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A. Revathi

2026-05-07T18:41:53Z

Adityagoel: Made A Article

{{Short description|Indian writer and LGBTQ rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''A Revathi''' is a [[Bangalore]]-based writer and activist working for [[LGBT rights in India]]. She is a [[trans woman]] and member of the [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] community.

== Personal life ==
Revathi was born as Doraiswamy in [[Namakkal district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and was assigned a male gender based on physiology. As a child, Revathi experienced violence in her school and within her family for her "feminine" ways. She preferred playing with young girls over boys and dressed up as a woman in her mother's clothes, distressed by the feeling of being a female trapped in a male body. Her personal and social hardships affected her academic performance, and she had to drop out of school as a result, having failed the tenth grade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.manipal.edu/139765/1/WIC-Prabhu.pdf |title=Writing a Life Between Gender Lines: Conversations with A.Revathi about Her Autobiography "The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story" |last=Prabhu |first=Gayatri |date=2014 |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517091408/http://eprints.manipal.edu/139765/1/WIC-Prabhu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, when she first met a group of people from the [[Kothi (gender)|kothi]] community during a school trip to Nammakal, she felt a sense of kinship and decided to run away to Delhi with them so that she could be true to her gender identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaiarjun.blogspot.in/2011/10/on-revathis-truth-about-me-hijra-life.html|title=Jabberwock: A. Revathi's A Hijra Life Story - a long journey to self-acceptance|date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

In [[Delhi]], she met a group of people belonging to the Hijra community and began living with them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story|first1=A.|last1=Revathi|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|date=1 August 2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn = 978-0143068365}}</ref> She later underwent a [[Sex reassignment surgery|sex-change operation]], which was considered a rite of passage to get formally initiated into the hijra household. After her operation, she was rechristened as Revathi by the guru or head of the household. Though she could finally be true to her gender identity, Revathi discovered the harsh realities of life as a hijra, where social exclusion, violence and sexual assault were all too common. She had to resort to several odd jobs to survive including dancing at weddings, begging and sex work. After some months, tired of her life in Delhi, she ran away and went back home, where she discovered she was not welcome.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Kannabiran |first=Kalpana |date=August 2015 |title=The complexities of the genderscape in India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283793900 |journal=Seminar a Journal of Germanic Studies |volume=672 |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

She subsequently left her home in Tamil Nadu and moved to [[Bangalore]] for work. While she initially took to sex work, she finally got a job at [[Sangama (human rights group)|Sangama]], an NGO working for the rights of sexual minorities. Here, she was exposed to activist meetings and learnt more about her rights. While she started off as a peon in the organisation, she rose in the ranks and finally ended up as the director.<ref name="countercurrents.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/sikand080810.htm |title=The Truth About Me—A Hijra Life Story Book Review By Yoginder Sikand}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-we-want-to-live-as-women-and-we-want-our-dignity-a-revathi-1418572 |title=We want to live as women, and we want our dignity: A Revathi - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=4 August 2010}}</ref> Two sources<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> mention a brief marriage with a coworker at Sangama. She works now as a transgender-rights activist based in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Govindan, P. |author2=Vasudevan, A. |date=2008|title=The Razor's Edge of Oppositionality: Exploring the Politics of Rights-Based Activism by Transgender Women in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.lassnet.org/2009/readings/govindan-vasudevan2008razors-edge.pdf |page=20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921100239/http://www.lassnet.org/2009/readings/govindan-vasudevan2008razors-edge.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

== Her literary work and other achievements ==
Revathi published her first book in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''Unarvum Uruvamum'' (Our Lives, Our Words), in 2004. It is a collection of real life stories of the people belonging to the Hijra community in South India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Voice-for-visibility/article15902951.ece|title=Voice for visibility|last=Mayanth|first=Nithin|date=4 September 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 November 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She credits the book with inspiring other hijra writers to publish their own books, such as Priya Babu's ''Naan Sarvanan Alla'' (2007) and Vidya's ''I am Vidya'' (2008).<ref name=":2" />

Following this, she decided to write about her own experiences. She published her second book, ''The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story'', in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article188732.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806124000/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article188732.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2016|title=The life of a hijra and a tale well told}}</ref> The book was written in Tamil and translated into English by feminist historian [[V. Geetha]]. According to Revathi, she initially released the book in English and not Tamil to avoid conflict with her family, who featured in her book and did not speak English. The book was eventually published in Tamil as ''Vellai Mozhi'' in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> She cites a very prominent Tamil [[Dalit]] writer [[Bama (writer)|Bama]] as one of her main inspirations.<ref name=":2" />

[[The American College in Madurai]] has included ''The Truth about me: A Hijra Life story'' as a part of its [[third gender]] literature syllabus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-gender-flexible/article6527959.ece|title=Making gender flexible|date=23 October 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Shrikumar|first1=A.}}</ref> In 2019, her name was put up at [[Butler Library]] in Columbia University, along with names like [[Maya Angelou]] and [[Toni Morrison]] and remained there throughout the fall semester.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=14 October 2019 |title=Transgender activist Revathi's name is up on a banner at Columbia University alongside the likes of Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/phenomenal-woman-thats-her/article29679044.ece |access-date=11 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Revathi made her acting debut in the 2008 Tamil film ''[[Thenavattu]]''.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/aravanis-transgender-thenavattu-paal-190508.html |title=Two trans-genders to play lead roles in Tamil films |date=19 May 2008 |website=Filmibeat |access-date=August 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625115318/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/aravanis-transgender-thenavattu-paal-190508.html |archive-date=June 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2022, she appeared in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] [[Antharam]], which starred [[Negha Shahin|Negha]], a transgender actress from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/May/12/world-from-a-womans-view |title=World from a woman's view |author=Diya Maria George |date=May 11, 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=August 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514112952/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/May/12/world-from-a-womans-view |archive-date=May 14, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/revathi-biju-menon-joju-george-win-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-164432 |title=Revathi, Biju Menon, Joju George win 52nd Kerala State film awards |date=May 27, 2022 |website=The News Minute |access-date=August 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808001719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/revathi-biju-menon-joju-george-win-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-164432 |archive-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, P. Abhijith's documentary I Am Revathi features A. Revathi sharing her life story and was first screened at the 17th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IDSFFK).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/idsffk-2025-i-am-revathi-amplifies-the-voice-of-a-life-lived-in-defiance/ar-AA1LwpVo |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Threyambaka A. |date=2025-08-28 |title=IDSFFK 2025: 'I Am Revathi' amplifies the voice of a life lived in defiance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2025/Aug/28/idsffk-2025-i-am-revathi-amplifies-the-voice-of-a-life-lived-in-defiance |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am Revathi {{!}} VIFF 2025 |url=https://viff.org/whats-on/viff25-i-am-revathi/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Vancouver International Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revathi, A.}}
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Hijra (South Asia) people]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian transgender writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Pakanadu

2026-05-07T00:17:45Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Historical region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
'''Pakanadu''' is a region in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is spread over the undivided districts of [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and southern [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=Pakanadu|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|last=Talbot|first=Cynthia|date=2001-09-20|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=268,278|language=en}}</ref> The coastal areas lying between [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and [[Krishna district|Krishna]] are also part of this region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&q=kammanadu|title=A History of Telugu Literature|last1=Chenchiah|last2=Bhujanga|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120603134|page=15|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Sub regions of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Coastal Andhra]]
[[Category:Geography of Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Geography of Nellore district]]

Bally Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T07:58:25Z

Adityagoel: Made Post...

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bally
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bally.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bally Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Sanjay Kumar Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 169
| established = 1951
| electors = 142,337
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bally Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 169 Bally Assembly constituency is composed of [[Bally Municipality]] which is merged with [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] now.

Bally Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Ratan Moni Chattopadhyay
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Motilal Basu
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shankar Lal Mukhopadhyay
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S.N. Mukherjee
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2"|Patit Paban Pathak
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bhabani Shankar Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|Patit Paban Pathak
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Supriyo Basu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Patit Paban Pathak
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3"|Kanika Ganguly
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Sultan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Baishali Dalmiya]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Rana Chatterjee|Dr. Rana Chatterjee]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Sanjay Kumar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===
In the 2026 election, Sanjay Kumar Singh of Bharatiya Janata Party defeated his nearest rival Kailash Kumar Mishra of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bally
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = '''Sanjay Kumar Singh'''
| votes = '''57,639'''
| percentage = '''48.91'''
| change = {{increase}} '''+11.48'''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Trinamool Congress
| candidate = Kailash Kumar Mishra
| votes = 45,642
| percentage = 38.73
| change = {{decrease}} -3.65
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Sankar Maitra
| votes = 11,284
| percentage = 9.58
| change = {{decrease}} -7.93
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Priyanka Choudhury
| votes = 1,283
| percentage = 1.09
| change = {{new}}
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Rupali Sarkar
| votes = 212
| percentage = 0.18
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
| candidate = Putul Chowdhury
| votes = 157
| percentage = 0.13
| change = {{new}}
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 145
| percentage = 0.12
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Aam Janata Unnayan Party
| candidate = Abdul Qadir Khan
| votes = 135
| percentage = 0.11
| change = {{new}}
| color = #FFFF00
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 132
| percentage = 0.11
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Pratap Goswami
| votes = 98
| percentage = 0.08
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Indranath Das
| votes = 54
| percentage = 0.05
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Nishu Kurmi
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.04
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = National Republic Party Of India
| candidate = Kanchan Sonkar
| votes = 44
| percentage = 0.04
| change = {{new}}
| color = #FC6A03
}}

{{Election box candidate
| party = Independent
| candidate = Alok Pakhira
| votes = 43
| percentage = 0.04
| change = {{new}}
| color = #808080
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 924
| percentage = 0.78
| change = {{decrease}} -0.18
}}

{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,17,838
| percentage = 85.77
| change = {{increase}} 14.28
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = All India Trinamool Congress
| swing = +7.57
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Dr. Rana Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Baishali Dalmiya of BJP.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Bally}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Rana Chatterjee]]|votes=53,347|percentage=42.38|change={{decrease}}-4.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Baishali Dalmiya]]|votes=47,110|percentage=37.43|change={{increase}}+25.9}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Dipsita Dhar]]|votes=22,040|percentage=17.51|change={{decrease}}-15.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,205|percentage=0.96|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,872|percentage=71.49|change={{increase}}1.34}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Baishali Dalmiya of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Saumendranath Bera of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Bally constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Baishali Dalmiya]]
|votes = 52,654
|percentage = 46.97
|change = {{decrease}} -3.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Saumendranath Bera
|votes = 37,299
|percentage = 33.25
|change = {{decrease}} -10.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kaushik Chakraborty
|votes = 17,418
|percentage = 15.53
|change ={{increase}} +12.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,598
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,12,192
|percentage = 70.15
|change = {{decrease}} -3.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Sultan Singh of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Kanika Ganguly of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bally constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=169| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171938/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=169| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bally| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sultan Singh
|votes = 52,770
|percentage = 50.42
|change = +12.86#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanika Ganguly
|votes = 46,170
|percentage = 44.11
|change = -15.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan Ojha
|votes = 2,677
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suman Dolui
|votes = 947
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Saumadip Chatterjee
|votes = 458
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shibashis Sarkar
|votes = 455
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bholanath Pramanik
|votes = 266
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhasish Sarkar
|votes = 249
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Umed Singh Chaudhuri
|votes = 143
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tripti Ghosh
|votes = 137
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Keya Ganguly
|votes = 135
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jayanta Sarkar
|votes = 129
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anjana Chowdhury
|votes = 129
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 104,665
|percentage = 73.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 27.96#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2006===
In the 2006 election, Kanika Ganguly of [[CPI(M)]] defeated her nearest rival Rekha Raut of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Bally constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=104&cid=161| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150721040700/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=104&cid=161| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 21 July 2015|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Bally| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 17 July 2015}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanika Ganguly
|votes = 54,262
|percentage = 50.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rekha Raut
|votes = 24,737
|percentage = 44.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tapan Ganguly
|votes = 9,690
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sankar Kumar Das
|votes = 1203
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Biswajit Mitra (Kajal)
|votes = 732
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dev Kumar Sharma
|votes = 486
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Patra
|votes = 265
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Guru Chand Mondal
|votes = 262
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 91,637
|percentage = 73.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 27.96#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
In the 2001 election, Kanika Ganguly of [[CPI(M)]] defeated her nearest rival Supriyo Basu of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Bally constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=104&cid=161| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150721040700/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=104&cid=161| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 21 July 2015|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2001 |work = Bally| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 17 July 2015}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanika Ganguly
|votes = 92,876
|percentage = 72.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Supriyo Basu
|votes = 32,423
|percentage = 25.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Moushumi Chatterjee
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.49%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Adhikary
|votes = 624
|percentage = 0.49%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Debala Das
|votes = 418
|percentage = 0.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Madan Mohan Das
|votes = 370
|percentage = 0.29%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kishor Prasad
|votes = 203
|percentage = 0.16%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Fakra Alam
|votes = 191
|percentage = 0.15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Basak
|votes = 139
|percentage = 0.11%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,27,870
|percentage = 78.24%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 27.96#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf|access-date=6 February 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> state assembly elections, Kanika Ganguly of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bally assembly seat defeating her nearest rivals, Rekha Raut of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, Supriyo Basu of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001 and Bani Kumar Singha of Congress in 1996. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Patit Paban Pathak]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Supriyo Basu of Congress in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Supriyo Basu of Congress defeated Patit Paban Pathak of CPI(M) in 1987.<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Patit Paban Pathak defeated Bani Kumar Singha of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Ganesh Pathak of Congress in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp161.htm |title =161 - Bally Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===1951-1971===
Bhabani Shankar Mukherjee of Congress won in 1972. Patit Paban Pathak of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> S.N.Mukherjee of Congress won in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Shankar Lal Mukherjee of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Monilal Basu of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Ratan Moni Chattopadhyay of Congress won the Bally seat.<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf|access-date=9 July 2015|work=Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No.|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Knock Knock, I'm Looking to Marry

2026-05-04T22:52:18Z

Adityagoel: new the details from scratch.

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Knock Knock, I'm Looking to Marry.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Anita Udeep]]
| writer = Anita Udeep
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Anita Udeep
| starring = [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] Suhaas Ahuja
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Preetha Jayaraman]]
| editing = Sundeep V Menon
| music = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| studio = N-Viz Entertainment [[Pentamedia Graphics|Pentamedia]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|26}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = ₹80-85 [[lakh]]<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/knockknock.html|title=Idlebrain.com's Showcase: Knock Knock I am looking to marry! by Anita Udeep|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112190622/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/knockknock.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = ₹3.5 lakh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1778|title=Knock Knock I'm Looking To Marry|date=26 December 2003|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''''Knock Knock, I'm Looking to Marry''''' is a 2003 Indian English-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Anita Udeep]] and starring [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] and Suhaas Ahuja.

The film is about the dilemma faced by the newer generation about whether to love someone first or to marry them first and love them afterwards.<ref name="I"/><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/film-forays/article28460107.ece|title=Film forays|date=30 December 2003|first=Suresh|last=Krishnamoorthy|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419131051/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/film-forays/article28460107.ece|archive-date=19 April 2023|access-date=13 November 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Plot ==
24-year-old Nithya, a Tamil Brahmin software engineer working for a [[Multinational corporation|MNC]], is pressured by her parents to get married in the next two months. Her parents try to find her a groom through arranged marriage. Meanwhile, 26-year-old Sandeep, a Punjabi software engineer also working for a MNC, is confident to find a girl for himself. Nithya and Sandeep meet in an acting class and become friends. Eventually, Nithya and Sandeep realised that they are in love.<ref name="I"/>

== Cast ==
*[[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] as Nithya
*Suhaas Ahuja as Sandeep
*[[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Nithya's father
*Geetha Ravishankar as Nithya's mother
*Bagiarathy Narayanan

==Production==
[[Anita Udeep]] made her directorial debut through this film, which shows the difference between parents and their children's way of thinking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/aneeta-enters-films-with-knock-knock-/articleshow/385069.cms|title=Aneeta enters films with Knock-Knock...|date=26 December 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 November 2024|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref name="I"/> This film marked the film debut of Suhaas Ahuja after his other two films during that time did not release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minority-review.com/suhaas-ahuja-the-stories-about-aamir-khan-being-a-tyrant-are-exaggerated/|title=Suhaas Ahuja – ‘The stories about Aamir Khan being a tyrant are exaggerated’|first=Sailesh|last=Ghelani|work=Minority Review|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> This film marked the independent debut of [[Preetha Jayaraman]], the daughter of [[P. C. Sreeram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-preetha-it-was-a-new-experience-shooting-a-food-film/20140610.htm|title=Preetha: It was a new experience shooting a food film|date=10 June 2014|first=Shoba|last=Warrier|author-link=Shoba Warrier|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=2 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702103754/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-preetha-it-was-a-new-experience-shooting-a-food-film/20140610.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in Bangalore and Chennai.<ref name="I"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music features seven tracks by [[Mahesh Shankar]] that were shortened into one-minute bit songs.<ref name="I"/> The songs were promoted on [[SS Music]].<ref name="I"/>

== Release and reception ==
The film was released in Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad (in three prints including [[Prasads Multiplex]]) on 26 December 2003.<ref name="I"/>

Suresh Krishnamoorthy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The film has good and pleasant, racy music that would appeal to the youth by Mahesh Shankar" and added that "Special mention is required for the cinematography by Preetha Jeyaraman [...] A majority of the indoor scenes reveal the liberal use of cross-lighting, which has a natural look. The use of very little make-up for the artistes has helped retain the originality of the character".<ref name="H"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0382784}}

[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anita Udeep]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 English-language films]]
[[Category:2003 romance films]]
[[Category:English-language romance films]]

Yadavilli, Eluru district

2026-05-03T09:50:57Z

Adityagoel: Made a place!

