There was never any intent of physical or emotional harm".<ref name="NYT" /> Depp paid Heard a divorce settlement of US$7 million, which she pledged to donate<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/ |title=Johnny Depp Making "Desperate Attempt" To Malign Amber Heard, 'Aquaman' Star's Lawyer Says; Admits Promised $7M Charitable Donations "Delayed" |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |access-date=March 3, 2021 |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205531/https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to the ACLU<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/actress-amber-heard-donates-millions-support-aclu-and-its-work-fighting-violence|title=Actress Amber Heard Donates Millions to Support the ACLU and Its Work Fighting Violence Against Women|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]|date=August 19, 2016|access-date=May 23, 2017|archive-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528021633/https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/actress-amber-heard-donates-millions-support-aclu-and-its-work-fighting-violence|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Children's Hospital Los Angeles]] (CHLA).<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Lyons|first1=Izzy|last2=Davies|first2=Gareth|date=March 18, 2021|title=Johnny Depp appeal: Amber Heard claim she donated £5.5m divorce settlement a 'calculated lie'|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/18/johnny-depp-appeal-amber-heard-claim-donated-55m-divorce-settlement/|access-date=March 26, 2021|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325100510/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/18/johnny-depp-appeal-amber-heard-claim-donated-55m-divorce-settlement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Heard Honored for 7-Figure Donation to Children's Hospital Following Johnny Depp Divorce|url=http://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|location=New York City|first=Mike|last=Miller|date=April 9, 2018|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129115105/https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal issues and allegations===
==== Heard related litigations ====
''' ''Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd'' '''
{{Main|Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd}}

In 2018,<ref>{{cite web|last=Russian|first=Ale|date=June 4, 2018|title=Johnny Depp Sues U.K. Tabloid for Defamation Over Story Slamming Him and J.K. Rowling|url=https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sues-u-k-tabloid-for-defamation-over-story-slamming-him-and-j-k-rowling/|url-status=live|access-date=April 14, 2021|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414004358/https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sues-u-k-tabloid-for-defamation-over-story-slamming-him-and-j-k-rowling/}}</ref> Depp brought a [[libel lawsuit]] in the UK against [[News Group Newspapers]] (NGN), publishers of ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', over an April 2018 article titled "GONE POTTY How Can J K Rowling be "genuinely happy" casting wife beater Johnny Depp in the new Fantastic Beasts film?".<ref name="DeppIIvNewsGroupNewspapersLtd&Anor">{{cite web |last=Nicol |first=Andrew |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Depp II v News Group Newspapers Ltd & Anor [2020] EWHC 2911 (QB) (02 November 2020) |url=https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2020/2911.html |website=[[BAILII]] |access-date=June 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230115102/https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2020/2911.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guardiaNovembersecond">{{cite news|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|last2=Davies|first2=Caroline|date=November 2, 2020|title=Johnny Depp loses libel case against Sun over claims he beat ex-wife Amber Heard|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-loses-libel-case-against-sun-over-claims-he-beat-ex-wife-amber-heard|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205528/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-loses-libel-case-against-sun-over-claims-he-beat-ex-wife-amber-heard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBCnovembersecond">{{cite news|date=November 2, 2020|title=Depp loses libel case against The Sun newspaper|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54779430|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190012/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54779430|url-status=live}}</ref> The case had a highly publicized trial in July 2020, with both Depp and Heard testifying for several days.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walawalkar|first1=Aaron|date=November 2, 2020|title=London high court to deliver ruling on Johnny Depp libel case|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/london-high-court-to-deliver-ruling-on-johnny-depp-libel-case|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102062313/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/london-high-court-to-deliver-ruling-on-johnny-depp-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp's lawyer, [[David Sherborne]], said that Heard had "blatantly lied" in her evidence while NGN's lawyer, [[Sasha Wass]], said that "all the evidence in [the] case and all the supporting evidence of the incidents of violence" leave "no doubt that Mr. Depp regularly and systematically abused his wife".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Sun acted as judge and jury on Depp, says lawyer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53565415 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In November 2020, the [[High Court of Justice]] ruled that 12 of the 14 incidents of physical violence alleged by NGN occurred and that in three of them, Depp had put Heard "in fear of her life".<ref name="guardiaNovembersecond" /><ref name="BBCnovembersecond" /> The court rejected Depp's claim of a hoax as well as his characterization of Heard as a "gold-digger".<ref>{{cite web|date=November 25, 2020|title=Johnny Depp libel case appeal bid turned down|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55079825|access-date=March 24, 2021|work=BBC|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203051347/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55079825|url-status=live}}</ref> The court also found that the characterization of Depp as a "wife beater" by ''The Sun'' was "substantially true".<ref name="guardiaNovembersecond" /><ref name="BBCnovembersecond" /> Following the verdict, Depp resigned from the ''[[Fantastic Beasts (film series)|Fantastic Beasts]]'' franchise after being asked to do so by its production company, [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="Beasts">{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=November 6, 2020|title=Johnny Depp says he has been asked to resign from Fantastic Beasts franchise|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/06/johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-resign-franchise-statement|access-date=December 9, 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209200012/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/06/johnny-depp-fantastic-beasts-resign-franchise-statement|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp appealed the verdict, with his lawyers accusing Heard of not following through on a pledge to donate her divorce settlement to charity, contrary to her testimony. Depp's lawyers also asserted that Heard's donation testimony had significantly influenced the judge's view of Heard.<ref name="Sky 7 million">{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp accuses Amber Heard of lying about donating full $7m divorce settlement|url=https://news.sky.com/story/johnny-depp-accuses-amber-heard-of-lying-about-donating-full-7m-divorce-settlement-12249657|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=[[Sky News]]|archive-date=June 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601024931/https://news.sky.com/story/johnny-depp-accuses-amber-heard-of-lying-about-donating-full-7m-divorce-settlement-12249657|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, Heard's legal team stated that she had not yet finished paying her pledged donation due to the financial burden of the lawsuits against her by Depp and that Depp was using this to "divert attention from the UK Court's findings relating to allegations of Mr. Depp committing domestic abuse and violence".<ref name="Sky 7 million" /><ref>{{cite web| last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/|title=Johnny Depp Making 'Desperate Attempt' To Malign Amber Heard, 'Aquaman' Star's Lawyer Says; Admits Promised $7M Charitable Donations "Delayed"|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 3, 2021|date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205531/https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Depp's appeal to overturn the verdict was rejected by the [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|England and Wales Court of Appeal]] in March 2021,<ref>{{cite news|date=March 25, 2021|title=Johnny Depp loses bid to overturn ruling in libel case|work=The Guardian|first=Sarah|last=Marsh|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|access-date=March 25, 2021|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325102805/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref> with the Court concluding:<ref name="march21">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|work=The Guardian|title=Johnny Depp loses bid to overturn ruling in libel case|first=Sarah|last=Marsh|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 25, 2021|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325102805/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DeppVNGN_APNews">{{cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |date=March 25, 2021 |title=UK court rejects Depp bid to appeal 'wife beater' ruling |url=https://apnews.com/article/uk-court-reject-johnny-depp-appeal-wife-beater-ruling-6802370f6e080c19cbdac50a244a5e2d |url-status=live |work=[[The Associated Press]] |location=New York City, New York, U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126162322/https://apnews.com/article/uk-court-reject-johnny-depp-appeal-wife-beater-ruling-6802370f6e080c19cbdac50a244a5e2d/ |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref>

{{blockquote|We do not accept that there is any ground for believing that the judge may have been influenced by any such general perception as [Depp's lawyer] relies on. In the first place, he does not refer to [Heard's] charitable donation at all in the context of his central findings. On the contrary, he only mentions it in a very particular context... and after he had already reached his conclusions in relation to the 14 incidents... It is clear from a reading of the judgment as a whole that the judge based his conclusions on each of the incidents on his extremely detailed review of the evidence specific to each incident. ... In an approach of that kind there was little need or room for the judge to give weight to any general assessment of Ms. Heard's credibility... we conclude that the appeal has no real prospect of success.}}

''' ''Depp v. Heard'' '''
{{Main|Depp v. Heard}}

In February 2019, Depp sued Heard for defamation over a December 2018 op-ed for ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref name="defamation">{{cite web|last=Patten|first=Dominic|date=February 24, 2021|title=Delayed Again! Johnny Depp's $50M Defamation Trial Against Amber Heard Pushed To Next Year|url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/johnny-depp-trial-amber-heard-delayed-2022-murder-case-1234700180/|access-date=March 12, 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318231509/https://deadline.com/2021/02/johnny-depp-trial-amber-heard-delayed-2022-murder-case-1234700180/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Griffith|first1=Janelle|title=Johnny Depp sues ex-wife Amber Heard for $50 million for allegedly defaming him|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/johnny-depp-sues-ex-wife-amber-heard-50-million-allegedly-n978976|date=March 4, 2019|website=[[NBC News]]|location=New York City|access-date=April 12, 2019|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205616/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/johnny-depp-sues-ex-wife-amber-heard-50-million-allegedly-n978976|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="varietymarch2019">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-washington-post-op-ed-50-million-1203153857/|title=Johnny Depp Reportedly Sues Amber Heard for $50M Over Washington Post Op-Ed|last=Nyren|first=Erin|date=March 2, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=Los Angeles, California|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190114/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-washington-post-op-ed-50-million-1203153857/|url-status=live}}</ref> The lawsuit ultimately resulted in Depp alleging that the op-ed contained three defamatory statements: first, its headline, "Amber Heard: I spoke up against sexual violence — and faced our culture's wrath. That has to change"; second, Heard's writing: "Then two years ago, I became a public figure representing domestic abuse, and I felt the full force of our culture's wrath for women who speak out"; and third, Heard's writing: "I had the rare vantage point of seeing, in real time, how institutions protect men accused of abuse."<ref name="CNverdict">{{cite news |last1=Hennessy |first1=Joan |title=Jurors mostly side with Depp in defamation case against Heard |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/jurors-mostly-side-with-depp-in-defamation-case-against-heard/ |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[Courthouse News]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607054036/https://www.courthousenews.com/jurors-mostly-side-with-depp-in-defamation-case-against-heard/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Yahr10Apr">{{cite news |last1=Yahr |first1=Emily |title=What to know about Johnny Depp and Amber Heard's defamation trial |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/04/10/johnny-depp-amber-heard-case/ |access-date=April 21, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 10, 2022 }}</ref> Depp alleged that he had been the one who was abused by Heard, that her allegations constituted a hoax against him, and that as a consequence, Disney had declined to cast him in future projects.<ref name="defamation" /><ref name="varietymarch2019" />

Heard countersued Depp in August 2020, alleging that he had coordinated "a harassment campaign via Twitter and [by] orchestrating online petitions in an effort to get her fired from ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' and [[L'Oréal|L'Oreal]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Johnny Depp Seeks Defamation Trial Delay Because of 'Fantastic Beasts 3' Filming |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-seeks-defamation-trial-delay-because-of-fantastic-beasts-3-filming |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=November 8, 2020 |date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101221757/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-seeks-defamation-trial-delay-because-of-fantastic-beasts-3-filming |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Johnny Depp seeks delay to US defamation trial due to Fantastic Beasts 3 filming |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53983386 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 8, 2020 |date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108080603/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53983386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately, Heard's counter-suit went to trial over three allegations that Depp had defamed her through statements made by his then-lawyer, Adam Waldman, published in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' in April 2020: first, Waldman stated that "Heard and her friends in the media used fake sexual violence allegations as both sword and shield", publicizing a "sexual violence hoax" against Depp; second, Waldman stated that in one incident at a penthouse, "Amber and her friends spilled a little wine and roughed the place up, got their stories straight under the direction of a lawyer and publicist, and then placed a second call to 911" as a "hoax" against Depp; third, Waldman stated that there had been an "abuse hoax" by Heard against Depp.<ref name="CNverdict" /><ref name="APverdict">{{cite news |last1=Rico |first1=R.J. |title=Explainer: Each count the Depp-Heard jurors considered |url=https://apnews.com/article/amber-heard-johnny-depp-entertainment-lawsuits-078f566e5a2486240bf776792b12e93d |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=Associated Press |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602080524/https://apnews.com/article/amber-heard-johnny-depp-entertainment-lawsuits-078f566e5a2486240bf776792b12e93d |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2020, the judge in the case dismissed Depp's lawyer Adam Waldman after he leaked confidential information covered by a protective order to the media.<ref name="hr2020" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hennessy |first1=Joan |title=Lawyer for Johnny Depp Kicked Off Case After Press Leaks |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/lawyer-for-johnny-depp-kicked-off-case-after-press-leaks/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |work=Court House News |date=December 28, 2021 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101031206/https://www.courthousenews.com/lawyer-for-johnny-depp-kicked-off-case-after-press-leaks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the verdict in Depp's lawsuit against ''The Sun'' the next month, Heard's lawyers filed to have the defamation suit dismissed, but Judge Penny Azcarate ruled against it because Heard had not been a party in the UK case.<ref name="Virginia Judge Allows Case 1">{{cite news |last1=Gardner |first1=Eriq |title=Johnny Depp Allowed Libel Suit Against Amber Heard Despite U.K. Ruling |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/johnny-depp-allowed-libel-suit-against-amber-heard-despite-u-k-ruling-1234998895/ |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817221600/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/johnny-depp-allowed-libel-suit-against-amber-heard-despite-u-k-ruling-1234998895/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2021, a New York judge ruled that the ACLU must disclose documents related to Heard's charity pledge to the organization.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/07/30/johnny-depp-granted-request-aclu-confirm-amber-heard-donation/5438287001/|title = Judge sides with Johnny Depp: ACLU must reveal if Amber Heard donated $7M divorce settlement|newspaper = USA Today|access-date = August 5, 2021|archive-date = August 7, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210807050739/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/07/30/johnny-depp-granted-request-aclu-confirm-amber-heard-donation/5438287001/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/08/johnny-depp-gets-permission-for-the-records-hes-looking-for|title = Johnny Depp Gets Permission to Have the Records He's Looking for|website = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date = August 5, 2021|access-date = August 5, 2021|archive-date = August 7, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210807204239/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/08/johnny-depp-gets-permission-for-the-records-hes-looking-for|url-status = live}}</ref>

The Depp v. Heard trial took place in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]] from April 11 to June 1, 2022. During the trial, Heard accused Depp of domestic abuse, stating that Depp "plunged into the depths of [[paranoia]] and [[Domestic violence|violence]] after binging on drugs and alcohol" during their relationship. On the other hand, Depp accused Heard of several instances of physical and verbal abuse during their relationship.<ref name="Variety2019" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/28/johnny-depp-became-delusional-and-aggressive-after-bingeing-on-d/|title=Johnny Depp became 'delusional and aggressive' after bingeing on drugs and alcohol, says Amber Heard|work=Telegraph (UK)|first=Nick|last=Allen|date=May 28, 2016|access-date=June 26, 2018|archive-date=June 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627143451/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/28/johnny-depp-became-delusional-and-aggressive-after-bingeing-on-d/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenblatt |first1=Kalhan |title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard defamation trial: Summary and timeline |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-trial-summary-timeline-rcna26136 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=June 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602001921/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-trial-summary-timeline-rcna26136 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 1, 2022, the jury returned a verdict after 13 hours of deliberation. In their verdict, the jury found that all three statements from Heard's op-ed were false, defamed Depp, and were made with [[actual malice]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thewrap.com/johnny-depp-is-being-blackmailed-by-amber-heard-heres-how-i-know-guest-column/
|title=Johnny Depp Is Being Blackmailed by Amber Heard – Here's How I Know (Guest Column)
|date=May 29, 2016
|publisher=TheWrap
|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The jury awarded Depp $10 million in compensatory damages and $5 million in punitive damages,<ref name="CNverdict" /><ref name="APverdict" /> although the punitive damages were reduced to $350,000 due to a limit imposed by a Virginia state law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |last2=Diaz |first2=Jaclyn |title=Depp is awarded more than $10M in defamation case against Heard and she gets $2M |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231157/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |url-status=live }}</ref> For Heard's countersuit, the jury found that Waldman's first and third statements to the ''Daily Mail'' were not defamatory, but that Waldman's second statement to the ''Daily Mail'' was false, defamatory, and made with actual malice.<ref name="APverdict" /> As a result, Heard was awarded $2 million in compensatory damages and zero in punitive damages from Depp.<ref name="CNverdict" />

Depp reacted to the result of the trial by declaring that the "jury gave me my life back. I am truly humbled."<ref>{{cite news |title=Depp Says 'Jury Gave Me My Life Back' With Defamation Verdict |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/depp-says-jury-gave-me-my-life-back-with-defamation-verdict-01654114507?tesla=y |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602041042/https://www.barrons.com/news/depp-says-jury-gave-me-my-life-back-with-defamation-verdict-01654114507?tesla=y |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp also stated that he was "overwhelmed by the outpouring of love and the colossal support and kindness from around the world". He continued: "I hope that my quest to have the truth be told will have helped others, men or women, who have found themselves in my situation, and that those supporting them never give up."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madani |first1=Doha |last2=Dasrath |first2=Diana |last3=Hamedy |first3=Saba |title=Johnny Depp wins defamation suit against Amber Heard |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/01/johnny-depp-wins-defamation-suit-against-ex-wife-amber-heard.html |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601220103/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/01/johnny-depp-wins-defamation-suit-against-ex-wife-amber-heard.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp also highlighted "the noble work of the Judge, the jurors, the court staff and the Sheriffs who have sacrificed their own time to get to this point", and praised his "diligent and unwavering legal team" for "an extraordinary job".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalifeh |first1=Mona |title=Johnny Depp Reacts to Winning Defamation Case Against Amber Heard |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-tonight/johnny-depp-reacts-to-winning-defamation-case-against-amber-heard/603-6a0d4087-c352-45f8-8af5-bd7f750a52c9 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[KFMB-TV]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611020605/https://www.cbs8.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-tonight/johnny-depp-reacts-to-winning-defamation-case-against-amber-heard/603-6a0d4087-c352-45f8-8af5-bd7f750a52c9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After they filed to appeal the verdict, Heard and Depp settled the case in December 2022, with Heard maintaining that the settlement was "not an act of concession"; meanwhile Depp's lawyers stated that the "jury's unanimous decision and the resulting judgement in Mr. Depp's favor against Ms. Heard remain fully in place", and that the settlement would result in $1 million being paid to Depp, which "Depp is pledging and will donate to charities".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Honderich |first1=Holly |title=Amber Heard settles defamation case against Johnny Depp |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64031252 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219153106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64031252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Merrit |title=Amber Heard said she has decided to settle Johnny Depp's case against her |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144132687/amber-heard-johnny-depp-settlement |access-date=December 20, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219234326/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144132687/amber-heard-johnny-depp-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speaking about the lawsuit in 2025, Depp told ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' that "it had gone far enough. I knew I'd have to semi-eviscerate myself. Everyone was saying, 'It'll go away!' But I can't trust that. What will go away? The fiction pawned around the fucking globe? No it won't. If I don't try to represent the truth it will be like I've actually committed the acts I am accused of. And my kids will have to live with it. Their kids. Kids that I've met in hospitals. So the night before the trial in Virginia I didn't feel nervous. If you don't have to memorize lines, if you're just speaking the truth? Roll the dice."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dean |first1=Jonathan |title=Johnny Depp: 'I was a crash test dummy for MeToo' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/celebrity/article/johnny-depp-metoo-amber-heard-interview-73lzdtzt2 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |publisher=[[News UK]] |date=21 June 2025 |location=United Kingdom |issn=0956-1382 }}</ref>

==== Other legal issues and allegations ====
Depp was arrested in [[Vancouver]] in 1989 for assaulting a security guard after the police were called to end a loud party at his hotel room.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/03/09/Teen-heart-throb-Johnny-Depp-who-plays-an-undercover-policeman/8389605422800/ |title=Teen heart-throb Johnny Depp, who plays an undercover policeman... |date=March 9, 1989 |access-date=December 19, 2016 |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |archive-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807131359/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/03/09/Teen-heart-throb-Johnny-Depp-who-plays-an-undercover-policeman/8389605422800 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp was also arrested in New York City in 1994 after causing significant damage to his room at [[The Mark Hotel]], where he was staying with [[Kate Moss]], his girlfriend. The charges were dropped against him after he agreed to pay US$9,767 in damages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/style/chronicle-236659.html|title=Chronicle|first=Nadine|last=Brozan|date=September 14, 1994|access-date=December 19, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510082221/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/style/chronicle-236659.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Depp was arrested again in 1999 for brawling with paparazzi, when the photographers tried to take his picture. He allegedly threatened them with a wooden plank when they approached him outside Mirabelle restaurant in central London on an early Sunday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/269156.stm |title=Depp arrested after scuffle |work=BBC News |date=January 31, 1999 |access-date=July 28, 2010 |archive-date=May 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517010933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/269156.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]] medical professor Robin Eckert sued Depp and three security firms, Premier Group International, Damian Executive Production Inc. and Staff Pro Inc.,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailybreeze.com/2012/10/29/johnny-depp-judge-rules-actor-can-be-sued-by-irvine-professor-over-iggy-pop-concert-injuries/|title=Johnny Depp: Judge rules actor can be sued by Irvine professor over Iggy Pop concert injuries|date=October 29, 2012|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103081340/https://www.dailybreeze.com/2012/10/29/johnny-depp-judge-rules-actor-can-be-sued-by-irvine-professor-over-iggy-pop-concert-injuries/|url-status=live}}</ref> claiming to have been roughed up by his bodyguards at a concert in Los Angeles in 2011. During the incident, she was allegedly hand-cuffed and dragged 40 feet across the floor, resulting in injuries including a dislocated elbow. Depp's attorneys contended that Eckert provoked the alleged assault and therefore "consented to any assault and battery".<ref name="LAT">{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/11/johnny-depp-uc-irvine-professor-damages.html |title=UC Irvine prof can seek damages from Johnny Depp in concert scuffle |work=Los Angeles Times |last=Williams |first=L. |date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=June 23, 2013 |archive-date=July 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722105316/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/11/johnny-depp-uc-irvine-professor-damages.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Eckert's court papers stated that Depp, despite being his security guards' direct manager, did nothing to stop the attack.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 15, 2021|title=Judge: Woman can sue Johnny Depp for punitive damages over injuries at Iggy Pop concert|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judge-woman-can-sue-johnny-depp-for-punitive-damages-over-injuries-at-iggy-pop-concert/|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=October 29, 2012 |archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515031306/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judge-woman-can-sue-johnny-depp-for-punitive-damages-over-injuries-at-iggy-pop-concert/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the case went to trial, Depp settled with Eckert for an undisclosed sum, according to TMZ.<ref name="EckertSettle">{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp Settles Up In 'Concert Brawl' Lawsuit|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/01/03/johnny-depp-settles-lawsuit-concert-iggy-pop-bodyguards/?vtest=100|access-date=December 24, 2018|work=TMZ|date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034915/https://www.tmz.com/2014/01/03/johnny-depp-settles-lawsuit-concert-iggy-pop-bodyguards/?vtest=100|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2015, Depp and his then-wife Amber Heard breached Australia's [[biosecurity]] laws when they failed to declare their two dogs to the [[Australian Customs Service|customs]] when they flew to [[Queensland]], where he was working on a film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp's dogs face death in Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-32732313|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=BBC News|date=May 14, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406142739/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-32732313|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amber Heard charged with illegally bringing dogs to Australia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/16/amber-heard-charged-with-taking-dogs-to-australia-johnny-depp|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=July 16, 2015|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204825/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/16/amber-heard-charged-with-taking-dogs-to-australia-johnny-depp|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard pleaded guilty to falsifying quarantine documents, stating that she had made a mistake due to sleep deprivation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp's dogs: Amber Heard pleads guilty over Boo and Pistol quarantine document|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-18/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-gold-coast-court-dogs/7333662|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=ABC News|date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204822/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-18/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-gold-coast-court-dogs/7333662|url-status=live}}</ref> She was placed on a $1,000 one-month [[Discharge (sentence)#Australia|good behavior bond]] for producing a false document;<ref name="guardianterriers">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/18/johnny-depps-wife-amber-heard-pleads-guilty-over-bringing-dogs-to-australia|title=Charges dropped against Amber Heard for bringing dogs to Australia with Johnny Depp|first=Joshua|last=Robertson|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=April 18, 2016|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=April 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414191308/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/18/johnny-depps-wife-amber-heard-pleads-guilty-over-bringing-dogs-to-australia|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard and Depp also released a video in which they apologized for their behavior and urged people to adhere to the biosecurity laws.<ref name="guardianterriers" /> ''[[The Guardian]]'' called the case the "highest profile criminal quarantine case" in Australian history.<ref name="guardianterriers" />

In March 2016, Depp cut ties with his management company, The Management Group (TMG), and sued them in January 2017 for alleged embezzlement and for allegedly improperly managing his money and leaving him over $40 million in debt.<ref name="BBCtmg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44857708|title=Johnny Depp settles lawsuit with former management|work=BBC|date=July 17, 2018|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024504/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44857708|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/johnny-depp-sues-business-managers-accuses-them-of-fraud-1484354022 |title=Johnny Depp Sues Business Managers, Accuses Them of Fraud |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |first1=Erich |last1=Schwartzel |first2=Ben |last2=Fritz |first3=Scott |last3=Patterson |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322211109/https://www.wsj.com/articles/johnny-depp-sues-business-managers-accuses-them-of-fraud-1484354022 |url-status=live }}</ref> TMG stated that Depp was responsible for his own fiscal mismanagement and countersued him for unpaid fees.<ref name="BBCtmg" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Ashley |last=Cullins |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-hit-countersuit-by-business-managers-970719 |title=Johnny Depp Lives $2M-a-Month Lifestyle, Claim Ex-Managers in Lawsuit |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 31, 2017 |access-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210204246/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-hit-countersuit-by-business-managers-970719 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a related suit, Depp also sued his lawyers, Bloom Hergott, in January 2017.<ref name="HollywoodReporterBloom">{{cite web |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |title=Johnny Depp Settles Dispute With Jake Bloom's Law Firm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-settles-dispute-jake-blooms-law-firm-1251285 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116011804/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-settles-dispute-jake-blooms-law-firm-1251285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both lawsuits were settled, the former in 2018 and the latter in 2019.<ref name="HollywoodReporterBloom" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-settles-blockbuster-lawsuit-business-managers-1127342 |title=Johnny Depp Settles Blockbuster Lawsuit Against Business Managers |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 16, 2018 |access-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117231441/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-settles-blockbuster-lawsuit-business-managers-1127342 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCtmg" />

In 2018, two of Depp's former bodyguards sued him for unpaid wages and unsafe working conditions.<ref name="Bodyguards_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/johnny-depp-bodyguards-lawsuit-unpaid-wages-working-conditions-1202380549/|title=Johnny Depp Hit In Unpaid Bodyguards Suit; Claims Of Drug Use & "Chaos"|first=Dominic|last=Patten|work=Deadline|date=May 1, 2018|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109000849/https://deadline.com/2018/05/johnny-depp-bodyguards-lawsuit-unpaid-wages-working-conditions-1202380549/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among other complaints, the two bodyguards claimed in their suit that they were required to perform tasks that were beyond the scope of their capacity as bodyguards, including being asked to repeatedly drive vehicles that "contained illegal substances, open containers and minors".<ref name="Bodyguards_CBS">{{Cite news |author= |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Johnny Depp's Former Bodyguards Claim Dangerous Conditions, Unpaid Wages In New Suit |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/johnny-depp-former-bodyguards-lawsuit/ |url-status=live |work=[[CBS]] |location=New York City, New York, U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516205706/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/johnny-depp-former-bodyguards-lawsuit/ |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |access-date=March 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Mike |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Johnny Depp Sued by Former Bodyguards for Unpaid Wages, Exposing Them to 'Illegal Substances' |url=https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sued-bodyguards-unpaid-wages-exposing-drugs-guns/ |url-status=live |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |location=New York City, New York, U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610020331/https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sued-bodyguards-unpaid-wages-exposing-drugs-guns/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=March 20, 2024}}</ref> Despite this and despite being exposed to other unsafe working conditions while putting in 12-hour work shifts on the job without rest or meal breaks, the bodyguards added, they were neither paid [[overtime]] nor otherwise fairly or lawfully compensated.<ref name="Bodyguards_Deadline" /><ref name="Bodyguards_CBS" /> The suit was settled in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1003064/johnny-depp-quietly-settles-lawsuit-with-former-bodyguards|title=Johnny Depp Quietly Settles Lawsuit With Former Bodyguards|first=Mike|last=Vulpo|work=E!News|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127133313/https://www.eonline.com/news/1003064/johnny-depp-quietly-settles-lawsuit-with-former-bodyguards|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also in 2018, Depp was sued for allegedly hitting and verbally insulting a crew member while under the influence of alcohol on the set of ''[[City of Lies]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44778997|title=Depp 'punched crew member in drunken tirade'|date=July 10, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=July 10, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716134516/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44778997|url-status=live}}</ref> A lawyer for Depp told the media that "Depp never touched the [crew member], as over a dozen witnesses present will attest"; meanwhile, Depp's legal team entered a court filing that did not admit that Depp hit the crew member, but stated that the crew member "provoked" the incident with "unlawful and wrongful conduct", causing Depp and film director Brad Furman to fear for their safety.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnny Depp claims assault on Tupac drama set was 'self-defence' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-assault-greg-brooks-self-defence-tupac-city-of-lies-a8500616.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-assault-greg-brooks-self-defence-tupac-city-of-lies-a8500616.html |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> A film script supervisor submitted a court declaration that Depp did not hit the crew member, and only scolded him.<ref name="Cho">{{cite news |last1=Cho |first1=Winston |title=Johnny Depp Settles 'City of Lies' Assault Suit Ahead of Trial |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/johnny-depp-settles-city-of-lies-assault-suit-ahead-of-trial-1235178489/ |access-date=July 12, 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 11, 2022}}</ref> Before the lawsuit went to trial, a tentative settlement regarding the dismissal of the lawsuit was reached between Depp and the crew member in July 2022.<ref name="Cho" />

In August 2022, Depp and Jeff Beck were accused of stealing an incarcerated African American man's poem by incorporating its verses into the lyrics to their song "Sad Motherfuckin' Parade" in their 2022 collaborative album, ''[[18 (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album)|18]]''. [[Bruce Jackson (scholar)|Bruce Jackson]], the [[folklore|folklorist]] who made the accusation, requested that Depp and Beck give due credit to Slim Wilson, the actual originator of the lyrics, for the song. He also requested that if any profits are made from the album, the two should donate them to an organization that aids African Americans.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp, Jeff Beck Accused of Stealing Lyrics From Incarcerated Man's Poem |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sad-motherfuckin-parade-hobo-ben-1392180/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |location=New York City, U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722063557/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sad-motherfuckin-parade-hobo-ben-1392180/ |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2024}}</ref> In response, Depp and Beck sued Jackson, claiming that "Sad Motherfuckin' Parade" is an "original work of authorship and creativity" and that Jackson's accusation amounts to a cash grab. Jackson responded by noting that he had never made any "formal financial demands" and, while maintaining that Depp and Beck never wrote the lyrics to that song, said that them suing the person who caught them stealing the lyrics is akin to "a burglar suing a homeowner because he cut his hand on the kitchen window he broke getting in".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp, Jeff Beck Sue the Folklorist Who Accused Them of Stealing an Incarcerated Man's Poem |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sue-folklorist-accused-stealing-poem-1234616347/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |location=New York City, U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117070943/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sue-folklorist-accused-stealing-poem-1234616347/ |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2024}}</ref> This lawsuit is still ongoing.{{when|date=June 2025}}