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yadavilli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ya-da-villi''' village is located in [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|16|57|55|N|80|57|15|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{Eluru-geo-stub}}

Suhas (Telugu actor)

2026-05-02T21:26:31Z

Adityagoel: Made data!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhas
| image =
| image_upright = 0.90
| alt = Suhas Pagolu
| caption = Suhas Pagolu
| birth_name = Suhas Pagolu<ref name=":1"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|8|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| yearsactive = 2015–present
| occupation = Actor
| alma mater = KBN College, Vijayawada
| spouse = {{marriage|Lalitha |2017}}
}}
'''Suhas Pagolu''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu films]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Suhas Pagolu: Biography, Age, Family, Film Career |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/suhas-pagolu-biography-age-family-film-career-773170 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124075235/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/suhas-pagolu-biography-age-family-film-career-773170 |url-status=live }}</ref> He initially appeared in short films and supporting roles, and made his debut in a lead role with ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 October 2020|title='Colour Photo' review|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/colour-photo-is-a-moving-story-on-skin-deep-issues-and-more/article32935420.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029093217/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/colour-photo-is-a-moving-story-on-skin-deep-issues-and-more/article32935420.ece|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=|website=|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 August 2020|work=The Hindu|title='Colour Photo', the story of a 'below average' guy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/incidents-in-sai-rajeshs-life-inspired-colour-photo/article32325431.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813090338/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/incidents-in-sai-rajeshs-life-inspired-colour-photo/article32325431.ece|archive-date=13 August 2020|access-date=|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Suhas was born and brought up in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. After graduating from [[Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana College|KBN College]], he moved to [[Hyderabad]] to pursue a career in films.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=13&v=ntds0aH|title=Actor Suhas about His Education and Family Background|date=16 August 2019|publisher=Friday Poster Channel|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512113127/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=13&v=ntds0aH|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

He started acting in a Telugu YouTube channel Chai Bisket and was featured in several short films including ''The Athidhi'' by [[Sandeep Raj]] and ''Kalakaarudu''.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/suhas-to-grip-viewers-with-intense-character|title=Suhas to grip viewers with intense character|first=Sowmya|last=Sangam|website=Telangana Today|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224232851/https://telanganatoday.com/suhas-to-grip-viewers-with-intense-character|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-an-absolute-pleasure-and-honour-to-be-part-of-this-film-says-colour-photo-actor-suhas/photostory/75269326.cms|title=It's an absolute pleasure and honour to be part of this film, says Colour Photo actor Suhas|date=21 April 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423004147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-an-absolute-pleasure-and-honour-to-be-part-of-this-film-says-colour-photo-actor-suhas/photostory/75269326.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He received numerous accolades from critics and industry celebrities.

Suhas made his feature film debut with ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' (2018) and has played supporting roles in several films including ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]'' (2019). In a review of the film by ''The Times of India'', the reviewer wrote that "Suhas makes an impressive cameo as Detective Bobby".<ref name="G">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/agent-sai-srinivasa-athreya/movie-review/69889115.cms|title=Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya Movie Review {4/5}: Brilliantly executed, no nonsense film|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He appeared in ''[[Majili]]'' (2019), following which, he is sometimes referred to as "Majili Suhas".

He reprised the role played by [[Soubin Shahir]] in ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' in the Telugu remake ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'',<ref name="S" /> alongside [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]. Suhas then collaborated with his best friend Sandeep Raj for ''[[Colour Photo]]''. He made his debut in a lead role with this film, which stars [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as the antagonist.<ref name="S">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/i-can-assure-that-sunil-garu-has-a-terrifying-role-in-colour-photo-suhas/articleshow/75275145.cms|title=I can assure that Sunil Garu has a terrifying role in Colour Photo: Suhas - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Rajasekhar|first1=Paturi|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/i-can-assure-that-sunil-garu-has-a-terrifying-role-in-colour-photo-suhas/articleshow/75275145.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/comedian-suhas-turns-into-a-hero-for-colour-photo-kala-bhairava-to-compose-the-music/articleshow/73015154.cms|title=Comedian Suhas turns into a hero for 'Colour Photo': Kala Bhairava to compose the music - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329043221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/comedian-suhas-turns-into-a-hero-for-colour-photo-kala-bhairava-to-compose-the-music/articleshow/73015154.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His role in the film as a lead was critically praised and received wide recognition.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shooting-of-colour-photo-is-on-the-verge-on-completion-says-debutante-director-sandeep-raj/articleshow/74779077.cms|title="Shooting of Colour Photo is on the verge on completion," says debutante director Sandeep Raj - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328052728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shooting-of-colour-photo-is-on-the-verge-on-completion-says-debutante-director-sandeep-raj/articleshow/74779077.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, he starred in ''[[Gamanam (2021 film)|Gamanam]]'' and ''[[Family Drama (2021 film)|Family Drama]]'', playing a [[serial killer]] in the latter.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Family Drama' trailer: Suhas promises a gripping mystery thriller - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/family-drama-trailer-suhas-promises-a-gripping-mystery-thriller/articleshow/84644173.cms|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726133003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/family-drama-trailer-suhas-promises-a-gripping-mystery-thriller/articleshow/84644173.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' and ''[[Mishan Impossible]]'' were his releases in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-02|title=Suhas as 'Writer Padmabhushan'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-as-writer-padmabhushan/article33479150.ece|access-date=2021-09-23|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721094208/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-as-writer-padmabhushan/article33479150.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, his first release was ''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]'' alongside [[Sharanya Pradeep]]. He then starred in ''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]'' featuring [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Karthik Rathnam]], [[Viraj Ashwin]] and [[Srinivas Avasarala]]. He then appeared in ''[[Prasanna Vadanam]]'', starring alongside [[Rashi Singh]] and [[Viva Harsha]] and directed by Arjun YK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-03-07 |title=Suhas comes with another interesting concept 'Prasanna Vadanam;' teaser unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/suhascomes-with-another-interesting-concept-prasanna-vadanam-teaser-unveiled-863300 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-20 |title=Suhas' Prasanna Vadhanam Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/suhas-prasanna-vadhanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

He played a village undertaker in ''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]'', released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in July 2025, starring alongside [[Keerthy Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-03-20 |title=Keerthy Suresh to star opposite to Suhas in Amazon Original's 'Uppu Kappurambu' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/keerthy-suresh-to-star-opposite-to-suhas-in-amazon-originals-uppu-kappurambu-866339 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His next theatrical release was ''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan |date=2025-07-11 |title=‘Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama’ movie ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-movie-review-suhas-telugu-romcom-is-wayward-and-pointless/article69799835.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is currently filming for ''Cable Chary'' and ''Anandrao Adventures''.

== Personal life ==
Suhas married Lalitha in August 2017.<ref name=":1" /> Their child was born in 2024.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' ||Suhas|| Feature film debut|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="B"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Majili]]'' || Jonty || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-launches-majili-actors-next-593559|title=Nani launches 'Majili' actor's next|date=29 December 2019|website=The Hans India|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721093123/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-launches-majili-actors-next-593559|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]'' || Agent Bobby || ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="G"/>
|-
| ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || Martin || ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="A"/>
|-
| ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' || Suhas || || style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pratiroju-pandaage/movie-review/72898385.cms|title=Prati Roju Pandage Review {2.5/5}: Predictable but saved by good performances|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020|| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' || Korra Suhas || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="S"/>
|-
| ''[[Colour Photo]]'' || Jaya Krishna || Debut in a Lead role|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021 || ''[[Rang De]]'' || Suhas|| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="S" />
|-
|''[[Ardha Shathabdham]]'' ||Koti || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ardha-shathabdham-gets-release-date-676337|title = Ardha Shathabdham gets release date|date = 11 March 2021|access-date = 10 January 2022|archive-date = 5 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605060754/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ardha-shathabdham-gets-release-date-676337|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Heads and Tales (film)|Heads and Tales]]'' || Anisha's friend || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/22/heads-and-tales-movie-revie-a-light-hearted-drama-that-plays-to-its-strengths-27434.html | title=Heads and Tales Movie Review: A light-hearted drama that plays to its strengths | website=[[Cinema Express]] | access-date=1 March 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/22/heads-and-tales-movie-revie-a-light-hearted-drama-that-plays-to-its-strengths-27434.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Family Drama (2021 film)|Family Drama]]'' ||Rama || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=Suhas' movie titled 'Family Drama'|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/suhas-movie-titled-family-drama/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=English|language=en-US|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731222946/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/suhas-movie-titled-family-drama/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gamanam (2021 film)|''Gamanam'']] ||Abdullah || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[Mishan Impossible]]'' || Gilaani ||[[Cameo appearance]]||
|-
| ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' || Kumar || [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]'' || Padmabhushan || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor Suhas has an exciting project called Writer Padmabhushan lined up next - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-suhas-has-an-exciting-project-called-writer-padmabhushan-lined-up-next/articleshow/80064046.cms|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427044807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-suhas-has-an-exciting-project-called-writer-padmabhushan-lined-up-next/articleshow/80064046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="After ‘Colour Photo’, actor Suhas to play the lead in ‘Writer Padmabhushan’">{{cite news |title=After 'Colour Photo', actor Suhas to play the lead in 'Writer Padmabhushan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-as-writer-padmabhushan/article33479150.ece |access-date=20 August 2022 |work= |date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820101322/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-as-writer-padmabhushan/article33479150.ece |archive-date=20 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manu Charitra]]'' || Nandu || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024 || ''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]'' ||Mallikarjun "Malli" || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-12-26 |title='Ambajipeta Marriage Band' locks release date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ambajipeta-marriage-band-locks-release-date-846974 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229065319/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ambajipeta-marriage-band-locks-release-date-846974 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]'' ||Suhas || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-28 |title=Sriranga Neethulu gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/28/sriranga-neethulu-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prasanna Vadanam]]'' || Surya || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/07/prasanna-vadanam-teaser-suhas-plays-a-man-with-a-rare-medical-condition-in-the-upcoming-dark-thriller|title=Prasanna Vadanam teaser: Suhas plays a man with a rare medical condition in the upcoming dark thriller|date=7 March 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/suhas-prasanna-vadhanam-gets-a-release-date|title=Suhas' Prasanna Vadhanam Gets A Release Date|first=Team|last=FC|date=20 March 2024|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darling (2024 film)|Darling]]'' || Rahul || [[Cameo appearance]]||
|-
|''[[Gorre Puranam]]''||Ravi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-02-07 |title=Gorre Puranam: సుహాస్ మరో కొత్త కథ.. నిబ్బా నిబ్బిలా కోసం కాదంట |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/gorre-puranam-first-glimpse-out-534482.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''|| Prasad || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title='Cable Reddy' first look poster: Suhas starrer promises hilarious entertainment |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/first-look-of-actor-suhass-new-film-janaka-aithe-ganaka-out-article-111447626 |work=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025
| [[Jaat (film)|''Jaat'']]
| Venkat Rao
| [[Hindi film]]
|
|-
|[[Uppu Kappurambu|''Uppu Kappurambu'']]
|Chinna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu|first=Suhas |date=2024-03-20 |title=Keerthy Suresh to star opposite to Suhas in Amazon Original's 'Uppu Kappurambu'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/keerthy-suresh-to-star-opposite-to-suhas-in-amazon-originals-uppu-kappurambu-866339 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2025-06-19 |title=Trailer of Suhas - KeertySuresh's Telugu Original Movie Uppu Kappurambu |url=https://industryhit.com/t/prime-video-launches-the-trailer-of-suhas-keertysureshs-telugu-original-movie-uppu-kappurambu/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|Ram
|Also sang "Gully Step" song
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-06-17 |title=Suhas’ Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama set for box office clash with Anushka Shetty’s Ghaati |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suhas-oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-set-for-box-office-clash-with-anushka-shettys-ghaati.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[They Call Him OG]]''
| Arms Supplier
| rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''
| Jayakrishna alias Kittu
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Hey Balwanth]]''
|Krishna Balwanth
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Hey Balwanth Ott: ఇవాళ ఓటీటీలోకి వ‌చ్చేసిన తెలుగు కామెడీ ఎంట‌ర్‌టైన‌ర్‌.. క‌డుపుబ్బా న‌వ్వించేలా సుహాస్‌, న‌రేష్ మూవీ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/hey-balwanth-movie-ott-release-date-streaming-platform-details-suhas-naresh-comedy-entertainer-261774923942791-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 March 2026 |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Cable Reddy}}|| {{TableTBA}} || Filming ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title='Cable Reddy' first look poster: Suhas starrer promises hilarious entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/cable-reddy-first-look-poster-suhas-starrer-promises-hilarious-entertainment/articleshow/103833948.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Anandrao Adventures}} ||{{TableTBA}}||Filming||<ref name="Suhas' next titled Anandrao Adventures">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Suhas' next titled Anandrao Adventures |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/18/suhas-next-titled-anandrao-adventures-38908.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118114352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/18/suhas-next-titled-anandrao-adventures-38908.html |archive-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Mandaadi]]}} ||Puli||Announced, [[Tamil-language|Tamil]] film||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=He doesn't just ride the waves⛵ He rises above them 🌊🔥 Unveiling the Fierce First Look of @ActorSuhas as "PULI" from the world of #Mandaadi TOMORROW at 11:07 AM❤️‍🔥 |url=https://x.com/rsinfotainment/status/1918901785902895227 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
*''The Athidi''<ref name="A"/>
*''Kalakaarudu''<ref name="B"/>
*''Radhika''
*''Nandan – A Psycho Thriller''
*''Bangaram''
*''Nenorakam''

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''Nenu Mee Kalyan'' || Lucky || [[YouTube]]|| Mini-series; 5 episodes
|-
| 2020 || ''Shit Happens'' || || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]|| Special appearance
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Anger Tales]]'' || Paccha Bottu Seenu ||[[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||Episode 1 (''Benefit Show'')
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8957117}}
*{{Instagram|suhassssssss}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Wanla Monastery

2026-05-01T22:03:37Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Historic Buddhist Monastery in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =Wanla Monastery
|image =Wanla Gompa 02.jpg
|image size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34|14|58|N|76|49|52|E|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|location=Wanla, [[Zanskar]], [[Kargil district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =Rinchen Sangpo (disputed)<ref>[http://www.rinpoche.com/stories/zangpo.htm Rinchen Zangpo]</ref>
|sect =[[Drigung Kagyu]]
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Wanla Gompa''' is a historic Buddhist monastery on the ridge that crowns [[Wanla]] village in [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. Its small but impressively preserved three-storeyed [[Avalokitesvara]] temple is one of the earliest known [[Drigung Kagyu]] prayer chambers to have survived in Ladakh. Wanla is a sub-monastery of [[Lamayuru Monastery|Lamayuru]], which provides a caretaker monk responsible for daily rituals and for granting access to the temple.<ref>[http://www.achiassociation.org/Wanla/WanlaIntro.html Wanla Introduction]</ref> The main image features Avalokitesvara in 11-headed ("Chuchigzhel") form.<ref>[http://www.achiassociation.org/Wanla/WanlaIntDescr.html Detailed description of the interior]</ref> It is 13 km southeast of Lamayuru Monastery.

Along with a 1980s side building, the monastery sits within the sparse remnants of a medieval castle whose construction is mentioned in Ladakhi chronicles as being by the Ladakhi King [[Lhachen Naglug|Lhachen Ngaglug]] (lHa-chen Ngag-lug), i.e. probably in the 12th century. The monastery was added in the heart of the castle in the 14th century. This timing adds to academic interest in Wanla since, as some writers have described, this was "an otherwise completely obscure period of Ladakh's history between the foundation of the [[Alchi]] group of monuments, the latest of which are to be attributed to the early 13th century, and the establishment of the Ladakhi kingdom in the early 15th century".<ref>[http://www.achiassociation.org/Wanla/WanlaIntro.html Wanla Introduction by Christian Luczanits]</ref>

The temple is currently being restored by the Achi Association.<ref>[http://www.achiassociation.org/association/achiass.html Achi Association website]</ref>

==See also==

* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Neuwirth, Holger & Auer, Carmen (Hrsg.) „The Three Storied Temple of Wanla", Buddhist Architecture in the Western Himalayas, Band 2, Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, 2015, 205 S., {{ISBN|978-3-85125-391-7}}

==External links==
* http://www.achiassociation.org/Wanla/WanlaIntro.html

{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Drikung Kagyu monasteries and temples]]

Vadam

2026-04-29T03:54:00Z

Adityagoel: Made data

{{Short description|2026 Tamil language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vadam
| image = Vadam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kenthiran V
| writer = Kenthiran V
| producer = Rajasekar R
| starring = [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Natty Subramaniam]] Sanashka Sri
| cinematography = Prasanna Kumar
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Masani Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|3|6}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vadam''''' is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language [[action comedy film|action comedy]] [[family drama film]] written and directed by Kenthiran V. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=’வடம்’ முதல் ’அனோமி’ வரை : இந்த வாரம் வெளியான படங்கள் எப்படி? ஒரு மினி ரிவியூ............! |url=https://news7tamil.live/from-vadam-to-anomy-how-were-the-films-released-this-week-a-mini-review.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=News7 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>The film is produced by Rajasekar R under the banner Masani Pictures. It stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], and Sanashka Sri with [[Bala Saravanan]] and [[Munishkanth]] in supporting roles. The film was theatrically released on 6 March 2026 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=வடம் - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/240400 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=’வடம்’ திரைப்பட விமர்சனம்
|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-movie-reviews/vadam-movie-review-1353.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=Cinema in box}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Vetrivel
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Rathnavel
* Sanashka Sri as Devaki
* [[Bala Saravanan]]
* [[Munishkanth]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Santhanavel
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as village leader
* [[Deepa Shankar]]
* Indhumathi Manikandan
}}

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Kenthiran V and produced by Rajasekar R under Masani Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விமலின் கிராமத்து விருந்து டேஸ்டா? வேஸ்டா? வடம் விமர்சனம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/review/vimal-mass-rural-drama-vadam-movie-review-nrptw0n |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film is composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2026-03-06 |title=வடம் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Vadam Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/vadam-165928 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Maalai Malar|language=ta}}</ref> All lyrics are written by Gnanakaravel.
*"Pandimuni Varaan" - [[Anthony Daasan]]
*"Aasa Kalavaaniye" - [[Chinmayi]]
*"Pongalo Pongal" - D. Imman
*"Paathakathi" - [[Shweta Mohan]]
*"Vetripazhakkura Veerakaala" - D. Imman
*"Pattaasu Pottathaan Deepavali" - D. Imman
*"Pandimuni Varaan" - Mathichiyam Bala

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Vimal fits this space comfortably and carries the film with a natural ease."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadam Movie Review: Familiar feuds with a different bull in the ring |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vadam/movie-review/129140428.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic wrote that director V. Kendran, who enjoys mixing entertainment elements into a normal commercial story, could have put more pressure on the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2026-03-09 |title=“வடம்” திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/vadam-movie-review |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' critic wrote that the perfect contribution of the actors, the innovative storyline, etc. are absent in this Vadamanju Virattu cinema, and the film has become a catchy one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=வடம் விமர்சனம்: 'முரட்டுக் காளை' கதாநாயகனும், தேடிவரும் பகையும் - இது மற்றுமொரு மதுரை சினிமா! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vimal-balasaravanan-natty-starrer-vadam-movie-review |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt39299630}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani

2026-04-28T18:51:15Z

Adityagoel: creating some post with sources...