=== Alcohol and drug use ===
Depp has struggled with substance abuse for much of his life. He has stated that he began using drugs by taking his mother's "[[Anxiolytic|nerve pills]]" at the age of 11, was [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]] at age 12 and by the age of 14 had used "every kind of drugs there were".<ref name="people">{{cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depps-history-with-alcohol-drugs-hillbilly-rage-in-his-own-words/|title=Drinking, Drugs and 'Hillbilly Rage': Johnny Depp's Own Words About His Troubled Past|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Lindsay|last=Kimble|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=June 26, 2018|archive-date=June 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626083036/https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depps-history-with-alcohol-drugs-hillbilly-rage-in-his-own-words/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardianjuly">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/jul/07/johnny-depps-barrister-tells-court-amber-heard-invented-abuse-claims-libel-case|title=Johnny Depp admits heavy drinking but denies abuse of Amber Heard|first=Owen|last=Bowcott|date=July 7, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111093059/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/jul/07/johnny-depps-barrister-tells-court-amber-heard-invented-abuse-claims-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1997 interview, Depp acknowledged past abuse of alcohol during the filming of ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape?]]'' (1993).<ref name="people" /> In a 2008 interview, Depp stated that he had "poisoned" himself with alcohol "for years".<ref name="people" /> In 2013, Depp declared that he had [[Teetotalism|stopped drinking alcohol]], adding that he "pretty much got everything [he] could get out of it"; Depp also said, "I investigated wine and [[Liquor|spirits]] thoroughly, and they certainly investigated me as well, and we found out that we got along beautifully, but maybe too well."<ref name="huffpostalcohol">{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/20/johnny-depp-alcohol_n_3472555.html|title=Johnny Depp And Alcohol: Actor Reveals 'I Don't Have The Physical Need For The Drug'|work=Huffington Post|date=June 20, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2018|archive-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430041043/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/20/johnny-depp-alcohol_n_3472555.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his breakup with longtime partner Vanessa Paradis, Depp said that he "definitely wasn't going to rely on the drink to ease things or cushion the blow or cushion the situation ...[because] that could have been fatal".<ref name="huffpostalcohol" /> In a 2018 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' profile of Depp, reporter Stephen Rodrick wrote that he had used [[hashish]] in his presence and described him as "alternately hilarious, sly and incoherent"; Depp also said that the allegation made by his former business managers that he had spent US$30,000 per month on wine was "insulting" because he had spent "far more" than that amount.<ref name="trouble" /> During his 2020 libel trial, Depp admitted to having been addicted to [[Roxicodone]] and to having misused [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]]. He also admitted to using other substances such as [[marijuana]], [[MDMA]] and [[cocaine]] but denied ever having been addicted to any of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/08/johnny-depp-assaulted-amber-heard-laughed-tattoo-court-told-libel-sun|work=The Guardian|title=Johnny Depp accused of suffering 'blackouts' over violent behaviour|first=Owen|last=Bowcott|date=July 8, 2020|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101073018/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/08/johnny-depp-assaulted-amber-heard-laughed-tattoo-court-told-libel-sun|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-lifestyle-laid-bare-amber-heard|work=The Guardian|title=Cocaine binges and $30,000 wine bills: Johnny Depp's lifestyle laid bare|first=Owen|last=Bowcott|date=November 2, 2020|access-date=November 3, 2020|archive-date=November 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103045448/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-lifestyle-laid-bare-amber-heard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cbc_closing">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/eu-britain-johnny-depp-1.5664153|title=Tabloid lawyer claims Johnny Depp was misogynistic abuser in closing arguments|first=Jill|last=Lawson|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=July 27, 2020|access-date=March 23, 2021|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325185102/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/eu-britain-johnny-depp-1.5664153|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53347044|title=Johnny Depp accuses Amber Heard of severing finger tip|work=[[BBC]]|date=July 9, 2020|access-date=March 23, 2021|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170733/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53347044|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political views ===
In November 2016, Depp joined the campaign Imprisoned for Art to call for the release of Ukrainian filmmaker [[Oleg Sentsov]], who was being held in custody in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/johnny-depp-supports-ukrainian-director-oleg-sentsov-imprisoned-art-campaign-948212 |title=Johnny Depp Supports Ukrainian Director Oleg Sentsov in "Imprisoned for Art" Campaign |website=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Vladimir |last=Kozlov |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015618/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/johnny-depp-supports-ukrainian-director-oleg-sentsov-imprisoned-art-campaign-948212 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the [[Glastonbury Festival 2017]], Depp, criticizing [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]], asked: "When was the last time an actor assassinated a president? I want to clarify: I'm not an actor. I lie for a living. However, it's been a while and maybe it's time. I'm not insinuating anything." The comment was interpreted as a reference to [[John Wilkes Booth]], the actor who [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassinated Abraham Lincoln]]. Shawn Holtzclaw of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] told CNN they were aware of Depp's comment, but that "for security reasons, we cannot discuss specifically nor in general terms the means and methods of how we perform our protective responsibilities".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/22/entertainment/johnny-depp-trump-comment-glastonbury/index.html |title=Johnny Depp: 'When was the last time an actor assassinated a President?' |first=Madison |last=Park |author2=Lisa Respers France |work=[[CNN]] |date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623133607/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/22/entertainment/johnny-depp-trump-comment-glastonbury/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/johnny-depp-when-was-the-last-time-an-actor-assassinated-a-president-w489433|title=Johnny Depp: 'When Was the Last Time an Actor Assassinated a President?'|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Ryan|last=Reed|date=June 23, 2017|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827060549/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/johnny-depp-when-was-the-last-time-an-actor-assassinated-a-president-w489433|url-status=live}}</ref> Depp apologized shortly afterward, saying the remark "did not come out as intended, and I intended no malice".<ref>{{cite web |last=Stedman |first=Alex |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/johnny-depp-trump-assassination-apology-1202477242/ |title=Johnny Depp Apologizes for Donald Trump Assassination Joke |date=June 23, 2017 |work=Variety |access-date=June 24, 2017 |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623204411/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/johnny-depp-trump-assassination-apology-1202477242/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acting credits and awards ==
{{Main|Johnny Depp filmography|List of awards and nominations received by Johnny Depp}}

According to the [[review aggregate]] site [[Rotten Tomatoes]], Depp's most critically and commercially successful films include ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' (1984), ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'' (1990), ''[[Arizona Dream]]'' (1993), ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'' (1993), ''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]'' (1994), ''[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]'' (1997), ''[[Sleepy Hollow (film)|Sleepy Hollow]]'' (1999), ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' (2000), ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' (2003) and its sequels, ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' (2004), ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (2005), ''[[Corpse Bride]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (2007), ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]'' (2009), ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (2010), ''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]'' (2011), ''[[Black Mass (film)|Black Mass]]'' (2015) and ''[[Minamata (film)|Minamata]]'' (2020). His films have grossed $8 billion worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Depp {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/johnny_depp |access-date=June 23, 2024 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Depp has been recognized by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] for the following performances:

* [[76th Academy Awards]] (2004): [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], nomination, for ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl''<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2014 |title=The 76th Academy Awards {{!}} 2004 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2004 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=www.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[77th Academy Awards]] (2005): Best Actor, nomination, for ''Finding Neverland''<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=The 77th Academy Awards {{!}} 2005 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2005 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=www.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[80th Academy Awards]] (2008): Best Actor, nomination, for ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2014 |title=The 80th Academy Awards {{!}} 2008 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2008 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=www.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref>

Depp has won a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Actor — Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] for ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street,''<ref>{{Cite news |title=2008 Golden Globe Awards nominees and winners |url=https://abc7.com/archive/5935362/ |access-date=July 15, 2024 |work=[[KABC-TV|ABC7 Los Angeles]] |language=en }}</ref> as well as a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Award]] for Best Actor for ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards {{!}} Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/10th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=www.sagawards.org}}</ref> Depp has also received an [[Honorary César]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=César Awards, France (1999) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000157/1999/1/ |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Artist
! Album
! Credits
|-
| 1994
| "That Woman's Got Me Drinking"
| [[Shane MacGowan and The Popes]]
| ''[[The Snake (Shane MacGowan album)|The Snake]]''
| Guitar
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
| All tracks
| [[P (band)|P]]
| ''[[P (album)|P]]''
| Guitar, bass
|-
| "[[Cigarettes & Alcohol|Fade Away]]"
| rowspan="2" | [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]
| ''[[The Help Album]]''
| rowspan="2" | Guitar
|-
| 1997
| "Fade In-Out"
| ''[[Be Here Now (album)|Be Here Now]]''
|-
| 1999
| "Hollywood Affair"
| [[Iggy Pop]]
| "Corruption" (B-side)
| Featured performer
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000
| "St. Germain"
| rowspan="3" | [[Vanessa Paradis]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Bliss (Vanessa Paradis album)|Bliss]]''
| rowspan="2" | Co-writer
|-
| "Bliss"
|-
| "Firmaman"
| Guitar
|-
| "Minor Swing"
| rowspan="3" | [[Rachel Portman]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
| rowspan="3" | Guitar
|-
| "They're Red Hot"
|-
| "Caravan"
|-
| 2003
| "Sand's Theme"
| Various artists
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mexico|Once Upon A Time In Mexico (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
| Composer
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2007
| "No Place Like London"
| rowspan="9" | Various artists
| rowspan="9" | ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street: The Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''
| rowspan="9" | Performer
|-
| "My Friends"
|-
| "Pirelli's Miracle Elixir"
|-
| "Pretty Women"
|-
| "Epiphany"
|-
| "A Little Priest"
|-
| "Johanna (Reprise)"
|-
| "By the Sea"
|-
| "Final Scene"
|-
| 2008
| "Too Close to the Sun"
| [[Glenn Tilbrook|Glenn Tilbrook and The Fluffers]]
| ''Pandemonium Ensues''
| Guitar
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| "[[I Put a Spell on You]]"
| [[Shane MacGowan]] and Friends
| —
| Guitar
|-
| "Unloveable"
| [[Babybird]]
| ''[[Ex-Maniac]]''
| Guitar
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| "Kemp in the Village"
| rowspan="2" | [[Christopher Young]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
| Performer, co-writer
|-
| "The Mermaid Song" (instrumental)
| Piano
|-
| "Ballade de Melody Nelson"
| Lulu Gainsbourg
| ''From Gainsbourg to Lulu''
| Co-lead vocals, guitar, bass, drums
|-
| "The Jesus Stag Night Club"
| [[Babybird]]
| ''[[The Pleasures of Self Destruction]]''
| Guitar
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012
| "Freedom Fighter"
| [[Aerosmith]]
| ''[[Music from Another Dimension!]]''
| Background vocals
|-
| "You're So Vain"
| [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]
| ''[[Born Villain]]''
| Guitar, drums, production
|-
| "Street Runners"
| Jup & Rob Jackson
| ''Collective Bargaining''
| Featured performer
|-
| "Little Lion Man"
| rowspan="2" | Various artists
| rowspan="2" | ''[[West of Memphis|West of Memphis: Voices of Justice]]''
| rowspan="2" | Performer
|-
| "Damien Echols Death Row Letter Year 16"
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013
| "The Mermaid"
| Various artists
| ''[[Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys]]''
| Guitar, drums
|-
| "The Brooklyn Shuffle"
| [[Steve Hunter]]
| ''[[The Manhattan Blues Project]]''
| Guitar
|-
| "New Year"
| [[Vanessa Paradis]]
| ''Love Songs''
| Co-writer
|-
| "Poor Paddy on the Railway"
| rowspan="2" | Various artists
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Lone Ranger (soundtrack)|The Lone Ranger: Wanted (Music Inspired by the Film)]]''
| Guitar
|-
| "Sweet Betsy from Pike"
| Arrangement
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| "Kansas City"
| [[The New Basement Tapes]]
| ''[[Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes]]''
| Guitar
|-
| "Hello, Little Girl"
| Various artists
| ''[[Into the Woods (soundtrack)|Into the Woods (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
| Performer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| All tracks
| [[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]]
| ''[[Hollywood Vampires (Hollywood Vampires album)|Hollywood Vampires]]''
| Guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, co-writer, sound design
|-
| "21+"
| [[Butch Walker]]
| ''[[Afraid of Ghosts]]''
| Guitar
|-
| 2019
| All tracks
| [[Hollywood Vampires (band)|Hollywood Vampires]]
| ''[[Rise (Hollywood Vampires album)|Rise]]''
| Guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, co-writer, sound design
|-
|2022
|All tracks
|[[Jeff Beck]] & Johnny Depp
|''[[18 (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album)|18]]''
|Vocals, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, drums, backing vocals, co-writer
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Kentucky]]
* [[List of atheists in film, radio, television and theater]]
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]
* [[List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Blitz |first1=Michael |last2=Krasniewicz |first2=Louise |year=2007 |title=Johnny Depp: A Biography |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-34300-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxAxufxMH0QC&pg=PA4 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080255/https://books.google.com/books?id=cxAxufxMH0QC&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Tim |last2=Salisbury |first2=Mark |year=2006 |title=Burton on Burton |edition=Second Revised |location=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-22926-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GY9R1c_kKgC&pg=PP1 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080341/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GY9R1c_kKgC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1= Everett |first1= Anna |editor1-last= Everett |editor1-first= Anna |chapter= Johnny Depp and Keanu Reeves |title= Pretty People: Movie Stars of the 1990s |year= 2012 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-5244-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1= Lennard|first1= Dominic |editor1-last= Pomerance |editor1-first= Murray |chapter=Wonder Boys – Matt Damon, Johnny Depp and Robert Downey Jr. |title= Shining in Shadows: Movie Stars of the 2000s |year= 2012 |publisher= Rutgers University Press }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram}}
* {{Facebook}}
* {{people.com}}
* {{Guardian topic}}

{{Johnny Depp}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Johnny Depp|Awards for Johnny Depp]]
|list =
{{Desert Palm Achievement Award}}
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{{Donostia Award}}
{{Empire Award for Best Actor}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Actor Motion Picture Musical or Comedy}}
{{Honorary César}}
{{IFTA Award for Best International Actor}}
{{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year}}
{{Maltin Modern Master Award}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Performance}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Villain}}
{{People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward MaleLeadMotionPicture 2001–2020}}
{{Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Villain}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Depp, Johnny}}
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Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya

2026-03-18T12:07:33Z

Adiyogirudraksha: minor cleanup

{{Short description|University in Assam, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya
|image = Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya logo.png
|native_name =
|motto =
|mottoeng =
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2013}}
|chancellor = Bhabendra Nath Deka
|vice_chancellor = Prof. Ashok Kumar Bora
|city = [[Nagaon]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|province =
|country = India
|campus = Suburban
|free_label =
|free =
|nickname =
|website = {{URL|https://mssv.ac.in/}}
|logo =
|image_name =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
}}
'''Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya (MSSV) ''' is a government aided state private university established through ''The Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya Act, 2013'' in the State of Assam, India in 2013. The university is located in [[Nagaon]] and is named after the vaishnav saint [[Srimanta Sankardev]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Sankaradeva-University-classes-from-2014/articleshow/22021916.cms Sankaradeva University classes from 2014]</ref>
[[File:Sankaradeva.jpg|thumb|left|Imaginary portrait of Srimanta Sankardev by Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]

==Departments==
The university comprises the following departments:<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya|url=http://www.mssv.co.in/index.php?index|website=mssv.co.in|accessdate=11 October 2017|language=EN}} Click of "DEPARTMENT".</ref>

; In Nagaon campus
* Department of [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* Department of [[Economics]]
* Department of [[Education]]
* Department of English
* Department of [[Philosophy]]
* Department of [[Sociology]]
* Department of [[Sankaradeva]] Studies

; In Guwahati campus
* Department of [[Software|Computer Application]]
* Department of English
* Department of [[Legal education|Juridical Studies]]
* Department of [[Performing Arts]]
* Department of [[Social Work]]
* Department of [[Science of yoga|Yogic Science]] & [[Naturopathy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://mssv.ac.in/}}

{{coord|26.34923|92.68121|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Universities in Assam}}

[[Category:Universities in Assam]]
[[Category:Nagaon district]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Saffron (color)

2026-03-16T20:28:35Z

Adiyogirudraksha: quick fix

{{Short description|Color that is a tone of golden yellow}}
{{About|the colour||Saffron (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Bhagwa|the village|Bhagwa, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{redirect|Saffron yellow|the RAL color|Saffron yellow (RAL)}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Saffron
| hex=F4C430
| source=Maerz and Paul<ref>
The colour displayed in the colour box above matches the colour called ''saffron'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Colour'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the colour ''saffron'' is displayed on page 43 Plate 10, Colour Sample K8.
</ref>
| isccname=Vivid yellow}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Rajah
| hex=FBAB60
| isccname=Moderate orange}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Deep saffron (Bhagwa)
| spelling=colour
| hex=FF9933
| source=
| isccname=Strong orange
}}
{{infobox colour
| title=India saffron (Kesari/Kesariya)
| spelling=colour
| hex=FF7722
| source=[[:File:Flag of India.svg|Vexillological:]]
| isccname=Saffronish orange
}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Myanmar saffron
| spelling=colour
| hex=FECB00
| source=[[:File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|Vexillological:]]
|isccname=Saffronish yellow
}}
{{infobox colour
| title=Saffron Yellow (RAL)
| hex=F5D033
| source=RAL Color Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=RAL 1017 Saffron yellow |url=https://www.ralcolorchart.com/ral-classic/ral-1017-saffron-yellow |website=RAL Color Chart |publisher=RAL |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
| isccname=}}

'''Saffron''' is a [[shades of yellow|shade of yellow]] or [[shades of orange|orange]], the colour of the tip of the [[saffron crocus]] thread, from which the spice [[saffron]] is derived.<ref>Oxford Living Dictionaries On-Line. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (1962)</ref> The [[hue]] of the spice saffron is primarily due to the [[carotenoid]] chemical [[crocin]].

== Etymology ==
The word ''saffron'' ultimately derives (via Arabic) from the [[Middle Iranian]] ''[[:wikt:جعفری|ja'far-]]''. The name was used for the [[saffron|saffron spice]] in [[Middle English]] from c. 1200. As a colour name, it dates to the late 14th century.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Colour'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Colour Sample of Saffron: Page 43 Plate 10 Colour Sample K8</ref>

'''Deep saffron''' approximates the colour of '''India saffron''' (also known as '''''bhagwa''''' or '''''kesari''''').<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Indian Flag |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211124657/http://india.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=4 |archive-date=December 11, 2011 |access-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Standards |url=http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040808/http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |access-date=2 November 2011 |work=Bureau of Indian Standards |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], this colour is called ''kesariya''. The word derives its name from ''kesar'', the Hindustani name for saffron, an important crop in [[Kashmir]]. In Kashmir it is popularly known as Kong posh.

== Religion ==

The color Saffron ({{Langx|hi|भगवा|translit=Bhagwā}}) is considered as a sacred color in [[Hinduism]]. According to [[Hindu]] belief, Saffron (or Kesariya) is the color of [[Sunset]] ([[Sandhyavandanam|Sandhya]]) and Fire ([[Agni]]) which symbolises sacrifice, light, and quest of salvation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-22 |title=Why do Indian saints wear saffron colour? Science tells us! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/photo-stories/why-do-indian-saints-wear-saffron-colour-science-tells-us/photostory/63414644.cms |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The color is worn by [[Hindu saints]] and ascetics as their devotion toward the religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Significance of Saffron color in Hinduism |url=https://www.beautyofindia.in/saffron-color/ |website=Beauty of India|date=9 June 2018 }}</ref> Many [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties|Hindu kingdoms and dynasties]] had Saffron color in their flag denoting the [[Sanātana Dharma]], including [[Maratha Empire]] {{Citation needed|reason=There is no archaeology evidence and reliable other sources|date=February 2025}}

[[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] associate saffron with the pious renunciation of material life.<ref name="SenWagner2013">{{cite book |author1=Ragini Sen |author2=Wolfgang Wagner |author3=Caroline Howarth |title=Secularism and Religion in Multi-faith Societies: The Case of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvC3BAAAQBAJ |date=30 September 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-319-01922-2 |pages=37–38}}</ref><ref name="Froerer2019">{{cite book |author=Peggy Froerer |title=Religious Division and Social Conflict: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in Rural India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QegrDwAAQBAJ |date=23 July 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-37812-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG%26usg%3DAOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW |title=Colour Symbolism in Hinduism |date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811041304/https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/hinduism.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjhtdXf-OvxAhVjwzgGHbeFCEsQFjABegQIBBAG%26usg%3DAOvVaw0RVimP5Cz3sJGaXRcRg6HW |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Buddhist monk]]s in the [[Theravada Buddhism|Theravada]] tradition typically wear saffron robes (although occasionally [[maroon]] — the color normally worn by [[Vajrayana Buddhism|Vajrayana Buddhist]] monks — is worn). The tone of saffron typically worn by Theravada Buddhist monks is the lighter tone of saffron shown above.

Saffron holds symbolic meaning in [[Sikhism]], representing spirit and sacrifice.<ref name="Takhar2016" /> Originally a shade of yellow called ''[[Basant (festival)|basanti]]'', the [[Glossary of vexillology|field]] of the modern [[Nishan Sahib]] is saffron.<ref name="Takhar2016">{{cite book |author=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaeoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |date=5 December 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-90010-2 |page=88}}</ref><ref name="Bhalla2002">{{cite book |author=Kartar Singh Bhalla |title=Let's Know Sikhism: A Religion of Harmony, Brotherhood and Tolerance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVBTUj8MC4YC&pg=PA40 |year=2002 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-81-7650-055-5 |page=40}}</ref> [[Turbans]] worn by Sikhs most often are blue or white,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/pages/tyingturbans |title=Learn How to Tie Different Sikh Turbans |date=21 May 2008}}</ref> but basanti colour is common.<ref name="Takhar2016" /><ref name="Singh2019">{{cite book |author=Pashaura Singh |title=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tQBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 |date=18 April 2019 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-250843-0 |page=78}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:भगवा ध्वज.jpg|Bhagwa colour flag, used by [[Hindus]]
File:Lingayats Flag Waving English.jpg|Shatasthala Flag used by [[Lingayats]]
File:Lingayats Flag.png|Shatasthala Flag of [[Lingayats]]
File:Phra Ajan Jerapunyo-Abbot of Watkungtaphao..jpg|[[Theravada]] [[Buddhist monasticism|monk]] in Thailand
File:Punjab flag.svg|Flag of the Sikh religion, the [[Nishan Sahib]].
File:Sadhu (hombre bueno en sánscrito).JPG|Hindu [[sadhu|ascetic]]
</gallery>

== Political and religious uses ==
{{anchor | Political | Religious | Politics | Religion }}
[[File:Flag of India.svg|alt=Flag of India|thumb|The [[flag of India]] (since 1947) is saffron, white, and green]]
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|thumb|[[Bhagwa Dhwaj]], the flag of the [[Maratha Empire]]]]
In [[political colours|politics]], it was used by the [[Indian independence movement]], and it was chosen as one of the three colours of the [[Indian national flag]] after independence in 1947, and is used by [[Hinduism|Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Subhash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ubxDwAAQBAJ&q=kesari+colour+hindus&pg=PT335 |title=Salvation by Lord Shri Krishna |date=2020-07-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-108-8 |language=en}}</ref> India saffron, representing courage and sacrifice, was chosen for one of the three bands of the [[National Flag of India]], along with [[white]] (peace and truth) and what is now called [[Variations of green#India green|''India green'']] (faith and chivalry).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flag of India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |year=2009 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://knowindia.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813153838/http://knowindia.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |title = My India My Pride - Indian Tricolor - Know India: National Portal of India}}</ref> The Flag of India is officially described in the [[Flag code of India|Flag Code of India]] as follows:<blockquote>The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of [[Ashoka Chakra]] in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |title=Flag Code of India |website=Mha.gov.in |access-date=2016-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123232004/http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-23 }}</ref></blockquote>[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], who later became India's first [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] and second [[President of India|President]], described the significance of the Indian National Flag as follows:

{{cquote|''[[Bhagwa Dhwaj|Bhagwa]]'' or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of [[dharma]]. Truth or ''[[satya]]'', ''dharma'' or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.<ref>{{cite web | title= Flag Code of India | publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs (India) | url= http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf | access-date= 2 November 2011 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130121163043/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf | archive-date= 21 January 2013 }}</ref>
}}

The use of saffron in the national flag and as political symbolism has been opposed.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /> One line of opposition asserts that the color is sacred and should not be politicized.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /> Another source of opposition comes from Islamists who claim the color is forbidden in Islam and strongly prohibited to be worn by the males.<ref name="SenWagner2013" /><ref>Imaam Ahmad and Ibn Maajah, 3591</ref>

Because Therevada Buddhist monks were at the forefront of the [[2007 Burmese anti-government protests]], the uprising has been referred to as the [[Saffron Revolution]] by some in the international media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Burmese Days |website=Timesonline.co.uk |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/china/burmese-days-fs2znw8cgcx |access-date=2016-02-27}} {{subscription required |date=February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |quote=Which meant that to the public the Monks and their religion played an important role throughout the protests. Along with the monks were nuns, students and activists who were protesting during the revolution. |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2516773.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511221739/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2516773.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |title=Nuns join monks in Burma's Saffron Revolution |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=24 September 2007 |first=Richard |last=Lloyd Parry | access-date= 10 April 2009 }}</ref>

=== Hindutva ===
{{Further information|Hindutva}}
[[File:Narendra Modi unveiling the plaque to lay the foundation stone of Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020. The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath and other dignitaries are also seen.jpg|thumb|right|Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] in saffron robes]]
[[File:Supporter of Bharatiya Janata Party at an election rally in Amethi.jpg|thumb|right|Saffron flags in an election rally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]]]
The saffron flag (''bhagwa dhwaj'') of the medieval Hindu warrior [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] was held in high esteem by [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Hindutva]] organisations such as the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in the 1920s as a supposed representation of Hindu resurgence and militaristic tradition. The saffron flag was the "true guru" to which [[Hedgewar]] demanded obeisance from the RSS members. "The Gerva [saffron] Flag shall be the flag of the Hindu nation. With its Om, the Swastik and the Sword, it appeals to the sentiments cherished by our race since the Vaidik [Vedic] days," he said.<ref>{{citation |last=Bapu |first=Prabhu |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415671651 |page=99}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and its successor [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) both used saffron as their colour. The BJP used a saffron lotus on its flag, along with a green side band that possibly reflected an attempted image of accommodation with Islam.<ref name="MartyAppleby1994">{{citation |last1=Marty |first1=Martin E. |last2=Appleby |first2=R. Scott |last3=Sciences |first3=American Academy of Arts and |title=Fundamentalisms Observed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA573 |date=1 July 1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50878-8 |pages=573–}}</ref> The [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), a Hindutva organisation affiliated with the RSS, also used saffron as its predominant colour, with its ascetic leaders clad in saffron robes and lay leaders wearing saffron scarves.<ref name="Katju2003">{{citation |last=Katju |first=Manjari |title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA40 |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2476-7 |pages=40–}}</ref> During the [[Ram Rath Yatra]] movement in 1990, the VHP and its affiliate [[Bajrang Dal]] distributed saffron flags and saffron headbands to their followers by the millions.<ref name="Basu2015">{{citation |last=Basu |first=Amrita |title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |date=30 June 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08963-1 |pages=93–}}</ref><ref name="Varadarajan2002">{{citation |last=Varadarajan |first=Siddharth |title=Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC&pg=PA85 |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 |pages=85–}}</ref><ref name="DossaniRowen2005">{{citation |last1=Dossani |first1=Rafiq |last2=Rowen |first2=Henry S. |title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA190 |year=2005 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 |pages=190–}}</ref>

The predominance of the saffron symbolism in the BJP and its allies led to the BJP being referred to as the 'saffron party' in the 1990s, and the term '[[saffronisation]]' came to be used describe the increasing influence of [[Hindutva]] across India. This period saw phrases such as the "saffronisation of the coastal belt",{{sfn|Assadi|1998|p=626}} "saffronisation of Karnataka"<ref>{{cite journal |last=Assadi |first=Muzaffar |title=Karnataka: Saffronisation with Upper Castes Support |date=March 1998 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=33 |number=12 |pages=626–628 |jstor=4406542}}</ref> and "saffronisation of the Congress(I)".<ref name=pyrrhic>{{cite news |author=Venkitesh Ramakrishnan |title=A Pyrrhic victory? |newspaper=Frontline |volume=14 |number=22 |date=1 November 1997 |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1422/14220200.htm |accessdate=2014-11-08}}
</ref> Academic and non-academic scholars wrote books with titles involving 'saffron' to refer to Hindu nationalism, such as the ''Brotherhood in Saffron'',<ref>{{citation |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |authorlink=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |orig-date=Originally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=Delhi |year=1987}}</ref> ''Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags'',<ref>{{citation |author1=Basu, Tapan |author2=Sarkar, Tanika |title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1993 |isbn=0863113834}}</ref> and ''The Saffron Wave''.<ref>{{citation |last1=Hansen |first1=Thomas Blom |authorlink=Thomas Blom Hansen |title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781400823055}}</ref>

== Clothing ==
Saffron-coloured cloth had a history of use among the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic-Irish]]. A saffron [[kilt]] is worn by the pipers of certain [[Irish regiment]]s in the [[British Army]], and the saffron léine in the defence forces of the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The latter garment is also worn by some [[Irish people|Irish]] and Irish-American men as an item of national costume (though most wear [[kilt]]s, believing them to be Irish). Its colour varies from a true saffron orange to a range of dull mustard and yellowish-brown hues.

The [[Antrim GAA]] teams are nicknamed "The Saffrons" because of the saffron-coloured kit which they play in. The [[Old Irish]] word for saffron, ''cróc'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/saffron |title=saffron - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for saffron by New English-Irish Dictionary |website=www.focloir.ie |access-date=Jan 5, 2021}}</ref> derives directly from the Latin [[Crocus sativus]]. In Ireland between the 14th and 17th centuries, men wore ''léinte'' (singular ''léine''),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/shirt |title=shirt - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for shirt by New English-Irish Dictionary |website=www.focloir.ie |access-date=Jan 5, 2021}}</ref> loose saffron-coloured shirts that reached down to mid-thigh or the knee.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/an-leine-crioch-the-irish-leine-in-the-16th-century.html |title=An Leine Crioch — The Irish Leine in the 16th century – Reconstructing History |date=Mar 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312100633/http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/an-leine-crioch-the-irish-leine-in-the-16th-century.html |access-date=Jan 5, 2021 |archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> (see [[Irish clothing]]).

== Literature ==
The colour saffron is associated with the goddess of [[dawn]] ([[Eos]] in Greek mythology and [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]] in Roman mythology) in [[classics|classical]] literature:[[File:Lord Frederic Leighton - Cymon and Iphigenia - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Cymon and Iphigenia (Leighton painting)|Cymon and Iphigeneia]] c. 1884 by [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton|Frederic Leighton]] - saffron suffuses the canvas at [[sunrise]]]]
[[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'':<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Page |title=The Iliad - Free Online Book |url=http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php |access-date=2016-02-27 |website=Publicliterature.org |archive-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316151549/http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><blockquote>Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of [[Oceanus|Okeanos]], to bring light to mortals and immortals, [[Thetis]] reached the ships with the [[armor]] that the god had given her. (19.1)</blockquote>[[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'':<ref>{{cite book |date=1995-03-01 |title=The Aeneid by Virgil - Free Ebook |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/228 |access-date=2016-02-27 |via=Gutenberg.org}}</ref><blockquote>Aurora now had left her saffron bed,

And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread,

When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes,

Saw day point upward from the [[rose (colour)|rosy]] skies.</blockquote>

== Other media ==

* The [[lyrics]] of [[Donovan]]'s 1966 song, "[[Mellow Yellow]]" repeat the line, "I'm just mad about Saffron".<ref>{{cite web |last=Donavan |title=Mellow Yellow |url=http://www.seeklyrics.com/lyrics/Donovan/Mellow-Yellow.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052404/http://www.seeklyrics.com/lyrics/Donovan/Mellow-Yellow.html |archive-date=April 23, 2008 |access-date=May 20, 2008}}</ref>
*In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, in the region of Kanto there is a city named Saffron City. It is one of the largest cities in the region, and home to the headquarters of the major tech corporation Silph Co. and the region's Psychic-type Gym.
*''[[The Gates]]'' is a [[site-specific art|site-specific]] [[installation art|art installation]] by [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]]. The artists installed 7,503 metal "gates" along 23 miles (37 km) of pathways in [[Central Park]] in [[New York City]]. From each gate hung a flag-shaped piece of deep saffron-coloured [[nylon]] fabric. The exhibit ran from February 12, 2005, through February 27, 2005.
* Saffron Monsoon is a character in [[Absolutely Fabulous]].

== In nature ==
[[File:Iran saffron threads.jpg|thumb|right|Saffron threads from Iran]]
[[File:Saffron Crop.JPG|thumb|right|[[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]] (i.e., flower threads) from [[Crocus sativus|saffron crocus]] are plucked, piled, and dried.]]
'''Plants'''
* [[Byzantine meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum × byzantinum'') is a hybrid flowering plant.
* [[Cape saffron]] (''Cassine peragua'') is a flowering tree with saffron-coloured bark.
* [[Cobra saffron]] (''Mesua ferrea'') is a tree found in southern Asia.
* [[Meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum autumnale'') is a flowering plant found in Europe.
* [[Mediterranean meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum cupanii'') is a flowering plant found in central [[Mediterranean basin]].
* [[Saffron buckwheat]] (''Eriogonum crocatum'') is a species of wild buckwheat endemic to the [[Conejo Valley]].
* [[Saffron|Saffron spice]] is derived from the flowers of the plant named [[saffron crocus]] (''Crocus sativus'').
* [[Saffron plum]] (''Sideroxylon celastrinum'') is a flowering plant found in North, Central, and South America.
* [[Saffron thistle]] (''Carthamus lanatus'') is a [[thistle]] native to the Mediterranean basin.
* [[Spring meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum bulbocodium'') is a flowering [[Alpine plant|alpine]] plant found in Europe.
* [[Steven's meadow saffron]] (''Colchicum stevenii'') is a flowering plant found in the [[eastern Mediterranean]].

'''Birds'''
[[File:Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) male.JPG|thumb|A male [[saffron finch]] (''Sicalis flaveola'')]]
* The [[saffron-billed sparrow]] (''Arremon flavirostris'') is a bird found in South America.
* The [[saffron-breasted prinia]] (''Prinia hypoxantha'') is a [[passerine bird]] found in eastern South Africa and Swaziland.
* The [[saffron-crested tyrant-manakin]] (''Neopelma chrysocephalum'') is a bird found in the [[Guianas]], southern [[Venezuela]], and the northwestern [[Amazon basin]].
* The [[saffron-crowned tanager]] (''Tangara xanthocephala'') is a bird found in the [[montane forests]] of South America.
* The [[saffron-headed parrot]] (''Pyrilia pyrilia'') is a [[parrot]] found in the [[montane forests]] of South America.
* The [[saffron finch]] (''Sicalis flaveola'') is a [[tanager]] from South America, and is common in both open and semi-open areas in lowlands outside the Amazon basin.
* The [[saffron siskin]] (''Spinus siemiradzkii'') is a [[finch]] found in [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]].
* The [[saffron toucanet]] (''Pteroglossus bailloni'') is a [[toucan]] from South American's [[Atlantic Forest]].