{{Short description|2024 Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| creator = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romance film|Romance]]| [[Drama]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pranali Rathod]]|[[Aashay Mishra]]|[[Parineeta Borthakur]]|[[Rishi Kaushik]]}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| open_theme = Dil Ki Rahon Pe
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 112 
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl |Saibal Banerjee |[[Leena Gangopadhyay]]}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|09|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|05|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired on [[Colors TV]] from 16 September 2024 to 5 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-30 |title=Exclusive- Durga's Parineeta Borthakur on show going off air says, 'I'm sad as my main track was supposed to start!' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-durgas-parineeta-borthakur-on-show-going-off-air-says-im-sad-as-my-main-track-was-supposed-to-start/articleshow/116792910.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and streams digitally on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 August 2024|title=Colors to launch new fiction 'Durga' in September|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-to-launch-new-fiction-durga-in-september/|access-date=3 October 2024|work=BizAsia|language=en}}</ref> Produced under [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]], it starred [[Pranali Rathod]] and [[Aashay Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 August 2024|title=Pranali Rathod Returns To Television With 'Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani'; To Romance Aashay Mishra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranali-rathod-returns-to-television-with-durga-atoot-prem-kahani-to-romance-aashay-mishra/articleshow/112874595.cms|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Durga, a young tribal girl, embarks on a journey of self-discovery, navigating societal prejudices, domestic abuse, and her pursuit of education amid unfulfilled love and cultural complexities. As Durga's childhood friendship with Anurag blossoms into a deep love, they encounter resistance from Paani Bai, challenging their bond and her aspirations.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Pranali Rathod]] as Durga Kalmera: Gayatri and Niketan's daughter; Anurag's childhood friend and love interest; Rajesh's widow; Jari Burhi's grandniece (2024–2025)
** Hera Mishra as child Durga (2024)
* [[Aashay Mishra]] as Anurag Singh Rathore: Vikram and Aarti's son; Anubhav, Charu and Devika's cousin; Durga's childhood friend and love interest (2024–2025)
** Akshaan Sehrawat as child Anurag (2024)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Veena "Paani Bai": Hukkum's mistress; Madhav's mother; Vikram and Anant's step mother; Rathore's family advisor; Durga's caretaker (2024–2025)
* Jasjeet Babbar as Savitri Singh Rathore: Hukkum's wife; Vikram and Anant's mother; Madhav's step-mother; Anurag, Anubhav, Charu and Devika's grandmother (2024–2025)
* Sachin Verma as Vikram Singh Rathore: Savitri and Hukkum's elder son; Veena's step son; Anant's elder brother; Madhav's step brother; Aarti's husband; Anurag's father (2024–2025)
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Dadaji ji
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Aarti Singh Rathore: Vikram's wife; Anurag's mother (2024–2025)
* Digvijay Purohit as Anant Singh Rathore: Savitri's younger son; Veena's step son; Vikram's brother; Madhav's step brother; Indira's husband; Anubhav, Charu and Devika's father (2024–2025)
* Jaya Binju Tyagi as Indira Singh Rathore: Anant's wife; Anubhav, Charu and Devika's mother (2024–2025)
* Madhurima Basak as Suhani Bhattacharya: Anurag's obsessive lover (2024–2025)
* Krishna Soni as Madhav Singh Rathore: Veena and Hukkum's son; Savitri's step son; Vikram and Anant's step brother; Bhavya's husband (2024–2025)
* Aditi Asija as Bhavya Singh Rathore: Madhav's wife (2024–2025)
* Soumendra Bhattacharya as Anubhav Singh Rathore: Anant and Indira's son; Charu and Devika's brother; Anurag's cousin (2024–2025)
* [[Rishi Kaushik]] as Rajesh: Meera's ex-husband; Durga's husband (2024)
* Akanksha Gilani as Meera Singh: Rajesh's ex-wife (2024–2025)
* Lavanya Singh as Chandni (2024–2025)
* Kajal Khanchandani as Rajesh's aunt (2024–2025)
* Vineeta Malik as Jari Burhi: Gayatri's aunt; Durga's grandaunt (2024)
* Kimmy Kaur as Dr. Aditi Agarwal: SKH's mother (2024)
* Farhan Khan as SKH: Aditi's son (2024)
* Unknown as Niketan Kalmera: Gayatri's husband; Durga's father (2024)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Pranali Rathod]] was cast as Durga.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 August 2024|title=Pranali Rathod opens up on returning to Colors with new show 'Durga' on Colors; says, "I can't wait for audiences to see me in a completely different avatar"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pranali-rathod-opens-returning-colors-new-show-durga-colors-says-cant-wait-audiences-see-completely-different-avatar/|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref> Previously, [[Dhruv Bhandari]] was rumored to play the lead role of Anurag but [[Aashay Mishra]] replaced him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 May 2024|title=Pranali Rathod Paired Opposite Dhruv Bhandari For Upcoming Show Durga: REPORTS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranali-rathod-paired-opposite-dhruv-bhandari-for-upcoming-show-durga-reports/articleshow/110165161.cms|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Indira Krishnan]] was cast as Paani Bai.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=29 August 2024|title=Pranali Rathod Makes A Comeback With Durga, To Star Alongside Aashay Mishra And Indira Krishna|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/pranali-rathod-makes-a-comeback-with-durga-to-star-alongside-aashay-mishra-and-indira-krishna-9031380.html|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> Sachin Verma was selected to portray Vikram Singh Rathore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=26 July 2024|title=Jhanak Actor Sachin Verma Joins The Cast Of Pranali Rathod's Durga|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhanak-actor-sachin-verma-joins-the-cast-of-pranali-rathods-durga/articleshow/112043508.cms|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

'''Cancellation'''

Due to declining viewership and low ratings, the show ended on 5 January 2025 within 4 months of the launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-27 |title=Indira Krishna, Paani Bai from Durga confirms the show to end on 5th January says, 'It's an emotional feeling' Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indira-krishna-paani-bai-from-durga-confirms-the-show-to-end-on-5th-january-says-its-an-emotional-feeling-exclusive/articleshow/116716335.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| ''Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani'' ''दुर्गा – अटूट प्रेम कहानी''
| 16 September 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| 5 January 2025
| Original
|-
| ''[[Taara (TV series)|Taara]]'' ''तारा''
| 10 March 2026
| [[StarPlus]]
| Ongoing
| Remake
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/ap/shows/durga/ ''Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani'' on Colors TV]
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/durga-atoot-prem-kahani/4018886 ''Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani'' on JioCinema]
* {{IMDb title|33310372}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Income-tax Act, 1961

2026-04-26T11:12:46Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Indian law}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox legislation
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to income-tax and super-tax.
| citation = [https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/income-tax-act Act 43 of 1961]
| territorial_extent = whole of India
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| date_assented = 13 September 1961
| date_commenced = 1 April 1962
| date_repealed = 1 April 2026
| bill = Income-tax Bill
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by =
| date_introduced =
| passed =
| passed2 =
| repeals = Indian Income Tax Act, 1922
| repealed_by = [[Income-tax Act, 2025]]
| status = repealed
}}
The '''Income-tax Act, 1961''' ('''Act 43 of 1961''') was the charging statute of [[income tax in India]]. It provides for the levy, administration, collection, and recovery of income tax.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aubsp.com/direct-tax-code-2025/ |title=Direct Tax Code 2025 |date=13 February 2025 }}</ref>

The [[Income-tax Act, 2025]] replaced Income-tax Act, 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income Tax Bill 2025: Top 5 highlights of newly-introduced Income Tax Bill 2025 impacting taxpayers - Income Tax Bill 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/tax/income-tax-bill-2025-top-5-highlights-of-newly-introduced-income-tax-bill-2025-impacting-taxpayers/income-tax-bill-2025/slideshow/118237775.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> After governing India's direct tax system for over six decades and surviving countless amendments, the Income-tax Act, 1961 was formally replaced by the Income-tax Act, 2025, which came into effect on 1 April 2026 — introducing a cleaner structure of 536 sections across 23 chapters, while keeping tax rates and slabs unchanged <ref>{{Cite web |title=New financial year begins from today 1 April 2026: Check 5 key money changes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/personal-finance/new-financial-year-begins-from-today-1-april-2026-check-5-key-money-changes-3032519.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Amendments ==

The [[Government of India]] presents the [[Finance Act (India)|finance bill]] (budget) every year in the month of February. The finance budget brings various amendments in the Income Tax Act, 1961 including tax slabs rates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegalacticadvisors.com/tax-rates-individual |website=Galactic|title=Tax Rates-Individual }}</ref> The amendments are generally applicable to the following financial year beginning from 1 April unless otherwise specified. Such amendments become part of the [https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/income-tax-act Income Tax Act] after receiving approval of the President of India.

The partial budget presented for a non-full financial year, typically during a General Election year in India, is called a "Vote on Account." It is introduced to ensure the continuation of essential government expenditures required for the smooth functioning of the country. A full-fledged budget is presented once a new government is formed.

== Scope of total income ==
The scope of total income is contingent on the category of the [[taxpayer]] and their residential status in India. For example, a person resident in India is liable to pay income tax in India on his total world income. On the other hand, a person non-resident in India is liable to pay tax in India only on his Indian income. Under the Income Tax Act, there are five heads of income: salary, house property, business or profession, capital gains, and other sources. Total income consists of income computed under these heads. The tax on total income is computed as per the tax rates specified for the year during which the income is earned.

==Simplification==
The Union Government established a panel, led by Arbind Modi, to overhaul and simplify the income tax laws. On 22 November 2017, the government formed a task force to draft a new direct tax law, replacing the existing Income Tax Act, which has been in effect since 1961. Arbind Modi, a member of the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes|Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)]], will lead the six-member panel, with [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India|Chief Economic Advisor]] [[Arvind Subramanian]] serving as a permanent special invitee.<ref>{{citation |title=Govt sets up Arbind Modi-led panel to overhaul, simplify income tax laws |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-sets-up-arbind-modi-led-panel-to-overhaul-simplify-income-tax-laws-117112201155_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=23 November 2017 |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

* [[Cairn Energy and Government of India dispute]]
* [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/115852355/ Vodafone International Holdings B.V. vs. Union of India & Anr.]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==See also==
* [[Income Computation and Disclosure Standards]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20121218153423/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/Income-tax-acts.aspx]

{{Taxation in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Income-tax Act, 1961, The}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1961]]
[[Category:1961 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Income tax in India]]
[[Category:Indian tax legislation]]
[[Category:History of taxation in India]]

Yeh Hai Chahatein

2026-04-21T09:08:03Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = YHCAllGens.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer =
| writer = [[Dheeraj Sarna]]
| story = Sonali Jaffar
| screenplay = Shilpa Jathar
| director = {{ubl|Neeraj Baliyan|Rishi Tyagi |Khwaja Mughal|Vishwankar Pathania|Amar Varpe|Ranjan Kumar Singh|Vikas Rai|Aashiesh Paatil | Nitesh Mishra}}
| creative_director = {{ubl|Shivangi Babbar|Dhruv G Umrania}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sargun Kaur Luthra]]|[[Abrar Qazi]]|[[Shagun Sharma]]|[[Pravisht Mishra]]}}
| theme_music_composer = {{ubl|Lalit Sen|Nawab Arzoo}}
| opentheme = ''Yeh Hai Chahatein''
| composer = Pamela Jain
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Nilesh Mishra|Shailesh Sharma|Ranjan Jena}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Maneesh Malik|Ashish Sharma|Avinash Mahagaavkar}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Vishal Sharma|Manas Majumdar}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|09|18}}
| related = ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
}}

'''''Yeh Hai Chahatein''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] for [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/divyanka-tripathi-introduces-characters-from-yeh-hai-chahatein-1626772-2019-12-09|title=Divyanka Tripathi introduces characters from Yeh Hai Chahatein|website=India Today|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref> It streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and is a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabattein-spin-off-ye-hai-chahatein-to-launch-on-december-19-6140087/|title=Yeh Hai Mohabattein's spin-off Ye Hai Chahatein to launch on December 19|date=27 November 2019|website=Indian Express}}</ref> The show aired from 19 December 2019 to 18 September 2024. It starred [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]], [[Abrar Qazi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-sargun-kaur-abrar-qazi-to-star-in-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein/story-oToONZHwyU9XU1YPQaK18L.html|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to go off air, Sargun Kaur, Abrar Qazi to star in spin-off Yeh Hai Chahatein|date=26 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Shagun Sharma]] and [[Pravisht Mishra]] as the leads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=Exclusive - Shagun Sharma on joining Yeh Hai Chahatein after the leap: There is pressure but more than that it is a privilege to be a part of the show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shagun-sharma-on-joining-yeh-hai-chahatein-after-the-leap-there-is-pressure-but-more-than-that-it-is-a-privilege-to-be-a-part-of-the-show/articleshow/100447566.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
A passionate love story between a famous rockstar, Rudraksh Khurana, and a gynaecologist, Dr Preesha Srinivasan, who fall in love after raising their respective siblings' son together. They die promising one another to always be soulmates who will reunite in each lifetime.

Twenty years later, Destiny brings a reserved physiotherapist, Dr Nayantara and a famous rockstar Samrat together.

After twenty more years, Destiny offers Nayantara and Samrat a second chance in love. Their daughter, Kaashvi is in love with her childhood friend Arjun, who in turn loves Mahima, making way for a twisted love triangle. Circumstances force Kaashvi to marry Arjun and eventually Arjun falls in love with Kaashvi after realising the true meaning of love but insecurities jeopardise their marriage.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] as
** Dr. Preesha Khurana (née Srinivasan) (2019–2022)
** Dr. Nayantara "Nayan" Choudhary (née Iyer) (2022–2023)
* [[Abrar Qazi]] as
** Rudraksh "Rudra" Khurana (2019–2022)
** Samrat "Sam" Choudhary (2022–2023)
** Bhuvan Garg (2021)
* [[Shagun Sharma]] as IAS Kashvi "Kashu" Bajwa (née Sabharwal) (2023–2024)
* [[Pravisht Mishra]] as IAS Arjun Bajwa (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
* Raanav Sharma as Karun Bajwa (2023–2024)
* Muskaan Kataria as Mahima "Mahi" Thapur (née Sabharwal) (2023–2024)
* [[Shireen Mirza]] as Nitya Bajwa (2023–2024)
* Dipali Sharma as Meera Bakshi (2024)
* Rohit Mehta / [[Ashu Sharma]] as IAS Jagdish Bajwa (2023)/(2023–2024)
* Radhika Chavan as Toshi Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Ritu Vashisht as Romila Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Shubh Karan as Pradyuman Thapur (2023–2024)
* Radhika Chhabra as Neelam Thapur (2024)
* Ronik Sharma as Micky Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Saran Tiwari as Monty Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Ajay Kumar Singh as Kewal Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Aishana Singh as Isha Sabharwal (2024)
* Suraj Sonik as Mohan (2024) (Dead)
* Simran Gangwani as Sushma Arora (2024)
* Manas Shah as
** IAS Aditya "Adi" Arora (2023–2024)
** Aman Singh Arora / Nikhil Desai (2024)
* Shivanshi Das as Shanti (2024)
* Krutika Khira as Nisha (2024)
* Hitul Pujara as Suraj Khanna (2023)
* Viplove Sharma as Pankaj Khanna (2023)
* Aarati Kandpal as Aruna Bajwa Khanna (2023)
* V S Prince Ratan as
** [[Motorcycling|Biker]] (2023)
** Ramesh: Lab assistant (2024)
* Ishika Makhija as Veera (2023)
* Anny Rana Bhatt (2023)
* Suneel Nagar as Police Commissioner (2023)
* Arpita Sethia as Raj's mother (2023)
* Gagan Mishra as Chief Minister (2023)
* Avinn Tyagi as Shivansh (2023)
* Krish Chugh as Saransh Khurana (2021–2022)
** Vidhaan Sharma / [[Yagya Bhasin]] / Ali Dhuru as Child Saransh Khurana (2019–2020) / (2020–2021) / (2021)
* Swarna Pandey as Ruhi Khurana (2021–2022)
* Mallika Nayak as Sharda Khurana (2019–2022)
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Vasudha Srinivasan (2019–2022)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] / Gulshan Pandey as Gopal "GPS" Srinivasan (2019–2020)/(2020–2022)
* Siddharth Shivpuri as Advocate Yuvraj Pillai (2019–2022)
* [[Aishwarya Khare]] as Mahima Srinivasan (2019–2021)
* Prince Mahajan as Venkatesh "Venky" Srinivasan (2021)
* Krutika Desai as Advocate Vaijayanti Srinivasan (2021–2022)
* Nitin Bhatia as Bhairavnath "Bunty" Gupta (2019–2022)
* Jyoti Negi as Ankita "Bubble" Gupta (2019–2022)
* [[Anjali Mukhi]] as Sulochana Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Balraj Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Rajeev Khurana (2019–2020)
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Ahana Singhania Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Tanu Khan]] as Mishka "Mish" Singhania (2019–2021)
* Altamash Faraz as Armaan Thakur (2021–2022)
* Puvika Gupta as Anvi Thakur (2021)
* Himani Sahani as Devika Thakur (2021)
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Sanya Dubash (2021)
* Karan Sharma as Digvijay Thakur (2021–2022)
* Unknown as Kanchan Thakur (2022)
* Pragati Chourasiya as Pihu Thakur (2022)
* Jeevansh Chadha as Vidyut Rohira (2022)
* Milind Manek as Raj Bansal (2022)
* Priyanka Choudhary as Keerti "Kittu" Jain (2020)
* Khatija Iqbal as Kaveri Dubey (2019–2020)
* Rupesh Kataria as Suryadhar "Surya" Raina (2019–2020)
* Mridula Oberoi as Inspector Sanchi Chautala (2021–2022)
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Niketan Singhania (2020)
* Upen Chauhan as Rahul Arora: Neerja's husband (2020)
* Melanie Pais as Neerja Arora (2020)
* Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Arjun Verma (2020)
* Trupti Mishra as Sonia Garg (2021)
* Khushank Arora as Kabir "Kabby" Khurana (2021)
* Saksham Vasu as Sunny Bhattacharya (2021)
* Ankur Verma as Param Aneja (2021)
* Preeti Chaudhary as Vanshikha Chaudhary (2022)
* [[Poorva Gokhale]] as Commissioner Revati Choudhary (2022–2023)
* Jayati Narula as Aliya Choudhary (2022–2023)
** Maisha Dixit as Child Aliya Choudhary (2022)
* Yajuvendra Singh as Rakesh Choudhary (2022)
* Yash Acharya as Dev Choudhary (2022)
* Juhi Singh Bajwa as Nalini Sinha (2022)
* Pratichi Mishra as Malati Iyer (2022–2023)
* Syed Zafar Ali as Govind Iyer (2023)
* Anjali Ujawane as Shanti Iyer (2022–2023)
* Swati Sharma as Ishaani Iyer Shukla (2022–2023)
* Bharat Ahlawat as Mohit Shukla (2022–2023)
* Meera Sarang as Seema Shukla (2022–2023)
* Runav Shah as Chintu Iyer (2022–2023)
* Shaurya Vijayvargiya as Prem Khurana (2023)
* Akshita Vatsayan as Kiara (2022–2023)
* [[Ishita Ganguly]] as Manasi Khanna (2023)
* Kushagre Dua as Raghav Rathore (2023)
* Pratham Kunwar as Siddharth Rathore (2023)
* Jigruksha Chaudhary as Rucha (2024)

===Guests===
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Dr. Ishita Bhalla from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' (2019)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/karan-patel-and-divyanka-tripathi-to-be-seen-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-1620915-2019-11-20|title=Karan Patel and Divyanka Tripathi to be seen in Yeh Hai Chahatein|website=India Today|date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Karan Patel]] as Raman Bhalla from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' (2019)<ref name=":3" />
* Abhishek Verma as Yug Sharma from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
* [[Sunny Kaushal]] as Sunny to promote his film ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021)
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Commissioner Deepali Handa from ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]'' (2022)
* [[Swati Rajput]] as Diya Mathur from ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]'' (2022)
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Mayuri Ahuja (2022)

==Production==
===Development and premiere===
In June 2017, producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] revealed her plan for a spin-off of ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein'' however stated, "I wanted to make a spin off of ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein'' but it's not working out with the story line."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kundali Bhagya: Ekta Kapoor reveals the reason behind doing a spinoff of Kumkum Bhagya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-ekta-kapoor-reveals-the-reason-behind-doing-a-spinoff-of-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/59364745.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2017 }}</ref> The reports of the [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] in making was then announced in April 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-get-a-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein-shoot-to-begin-in-june/articleshow/63878483.cms|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to get a spin-off Yeh Hai Chahatein; Shoot to begin in June|website=The Times of India|date=23 April 2018 }}</ref> It was supposed to premiere in the same year but was delayed as the story was not finalized.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dbpost.com/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-featuring-divyanka-tripathi-ekta-kapoor-looking-for-new-faces/|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, featuring Divyanka Tripathi & Karan Patel, likely to get its spin-off; Ekta Kapoor looking for new faces|website=DB Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225224958/https://dbpost.com/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-featuring-divyanka-tripathi-ekta-kapoor-looking-for-new-faces/|archive-date=25 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then, it was reported to premiere in June 2019 and the casting for it was going on while [[Aakanksha Singh]] and Karan Vohra were reported as the leads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathis-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein-to-go-on-floors-in-june-995895|title=Here's when 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' spin off 'Yeh Hai Chahatein' to go on floors!|date=22 May 2019|website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> But it was scrapped in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/spin-off-is-off/802778.html|title=Spin-off is off|website=Tribune India}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In September 2019, the series was revived and fresh casting sessions began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-karan-wahi-to-play-male-lead-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1082207|title='Yeh Hai Chahatein': THIS Popular Actor To Play Male LEAD In 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' SPIN-OFF?|date=27 September 2019|website=ABP Live}}</ref> [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] was cast as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and [[Abrar Qazi]] was cast as Rudraksh Khurana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-karan-wahi-but-abrar-qazi-to-play-the-hero-in-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/71692782.cms|title=Not Karan Wahi, but Abrar Qazi to play the hero in 'Yeh Hai Chahatein'|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2019 }}</ref>

Talking about the series, producer Ekta Kapoor said "''Yeh Hai Chahatein'' deals with another social issue. It's often said that it's easier for men with children to get married again, but very tough for a woman with a child to find a suitable groom."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-bids-adieu-to-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-introduces-ishimas-niece-in-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahtein/articleshow/72271952.cms|title=Ekta Kapoor bids adieu to Yeh Hai Mohabbatein; introduces Ishima's niece in spin-off Yeh Hai Chahtein|website=The Times of India|date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo of the series was released on 27 November 2019 where Sargun Kaur Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma were introduced by [[Divyanka Tripathi]] and [[Karan Patel]] as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and Saransh Khurana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/yeh-hai-chahatein-promo-divyanka-tripathi-karan-patel-introduce-prisha-from-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off/520193|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein promo: Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel introduce Prisha from Yeh Hai Mohabbatein spin-off|date=27 November 2019|website=Times Now News|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> The next promo was released on 16 December 2019 featuring [[Abrar Qazi]], Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma. The series premiered on 19 December 2019 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahatein-promo-alert-trisha-and-rudraksh-get-into-a-banter-show-to-go-on-air-on-this-date/articleshow/72767023.cms|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein promo alert: Trisha and Rudraksh get into a banter; show to go on-air on this date|website=The Times of India|date=16 December 2019 }}</ref>

===Casting===
Sargun Kaur Luthra was selected to play Dr. Preesha Srinivasan's character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/yeh-hai-chahatein-sargun-kaur-luthra-shares-her-first-look-as-dr-prisha-srinivasan-1629042-2019-12-17|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Sargun Kaur Luthra shares her first look as Dr Prisha Srinivasan|website=India Today|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Karan Wahi]] was approached to play Rudraksh Khurana, but Abrar Qazi was signed by the production team.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/abrar-qazi-replaces-karan-wahi-in-yhm-spin-off-series/|title=Abrar Qazi replaces Karan Wahi in 'YHM' spin-off series |first=Baddhan|last=Raj|website=BizAsia|date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> Zebby Singh was potentially going to play Yuvraj Pillai before the role went to Siddharth Shivpuri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-kasautii-zindagii-kay-actor-siddharth-shivpuri-to-play-negative-lead-replaces-zebby-singh-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1117511/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Siddharth Shivpuri To Play Negative Lead; Replaces Zebby Singh In 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Spin-Off!|website=ABPLive}}</ref> [[Parul Chauhan]] was supposed to play Ahana, but [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] replaced her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-parul-chauhan-out-of-show-aishwarya-sakhuja-to-play-main-vamp-1111481/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Yeh Rishta Actress Parul OUT Of Show, Aishwarya To Play MAIN Vamp?|website=ABPLive}}</ref> When the shooting resumed after the COVID-19 outbreak, in early July 2020, Vidhaan Sharma was replaced by Yagya Bhasin as Saaransh and Gulshan Pandey replaced [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Gopal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=Child Artist Replacement in Yeh Hai Chahatein TV Show|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/yagya-bhasin-kangana-ranaut-panga-son-replace-vidhaan-sharma-as-saransh-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-tv-show/301868|website=Times Now}}</ref>

Luthra stated that she took inspiration from [[Neena Gupta]] for her role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sargun-kaur-takes-inspiration-from-neena-gupta-for-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/72614816.cms|title=Sargun Kaur takes inspiration from Neena Gupta for 'Yeh Hai Chahatein'|website=The Times of India}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Talking about playing a mother for the first time, she said, "''When I was told that I will be playing a mother, I wasn't apprehensive at all. My only worry was that i am very young and I had to look mature on the screen which was a challenge. The team has helped me a lot to help me look a certain age and moreover with my body language to portray this character. Even Vidhaan (my on-screen son), has helped bring out the best in me. More than mother-son, we are like friends off the screen.''"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-sargun-kaur-luthra-on-playing-single-mother-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1127987/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Sargun Kaur Luthra OPENS UP On Playing Single Mother In 'YHM' Spin-off|website=ABP Live|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>

Sakhuja was hired to portray Ahana, her first negative role. Speaking about it she said, "''I have auditioned for a lot of Balaji shows and whenever I auditioned for negative roles I was told I look very positive. So, when I bagged this role, I asked them why now? They said eventually you will get to know as to why we have chosen you, and I understand because they like to surprise their audience and that's exactly what they are doing. I was figuring how to go about it, but my team is helping. After every two sentences out of habit, I go into the positive zone but I have people to handhold me and help me.''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/aishwarya-sakhuja-to-play-a-negative-role-for-the-first-time-in-the-show-1629407-2019-12-18|title=Aishwarya Sakhuja to play a negative role for the first time in the show|website=India Today|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref>

In May 2021 [[Mister Supranational]] India Altamash Faraz was cast as Armaan Thakur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mr-supranational-asia-oceania-2017-altamash-faraz-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-a-tv-show/articleshow/83371978.cms|title=Mr Supranational Asia & Oceania 2017 Altamash Faraz to make his acting debut with a TV show|work=The Times of India|quote="I will be entering as the male lead as there will be some changes in the storyline of the show," says Altamash, adding that he is getting used to shooting for long hours, as is usual for daily soaps.|date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

In July 2023, [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] and [[Abrar Qazi]], who had portrayed the leads roles for two generations, exited the series, making way for the new generation.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Yeh Hai Chahatein will take another 20-year leap, lead pair Sargun Kaur Luthra and Abrar Qazi will not be part of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahatein-will-take-another-20-year-leap-lead-pair-sargun-kaur-luthra-and-abrar-qazi-will-not-be-part-of-it/articleshow/99237091.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Filming===
Set in [[Delhi]], the series is mainly filmed in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]]. On 3 August 2020, heavy rains caused the shoot to be cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein's shoot cancelled due to excessive rains in Mumbai; actress Aishwarya Sakhuja returns halfway from her route|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahateins-shoot-cancelled-due-to-excessive-rains-in-mumbai-actress-aishwarya-sakhuja-returns-halfway-from-her-route/articleshow/77349995.cms|website=The Times of India|date=4 August 2020 }}</ref>

On 13 April 2021, Chief Minister [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced a sudden curfew effective from 15 April. On 14 April, Ekta Kapoor and [[Balaji Telefilms]] decided to move all their shows' shooting to their sets at [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-shoots-stalled-in-mumbai-for-next-15-days-shows-to-be-shot-in-goa-hyderabad-1790779-2021-04-14|title=TV Shoots halted in Mumbai due to sudden curfew, shows to shift shoot to Hyderabad, Goa, Bikaner, Delhi and several other locations|work=India Today|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Broadcast===
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 outbreak in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> The series was expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 24 March 2020 airing its remaining episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|website=India Today|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|date=23 March 2020|website=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612101237/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-date=12 June 2020|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> After three months, the filming of the series resumed on 27 June 2020 while the broadcast resumed on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television shoots resume with COVID-19 precautionary measures; here are the shows which are back on track|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-television-shoots-resume-with-covid-19-precautionary-measures-here-are-the-shows-which-are-back-on-track-2829858|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2020|title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: After Karan Singh Grover, Another Actor To Get REPLACED In Parth Samthaan & Erica Fernandes' Show|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-after-karan-singh-grover-akash-jagga-to-replace-kunal-thakur-in-erica-fernandes-show-1278060|website=ABP News}}</ref>

==Television special==
=== ''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' (2022) ===
{{main|Ravivaar With Star Parivaar}}
The cast of ''Yeh Hai Chahatein'' went on to participate in ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'', a musical competition wherein eight [[StarPlus]] shows competed against each other to win the title of "Best Parivaar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dynamic Star Parivaar face each other in a series of battles, including dancing, and other fun activities, and the winning family will be crowned 'The Best Parivaar'. |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pushpa-fever-gets-to-anupamaa-403242 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> ''Yeh Hain Chahatein'' was eliminated at 8th position and was the first show to be eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=The lead stars of Anupamaa, Imlie, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin and Pandya Store give their best shot! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/ravivaar-star-parivaar-first-episode-review-anupamaa-imlie-akshara-show-their-real-strong-avatars-1141949 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Abrar Qazi]]
| rowspan="3" {{nominated}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theita2021.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 November 2021|title=List of Nominees: 21st ITA Awards, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]]
|-
| Best Television Show - Fiction (Popular)
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
|2023
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Fan Favorite Show
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html|title=Indian Telly Awards 2023|language=en|archive-date=11 May 2023|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511042508/https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt11349960}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-hai-chahatein/s-2423 Yeh Hai Chahatein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230145959/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-hai-chahatein/s-2423 |date=30 December 2019 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{SP Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Ramanand Mandal

2026-04-20T09:30:40Z

Adityagoel: starting new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramanand Mandal
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]]
| predecessor = [[Prahlad Yadav]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place = Bihar, India
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|30px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| father = Visheshwar Ojha
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramanand Mandal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]] constituency.<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

Ramanand Mandal won from [[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]] constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 1,01,968 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Premsagar Choudhary of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 23,861 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Suryagarha">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Suryagarha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04167.htm |accessdate=24 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213101941/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04167.htm|archivedate=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full constituency-wise list of winners, winning candidates from BJP, JDU, RJD and others">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 November 2025 |title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full constituency-wise list of winners, winning candidates from BJP, JDU, RJD and others |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bihar-election-results-2025-full-list-of-winners-and-losers-candidates-constituency-wise-2819616-2025-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035718/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bihar-election-results-2025-full-list-of-winners-and-losers-candidates-constituency-wise-2819616-2025-11-14 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier he contested in 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election and lost to [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] candidate [[Prahlad Yadav]].<ref name="Suryagarha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Suryagarha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/suryagarha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213101515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/suryagarha |archive-date=13 December 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Ramanand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Rajeev Ranjan Singh

2026-04-20T09:13:55Z

Adityagoel: starting a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Ranjan Singh
| image = File:Rajeev Ranjan Singh alias Sonu Singh in NDA legislative party meeting after Bihar Legislative Assembly elections 2025 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = 07 May 1984
| birth_place = Dehri-on-Sone, Rohtas, Bihar, India
| office = Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Dehri Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| predecessor = [[Fateh Bahadur Kushwaha|Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| father = Lalan Singh
| children = 3
| profession = Businessman, Politician
| education = Intermediate, [[Bihar School Examination Board|BSEB]]
| spouse = Neetu Singh
}}

'''Rajeev Ranjan Singh''', popularly known as '''Sonu Singh''', is an Indian politician and businessman from Bihar. He is the Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly representing the [[Dehri Assembly constituency]]. Singh was elected for the first time in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]].

== Political career ==
Singh contested the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from the Dehri constituency on a ticket of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]. He won the seat, becoming MLA on 14 November 2025. His predecessor was [[Fateh Bahadur Kushwaha|Fateh Bahadur Singh]] of the RJD.