'''Aquatic animals '''
[[File:Saffron shiner.jpg|thumb|A male [[saffron shiner]] (''Notropis rubricroceus'')]]
* The [[saffron cod]] (''Eleginus gracilis'') is a commercially harvested fish in the North [[Pacific]].
* The [[saffron-coloured clam]] (''Tridacna crocea'') is a bivalve found in the Indo-Pacific region.
* The [[saffron shiner]] (''Notropis rubricroceus'') is a fish found in [[Tennessee River]] drainage.

'''Amphibians'''
* The [[saffron-bellied frog]] (''Chaperina fusca'') is a frog found in the [[Malay Peninsula]], Borneo, and the Philippines.

'''Insects'''
[[File:Lactarius deliciosus 1 (1).jpg|thumb|A [[saffron milkcap]] (''Lactarius deliciosus'')]]
* The [[saffron-winged meadowhawk]] (''Sympetrum costiferum'') is a [[dragonfly]] found in North America.
* The [[saffron beetle]] (''Calosoma schayeri'') is a beetle found in Australia.
* The [[saffron sapphire]] (''Iolaus pallene'') is a butterfly found in Africa.
* The [[saffron skipper]] (''Poanes aaroni'') is a [[skipper (butterfly)|skipper]] found in North America.

'''Fungi'''
* [[False saffron milkcap]] (''Lactarius deterrimus'') is a fungus found in Europe and Asia.
* [[Saffron milk cap]] (''Lactarius deliciosus'') is an edible fungus found in Europe.
* [[Saffron ringless amanita]] (''Amanita crocea'') is a [[Amantia]] found in Europe.

'''Viruses'''
*The [[Saffron Scourge]] is another name for [[yellow fever]].<ref name="Carrigan2015">{{cite book |author=Jo Ann Carrigan |title=The Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V71vjwEACAAJ |date=15 December 2015 |publisher=University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press |isbn=978-1-935754-48-0}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Saffron]], spice of the saffron crocus
*[[History of saffron]]
*[[RAL 1017 Saffron yellow]]
*[[List of colours]]
*[[Saffron Type System]], an [[Spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliased]] text-rendering engine
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Shades of yellow|Saffron}}
{{Shades of orange|Saffron}}

[[Category:Shades of yellow]]
[[Category:Shades of orange]]

Kaliganj Assembly constituency

2026-03-16T13:05:07Z

Adiyogirudraksha: quick update

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{For|disambiguation|Kaliganj (disambiguation){{!}}Kaliganj}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaliganj
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kaliganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kaliganj Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Alifa Ahmed]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2025 elections in India#West Bengal|2025]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 80
| established = 1951
| electors = 248,358
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kaliganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 80 Kaliganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bara Chandghar. [[Debagram]], Faridpur, Gobra, Hatgachha, Juranpur, Kaliganj, Matiari, Mira I, Mira II, Panighata, Plassey I and Plassey II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Kaliganj (Community development block)|Kaliganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Kaliganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 12 [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Member!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||S. M. Fazlur Rahman||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Mahananda Haldar<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||rowspan=3|S. M. Fazlur Rahman<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||Mir Fakir Mohammed||{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||Shib Sankar Bandopdhyay||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||rowspan=2|Debsaran Ghosh||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||rowspan=3|Abdus Salam Munshi||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||rowspan=2|Dhananjoy Modak||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref>
|[[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Hasanuzzaman Sk|Hasanuzzaman Sheikh]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 elections in India#West Bengal|2025^]]
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=কালীগঞ্জে ৪৯ হাজারের বেশি ভোটে জয়ী তৃণমূল প্রার্থী আলিফা, জনতাকে ধন্যবাদ মমতার |url=https://najarbandi.in/kaliganj-byelection-result-tmc-wins-over-49000-votes/ |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=Najarbandi}}</ref>
|-
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaliganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Alifa Ahmed
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Mondal

|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sabina Yasmin
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2025 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 elections in India#WestBengal|2025 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kaliganj<ref name="Kaliganj Bypoll Election Result 2025">{{cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Kaliganj Bypoll Election Result 2025 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S2580.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623141201/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S2580.htm |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Kaliganj bypolls: TMC candidate Alifa Ahmed secures landslide victory against BJP's Ashish Ghosh; CM Mamata Banerjee expresses gratitude">{{cite news |title=Kaliganj bypolls: TMC candidate Alifa Ahmed secures landslide victory against BJP's Ashish Ghosh; CM Mamata Banerjee expresses gratitude |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kaliganj-bypolls-tmc-candidate-alifa-ahmed-secures-landslide-victory-against-bjps-ashish-ghosh-cm-mamata-banerjee-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/122027644.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624043420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kaliganj-bypolls-tmc-candidate-alifa-ahmed-secures-landslide-victory-against-bjps-ashish-ghosh-cm-mamata-banerjee-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/122027644.cms |archive-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Alifa Ahmed]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,02,759
|percentage = 55.15
|change = {{increase}}1.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashish Ghosh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 52,710
|percentage = 28.29
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kabil Uddin Shaikh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28,348
|percentage = 15.21
|change = {{increase}}3.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,502
|percentage = 1.34
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,049
|percentage = 26.84
|change = {{increase}}4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,319
|percentage = 73.39
|change = {{decrease}}10.95
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Kaliganj constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2021.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2021, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=80| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190803/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=80| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work = Kaliganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="eci_2021">{{cite web|date=21 June 2021|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13605-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021/|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nasiruddin Ahamed | Nasiruddin Ahamed (Lal)]]|votes=1,10,696|percentage=53.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Abhijit Ghosh|votes=64,709|percentage=30.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abul Kashem|votes=25,076|percentage=11.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sujata Mandal|votes=1,567|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes=2,051|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=46,987|percentage=22.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=209,379|percentage=84.31|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Naseeruddin Ahamed of All India Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Sankar Sarkar of Revolutionary Socialist Party.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Kaliganj constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=80| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190803/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=80| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kaliganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nasiruddin Ahamed (Lal)
|votes = 74,091
|percentage = 47.33
|change = -2.28#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Sankar Sarkar
|votes = 56,913
|percentage = 36.35
|change = -6.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadeb Ghosh
|votes = 13,319
|percentage = 8.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sharifuddin Munshi
|votes = 6,863
|percentage = 4.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Sk. Akher Ali
|votes = 1,327
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Chandra Mandal
|votes = 1,259
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Altaf Hossain Sk.
|votes = 1,159
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Iman Mandal
|votes = 1,073
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Nekchaddin Sekh
|votes = 547
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 156,551
|percentage = 84.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = +4.63#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Sharifuddin Munshi, contesting as an independent candidate, was a rebel Congress candidate.<ref>''The Rebel Candidates in the Fray'', The Telegraph (print edition) 23 April 2011</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> state assembly elections, Dhananjoy Modak of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Kaliganj assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Nasiruddin Ahmed and Abdus Salam Munshi, both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Abdus Salam Munshi of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Dhananjoy Modak of RSP in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and Deb Saran Ghosh of RSP in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Debsaran Ghosh of RSP defeated Shibsankar Bandopadhyay of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and S.M.Fazlur Rahman of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp72.htm |title =72 - Kaliganj Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Shib Sankar Bandopdhyay of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Mir Fakir Mohammed, Independent, won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> S.M.Fazlur Rahman of Congress won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> The Kaliganj seat was not there in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> In 1962,[[Nakashipara Assembly constituency]] was an open seat, S.M.Fazlur Rahman of Congress won it. In 1957, Nakashipara was a joint seat with one reserved for SC. S.M.Fazlur Rahman and Mahananda Halder, both of Congress won. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], S.M.Fazlur Rahman of Congress won the Kaliganj open seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Banjar, India

2026-03-15T07:29:16Z

Adiyogirudraksha: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banjar
| image_skyline = View from Main Banjar Town.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| image_caption = Views of snow covered mountains from Banjar
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|38|15|N|77|20|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_title1 = MLA
| leader_name1 = [[Surender Shourie]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1435
| population_total = 1414
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kullui]] (Inner Saraji)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 175123
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 01903
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]-49
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Banjar''' (pronounced: ''banjāra'') is a town in [[Kullu district]] in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. Banjar is one of the five sub-divisions of Kullu district. Banjar town serves as the headquarters of Banjar sub-division and tehsil. Culturally, it is a part of the Seraj region that extends from Jalori pass to Shikari Devi in Janjehli. A dialect of [[Kullui|Kulluvi]] called Seraji is spoken in the region and the natives are also called Serajis. The tourist attractions of Tirthan valley and Jibhi are a part of the Banjar region with Banjar town being the main marketplace in Tirthan Valley.

The 45 village clusters in the tehsil rely on the town of Banjar for their major needs. The town has a Government Senior Secondary School, Government Degree College, Civil Hospital, Bus Station, Police Station and a Sub Divisional Magistrate's office.

Farming and horticulture are a major source of the local economy along with government jobs and recently booming tourism industry. Major horticulture produce in the lower reaches is centred around pomegranates, plums, pears, apricots, persimmons, walnuts while apples has been the major crop in the upper reaches. Trout fish farming has also become a part of the local economy in the region.

== Legend ==
Banjar is also associated with the birth of [[Rama|Lord Rama]]. According to a legend of ''[[Ramayana|Ramayana Kaal]]'', it was [[Rishyasringa|Rishi Shringi]] from the Banjar valley, who had an ashram at Chehni. He was the Purohit (sage) at the ''‘Putreshtiyajna’'' performed by [[Dasharatha|Raja Dashratha]] during the age of ''[[Satya Yuga]]'' (The Golden age) for a son to be born. As a result of the actions and prayers by Rishi Shringi, Lord Rama was born.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Banjar, Historical Significance of Banjar City |url=https://banjar.himachalonline.in/guide/history-of-banjar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240808171153/https://banjar.himachalonline.in/guide/history-of-banjar |archive-date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=banjar.himachalonline.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
Banjar is located at {{coord|31.63|N|77.35|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Banjar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Banjar]</ref> It is situated at an average height of 1,435 metres (4,708 ft) from sea level. The place lies on the alternate route to [[Kullu]] from [[Shimla]]. The main route is via Bilaspur and [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. The alternate route goes from Theog, Aani, Jalori Pass, Banjar and joins the main route at Aut.

Temperatures can go a few degrees below 0°C in the winter months of December–January and climb up to 30° in the peak summer months of June–July. The months of March, April, May, June, September, October, November are considered the best for hiking and exploring the region. The higher reaches of the valley receive heavy snowfall , however the town of Banjar along with other villages by the river Tirthan receive little snowfall once or twice each winter

The tree cover varies from pine forest in the lower reaches of the valley by Tirthan river, Deodar/Cedar forest in the middle region, Fir/Spruce/Oak/Horse Chestnut/Rhododendron in the upper parts followed by the lush meadows above the tree line.

The Banjar Valley is in the middle [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] range and going towards the east, the peaks progressively get taller, finally giving way to the Great Himalayan range, where peaks have heights of 4500 meters and above. Banjar is one of the tehsil of the Kullu district. C-24 is the name given to [[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar Constituency]]. Banjar constituency has three Zila Parishad ward names as Khadagad, Plahach, and Raila. The city is growing with rapid speed in the tourism industry. The valley is also a gateway to The [[Great Himalayan National Park]] from its north-eastern side. The town consists of a lot of pocket-friendly and less crowded tourist places and serves as a summer destination. The main source of earning in this area is through agriculture and horticulture. Now tourism and hospitality industry is attracting the locals.

[[File:TirthanRiver.jpg|thumb|right|Tirthan River]]
River Tirthan flows through Banjar along with the tributary Pushpabhadra flowing through the tourist town of Jibhi. The town of Banjar is located at the confluence of these two rivers. Tirthan River is protected by the Himachal Legislature as a free-flowing river.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SANDRP |date=2025-06-23 |title=Free flowing rivers |url=https://sandrp.in/category/free-flowing-rivers/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=SANDRP |language=en}}</ref>

'Banjar mela ' is the prominent festival of the region which is celebrated each year in the month of May.

Tirthan and Jibhi valley are the two main attractions in Banjar. Tirthan valley is also known for the Trout fish Valley and its divine beauty. People of Banjar celebrate many festivals like Magh-Sakranti (in January), Faguli (in March), Shairi (in September), and Diwali. People wear woolen clothes. There are many holy places.

[[File:FAGULI_FESTIVAL_IN_BANJAR_WHERE_LOCALS_ARE_DANCING.jpg|thumb|Villagers dancing during Faguli Festival in Banjar]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Banjar had a population of 1262. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Banjar has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 89% of the males and 78% of females literate. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age, of which 52% are male and 48% are female.

Administrative Setup<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Administrative Setup Banjar Sub-Division|url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/banjar-sub-division/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818212718/https://hpkullu.nic.in/banjar-sub-division/ |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> of Banjar Sub Division
{| class="wikitable"
|'''1'''
|Year of creation of Sub Division
|1963
|-
|2
|Total Area (Hectares)
|122900
|-
|3
|Total Assembly Constituency
|24-Banjar
|-
|4
|Administrative Units
|
|-
|4.1
|Tehsils
|1
Banjar
|-
|4.2
|Sub-Tehsils
|1
Sainj
|-
|4.3
|Blocks
|1
|-
|4.4
|Towns
|1
|-
|4.5
|Total Villages
|45
|-
|4.6
|Total Police Stations/Posts
|2
|-
|5
|Families
|
|-
|5.1
|Total Families
|10,940
|-
|5.2
|Rural Families
|10,597
|-
|5.3
|Urban Families
|343
|-
|6
|Literacy
|
|-
|6.1
|Total
|70.88
|-
|6.2
|Male
|83.28
|-
|6.3
|Female
|57.99
|-
|7
|Panchyati Raj
|
|-
|7.1
|Total Panchayats
|41
|-
|7.2
|Backward Panchayats
|7
|-
|7.3
|Zila Parishad Members
|2
|-
|7.4
|Panchayat Samiti Members
|15
|-
|7.5
|Gram Panchayat Members
|198
|-
|7.6
|Total Panchayat Secretaries
|12
|-
|7.7
|Total Panchayat Sahyaks
|22
|-
|7.8
|Total Technical Assistants
|10
|-
|8
|Agriculture
|
|-
|8.1
|Total Agricultural Land (Hect.)
|10,858
|-
|8.2
|Net Shown Area (Hect.)
|6,935
|-
|8.3
|Anganwaris
|45
|-
|8.4
|Primary Schools
|153
|-
|8.5
|Middle Schools
|20
|-
|8.6
|High Schools
|14
|-
|8.7
|Senior Secondary Schools
|3
|-
|8.8
|Colleges
|1
|-
|9
|Health
|
|-
|9.1
|P.H.C.
|3
|-
|9.2
|Sub-Centres
|18
|-
|9.3
|Hospitals
|1
|-
|9.4
|Ayurvadic Health Centres
|12
|-
|10
|Banks
|
|-
|10.1
|Co-operative Banks
|3
|-
|10.2
|Commercial Banks
|4
|-
|10.3
|Land Dev. Banks
|1
|-
|11
|No. of Micro Watershed Schemes
|6
|-
|11.1
|Area Covered (Hect.)
|3,701
|}

== Attractions ==
[[File:Nada_thach.jpg|thumb|Nada Thach, Tirthan Valley]]
[[File:Himalayan_range_from_Jalori_Pass.jpg|thumb|Jalori Pass]]
[[File:Tirthan_River,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpeg|thumb|Gushaini, Tirthan Valley]]
[[File:The_old_lady_cottage.jpg|thumb|Rolla, Tirthan Valley]]
[[File:Chehni_Kothi.png|thumb|upright|[[Chehni Kothi]]]]

There are many tourist attractions in Banjar, these are the waterfalls of Tirthan valley, [https://www.greathimalayannationalpark.org/service/shai-ropa-information-complex/ Shairopa forest complex], Chehni fort of deity [[Rishyasringa|Shringa Rishi]], Balo temple of deity Balo Nag, Jibhi town, Shoja, Jalori Pass, Bashleo Pass, Raghupur Fort,[[Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary|Tirthan WLS]] and the
[[Great Himalayan National Park]] etc.

== Transportation ==
Though [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Bhuntar]] is technically the closest airport, flights tend to be erratic due to the weather. Your best bet is to take the Himachal Tourism (HTPDC) bus to Manali. The state-run bus service is reliable and comfortable compared to private operators, and quite safe for travellers.

An alternate and more relaxed route is via [[Shimla]]. Descend down the breathtaking Jalori pass to enter the valleys via charming villages like Shoja and drive through beautiful cedar forests. You can also take a train (or flight) to Chandigarh and take a taxi to the valleys. Alternatively, take the toy train from Kalka to Shimla and drive down from there.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kullu district]]

K. C. Das (chemist)

2026-03-07T19:16:17Z

Adiyogirudraksha: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Tone|date=July 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khagendra Chandra Das
| image = Khagendra Chandra Das, co-founder of Calcutta Chemical Company.jpg
| occupation = Indian entrepreneur
| known_for = Co-founder of the [[Calcutta Chemical Company]]
| alma_mater = [[Heidelberg University]]
| notable_works = [[Margo (soap)]]
}}
'''Khagendra Chandra Das''' (often shortened as '''K.C. Das''') was an Indian entrepreneur and proprietor of the [[Calcutta Chemical Company]]. Under his leadership, the company became one of the most well-known businesses of the [[Swadeshi movement]], and was well-known for [[Margo (soap)]] and a number of other products.

== Early life ==
K.C. Das was born into an affluent [[Baidya]] family in Bengal. He was the son of [[Rai Bahadur]] Tarak Chandra Das, a judge, and Mohini Devi, who was later a staunch Gandhian and Independence activist. Mohini Devi was also a former President of the [[Mahila Atma Raksha Samiti]], an organisation committed to women's self defence. Amongst his siblings, the most notable was Dr. Prabhavati Das Gupta, a graduate from [[Heidelberg University]] and a trade union activist along with her husband and Congress MP Bakar Ali Mirza.

After completing his education in [[Calcutta]], he became a lecturer at Shibpur College (now [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]]). At this time, there could be seen a substantial growth in anti-British activity in [[Bengal]], highlighted by the growth of Revolutionary thought and action. Das got involved with a number of other youths who subscribed to this brand of thinking. His father, who was known to be close to certain officials in the Indian government, was informed that his son would soon be arrested if he did not take any preventive action. He then encouraged his son to go abroad to pursue higher studies. Das, who wanted nothing to do with Britain, instead chose to go to the [[United States]].

== Education abroad ==

=== United States ===
Das sailed for the United States on a scholarship from the Indian Society for the Advancement of Scientific Industry, and enrolled at [[UC Berkeley]]. However, he and another student, S.M. Bose (later founder of Duckback Waterproof) eventually transferred to [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colony May Follow|first=Students from India leave Berkeley for Palo Alto and a Hegira May Follow|date=|title=San Francisco Call 17 January 1907 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070117.2.28.8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104055812if_/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070117.2.28.8&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|archive-date=2020-11-04|access-date=2017-06-19|website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> Both graduated with degrees in Chemistry in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Soumya|date=2019-05-27|title=Bengal's Long Lost Entrepreneurial Spirit|url=https://medium.com/@soumyadasgupta.91/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit-4ea63a5d0a5d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135211/https://medium.com/@soumyadasgupta.91/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit-4ea63a5d0a5d|archive-date=2020-03-21|access-date=2020-04-04|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bengal's Long Lost Entrepreneurial Spirit|url=http://www.scribbler.co/r/5690ed8f7385ab2f7c419719/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214131/http://www.scribbler.co/r/5690ed8f7385ab2f7c419719/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit|archive-date=8 October 2018|access-date=2017-06-19|website=www.scribbler.co}}</ref> During this time, Das was very closely involved with Indian independence activities in the United States, forming the California chapter of the [[Indian Independence League]] and working closely with [[Lala Har Dayal]].

=== Japan ===
Before returning to India, both Bose and Das proceeded to Japan where each delved further into processes that would come to define their later businesses - waterproofing for Bose, and pharmaceuticals for Das.

== Calcutta Chemical Company ==

=== Establishment ===
Das, along with R.N. Sen and B.N. Maitra, incorporated the [[Calcutta Chemical Company]] in 1916. It had its registered office at 35 Panditia Road and an additional factory in [[Tiljala]]. The company was established in keeping with the prevailing air of the [[Swadeshi movement]], of which Das was a staunch supporter. He believed that one of the most important industries that was still cornered by the British was the pharmaceutical industry.

=== Popularity ===
The company became highly successful due to its toilet products. Das perfected the process to extract the essence of the Neem plant, which he believed to be symbolic of Indian products, which led to the creation of two enduring brands - [[Margo (soap)]] and Neem toothpaste. He priced them in such a way as to allow them to be affordable to every strata of society. He also created and marketed a number of other products, including Lavender Dew Powder (for a more upmarket segment).

With growing demand, the company expanded by creating distribution offices in all major cities in the country, and set up additional manufacturing plants in present day [[Tamil Nadu]]. The company then began international distribution in South East Asia, establishing a distribution chain in Singapore.

By the time of Das' death in the 1960s, the company had become amongst the most well-known and recognisable businesses in the South Asian region. It was also known for the manufacture of a number of important chemical compounds that were essential to industrial processes.

After his death, his younger brother, Jagadish Chandra Dasgupta took over the business as Chairperson.

== Personality ==
K.C. Das was a much beloved figure in [[Calcutta]], and was a lifelong believer in the Swadeshi philosophy and continued to be staunchly anti-British even post-Independence. Since his return from the United States and Japan, he chose to wear only [[Khadi]] clothing.

He was immensely popular in the [[Baidya]] community as well, providing scholarships to a number of young boys who came to Calcutta for their education. He was intensely committed to the ideals of entrepreneurship, and was known to dislike the idea of 'service'. At the time of his funeral, a number of people came forward and recounted how, on his walks around the lakes in Calcutta, Das would stop them and encourage them to give up the idea of looking for a job and start something of their own - no matter how small. Often he would provide the seed capital for the ventures, and never asked for the money back.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bengal's Long Lost Entrepreneurial Spirit|url=http://128.199.169.58/r/5690ed8f7385ab2f7c419719/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924041726/http://128.199.169.58/r/5690ed8f7385ab2f7c419719/bengals-long-lost-entrepreneurial-spirit|archive-date=2020-09-24|access-date=2020-04-04|website=128.199.169.58}}</ref>

== Trivia ==
* While he was staunchly anti-British, K.C. Das' only son married the daughter of noted Solicitor Susil C. Sen [[CBE]], a lawyer who had very close ties to the British government.
*His family name is Dasgupta, but being staunchly against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], his father dropped the 'Gupta' which associated them with the Baidya community.
* K.C. Das gave an opportunity to Debu Barik, the owner of a small eatery behind Bijoli Cinema in Calcutta, to run the canteen at the [[Calcutta Chemical Company]] office in Panditia Road, recognising an entrepreneurial spark in him. That eatery is now the famous Bijoli Grill, one of the most popular restaurants for Bengali food in the country.
* K.C. Das is the grandfather of noted columnist and [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Swapan Dasgupta]].

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, KC}}
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1960s deaths]]

Kazhakam

2026-03-03T21:19:42Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding a pg basic info

{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kazhakam
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair|MP Sukumaran Nair]]
| producer = [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair|MP Sukumaran Nair]]
| writer = [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair|MP Sukumaran Nair]]
| screenplay = [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair|MP Sukumaran Nair]]
| starring =
| music =[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] (Songs) [[Jerry Amaldev]] (Background Music)
| cinematography = Aswini Koaul
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M.S.Mani]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Kazhakam''''' is a 1996 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film directed by [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]] and starring [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2940|title=Kazhakam|accessdate=2014-11-09|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?2447|title=Kazhakam|accessdate=2014-11-09|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960315-controversy-mars-kerala-film-awards-again-834756-1996-03-14|title=Controversy mars Kerala film awards again|date=15 March 1996 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Radha is a village girl living close to the temple with her ill mother. Radha is not married as both her father and brother were dead which destabilised her mother's mental health. Her house accommodates the pilgrims to the temple. Nedumudi Venu and Mullanezhi are the temple workers and close friends of Radha. Radha makes flower chains for the lord at the temple. She makes a living by selling milk. A newly appointed teacher, Nandini Kukku Parameshwaran comes to the village. As there are no other safe and comfortable lodging available, Nandini stays at Radha's house. Nandini has a baby son, Kannan. When Nandini goes to work, Radha takes care of Kannan. This develops unbreakable bond between Radha and Kannan. Soon, Nandini found out that she is pregnant with her second child, by the time, Radha became almost a mother to Kannan, loving and caring him more than his biological mother.

Nandini and Kannan once goes to their hometown and Radha sees a nightmare during this time. This nightmare visibly upsets Radha. Once Nandini and Kannan come back, Kannan falls sick. Though treated by the village vaidyar the boy doesn't get better. Radha takes the lead and gets the boy to the hospital. A fully pregnant Nandini gets admitted in the next ward leaving Radha alone with Kannan. Radha sees Kannan dying.

The incident damages Radha's mental health. She decides to do nithyabhali and this is questioned by her friends as Kannan was only a guest in Radha's home. To which Radha responds that it was the God himself.

Radha after performing the rituals foe Kannan takes a dip at the pond and doesn't reappear.

==Cast==
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Radha
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Aashaan
* [[Ravi Vallathol]] as Chandran Pillai
*[[Mullanezhi]] as Thirumeni
* [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]] as Nandhini,Chandran Pillai's wife
* [[Meena Ganesh]] as Women at the hospital
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Radha's mother
* Mukundan as Manikkuttan

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]]
*[[Best Film]]
* [[Best Actress]]- [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0305723}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mitrudu

2026-03-03T18:08:37Z

Adiyogirudraksha: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mitrudu
| image = Mitrudu poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = M. Ratnam {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| screenplay = A. Mahadev
| producer = [[Sivalenka Krishna Prasad]]
| director = A. Mahadev
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Priyamani]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| studio = [[Sridevi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|5|1}}
| runtime = 154 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mitrudu''''' ({{translation|Friend}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by [[Sivalenka Krishna Prasad]] under Vaishavi Cinema banner, directed by Mahadev. Starring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Priyamani]] and music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. This film was later dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Aaj Ka Hindustani'' and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as ''Phool Aur Kaante''.

==Plot==
The film begins with industrialist Sai Krishna, whose beloved only daughter, Indu, is studying abroad and aspires to be a top-tier son-in-law. Muni Swamy approaches him to marry Indu to his infamous son when a brawl erupts. Simultaneously, Sai Krishna finds a prosperous alliance for Indu via advocate Vishwanath and proceeds. In between, enraged Muni Swamy ploys an attempt to kill him, which accelerates a disastrous accident, but he is safe. After one year, Indu lands in India secretly and visits [[Kumbakonam]] to meet a powerful astrologer as she has a defect in her horoscope. The astrologer proclaims the remedy is that she should marry an incredible man, and the only way to detect him is through his bravery and strength.

Now, Indu returns to [[Malaysia]], where Aditya is a valor but disparate & despond and waiting to depart from life. Indu is acquainted with and feels him, as declared in her star sign. From there, she shadows him as ''white on rice,'' confirming him to her destiny. Indu always aids his physically challenged friend Madhu, who upholds a welfare organization for the needy. Indu proposes to Aditya, which he denies but accepts after being observant of her liking, and the two weddings. As a flabbergast, Indu hoodwinked Aditya since her spouse's death is inevitable in the horoscope within a month; ergo, to abscond it, she has made this play. Indeed, she is in love with Madhu, unbeknownst that he is an imposter and regular whom her wealth has entrapped.

Next, Indu & Madhu silently slip to India, but abruptly, Aditya joins them. Surprisingly, he is aware that the entirety still wedlocks Indu, as he genuinely loves her, and squares up Madhu to shield Indu and expose his deplorable shade. After arrival, they receive disavowal from enraged Sai Krishna, on the verge of shooting Indu Aditya bars, and a strange sense starts in her. Later, Sai Krishna allows them because of prints on demand by his true-blue & best friend Keshava. Exploiting it, begrudged Muni Swamy derisions at Sai Krishna. Accordingly, Aditya patiently faces the music he thresholds, and Indu's endearment also hikes. Anyhow, Aditya confronts Muni Swamy and lets his conceit down. Infuriated, Madhu intrigues to slay Aditya when Keshava impedes him, who turns into a treacherous & mastermind behind the scam, being the father of Madhu—subsequently, the knaves plot by revolting Aditya on workers as Sai Krishna is keen on them. Plus, Madhu stabs Keshava to exaggerate his fury. Spotting it, Aditya backfires on him, which Indu distorts and reacts when Aditya is gravely injured. Currently, he is in critical condition, and Sai Krishna is angrily looking forward to his death. Suddenly, Lawyer Viswanath grounds therein retorts on Sai Krishna affirms Aditya is the same whom he yearned to make as his son-in-law and spins back.

Raghavendra Bapineedu, the grandfather of Aditya, is a top-tier region member. On his 80th birthday, his conjoined extended family arrives from abroad, and they spend a jollity time. During their return, a hazardous blast happens in the house because of the misfortune of Sai Krishna's accident. Today, Aditya is left alone, protected by an omnipotent bracelet bestowed by his grandfather, so he has no interest in life. Listening to it, Sai Krishna regrets, and Indu's faithful adoration flourishes on Aditya. All at once, Aditya disappears when Viswanath says that it's exactly one year since his family died. Hence, he has gone to their village to conduct their ceremony. Aditya holds the pain, closes the event, and collapses at his ruined house to leave his breath. Besides, the soothsayer questioned whether the horoscope became real. Then, he proclaims that he has knitted the two as they are footing each other. At this juncture, Indu's willpower is his strength to survive. Concurrently, Indu gets to Aditya, and Madhu enters the scene, colluding with Muni Swamy, where she learns his actual shade. Thus, Indu comprehends the right of their plight in her lying dying. In this light, she attempts suicide. At last, Aditya wakes up, ceases the baddies, and secures Indu. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the uniting of Aditya & Indu.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Aditya
* [[Priyamani]] as Indu
* [[Arjan Bajwa|Deepak]] as Madhu
* [[Brahmanandam]] as JB Jan / Jana Bethedu Janardhan
* [[Mannava Balayya|M. Balayya]] as Aditya's grandfather
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Ahuti Prasad]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Krishna Bhagawan]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* Surekha Vani
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
* Srilalitha as Takhali
* Kuchuri Rachana Moiurya
* Sandhya Jalak
* Giridhar
* Rama Chandra
* [[Vasu Inturi]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Baby Annie]] as Adhitya's sister-in-law
*Madhavi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090716/an-actress-by-chance-madhavi-talks-about-her-struggle.html|title=An actress by chance: Madhavi talks about her struggle|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=9 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mitrudu
| type = film
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 April 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:36
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Ek Niranjan]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
Music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music released on [[Lahari Music]] Company.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:36
| title1 = Thellavarithey
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = By Birthe
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Dont Touch Me
| lyrics3 = Anantha Sriram
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Jhummandi Vallantha
| lyrics4 = Oruganti
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length4 = 3:59
| title5 = Priyamani
| lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length5 = 4:24
| title6 = Akasam Nunchi
| lyrics6 = Vennelakanti
| extra6 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length6 = 4:30
}}

== Release ==
The film met with negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mitrudu.html|title=Mitrudu review - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna & Priyamani|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mithrudu/movie-review/4476100.cms |title=Mithrudu Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mithrudu by Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222170835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mithrudu/movie-review/4476100.cms |archive-date=2021-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/M/Mithrudu/Mithrudu_review.html|title=Mithrudu Movie Review, Trailers, Galleries, Photos - 123telugu.com - Andhra Pradesh News and Views|website=www.123telugu.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1579975|Mitrudu}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]

Arya 2

2026-03-03T18:02:15Z

Adiyogirudraksha: minor cleanup

{{short description|2009 film directed by Sukumar}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arya
| image = Arya_2_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Navdeep]]
| director = [[Sukumar]]
| screenplay = T. Prakash Chandrasekhar T. Ramesh
| story = Sukumar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Vema Reddy}}
}}
| producer = [[Aditya Babu]] [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Studios]]
| cinematography = B. Rajasekar
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|11|27}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = Aditya Arts
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Arya 2''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[romantic action comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Sukumar]]. Produced by [[Aditya Babu]] and [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] under the Aditya Arts banner, the film stars [[Allu Arjun]] in the titular role, alongside [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Navdeep]] with music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. It serves as a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2008 |title='Arya' sequel rolls at Annapurna Studios |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/arya-sequel-rolls-at-annapurna-studios-tamil-news-42099.html |access-date=2 April 2016 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

The film explores the complex [[Love–hate relationship|love-hate]] relationship between two childhood friends, Arya and Ajay, and their mutual love for Geetha, set against a backdrop of corporate and family conflicts. ''Arya 2'' was released theatrically on 27 November 2009 to mixed reviews. While the film opened to strong box office collections, its run was affected in [[Telangana]] due to disruptions caused by the [[Telangana movement|Telangana agitation]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was later dubbed into [[Malayalam]] with the same title, and released across [[Kerala]] on 5 February 2010 with 100 prints and was successful in the state.

Over the years, ''Arya 2'' has been re-evaluated as one of the best films in Allu Arjun and Sukumar's filmography and gained a massive fan following particularly from the youth. It received praise for the performances of its leads(particularly Arjun), Sukumar's writing, music, cinematography and technical aspects. Over the time, the film has gained a cult status. Owing to its enduring popularity post release, it was eventually re-released on April 5, 2025 on the occasion of Arjun's birthday. It grossed over ₹6.75 crore and is currently the 5th highest grossing re-released Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2025 |title=Top Re Release Movies Collections RECORDS |url=https://t2blive.com/top-re-release-movies-collections-records/ |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
At an [[orphanage]], two orphans, Arya and Ajay, form an uneasy bond. Arya, who is [[Psychosis|mentally unstable]], forces a friendship with Ajay, who secretly despises him. A wealthy family wishes to adopt one of them and decides through a coin toss, which Arya lets Ajay win. Ajay grows up to become a successful businessman, while Arya becomes an extreme [[Psychopathy|psychopath]]. When thugs attack Ajay, Arya intervenes and injures them using surgical instruments, leading to his arrest. Ajay bails him out, but Arya's reckless driving causes a car accident. Arya then demands a job at Ajay's company in exchange for his life, and Ajay reluctantly agrees, on the condition that Arya reforms into a well-mannered and hardworking businessman.

Arya adapts to corporate life and gains respect for his hard work. Santhi, a colleague, develops feelings for him, but he rejects her advances. Meanwhile, both Ajay and Arya fall in love with Geetha, a new employee. While Ajay suppresses his feelings, Arya openly expresses his love, making Geetha uncomfortable. She tries to expose his obsessive behavior but fails. Eventually, she manipulates Arya into confessing his love before revealing her feelings to Ajay, hoping to distance herself from Arya. However, Ajay, aware that Geetha does not truly love him, frames Arya for a car accident to eliminate him as a rival.

As Ajay and Geetha grow closer, Arya decides to unite them. However, Geetha’s violent family arranges her marriage to settle a gang feud. Arya travels to her village to prevent the wedding and rescues her during a fight. To protect her, he marries her but secretly plans to reunite her with Ajay. However, Arya becomes more emotionally attached to Geetha. Upon returning home, Arya discovers that Geetha’s father, Raji Reddy, has read his diary, learning of Ajay and Geetha’s plans. He rushes to save Ajay from being killed by Raji Reddy and forces Kasi Reddy, a rival gang leader, to take Geetha hostage in exchange for Ajay's release. During a night with Subbi, Kasi Reddy’s son, Arya and him make a friendship with each other. Subbi tells Arya that he has loved Geetha for 10 years. This causes Arya breaks down and cries over Geetha as he’s not able to bear the pain of losing her in his life. Subbi understands and holds him while he breaks down over Geetha and realizes nobody can love Geetha the way Arya loves her. With the help of Subbi, Arya arranges passports for Ajay and Geetha to flee. He asks for one last day with them, feeling they have never truly considered him a friend. During this time, Geetha begins to fall in love with Arya and soon realizes his pain of losing her, and Ajay changes their escape destination to [[Australia]] to prevent Arya from following them. But, Arya already knows about Ajay changing the escape destination to Australia as he and Geetha have a conversation. Geetha, worried about what can happen to Arya if her father finds out about him helping her and Ajay. Arya responds by saying he can die for her. This makes Geetha realizes that Arya will do anything to see her happy even if it causes his death.

As they prepare to leave, Geetha confesses to Ajay that she informed her father about their relationship due to her decision of keeping Arya safe as she has fallen for him and not make him pay the consequences for Ajay and Geetha's relationship. Raji Reddy arrives and attacks Ajay, chaos occurs. Arya saves Ajay from being attacked. Raji Reddy slaps Geetha, Arya intervenes which prompts Raji to attack him. Raji stops as Geetha threatens herself by slitting her wrist which scares Arya. Raji threatens Ajay, which prompts Arya threaten Geetha later himself when Raji tells him that he can’t hurt Geetha as she is his life. When Raji Reddy attempts to stab Ajay, Arya intervenes and is wounded. This incident makes Geetha realizes Arya's love is deeply and emotionally part of him and Ajay realizing despite Arya knowing how much Ajay hates him, understands how much his friendship with Ajay means to Arya.

At the hospital, Ajay decides and tells Arya that he will be a real friend to Arya, that he has been for these past years. Arya asks Ajay to press a button, and Ajay, unaware of its consequences, presses it, causing the oxygen supply to stop. Arya survives, but Geetha, misunderstanding Ajay's actions, slaps him. In private, Arya apologizes to Ajay, who finally realizes the depth of Arya’s love for Geetha. The story concludes with Ajay leaving with a smile, accepting Arya and Geetha's relationship and Geetha holding Arya's hand.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Allu Arjun]] as Arya “Mr Perfect”
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Geethanjali, Arya's wife and Raji Reddy’s daughter
*[[Navdeep]] as Ajay, Arya’s best friend & Geetha’s colleague and boyfriend
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Raji Reddy, Geetha's father (voice dubbed by P Ravi Shankar)
*[[Shraddha Das]] as Shanti
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Subbi Reddy
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Dasavatharam, Ajay's secretary
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Kasi Reddy, Subbi Reddy's father
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Raji Reddy's mother
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] As Cameo
*[[Krishnudu]]
*Devi Charan
*Erina Andriana in [[item number]] "Ringa Ringa”
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arya 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = November 1, 2009, Rock Heights, [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack album|Soundtrack]]
| length = 39:17
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Kanthaswamy]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Adhurs]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The music was released on 1 November 2009 at Rock Heights, [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The audio rights of the soundtrack were purchased by [[Sony Music India]]. It was also recorded in Malayalam and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Music gets Arya 2 audio rights - News |url=http://www.cineicon.com/News/Telugu/sony-bmg-gets-aarya-2-audio-rights-news280909 |website=News - Telugu |publisher=Cineicon}}</ref> The tracks "Ringa Ringa", "Uppenantha Prema" and "My Love Is Gone" topped the music charts. The song "Ringa Ringa" received a cult status. The music of the song was re-used by Devi Sri Prasad in the Salman Khan's film, [[Ready (2011 film)|''Ready'']] as "Dhinka Chika". And it was also re-used in [[Kannada]] movie ''[[5 Idiots]]''.

Following the [[internet phenomenon]] of "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]" in 2011, "Ringa Ringa" was featured alongside "[[Gemini (soundtrack)|Oh Podu]]", "[[Ghilli#Music|Appadi Podu]]" and "[[Naaka Mukka]]" in a small collection of [[South Indian cinema|South Indian]] songs that are considered a "national rage" in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M Suganth |date=24 November 2011 |title=Why south songs are a national rage... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref>

=== Telugu Track list ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2009 |title=Aarya - 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7vuWNVdv7zSwgHJ7qx26O4 |via=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mr. Perfect
| length1 = 4:37
| lyrics1 = Kedar
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]] & [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| title2 = Uppenantha
| length2 = 5:27
| lyrics2 = Balaji
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| title3 = Baby He Loves You
| length3 = 5:21
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| title4 = Ringa Ringa
| length4 = 5:33
| lyrics4 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra4 = [[Priya Hemesh]]
| title5 = Karige Loga
| length5 = 6:03
| lyrics5 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra5 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]] & [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| title6 = My Love Is Gone
| length6 = 4:48
| lyrics6 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K.G. Ranjith]]
| title7 = Karige Loga (D-Plugged)
| length7 = 2:54
| lyrics7 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra7 = Sagar
| title8 = Mr.Perfect (DSP Mix)
| length8 = 4:16
| lyrics8 = Kedar
| extra8 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| total_length = 39:00
}}

=== Malayalam Track list ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Songs from the movie Aarya 2 |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?m=4173 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Siju Thuravoor.
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mr. Perfect
| length1 = 4:38
| extra1 = Anwar Sadath, Devi Sri Prasad, Chorus
| title2 = Chendu Mallika
| length2 = 5:29
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title3 = Mohajaalakam (Baby He Loves You)
| length3 = 5:23
| extra3 = [[Vidhu Prathap]]
| title4 = Ringa Ringa
| length4 = 5:35
| extra4 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| title5 = Kai Neettunnu
| length5 = 6:05
| extra5 = Jobi, Megha
| title6 = My Love Is Gone
| length6 = 4:50
| extra6 = Alex Kayyalaykkal
| total_length =
}}

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote, "On a whole, ''Arya 2'' is a different film that can appeal to A centers and class crowds".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2009 |title=Telugu Movie review - Arya 2 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arya2.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two out of five stars stating, "It's only the first half of the film which makes for interesting viewing, otherwise the film is the usual routine stuff interspersed with some good dances and slick technical work".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=27 November 2009 |title=Arya 2 is disappointing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-review-arya2/20091127.htm |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''Arya 2'' was released on 27 November 2009. It was also dubbed in [[Malayalam]] under the same title, in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''I Love You Geeta'', in [[Hindi]] as ''Arya: Ek Deewana'' (2010), and was remade under the title ''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

''Arya 2'' was re-released on 5 April 2025.

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INRConvert|25|c}} in its first week, including {{INRConvert|18|c}} from Nizam area. However the film was affected when its screening was halted in [[Telangana|Telangana region]] due to [[Telangana movement|Telangana Agitation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2012 |title=Interview with Allu Arjun |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/alluarjun.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
;[[57th Filmfare Awards South]]
;;Won
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] - [[Priya Hemesh]] - "Ringa Ringa"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]] - [[Prem Rakshith]] - "Mr. Perfect" song

;;Nomination
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] - [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] - [[Allu Arjun]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]] - [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback]] - [[Baba Sehgal]] - "Mr. Perfect"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]] - [[Vanamali]] - "Karigeloga Jeevitam"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1526323}}

{{Sukumar (director)}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s buddy films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sukumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films set in offices]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy films]]

Prema Oka Maikam

2026-03-03T17:52:25Z

Adiyogirudraksha: added initial post w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Oka Maikam
| image = PREMA OKA MAIKAM poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Telugu language poster
| director = [[Chandu (Film Director)|Chandu]]
| producer = Venkata Suresh Srikanth Surya
| screenplay = [[Chandu (Film Director)|Chandu]] [[Pulagam Chinnarayana]]
| story = [[Chandu (Film Director)|Chandu]]
| starring = [[Charmy Kaur]] [[Rahul Haridas]]
| music = M.G.K. Praveen SR Posam
| editing = V. Nagireddy
| studio = Touring Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|30}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Prema Oka Maikam Movie Review|url=http://filmcircle.com/prema-oka-maikam-movie-review/|access-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055759/http://filmcircle.com/prema-oka-maikam-movie-review/|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| runtime = 174 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Prema Oka Maikam''''' ({{translation|Love is an illusion}}) is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language film directed by [[Chandu (director)|Chandu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Charmee's next|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/charmee-s-next-imagegallery-tollywood-ncolW0gfcbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214135550/http://www.sify.com/movies/Charmee-s-next-imagegallery-Tollywood-ncolW0gfcbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2013|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> It was released on 30 August 2013 and stars [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Rahul Haridas|Rahul]], and [[Saranya Nag]] as the lead characters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakpak|title=Charmi's next 'Prema Oka Maikam' ready for release|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130827/entertainment-tollywood/article/charmi%E2%80%99s-next-%E2%80%98prema-oka-maikam%E2%80%99-ready-release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829085750/http://deccanchronicle.com/130827/entertainment-tollywood/article/charmi%E2%80%99s-next-%E2%80%98prema-oka-maikam%E2%80%99-ready-release|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2013|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 August 2013}}</ref> The film's script was written by Chandu and [[Pulagam Chinnarayana]], who worked as the script's dialogue writer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prema Oka Maikam to release on June 7th|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prema-oka-maikam-to-release-on-june-7th-news-telugu-nfksCxjdgbi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126015848/http://www.sify.com/movies/prema-oka-maikam-to-release-on-june-7th-news-telugu-nfksCxjdgbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2015|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref>

''Prema Oka Maikam'' has been described as "a film for men, especially for those men who enjoy being drowsy and drowned into love, lust or wine" and Chandu commented that Charmy "has given soul to the character and will win all the hearts".<ref>{{cite news|title=Charmi As Mallika In 'Prema Oka Maikam'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/96849.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828062811/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/96849.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2013|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=India Glitz|date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Charmi gets special praise|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454212_1_charmi-telugu-top-actors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454212_1_charmi-telugu-top-actors|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2013|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film follows Mallika ([[Charmy Kaur]]) an intelligent and independent young woman that works as a call girl but refuses to take just any man that comes along. When poet Lalith (Rahul) and Mallika have a chance meeting, the two connect instantly. Swathi ([[Saranya Nag]]) is a singer that gained her popularity after appearing on a television talent show, but ends up getting drawn into a love triangle between Mallika and Lalith.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Mallika
* [[Rahul Haridas]] as Lalith
* [[Saranya Nag]] as Swathi
* [[Ravi Babu]]
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Vamshi
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* Surekha Vani
* Jackie
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* Chanti
* Satish
* Sony Charishta
* Saraswati Amma
}}

== Production ==
Development on ''Prema Oka Maikam'' began in 2012 and Charmi Kaur was announced to perform one of the lead roles.<ref name="SF1">{{cite web|title=Charmi's role crucial in 'Prema Oka Maikam': Telugu producer|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/charmi-s-role-crucial-in-prema-oka-maikam-telugu-producer-news-national-nbimaBgaiji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126022855/http://www.sify.com/movies/charmi-s-role-crucial-in-prema-oka-maikam-telugu-producer-news-national-nbimaBgaiji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2015|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Chandu denied claims that Kaur was hired to "boost the movie's glamour quotient" and stated that they chose her because they believed that she could perform the role and that "we felt she was apt, but not because to add glamor".<ref name="SF1" /> Footage for ''Prema Oka Maikam'' was shot in [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and the film went into post production in early 2013.<ref name="SF1" /> The film initially had a projected release date of February 2013, but was pushed back to an August release.<ref name="SF1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Charmme's Prema Oka Maikam to release on Aug 30|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454036_1_charmme-prema-oka-maikam-mallika|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831091207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454036_1_charmme-prema-oka-maikam-mallika|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2013|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

The film's music was written by MGK Praveen who composed 3 songs for “Prema Oka Maikam” and the other 3 songs were composed by SR Posam .<ref>{{cite news|last=NARASIMHAM|first=M. L.|title=Therapy For Love|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/therapy-for-love/article4085255.ece|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Prema Oka Maikam
| extra1= Deepu, Hansika
| title2= Baby Baby Naalo
| extra2 = Bhargavi Pilaye
| title3= Swachamaina Prematho
| extra3= Charmi, Deepu
| title4= Ragala Megham
| extra4= [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| title5 = Middle Drop
| extra5 = Suri P.
| title6= Priyuni Chirunama
| extra6 = Bhargavi Pillaye
}}

==Reception==
IndiaGlitz panned the movie, remarking that it was "easily the year's worst ever movie".<ref name="IGReview">{{cite news|title=Prema Oka Maikam - Hare-brained|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/16787.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328192307/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/16787.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2013|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=IndiaGlitz|date=30 August 2013}}</ref> The reviewer commented that the background music was "annoying and highly inappropriate", and that the narration was "downright stupid".<ref name="IGReview" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Munnar (film)

2026-03-03T04:22:57Z

Adiyogirudraksha: started some pg w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| director = K. Thambi Durai
| writer = K. Thambi Durai
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]|[[Prem (actor)|Prem]]|K. Thambi Durai|[[Ragasya]]|[[Charulatha|Reethima]]}}
| cinematography = C. Marimuthu
| editing = L. Kesavan
| music = [[Devendran]]
| studio = Thennaga Thirai Koodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|10|02}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Munnar''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by K. Thambi Durai. The film stars [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] and K. Thambi Durai. It was released on 2 October 2009.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2025}}
Vaithyaraman is looking for his brother Chandramouli who went missing during his honeymoon. Chandramouli 's wife Sandhya is admitted into a mental hospital. A [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Karthikeyan is assigned to find Chandramouli .

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Karthikeyan
*[[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Shankar
*K. Thambi Durai as Chandra Mouli
*[[Ragasya]] as Vandana
*[[Charulatha|Reethima]] as Sandhya
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as a judge
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Sandhya's mother
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Vaithyaraman
*Master Karthik
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Kanagavel
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Kathirvel
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Inspector Rajakumaran
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
}}

== Production ==
K. Thambi Durai, a former assistant director to Seventh Channel's Manickam Narayanan, announced the film with [[Riyaz Khan]] to play the second hero in the film. Music is by [[Devendran]] and the camera work is by C. Marimuthu who has done 24 Malayalam films, and also the British film ''In The Name Of God'' and the Tamil film ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' (2005). Reddy master does the choreography while L. Kesavan is the editor. The film launch was attended by KRG, Manickam Narayanan, Kaja Mydeen, Ibrahim Rowther, Abirami Ramanathan, Kalipuli G.Sekar and [[Riyaz Khan]] among others. Riyaz Khan revealed that he is playing the second hero in the film. "The film is a thriller and my character in the film is attracted by the fragrance of the heroine in the car she has sat in and left just before I enter. I don’t see her but only feel her presence through the fragrance. It’s a heroine oriented subject," he revealed. Riyaz Khan was later replaced by [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]. The scenes were shot mainly in [[Munnar]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Ooty]] and [[Thekkady]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2008 |title=Munnar- A new film launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/munnar-a-new-film-launched-news-tamil-kkft1Refhhb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114735/http://www.sify.com/movies/munnar-a-new-film-launched-news-tamil-kkft1Refhhb.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=9 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Devendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2009 |title=Munnar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/munnar/W6O8PK1Oz6Y_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321060037/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/munnar/W6O8PK1Oz6Y_ |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2 June 2009 |title=Music review: Munnar (Tamil – Ravi Devendran) |url=https://milliblog.com/2009/06/02/music-review-munnar-tamil-ravi-devendran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250221130143/https://milliblog.com/2009/06/02/music-review-munnar-tamil-ravi-devendran/ |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Konjam Poo Konjam Thaen" (Duet) || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 4:26
|-
| "Konjam Poo Konjam Thaen" (Solo) || Chinmayi || 4:26
|-
| "Minminikku Thangachi Naan" || Reshmi || 4:44
|-
| "Pulikkuma Thuvarkuma" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Hema Nandu || 3:29
|-
| "Sri Ranga Sri Ranga" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:23
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Discrepancies are aplenty and so are gaffes. ''Moonar'' (U/A) tries to stand on the strength of a true murder story — it could have, if it had been aided by racy narration. But instead of a bolstering screenplay, you have one that goes limp midway".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 October 2009 |title=Suspense skewed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Suspense-skewed/article16885481.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250221125340/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Suspense-skewed/article16885481.ece |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devendran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Thuneri (film)

2026-03-03T02:34:35Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made initial article w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thuneri
| image = Thuneri film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sunil Dixon
| producer = Sunil Dixon
| writer = Sunil Dixon
| starring = [[John Vijay]] Nivin Karthik Miya Sree
| music = Kalaiarasan
| cinematography = Kalesh Allan
| editing =
| studio = Shadow Light Entertainment
| distributor = Action Reaction Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|12|24}}
| runtime = 116 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Thuneri''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language horror drama film produced, written and directed by Sunil Dixon. [[John Vijay]], Nivin Karthik and Miya Sree appear in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title='தூநேரி' குடும்பத்தோடு கண்டு களிக்கும் வகையில் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட பேய் படம் |url=https://chennaiglitz.com/thooneri-horror-movie/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Chennaiglitz.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[John Vijay]] as Karuppasamy
*Nivin Karthik as Inspector
*Miya Sree as Maya
*Maria Charm as Nila
*Krishna Kumar as Mandiravadi
*Santhosh as Vishva

== Release and reception==
The film was released on 24 December 2021 across theatres in Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' labelled the film as "scary".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2021 |title=Tamil cinema Thuneri movie review in tamil || குழந்தைகளை மிரட்டும் பேய் - தூநேரி விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/12/25174209/3325494/Tamil-cinema-Thuneri-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118053359/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/12/25174209/3325494/Tamil-cinema-Thuneri-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Cinema.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> Newspaper ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' also gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-17 |title=Ghost that scares children: 'Thuneri' movie review |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/2021/12/27140630/Ghost-that-scares-children-Thuneri-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405032000/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/2021/12/27140630/Ghost-that-scares-children-Thuneri-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News Today]]'' wrote that "Though a template [[horror film]] and there are cliches, yet Thuneri is watchable. Plenty of CG works too finds a place. Well begun is half done is what ''Thuneri'' is all about".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Bharat Kumar |date=24 December 2021 |title=Review: Thuneri |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2021/12/24/review-thuneri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001171936/https://newstodaynet.com/2021/12/24/review-thuneri/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref>

Critic Malini Mannath wrote "it could have turned into a watchable film for children, had the director focused on that aspect of it. ''Thuneri'' is a promising debut from a debutant maker".<ref>{{Cite web |last=malinimannath |date=2021-12-24 |title=Review- Thuneri – Malini Mannath |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2021/12/24/review-thuneri/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Malinimannath.wordpress.com}}</ref> A reviewer from ''MyKollywood'' noted it was a "decent horror movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naveen |date=2021-12-25 |title=Thuneri - Review by Naveen |url=https://mykollywood.com/movie/movie-review/thuneri-review-by-naveen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225182707/https://mykollywood.com/movie/movie-review/thuneri-review-by-naveen/ |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.mykollywood.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020s horror drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sunbeam College for Women

2026-02-21T23:48:14Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made a stub initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sunbeam College for Women
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
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| location = [[Bhagawanpur, Varanasi|Bhagwanpur]]
| region =
| city = [[Varanasi]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| county =
| postal_code = 
| zipcode =
| country = [[India]]
| country1 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.273506|83.000829|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = [[Undergraduate education#Indian system|degree college]]
| fundingtype = Private
| type =
| motto = Duty, Devotion, Discipline
| motto_translation =
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination =
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| founded =
| opened = {{Start date|2000|07|01|df=y}}
| founder = Deepak Madhok
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| president = Deepak Madhok
| chair = 
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| principal = Prerna Sharma
| campus_director =
| headmistress = Bibha Rai (Jr School), Mausami Bhattacharya (Sr School)
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| key_people = Sukhvinder Kaur (vice president)<ref name="Management">{{cite news|title=Management|publisher=Official website|access-date=July 14, 2015|url=http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/pdf-sec/Bylaws.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111611/http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/pdf-sec/Bylaws.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| grades = 
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| gender = Female
| age_range = 
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| affiliation = [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]]
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'''Sunbeam College for Women''' is a [[women's college|women's]] [[Undergraduate education#Indian system|degree college]] in [[Bhagawanpur, Varanasi|Bhagawanpur]], [[Varanasi]], India. The college imparts [[Undergraduate education#Indian system|undergraduate education]].<ref name="About">{{cite news |title=About|publisher=Official website|access-date=July 14, 2015 |url=http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714223301/http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/index.php|archive-date=14 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Location">{{cite news |title=Location|publisher=Latlong.net|accessdate=July 14, 2015 |url=http://www.latlong.net/}}</ref>

== History ==
Sunbeam College for Women is a part of the Sunbeam Group of Educational Institutions. The college was established and opened in 2000 by Deepak Madhok, who is also its president. The college has 22 classrooms and a hostel facility on campus.<ref name="Group">{{cite news|title=Group|publisher=Official website|access-date=July 14, 2015|url=http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/about-us.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111605/http://www.sunbeamcollege.com/about-us.php|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers the following courses:

* [[Undergraduate education#India|Undergraduate]] courses in [[Commerce]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]), [[Science]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]]) and in [[Information technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology|B.C.A.]])

== See also ==
* [[List of educational institutions in Varanasi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]

Kamadhenu

2026-02-21T14:22:00Z

Adiyogirudraksha: minor update intro per standard format further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Hindu goddess; Divine cow in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Surabhi}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Kamadhenu
| image = Arulmigu Rajamariamman Devasthanam, JB (2025) - img 57 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Kamadhenu at Arulmigu Rajamariamman Devasthanam, [[Johor Bahru]], [[Malaysia]]
| other_names = Surabhi
| Devanagari = कामधेनु
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kāmadhenu
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Lakshmi]]
| god_of = The Cow Mother Goddess of [[Cows]]
| abode = [[Goloka]], [[Patala]] or the hermitages of sages, [[Jamadagni]] and [[Vashista]]
| mantra =
| consort = [[Kashyapa]]
| children = Nandini, Dhenu, Harschika and Subhadra
}}
'''Kamadhenu''' ({{langx|sa|कामधेनु}}, {{IPA|sa|kaːmɐˈdʱeːnʊ|}}, {{IAST|Kāmadhenu}}), also known as '''Surabhi''' ({{lang|sa|सुरभि}}, {{IAST|Surabhi}} or {{lang|sa|सुरभी}}, {{IAST|Surabhī}}<ref>[https://sanskrit.inria.fr/DICO/71.html#surabhi Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary - सुरभि surabhi] (in French)</ref>), is a divine bovine-goddess described in [[Hinduism]] as the mother of all cows. She is a miraculous cow of plenty who provides her owner whatever they desire and is often portrayed as the mother of other cattle. In iconography, she is generally depicted as a white cow with a female head and breasts, the wings of a bird, and the tail of a [[peafowl]] or as a white cow containing various deities within her body. Kamadhenu is not worshipped independently as a goddess. Rather, she is honored by the [[Cattle in religion#In Hinduism|Hindu veneration of cows]], who are regarded as her earthly embodiments.

Hindu scriptures provide diverse accounts of the birth of Kamadhenu. While some narrate that she emerged from [[Samudra manthan|the churning of the cosmic ocean]], others describe her as the daughter of the creator god [[Daksha]], and as the wife of the sage [[Kashyapa]]. Still other scriptures narrate that Kamadhenu was in the possession of either [[Jamadagni]] or [[Vashista]] (both ancient sages), and that kings who tried to steal her from the sage ultimately faced dire consequences for their actions. Kamadhenu plays the important role of providing milk and milk products to be used in her sage-master's oblations; she is also capable of producing fierce warriors to protect him. In addition to dwelling in the sage's hermitage, she is also described as dwelling in [[Goloka]]—the realm of the cows—and [[Patala]], the netherworld.

==Etymology==
Kamadhenu is often addressed by the proper name ''Surabhi'' or ''Shurbhi'', which is also used as a synonym for an ordinary cow.<ref name = "kamadhenu"/> Professor Jacobi considers the name ''Surabhi'' ("the fragrant one") to have originated from the peculiar smell of cows.<ref name="hastings"/> According to the [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1899), Surabhi means fragrant, charming, pleasing, as well as cow and earth. It can specifically refer to the divine cow Kamadhenu, the mother of cattle who is also sometimes described as a ''[[Matrika]]'' ("mother") goddess.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1235-suravIthI.jpg|title=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|first = Monier|year=2008|page=1232|orig-year = 1899|publisher=[[University of Cologne|Universität zu Köln]]|author-link =Monier Monier-Williams}}</ref> Other proper names attributed to Kamadhenu are ''Sabala'' ("the spotted one") and ''Kapila'' ("the red one").<ref name="Yves"/>

The epithets ''Kamadhenu'' ({{lang|sa|कामधेनु}}), ''Kamaduh'' ({{lang|sa|कामदुह्}}) and ''Kamaduha'' ({{lang|sa|कामदुहा}}) literally mean the cow "from whom all that is desired is drawn"—"the cow of plenty".<ref name="Yves"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0272-kAmakalikA.jpg|title=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|first = Monier|year=2008|page=272|orig-year = 1899|publisher=[[University of Cologne|Universität zu Köln]]}}</ref> In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', in the context of the birth of [[Bhishma]], the cow [[Nandini]] is given the epithet ''Kamadhenu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk02ch03.htm|title=The S'rîmad Devî Bhâgawatam: Book 2: Chapter 3|first=Swami |last=Vijñanananda|date=1921–1922|publisher=Sacred texts archive|access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref> In other instances, Nandini is described as the cow-daughter of Surabhi-Kamadhenu. The scholar [[Vettam Mani]] considers Nandini and Surabhi to be synonyms of Kamadhenu.<ref name = "kamadhenu"/>

==Iconography and symbolism==
[[File:Sacred cow2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|In a poster condemning the consumption of beef, the sacred cow Kamadhenu is depicted as containing various deities within her body.]]

According to [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Madeleine Biardeau]], ''Kamadhenu'' or ''Kamaduh'' is the generic name of [[Cattle in religion#In Hinduism|the sacred cow]], who is regarded as the source of all prosperity in Hinduism.<ref name="Yves">{{cite book|last=Biardeau|first=Madeleine |author-link=Madeleine Biardeau|editor=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian mythologies|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|page=99|chapter=Kamadhenu: The Religious Cow, Symbol of Prosperity}}</ref> Kamadhenu is regarded as a form of [[Devi]] (the Divine Mother)<ref name = "dattatreya"/> and is closely related to the fertile Mother Earth ([[Prithvi]]), who is often described as a cow in Sanskrit.<ref name="Yves"/><ref name = "dattatreya"/> The sacred cow denotes "purity and non-erotic fertility, ... sacrificing and motherly nature, [and] sustenance of human life".<ref name = "dattatreya"/>

Frederick M. Smith describes Kamadhenu as a "popular and enduring image in Indian art".<ref name = "smith"/> All the gods are believed to reside in the body of Kamadhenu—the generic cow. Her four legs are the scriptural [[Vedas]]; her horns are the ''[[Trimurti]]'' of [[Brahma]] (tip), [[Vishnu]] (middle) and [[Shiva]] (base); her eyes are the [[Surya|sun]] and [[Chandra|moon]] gods; her shoulders the fire god [[Agni]] and the wind god [[Vayu]]; and her legs the [[Himalayas]]. Kamadhenu is often depicted in this form in [[poster art]].<ref name = "smith">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Frederick M.|title=The self possessed: Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/selfpossesseddei00smit|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13748-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/selfpossesseddei00smit/page/n433 404], pp. 402–3 (Plates 5 and 6 for the two representations of Kamadhenu)}}</ref><ref name="venu">{{cite book|first= R. |last=Venugopalam|title=Rituals and Culture of India|year=2003|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=978-81-8056-373-7|pages=119–120|chapter=Animal Deities}}</ref>

Another representation of Kamadhenu shows her with the body of a white [[Zebu]] cow, crowned woman's head, colourful eagle wings and a peacock's tail. According to the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], this form influenced the iconography of the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Buraq]], who is portrayed with a horse's body, wings, and a woman's face. Contemporary poster art also portrays Kamadhenu in this form.<ref name = "smith"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/88274.html?mulR=7702|title=Kamadhenu, The Wish-Granting Cow|year=2010|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref>

A cow, identified with Kamadhenu, is often depicted accompanying the god [[Dattatreya]]. In relation to the deity's iconography, she denotes the Brahminical aspect and [[Vaishnava]] connection of the deity contrasting with the accompanying dogs—symbolizing a non-Brahminical aspect. She also symbolizes the ''[[Panchatattva|Panch Bhuta]]'' (the five classical elements) in the icon. Dattatreya is sometimes depicted holding the divine cow in one of his hands.<ref name = "dattatreya">{{cite book|last=Rigopoulos|first=Antonio |title=Dattātreya: the immortal guru, yogin, and avatāra|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3695-0|pages=231, 233, 243}}</ref>

==Birth and children==
[[File:Samudramanthan.jpg|thumb|Kamadhenu (left, 2nd from top) depicted in a scene of the Churning of the Cosmic Ocean]]

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' ([[Adi Parva]]) records that Kamadhenu-Surabhi rose from the churning of the cosmic ocean (''[[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]'') by the gods and demons to acquire ''[[amrita]]'' (ambrosia, elixir of life).<ref name = "kamadhenu"/> As such, she is regarded the offspring of the gods and demons, created when they churned the cosmic milk ocean and then given to the [[Saptarishi]], the seven great seers.<ref name = "smith"/> She was ordered by the creator-god [[Brahma]] to give milk, and supply it and ''[[ghee]]'' ("clarified butter") for ritual fire-sacrifices.<ref name="venu"/>

The ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' book of the epic narrates that Surabhi was born from the belch of "the creator" (''[[Prajapati]]'') [[Daksha]] after he drank the ''amrita'' that rose from the Samudra Manthana. Further, Surabhi gave birth to many golden cows called ''Kapila cows'', who were called the mothers of the world.<ref name="hastings"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 13: Anusasana Parva|chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b042.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=SECTION LXXVII}}</ref> The ''[[Satapatha Brahmana]]'' also tells a similar tale: ''Prajapati'' created Surabhi from his breath.<ref name="hastings">{{cite book|last=Jacobi|first=H.|editor=James Hastings|editor-link=James Hastings|title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr04hastuoft#page/226/mode/2up/search/Surabhi|volume=4|date=1908–1927|pages=225–6|chapter=Cow (Hindu)|title-link=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics}}</ref> The ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' book of the ''Mahabharata'' narrates that the creator-god Brahma drank so much ''amrita'' that he vomited some of it, from which emerged Surabhi.<ref name = "kamadhenu"/><ref name = "Udyoga"/>