In the election, Singh defeated Guddu Kumar Chandrawanshi of the RJD by a significant margin.<ref name="jagran">{{cite web|title=Dehri Vidhan Sabha Chunav Result 2025 – RJD vs BJP vs LJP(RV) Winner and Updates|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-dehri-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-rjd-vs-bjp-vs-ljprv-winner-loser-and-latest-update-40038127.html|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
The official result published by the Election Commission of India confirmed Singh’s victory in the Dehri Assembly constituency.<ref name="eci">{{cite web|title=Dehri – Constituencywise Results|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04212.htm|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist
|refs=

}}

== See also ==
* [[Dehri Assembly constituency]]
* [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajeev Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]

Maur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:10Z

Adityagoel: added new stub...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maur
| map_image = 95-Maur.svg
| mla = [[Sukhveer Maisarkhana]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]]
| reservation = None
|established = 2012
| electors = {{formatnum:167547}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214084523/https://ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
}}
'''Maur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]] representing [[Maur Mandi|Maur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] district. The constituency was created and went for election for the first time in 2012.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 2007: Jagdeep Singh Nakkai
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]]<ref name="Election_2012" />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Jagdev Singh Kamalu]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sukhveer Singh Maiserkhana]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2022===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Maur<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2012/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sukhveer Singh Maiserkhana]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:63099}}
|percentage = 46.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sanyukt Samaj Morcha
|candidate = [[Lakha Singh Sidhana]]
|votes = {{formatnum:28091}}
|percentage = 20.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:23355}}
|percentage = 17.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Bala Bansal<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:15034}}
|percentage = 11.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dayal Sodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:3418}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1351}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:35008}}
|percentage = 25.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:136081}}
|percentage = 80.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:168910}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]:Maur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagdev Singh Kamalu]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:62282}}
|percentage = 45.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]]
|votes = {{formatnum:47605}}
|percentage = 34.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harminder Singh Jassi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:23087}}
|percentage = 16.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:853}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14677}}
|percentage = 10.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:136740}}
|percentage = 84.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:162830}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===2012===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Maur<ref name="Election_2012">[http://electionaffairs.com/punjab/state_assembly_elections_2012/winning_candidates_results_punjab_assembly_elections_2012.html Results Punjab State Assembly Elections 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506042537/http://electionaffairs.com/punjab/state_assembly_elections_2012/winning_candidates_results_punjab_assembly_elections_2012.html |date=2013-05-06 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]]
|votes =45,349
|percentage =37.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mangat Rai Bansal|votes=43,962|percentage=35.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manpreet Singh Badal|party=People's Party of Punjab|votes=26,398|percentage=21.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,387|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,163|percentage=85.3|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner =Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bathinda district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.07|75.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Jhajha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:10Z

Adityagoel: new initial data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Jhajha Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 242-Jhajha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Damodar Rawat]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|242]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 339,867
|abolished = 
}}

'''Jhajha Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Jamui district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://jamui.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Welcome to Jamui District Official Website {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/jhajha-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-summary-elections-results|title=Summary Election Results of Jhajha Assembly Constituency (Vidhan Sabha) of Bihar|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=2020-03-05}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bhagwat Murmu
|-
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shri Krishna Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Shiv Nandan Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Shiv Nandan Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Shiv Nandan Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1986^
|[[Ravindra Yadav]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Shiv Nandan Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Rameshwer Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Damodar Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ravindra Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Damodar Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: [[Jhajha]]<ref name="Elec2025">{{cite web|title=GE to Assembly Constituencies: Results November-2025 Assembly Constituency 242 - JHAJHA (Bihar) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04242.htm |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Damodar Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108317}}
|percentage = 44.42
|change = +4.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:104055}}
|percentage = 42.67
|change = +3.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Irfan
|votes = {{formatnum:9578}}
|percentage = 3.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Nilendu Dutta Mishara
|votes = {{formatnum:6148}}
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Amarjeet Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3278}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravindra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3141}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4619}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4262}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = +0.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243866}}
|percentage = 71.75
|change = +10.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Jhajha]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Damodar Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76972}}
|percentage = 39.55
|change = +13.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghvendar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75293}}
|percentage = 38.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Binod Pd. Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:13479}}
|percentage = 6.93
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:11762}}
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3260}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2972}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:1870}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6278}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change = +0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1679}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -12.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194609}}
|percentage = 61.58
|change = +7.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajha<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65537}}
|percentage = 40.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Damodar Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43451}}
|percentage = 26.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Pd. Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:20745}}
|percentage = 12.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Avid Kausar
|votes = {{formatnum:11444}}
|percentage = 6.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sheo Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5281}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:3522}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surya Vats
|votes = {{formatnum:3017}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4354}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22086}}
|percentage = 13.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163687}}
|percentage = 53.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.77|86.38|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Jamui district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jamui district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Jharkhand State Commission for Women

2026-04-12T23:22:38Z

Adityagoel: new a data more to come

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Jharkhand State Commission for Women
| nativename =
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| type = Commission
| logo =
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| formed = 1993
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Jharkhand State commission for Women, State Commission for Women Jharkhand
Engineers Hostel No-1, 1st floor, Dhurwa, Ranchi - 834004, Jharkhand, India.
E-Mail: chairperson@jscw.in.<ref name="jsw ref1">{{cite web |title=State Commission for Women Jharkhand |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Jharkhand |website=State Commission for Women Jharkhand |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="js ref2">{{cite web |title=State Commission for Women Jharkhand |url=http://jscw.in/cms.php?id=mco |website=State Commission for Women Jharkhand |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
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| chief1_name = Ms. Kalyani Sharan
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'''Jharkhand State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and Objectives ==

Jharkhand State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Jharkhand State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.<ref name="jsw ref4">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand hikes salaries of State Women Commission officials |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/jharkhand-hikes-salaries-of-state-women-commission-officials-112111202011_1.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=12 November 2012}}</ref>

Ms. Kalyani Sharan is the Chairperson of the Jharkhand State Commission for Women.<ref name="jsw ref5">{{cite news |title=Women panel gets new chair |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/women-panel-gets-new-chair/cid/1353970 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=8 June 2017}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Jharkhand State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="jh ref6">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand NGO workers gang-rape: ‘It was pre-planned and executed in professional manner’, says NCW |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/jharkhand-ngo-workers-gang-rape-it-was-pre-planned-and-executed-in-professional-manner-says-ncw |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=freepressjournal.in |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.<ref name="jsw ref3">{{cite news |title=19 cases lodged in Jharkhand State Commission for Women open |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/19-cases-lodged-in-jharkhand-state-commission-for-women-open-court/articleshow/13058952.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=9 May 2012}}</ref>
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.<ref name="jk ref8">{{cite news |title=Strong policy for women can prevent murders, JSWC chief Mahua Manjhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/strong-policy-for-women-can-prevent-murders-jswc-chief-mahua-manjhi/articleshow/48402904.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== See also ==

* [[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:State agencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

The Patanjali Wellness

2026-04-10T20:20:12Z

Adityagoel: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ramdev#Patanjali Wellness]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Ayurveda hospitals]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga

2026-04-06T12:36:27Z

Adityagoel:

{{short description|Under-construction public medical college and hospital in Darbhanga, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga
| image = Logo of AIIMS Darbhanga.png
| image_size = 200px
| other_name =
| type = Central Government Medical Institute
| established = Under-construction<ref name=livehindustan.com></ref>
| president = ''Vacant''
| director = Dr. Madhabananda Kar
| location = Shobhan-Ekmi Bypass, [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]], India
| campus_type = [[Rural ]]
| campus_size = {{convert|187|acre|ha}}<ref name=livehindustan.com></ref>
}}

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga (AIIMS Darbhanga)''' ([[IAST]]: '''Akhil Bhāratiya Āyurvignan Sangsthān Darbhanga''') is an under construction [[public hospital]] and [[medical school]] located at [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Work on Darbhanga AIIMS to begin soon: Nadda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/work-on-darbhanga-aiims-to-begin-soon-nadda-101725637765831-amp.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1726258421133&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17262584063821&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fpatna-news%2Fwork-on-darbhanga-aiims-to-begin-soon-nadda-101725637765831.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is the second [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] of Bihar, being constructed approximately at a cost of 1264 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=दरभंगा एम्स की साइट का जेपी नड्डा ने किया मुआयना, बोले- 2000 करोड़ की लागत से बनेगा शानदार AIIMS |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jp-nadda-inspected-the-site-of-darbhanga-aiims-said-it-will-be-built-at-a-cost-of-rs-2000-crore-201725720247548.amp.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17262584304494&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Fbihar%2Fjp-nadda-inspected-the-site-of-darbhanga-aiims-said-it-will-be-built-at-a-cost-of-rs-2000-crore-201725720247548.html |website=www.livehindustan.com |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=hi}}</ref> AIIMS Darbhanga was Announced on 28 February 2015 and approved on 15 September 2020, The [[Government of Bihar]] handed over the 187 acres of land to the [[Government of India|Central Government]] in 2024.<ref name="livehindustan.com">{{Cite web |title=दरभंगा एम्स पर आया अपडेट, इसी महीने फाइनल होगा अस्पताल का डिजाइन, केंद्र ने बनाई कमेटी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-update-on-darbhanga-aiims-hospital-design-will-be-finalized-this-month-center-formed-committee-9534521.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Centre has agreed, the proposed AIIMS-Darbhanga will be built at Sobhan village, says Bihar CM Nitish Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/centre-has-agreed-the-proposed-aiims-darbhanga-will-be-built-at-sobhan-village-says-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar/articleshow/105540437.cms |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It is the 23rd AIIMS in the country, and will be constructed at a cost of ₹1264 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet approves establishment of new All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) at Darbhanga, Bihar |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1654424&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

== Description ==
AIIMS Darbhanga is a proposed medical college cum hospital being constructed at the Sobhan-Ekmi bypass near Shobhan village at the outskirts of [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga city]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nitish meets Union health secretary, reiterates demand for AIIMS at Shobhan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/nitish-meets-union-health-secretary-reiterates-demand-for-aiims-at-shobhan-101707902966261.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] will be established under the ''Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana'' (PMSSY). There will be 100 UG ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) seats, 60 B.Sc. ([[Nursing]]) seats, 15-20 Super Specialty Departments and 750 hospital beds, etc. It is expected that the new AIIMS will cater around 2000 OPD patients per day and around 1000 IPD patients per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet approves establishment of new All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) at Darbhanga, Bihar |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-establishment-of-new-all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences-aiims-at-darbhanga-bihar/ |website=PMINDIA}}</ref> The union council of ministers on 15 September 2020 had approved the fund of 1264 crore rupees for the construction of the proposed Darbhanga AIIMS.<ref name=":2" />The [[Union Cabinet]] has sanctioned an additional ₹700 crore for AIIMS Darbhanga, raising the project’s total budget to '''₹1,964''' crore. This funding aims to resolve execution hurdles, facilitating the development of a 750-bed super-specialty hospital and medical college in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Madan |date=28 Mar 2026 |title=Centre approves Rs 700 cr more for AIIMS Darbhanga |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/centre-approves-rs-700-cr-more-for-aiims-darbhanga/129857585 |url-status=live |work=[[The Economic Times|ET Healthworld]] Mar 28, 2026 at 08:00 AM IST |location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The proposal for the Darbhanga AIIMS (i.e., second AIIMS in Bihar) was announced by [[Arun Jaitley]], the first [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]] in Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s government, in the 2015-16 [[Union budget of India|union budget]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga AIIMS : दरभंगा एम्स पर क्या राजनीति हो रही, किसे-कैसे फायदा या नुकसान; समाधान भी जानें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/darbhanga-aiims-latest-news-mithilanchal-political-fight-between-cm-bihar-nitish-kumar-and-pm-narendra-modi-2023-06-12 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In 2019, Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] proposed to the central government the upgradation of [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] (DMCH) as the second AIIMS in Bihar. But later the unused 200 acres of land at [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital|DMCH]] was proposed for the site of the proposed AIIMS. Again later the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] government in Bihar change the location and proposed Shobhan village as the location of the Darbhanga AIIMS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The AIIMS construction team of the Central Government initially rejected the location at Shobhan Village, in the name of the flood area during the survey.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बिहार और केन्द्र की सियासत फंसे दरभंगा एम्स निर्माण के लिए मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन ने शुरू किया अनिश्चितकालीन भूख हड़ताल |url=https://news4nation.com/news/mithila-students-union-started-indefinite-hunger-strike-for-the-construction-of-darbhanga-aiims-stuck-in-the-politics-of-bihar-and-centre-313588 |work=News4nation}}</ref> But after the formation of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] coalition government again in Bihar, the central government of India approved the location of Shobhan village near the Darbhanga, for the construction of the Darbhanga AIIMS.

On 12 February, central team visited the location of Shobhan bypass near the city of Darbhanga for inspection of land and agreed to accept it as land for the proposed Darbhanga AIIMS.<ref name="livehindustan.com"/>

The special secretary Shashank Shekhar Sinha of the health department of the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] has submitted the documents of 150.13 acres land to the executive director ''Dr Madhwanand Kar'' of Darbhanga AIIMS on 12 August 2024 for starting the construction of the proposed AIIMS. He also assured that the remaining 37.31 acres of land would be transferred soon in the next week which was transferred later on.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=दरभंगा AIIMS पर बड़ा अपडेट; नीतीश सरकार ने 150 एकड़ जमीन केंद्र को सौंपी, जल्द शुरू होगा निर्माण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/big-update-on-darbhanga-aiims-transfer-of-150-acres-of-land-construction-will-start-soon-201723455201500.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

On 7 September 2024, Union Health Minister cum [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] president [[J. P. Nadda|J P Nadda]] inspected the Darbhanga AIIMS site after inaugurating the 210-bed super specialty block built at a cost of two hundred crores in [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital|DMCH]] and said that very soon a magnificent AIIMS will be built at a cost of 2000 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JP Nadda: जेपी नड्डा ने Darbhanga AIIMS की जमीन का किया निरीक्षण, सुपर स्पेशियलिटी अस्पताल के शिलापट का किया अनावरण - JP Nadda Darbhanga Aiims Muzaffarpur Visit Security Tight DMCH SKMCH All Updates |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-jp-nadda-darbhanga-aiims-muzaffarpur-visit-security-tight-dmch-skmch-all-updates-23792645.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The technical assistance for the construction of the Darbhanga AIIMS is sought from [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology]], Delhi by the Union government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Darbhanga AIIMS: अक्टूबर में पीएम मोदी करेंगे दरभंगा एम्स का शिलान्यास, IIT दिल्ली निर्माण में देगा ये सहयोग |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/darbhanga-aiims-pm-modi-will-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-darbhanga-aiims-in-october-iit-delhi-will-provide-support-in-its-construction |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

On 23 September 2024, HSCC (India) Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of public sector construction company [[NBCC (India) Limited]] said that it has been officially appointed by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], as the executing agency for the construction of the new AIIMS Darbhanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=HSCC secures AIIMS Darbhanga project from health ministry with completion timeline of 36 months |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/hscc-secures-aiims-darbhanga-project-from-health-ministry-with-completion-timeline-of-36-months20240923190631/ |website=ANI News |access-date=23 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The buildings of the proposed AIIMS will be constructed on an area of more than 2.25 lakh square meters out of the allotted land. It is expected that the project for construction of the Darbhanga AIIMS will be completed in the period of three years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga AIIMS Update: इस कंपनी को मिली दरभंगा एम्स बनाने की जिम्मदारी, 2.25 लाख वर्ग मीटर में होगा निर्माण - HSCC will build Darbhanga AIIMS construction will be done in More Than 2 lakh square meters |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-hscc-will-build-darbhanga-aiims-construction-will-be-done-in-more-than-2-lakh-square-meters-23807734.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

On 5 November 2024, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP's]] Darbhanga MLA [[Sanjay Saraogi]] told that on 13 November 2024 Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] will be coming to Darbhanga to lay the foundation stone for the Proposed Darbhanga AIIMS. He also said that the PM will also address a public meeting soon after laying the foundation stone for the second AIIMS in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM to lay foundation stone for AIIMS Darbhanga on Nov 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-aiims-darbhanga-on-november-13/articleshow/114959340.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi: अपना वादा पूरा करने बिहार आ रहे मोदी, दरभंगा में होगा AIIMS का शिलान्यास; 15000 करोड़ की देंगे सौगात - PM Modi to Inaugurate AIIMS Darbhanga and Launch Development Projects Worth 15000 Crore rupees |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-aiims-darbhanga-and-launch-development-projects-worth-15000-crore-rupees-23830037.html |website=Jagran |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>

Finally, on 13 November 2024, after years of long wait, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during his visit to Darbhanga laid the foundation stone for the construction of the proposed AIIMS in Darbhanga.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for AIIMS Darbhanga in Bihar, says NDA Govt committed to welfare of people |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-aiims-darbhanga-says-nda-govt-committed-to-welfare-of-people/article68862874.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for AIIMS in Bihar's Darbhanga, highlights government's holistic healthcare approach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-aiims-in-bihars-darbhanga-highlights-governments-holistic-healthcare-approach/articleshow/115247939.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> He also laid the foundation stone and inaugurated several other development projects across Bihar worth approximately around 12,100 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Bihar today PM Modi to inaugurate AIIMS Darbhanga, unveil projects worth Rs 12,100 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/in-bihar-today-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-aiims-darbhanga-unveil-projects-worth-rs-1210020241113094741/ |website=ANI News |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone Of AIIMS, Darbhanga, Floats Rs 12,100-Crore Projects |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-aiims-darbhanga-floats-rs-12100-crore-projects-enn24111302550 |website=ETV Bharat News |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en |date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Modi lays foundation of Darbhanga AIIMS in Bihar, announces projects worth Rs 12,000 crore |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/modi-lays-foundation-of-darbhanga-aiims-in-bihar-announces-projects-worth-rs-12000-crore-1503364214.html/amp |website=The Statesman |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for AIIMS Darbhanga, says govt working with holistic approach to healthcare {{!}} News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-pm-modi-bihar-darbhanga-speech-foundation-stone-for-aiims-darbhanga-projects-worth-rs-12100-crore-latest-updates-2024-11-13-961399 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en |date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पीएम मोदी ने दरभंगा एम्स की आधारशिला रखी, बोले- मैंने एक गारंटी पूरी कर दी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/pm-narendra-modi-in-bihar-darbhanga-aiims-lay-foundation-railway-line-inauguration-rally-speech-live-blog-201731471755934.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>
[[File:Leaders of Bihar gathered on the occasion of establishment of Darbhanga AIIMS by Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|Gathering of the leaders from Bihar along with the Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chief Minister Nitish Kumar during the occasion of laying foundation stone of the medical institute.]]

== Movements for AIIMS Darbhanga ==
Due to the political differences between the central and state government, It is the most delayed AIIMS ever constructed in India. Since there was a huge delay of several years in laying the foundation stone of Darbhanga AIIMS, therefore, [[Mithila Student Union]] launched a movement in the form of campaign in August 2021 called as "''ghar-ghar se intaa laenge, Darbhanga AIIMS banaenge''" which translates as "We will bring bricks from house to house and build Darbhanga AIIMS". Under the campaign of the movement, people from [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] and [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] districts, etc. started collecting bricks from door to door in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] so that the foundation stone for the proposed AIIMS in Darbhanga could be laid on 8 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title=अस्पताल के लिए राम मंदिर जैसा अभियान, 'घर-घर से ईंटा लाएंगे, दरभंगा एम्स बनाएंगे...' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-students-union-campaign-for-darbhanga-aiims-hits-social-media-3686105.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> On 11 September 2023, [[Mithila Student Union]] (MSU) went on hunger strike demanding construction of Darbhanga AIIMS. The agitators of the hunger strike said "After [[Darbhanga]], wherever the construction of AIIMS was announced, treatment is being provided and classes are being conducted, but eight years have passed since the announcement of Darbhanga AIIMS, not a single brick has fallen". The protesters again chanted slogans like "''ghar-ghar se intaa laenge, Darbhanga AIIMS banaenge''".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-09-11 |title=Darbhanga News: 'घर-घर से ईंट लाएंगे, दरभंगा एम्स बनाएंगे'.. मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन का अनशन |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/darbhanga/msu-fast-to-demand-construction-of-darbhanga-aiims/bh20230911173758879879076 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

Similarly on 2 October 2023, BJP MP [[Gopal Jee Thakur|Gopalji Thakur]] of [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga Loka Shabha]] started "''Hunger strike''" for three days, demanding the foundation stone laying and starting the construction of the Darbhanga AIIMS as soon as possible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दरभंगा एम्स को लेकर बीजेपी सांसद का अनशन तीसरे दिन समाप्त, कहा- जारी रहेगा आंदोलन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/darbhanga/bjp-mp-gopal-ji-thakur-fast-to-demand-darbhanga-aiims-ends-on-third-day-says-movement-will-continue/1900500 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26.1610|85.8328|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:AIIMS, Darbhanga}}

[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in India]]

Fitz de Souza

2026-04-05T21:34:29Z

Adityagoel: creating first details w/ refs...

{{Short description|Kenyan lawyer and politician (1929–2020)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2024}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fitz de Souza
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Fitzval Remedios Santana Neville de Souza
| birth_date = 1929
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[London]], England
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics]] ([[Ph.D.]])
| death_date = {{dda|2020|3|23|1929|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|politician}}
| relatives = [[Aisha de Sequeira]] (daughter-in-law)
| children = 2, including [[Roy de Souza|Roy]]
}}

'''Fitzval Remedios Santana Neville de Souza''' (1929 – 23 March 2020),<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Fernandes|first=Cyprian|date=29 March 2020|title=RIP Dr Fitzval de Souza|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/RIP-Dr-Fitzval-de-Souza-/158757|access-date=19 October 2020|website=[[OHeraldo]]}}</ref> better known as '''F.R.S. de Souza''' or '''Fitz de Souza''', was a Kenyan lawyer and politician who was an important figure in the campaign for independence for [[Kenya]], a member of the Kenyan parliament in the 1960s and [[Deputy Speaker]] for several years. He helped provide a legal defence for those accused of [[Mau Mau rebellion|Mau Mau]] activities including the [[Kapenguria Six]], and he was one of the people involved in the [[Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)|Lancaster House conference]]s held to draw up a constitutional framework for Kenyan independence.

==Early life==
{{Moresources | section|date=February 2024}}
Born to a [[Goa]]n family in [[Bombay]], de Souza lived in [[Zanzibar]] before settling in Kenya in 1942. Fitz de Souza took a first degree in England and trained as a [[barrister]] at [[Lincoln's Inn]].
As a young man in 1952 he joined a team of lawyers from various [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, including the British barrister [[Denis Nowell Pritt]] and other lawyers educated in England but not born there, defending Kenyans accused of [[Mau Mau rebellion|Mau Mau]] activities by the British colonial administration, in a series of trials including that of [[Jomo Kenyatta]].

==Life in Kenya==
Feelings in the country were running high, with some settlers of European ancestry disrupting any legal process for people they considered assassins, while other people in Kenya were convinced of bad faith amongst those involved in the all-white British prosecution. In this atmosphere, de Souza and an [[Asian people|Asian]] colleague faced implied allegations of 'encouraging' defendants to criticise police witnesses, but judges at the [[East African Court of Appeal]] supported them, praising their assistance to the court.

For part of the 1950s, Fitz de Souza was studying for a PhD at the [[London School of Economics]] and was politically active both there and in Kenya. His doctoral thesis was on "Indian Political Organization in East Africa" (1959). He knew Kenyatta and was a major figure in the movement towards an independent Kenya. He has been described during this period both as a "freedom fighter"<ref>[http://meaindia.nic.in/pressbriefing/2004/01/08pb01.htm Press Briefing by Indian Ministry for External Affairs]</ref> and as someone "organiz[ing] Africans and Asians against the colour bar".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/432.htm |title=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs biographical sketch |access-date=26 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522054908/http://moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/432.htm |archive-date=22 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the early 1960s he was a legal adviser at the Lancaster House conferences in London where Kenyatta and the Kenyans worked with the UK [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], [[Reginald Maudling]], and his team to develop a constitution for the country. In 2001, de Souza told the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission why he felt the Lancaster House Constitution had been a good constitutional framework, and expressed his disagreement with some subsequent changes, especially the re-introduction of detention without trial. The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs has described him as making "a principled exit from public life in the 70s".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/432.htm |title=MOIA biographical sketch |access-date=26 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522054908/http://moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/432.htm |archive-date=22 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

De Souza was an elected member of the Kenyan Parliament even before full independence in 1963, and Deputy Speaker of the Lower House from June 1963. He left this post in 1970, spent many years in private practice, before becoming semi-retired. He was married with four grown-up children.

In 2004, he was given a ''Pravasi Bharatiya Samman'' award alongside other people honoured for their "outstanding contribution to the understanding of the Indian civilisation and for advancing India's cause abroad"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040118213028/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/09/stories/2004010904691100.htm ''The Hindu'' online edition], 8 January 2004.</ref> at a conference opened by the Indian prime minister and organised with the aim of "bringing together the Indian [[Diaspora]] and leveraging the potential offered by the Global Indian Family".<ref>[http://www.indemb.no/IndianEmbassy/IEpionorway.html News story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716032505/http://www.indemb.no/IndianEmbassy/IEpionorway.html |date=16 July 2006 }}, indemb.no. Accessed 28 February 2024.</ref>

2005 brought a different kind of publicity when a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning book written by [[Caroline Elkins]], an associate professor at [[Harvard]], quoted a "respected attorney in [[Nairobi]]",<ref>Elkins, p. 87</ref> de Souza, as believing that at least one hundred thousand [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] disappeared at the time of Mau Mau, in "a form of ethnic cleansing on the part of the British government".<ref>Elkins, page 89</ref> These figures have been challenged by John Darwin, a fellow of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]], and lecturer on the History of the British Commonwealth at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 30 September 2005.</ref>

In December 2006, Commissioner for Non-Resident Indian affairs (Government of Goa) Eduardo Faleiro announced that de Souza would be one of the eight persons to be honoured during the Global Goans Convention. It was held from 3–5 January 2007. The awards, for the first time, were being given to "eminent non-resident Goans and persons of Goan origin."

==Personal life==
De Souza and his wife Romola had two sons (including cancer researcher [[Roy de Souza]]) and two daughters. He died on 23 March 2020 in London.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060414161046/http://www.parliament.go.ke/history.php History of the Parliament of Kenya]
*Caroline Elkins, ''[[Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya]]'' (Owl Books, paperback edition, 2005)
*David Anderson, ''Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire'' (2005)
*[http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/03d002.htm FRS de Souza, ''Building on the Lancaster House Experience''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718181302/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/03d002.htm |date=18 July 2006 }}: presented to the 'Constitution of Kenya Review Commission Workshop' in September 2001
*[http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Biblio/biblio_sasiadiaspora.html#D Bibliography of the South Asian Diaspora and East Africa]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
<references/>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza, Fitz Remedios Santana de}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Kenya]]
[[Category:Kenyan politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]

Marthanda Varma II

2026-04-04T13:43:59Z

Adityagoel: added a pg...

{{Short description|Maharaja of Travancore from 1846 to 1860}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma
| title = [[Maharaja of Travancore]]
| image = Maharajah of Travancore 1847.jpg
|image_size = 300px
| caption =
| reign = 27 December 1846 – 18 August 1860
| coronation = 28 December 1846
| full name =
| birth_date = 26 September 1814
| birth_place =
| death_date = 18 August 1860 (aged 46)
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = 
| predecessor = [[Swathi Thirunal]]
| successor = [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]
| spouse = Nagercoil Ammachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Madhavi Pillai Kochamma
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = Ammachi panipillai sreemathi madhavi pillai lakshmi pillai kochamma(wife of ayilyam thirunal)
| royal house = [[Travancore royal family|Venad Swaroopam]]
| dynasty =Kulasekhara
| father =Changanassery Lakshmipuram Palace's [[Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran|Raja Raja Varma Valiya Koyil Thampuran]]
| mother = [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}
[[File:Travancore Rajah Outram.jpg|thumb|A sketch showing [[William Cullen (Resident)|William Cullen]] carrying a letter from [[Queen Victoria]] to the Maharaja of Travancore thanking the latter for his contributions to the Great Exhibition of 1851 which included the gift of a carved ivory throne]]
''' Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma''' (26 September 1814 – 18 August 1860) was the Maharajah of [[Travancore]] state in southern [[India]], succeeding his elder brother Maharajah [[Swathi Thirunal]] in 1846 till his demise in 1860. Known for his progressive rule, he abolished slavery in the kingdom. He was succeeded by his nephew Maharajah [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] in 1860. His mother was Her Highness Maharani [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]]. He had three wives. The Maharajah's daughter was married by his nephew and heir Maharajah [[Ayilyam Thirunal]].

The Maharajah also adopted [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]] and Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi from the related [[Kolathiri]] royal house in 1857 after the death of his niece to perpetuate the royal line.

The Maharajah was a pioneer in the introduction of modern medicine in Kerala.He himself was trained in medicine and other sciences by tutors he appointed.As it was considered taboo at that time for the members of the royal family to touch human remains, king was barred from studying osteology with real bones and for bypassing this, he had ivory bone sets carved.He also ran a laboratory and a modern medicine dispensary inside the palace, where he would diagnose and treat palace staff.

The king was also a renowned [[Kadhakali]] scholar and afficiando, with numerous Kadhakali poems (Aatta Kadhas) to his credit as author.

The Maharajah was also responsible for recovering and documenting the [[Kottayam Coin Hoard]], a significant find of [[Aureus|Julio-Claudian Roman aurei]] found in the district of [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] in 1851.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=P. J. |url=http://archive.org/details/romancoinsfromin00turn |title=Roman Coins From India |date=1989 |publisher=RNS |others=L. L. C. SNS Library |pages=2}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Swathi Thirunal]]
* [[Travancore]]
* [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]]
* [[T. Madhava Rao|T Madhava Rao]]

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Travancore State Manual |first=V.Nagam |last=Aiya }}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/tsm_2.htm |title=Travancore State Manual |first=T. K. Velu |last=Pillai |year=1996 |volume=II |edition=2 |access-date=7 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507030858/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/tsm_2.htm |archive-date=7 May 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book |title=History of Travancore |first=Shungunny |last=Menon }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Travancore royal family|Kulasekhara Dynasty]]||26 September 1814||18 August 1860}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Swathi Thirunal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]]|years=1846–1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ayilyam Thirunal]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirunal, Uthram}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Travancore|Uthram]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

India at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics

2026-03-30T14:01:26Z

Adityagoel: new some entry nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian contingent participating at the 2025 Deaflympics}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = All India Sports Council of the Deaf
| oldcode =
| year = 2025
| date = 15 – 26 November 2025
| games = Summer Deaflympics
| location = [[Tokyo]], Japan
| competitors = 73
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 9
| silver = 7
| bronze = 4
| rank =
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website = [http://www.aiscd.org/ aiscd.org]
}}
The '''[[Republic of India]]''' participated in the '''[[2025 Summer Deaflympics]]''' in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] from 15 to 26 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/tokyo-2025/ind|title=India at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics|publisher=[[Deaflympics]]|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref> This was India's 15th appearance in the competition since its [[Summer Deaflympics|Deaflympic]] debut in [[1965 Summer Deaflympics|1965]].

India sent its highest-ever contingent - a 111-member delegation comprising 73 athletes, 45 men and 28 women,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=India squad for Deaflympics 2025: Where To Watch, Live Streaming Details |url=https://sportsdigest.in/india-squad-for-deaflympics-watch-live/169825/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> and 38 support staff across 11 sporting disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-contingent-deaflympics-2025-tokyo|title=India name record 111-member contingent for Deaflympics 2025 in Tokyo|publisher=[[Olympics.com]]|date=10 November 2025|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref> [[Jerlin Jayaratchagan]] was the country's flag-bearer during the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/jerlin-jayaratchagan-india-flagbearer-tokyo-deaflympics-2025-latest-news/article70271412.ece|title=Shuttler Jerlin Jayaratchagan named India’s flagbearer for Tokyo Deaflympics 2025|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=12 November 2025|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref>

==Competitors==

==Medalists==
# [[Golf at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]] - 1 G
# [[Karate at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]] - 1 B
# [[Shooting at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]] - 7 G, 6 S, 3 B - 16 T
# [[Wrestling at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]] - 1 G, 6 S - 2 T

== Athletics ==
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;align=center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|
|align=left|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manikandan Kamaraj]]
|align=left|100m
|11.58
|6
|colspan=4 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|}

== Badminton ==
;Singles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:87%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Abhinav Sharma (badminton)|Abhinav Sharma]] (1)
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:left|Men
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Serhii Dashchenko|Dashchenko]]|UKR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Samuel Zhao|Zhao]]|CAN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Choi Jin-woo|Choi]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Markos Savvides|Savvides]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Shokhzod Gulomzoda|Gulomzoda]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Piyush (badminton)|Piyush]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Felipe Cardoso (badminton)|Cardoso]]|BRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Yuki Moriomoto|Morimoto]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|2'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Peter Petrovic|Petrovic]]|SVK|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Serhii Dashchenko|Dashchenko]]|UKR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Mikhail Efremov (badminton)|Efremov]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Soumyadeep Chakraborty|Soumyadeep Chakraborty]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Wong Siu Kei|Wong]]|HKG|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Ignas Reznikas|Reznikas]]|LTU|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|1'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Yin Shih-rong|Yin]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Siriwat Mattaya Numat|Numat]]|THA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Aaditya Yadav]] (5)
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:left|Women
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Emma Reymond|Reymond]]|FRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Lee So-yeong|Lee]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Fan Jung-yu|Fan]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Katrin Neudolt|Neudolt]]|AUT|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Gauranshi Sharma]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Elif Sahra Demirel|Demirel]]|TUR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Sofiia Chernomorova|Chernomorova]]|UKR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|2'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Jiang Jialei|Jiang]]|CHN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=5 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Jerlin Jayaratchagan]] (2)
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chung Wing Trinity Yeung|Yeung]]|HKG|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Salima Bakytova|Bakytova]]|KAZ|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chiang Chiao-yu|Chiang]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Mai Yakabe|M Yakabe]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Park Min-kyeong|Park]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Katrin Neudolt|Neudolt]]|AUT|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|4
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Shreya Singla]] (6)
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Zhila Mobasheri|Mobasheri]]|IRI|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Ayaka Yakabe|A Yakabe]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Halenur Küçüksevgili|Küçüksevgili]]|TUR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Amalie Svensson|Svensson]]|DEN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Shen Yan-ru|Shen]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|}
;Doubles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:87%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Nisarg Panchal]] [[Piyush (badminton)|Piyush]]
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left|Men
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Titouan Keiffer|Keiffer]] / [[Xavier Valledor|Valledor]]|FRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chen Chung-i|Chen]] / [[Cheng Chen-ding|Cheng]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{n/a}}
|3
|colspan=6 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Soumyadeep Chakraborty]] [[Abhinav Sharma (badminton)|Abhinav Sharma]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Mahendra Phudonga|Phudonga]] / [[Ghan Thapa|Thapa]]|NEP|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Liu Hao-en|Liu]] / [[Yin Shih-rong|Yin]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{n/a}}
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Viktor Volkov|Volkov]] / [[Didar Yesbergenov|Yesbergenov]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Masaaki Numakura|Numakura]] / [[Ayumu Ohta|Ohta]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Jerlin Jayaratchagan]] [[Aaditya Yadav]] (3)
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left|Women
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chiang Chiao-yu|Chiang]] / [[Hsiao An-yu|Hsiao]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Jiang Jialei|Jiang]] / [[Zhang Hengyan|Zhang]]|CHN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{n/a}}
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Li Ziting|Li]] / [[Tian Min|Tian]]|CHN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Lee So-yeong|Lee]] / [[Park Min-kyeong|Park]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Gauranshi Sharma]] [[Shreya Singla]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Sofiia Chernomorova|Chernomorova]] / [[Ivanna Horobets|Horobets]]|UKR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Halenur Küçüksevgili|Küçüksevgili]] / [[Gizem Nur Uludağ|Uludağ]]|TUR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Silviya Chapkanova|Chapkanova]] / [[Gabriela Spasova|Spasova]]|BUL|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Jiang Jialei|Jiang]] / [[Zhang Hengyan|Zhang]]|CHN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Abhinav Sharma (badminton)|Abhinav Sharma]] [[Jerlin Jayaratchagan]] (1)
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:left|Mixed
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Choi Jin-woo|Choi]] / [[Lee So-yeong|Lee]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[William Sax|Sax]] / [[Amalie Svensson|Svensson]]|DEN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{n/a}}
|1'''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Liu Hao-en|Liu]] / [[Hsiao An-yug|Hsiao]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Soumyadeep Chakraborty|Chakraborty]] / [[Aaditya Yadav|Yadav]]|IND|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Shokhzod Gulomzoda|Gulomzoda]] / [[Elena Tiurina|Tiurina]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Piyush (badminton)|Piyush]] [[Shreya Singla]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Heo Tae-ho|Heo]] / [[Kim Hyang (badminton)|Kim]]|KOR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Kazimieras Dauskurtas|Dauskurtas]] / [[Vaiva Zymante|Zymante]]|BRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|{{n/a}}
|2'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chun Hei Lau|Lau]] / [[Yeuk Lam Chan|Chan]]|HKG|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=5 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Nisarg Panchal]] [[Gauranshi Sharma]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Tadas Rimkus|Rimkus]] / [[Aurelija Ramaneckaite|Ramaneckaite]]|LTU|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Shin Kyung-duk|Shin]] / [[Park Min-kyeong|Park]]|BRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{n/a}}
|3
|colspan=6 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Soumyadeep Chakraborty]] [[Aaditya Yadav]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chun Hei Lau|Lau]] / [[Yeuk Lam Chan|Chan]]|HKG|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Gabriel De Faria|De Faria]] / [[Renata Da Silva|Da Silva]]|BRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{n/a}}
|2'''Q'''
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Sergii Kovalenko|Kovalenko]] / [[Ivanna Horobets|Horobets]]|UKR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Masaaki Numakura|M Numakura]] / [[Chihiro Numakura|C Numakura]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Abhinav Sharma (badminton)|Sharma]] / [[Jerlin Jayaratchagan|Jayaratchagan]]|IND|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|}
;Team
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Aaditya Yadav]] [[Abhinav Sharma (badminton)|Abhinav Sharma]] [[Gauranshi Sharma]] [[Jerlin Jayaratchagan]] [[Nisarg Panchal]] [[Piyush (badminton)|Piyush]] [[Shreya Singla]] [[Soumyadeep Chakraborty]]
|{{KOR}} '''W''' 4–1
|{{KAZ}} '''W''' 5–0
|1'''Q'''
|{{UKR}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{CHN}} '''L''' 1–3
|{{TPE}} '''L''' 1–3
|4
|-
|}