According to the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Surabhi is the daughter of Sage [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Krodhavasha]], a daughter of [[Daksha]]. Her daughters Rohini and Gandharvi are the mothers of cattle and horses respectively. Still, it is Surabhi who is described as the mother of all cows in the text.<ref name = "sharma">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ramashraya |title=Socio-Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana|year=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|page=220|isbn=978-81-208-0078-6}}</ref> However, in the ''[[Puranas]]'', such as ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Surabhi is described as the daughter of Daksha and the wife of Kashyapa, as well as the mother of cows and buffaloes.<ref name = "kamadhenu">Mani pp. 379–81</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto6/chapter6.html|title=Bhagavata Purana: Canto 6: Chapter 6: The Progeny of the Daughters of Daksha|last=Aadhar|first=Anand|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref>

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' notes two conflicting descriptions of Surabhi. In one chapter, it describes Surabhi as the consort of Brahma and their union produced the cow Yogishvari, She is then described as the mother of cows and quadrupeds. In another instance, she is described as a daughter of Daksha, wife of Kashyapa and the mother of cows.<ref>{{cite book|last=A Taluqdar of Oudh|title=The Matsya Puranam|series=The Sacred books of the Hindus|volume=2|year=2008|publisher=Cosmo Publications for Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd.|isbn=978-81-307-0533-0|pages=52, 137}}</ref> The ''[[Harivamsa]]'', an appendix of the ''Mahabharata'', calls Surabhi the mother of amrita, [[Brahmin]]s, cows, and the [[Rudras]].<ref>Hopkins p. 173</ref>

[[File:Kamadhenu.jpg|thumb|left|Kamadhenu pictured with her calf]]

The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' narrates that [[Krishna]] and his lover [[Radha]] were enjoying dalliance, when they thirsted for milk. So, Krishna created a cow called Surabhi and a calf called Manoratha from the left side of his body, and milked the cow. When drinking the milk, the milk pot fell on the ground and broke, spilling the milk, which became the [[Kshirasagara|Kshira Sagara]], the cosmic milk ocean. Numerous cows then emerged from the pores of Surabhi's skin and were presented to the cowherd-companions (gopas) of Krishna by him. Then Krishna worshipped Surabhi and decreed that she—a cow, the giver of milk and prosperity—be worshipped at [[Diwali]] on [[Bali Pratipada]] day.<ref name = "kamadhenu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk09ch49.htm|title=The S'rîmad Devî Bhâgawatam: On the anecdote of Surabhi|first=Swami |last= Vijñanananda|date=1921–1922|publisher=Sacred texts archive|access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

Various other scriptural references describe Surabhi as the mother of the Rudras including [[Nirṛti (god)|Nirrti]] (Kashyapa being the father), the cow [[Nandini]] and even the serpent-people [[nāga]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|title=The histories of gods India|year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions International|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/102 102, 127, 308, 320]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/102}}</ref> The ''Mahabharata'' also makes a passing reference to Surabhi as the mother of Nandini (literally "daughter") in the context of the birth of [[Bhishma]], an incarnation of a [[Vasu]]. Nandini, like her mother, is a "cow of plenty" or ''Kamadhenu'', and resides with sage [[Vasishtha|Vashistha]]. Nandini is stolen by the divine Vasus and thus cursed by the sage to be born on the earth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Buitenen|first=J. A.|title=The Mahabharata: The book of the beginning|volume=1|year=1975|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-84663-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mahabharata03buit/page/220 220–1]|url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata03buit/page/220}}</ref> The ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'' of [[Kalidasa]] mentions that the king [[Dilīpa|Dilipa]]—an ancestor of god [[Rama]]—once passed by Kamadhenu-Surabhi, but failed to pay respects to her, thus incurring the wrath of the divine cow, who cursed the king to be rendered childless. Since Kamadhenu had gone to Patala, the guru of Dilipa, Vasishtha advised the king to serve Nandini, Kamadhenu's daughter, who was in the hermitage. The king and his wife propitiated Nandini, who neutralized her mother's curse and blessed the king to have a son, who was named [[Raghu]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kale|first=M. R.|title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa: Cantos I – V|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=978-81-208-0861-4|pages=xv, xvi, 1–27|chapter=Cantos I and II}}</ref>

In the ''Ramayana'', Surabhi is described to be distressed by the treatment of her sons—the oxen—in fields. Her tears are considered a bad omen for the gods by [[Indra]], the god-king of heaven.<ref name = "sharma"/> The ''[[Vana Parva]]'' book of the ''Mahabharata'' also narrates a similar instance: Surabhi cries about the plight of her son—a bullock, who is overworked and beaten by his peasant-master. Indra, moved by Surabhi's tears, rains to stop the ploughing of the tormented bullock.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Buitenen|first=J. A. |title=The Mahabharata: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest|volume=2|year=1975|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-84664-4|page=237}}</ref>

==Wealth and protector of the Brahmins==
Kamadhenu is often associated with the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] (the priesthood class, especially sages), whose wealth she symbolises. Cow's milk and its derivatives such as [[ghee]] (clarified butter) are integral parts of Vedic fire sacrifices, which are conducted by Brahmin priests; thus she is sometimes also referred to as ''Homadhenu''—the cow from whom oblations are drawn. Moreover, the cow also offers the Brahmins—who are prohibited to fight—protection against abusive kings who try to harm them. As a goddess, she becomes a warrior, creating armies to protect her master and herself.<ref name="Yves"/>

===Jamadagni's cow===
[[File:Parashurama killing Kartavirya Arjuna.jpg|thumb|left|Parshurama slaying Kartavirya Arjuna as Kamadhenu and her calf flee]]

A legend narrates that the sacred cow Kamadhenu resided with sage [[Jamadagni]]. The earliest version of the legend, which appears in the epic [[Mahabharata]], narrates that the thousand-armed ''[[Haihaya]]'' king, [[Kartavirya Arjuna]], destroyed Jamadagni's hermitage and captured the calf of Kamadhenu. To retrieve the calf, Jamadagni's son [[Parashurama]] slew the king, whose sons in turn killed Jamadagni. Parashurama then destroyed the ''[[kshatriya]]'' ("warrior") race 21 times and his father is resurrected by divine grace.<ref name="vyas">{{cite book|last=Donaldson |first=Thomas Eugene|editor= Vyas, R. T.|title=Studies in Jaina art and iconography and allied subjects|year=1995|publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute on behalf of Registar, MS, University of Baroda|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=163–7|chapter=The Cult of Parasurama and its Popularity in Orrisa}}</ref> Similar accounts of the abduction of the celestial cow or her calf, the killing of Jamadagni by Kartavirya Arjuna, and the revenge of Parashurama resulting in the death of Kartavirya Arjuna, exist in other texts. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions that the king abducted Kamadhenu as well as her calf and Parashurama defeated the king and returned the kine to his father.<ref name="vyas"/> The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' mentions that when Kartavirya Arjuna tried to capture her, Kamadhenu, by her own power, defeated him and his army and flew off to heaven; the enraged king then killed Jamadagni.<ref name="vyas"/>

In the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', Kamadhenu creates a great city by her power to accommodate Kartavirya Arjuna's army, when they visit Jamadagni's hermitage. On returning to his kingdom, Kartavirya Arjuna's minister, Chandragupta, persuades him to capture the divine cow. The minister returns to the hermitage and tries to convince the sage to give away the cow, but to no avail, so he tries to snatch Kamadhenu with force. In the ensuing fight, the sage is killed, but Kamadhenu escapes to the sky and Chandragupta takes her calf with him instead.<ref name="vyas"/> The Brahmanda Purana narrates this Kamadhenu Sushila was given to Jamadagni by the Kamadhenu-Surabhi, who governs in [[Goloka]].<ref name = "kamadhenu"/>

The ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' narrates that the celestial cow – called Kapila here – produces various weapons and an army to aid Jamadagni defeat the king's army, who had come to seize her. When the king himself challenged Jamadagni for battle, Kapila instructed her master in martial arts. Jamadagni led the army created by Kapila and defeated the king and his army several times; each time sparing the life of the king. Finally, with the aid of a divine spear granted to him by the god [[Dattatreya]], the king killed Jamadagni.<ref name="vyas"/>

===Vasishtha's cow===

The ''[[Ramayana]]'' presents a similar account about Kamadhenu, however, here the sage is [[Vasishtha]] and the king is [[Vishwamitra|Vishvamitra]]. Once, king Vishvamitra with his army arrived at the hermitage of the sage Vasishtha. The sage welcomed him and offered a huge banquet – to the army – that was produced by Sabala – as Kamadhenu is called in the text. The astonished king asked the sage to part with Sabala and instead offered thousand of ordinary cows, elephants, horses and jewels in return. However, the sage refused to part with Sabala, who was necessary for the performance of the sacred rituals and charity by the sage. Agitated, Vishvamitra seized Sabala by force, but she returned to her master, fighting the king's men. She hinted Vasishtha to order her to destroy the king's army and the sage followed her wish. Intensely, she produced [[Pahlava]] warriors, who were slain by Vishvamitra's army. So she produced warriors of [[Shakya|Shaka]]-[[Yavana]] lineage. From her mouth emerged the [[Kambojas]], from her [[udder]] Barvaras, from her hind Yavanas and Shakas, and from pores on her skin, Haritas, [[Kirata]]s and other foreign warriors. Together, the army of Sabala killed Vishvamitra's army and all his sons. This event led to a great rivalry between Vasishtha and Vishvamitra, who renounced his kingdom and became a great sage to defeat Vasishtha.<ref name="ramayana">{{cite book|first=Swami |last=Venkatesananda|title=The concise Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-862-1|pages=31–2}}</ref>

==Abodes==
Kamadhenu-Surabhi's place of residence varies between different scriptures. The ''Anushasana Parva'' of the ''Mahabharata'' tells how she was given the ownership of [[Goloka]], the cow-heaven located above the three worlds (heaven, earth, and netherworld): Surabhi, the daughter of Daksha, went to [[Mount Kailash]] and worshipped [[Brahma]] for 10,000 years. The pleased god conferred goddess-hood on the cow and decreed that all people would worship her and her children: Cows. He also gave her a world called Goloka, while her daughters would reside on earth among humans.<ref name=kamadhenu/><ref name=hastings/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ganguli |first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata |volume=Book 13: Anusasana Parva |date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive |section=Section LXXXIII |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b048.htm }}</ref>

In one instance in the ''Ramayana'', Surabhi is described to live in the city of [[Varuna]] – the lord of the oceans – which is situated below the earth in [[Patala]] (the netherworld). Her flowing sweet milk is said to form ''Kshiroda'' or the [[Kshira Sagara]], the cosmic milk ocean.<ref name=sharma/> In the ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' book of the ''Mahabharata'', this milk is said to be of six flavours and has the essence of all the best things of the earth.<ref name=Udyoga/><ref>Hopkins pp. 16, 119</ref> The ''Udyoga Parva'' specifies that Surabhi inhabits the lowest realm of [[Patala]], known as [[Patala#Rasatala|Rasatala]], and has four daughters – the ''[[List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology#Dikpalis|Dikpali]]''s – the guardian cow goddesses of the heavenly quarters: Saurabhi in the east, Harhsika in the south, Subhadra in the west, and Dhenu in the north.<ref name=hastings/><ref name = "Udyoga">{{cite book |last=Ganguli |first=Kisari Mohan |date=1883–1896 |title=The Mahabharata |volume=Book 5: Udyoga Parva |publisher=Sacred texts archive |section=Section CII |section-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05102.htm }}</ref>

Apart from Goloka and Patala, Kamadhenu is also described as residing in the hermitages of the sages Jamadagni and Vasishtha. The scholar Mani explains the contradicting stories of Kamadhenu's birth and presence in the processions of many gods and sages by stating that while there could be more than one Kamadhenu, all of them are incarnations of the original Kamadhenu, the mother of cows.<ref name=kamadhenu/>

The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', a discourse by the god Krishna in the ''Mahabharata'', twice refers to Kamadhenu as ''Kamaduh''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bhagavadgita |date=2023-07-28 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-33086-3 |pages=119 |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MPLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kamaduh+cow&pg=PA119 |via=Google }}</ref> In verse 3.10, Krishna makes a reference to Kamaduh while conveying that for doing one's duty, one would get the milk of one's desires. In verse 10.28, when Krishna declares to the source of the universe, he proclaims that among cows, he is Kamaduh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Radhakrishan |first=S. |author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title=The Bhagavadgita |year=1977 |publisher=Blackie & Son (India) |pages=135, 264 |section=Verses 3.10, 10.28 }}</ref>

In the ''Anushasana Parva'' of the ''Mahabharata'', the god [[Shiva]] is described to have cast a curse on Surabhi. This curse is interpreted as a reference to the following legend:<ref>{{cite book |last=Ganguli |first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata |volume=Book 13: Anusasana Parva |section=Section XVII }}</ref>
: When the gods [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] disputed over each other's superiority, a massive, fiery pillar of light – the [[linga|lingam]] (symbol of [[Shiva]]) – emerged before them. The decided that whoever among them was able to discover the end of this pillar would be deemed superior. Brahma flew towards the skies to try to find the northern end of the pillar, but failed. So, Brahma forced Surabhi (in some versions, Surabhi instead suggested that Brahma should lie) to falsely testify to Vishnu that Brahma had seen the top of the lingam; Shiva punished Surabhi for her dishonesty by declaring that her bovine offspring would consume unholy substances.

This tale appears in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jha |first=D.N. |year=2004 |title=The Myth of the Holy Cow |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-85984-424-3 |page=137}}</ref>

==Worship==
Some temples and houses have images of Kamadhenu, which are worshipped.<ref name = "monier"/> However, she has never had a worship cult dedicated to her and does not have any temples where she is worshipped as the chief deity.<ref name = "monier"/><ref>{{cite book|last=White|first= David Gordon|title=Kiss of the yoginī: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian contexts|url=https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit|url-access=limited|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2003|page = [https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit/page/n66 54]|isbn=978-0-226-89483-6|chapter = Surabhi, The Mother of Cows}}</ref> A recent temple called Kamadhenu Devi Temple, KR Puram, Bangalore is dedicated to her. In [[Monier-Williams]]'s words: "It is rather the living animal [the cow] which is the perpetual object of adoration".<ref name = "monier">{{cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|author-link=Monier Monier-Williams|title=Brahmanism and Hinduism:Religious Thought and Life in India|url=https://archive.org/stream/brahmanismhindu00moniuoft#page/n337/mode/2up|year=1887|publisher=London Murray}}</ref> Cows are often fed outside temples and worshipped regularly on all Fridays and on special occasions. Every cow to "a pious Hindu" is regarded as an [[avatar]] (earthly embodiment) of the divine Kamadhenu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1916|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|page = 13}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Cattle in religion]]
* [[Nandi (bull)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|author-link =Vettam Mani}}
*{{cite book|last=Hopkins |first=Edward Washburn|author-link=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic mythology |url=https://archive.org/stream/epicmythology00hopkuoft#page/n147/mode/2up/search/Kubera|year=1915|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner|isbn=978-0-8426-0560-1}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Kāmadhenu}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Cattle deities]]
[[Category:Animal goddesses]]
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu animal worship]]
[[Category:Agricultural goddesses]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]

Sheila Bhalla

2026-02-11T07:22:56Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made the post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Canadian-Indian economist (1933–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheila Bhalla
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Sheila Scott
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1933}}
| birth_place = Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|09|25|1933}}
| death_place = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{plainlist|
*Economist
*Union activist
}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sheila Bhalla''' (1933-25 September 2021) was a Canadian-Indian labor economist and trade union activist.

She was professor emerita at the School of Social Sciences in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi, and also taught at [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh. Her work focused on agricultural and labor economics in the Indian state of Haryana.

== Biography and education ==
Sheila Scott was born in 1933 in Canada. Her father, J.C. W. Scott, was a physicist. She met her husband, the Indian economist, G.S. Bhalla, while they were both undertaking post-graduate research at the [[London School of Economics]]. After her marriage, she moved to India with Bhalla, and lived there for the rest of her life. During her time in India, she became fluent in the [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]] language. She died in 2021, in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Agricultural economist Sheila Bhalla was a life-long supporter of peasants' rights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/agricultural-economist-sheila-bhalla-was-a-life-long-supporter-of-peasants-rights-7506937/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-26|title=Remembering Professor Sheila Bhalla, a Canadian who made Punjab and India her home|url=https://www.theworldsikhnews.com/remembering-professor-sheila-bhalla-a-canadian-who-made-punjab-and-india-her-home/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The World Sikh News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Sheila Bhalla: A Committed Scholar and Activist|url=https://thewire.in/rights/sheila-bhalla-a-committed-scholar-and-activist|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1969, Bhalla and her husband both joined the faculty of [[Panjab University]], where they taught economics. They were closely involved in establishing a teachers' union at Panjab University.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1970s, they both moved to Jawaharlal Nehru University, where Bhalla taught until her retirement in 1992. At Jawaharlal Nehru University, she headed the then newly established Centre for Economic Studies and Planning. She also taught at the Institute of Human Development.<ref name=":1" />

Bhalla's research and work related to agricultural economics, with a special focus on the state of [[Haryana]], India. Along with her husband, in 1974, at Panjab University, she published a pioneering study on the impact of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] on agrarian structures in Haryana. At Jawaharlal Nehru University, she continued to work on analyzing agrarian structures in Haryana independently, and expanded the scope of her research to other agrarian states such as Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Bhalla's empirical research focused on the prevalence of long-term labour contracts in agrarian work, and later mapped declining demands for labor in modern agriculture.<ref name=":2" /> In 1995, she was elected to preside over the Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Labour Economics in India.<ref name=":2" /> In the early 2000s, she contributed research to multiple departments in the Indian Government on labor diversification in agrarian fields, including research on [[informal labor]] for the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector.<ref name=":2" /> Her contributions to Indian agricultural and labor economics are notable, particularly for her use of large data sets and field surveys in analyzing labor participation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAS {{!}} Remembering Professor Sheila Bhalla (1933-2021)|url=https://www.ras.org.in/remembering_professor_sheila_bhalla_(1933_2021)|access-date=2021-12-04|website=www.ras.org.in}}</ref> Bhalla's research has been published in [[Economic and Political Weekly]],<ref name="Bhalla 1976 A23–A30">{{Cite journal|last=Bhalla|first=Sheila|date=1976|title=New Relations of Production in Haryana Agriculture|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4364490|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=11|issue=13|pages=A23–A30|jstor=4364490 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The [[The Journal of Peasant Studies|Journal of Peasant Studies]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhalla|first=Sheila|date=1999|title=Liberalisation, rural labour markets and the mobilisation of farm workers: The Haryana story in an all-India context|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03066159908438704|journal=Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=26|issue=2–3|pages=25–70|doi=10.1080/03066159908438704|issn=0306-6150|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Social Scientist]],<ref name="Bhalla 1976 A23–A30"/> and the Indian Journal of Labor Economics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhalla|first=Sheila|date=1993|title="Test of some propositions about the dynamics of changes of the Rural Workforce Structure."|journal=Indian Journal of Labor Economics|volume=36|issue=3 |pages=428–439}}</ref>

Bhalla was also closely involved with agricultural labor movements and unionization, and worked with the [[All India Kisan Sabha]], consulting with them on economic research relating to labour, agriculture, as well as the [[All India Agricultural Workers Union]].<ref name=":1" /> She also published research documenting early trade union movements in these organizations, and participated in their activities, including protests.<ref name=":2" /> Bhalla vocally supported the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2014, Bhalla wrote for the [[Economic and Political Weekly]], flagging significant concerns about the functioning of the Indian [[National Sample Survey Office (India)|National Sample Survey Office]], which is responsible for collecting public statistics about the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Behind the Post-1991 'Challenge' to the Functional Efficiency of Established Statistical Institutions|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/7/special-articles/behind-post-1991-challenge-functional-efficiency-established|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=7–8}}</ref> In 2019, she was one of a group of 250 scholars and civil servants who wrote to the Indian Government to flag concerns about weaknesses in the functioning of the [[MNREGA]], which is a rural employment guarantee scheme in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title='MGNREGA Being Systematically Undermined': 250 MPs, Eminent Citizens Write to Modi|url=https://thewire.in/rights/mgnrega-fund-crunch-250-mps-eminent-citizens-letter-narendra-modi|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Sheila}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]
[[Category:Indian people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]

Wibs

2026-02-09T09:58:04Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made a info needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian bread brand}}

[[File:Wibs Bread.jpg|thumb|300x300px|a 400g pack of Wibs white bread]]
'''Western India Baker's Association''' ('''Wibs''') is a brand of [[bread]] originated in [[Mumbai]], [[India]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The bread behind the sandwich |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-bread-behind-the-sandwich-2051516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824162956/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-bread-behind-the-sandwich-2051516 |archive-date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marpakwar |first1=Chaitanya |last2=Marpakwar |first2=Sunil Baghel |date=September 24, 2019 |title=Mumbai sandwich loses its slice of life |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/mumbai-sandwich-loses-its-slice-of-life/articleshow/71268008.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028015048/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/mumbai-sandwich-loses-its-slice-of-life/articleshow/71268008.cms |archive-date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2023-08-24 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=P. T. |date=2019-09-28 |title=Breaking Bread With 'Wibs' |url=https://parsi-times.com/2019/09/breaking-bread-with-wibs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522170423/https://parsi-times.com/2019/09/breaking-bread-with-wibs/ |archive-date=2022-05-22 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Parsi Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> It has been a staple in many [[Mumbai]] households and is especially favored by local sandwich makers. In 2019 it had a 46% market share of Mumbai's sliced bread market.

== Products ==
Wibs makes 4 categories of products: white bread, wholemeal bread, sweet bread, and [[Bun|buns]].
Its staple product is [[sliced bread|sliced]] white bread, which is sold as either 400g loaves wrapped in plastic or 800g loaves wrapped in [[wax paper]].

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of bakeries]]
* [[List of brand name breads]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in India]]

{{Bread-stub}}
{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Vijay Sharma (painter)

2026-02-01T21:15:16Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made some bio basic info

{{short description|Indian painter and art historian (born 1962)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Sharma
| image = N&V.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vijay Sharma and his wife Neeru Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|12 September 1962}}
| birth_place = [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Painter
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Neeru Sharma
| domesticpartner =
| children = Sarang Sharma Maitray sharma
| parents = Anantram Sharma Geetadevi Sharma
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Kalidas Samman]] [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh State]] Award [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]] Award [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|AIFACS]] Award [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh State]] Award
}}
'''Vijay Sharma''' is an Indian painter and art historian,<ref name="Divya Himachal">{{cite web | url=http://www.divyahimachal.com/himachal-news-2/pahari-miniature-painter-excels/ | title=Divya Himachal | publisher=Divya Himachal | date=1 June 2013 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-date=13 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213161526/http://www.divyahimachal.com/himachal-news-2/pahari-miniature-painter-excels/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kangra Arts Promotion Society">{{cite web | url=http://kangraarts.org/blog/2012/01/30/kaps-congratulates-sh-vijay-sharma-on-receiving-padam-shree/ | title=Kangra Arts Promotion Society | publisher=Kangra Arts Promotion Society | date=30 January 2012 | access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> known for his expertise in the [[Pahari painting|Pahari school]] of miniature painting.<ref name="Hill Post">{{cite web | url=http://hillpost.in/2012/02/you-cannot-promote-art-unless-you-appreciate-it-vijay-sharma/41474/ | title=Interview on Hill Post | publisher=Hill Post | date=27 February 2012 | access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="DK Print World">{{cite web | url=http://www.dkprintworld.com/abouttheauthor.php?userId=351 | title=DK Print World | publisher=DK Print World | date=2014 | access-date=3 December 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = left|width=21em|''I started visiting the museum at the age of 13 and the museum stories amazed me every other day. Fine paintings done with hands and that too by the local artists were a revelation for me. I inquired about artists, their families but sadly they had given up painting long ago. They were carpenters, labourers, government officials, everything but not painters.,'' says Vijay Sharma.<ref name="Hill Post" />}}
[[File:Bihari Basohli.jpg|thumb|Painted by Vijay Sharma, this Basohli painting is based on a couplet from Bihari satsai]]
Vijay Sharma was born on 12 September 1962 to Geetadevi and Anantram Sharma at Mohalla Ramgarh, of the district of [[Chamba district|Chamba]], in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt">{{cite web | url=http://www.chambatalenthunt.com/VijaySharma.html | title=Chamba Talent Hunt | publisher=Chamba Talent Hunt | date=2014 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-date=4 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204180954/http://chambatalenthunt.com/VijaySharma.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> His father, a bus driver working for [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]], noticed his son's penchant for drawing and sent the boy to [[Varanasi|Banares]] to learn painting, when he was only 15.<ref name="Hill Post" /> Though Sharma returned from Banares after a week's stay, he continued to hone his skills under Mirza Ashgar Beg<ref name="Divya Himachal" /> and by visiting the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba.<ref name="Hill Post" /> Meanwhile, he passed ''Hindi Prabhakar'' examination and, later, secured a master's degree (MA) in History from [[Himachal Pradesh University]], Shimla.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /> After his academics, Sharma went back to [[Varanasi]] to learn miniature painting at Bharat Kala Bhawan under the tutelage of Ved Pal Sharma.<ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" /> He also attended an archaeological training camp conducted at [[Hampi]], Karnataka by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1985.<ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" />

Sharma started working as a painter for the Himachal Road Transport Corporation at the age of 18 but, later, shifted to the Department of Language and Culture, Government of Himachal Pradesh as a conservation assistant.<ref name="Hill Post" /> He resigned from the post in 1988 and is an accredited artist at the Bhuri Singh Museum, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Hill Post" /><ref name="DK Print World" />

Vijay Sharma has founded ''Shilpa Parishad'', a non governmental organization, for promoting the genre of miniature painting, especially the [[Pahari painting|Pahari school]] and serves as its president.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Times of India">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Artists-from-across-the-states/articleshow/21819675.cms | title=Times of India | publisher=Times of India | date=14 August 2013 | access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> He has also participated in many artist workshops such as the NZCC All India miniature painting workshop at Kalagram, Chandigarh in 2006, the Janapravaha artist workshop of 2005, workshop organized by the Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Kolkata in 2007, miniature camp in connection with the Gita Jayanti Utsav of 2008, miniature camp held at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla in 2009, camp organized by [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]], Udaipur in 2011 and ''Harmony Painting Residency 2012'' organized by Harmony Art Foundation, Mumbai.<ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" />

Sharma is a [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|government]] nominated member of the governing council of the Himachal Academy of Art, Culture and Languages and an executive committee member of the [[North Zone Cultural Centre]], a regional body established by the [[Government of India]] for the promotion of arts, crafts, traditions and cultural heritage of India.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Times of India" /> He is a founder member of the ''Kangra Arts Promotion Society''<ref name="Kangra Arts Promotion Society" /> and has also served as an honorary advisor to the Delhi Crafts Council,<ref name="DCC">{{cite web | url=http://www.craftrevival.org/detailsNgos.asp?CountryCode=INDIA&NgosCode=000884 | title=DCC | publisher=AsiaInCH Encyclopedia | date=2014 | access-date=4 December 2014 | archive-date=14 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414133237/http://craftrevival.org/detailsNgos.asp?CountryCode=INDIA&NgosCode=000884 | url-status=dead }}</ref> an NGO working for the revival of Indian arts and crafts.<ref name="Times of India" />

A follower of the Basholi and Kangra styles of [[Pahari painting]],<ref name="Kangra Arts Promotion Society" /><ref name="DK Print World" /> Sharma is also known to be a scholar and art historian.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /> He is reported to have learnt the ancient scripts of [[Śāradā script|Śāradā]] and [[Takri alphabet|Takri]]<ref name="Divya Himachal" /> and has published many books and articles<ref name="DK Print World" /> on the arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Kanha Priya: Romantic Moments in Poetry and Painting ">{{cite book | title=Kanha Priya: Romantic Moments in Poetry and Painting | publisher=Aryan Books | author=[[Harsha V. Deheja]], Vijay Sharma | year=2009 | pages=40 | isbn=978-8173053535}}</ref><ref name="Painted Words: Kangra Paintings of Matiram's Rasraj">{{cite book | title=Painted Words: Kangra Paintings of Matiram's Rasraj | publisher=DK Print World | author=Harsha V. Dehejia, Vijay Sharma | year=2012 | pages=184 | isbn=978-8124606124}}</ref><ref name="Pahari Paintings of an Ancient Romance: The Love Story of Usha-Aniruddha">{{cite book | title=Pahari Paintings of an Ancient Romance: The Love Story of Usha-Aniruddha | publisher=DK Print World | author=Harsha V. Dehejia, Vijay Sharma | year=2011 | pages=168 | isbn=978-8124605615}}</ref>

Vijay Sharma is married to Neeru Sharma and the couple has two sons, Sarang and Maitreya. The family lives in Mohalla Ramgarh near Dasnami Akhara in Chamba.<ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Vijay Sharma received the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh state]] award in 1980 for his [[ragamala paintings]] followed by the award from the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]] in 1990.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" /> [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] awarded him their annual AIFACS Award in 1997 and Sharma received the [[Kalidas Samman]] in 2011.<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" /> in 2012, the [[Government of India]] included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours list]] for the award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Divya Himachal" /><ref name="Padma Shri" /><ref name="Chamba Talent Hunt" />

In 2013, Himachal Pradesh University awarded him the honorary doctorate.
[[File:Meeting in the moonlit night.jpg|thumb|This Kangra painting by Mr. Vijay Sharma was painted for the famous lyricist Gulzar Sahib and represents the song "mora gora ang layi le" (Film : Bandini)]]

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Pahari painting]]
* [[Ragamala paintings]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url= | title=Kanha Priya: Romantic Moments in Poetry and Painting | publisher=Aryan Books | author=Harsha V. Deheja, Vijay Sharma | year=2009 | pages=40 | isbn=978-8173053535}}
* {{cite book | url=| title=Painted Words: Kangra Paintings of Matiram's Rasraj | publisher=DK Print World | author=Harsha V. Dehejia, Vijay Sharma | year=2012 | pages=184 | isbn=978-8124606124}}
* {{cite book | url= | title=Pahari Paintings of an Ancient Romance: The Love Story of Usha-Aniruddha | publisher=DK Print World | author=Harsha V. Dehejia, Vijay Sharma | year=2011 | pages=168 | isbn=978-8124605615}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}
* [[:de:Vijay Sharma (Maler)]], Retrieved 3 December 2014
* {{cite web | url=http://hillpost.in/2012/02/you-cannot-promote-art-unless-you-appreciate-it-vijay-sharma/41474/ | title=Interview on Hill Post | publisher=Hill Post | date=27 February 2012 | access-date=3 December 2014}}
* {{cite interview | title=Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi - Interview | date=16 October 2013 | access-date=3 December 2014 | last=Sharma | first=Vijay | interviewer=Parul | location=Chandigarh Arts and Heritage Festival | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0pMHj1-sCI}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Vijay}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Painters from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Chamba district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Liluah

2026-01-25T02:31:09Z

Adiyogirudraksha:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Liluah
| other_name = Lillooah
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = File:Liluah_workshop_and_car_shed_in_liluah.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Liluah Workshop & Car Shed
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.62106|88.33941|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}}[[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Howrah]]
|subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name5 = [[Howrah metro station|Howrah]]
| established_title =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = 5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711203, 711204
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]] wards
| blank1_info_sec1 = 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bally]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Humid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|42|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|09|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Liluah''' is a neighbourhood in [[Howrah]] of [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref> Liluah has a railway junction, which is the first station after [[Howrah railway station|Howrah station]] under the [[Eastern Railway (India)]].<ref name=eiasia>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf | title = East-West Kolkata Metro Corridor: EIA and SIA (Chapter 2) | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 2009-03-21}}</ref> Its history dates back to the [[British Raj|British era]] when the Liluah Carriage and Wagon Workshop was set up to release pressure off [[Howrah Station|Howrah]].

==Location==
Liluah is located at {{coord|22.62106|88.33941}} at an elevation of 13 m from MSL. It is located between [[Salkia]] and [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]].<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Liluah.html Map and weather of Liluah]</ref>

==Transportation==

===Air===
Nearest airport is [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Dum Dum|Dumdum, Kolkata]].

===Road===

Liluah is well connected with round the clock buses, auto-rickshaws and e-rickshaws. [[Grand Trunk Road]] (part of [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]]), crosses through the eastern half of the town. The eastern half is well linked to the western half by a rail overbridge known as Lilluah Bridge. It can also be accessed by Benaras road (the route followed by the Bhattanagar–Esplanade Minibus). Liluah can be accessed by Private Bus route number 51, 54 and 56. It can also be accessed by Minibuses on Satyabala-Ruby Hospital, Bally Khal-Khidirpur, Belur Math-Esplanade, Malipanchghara-Sealdah/Rajabazar, Bhattanagar-Esplanade and CSTC Bus (S32A, S23A, S23, C23) on Belgharia (Rathtala)-Howrah Station (via [[G.T. Road]]).

====Inter-town road transportation====
[[Auto-rickshaw]], [[Electric rickshaw|e-rickshaws]] as well as [[Cycle rickshaw|cycle-rickshaws]] are available for inter-town transport. Worth mentioning is that the western part of Liluah relies largely on autos and totos for public transportation, due to the absence any major bus route. Though the [[Bhattanagar]]-bound Minibus plys through that part, its frequency is quite low and its route goes through the southern fringes of western part (Gadadhar Bhatta Road, Jheel Road, A Road, N.S. Road). As for the eastern part, large number of public buses ply along the [[G.T. Road]] throughout the day.