== Golf ==
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!colspan=3|Total
|-style=font-size:95%
!Score
!Score
!Score
!Score
!Par
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Harsh Singh (golfer)|Harsh Singh]]
|align=left rowspan=3|Men's Individual
|75
|82
|81
|238
| +22
|12
|-
|align=left|[[Jastar Singh Billing|Jastar Billing]]
|89
|94
|91
|274
| +58
|33
|-
|align=left|[[Vibhu Tyagi]]
|83
|76
|81
|240
| +24
|T14
|-
|align=left|'''[[Diksha Dagar]]'''
|align=left|Women's Individual
|68
|65
|72
|205
| –11
|{{World1}}
|-
|}

== Shooting ==
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%";align=center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|
|align=left|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Abhinav Deshwal]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|25 m pistol
|575-13x
|1'''Q'''
|44
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Hanmant Sakpal]]
|573-21x
|2'''Q'''
|27
|5
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Abhinav Deshwal]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|10 m air pistol
|576-13x
|1'''Q'''
|235.2
|{{World2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rudar Vinod Kumar|Rudar Kumar]]
|549-12x
|12
|colspan=2 {{n/a|''Did not advance''}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Dhanush Srikanth]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|10 m air rifle
|630.6
|1'''Q'''
|252.2
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Murtaza Vania]]'''
|626.3
|2'''Q'''
|250.1
|{{World2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Kushagra Rajawat]]'''
|rowspan=2 align=left|50 m prone rifle
|608.7
|7'''Q'''
|224.3
|{{World3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shourya Saini]]
|600.2
|11
|colspan=2 {{n/a|''Did not advance''}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Kushagra Rajawat]]
|align=left rowspan=2|50 m rifle three positions
|575-22x
|6'''Q'''
|408.8
|6
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Shourya Saini]]'''
|584-32x
|1'''Q'''
|450.6
|{{World2}}
|}
;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%";align=center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|
|align=left|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Anuya Prasad]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|10 m air pistol
|564-11x
|3'''Q'''
|241.1
|'''{{World1}}'''
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Pranjali Dhumal]]'''
|572-12x
|1'''Q'''
|236.8
|{{World2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anuya Prasad]]
|align=left rowspan=2|25 m pistol
|569-15x
|2'''Q'''
|23
|4
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Pranjali Dhumal]]'''
|573-14x
|1'''Q'''
|34
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Komal Waghmare]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|10 m air rifle
|622.0
|3'''Q'''
|228.3
|{{World3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Mahit Sandhu]]'''
|623.4
|2'''Q'''
|250.5
|{{World2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Mahit Sandhu]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|50 m prone rifle
|619.7
|1'''Q'''
|246.1
|{{World2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Natasha Joshi]]
|611.6
|7'''Q'''
|119.6
|8
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Mahit Sandhu]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|50 m rifle three positions
|585-31x
|1'''Q'''
|456.0
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Natasha Joshi]]
|566-12x
|7'''Q'''
|417.1
|5
|}
;Mixed
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%";align=center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final / {{Abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Abhinav Deshwal]] [[Pranjali Dhumal]]'''
|rowspan=2 align=left|10 m air pistol
|569-20x
|1'''{{Abbr|QG|Qualfied for Gold medal match}}'''
|{{TPE}} '''W''' 16–6
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rudar Vinod Kumar|Rudar Kumar]] [[Anuya Prasad]]
|553-10x
|7
|colspan=2 {{n/a|''Did not advance''}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Dhanush Srikanth]] [[Mahit Sandhu]]'''
|rowspan=2 align=left|10 m air rifle
|630.8
|1'''{{Abbr|QG|Qualfied for Gold medal match}}'''
|{{KOR}} '''W''' 17–7
|{{World1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Murtaza Vania]] [[Komal Waghmare]]'''
|623.9
|3'''{{Abbr|QG|Qualfied for Bronze medal match}}'''
|{{UKR}} '''W''' 16–12
|{{World3}}
|}

== Tennis ==
;Singles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Cons. Round 1
!Cons. Round 2
!Cons. Round 3
!Cons. QF
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|
|style="text-align:left|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Aaryan Humaney]]
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:left|Men
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Leonardo Beneditti|Beneditti]]|ITA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Jacek Kalinowski|Kalinowski]]|POL|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 7–9
|colspan=5 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Arshit (tennis player)|Arshit]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Grihorios Samartsidis|Samartsidis]]|GRE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Gaston Chahin|Chahin]]|ARG|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Alfredo Galvez|Galvez]]|USA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 3–8
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Dhananjay Dubey]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Wang Chun-wei|Wang]]|TPE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Vladislav Abramov|Abramov]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–8
|colspan=3 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Prithvi Sekhar]] (5)
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Emiel Schippers|Schippers]]|BEL|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–1 {{Abbr|RET|Retired}}
|colspan=7 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Bhavani Kedia]] (14)
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:left|Women
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Mariana Matias|Matias]]|BRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=3 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Zeynepsu Yünlü|Yünlü]]|TUR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 8–5
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Artemi Routsi|Routsi]]|GRE|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} 
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Jafreen Shaik]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Alessia Mateescu|Mateescu]]|ITA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Tütem Banguoğlu|Banguoğlu]]|TUR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' 8–1
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Rotem Ashkenazy|Ashkenazy]]|ISR|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} 
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Kirtilata Singh]]
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Jessica Gagnant|Gagnant]]|FRA|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Anastasiia Lasitca|Lasitca]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''W''' {{Abbr|WO|Walkover}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Chenxin Zheng|Zheng]]|CHN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} 
|
|
|-
|}
;Doubles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|
|style="text-align:left|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Aaryan Humaney]] [[Dhananjay Dubey]]
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left|Men
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Haruto Imai|Imai]] / [[Takahiro Tamamitsu|Tamamitsu]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan=5 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Arshit (tennis player)|Arshit]] [[Prithvi Sekhar]] (5)
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Vladislav Abramov|Abramov]] / [[Dmitry Dolzhenkov|Dolzhenkov]]|AIN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan=4 {{n/a|''Did not advance to next round''}}
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[Bhavani Kedia]] [[Jafreen Shaik]] (2)
|style="text-align:left|Women
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Yurita Miyagawa|Miyagawa]] / [[Chiaki Sugimoto|Sugimoto]]|JPN|2025 Summer Deaflympics}} 
|
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.deaflympics.com/countries/ind India at the Deaflympics]

{{Nations at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India at the Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations|2025]]

Madan (director)

2026-03-24T18:10:56Z

Adityagoel: added new post...

{{short description|Indian film director (died 2022)}}
{{sources|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madan
| native_name =
| known_for =
| birth_name =Ramigani Madan
| birth_place = [[Madanapalle|Madanpalli]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 19 November 2022
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Film director, Writer, Producer
}}

'''Ramigani Madan Mohan Reddy''' (died 19 November 2022), better known as '''R. R. Madan''' or simply '''Madan''', was an Indian Telugu film director, writer and producer.<ref name="idlebrain interview">{{cite web|last1=GV|title=Interview with director Madan|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/madan.html|website=idlebrain.com|publisher=GV|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born and brought up in [[Madanapalle]], Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. He has done his graduation from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupathi at [[Annie Besant]] Theosophical College, Madanapalli. He used to write short stories and direct play-lets during his college days. Later he moved to Hyderabad where the regional Film Industry in Telugu language is located. He worked for 2 years as an assistant cameraman under Mr. [[S. Gopal Reddy]], a popular film cameraman. Later he has worked as a co-writer for a few films.

In 2004, he became popular by the film [[Aa Naluguru]] one of the classic Telugu films, as a script writer. He penned story, screen play and dialogues for Aa Naluguru.- starring [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]]. The movie has thought provoking message and received three Andhra Pradesh State Nandi Awards i.e. Best film, Best actor and Best character. In 2006, under his own banner "Aa Naluguru films," he had written, produced and directed [[Pellaina Kothalo]] starring [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Priyamani]]. The film was well received by the audience particularly by the youth and went on to become a super hit movie.

Madan died from a stroke on 19 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Madan: ప్రముఖ టాలీవుడ్‌ దర్శకుడు మదన్‌కు తీవ్ర అస్వస్థత |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/gunde-jhallumandi-movie-director-madam-passes-away-with-brain-stroke-in-hyderabad-sk-1510070.html |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=Telugu News 18 |date=19 November 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer !! Producer
|-
| 2004 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Aa Naluguru]]''|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| 2006 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Pellaina Kothalo]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2008 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Gunde Jhallumandi]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| 2009 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Pravarakhyudu]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| 2013 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Coffee With My Wife]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{partial|Presenter}}
|Kannada film
|-
| 2016 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Garam (film)|Garam]]''|| {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| 2018 || style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Gayatri (2018 film)|Gayatri]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/aadimadan-movie-regular-shooting-from-july-28th-telugu-news-109642.html Indiaglitz article]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160731013945/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-writer-director-madan-020112.html Cinegoer interview]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140628/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-aadi-work-director-madan Deccan chronicle interview]
* [http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/madan1.html Idlebrain interview]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/mohan-babu-announces-his-next-project-gayathri-with-director-madan-on-social-media/articleshow/59809259.cms News article]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

History of Islam

2026-03-23T19:57:37Z

Adityagoel: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the history of Islam as a culture and polity|a history of the Islamic faith|Islamic schools and branches|a chronological guide|Timeline of the history of Islam}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Islam |history}}
{{history of religion |religions}}
The '''history of [[Islam]]''' is believed, by most historians,<ref name="Watt2003">{{cite book|last=Watt|first=W. Montgomery|author-link=W. Montgomery Watt|date=1998|title=Islam and the Integration of Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-17587-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref> to have originated with [[Muhammad]]'s mission in [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] at the start of the 7th century CE,<ref name="Van-Ess 2017">{{cite book|author-last=van Ess|author-first=Josef|year=2017|chapter=Setting the Seal on Prophecy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viRoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam|translator-last=O'Kane|translator-first=John|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East|volume=116/1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1163/9789004323384_002|isbn=978-90-04-32338-4|issn=0169-9423}}</ref><ref name="Zimney 2009">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Zimney|author-first=Michelle|year=2009|chapter=Introduction – What Is Islam?|editor-last=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PAxxi|location=New York|publisher=Facts on File|series=Encyclopedia of World Religions|pages=xxi–xxxii|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1}}</ref> although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Prophets of Islam|prophets]], such as [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[David in Islam|David]], [[Solomon in Islam|Solomon]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], with the submission ({{tlit|ar|Islām}}) to the will of [[God in Islam|God]].<ref name="Esposito2016">{{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John L.|author-link=John Esposito|year=2016|orig-date=1988|title=Islam: The Straight Path|edition=5th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=9–12|isbn=978-0-19-063215-1|s2cid=153364691}}</ref><ref name="Donner2000">{{cite book|author-last=Donner|author-first=Fred M.|author-link=Fred Donner|year=2000|orig-date=1999|chapter=Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire Up to the Mongol Conquest|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA5|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=5–10|isbn=0-19-510799-3}}</ref><ref name="Peters2003">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=F. E.|year=2003|title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11553-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9}}</ref> According to the [[Prophetic biography|traditional account]],<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Zimney 2009"/><ref name="Lewis1995a">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Lewis|year=1995|chapter=Part III: The Dawn and Noon of Islam – Origins|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjAABdA9z18C&pg=PA51|title=The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years|location=New York|publisher=Scribner|pages=51–58|isbn=978-0-684-83280-7}}</ref> the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] began receiving what Muslims consider to be [[divine revelation]]s in 610 CE, calling for submission to the one God, preparation for the imminent [[Judgement Day in Islam|Last Judgement]], and charity for the poor and needy.<ref name="Donner2000"/>{{#tag:ref|"Key themes in these early recitations include the idea of the moral responsibility of man who was created by God and the idea of the judgment to take place on the day of resurrection. [...] Another major theme of Muhammad's early preaching, [... is that] there is a power greater than man's, and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor."<ref name="Buhl1993">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Buhl|first1=F.|last2=Ehlert|first2=Trude|last3=Noth|first3=A.|last4=Schimmel|first4=Annemarie|last5=Welch|first5=A. T.|title=Muḥammad|orig-date=1993|year=2012|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P. J.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C. E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E. J.|editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W. P.|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=360–376|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0780|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref>|group=Note}}
As Muhammad's message [[Timing of Sahabah becoming Muslims|began to attract followers]] (the ''ṣaḥāba'') he also met with [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|increasing hostility and persecution from Meccan elites]].<ref name="Donner2000"/>{{#tag:ref|"At first Muhammad met with no serious opposition [...] He was only gradually led to attack on principle the gods of Mecca. [...] Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade."<ref name="Buhl1993"/>|group=Note}} In 622 CE Muhammad [[Hegira|migrated to the city of Yathrib]] (now known as [[Medina]]), where he began to unify the [[tribes of Arabia]] under Islam,<ref>Campo (2009), "Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 494</ref> returning to Mecca to take control in 630<ref name=Ramadan-178>{{cite book|last=Ramadan|first=Tariq|author-link=Tariq Ramadan|title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/178|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-530880-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/178 178]}}</ref><ref name=Haykal-438>{{cite book|last=Husayn Haykal|first=Muhammad|author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal|title=The Life of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA438|year=2008|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|location=[[Selangor]]|isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=438–441}}</ref> and order the destruction of all pagan idols.<ref name=Hitti-118>{{cite book|last=Hitti|first=Philip Khuri|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti|title=History of the Arabs|year=1946|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|page=118|title-link=History of the Arabs (book)}}</ref><ref name=Ramadan-177>{{cite book|last=Ramadan|first=Tariq|author-link=Tariq Ramadan|title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/177|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530880-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/177 177]}}</ref>
By the time Muhammad died {{circa|11 AH}} (632 CE), almost all the tribes of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had converted to Islam,<ref>[[Richard Foltz]], "Internationalization of Islam", Encarta Historical Essays.</ref> but disagreement broke out over who would [[Succession to Muhammad|succeed him as leader of the Muslim community]] during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]].<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Polk 2018">{{cite book|last=Polk|first=William R.|author-link=William R. Polk|year=2018|chapter=The Caliphate and the Conquests|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=Yale University Press|series=The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series|pages=21–30|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.7|isbn=978-0-300-22290-6|jstor=j.ctv1bvnfdq.7}}</ref><ref name="Izutsu 2006">{{cite book|last=Izutsu|first=Toshihiko|author-link=Toshihiko Izutsu|year=2006|orig-date=1965|title=The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām|chapter=The Infidel (''Kāfir''): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1|location=Tokyo|publisher=Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at [[Keio University]]|pages=1–20|isbn=983-9154-70-2}}</ref><ref name="Lewis1995b">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|year=1995|chapter=Cross-Sections – The State|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjAABdA9z18C&pg=PA139|title=The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years|location=New York|publisher=Scribner|page=139|isbn=978-0-684-83280-7}}</ref>

The [[early Muslim conquests]] were responsible for the [[spread of Islam]].<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Zimney 2009"/><ref name="Lewis1995a"/><ref name="Polk 2018"/> By the 8th century CE, the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] extended from [[al-Andalus]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyad and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphates (in the [[Middle East]] and later in [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Spain]] and [[Emirate of Sicily|Southern Italy]]), the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]], [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], and [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly [[Persianate society|Persianized empires]] built by the [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]], [[Ghaznavid dynasty|Ghaznavids]], and [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] significantly contributed to technological and administrative developments. The [[Islamic Golden Age]] gave rise to many centers of culture and [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|science]] and produced notable [[polymath]]s, [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomers]], [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematicians]], [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|physicians]], and [[Islamic philosophy|philosophers]] during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Zimney 2009"/> By the early 13th century, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] conquered the northern [[Indian subcontinent]], while Turkic dynasties like the [[Sultanate of Rum]] and [[Artuqids]] conquered much of [[Anatolia]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]] throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]], along with the loss of population due to the [[Black Death]], greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, but saw the emergence of the [[Timurid Renaissance]] and major economic powers such as the [[Mali Empire]] in [[West Africa]] and the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in [[South Asia]].<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book|year=2005|title=Bengal: the unique state|publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.|isbn=978-81-8069-149-2|quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6402-3|pages=201}}</ref> Following the deportation and enslavement of the Muslim [[Moors]] from the [[Emirate of Sicily]] and elsewhere in [[History of Islam in southern Italy|southern Italy]],<ref>Julie Taylor, ''Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera'', (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 18.</ref> the Islamic Iberia was gradually conquered by Christian forces during the [[Reconquista]]. Nonetheless, in the [[early modern period]], the [[gunpowder empires]]—the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], and [[Safavid Iran|Safavids]]—emerged as world powers.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the [[Muslim world]] fell under the influence or direct control of the European [[Great Powers]].<ref name="Zimney 2009"/> Some of their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in the [[Middle East and North Africa|MENA region]], such as [[Afghan conflict|Afghanistan]], [[Central African Republic Civil War|Central Africa]], [[Chechen–Russian conflict|Chechnya]], [[Iraqi conflict|Iraq]], [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]], [[Libyan crisis (2011–present)|Libya]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Syrian civil war|Syria]], [[Somali Civil War|Somalia]], [[Xinjiang conflict|Xinjiang]], and [[Yemeni crisis|Yemen]].<ref>{{cite magazine |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Ian |date=2018 |title=SIPRI Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security – V. Armed conflict in the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRIYB18c02sV.pdf |magazine=SIPRI Yearbook |location=[[Stockholm]], Sweden |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |pages=66–82 |issn=0953-0282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125184601/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRIYB18c02sV.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> The [[oil boom]] stabilized the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council]] (comprising [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]]), making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focus on [[capitalism]], [[free trade]], and [[tourism]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sand to Silicon: Going Global|last=Sampler & Eigner|publisher=Motivate|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86063-254-9|location=United Arab Emirates|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production|title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|work=eia.gov}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Early sources and historiography ==
{{Main|Historicity of Muhammad|Historiography of early Islam|Sīrah}}
{{Further|Revisionist school of Islamic studies|Islamic archaeology|Classical Islam}}
Most Islamic history was [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]] until after the rise of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Vansina|1985}}</ref> At the same time the study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=628}} The stories were written in the form of “founding conquest stories” based on nostalgia for the golden age then. Humphrey, quoted by Antoine Borrut, explains that the stories related to this period were created according to a pact-betrayal-redemption principle.<ref>Borrut A., "From Arabia to the Empire - conquest and caliphal construction in early Islam", in The Historians' Quran , vol. 1 , 2019, pp. 249-289</ref> One of the most important [[Historiography of early Islam|historical sources]] for which the above-mentioned stories about the birth of Islam were compiled is the work of the [[List of Muslim historians|Muslim historian]] [[Al-Tabari|Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭabarī]] (839–923 CE).{{sfn|Robinson|2010|p=6}} Although the sources concerning the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian realm of influence]] for the 6th century AD, which represents the time period before the beginning of Islam according to the traditional understanding, are poor, the sources for the [[Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire|Byzantine provinces]] of Syria and Iraq in the same period, complemented by [[Syriac Christian]] writings, provide a relatively better quality.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|pp=4-5}} Regarding the depicting of early Islamic history, four trends are prominent concerning the utilization on available (irrational) sources;