===Railway===

[[Liluah railway station]] is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. It also has a Railway Carriage and Wagons Workshop: one of the three in the Eastern Railways. The other two being at [[Kanchrapara]] and [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]]. The Liluah Railway station has 5 platforms with 3 mainly being used for the [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] and the other two for the [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord|Howrah-Bardhaman chord line]]. The Belur Math Line branches off between Liluah and Belur. There is also [[Bhattanagar railway station]] which is present at the extreme western outskirts of Liluah (in the farmlands of [[Chakapara|Chakpara]], to the west of [[Bhattanagar]] locality). There is also a line connecting Liluah and [[Andul]] in the South Eastern Railways, used by Goods trains and few Express trains.
It takes 8 minutes to travel from Howrah to Liluah (a distance of 5 km) by a suburban local train. But the same journey takes 10 minutes when going from Liluah To Howrah due to bulk railway traffic coming in and out of [[Howrah station]] which is the oldest and biggest railway junction in India.

==Administration==
Liluah falls under the jurisdiction of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] since 10 July 2015. Before July 2015, Liluah was under the former [[Bally Municipality]] which was later merged with the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]].

There are two police stations in Liluah under [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah City Police]] i.e. Liluah Police Station and new Belur Police Station(In the Lilluah Railway Colony). All areas of Liluah west of the western side of Howrah-Bardhaman railway line (i.e. [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord|Howrah-Bardhaman chord line]] and [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]]) fall under the Liluah Police Station, situated on the Jheel Road. It also has jurisdiction over some areas beyond the town, while the eastern part of Liluah was earlier under the Bally Police Station until 2013. After that, it came under the new Belur Police Station, which also has jurisdiction over some areas of [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]. It also has an outpost near [[Belur Math]]. It is located in The Liluah Railway Colony.

There are two post offices in Liluah: in the eastern parts of the town Liluah Post Office PIN Code - 711204 and in the western parts of the town Liluah Shibtala Sub Post Office PIN Code - 711204 and [[Bhattanagar]] Post Office PIN Code - 711203, for the eastern and western parts of the town respectively. Some of the western parts of the town are also served by Belur Math Post Office.

==The town==

The railway line divides Liluah into 2 parts (eastern part and western part). Until 2008 these two halves were connected by a [[Level crossing|level railway crossing]] near the [[Liluah railway station]], since 2008 both these parts were joined by a rail overbridge constructed above [[Liluah railway station]].
The town once used to be an industrial hub, with many small industrial units (mainly iron and steel rolling mills) dotting the small town due to its proximity to Howrah, an industrial city and Calcutta, being a major city of that time, a condition similar to any other suburb of [[Calcutta]] during the [[British Raj]] these industrial units dominated the locale of the town throughout the mid-20th century, when Liluah was known only for industries, factories and workshops. Since the mid-1990s many of the factories in the eastern and western parts of the town were gradually closed. They were gradually replaced by residential or commercial buildings. Until the first decade of the 21st century, most of the factories in the eastern half of Liluah had disappeared and the eastern part of the town now a primarily commercial, residential and educational area, dominated by markets, shops, schools and malls. This part of Liluah has rapidly evolved since the last two decades, as it passes through [[G.T. Road]] from Howrah, you come across glittering shops and restaurants of 'Don Bosco Area' and RD Mall, further north, there is the century-old Liluah Railway Colony, made by the British in the first decade of the 20th century. Although Liluah still has many industries remaining, but some are also being gradually replaced by residential buildings.

==History==
Liluah, or Lillooah as it was then written, was the depot of the former [[East Indian Railway]] [EIR]. The case of unfortunate shipwreck bringing EIR's first loco and mis-despatch of ship carrying EIR's first coaches for inauguration of first railroad in Eastern India led the E.I.R. authorities to consider manufacture of rolling stock in India (read the history of ER).

Initially EIR had set up in 1853 a locomotive and carriage workshop near the Howrah Station (somewhere near the salt gola) with the idea of maintenance of assets after inauguration in 1854 and was later shifted to its present site in the year 1900 as the site did not meet the requirement in terms of magnitude of work. The locomotive portion was shifted to a new and much bigger workshop at [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] in 1862 and the Howrah works was upgraded to a carriage and wagon workshop in 1863. As the [[Howrah]] location was found unsuitable for further expansion, the facility was finally shifted to its present site. The Liluah Carriage and Wagon Workshop is located in the suburbs of Howrah about 7 km. from Howrah. It is the largest combined carriage and wagon workshop of Indian Railways.

The prime responsibility of this workshop was to manufacture rolling stock. This excluded locomotives. Only carriages and wagons were initially manufactured. During the last century Liluah had efficiently discharged the duties. Manufacturing of coaches were done till 1972, and Liluah has 3000 coaches to its credit. Wagon manufacturing was, however, discontinued in the post independence era, and coach manufacturing was also stopped when sufficient infrastructure was built throughout the country to cater for the ever-growing demand.

Another interesting fact which is less known is that apart from rolling stock manufacture Liluah made immense contribution to the war machinery of [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] during the [[Second World War]]. Apart from rolling stock required for transport of military equipment, Liluah also produced hundreds of Ambulances, Water Cars, tanks, armoured vehicles and lorries. Ammunitions were also produced for the British Army, the Indian Army and Royal Air force. Minor items like tent pegs etc. were also in thousands. All the above illustrates the technical expertise and skill developed within the workshop. An essay published in 1945 in East Indian Railway Magazine by D.K. Whitworth<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/whitworth.html |title=Whitworth |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626115851/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/whitworth.html |archive-date=26 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://traintrackers.com/logos/gallery_logos_1.html|title= logo of various railway divisions and workshops]</ref> describes how great a job was done by railwaymen at Liluah between 1938 and 1942.

Like other leading Indian railways, the EIR provided a full regiment for the Railway Units of the [[Auxiliary Force (India)]]. Liluah, or Lillooah as it was written then, was the home of the 1st Bn., the East Indian Railway Regiment.

[[Fateh Chand Badhwar]] OBE, MBE (Mil.) (1900–1995) the first Indian to become the chairman of the [[Railway Board]] had a stint at the Liluah Carriage and Wagon Workshop, during its early days.

A township was planned near the workshop for the British officers, working in the workshop, which gradually, until 1913 became The Liluah Railway Colony. The roads in the colony still bear the names of the British engineers who worked in the workshop. Until the mid-1900s, Liluah had become a dusty industrial town. The Colony is commonly used by locals for their morning walks now.

Post-independence, Liluah saw the development of many small industrial units and thus rapid expansion beyond the western half of the town, areas which were earlier farmlands, resulting in unplanned development. As a result of which, many people came to Liluah from [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as labourers in the small industrial units and gradually settled here; these people came to Kolkata in search of job opportunities, a condition experienced by all suburbs of Calcutta during the early post independence era; this resulted in significant ethical change in Liluah, which resulted in the majority Hindi-speaking population of Liluah since the late 1990s, in a contrast to the early 1990s, when most of the population was Bengali-speaking.

==Education==
The area of Eastern Liluah has been the educational hub of Howrah since the early 1990s, owing to a number of schools, an Engineering College and a Science, Arts and Commerce College present there.

===Schools===
The [[Don Bosco Liluah|Don Bosco High and Technical School Liluah]] or Don Bosco Liluah (abbreviated as DBL) which was established in the year 1937 as a Catholic institution by the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]], along with the Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan (ABSS) and the M.C. Kejriwal Vidyapeeth an institution run and operated by the MCKV Group of Institutions, the group which also runs the [[MCKV Institute of Engineering]] are situated in Liluah. Apart from these three schools, the Sohanlal Deoralia Balika Siksha Sadan, established in the year 1962 is one of the oldest girls educational institution in Howrah, with the medium of instruction there primarily being Hindi. Apart from these, the [[Sunrise English Medium School|Sunrise Eng. Med. School]], which was established in the year 1975, run and operated by the Sunrise Education Society, the I.P. Memorial School and the Rosebud School, both established in 1967 are also some of the oldest institutions in Liluah. Sudhir Memorial Institute, Liluah (Howrah) (SMIL), Little Wits (Pre-Primary Segment of Sudhir Memorial Institute Liluah) established in 2011 is another reputed CBSE School, run and operated by S.N.R.MEMORIAL TRUST and it is a segment of SNR Public School. Other schools like the Agrasain Boys' School, Imperial City School, Vels Global School, Liluah (Howrah), the Bharatiya Higher School and the Gurukul School are all located within a radius of less than 2 kilometers within the 'Don Bosco Area' (Abhay Guha Road Commercial Area) of Eastern Liluah. The Florence Day School (Privately run), The Eastern Railway Hindi High School and the Eastern Railway Bengali High School are Central Government schools under the Ministry of Railways, affiliated to the CBSE, present in the Liluah Railway Colony. Apart from these, institutions like the Holy Family Convent School, Swaika Girls High School, Liluah T.R.G.R. Khemka High School, and the Bhattanagar Kulokamini Vidyamandir are located in western Liluah. Apart from these schools, the Mirpara Don Bosco Self Employment Research Institute (D.B.S.E.R.I) is also located in Western Liluah, which is an institution also run by the Salesians of DonBosco and it provides training in various Self-Employment skills to people. Other schools like the Belur Janta High School, the Belur Boys School, Belur Girls school and the Belur High School are located within half a kilometer off Liluah. Apart from that there are around a dozen more registered and unregistered primary schools in Liluah.

[[File:Donboscoliluah.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Don Bosco Liluah|Don Bosco High and Technical School Liluah]]]]

*[[Don Bosco Liluah|Don Bosco High and Technical School Liluah]]. Commonly abbreviated as DBL, was set up in 1937 by the salesians of Don Bosco mainly to train the local Christian population so that they could get jobs at the Liluah Railway Carriage and Wagon Workshop. The school has won the Telegraph School of the Year awards three times and is only the fourth school ever in Kolkata to enter the Hall of Fame. DBL celebrated its Platinum Jubilee on 8 December 2012, a lavish event which had eminent personalities from around India(many of its Alumni) visiting the school, including former [[President (government title)|President]] [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].
*Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan is a girls school, affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE Board). It was established in the 1994 and as of 2019 has about 4500 students. The Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan (or ABSS as it is commonly abbreviated) is one of girls educational institutions in Howrah and (along with DBL and MCKV). A section of the Duffer Street (on which the school lies, which was earlier named for [[Lord Dufferin]]) from G.T. Road to Matwala Chaurasta was renamed as 'Agrasain Street' in 2009. Large posters and sign boards commemorating the occasion are present near the gates of the institution. The Agrasain Boys' School [Established in 2011 and Inaugurated by Sri Arup Roy (Minister - Agricultural Marketing, Government of West Bengal) on 2 April 2012]: commonly abbreviated as ABS, a linguistic minority unaided institution having an independent Governing Body elected by the trust known as Agrasain Seva Samity, the same which also runs ABSS and Shree Agrasain College, built on a campus with a large play ground, and other facilities.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
*Sudhir Memorial Institute, Liluah (Howrah) is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) till 10+2 (Class 12th) level. It was established in the year 2011 and as of 2022 it has more than 3000 students. Its Pre-Primary Segment is known as Little Wits (Classes Toddler to Infant-2). It is a franchisee school under Sudhir Memorial Institute Group of Institutions (SMI) which has various branches situated in various parts of West Bengal and also working on expanding its chain in the coming time. It is a segment of SNR PUBLIC SCHOOL and run by S.N.R MEMORIAL TRUST, Kolkata. Sudhir Memorial Institute, Liluah is a co-educational school.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Colleges===
Apart from the many Schools present in Liluah, Liluah also boasts an undergraduate and postgraduate engineering college and an undergraduate science, arts and commerce college.

The [[MCKV Institute of Engineering]] (MCKVIE) was established in 1999 and runs as a part of the MCKV Group. It is affiliated to the [[West Bengal University of Technology]]. It offers bachelor's and master's degrees in various engineering streams.<ref name="MCKV001">
{{cite web
| title = About Us: MCKV Institute
| publisher = MCKV Institute of Engineering
| url = http://www.mckvie.edu.in/about
| access-date = 2011-07-18}}</ref> [[Shree Agrasain College]] is a self-financing undergraduate college run under the Agrasain Seva Samity, the same trust which runs the Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan and the Agrasain Boys' School. It offers undergraduate degree and diploma courses in various science, arts and commerce courses. It is affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]] and is located on Height Road near [[Liluah Railway Station]], its second campus in Agrasain Street being converted to the Agrasain Boys' School in 2010.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The [[Lalbaba College|Lalbaba college]] is 1 km off Liluah near the famous [[Belur Math]].

===Universities===
The [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University]], an institution deemed to be university is located within 1 km from Liluah, near the [[Belur Math]]. It is administered by the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. It was declared by Government of India as a Deemed University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956.

==Recreation==

RD mall in Liluah (on [[G.T. Road]]) has a gross leasable area of 1 lakh square feet. It was launched in 2011 and houses [[INOX Leisure Limited|Inox]] Multiplex, [[Dominos pizza india|Domino's Pizza]], [[Cafe Coffee Day]], a gaming arena and Croma Electronics by Tata Groups among many other retail stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=RD Mall|date=19 April 2018|url=http://www.bhawaniconstructions.com/rd-mall-liluah/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Malls|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-e-zone/cid/358888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/howrah/story_6208.jsp#.V3EYu9zyFdg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220234939/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/howrah/story_6208.jsp#.V3EYu9zyFdg | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 December 2015 |title = A new mall to go to - if there is Avani Riverside for south Howrah, there will be Forum Rangoli for north Howrah, says Dalia Mukherjee}}</ref>

Other main market areas in the vicinity of the town are, Abhay Guha Road (locally called, Don Bosco Gully or Don Bosco area), Liluah Bazar and Belur Bazar. Local restaurants have recently housed alongside [[G.T. Road]] and include, Gangotri, Vegetarian Valley, Fusion, Bhikharam Chandmal alongside eateries inside RD Mall.

==Nearby==

[[Belur Math]] is 1 km north-east of [[Liluah railway station]].

==Notable people==
*[[Babul Supriyo]], Singer and MP from Asansol.
*[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]], Cricketer
*[[Ravi Shukla]], Star Voice of India 2 Winner.
*[[Shreevats Goswami]], Cricketer
*[[Iman Chakraborty]], Singer
*[[Ishaa Saha]], Actress

==Neighbourhoods==
* Liluah West
[[Bhattanagar]], [[Chakapara|Chakpara]], Daspara, Liluah Bazar (Rabindra Sarani), Ghoshpara, Kumarpara, Mirpara, Patuapara, Arabindanagar, Suryanagar, Kolkata Prinjala Pole Society Liluah, Jora Mandir, GuhaPark.
* Liluah East
Don Bosco - MCKV Area (G.T. Road-Abhay Guha Road crossing), Railway Colony, Mahavir Chowk, Surendranagar, Malipanchghara, Guha Road.

==See also==
*Eastern Railway Carriage and Wagon Workshop, Liluah
*[[Don Bosco Liluah]]
*[[Fateh Chand Badhwar]]
*[[Grand Trunk Road]]
*[[Liluah Railway Station]]
*[[Belur Math]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.narayanawestbengal.com/]
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/calcutta/liluah/ Satellite map of Liluah]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Liluah-77400.htm About Liluah]
* [http://www.mckv.edu.in/Official website of M.C. Kejriwal Vidyapeeth]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.donboscoliluah.org/ Donboscoliluah.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155540/http://www.rosebudliluah.com/school]
* [http://sudhirmemorialinstituteliluah.com/ sudhirmemorialinstituteliluah]
* Website of Sunrise (Eng. Med) School [http://www.sunriseeducation.org/ sunriseeducation.org]

{{Howrah District}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Howrah]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Geography of South India

2026-01-03T04:54:44Z

Adiyogirudraksha: fixed lead for consistency after review

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
[[File:South India satellite.jpg|250px|thumb|Southern India photo from space (NASA) Numerous scattered fires (red dots) were detected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite across southern India on January 31, 2003. Fire are especially concentrated in the Nallamala Hills region of the Eastern Ghats along India’s Indian Ocean coast (right). Fires also drape down the Western Ghat Mountains on India’s Arabian Sea coast (left).]]
The '''Geography of South India''' comprises the diverse topological and climatic patterns of [[South India]]. South India is a [[peninsula]] in the shape of a vast inverted triangle, bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by the [[Bay of Bengal]] and on the north by the [[Vindhya]] and [[Satpura]] ranges.

The Satpura ranges define the northern spur of the [[Deccan Plateau]], one of the main geographic features of South India. The [[Western Ghats]], along the western coast, mark another boundary of the plateau. The narrow strip of verdant land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is the [[Konkan]] region; the term encompasses the area south of the Narmada as far as Coastal Karnataka.

The Western Ghats continue south, forming the [[Malnad]] ([[Kanara|Canara]]) region along the Karnataka coast, and terminate at the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] mountains, an inward (easterly) extension of the Western Ghats. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of [[Tamil Nadu]] with northern [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]], encompassing the [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]] and [[Wayanad]] hills, and the [[Satyamangalam]] ranges, and extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the [[Eastern Ghats]], on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–[[Andhra Pradesh]] border. The [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] and [[Anaimalai Hills|Anaimalai]] hills form part of this range.

The Deccan Plateau, covering the major portion of the states of [[Maharashtra]], Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, is the vast elevated region bound by the C-shape defined by all these mountain ranges. No major elevations border the plateau to the east, and it slopes gently from the Western Ghats to the eastern coast.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

== Geological development ==
India is entirely contained on the [[Indian Plate]], a major [[tectonic plate]] that was formed when it split off from the left over land of the ancient continent [[Gondwanaland]]. About 91 million years ago, during the late [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic period|Period]], the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm/[[year|yr]] (6 in/yr).<ref name="AII">{{cite book|title=Age of Initiation of the India-Asia Collision in the East-Central Himalaya|url=http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rowley/Rowley/Collision_Age_files/J%20Geol%202005%20Zhu.pdf|author=Bin Zhu|publisher=Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, [[University at Albany]]|pages=281|accessdate=2008-11-19|display-authors=etal|archive-date=17 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025622/http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rowley/Rowley/Collision_Age_files/J%20Geol%202005%20Zhu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The vast [[volcanic]] basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive [[Deccan Traps]] eruption, which occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous period, between 67 and 66 million years ago. Some [[paleontologist]]s speculate that this eruption may have accelerated the extinction of the non-avian [[dinosaur]]s. Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many thousands of years, and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table. Hence it is also known as '''Table Top'''. The volcanic hotspot that produced the Deccan traps is hypothesized to lie under the present day island of [[Réunion]] in the Indian Ocean.

== Climate ==
The region has a [[tropical climate]] with the monsoons playing the major part. The [[southwest monsoon]] accounts for most of the rainfall in the region and much of it occurs from about June to September. Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the [[northeast monsoon]] from about October to January. Much of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka has a distinct dry season from November until May when there is not much rainfall. This region also experiences cooler nights from October to March while the days are pleasantly warm. In the northern parts of the region temperatures can fall below {{convert|10|C|F|disp=or}} on occasions at night. Days are very hot from March to June when temperatures can surpass {{convert|40|C|F|disp=or}}.

== States and Union Territories ==
South India includes five states – [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]] – where the official and majority languages are [[Dravidian languages]]. State boundaries generally follow linguistic lines.

The northern portion of the Western Ghats and Deccan Plateau are in the states of [[Goa]] and [[Maharashtra]], although these states are often classed in [[Western India]]. The official and majority languages in Goa and Maharashtra are [[Indo-European languages]].

South India also has two [[Union territory|Union territories]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Lakshadweep]].

== Regions ==
South India has a number of overlapping traditional geographic regions. Some of these regions are:
* [[Bayaluseemae]]- The plain area of Deccan Plateau in Karnataka
* [[Carnatic (region)|Carnatic]] – etymologically related to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], refers to all of South India
* [[Kanara|Canara ''or'' Karaavali]] – the Karnataka coast
* [[Chera dynasty|Chera Nadu]] – Western Tamil Nadu and most of modern Kerala
* [[Chettinad]]u – Southern Tamil Nadu surrounding [[Sivagangai]]
* [[Chola Nadu]] – Central Tamil Nadu surrounding [[Thanjavur]].
* [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] - The region of [[Kerala]] which lies between the rivers [[Bharathappuzha]] and [[Periyar river|Periyar]], sometimes extended to [[Pamba River|Pamba]].
* [[Coromandel Coast]] – south coastal Andhra Pradesh, North coastal Tamil Nadu and the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[Union Territory]]
* [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] – plateau region covering interior Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Includes the [[Marathwada]], [[Vidarbha]], [[Telangana]], [[Rayalaseema]], [[North Karnataka]] and [[Mysore (region)|Mysore regions]].
* [[Kammanadu]] – Region south of [[Krishna River]] up to [[Nellore]] in
*[[Konaseema]] – Coastal region between the tributaries of the [[Godavari River]] in the [[East Godavari District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kongu Nadu]] – Western Tamil Nadu surrounding [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Konkan]] – coastal region comprising coastal Maharashtra, Goa and part of coastal Karnataka
* [[Kosta/Coastal Andhra|Kosta]] – Coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Malabar region]] – Northern Kerala
* [[Malenadu]] – Sahyadri hills between the coast and the plateau in Karnataka
* [[Mulakanadu]] – Region to the north of the Godavari River
* [[Mysore (region)|Mysore]] – South Karnataka around [[Mysore]]
* [[North Karnataka]] – North Karnataka around [[Dharawad]]
* [[North Malabar]] - The northern most region in [[Kerala]] which lies between [[Mangalore]] and [[Kozhikode]]. It was the former seat of [[Ezhimala]] kingdom, [[Mushika dynasty]] and [[Kolathunadu]].
* [[Northern Circars]] – Muslim administrative units in Madras state in British India, namely [[Chicacole]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Ellore]], [[Kondapalli]] and [[Guntur]]
* [[Palnadu]] – Northern Tamil Nadu and Southern districts of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Pandya Nadu]] – Southern Tamil Nadu around [[Madurai]]
* [[Raichur Doab]] – mostly northern Karnataka, between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Tungabhadra]] rivers
* [[Rayalaseema]] – Southern parts [[Andhra Pradesh]] consisting of [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapuram]] and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] districts.
* [[South Malabar]] - The north-central region of Kerala, which lies between the rivers [[Korapuzha]] and Bharathappu.
* [[Tondai Nadu]] – Northern Tamil Nadu around Kanchipuram
* [[Thiruvithaamkoor]] or Travancore – Southern Kerala and [[Kanniyakumari District]] of Tamil Nadu
* [[Tulu Nadu]] – Coastal districts of [[Udupi]] and [[South Canara]] in Karnataka
* [[Velanadu]] – Places on the banks of [[Krishna River]] from Guntur to [[Srisailam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Uttarandhra]] – Northern parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] comprising three districts ([[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]])

The low-lying [[coral]] islands of [[Lakshadweep]] are off the south-western coast of India. [[Sri Lanka]] lies off the south-eastern coast, separated from India by the [[Palk Strait]] and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as [[Rama's Bridge]]. The [[Andaman and Nicobar]] islands lie far off the eastern coast of India, near the [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] coast of [[Burma]]. The southernmost tip of mainland India is at [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] (Cape Comorin) on the [[Indian Ocean]].

== Water bodies ==
[[File:Godavari River.png|right|thumb|The rivers of Southern India]]
Rivers of South India are dependent on the monsoons and shrink during the dry season. The line created by the [[Narmada River]] and [[Mahanadi River]] is the traditional boundary between northern and southern India. The Narmada flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. The plateau is watered by the east flowing [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers. The other major rivers of the Deccan plateau are the [[Pennar]] and the [[Tungabhadra]], a major tributary of the Krishna.

The river [[Kaveri]] rises in the Western Ghats, in the [[Kodagu]] district of Karnataka and flows through the fertile Mandya, [[Mysore]], Hassan regions before entering Tamil Nadu, where it forms an extensive and fertile delta on the east coast. The three major river deltas of South India, the Kaveri, the Godavari and the Krishna, are located along the Bay of Bengal. These areas constitute the ''rice bowls'' of South India. Rivers that flow westward, from the mountains to the Arabian Sea, include the [[Periyar River]], [[Netravati River]], [[Mandovi]] and [[Tapti River]] (or [[Tapti River|Tapi]]) rivers, and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] at the northern edge of the region.

[[File:Kerala backwaters, Vembanad Lake, Houseboats, India.jpg |thumbnail|India's largest lake at [[Vembanad]], is a part of the larger [[Kerala backwaters]]]]

{{citation needed span|text=[[Kerala]]'s western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern sloped region bounded by [[Western Ghats]], |date=January 2022}} and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] canals, lakes, [[estuaries]],<ref name="Moss2010">{{cite book |author=Danny Moss |title=Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0-CJ3djEdEC&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0415773362 |page=41}}</ref> and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]].<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book |author=Edgar Thorpe |title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=RA3-PA38 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131767344 |page=3}}</ref> Geographically, the [[Malabar coast]] comprises the wettest regions of [[South India|southern India]], as the [[Western Ghats]] intercept the moisture-laden [[monsoon]] rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes.<ref name="Moss2010"/>

[[Kuttanad]], also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]], and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> The country's longest lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]], dominates the backwaters; it lies between [[Alappuzha]] and [[Kochi]] and is about {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="Husain">{{cite book |author=Majid Husain |author-link=Majid Husain |title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA9-PT18 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0070702882 |page=9 |year=2011}}</ref> Around eight percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{Cite journal |author=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI—Ministry of Shipping) |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Inland Water Transport |journal=IWAI (Ministry of Shipping) |url=http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=19 January 2006}}</ref> Kerala's [[List of rivers in Kerala|44 rivers]] include the [[Periyar River|Periyar]]; {{convert|244|km|mi|0}}, [[Bharathapuzha]]; {{convert|209|km|mi|0}}, [[Pamba River|Pamba]]; {{convert|176|km|mi|0}}, [[Chaliyar River|Chaliyar]]; {{convert|169|km|mi|0}}, [[Kadalundipuzha River|Kadalundipuzha]]; {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}, [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudipuzha]]; {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}, [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]]; {{convert|129|km|mi|0}} and the [[Achankovil River]]; {{convert|128|km|mi|0}}. The average length of the rivers is {{convert|64|km|mi|0}}. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain.<ref name=riverreport>{{cite book |last=India. |first=Planning Commission |title=Kerala Development Report |year=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-8171885947 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8171885942}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
[[File:Pic from Doddabetta Peak.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] lies amid the [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris range]] of [[Western Ghats]], which is scattered in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
There is a large number and wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Tropical moist forests are found along the Arabian Sea coast and the Western Ghats. The [[Malabar Coast moist forests]] are found on the coastal plains.<ref name="netgeo_terres">{{cite web| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_im.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010321011649/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_im.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 March 2001| title = Indo-Malayan Terrestrial Ecoregions| website = [[National Geographic Society]]| accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref> The [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] are found at intermediate elevations. The southern Western Ghats have high altitude rain forests called the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]. The Western Ghats are a [[biodiversity hotspot]].<ref name="cons_intl_hotspots">{{cite web |url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/ghats/ |title=Biodiversity Hotspot – Western Ghats & Sri Lanka, Conservation International |accessdate=15 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504042605/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/ghats |archivedate=4 May 2006 }}</ref>

Scrub lands, including the [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]], are common in the interior Deccan Plateau. Some of India's famous protected areas are found in South India. These include [[Project Tiger]] reserves [[Periyar National Park]], [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakad – Mundanthurai]] and [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]]. Important ecological regions of South India are the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] including [[Mudumalai National Park]], [[Bandipur National Park]], [[Nagarhole National Park]] [[Silent Valley National Park]], [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Anamalai Hills]] including the [[Eravikulam National Park]], [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the adjacent [[Indira Gandhi National Park|The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park]] of the Western Ghats. Important bird sanctuaries including [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]], [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]], [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary|Nelapattu]] and [[Pulicat Lake|Pulicat Sanctuary]] are home to numerous migratory and local birds. Other protected ecological sites include the [[backwater (river)|backwater]]s like the [[Pulicat Lake]] in Andhra Pradesh, [[Pitchavaram]] in Tamil Nadu and the famed [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters of Kerala]] formed by the [[Vembanad Lake]], the [[Ashtamudi Lake]] and the Kayamkulam Lake.

== References ==

<references/>

{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{India topics}}

{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of South India}}
[[Category:South India]]
[[Category:Geography of India by region]]

Maukharis of Gaya

2025-12-31T23:16:35Z

Adiyogirudraksha: started new article needs work

{{Short description|Branch of the Maukhari dynasty}}
{{About||the branch of the Maukharis that ruled from Kannauj|Maukharis of Kannauj}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = Maukharis
| conventional_long_name = Maukharis of Gaya
| common_name =
| religion = {{plainlist|
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Buddhism]]
}}
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| image_map = File:Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg
| image_map_caption = The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman
| common_languages =
| status =
| government_type =
| life_span =
| year_start = c. 4th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=9788120800892 |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&dq=Maukharis+of+Gaya&pg=PA8}}</ref>
| year_end = c. early 6th century CE
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| s1 = Later Gupta dynasty
| s2 = Maukharis of Kannauj
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| event_end =
| date_end =
| capital =
| leader1 =
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| year_leader2 =
| title_leader =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
The '''Maukharis of Gaya''' were a branch of the Maukhari dynasty that ruled the [[Magadha]] region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=RC |title=The Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. |date=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120800267 |pages=24–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&dq=maukharis+of+gaya&pg=PA369}}</ref> They were likely the original branch of the Maukharis and a later branch split off from them to establish the more prominent [[Maukharis of Kannauj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |chapter=Maukharīs |date=2023 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> They have been dated from the fifth to the early sixth centuries.<ref name= Bakker2015 />

==History==
The earliest reference to Maukharis in the region is an inscription from the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]] written in [[Brahimi]] on a clay seal dating back to the third-century BCE and contains the term ''Mokhalinām''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maukhari Empire |date=2016 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271 |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term, Maukhari, is likely a patronymic meaning “''descendants of Mukhara''” with Mukhara being the common ancestor of all branches of the Maukharis.{{sfn|Thaplyal|1985|p=17}} Based on this, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] was likely the original seat of the Maukharis prior to the westward migration of a separate branch which travelled to [[Kannauj]] under Harivarman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama Shankar |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804043 |pages=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&dq=maukharis+of+gaya&pg=PA32}}</ref> The Gaya branch likely provided assistance to the Kannauj branch in establishing power.<ref name= Bakker2015 />
Another later set of three inscriptions from Anantavarman located in the [[Barabar Caves]] attest to the continued presence of Maukharis in Magadha.<ref name=Bakker2015>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004277144 |pages=41–62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> They likely ruled as feudatories, probably that of the [[Later Guptas]]. The known rulers include:<ref name=Sinha1977>{{cite book |author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |author-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D.|chapter= The Maukharis in Magadha |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA109 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |pages=109–128 |oclc=464639312}}</ref>

* ''Nrpa Shri'' Yajnavarman
* ''Nrpa Samantachudamani Shri'' Shardulavarman
* Anantavarman

In some of the Barabar Caves inscriptions, the words referring to the Ajivikas appear to have been defaced, although the rest of the text appears intact. [[E. Hultzsch]] theorised that the defacement took place when the Maukhari ruler Ananta-varman installed Hindu images at the Caves. However, Basham dismisses this theory, noting that there is little evidence to support this view and the only cave in which the word ''Ajivikehi'' remains intact is among the three caves where Ananta-varman installed a Hindu image. According to Basham, since the defacement is selective, it must have taken place when the Brahmi script had still not been forgotten, likely some time before the 5th century CE.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=157–159}}

===Yajnavarman===
The first recorded member of this dynasty, Yajnavarman, was likely descended from local feudatories of the [[Gupta Empire]] and in the wake of their disintegration, emerged as the rulers of the region around Gaya. There is no evidence of him carrying out any conquests or war-like activities.<ref name= Sinha1977 />

===Shardulavarman===
Shardulavarman was the son of Yajnavarman and the inscriptions describe him as "''Samanta-cudamani''" meaning the "best amongst chieftains". He was noted as having won great fame in battle and worked to raise the status of the family by expanding their territory. These may be connected with the invasions of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref name= Sinha1977 />

===Anantavarman===
[[File:5th or 6th century Vadathika Cave Inscription, Sanskrit, Shaivism, Anantavarman, Gupta script, Ancient Om symbol 2.jpg|thumb|5th or 6th century [[Vadathika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman]]
Under Anantavarman, the prestige of the family may have been reduced due to the growing power of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] as he is not referred to by any title or honorific. They were probably vassalised during the reign of Krishnagupta (Kṛṣṇagupta) who ruled the region from c. 490-505 CE. Instead, the activities of the Maukharis switched to a religious nature and the activities of Anantavarman provide the first evidence of [[Vishnu]] worship in the Magadha region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abhishek |first1=Amar |title=Buddhist Responses to Brāhmaṇa Challenges in Medieval India: Bodhgayā and Gayā |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2012 |volume=22 |pages=155–185 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/buddhist-responses-to-brhmaa-challenges-in-medieval-india-bodhgay-and-gay/45445258A3DD61E1E9D6C248F75B520E}}</ref> It was during this time that a member of the family, Harivarman instead travelled westwards to carve out his own fortune leading to the formation of the [[Maukharis of Kannauj]]. This branch rose to prominence during the reign of [[Ishanavarman]].<ref name= Sinha1977 />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Thaplyal |first1=Kiran Kumar |title=Inscriptions of the Maukharīs, Later Guptas, Puṣpabhūtis, and Yaśovarman of Kanauj |date=1985 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5svAAAAMAAJ&q=maukharis+and+later+guptas}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas |year=1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2179 |publisher=Luzac |location=London}} Reprinted by Moltilal Banarsidass in 1981

[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments]]
[[Category:6th-century disestablishments]]
[[Category:Maukhari dynasty]]

Raj Bhavan, Aizawl

2025-11-30T05:53:29Z

Adiyogirudraksha: general refined article for accuracy additionally based on references

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Aizawl]]

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Ghulam Rasool Khan

2025-11-23T05:11:00Z

Adiyogirudraksha: data

{{orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Third-party|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Kashmiri artisan (born 1955)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1955}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| occupation = Shawl artisan
| known_for = Kani shawl weaving
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}
'''Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan''' (born 1955) is an Indian artisan and [[master craftsman]] from [[Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]], known for his efforts in reviving the traditional Kashmiri art forms of [[Jamawar]] [[patchwork]] and [[Kani Shawl|Kani shawl]] weaving. As the Chairman of the ''J&K Art & Craft Development Society'', he has become an advocate for artisan welfare and the preservation of Kashmir’s cultural heritage. In 2021, he was awarded with the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to the arts.

== Early life ==
Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan was born in 1955 in Amda Kadal, one of Srinagar’s oldest neighborhoods. Growing up in a region steeped in the tradition of Kashmiri craftsmanship, he was exposed to the intricate techniques of textile arts from a young age. The Jamawar patchwork, a craft with roots tracing back to the 14th century and attributed to the Sufi saint [[Mir Syed Ali Hamdani|Mir Syed Ali Hamadani]], was a significant part of his early influences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan receives Padma Shri for Art |url=https://theins.in/2021/11/10/haji-ghulam-rasool-khan-receives-padma-shri-for-art/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The INS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awardee Artisan Ghulam Rasool Khan aims to preserve Jamawar artwork in Kashmir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/padma-awardee-artisan-ghulam-rasool-khan-aims-to-preserve-jamawar-artwork-in-kashmir/videoshow/95920823.cms |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1989, Khan suffered a severe motorcycle accident in [[Delhi]], which resulted in significant injuries and a prolonged recovery period. During this time, confined to his home in Srinagar, he rekindled his connection with the Jamawar patchwork, a craft that had been largely forgotten due to the rise of mass-produced textiles. This period of adversity marked a turning point, as Khan dedicated himself to mastering and reviving this art form.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Irfan Amin |date=2025-05-26 |title=Bedridden After an Accident, This 70-YO Revived a 700-YO Kashmiri Art Form — & Won the Padma Shri |url=https://thebetterindia.com/439194/kashmir-jamawar-haji-ghulam-rasool-khan-artisan-legacy/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
'''Revival of Jamawar Patchwork'''

Following his recovery, Khan transformed his modest home in Amda Kadal into a workshop dedicated to the preservation of Jamawar patchwork. This craft, characterized by intricate paisley and floral motifs on fine pashmina or silk, involves meticulous handwork and techniques such as Sozni and Kani embroidery. Khan’s work is notable for its reliance on memory and skill rather than templates, reflecting the traditional methods passed down through generations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu Kashmir: पद्मश्री सम्मानित गुलाम रसूल बोले- नजाकत व मजबूती वाली कश्मीरी पश्मीना शाल को पुनर्जीवित करने की जरूरत - Padma Shri honored Ghulam Rasool Khan said need to revive the Kashmiri Pashmina shawl with freshness and strength |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-padma-shri-honored-ghulam-rasool-khan-said-need-to-revive-the-kashmiri-pashmina-shawl-with-freshness-and-strength-21333324.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

By the 1990s, the rise of machine-made shawls had threatened the survival of authentic Jamawar, which requires weeks or months of labor-intensive work. Khan’s commitment to working "the old way, thread by thread" helped preserve this heritage craft. His efforts gained global recognition, with his patchwork pieces earning acclaim for their artistry and cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=His name is Khan: Meet Kashmir’s only Padmashree award winning ‘Jamawar’ craftsman — The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/his-name-is-khan-meet-kashmirs-only-padmashree-award-winning-jamawar-craftsman/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KNS |title=KNS |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/displaynews.aspx?news=172838 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.knskashmir.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

'''Kani Shawl Restoration'''

In addition to Jamawar patchwork, Khan played a pivotal role in restoring the art of [[Kani Shawl|Kani shawl]] weaving, another traditional Kashmiri craft known for its tapestry-like patterns created using small wooden bobbins. His work in this area further solidified his reputation as a guardian of Kashmir’s textile heritage.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan, from Srinagar district, restored the dying art forms of beautiful “Kani” shawls in the valley. |url=https://www.thebetterkashmir.com/haji-ghulam-rasool-khan-from-srinagar-district-restored-the-dying-art-forms-of-beautiful-kani-shawls-in-the-valley/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Better Kashmir {{!}} Positive and Inspiring Stories from Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Advocacy and Mentorship'''

As Chairman of the ''J&K Art & Craft Development Society'', Khan has been a vocal advocate for the welfare of artisans in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He has trained a new generation of craftsmen, emphasising patience and precision in an era dominated by mechanised production. His mentorship has ensured the continuation of these traditional techniques, fostering a renewed appreciation for Kashmiri craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/videos/tourism-is-our-livelihood-padma-shri-artist-calls-for-action-after-pahalgam-attack-930605 |title=Video {{!}} "Tourism is Our Livelihood": Padma Shri Artist Calls for Action After Pahalgam Attack |language=en |access-date=2025-07-08 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
[[File:Haji_Ghulam_Rasool_Khan.jpg|thumb|President Kovind presents Padma Shri to Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan for Art.]]
Khan’s contributions to the preservation of Kashmiri arts were recognized in 2021 when he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind|President Ram Nath Kovind]]. The award celebrated his role as a "renowned artist and master craftsman" who revived the "innovative art of patchwork" and restored the Kani shawl tradition.<ref name="s219">{{cite web | title=India News, Business & Political, National & International, Bollywood, Sports | website=ANI News | date=2025-07-08 | url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/padma-awardee-artisan-ghulam-rasool-khan-aims-preserve-jamawar-artwork-kashmir/ | access-date=2025-07-08}}</ref>

His work has been praised by public figures, including Union Minister [[Piyush Goyal]], who described Khan’s efforts as a "fitting tribute" to the legacy of Kashmiri shawl weaving.<ref name="b327">{{cite web | title= The Jamawar Patchwork Weaver from Srinagar, Haji Ghulam Rasool Khan, has made tremendous strides in preserving the oldest weaving technique of the exquisite Kashmiri Shawl.| website=X (formerly Twitter) | url=https://x.com/piyushgoyaloffc/status/1458249618022490112?s=46 | access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Rasool}}
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]
[[Category:Artists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian embroiderers]]
[[Category:20th-century textile artists]]
[[Category:21st-century textile artists]]
[[Category:Indian weavers]]

Adibhatla Narayana Dasu

2025-11-04T13:38:10Z

Adiyogirudraksha: Adding Initial Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian poet and musician (1864–1945)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Inline|date=June 2023}}{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox writer 
| name = {{lang|te|అజ్జాడ ఆదిభట్ల నారాయణదాసు}} Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu
| image = Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu.jpg
| image_size = 130px
| caption = Pandit Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu
| birth_date = 31 August 1864
| birth_place = [[Ajjada]], [[Vizianagaram]] district, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|1|2|1864|8|31|df=y}}
| death place =
| occupation = [[Harikatha|Playwright]], poet, musician
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Books, Poetry, Philosophy, Music Composition, Music performance, singing Ballet Rendition.
| notableworks = Art form Harikatha, Jagadjyothi,
| awards = Harikatha Pitamaha, PanchamukhI Parameshwara, Laya Brahma, Sangita Sahitya Savrabhauma
}}
'''Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu''' (31 August 1864 – 2 January 1945) was a multifaceted gem of a talent in diverse fields of learning and forms of fine arts in [[Madras Presidency]], British India. He was born in [[Ajjada]] village, near [[Bobbili]], presently in [[Balijipeta]] mandal of [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

Pandit Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das, a versatile genius of all times from Andhra Pradesh. He was a poet, musician, dancer, linguist, and philosopher with an unparalleled body of work in a wide variety of subjects with great depths. A seemingly impossible feat by human effort inspiring the rest to push their limits. A Real life "Sakala KaLa Vallabha" poly art exponent. An embodiment of ''Bharateeyata'' (Indian-ness) articulating the universal appeal, touching the unifying chord of Advaita or applied non-duality, among all fields of learning and arts dedicating a full life to study and deliver creative productivity in isolation competing with one-self maximizing his time spent on the planet. He performed ''Swadhyaya'' (self-taught) like ''Tapas'' (penance) and vice versa. Making his life and body of work a compelling case study for scholars and aspirants in the same breath. His merit and perseverance proved that one can indeed become "a master of many trades" as long there is passion, grit and acumen. A noted previous century knighthood donned University Vice chancellor had hailed him as the "walking university" a contemporary AI(artificial intelligence) skilled Techie would call him a "Human chatGPT" and wonder permanently how his learning and generating models worked. His descendants live in India, USA and Australia.

== Polyglot Facet ==
Narayana Das was born in a [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ&q=Adibhatla+Narayana+Dasu+brahmin |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |pages=145 |language=en |quote=..... grandfather of concert Harikatha in Andhra was a self-taught Brahman writer-performer, Adibhatla Narayanadas (1864–1945).}}</ref> Narayana Das was a linguist with proficiency in as many as eight languages (including Arabic and Persian), poet, philosopher, playwright, composer, dancer, actor and the creator of the unique art form, Hari Katha. He had mastery over several Indian and classical languages like Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, English, Arabic and Persian.

== Literary Metered Poetry Facet ==
Narayana Das was a scholar who had mastery over four classical languages (Sanskrit, Telugu, Arabic and Persian) and who translated from Persian and English into Sanskrit and Telugu; the only litterateur who wrote a comparative treatise on the works of Kalidas and Shakespeare;

He was also a performer of Ashtavadhanam. His works ranged from children's literature to philosophical treatises.

His literary output was extensive. He wrote original Kavyas and Prabandhas that reflect a rare creative genius, erudition and great felicity of expression. He wrote over fifty books in Telugu, Sanskrit and Atcha-Telugu (Desyandhramu or Telugu unmixed of Sanskrit). His works included original story-poems (Kavyas and Prabndhas), Harikathas, prose works, musical works, dramas, translations, treatises in philosophy and Vedic studies and children's literature.

He felt that Edward Fitzgerald's English translations did not do justice to the Persian poet Omar Khayyam's poetry. To demonstrate his viewpoint he translated both the original quatrains of Omar Khayyam and Edward Fitzgerald's English translation into two languages – Sanskrit and Atcha Telugu in different meters. The work titled The '''Rubaiyaat''' of Omar Khayyam (1932)[1] was acclaimed as a rare literary feat by the literati of his times. In a rare tribute, a leading newspaper reviewed the book an editorial hailed it as ''A Monument of Scholarship''.

In another voluminous display of scholarship, he compared the works of the Sanskrit dramatist Kālidāsa with those of Shakespeare. Entitled '''Nava Rasa Tarangini''' (1922) the book annotates passages consisting of the nine rasas or moods from the dramas of both the dramatists by translating them into Telugu.

His Sanskrit works include '''Harikathamrutam''' a compilation of three Hari Kathas, '''Taarakam''' an original allegorical poem and two Shatakas '''Ramachandra Shatakam''' and '''Kashi Shatakam'''. A Satakam usually consists of 100 verses written in the same prosody.

He translated Lalithasahasranama in 'Natu' Telugu or pure Telugu language.

== Music Composing & Performing Facet ==
The only songwriter-composer who translated into Telugu and set to music Rig Vedic hymns and the only writer-composer who composed a geeta-malika comprising 90 Carnatic ragas. As a songwriter-composer who exhaustively composed music in all the 72 Carnatic ragas he was next only to Thyagaraja.

His musical accomplishments left him peerless in his times. Maestros of the musical world honoured him with titles like '''Laya Brahma''' and '''Panchamukhi Parameshwara''' for his ability to sing to five different Talas, beat with two arms, two feet and the head. Five different musicians used to keep time with him when he performed '''Panchamukhi''' feat.

The literary and musical elite of his time joined to honour him with the title '''Sangita Sahitya Sarvabhauma'''.

He was the first principal of the Maharajah's Government College of Music and Dance (Vijayarama Gana Pathasala) established by the Maharajah of Vizianagaram in 1919. The Maharajah in fact established the Music College, which was among the first few in South India, to honour the Pundit and enable enthusiasts to learn music from him. Dwaram Venkataswami Naidu the well-known Violin maestro was a lecturer in the college during the Pandit's tenure and succeeded him as principal.

He entranced [[Rabindranath Tagore]] with his rendering of Hindusthani Bhairavi. Tagore sought the curriculum of the Vizianagaram Music College to be introduced in Shantiniketan.

He composed a lyric, titled '''Dasha Vidha Raga Navati Kusuma Manjari''' incorportating 90 ragas in the Manjari metre. Such a composition has never been attempted and is a testimony to his rare mastery over poetry and music. He set to musical notation 300-odd select ruks from the Rigveda in a work titled '''Ruksangraham''' and taught playing them on the veena to students but also translated them as poems in Telugu, demonstrating his command in Vedaardham (meaning of Vedas).

== Dance, Singing and Acting Fused Story Telling Facet ==
Fusing the sister realms of poetry, music and dance he created a new art form which he called the Harikatha. Harikatha has a divine mythological core with poetry and music as the medium. Dance and histrionics form the visual expression.

An exponent of Harikatha should be able to compose and recite extempore the objective of the performance being to entertain and educate (edutain) both the layman and the erudite scholar. Having invented this vehicle called Harikatha, he wrote twenty one Harikathas, seventeen in Telugu, and three in Sanskrit.

== Self-Actualization Dimension ==
A characteristic trait we notice in a number of instances in the life of Narayana Das is a compulsive urge to excel in everything he did. The conception and renunciation of '''Naa Eruka''', his autobiography is an example that provides insight into his complex personality. He began writing what would have been the first autobiography in Telugu and sent the initial chapters, narrating his life story from birth to the age of about thirty, to the printers. There was a delay at the printers due to the pressure of work and in the meantime, another famous writer's autobiography came out. Narayana Das called off the project because of his obsessive desire to be 'second to none'. Thus was lost to the public not only an opportunity to read the great man's life story told in his own words with remarkable candor but also his perspective of his literary output and the literary and cultural zeitgeist of his time.

In the parlance of modern behavioral sciences, the term self-actualization is defined as a fundamental tendency to maximum realization and fulfilment of one's potential. In the case of an artiste, this means he tends to write, compose or perform to satisfy an inner urge oblivious to the environment. He competes only with himself. He sets his own standards of performance and after achieving them keeps raising them to a higher level. It is a continual upward spiral.

Self-actualization was the leitmotif of Narayana Das's life in all the fields he worked in, be it literature, music or other performing arts such as Avadahanam, and Hari Katha. He brushed aside fame and fortune. For example, it was said that he did not approve of a move to nominate him for the Nobel literary prize. The philosopher in him made him decline offers to be made court musician by the Maharajah of Mysore and later by the Maharaja of Vizianagaram, instead preferring an independent life lead in the service of God.

Even when he consented to head 'Shri Vijayarama Gana Pathashala', the music college the Maharajah of Vizianagaram founded for the express purpose of honoring him, he insisted that it be treated as a temple for Sri Rama and him as His servant. The only vanity he permitted himself was that he wanted to be second to none!

== Philosophy Facet ==
His magnum opus was a two-volume philosophical work entitled '''Jagadjyoti''', meaning "Universal Beacon", in which he recorded his musings on various Indian philosophical schools, even accommodating atheist school of thought.

== With Noted Contemporaries ==

* He was also the one who taught panini's Ashtadhyayi to [[Swami Vivekananda]] during his extensive travel of India in July 1890.
* Enraptured by his rendering of the Hindusthani Bhairavi raga, Rabindranath Tagore sought to introduce the curriculum followed by Narayana Das in his music college at [[Visva-Bharati University]].
* It is said that his contemporary and educationalist Sir CR Reddy, the Vice Chancellor of Andhra university when he met Narayana Dasu garu, quipped "I am a mere Vice chancellor of a university, you are a walking university."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715103021/http://vizianagaram.ap.nic.in/EminentPersonsVZM.htm Eminent Persons] at vizianagaram.ap.nic.in
* {{cite book |author=Thoomati Donappa |title=Telugu Harikatha Sarvasvam |oclc=13505520}} (self published)
* {{cite book |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000D7EGG |title=Navarasa taranginhy, or beauties of Shakespeare and Kalidas, compared, criticised and translated into Telugu =: Navarasatarangini: Azzada Adibhatla Narayana Das |publisher=Vizianagram |year=1922 |oclc=503923019}}
* {{cite book |author1=William Shakespeare |title=Navarasa taranginhi ..., or, Beauties of Shakespeare and Kalidas |author2=Kalidas |author3=Ajjada Adibhatta Narayanadas |year=1979 |edition=2nd |oclc=10105355 |ol=4247564M}}
* {{cite book |author=Omar Khayyam |title=Rubāʻiyāt-i ʻUmar Khayyām |publisher=British India Press |year=1932 |location=Bombay |translator=Edward Fitzgerald |trans-title=Rubâiyât of Omar Khaiyâm |oclc=9084826 |translator2=Azzada Adibhatla Narayana Das}}
* {{cite book |author1=Azzada Adibhatla Narayana Das |title=Tallivinki : lalitāsahasaṛa nāmāchāndṛa padyavivruti |author2=Oruganti Nīlakāntha Śāstrī |publisher=K. Īśvararāvu |year=1975 |location=Guṇṭūru |language=Telugu |oclc=10908920}}
* {{cite book |author=Adibhatla Narayanadas |url=https://archive.org/details/sarasvathaneeraj022935mbp |title=Sarasvatha Neerajanamu |publisher=Rachaithala Sahakara Sangham |year=1975 |language=Telugu |oclc=284357938}}
* {{cite book |author=Guṇḍavarapu Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa |title=Narayana Darsanamu: A PhD thesis on the life and work of Pandit Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das |year=1983}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* Harikathapitamaha Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasa Satajayantutsava Sanchika. 1967. Chirala. Samskruthi Samithi.{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* {{cite book |author=Maruvada Venkata Chayanulu |title=Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasa Jeevita Charitramu |publisher=Kondapalli Veeravenkaiah & Sons |year=1959 |location=Rajahmundry}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* {{cite book |author=Rallabandi, Kavitaprasad |title=Avadhāna vidya, ārambha vikāsālu |publisher=Sahr̥daya Sāhitya Saṃskr̥tika Saṃstha |year=2006 |edition=1st |location=Varaṅgallu |oclc=162119402}}
* {{cite book |author=Yāmijāla Padmanābhasvāmi |title=Pūrṇapuruṣuḍu : Harikatha pitāmaha Ajjāḍa Ādibhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇadāsu |publisher=Jānsan |year=1979 |edition=2nd |location=Guṇṭūru |language=Telugu |oclc=74696629}}
* {{cite news |author=P. Surya Rao |date=17 September 2010 |title=Harikatha exponent Adibhatla Narayana Das was fondly remembered |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article672661.ece}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasu, Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

[[Category:19th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:English–Telugu translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Telugu translators]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Tameer-e-Hayat

2025-10-28T14:58:47Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made a entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian Urdu magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Tameer-e-Hayat
| logo = Logo of Tameer-e-Hayat.png
| image_file = Cover of Tameer-e Hayat first issue, November 1963.jpg
| image_caption = First issue cover
| editor = Shamsul Haq Nadwi
| founder = [[Mohammad al-Hasani]]
| category = [[Theology]], Culture, [[Dawah]], Literature, [[Nadwatul Ulama]], Education
| frequency = Biweekly
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| firstdate = 10 November 1963
| country = India
| based = [[Lucknow]]
| language = Urdu
| website = {{URL|https://tameerehayat.com}}
| issn = 2582-4619
}}
'''''Tameer-e-Hayat''''' ({{langx|ur|تعمیر حیات}}) is a biweekly Urdu magazine published by [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] since 1963.<ref name=":Singh">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Rajendra Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI2bShxV36IC |title=Teacher Education in Turmoil: Quest for a Solution |last2=Rana |first2=Gopal |date=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2431-0 |page=28 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212090309/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=QI2bShxV36IC |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded under the editorship of [[Mohammad al-Hasani]], it is currently overseen by Shamsul Haq Nadwi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Moosa |first=Mohmmad |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |title=Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Panjab University]] |year=2022 |location=India |page=327 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/471669 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218103508/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine follows a biweekly schedule, releasing on the 10th and 25th of each month. It serves as a platform for Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama to address religious and global concerns, with a specific focus on the dynamics of Indian society.<ref name=":MS">{{cite book |last=Sirajullah |first=Muhammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks |title=Urdu Sahafat Ke Farogh Mein Madaris Ka Hissa |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-86624-58-1 |location=New Delhi |page=108 |language=ur |trans-title=The Contribution Of Madrasas To The Promotion Of Urdu Journalism |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216064228/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks |archive-date=16 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Also, it interprets the thoughts, ideas, theories, and beliefs of [[Nadwatul Ulama]].<ref name=":0" /> It is the successor to ''[[Al-Nadwa]]'', the first magazine of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, founded by [[Shibli Nomani]].{{Sfn|Rahman|2017|p=436}}

== Historical overview ==
On November 10, 1963, ''Tameer-e-Hayat'' was launched, with Mohammad al-Hasani appointed as its founding editor and [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]] as his assistant.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=101}} In May 1973, the editorship transitioned to Ishaq Jalees Nadwi, who held the position until July 12, 1979. Nayab Hasan Qasmi marked Ishaq Jalees Nadwi's tenure as the magazine's golden era.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=101}} Following the passing of Mohammad al-Hasani on June 3, 1979, and Ishaq Jalees Nadwi on July 12, 1979, Abdul Noor was tasked with publishing a special issue commemorating these figures, with Shamsul Haq Nadwi and Mahmood al-Azhar Nadvi assisting him. Since then, Shamsul Haq Nadwi has assumed the role of regular editor and remains in that capacity to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://tameerehayat.com/about/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Tameer-e Hayat |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401101759/https://tameerehayat.com/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] also patronized it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shetty |first=V. T. Rajshekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxpuAAAAMAAJ |title=India's Muslim Problem: Agony of the Country's Single Largest Community Persecuted by Hindu Nazis |date=1998 |publisher=Dalit Sahitya Akademy |location=India |page=126 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222122307/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=TxpuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Till now it has published special issues on 4 persons named Abdus Salam Qidwai Nadwi, Mohammad al-Hasani, [[Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi]], [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Issues |url=https://tameerehayat.com/special-issues/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Tameer-e Hayat |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302201653/https://tameerehayat.com/special-issues/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mohammad al-Hasani, the founder of this magazine, outlined its objectives succinctly. The magazine aims to communicate the essence of Nadwatul Ulama's founding principles to Muslims, serving as a reminder of its core values, advocating for the continuity of its educational approach in response to societal changes. It seeks to develop unity and harmony within the Muslim community while promoting the dissemination of prophetic sciences, contributions to [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], and exploration of various Islamic disciplines. It endeavors to enrich the intellectual and spiritual lives of its readers by reconciling reason, faith, and contemporary knowledge to resolve apparent contradictions. Additionally, it aims to guide Muslims in navigating contemporary civilizational challenges, including those presented by the [[Western world]].<ref name=":0" />

== Academic reception ==
It has received varied academic responses. Scholars such as Muhammad Sirajullah, a PhD holder from [[Delhi University]], commend the magazine for its historical significance and groundbreaking content, which not only represents [[Islam]] on a global scale but also presents practical guidance for navigating the complexities of Indian society.<ref name=":MS" /> Mohammad Yasin from [[University of Dhaka]] describes it as playing a unique role in Islamic revival.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yasin |first=Mohammad |title=Nadwatul Ulama's Contribution to Urdu Literature and Journalism |date=2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2897 |language=bn |pages=297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411094622/http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2897 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |location=Bangladesh |access-date=3 April 2025 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Sirajullah highlights the magazine's accessible language and high-quality content as key factors in its broad appeal to readers.<ref name=":MS" /> Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama'', acknowledges its enduring popularity and distinguished position among renowned publications, attributing its success to its exceptional qualities.<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband |year=2013 |edition= |location=India |page=102 |language=ur |trans-title=Journalistic Scenario Of Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref> Mohammad Moosa, a PhD scholar from [[Panjab University]], provides a detailed analysis of the magazine's unique attributes, emphasizing its role as a religious, intellectual, and reformative platform catering to diverse segments of the Muslim community. Moosa underscores its commitment to presenting scholarly, intellectual, and literary content in an accessible and universal style, contributing to its widespread popularity and distinct position within the Muslim community.<ref name=":0" /> Mohd. Sohaib Siddiqi from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] compares it with ''[[Al-Nadwa]]'', the first magazine of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama founded by [[Shibli Nomani]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohd. Sohaib |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |title=Nadwa Movement Its Contribution To The Development Of Arabic Language And Literature In India |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1993 |location=India |page=244 |language=ur |degree=PhD |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126032814/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |url-status=live }}</ref> Obaidur Rahman from the [[University of Calcutta]] asserts that the magazine presents successful journalism by integrating scientific and literary aspects in a significant manner.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=2017 |location=India |page=438 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Deobandi Urdu magazines]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]
[[Category:Urdu-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1963]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]

Gaarudi Gombe

2025-10-22T12:17:27Z

Adiyogirudraksha: basic expand references based on references further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Folk dance from Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Gaarudi Gombe.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Dolls used in the Gaarudi Gombe dance]]
'''Gaarudi Gombe''' is a [[folk dance]] prevalent in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of [[bamboo]] sticks. The term ''Gaarudi-Gombe'' means ''magical-doll'' in the native language, [[Kannada]]. This dance is performed during major festivals and also in the procession held during the festivities of [[Mysore Dasara]]. This dance is also known as ''Tattiraya'' in the coastal districts of [[Karnataka]]. The term ''Tattiraya'' means a ''person carrying a doll made of bamboo sticks''.<ref name="up">A description of Gaarudi Gombe is provided by {{Cite web|url=http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1.html |title=Folk Arts - Music and Dance |work=Online webpage of udupipages.com |publisher=Shathabdi Graphics Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102054528/http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1.html |archive-date=2007-01-02 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Origin==
According to a '''legend''', this dance was performed even in the times of the [[Hindu]] epic, [[Mahabharata]]. When the [[Hindu]] Lord [[Krishna]]'s wife [[Satyabhama]] was angry with him, he soothed her anger by wearing a Gaarudi Gombe doll.<ref name="origin">Legend related to the Gaarudi Gombe dance is mentioned by {{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354270.cms|title=On a high of music, dance medley|work=Online edition of the Times of India, dated 2003-12-12|publisher=© 2007 Times Internet Limited|access-date=2007-05-13|date=2003-12-12}}</ref>

==Creation of the dolls==
The face of the doll is made up of wooden basket with [[papier-mache]] applied on it. Using appropriate sketches and colours, the face of the doll is created. Each face is supported by a wooden frame. The dolls can be as much as 10 to 12 feet in height and including the frame, the total weight can be as high as 40 kg.<ref name="up" /><ref name="origin" /> A person fits himself into the frame from the underside and performs the dance carrying this huge structure on his shoulder<ref name="up" /><ref name="origin" /> Provisions are made for the performer to see the outside world through an opening in the frame.

==The dance==
Due to the heavy weight of the dolls to be carried, most of the performers are men.<ref name="origin" /> The dance performance can go on for as much as eight hours, thus the performers take turns carrying the heavy dolls.<ref name="origin" /> Though the main idea behind the performance is to create a funny atmosphere, they are also used as a medium to ward off evil spirits.<ref name="up" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Folk dances of Karnataka]]

Shaikhda

2025-10-17T11:25:13Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made new data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Muslim community in india}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''Shaikhda''' or Shaikhra are a Muslim community found in the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Tauseef |date=April 2023 |title=A Study of Shekhra Biradari of Bihar, India |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/download/401/195/2421#:~:text=Because%20of%20the%20demeaning%20treatment,justice%20(Fraser%2C%202003). |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.26812/caste.v4i1.401 |issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Present circumstances==

The community is found mainly in [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] and [[Baroda]] districts and [[Bihar districts|Araria| Purnea and Kishanganj]] districts . They have abandoned many of their syncretic practices, and are now fairly orthodox [[Sunni]] Muslims. The Shaikhda are mainly an urban community, and many are now petty traders. They are endogamous, marrying close kin.<ref>Muslim Communities in Gujarat by Satish C Misra</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]

Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi

2025-09-27T10:10:46Z

Adiyogirudraksha:

{{Short description|Indian economist (1931–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1931}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2022|11||91|df=y}}
| death_place = [[California]], United States
| occupation = Islamic Economist and [[Islamic Finance Scholar]]<ref name="PKYI3">{{cite book |last1=P.K. Yaqoob |title=Case for interest free financial institutions in Kerala |location=Introduction |page=3 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27094/13/13_chapter1.pdf#page=3 |accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.siddiqi.com/mns/}}
}}

'''Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi''' (1931 – November 2022) was an Indian economist and the winner of the [[King Faisal International Prize]] for [[Islamic Studies]].

Born in India in 1931, he was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] as well as Rampur and Azamgarh. He served as [[associate professor]] of [[economics]] and professor of [[Islamic studies]] at the Aligarh Muslim University and as professor of economics at the [[King Abdul Aziz University]], Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in its Center for Research in [[Islamic Economics]]. He later became a Fellow at the Center for [[Near Eastern Studies]] at the [[University of California]], [[Los Angeles]], and after that a [[visiting scholar]] at the Islamic Research & Training Institute, [[Islamic Development Bank]], [[Jeddah]].

Siddiqi was a prolific writer in [[Urdu]] and English. According to [[WorldCat]], he has 63 works in 177 publications in 5 languages and 1,301 library holdings.<ref name=WorldCat>{{cite web|title=Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah 1931-|url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50024901/|website=WorldCat|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> Several of his works have been translated into [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malaysian]], [[Thai language|Thai]], etc. Perhaps his most widely read book is ''Banking without interest'' which was published in 27 editions between 1973 and 2000 in 3 languages and is held by 220 libraries worldwide.<ref name=WorldCat/>

During his long academic career, he supervised a number of Ph.D. [[theses]] in the universities in India, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria.

He was associated with a number of academic journals as editor or advisor. He served on numerous committees and participated in many conferences in various parts of the world. He was very helpful for all and shared his valuable knowledge in the society. He lived in [[Aligarh]], India. He was [[Professor Emeritus]] in the [[Academic department|Department]] of [[Management Studies]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]], India. He served as the Chief Patron of the Indian Centre for Islamic Finance (ICIF), New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=.:: Indian Centre For Islamic Finance ::. |url=https://icif.org.in/trustees.php |website=icif.org.in}}</ref>

Siddiqi died in California, USA in November 2022, at the age of 91.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-12 |title=Ndërron jetë ekonomisti i shquar islam Nejatullah Siddiqi |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/sq/bota/ndërron-jetë-ekonomisti-i-shquar-islam-nejatullah-siddiqi/2736068 |access-date=2022-11-13 |agency=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>

==Works==

===In Urdu===
Siddiqi wrote at least eleven books in Urdu,<ref name="WCU-MNS">{{cite web |title=Search results for 'kw: "Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah 1931– "' 'Urdu' |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw%3A%22Siddiqi%2C+Muhammad+Nejatullah+1931-+%22&qt=faceted;&fq=+ln%3Aurd |accessdate=27 August 2015 |website=WorldCat}}</ref> Including:
*''G̲h̲air sūdī bank kārī.'' (1969)
*''Islāmī adab : cand naẓaryātī maqālāt''<ref>{{Cite web |last=writer |first=Staff |title=An Interview with a Scholar: Prof. Nejatullah Siddiqi |url=https://www.soundvision.com/Info/money/nejatullahinterview.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214182337/https://www.soundvision.com/Info/money/nejatullahinterview.asp |archive-date=2010-02-14 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.soundvision.com}}</ref> (1960?)
*Muslim Personal Law (1971),
*''Taḥrīk-i Islāmī ʻaṣr-i ḥāz̤ir men̲'', (Islamic Movement in Modern Times) (1995)
*''Maqasid Al Shariah''<ref name="MH122">{{cite book |last1=Mohd Hassan |title=Socio economic thoughts of Al Ghazali |page=122 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/110785/12/15_bibliography.pdf#page=5 |accessdate=5 November 2019}}</ref>

===Translation to Urdu===
*''Kitab al Kharaj''<ref name="Jakir178">{{cite book |last1=Jakir Hushain |title=Ethical philosophy of Rumi |page=178 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/183946/12/11%20bibliography.pdf#page=1 |accessdate=6 November 2019}}</ref> by Abu Yusuf (1966).

===In English===
He wrote at least ten books in English. His work in English has been published in over 100 editions.<ref name=WorldCat/>His major works on [[Islamic banking]] have been written in [[English language|English]].<ref name="worldcat.org">{{Cite web |title=au:"Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah," - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au:%22Siddiqi,+Muhammad+Nejatullah,%22&fq=&se=yr&sd=desc&dblist=638&start=11&qt=next_page |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> Among them are :
*''Recent Theories of Profit: A Critical Examination'' (1971);
*''Economic Enterprise in Islam'' (1972);
*''Muslim Economic Thinking'' (1981);<ref name="AZ540">{{cite journal |last1=Asad Zaman |title=Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature: II |journal=Islamic Studies |year=2009 |volume=48 |issue=4 |page=540 |jstor=20839183}}</ref>
*''Banking Without Interest'' (1983);
*''Issues in Islamic banking : selected papers'' (1983)<ref>Leicester, UK : Islamic Foundation, ©1983. {{ISBN|978-0-86037-117-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues in Islamic banking : selected papers {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/9725074 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> was widely reviewed;<ref>by Faramarz Damanpour in ''The Middle East Journal,'' Autumn, 1984, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 775–77,</ref><ref>reviewed by Horma Karouzian in ''International Journal of Middle East Studies,'' Aug. 1985, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 383–391</ref><ref>reviewed by E J G Joffe in ''Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies)'' 1984, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 90–91</ref>
*''Partnership and profit-sharing in Islamic law '' (1985)
*''Insurance in an Islamic Economy'' (1985);
*''Teaching Economics in Islamic Perspective'' (1996);
*''Role of State in Islamic Economy'' (1996)
*''Dialogue in Islamic Economics'' (2002).<ref name="worldcat.org"/>
*''Islam's View on Property'' (1969)

==Awards==
*[[King Faisal International Prize]] for service to [[Islamic Studies]] (1982)<ref name="KFP1982">{{cite web |title=Kingfaisalprize.org, Professor Mohammad Najatullah Siddiqi |url=https://kingfaisalprize.org/professor-mohammad-najatullah-siddiqui/ |accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref>
*Shah Waliullah Award in [[New Delhi]] for contributions to Islamic Economics (2003)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://siddiqi.com/mns/mns_cv3.html Achievements of the scholar]
* [http://siddiqi.com/mns/ Personal home page of the scholar]
* [http://www.wdibf.com/ World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance]
{{Islamic banking and finance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqi, Mohammad Nejatullah}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Scholars of Islamic banking]]

Rajnagar, Birbhum

2025-09-25T16:18:02Z

Adiyogirudraksha: expanded content to improve readability and added references to improve readability

{{Other places3|Rajnagar (disambiguation){{!}}Rajnagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajnagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = Motichur Mosque, Rajnagar, Birbhum, West Bengal, 2017 (1).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajnagar Motichur Mosque
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.95|N|87.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 101
| population_total = 13,965
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731130
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03462
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 961 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajnagar''' is a census town situated in the [[Rajnagar (community development block)|Rajnagar CD block]] within the [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BDO Rajnagar Block {{!}} Birbhum District, West Bengal, India {{!}} India |url=https://birbhum.gov.in/notice/bdo-rajnagar-block/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Once the capital of Royal Kingdoms in the area, Rajnagar's significance declined with the fading away of the kingdoms.

==History==
Founded by Bir Singh, a Hindu Raja, Rajnagar fell under the control of Muhammad Shiran and Ali Mardan in the early 13th century. The district eventually came under Mughal administration, with the later Muslim Zamindars of Rajnagar, known as "Nagar Raj," being feudatories of the Mughals. The decline of the Nagar Raj began in the mid-18th century, marked by battles with the British and Marathas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Bangla News{{!}}{{!}} ঐতিহ্যে ঠাসা বীরভূমের রাজনগর রাজবাড়ি, ইতিহাস গায়ে কাঁটা দেবে, গরম কমলে ঘুরে আসুন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/history-of-birbhum-rajnagar-temple-know-the-history-significance-l18-sdg-1064224.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

===Nagar Raj===
[[File:Nature in Rajnagar, Birbhum, West Bengal, 2017 (8).jpg|thumb|Rajnagar Raj Palace in a ruined condition]]
Established by Jonad Khan in 1600, the Nagar Raj witnessed a period of autonomy during the rule of Asadullah Khan. However, subsequent rulers faced challenges, and by the early 19th century, Rajnagar had become a deserted town with dilapidated palaces and ruins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AMITABHA GUPTA |title=Tales of a palace |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-history-and-stories-behind-the-grand-ranjan-palace-at-hetampur-and-nearby-rajnagar-in-west-bengals-birbhum-district/cid/1872331 |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>

His son, Badi-uz-zaman Khan (1718–1752) made an abortive attempt at shaking off the nominal allegiance to Murshidabad. He was invested with the title of [[Raja]] by Murshid Quli Khan. During his reign Birbhum was ravaged by the Marathas. They also overran Rajnagar. It was during the reign of his son, Asad-uz-Zaman Khan (1752–1777) that the Nagar Raj witnessed the zenith of its power and then started declining. The Raja was faithful to the Nawab and after the [[Battle of Plassey]], was on bad terms with the British. He was defeated by the combined forces of the British and [[Mir Qasim]] in 1761. He fled, regrouped and fought back again. He was completely routed at the Battle of [[Hetampur]] in 1765. By a treaty, he was restored to his estate but much of his autonomy was lost.<ref name="Gupta">Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, ''The Economic Life of a Bengal District: Birbhum 1770–1857'', pp. 2–9, The University of Burdwan, 1984.</ref>
In the course of time, they lost their supremacy to the [[Hetampur#Hetampur Raj|Hetampur Raj]]. The British set up their district headquarters at [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], and by the early 19th century, Rajnagar had been reduced to a deserted town with dilapidated palaces and ruins of habitation, and the forest slowly encroaching.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 14</ref>

===Nostalgia===
Despite the decline, the last Pathan ruler, Rafiqul Alam Khan, is still honored as the Raja during Muslim festivals. He wears a royal attire twice a year, connecting the present with the town's historical past.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|53|30|N|87|27|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Barrage. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|54|46|N|87|29|38|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Karidhya | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Karidhya]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|54|0|N|87|30|28|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kalipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kalipur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|50|20|N|87|41|28|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Ahmedpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|57|16|N|87|18|50|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Rajnagar | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Rajnagar, Birbhum (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|54|24|N|87|31|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Suri |label-size5=14 | numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Suri, Birbhum]] (M)|label-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|56|30|N|87|40|49|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Sainthia | numbered6=M| mark-title6= [[Sainthia]] (M)|label-color6=#800000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|48|43|N|87|22|30|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dubrajpur | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Dubrajpur]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|38|N|87|34|19|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Mohammad Bazar| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|52|10|N|87|17|4|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lokpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lokpur]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|55|42|N|87|23|6|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Chandrapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Chandrapur, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|87|36|26|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Panrui| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Panrui]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|47|0|N|87|15|56|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Khoyrasol| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Khoyrasol]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|46|15|N|87|12|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kankartala| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kankartala]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|50|7|N|87|27|20|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= BTPP Township| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bakreswar Thermal Power Plant Township]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|58|39|N|87|35|45|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Angar Garia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Angar Garia]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|51|55|N|87|34|43|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Purandarpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Purandarpur]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|40|N|87|24|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Hetampur|numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Hetampur]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|49|2|N|87|34|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Abinashpur|numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Abinashpur]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|48|25|N|87|15|31|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Nakrakonda|numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Nakrakonda]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|57|53|N|87|28|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Bara Chaturi|numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Bara Chaturi]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|2|48|N|87|34|56|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Deucha|numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Deucha]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|52|48|N|87|22|12|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bakreshwar|numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bakreshwar]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|37|N|87|26|4|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Patharchapuri|numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Patharchapuri]] (R)|shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|56|45|N|87|31|31|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Tilpara |labela24=Barrage| numbered24=B| mark-title24= [[Mayurakshi River#Tilpara Barrage]] (B)|shape-color24=#0048BA
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.0048|87.3818}}| label25=Mayurakshi |labela25=River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=48| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.7868|87.5254}}| label26=Bakreshwar|labela26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=2| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7224|87.3245}}| label27=Ajay River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=2| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Rajnagar is located at {{coord|23.95|N|87.32|E}}, with an average elevation of 101 m. It sits on ancient Archean rocks, receiving an annual rainfall of 1405 mm. The area has laterite soil, unsuitable for agriculture.

Suri, 25 km away, is connected by a road.<ref name="Government">{{cite web |title=Rajnagar |url=http://birbhum.gov.in/birtour2.htm |access-date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Birbhum district administration}}</ref>

===Police station===
Rajnagar police station has jurisdiction over [[Rajnagar (community development block)|Rajnagar]] CD block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Rajnagar CD block are located at Rajnagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajnagar had a total population of 13,965 of which 7,173 (51%) were males and 6,792 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,771. The total number of literates in Rajnagar was 8,845 (72.54% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Rajnagar covered an area of 9.4773 km2. It has 7 km roads and open drains. The major source of protected water supply is from bore well pumping. There are 1,923 domestic electric connections. Amongst the medical facilities it has are 3 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities it has are 7 primary schools, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. Amongst the recreational and cultural facilities it has 3 cinema theatres, 1 public library and 1 reading room. It has branches of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank and 1 agricultural credit society. Amongst the commodities it produces are wooden furniture, lead industry and bamboo products.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1025- 1033 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
Proximity to the supply centres of raw material, as well as the royal court and an aristocratic community, gave rise to certain centres of cottage industries for cotton and tasar silk in the Tantipara-Bhabanipur-Karidhya zone. The famine of 1770 left both agriculture and industry in a bad shape. Trade also suffered. People had sunk to a depth of poverty which the magistrate of Birbhum emphatically said he had not seen anywhere in India. The Maratha raids of 1742-45 had earlier laid waste not only the countryside but also Rajnagar itself.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, pp. 14,20,26</ref>

==Transport==

===Railway===
The nearest railway station is [[Siuri railway station|Siuri]].

===Road===
The [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]] originates from Rajnagar. Buses are available in the town for larger cities like [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], [[Bolpur]] etc.

==Education==
*[[Rajnagar Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[ Rajnagar High School]]
*[[Rajnagar Govt ITI]]

==Culture==
[[File:A lake in Rajnagar, Birbhum, West Bengal, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Kalidaha]]

===Places of interest===
[[File:Historical monuments at Rajnagar - Motichur Mosque02.jpg|thumb|Motichur Terracotta mosque at Rajnagar]]
Kalidaha, a pond, is said to have been excavated by Hindu Rajas and dedicated to goddess [[Kali]]. There is an island in the middle of the pond. It is believed to have been connected with the palace through a tunnel. On three sides of Kalidaha tank there are the wings of the former palaces of Muslim Rajas. In front of the ruins of the Imambara stands a fine [[Mosque]] in a state of good preservation, which is still used by local Muslims. A little to the south are the ruins of another old mosque called the Motichur Masjid which had 12 towers but some have fallen down. This mosque was built of [[Terracotta]] and protected by [[Government of West Bengal]]. Other important sites to be mentioned are 'Nahabatkhana' of the Bir Rajas, and Fulbagan burial place of the Muslim Rajas.<ref name = "Government"/><ref>Sarkar, Joydeep, ''Paryatan Boichitre Birbhum Jela'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, February 2006, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 200, Information & Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.</ref>

===Craft===
The [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] has trained almost 2000 artisans from various parts of Birbhum in handicraft and handloom as a part of its consolidated cluster development project undertaken in collaboration with the ministry of rural development and its counterpart in the state. Estimated at Rs. 15 crore this project is underway in five selected parts of the country. The main project in the eastern zone was implemented in [[Bolpur]], [[Nalhati]], [[Ilambazar]] and Rajnagar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=112942&usrsess=1 | title = NIFT in a new role, to train artisans | access-date = 2007-09-17 | last = Roy Chowdhury| first = Amrita | publisher =The Statesman, 1 August 2005}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Mosques in West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]

Hayavadana

2025-09-08T14:42:00Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding a entry needs work.

{{Short description|1971 Kannada language play by Girish Karnad}}
[[File:Girish Karnad Screening Cornell.JPG|thumb|Author Girish Karnad (1938-2019)]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Hayavadana'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095925443|title=Hayavadana - Oxford Reference|website=www.oxfordreference.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032732/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095925443|archive-date=2020-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref> (''meaning: Horse face'') is a 1971 Indian [[Kannada language]] two-[[Act (drama)|act]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] written by [[Girish Karnad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/an-ode-to-history-girish-karnad-play-theatre-5867716/ |title=Eight young theatre directors join forces to direct Girish Karnad's acclaimed play, Hayavadana |date=2019-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2020-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027050235/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/an-ode-to-history-girish-karnad-play-theatre-5867716/ |archive-date=2019-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/3369790-hayavadana |title=Hayavadana |website=www.goodreads.com |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[Goodreads]] |isbn=978-0-19-560382-8 |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref> The plot is based on [[Brihatkatha|Br̥hatkathā]] and [[Thomas Mann]]'s retelling of [[The Transposed Heads|Transposed Heads]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dramadose.com/review-hayavadana/|title=Review: Hayavadana|date=2012-12-11|website=DramaDose|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Its twin play is ''[[Nagamandala]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/english/02-hayavadana-english-play-preview.asp#|title=HAYAVADANA English Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com|website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Hayavadana presents the story of two friends ''Devdutta'' and ''Kapila''; and their love interest ''Padmini''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/patna/girish-karnads-hayavadana-enthralls-all-in-patna/articleshow/63609107.cms|title=Hayavadana: Girish Karnad's Hayavadana enthralls all in Patna|date=April 4, 2018|first=Saurav|last=Singh|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406045417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/patna/girish-karnads-hayavadana-enthralls-all-in-patna/articleshow/63609107.cms|archive-date=2018-04-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Characters ==
*Bhagwata - the main narrator of the play
*Devdutta - One of the two friends, A man of knowledge
*Kapila - Devdutta's Friend, A man with great physical strength
*Padmini - A beautiful woman, love interest of the two friends
*Hayavadana - A strange creature with the Head of a Horse and body of a man
*Actor-1 - An assistant to Bhagwata
*[[Goddess Kali]] - the Goddess who brings Devdutta and Kapila back to life.
*The Boy - Son of Devdutta and Padmini
*Vidyasagar (only referenced) - Devdutta's father

== Plot ==

=== Act - I ===
The play opens with worship to [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]]. Bhagwata comes to the stage. He is a character in the Play and also is the narrator of the play. He seeks blessings from Lord Ganesha for the successful performance of the play. Through his narration, he takes the audience to a place, called as Dharampur and introduces the audience to the king Dharmsheel. Then he puts up some rhetorical questions on incompleteness of man and God; and also on the perfection of a man. During his narration, he introduces two characters who are mutual friends. The first one is Devdutta. He is a sharp minded and highly intellectual person. He has defeated poets and Pandits with his knowledge. He is a son of [[Brahmin]]. The second one is Kapila. He is a muscular man. He has a great physical strength and he is a son of Lohar ([[Blacksmith|Black Smith]]). Both Devdutta and Kapila are in contrast as the former lacks power and strength, the latter lacks knowledge and intellect. According to the playwright, the head of Devdutta (knowledge) and the body of Kapila (physical strength) accomplish a complete man. The narrator compares their pair to the pair of Ram-Laxman, Luv-Kush and Krishna-Balram. All these are the pairs of great brothers in Hindu mythology.

A character, Actor-1 appears on the stage shouting and running towards Bhagwata. He tells Bhagwata that he has just seen a strange creature that looks like a horse (by face) but speaks like a man. That creature has the head of a horse and the rest of the body of a man. Without paying any heed to his talks, Bhagwata asks him to prepare for the play. But he runs away from the stage and soon after he returns shouting again. Now a strange creature appears on the stage. As earlier described by the Actor-1, the creature has the head of a horse and the body of a man. For a moment, Bhagwata thinks that someone is wearing the mask of horse. He tries to remove the mask but realizes that it is truly half a man and a half horse. Now the creature starts to introduce itself before Bhagwata, Actor-1 and the audience.

The creature introduces himself as Hayavadana and starts to narrate his story. He tells that once upon a time, a princess had to choose a groom for her marriage. So many Princes approached from far and wide. But the princess fell in love with a horse of an Arabian Prince. She became desperate to marry that horse. Eventually her parents allowed her to do so. She was married to the horse. After 15 years of their marriage, the horse transformed into a celestial being. Now the princess rejected him as her husband. That celestial being cursed her to be a Mare (female horse) and she became so. The princess give birth to Hayavadana. Now Hayavadana wants to get rid of this cursed life. Bhagwata asks him to go to goddess Kali temple in Chitrkut. He also asks the Actor-1 to accompany him on the way. They leave.

Now Bhagwata moves ahead with the story of the play. Devdutta and Kapila appear on the stage. Devdutta tells Kapila that he wants to marry a woman, namely Padmini. With utmost desire to marry Padmini, he pledges to sacrifice his arms to Goddess Kali and his head to Rudra. Kapila goes to Padmini and presents the Proposal to marry Devdutta. Devdatta and Padmini Marry. By the time, Devdutta realizes that Padmini is attracted towards Kapila and vice versa. Now Padmini is pregnant. Devdutta knowingly tries to put off the program of visiting Ujjain. He tells Kapila that Padmini is ill. But Padmini gives her consent before Kapila. They all three leave for Ujjain. Padmini repeatedly praises Kapila's physical strength before Devdutta. Devdutta feels jealous but he does not blame Padmini. Kapila and Padmini go to Rudra Temple but Devdutta denies to accompany them. Devdutta knows that Kapila has such a physical strength and beauty that he can attract any woman. Devdutta goes to goddess Kali temple where he reminds himself of his pledge to sacrifice his head to the Goddess Kali. He wishes for the wellness of Kapila and Padmini. He beheads himself with a sword and dies.

Meanwhile, Kapila and Padmini come out of the temple. Kapila worries on not finding Devdutta. He leaves Padmini and searches for his friend. Finally he reaches in the same Temple and feels shocked to see his friend dead. He feels himself responsible for all this. Kapila takes the same sword and beheads himself. Soon Padmini reaches there and she has no clue how they died. She considers herself responsible for the duel between the two friends and their deaths. She provokes the Goddess Kali and also tries to kill herself. The Goddess Kali appears and stops her. The Goddess asks her to place the heads with their respective body so that the Goddess will rejoin them with her magical powers and bring them back to life. The Goddess also appreciates the two friends. Padmini follows the command in a hurry. The Goddess disappears. Padmini, being thankful to goddess kali, relaxes. But soon she realizes her mistake. She has mistakenly placed the heads with irrespective body. So now Devdutta's head is joined with Kapila's body and vice versa. Soon they regain their senses. Momentarily, the two friends are confused. Both make a claim for Padmini. The man with Devdutta's head, makes a plea that head is the master of the body. So he has the right over Padmini. The man with Kapila's head makes a plea that Padmini has remained with Devdutta's body. So he has the right over Padmini. Meanwhile Bhagwata, the narrator, comes on the stage. All the characters become statues for a moment and the narrator addresses the audience. He asks them to think of a solution to this problem. Act 1 ends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/hayavadana/act-1|title=LitCharts|website=LitCharts|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113150030/https://www.litcharts.com/lit/hayavadana/act-1|archive-date=2020-01-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Act - II ===
The act begins as the narrator repeats the same question- "What is the solution?". He also talks about the story of ''[[Vikramaditya]] and [[Vetala|Betaal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32198806-vikram-and-betaal |title=Vikram And Betaal |website=www.goodreads.com |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[Goodreads]] |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref> where the king Vikrama replies to Betaal that the mind (head) is the master of the body. It is head that gives recognition to an individual. Bhagwata suggests the three of them go to a hermit seeking a solution for this problem. The words of the hermit are heard on the stage that Devdutta's head is the Swami (husband) of Padmini. Devdutta and Padmini accept this in delight. Kapila, being disappointed, leaves for the forest. The time passes. Devdutta brings some dolls. These dolls also play the role of narrator. He starts losing his physical strength and as a result they are losing mutual interest. A child is born. Devduta goes to buy new dolls from the fair in Ujjain. Bhagwata again appears on the stage and tells that Kapila has regained his physical strength. Padmini meets him in the forest and also tells him that it is Kapila's son as it is born from Kapila's body. But Kapila does not accept it. Being a little reluctant, they prepare to fulfill their physical desires.

In search of his wife, Devdutta reaches there in the forest. Finding them together, he finds himself the similar situation as he was before. To put an Ultimate end to this problem, Devdutta takes out the sword and challenges Kapila for a duel. Both are killed. Padmini finds herself lonely. Bhagwata comes there and she hands him over the child and the same dolls. She asks him to hand it over to Devdutta's Brahmin father Vidyasagar after five years. She leaves the stage by declaring that she is going to perform Sati. Bhagwata decides to end the play with his speech. A loud shout is heard on the stage. Actor-1 comes and claims that he has heard Hayavadana chanting National Anthem and patriotic songs. Then Actor-2 appears with Devdutta's son of age 5 now. The boy has two dolls. Hayavadana comes there. Bhagwata and Actor-2 are talking lightly and creating fun. They all start laughing. That boy too starts laughing and the dolls slip out of his hand. Bhagwata says that the boy hasn't expressed any emotions of happiness, anger, sorrow in past 5 years. Today he is smiling just because of Hayavadana.

Now Hayavadana tells his story. when he was trying to behead himself in the temple, the goddess Kali appeared. Hayavadana tells his desire. The goddess Kali without listening to him fully, gives him blessings. Hayavadana becomes a complete Horse instead of becoming a complete man. Yet he is unsatisfied. He still has the ability to speak like a man. He wants to lose this voice. He is singing the national Anthem as he believes that people who sing the national anthem, lose their voice early. Meanwhile, he sobs. The boy starts singing a tragic song which was chanted by his mother, Padmini. Hayavadana tries to laugh and his voice completely changes to a horse's. Now Hayavadana is a complete horse.

Bhagwata asks the Actor to go to brahmin Vidyasagar and inform him that his grandson is coming to him, riding on a great horse. Bhagwata thanks Lord Ganesha for the successful performance of the play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/hayavadana/act-2|title=LitCharts|website=LitCharts|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113150018/https://www.litcharts.com/lit/hayavadana/act-2|archive-date=2020-01-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:1971 plays]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Horses in literature]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Thomas Mann]]

Kadechur

2025-08-17T20:48:19Z

Adiyogirudraksha: adding first pg w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
| population_total = 3953
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census Handbook"/>
}}

'''Kadechur''', formerly known as '''Karachur''', is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Yadgir district]] of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].

==History==
In a 1935 report, [[Ghulam Yazdani]] mentioned that the village had about 200 houses, and the only way to reach it was via [[Bullock cart|bullock-cart]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |url=https://ia801505.us.archive.org/1/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.69861/2015.69861.Annul-Report-Of-The-Archaeological-Department-Of-His-Highness-The-Nizams-Dominions-1931-33_text.pdf |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions for the year 1341 F. (1931-32 A.C.) |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |year=1935 |location=Calcutta}}</ref>

In 2017, a rail [[bogie]] factory was inaugurated on the outskirts of the village, located in the land between Kadechur and the nearby [[Badiyal]] village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-06 |title=Kharge inspects land identified for proposed rail coach factory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kharge-inspects-land-identified-for-proposed-rail-coach-factory/article5542202.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-08-16 |title=Yadgir rail bogie factory set for opening |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/yadgir-rail-bogie-factory-set-for-opening/article19505067.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are plans to develop the area as a pharmaceutical manufacturing hub.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-07-07 |title=‘67 projects approved in Kadechur-Badiyal Bulk Drug Park’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/67-projects-approved-in-kadechur-badiyal-bulk-drug-park/article35188788.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
An old mosque dating back to the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] period is located here. The mosque is a landmark of the village, on account of its size and architectural significance. The mosque is built out of stone, and situated on a plinth. Its facade is flanked by two slim minarets, and contains three arched entrances leading into the interior. Two platforms, upon which graves are situated, stand opposite the mosque.<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village has a population of 3953, in 631 households.<ref name="2011 Census Handbook">{{cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/640/download/2208/DH_2011_2926_PART_A_DCHB_YADGIR.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Karnataka - Series 30 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Yadgir |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Karnataka}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Yadgir district]]

Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah

2025-07-31T04:15:48Z

Adiyogirudraksha:

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah''' (born 25 September 1938) is a retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==Early life==
Shah was born in 1938 at [[Dahegam|Dehgam]] in [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad District]] of [[Gujarat]]. He passed SSC Examination in 1953 and joined L.D. Arts College of [[Ahmedabad]]. Shah graduated in [[Economics]] in 1958 and in 1962 he completed M.Com. in Statistics. In 1962, he passed [[LL.B]]. from Sir [[L.A. Shah Law College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI5JnBhZ2Vubz0z|title=Chief Justice Mr. Manaharlal Bhikalal Shah|publisher=High Court of Bombay|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Shah started practice in 1963 in the [[Gujarat High Court]] on Constitutional, Civil and Criminal matters. He also served as a lecturer in Motilal Nehru Law College since September 1971. He was appointed Assistant Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor in [[Gujarat High Court]]. On 28 January 1983, Shah was appointed Additional Judge of the same High Court. On 2 August 1995, he became the Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court]]. Justice Shah was elevated as judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 9 December 1998 and retired on 24 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/99_mbshah.htm|title=Former Judges|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> He was appointed the Chairman of the Special Investigation Team looking into the black money issue in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nriachievers.in/the-black-money-conundrum/|title=THE BLACK MONEY CONUNDRUM|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> In 2016, Justice Shah published a book named ''Commentary on Law of Mines & Minerals.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tKcnQAACAAJ|title=Commentary on Law of Mines & Minerals|isbn=9789380751375|access-date=14 January 2019|last1=Shah|first1=Manharlal Bhikhalal|last2=Singh|first2=Uday Vir|year=2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Manharlal Bhikhalal}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Harivansh Singh

2025-07-22T07:27:27Z

Adiyogirudraksha: refined article per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harivansh Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| residence = Basti Bandgan, [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1 September 2014
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| constituency = [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| term =
| occupation = Builder
| predecessor = [[Ratna Singh]]
| successor = [[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
| party = [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| religion =
| spouse = Late Smt. Indrawati Singh
| parents =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University of Gorakhpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = https://sansad.in/rs/about/deputy-chairman
}}

'''Harivansh Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]; and has won the [[2014 Indian general elections]] from the [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2439.htm?ac=39 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521022040/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2439.htm?ac=39 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KUWAR HARIVANSH SINGH : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories">{{cite news |title=KUWAR HARIVANSH SINGH : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/kuwar-harivansh-singh |access-date=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603084055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/kuwar-harivansh-singh |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Apna dal rift: Anupriya warns party MP not to cross ‘Lakshman Rekha’">{{cite news |title=Apna dal rift: Anupriya warns party MP not to cross ‘Lakshman Rekha’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/apna-dal-rift-anupriya-warns-party-mp-not-to-cross-lakshman-rekha/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603084359/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/apna-dal-rift-anupriya-warns-party-mp-not-to-cross-lakshman-rekha/ |archive-date=3 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He hails from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samachar.com/pratapgarh-breathes-easy-as-royal-battle-recedes-offgLgcfafh.html|title=Pratapgarh breathes easy as royal battle recedes|publisher=Samachar.com|access-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204503/http://www.samachar.com/pratapgarh-breathes-easy-as-royal-battle-recedes-offgLgcfafh.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
He has a [[B.Sc.]] from T.D. College, Jaunpur, [[Gorakhpur University]], [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=8743|title=Kuwar Haribansh Singh, Winner, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Myneta.com |access-date=2014-06-24}}</ref> He married Indravati Singh on 20 March 1962.

== Career ==
He is a [[business man]] from Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/apna-dal-high-100-success-rate-568|title=Apna Dal high on 100% success rate|publisher=Myneta.com|access-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033424/http://www.asianage.com/india/apna-dal-high-100-success-rate-568|archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Kunwar Haribansh Singh was elected to [[16th Lok Sabha]] of [[Indian Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L_tyeu5QsE|title=Harivansh Singh, AD, Winner from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|via=YouTube|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> on 16 May 2014 from [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lok-sabha-elections-2014/results/constituencies/pratapgarh|title=Election Results 2014 for Pratapgarh|publisher=DNA India |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh sees BJP landslide victory, BSP rout in Lok Sabha elections">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh sees BJP landslide victory, BSP rout in Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ba74kIl8TeOX6VVSls1YLL/Uttar-Pradesh-election-results-Narendra-Modi-Rahul-Gandhi.html |access-date=3 June 2025 |publisher=Mint |date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603085605/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ba74kIl8TeOX6VVSls1YLL/Uttar-Pradesh-election-results-Narendra-Modi-Rahul-Gandhi.html |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="The feudal character of Pratapgarh’s four-way contest">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=The feudal character of Pratapgarh’s four-way contest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-feudal-character-of-pratapgarhs-four-way-contest/article62007711.ece |access-date=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603085847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-feudal-character-of-pratapgarhs-four-way-contest/article62007711.ece |archive-date=3 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He is seen as one of the prominent names in the race for the Vice President's post after Jagdeep Dhankhar’s resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who will be the next Vice President? This name does the rounds as intrigue grows after Jagdeep Dhankhar exit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-will-be-the-next-vice-president-this-name-does-the-rounds-as-intrigue-grows-after-jagdeep-dhankhar-exit-101753154587393.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harivansh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Apna Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal) politicians]]

Peerzada Feroze Ahamad

2025-02-05T21:43:28Z

Adiyogirudraksha: added first stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Amin Bhat]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Peerzada Feroze Ahamad''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Peerzada Feroze Ahamad with 18230 defeats JKPDP's Mohammad Sartaj Madni |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/devsar-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612908-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Devsar Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/devsar-election-result-2024-live-update-9077425.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||27.91%||Mohammed Sartaj Madni||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||26.63%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahamad, Peerzada Feroze}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

JEE Main

2024-05-13T19:55:16Z

Adiyogirudraksha: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]]

Pura Bahadur

2024-05-06T10:47:27Z

Adiyogirudraksha: added some article first draft!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pura Bahadur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pura Bahādur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tadiyawan block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Pura Bahadur (#138) in Tadiyawan CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.464519|N|80.153565|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.631
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5594
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pura Bahadur''' is a village in [[Tadiyawan]] block of [[Hardoi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=335–52|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0924_PART_A_DCHB_HARDOI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Located a few kilometres from the city of [[Hardoi]],<ref name="Census 1971">{{cite book |title=Census 1971 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part X-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi |date=1972 |pages=86–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1130/1/45148_1971_HAR.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi |date=1982 |pages=127–8 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1229/1/27831_1981_HAR.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> the village is connected to state highways<ref name="Census 2011"/> and hosts a market on Wednesdays and Sundays.<ref name="Census 1981"/> Pura Bahadur has two primary schools and a sub post office.<ref name="Census 2011"/> There are no hospitals for humans, although there is a [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary]] facility.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The main staple foods are wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1971"/><ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, the population of Pura Bahadur is 5,594, in 964 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Demographic history ==
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Pura Bahadur as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,325 (1,257 male and 1,068 female), in 518 households and 394 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (36 - Hardoi District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=158–9, lxii-lxiii of section "Hardoi Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/987/1/22855_1961_HAR.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,380 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Pura Bahadur as having a population of 3,025, in 490 households, and covering an area of 963.19 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hardoi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hardoi district]]

Delhi Public School, East

2024-04-12T14:30:58Z

Adiyogirudraksha: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Delhi Public School Society schools#DPS East - Ahmedabad (Hirapur)]]

Yerrupalem mandal

2024-04-10T16:37:47Z

Adiyogirudraksha: made a pg w/ sources - done

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yerrupalem mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline = File:Yerrupalem mandal.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Yerrupalem mandal highlighted in blue
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8333|N|80.4667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khammam]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Yerrupalem]]
| parts_type = Major villages
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 49,851
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Yerrupalem mandal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zilla Praja Parishad, Khammam {{!}} Khammam District {{!}} India |url=https://khammam.telangana.gov.in/zilla-praja-parishad-khammam/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> is one of the 21 mandals<ref>{{Cite web |title=::Telangana State Development Planning Society:: |url=https://www.tsdps.telangana.gov.in/livejsp/Khammam.jsp |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.tsdps.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> (administrative divisions) located in the [[Khammam district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Khammam revenue division]], with its headquarters situated in the village of [[Yerrupalem]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Police |url=https://www.tspolice.gov.in/jsp/howDoIUser.do?method=howDoICategories2&howDoICategoryId=134&howDoICategoryName=CWO%20Khammam |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.tspolice.gov.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Yerrupalem mandal has a population of 49,851, with 25,078 males and 24,773 females. The sub-district has 4,537 children, 14,095 individuals from Scheduled Castes, and 1,685 individuals from Scheduled Tribes. The literacy rate is 27,950, while the illiterate population is 21,901. There are 28,146 workers and 21,705 non-workers in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visualizations {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Villages in Yerrupalem mandal ==

# Ayyavarigudem
# Banigandlapadu
# Bheemavaram
# Choppakatlapalem
# Gatla Gowraram
# [[Gosaveedu]]
# Guntupalle Gopavaram
# Inagali
# Jamalapuram
# Kacharam
# Kesireddipalle
# Mamunuru
# Meenavole
# Mulugumadu
# Pedda Goparam
# Pegallapadu
# Rajulapalem
# Rangagudem
# Remidicherla
# Sakhina Veedu
# Tatigudem
# Thakkellapadu
# Tripuraram
# [[Yerrupalem]] - ''Mandal headquarters''

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Mandals in Khammam district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Telangana]]

Timesofindia

2004-09-26T09:34:24Z

Adiyogirudraksha: Creating some article from scratch - done

#REDIRECT [[The Times of India]]