[[File:Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg|thumb|230px|right|A [[Byzantine coinage|"Pseudo-Byzantine" coin]] with depictions of the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constans II]] holding the [[Christian cross|cross-tipped staff]] and ''[[globus cruciger]]''. There was no specific Islamic-religious identity and political stance with sharp boundaries in the early Islamic period.<ref>Under the [[Umayyad caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān]], the [[Dome of the Rock]] was built in [[Jerusalem]] (691–692). There the word ''[[Islam|Islām]]'' appears for the first time. Until this moment the Muslims called themselves simply "[[Mumin|believers]]", and coins were minted in the Arabic empire showing Christian symbols. Ibn Marwān also plays a major role in the [[History of the Quran|reworking of the Quranic text]]. See: Patricia Crone / Michael Cook: ''Hagarism'' (1977) p. 29; Yehuda D. Nevo: ''Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab State'' (2003) pp. 410-413; Karl-Heinz Ohlig (Hrsg.): ''Der frühe Islam. Eine historisch-kritische Rekonstruktion anhand zeitgenössischer Quellen'' (2007) pp. 336 ff.</ref>]]

* The ''descriptive'' method uses the outlines of Islamic traditions, adjusted for the stories of miracles and faith-centred claims within those sources.{{sfn|Donner|2010|pp=629, 633}} [[Edward Gibbon]] (1737–1794) and [[Gustav Weil]] (1808–1889) represent some of the first historians following the descriptive method.
* In the ''[[Source criticism|source critical]]'' method, scholars compare all available sources in order to identify which informants to the sources are weak and thereby to distinguish spurious material.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=630}} The work of [[William Montgomery Watt]] (1909–2006) and that of [[Wilferd Madelung]] (1930–2023) exemplify source-critical study.
* In the ''[[Tradition criticism|tradition critical]]'' method, the sources are believed to be based on oral traditions with unclear origins and transmission history, and so are treated very cautiously.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=631}} [[Ignác Goldziher]] (1850–1921) pioneered the tradition critical method, and [[Uri Rubin]] (1944–2021) continued this approach.
* The ''[[Revisionist school of Islamic studies|skeptical]]'' method doubts nearly all of the material in the traditional sources, regarding any possible historical core as too difficult to decipher from distorted and fabricated material.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=632}} An early example of the sceptical method was the work of [[John Wansbrough]] (1928–2002).

Nowadays, the popularity of the different methods employed varies on the scope of the studies produced. Overview treatments of the history of early Islam tend to take the descriptive approach. Scholars who look at the beginnings of Islam in depth generally follow the source-critical and tradition-critical methods.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=633}} Until the early 1970s,<ref name=FMDQiRS2008:30>[[#FMDQiRS2008|Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008]]: p.30</ref> [[Kafir|Non-Muslim]] scholars of [[Islamic studies]]—while not accepting mythical accounts, such as [[Miracle|divine intervention]]—did accept its origin story in most of its details.<ref name=THItSotS2012:45>[[#THItSotS2012|Holland, ''In the Shadow of the Sword'', 2012]]: p.45</ref><ref name=FMDQiRS2008:29>[[#FMDQiRS2008|Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008]]: p.29</ref> Critical evaluation of sources is of particular importance in uncovering Muhammad's [[Historicity of Muhammad|historical existence beyond the myths]]. Early sources for the life of Muhammad are authors from the 2nd and 3rd centuries [[Hijri era|AH]] (8th and 9th centuries CE), whose works constructed main biographical information to the Muslim traditions regarding his life,{{sfn|Reeves|2003|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Watt|1953|p=xi}} but the reliability of this information is very much debated in academic circles due to the [[Oral tradition|oral gap]] between the recorded dates of Muhammad's life and the dates when these writings begin to appear in sources. John Burton summarizes the information provided by the multitude of available sources, from a historian's perspective: states <blockquote>In judging the content, the only resort of the scholar is to the yardstick of probability, and on this basis, it must be repeated, virtually nothing of use to the historian emerges from the sparse record of the early life of the founder of the latest of the great world religions ... so, however far back in the Muslim tradition one now attempts to reach, one simply cannot recover a scrap of information of real use in constructing the human history of Muhammad, beyond the bare fact that he once existed.<ref name=4-burton>John Burton: ''Bulletin of the Society of Oriental and African Studies'', vol. 53 (1990), p. 328, cited in {{cite book |editor1-last=Ibn Warraq |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |url-access=registration |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus |pages=[https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/91 91] |chapter=2. Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the Sources|isbn=9781573927871 }}</ref></blockquote>

The quality of historical sources improves after the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|p=9}} Those sources which treated earlier times with a large temporal and cultural gap now begin to give accounts which are more contemporaneous, the quality of genre of available historical accounts improves, and new documentary sources—such as official documents, correspondence and poetry—appear.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|p=9}}

== Inception ==
{{for timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam (6th century)|Timeline of the history of Islam (7th century)|Timeline of early Islamic history}}
{{further|Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia|Muhammad in Mecca|Early Muslim conquests}}
{{see also|Early social changes under Islam}}

[[File:Map of Arabia 600 AD.svg|thumb|Map of the [[tribes of Arabia]] in late antiquity]]
Early Islam arose within the historical, social, political, economic, and religious context of [[late antiquity]] in the [[Middle East]].{{sfn|Robinson|2010|p=9}} [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia]] may be summarized as follows; [[Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia|Judaism]] became the dominant religion of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] in Yemen after about 380 CE, while [[Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia|Christianity]] took root in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Robin302"/> The second half of the 6th century CE saw political disorder in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]], and communication routes were no longer secure.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA297|year=2012|publisher=OUP USA|pages=297–99|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1}}</ref> Religious divisions played an important role in the crisis.<ref name="Robin302">{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA302|year=2012|publisher=OUP USA|page=302|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1}}</ref> There was also a yearning for a more "spiritual form of religion", and "the choice of religion increasingly became an individual rather than a collective issue."<ref name="Robin302"/> While some [[Arabs]] were reluctant to convert to a foreign faith, those [[Abrahamic religions]] provided "the principal intellectual and spiritual reference points", and Jewish and Christian loanwords from [[Aramaic]] began to replace the old pagan vocabulary of [[Arabic]] throughout the peninsula.<ref name="Robin302"/> The ''[[Hanif|Ḥanīf]]'' ("renunciates"), a group of [[Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia|monotheists]] that sought to separate themselves both from the foreign Abrahamic religions and the traditional Arab polytheism,<ref name="Rubin 2006">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Rubin|author-first=Uri|author-link=Uri Rubin|year=2006|title=Ḥanīf|editor-last=McAuliffe|editor-first=Jane Dammen|editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]|volume=II|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00080|isbn=978-90-04-14743-0}}</ref> were looking for a new religious worldview to replace the pre-Islamic Arabian religions,<ref name="Rubin 2006"/> focusing on "the all-encompassing father god [[Allah]] whom they freely equated with the Jewish [[Yahweh]] and the Christian [[Jehovah]]."{{sfn|Rogerson|2010}} In their view, [[Mecca]] was originally dedicated to this monotheistic faith that they considered to be the one true religion, established by the patriarch [[Abraham]].<ref name="Rubin 2006"/>{{sfn|Rogerson|2010}} However, the polytheistic [[Kaaba]] temple in Mecca was a popular [[pilgrimage]] site and for this reason an important source of income for the surrounding pagan Arabs in those days.<ref name="Robin301"/><ref name="Zeitlin49">{{cite book|author=Irving M. Zeitlin|title=The Historical Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbhJJ7AOLL4C&pg=PA30|date=19 March 2007|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4|page=49}}</ref>

[[File:Stanford 2007, recto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A page from the [[Sanaa manuscript]], with "subtexts" revealed under [[UV]], very different from [[1924 Cairo edition|contemporary editions of the Quran]]. [[Gerd R. Puin|Puin]] argues that these variants indicate [[Early Quranic manuscripts|an evolving text]], not a fixed one.<ref name="Atlantic 1999">{{cite magazine |author-last=Lester |author-first=Toby |author-link=Toby Lester |date=1 January 1999 |title=What Is the Koran?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233826/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/ |issn=2151-9463 |oclc=936540106 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>]]
According to the [[Historiography of early Islam|traditional account]],<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Zimney 2009"/><ref name="Lewis1995a"/> the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was born in [[Mecca]], an important caravan trading center,<ref name="Peters-1994-68">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=F. E.|year=1994|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&pg=PA68|location=[[Albany, New York]]|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|series=SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies|pages=68–75|isbn=9780791418758|access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> around the year 570 CE.<ref>"The very first question a biographer has to ask, namely when the person was born, cannot be answered precisely for Muhammad. [...] Muhammad's biographers usually make him 40 or sometimes 43 years old at the time of his call to be a prophet, which [...] would put the year of his birth at about 570 A.D." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.'', "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 361.</ref> His family belonged to the Arab clan of [[Quraysh]], which was the chief tribe of Mecca and a dominant force in [[Hejaz]] region.<ref name="Lewis1995a"/><ref name="Robin287">{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA287|year=2012|location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=287|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1}}</ref> They supported the establishment of [[sacred months]] in which all violence was prohibited and travel was safe, in order to prevent [[Tribes of Arabia|tribal raids]] for [[looting|loot]], to sustain the Hajj trade.<ref name="Robin301">{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA301|year=2012|location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=301|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1}}</ref> Like the ''Ḥanīf'', Muhammad practiced ''[[Taḥannuth]]'', spending time in seclusion at the Cave Hira in the mountain [[Jabal al-Nour]] and "turning away from paganism."{{sfn|Bleeker|1968|p=32-34}}<ref>Sally Mallam, [https://humanjourney.us/ideas-that-shaped-our-modern-world-section/mohammad-and-the-beginnings-of-islam-community-of-believers/ ''The Community of Believers'']</ref> When he was about 40 years old, he began receiving at mount Hira' what Muslims regard as divine [[Muhammad's first revelation|revelations]] delivered through the [[Angels in Islam|angel]] [[Gabriel#Islam|Gabriel]] on the [[Night of Power|Laylat al-Qadr]], which would later form the [[Quran]]. These inspirations urged him to proclaim a strict [[Monotheism|monotheistic faith]], as the final expression of [[Bible prophecy|Biblical prophetism]] earlier codified in the sacred texts of Judaism and Christianity; to warn his compatriots of the impending [[Judgement Day]]; and to castigate social injustices of his city.<ref name="Muhammad p. 363">"Key themes in these early recitations include the idea of the moral responsibility of man who was created by God and the idea of the judgment to take place on the day of resurrection. [...] Another major theme of Muhammad's early preaching, [... is that] there is a power greater than man's, and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.'', "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 363.</ref> Muhammad's message [[Timing of Sahabah becoming Muslims|won over a handful of followers]] (the ''ṣaḥāba'') and was met with [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|increasing persecution from Meccan notables]].<ref name="Donner2000"/><ref name="Mecca. p. 364">"At first Muhammad met with no serious opposition [...] He was only gradually led to attack on principle the gods of Mecca. [...] Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.'', "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 364.</ref> In 622 CE, a few years after losing protection with the death of his influential uncle [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|ʾAbū Ṭālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]], Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (subsequently called [[Medina]]) where he was joined by his followers.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|p=187}} Later generations would count this event, known as the ''[[Hegira|hijra]]'', as the start of the Islamic era.<ref name="Hourani15-19">{{cite book|author=Albert Hourani|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA15|year=2002|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=15–19|isbn=978-0-674-01017-8}}</ref> The [[surah]]s of this period emphasized his place among the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|long line of Biblical prophets]], but also differentiated the message of the Quran from the sacred texts of Christianity and Judaism.<ref name="Hourani15-19"/> [[Early Muslim conquests|Armed conflict]] with the Arab Meccans and [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]] of the Yathrib area soon broke out.<ref>{{cite book|author=W. Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad at Medina|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp|date=1956|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp/page/n22 1]–17, 192–221}}</ref> After a series of military confrontations and political manoeuvres, Muhammad was able to [[Occupation of Mecca|secure control of Mecca]] and allegiance of the Quraysh in 629 CE.<ref name="Hourani15-19"/> In the time remaining until [[Death of Muhammad|his death]] in 632 CE, tribal chiefs across the Arabian peninsula entered into various agreements with him, some under terms of alliance, others acknowledging his claims of prophethood and agreeing to follow Islamic practices, including paying the [[Zakat|alms levy]] to his government, which consisted of a number of deputies, an army of believers, and a public treasury.<ref name="Hourani15-19"/>

With an approach that has been developed and popularized recently,<ref>For example, [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maududi]], the leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami organization, was one of the leading representatives of this view. According to Maududi, one of the purposes of sending prophets was the establishment of a state governed by divine laws (Maududi, 2006: 73) https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1319648</ref> Muhammad established a [[first Islamic state|constitutional state in Medina]] - on the basis of the Quran verses in line with the new concept, and of [[Constitution of Medina|a treaty]] in which the rights and duties of the different communities in Medina were determined - and made [[Early social changes under Islam|radical reforms to create an Islamic society]].<ref name="Hourani15-19"/> The compatibility of the concept of the state, which essentially has the power to coerce,<ref>It is not possible to find a verse that signifies any other characteristic of Muhammad rather than his prophethood and gives him the right of coercion explicitly, which is one of the essential requirements of ruling. The dilemma of the view that claims that Muhammad was given the task of establishing a state in addition to his duty of notification begins at this point. If Muhammad was given the duty of establishing a state by divine power, the privilege of using force on his followers should also have been given (Dabashi, 1989: 37-38).https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1319648</ref> with religion and prophethood, which are essentially advice,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadith 7, 40 Hadith an-Nawawi - Forty Hadith of an-Nawawi - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/nawawi40:7 |access-date= |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> is a controversial issue. (See also:[[Al-Baqara 256]]) The real intentions of Muhammad regarding the [[spread of Islam]], its political undertone, and his [[Dawah|missionary activity]] (''da'wah'') during his lifetime are a contentious matter of debate, which has been extensively discussed both among [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] and [[Kafir|Non-Muslim]] scholars within the academic field of [[Islamic studies]].<ref name="Poston 1992">{{cite book|author-last=Poston|author-first=Larry|year=1992|chapter=Daʻwah in the East: The Expansion of Islam from the First to the Twelfth Century, A.D.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzvnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|title=Islamic Daʻwah in the West: Muslim Missionary Activity and the Dynamics of Conversion to Islam|location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=11–12|isbn=978-0-19-507227-3|oclc=133165051}}</ref> Poston Larry states;[[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|1314 Illustration by [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid ad-Din]], depicting the [[Negus]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Medieval Abyssinia]] declining a [[Quraysh|Meccan]] delegation's request to surrender the [[Companions of the Prophet|early Muslims]].]]

{{Blockquote
|text=Was it in Muhammad's mind to produce a world religion or did his interests lie mainly within the confines of his homeland? Was he solely an [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]]—a political [[genius]] intent upon uniting the tribal clans under the banner of a new religion—or was his vision a truly international one, a desire to produce a reformed humanity in the midst of a new world order? These questions are not without significance, for a number of the proponents of contemporary da'wah activity trace their inspiration to the prophet himself.[...] Despite the claims of these writers, it is difficult to prove that Muhammad intended to found a world-encompassing faith superseding the religions of Christianity and Judaism. His original aim appears to have been the establishment of a succinctly Arab brand of [[monotheism]], as indicated by his many references to the Qurʾān as an "Arabic book" and by his accommodations to other monotheistic traditions.<ref name="Poston 1992"/>
}}

==Timeline of Islamic states==
{{for timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}}
The following timeline can serve as a rough visual guide to the most important polities in the Islamic world prior to [[World War I]]. It covers major historical centers of power and culture, including the [[Arabian peninsula]] (modern-day [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]]), [[Mesopotamia]] (modern-day [[Iraq]]), [[Persia]] (modern-day [[Iran]]), [[Levant]] (modern-day [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], and [[Palestine (region)|Israel/Palestine]]), [[Egypt]], the [[Maghreb]] (north-west Africa), the [[Sahel]], the [[Swahili Coast]], [[Somalia]], southern [[Iberia]] ([[al-Andalus]]), [[Transoxania]] ([[Central Asia]]), [[Hindustan]] (including modern-day [[North India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]]), and [[Anatolia]] (modern-day [[Turkey]]). It is necessarily an approximation, since rule over some regions was sometimes divided among different centers of power, and authority in larger polities was often distributed among several dynasties. For example, during the later stages of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], even the capital city of [[Baghdad]] was effectively ruled by other dynasties such as the [[Buyyids]] and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuks]], while the [[Ottoman Turks]] commonly delegated executive authority over [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire|outlying provinces to local potentates]], such as the [[List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers|Deys of Algiers]], the [[Beys of Tunis]], and the [[Mamluks of Iraq]].

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = width:720 height:150 left:75 bottom:20

Colors =
id:blank value:gray(0.9) #
id:rashidun value:teal #
id:umayyad value:yelloworange #
id:abbasid value:black #
id:fatimid value:green #
id:ayyubid value:orange #
id:mamluk value:gray(0.3) #
id:mongol value:powderblue #
id:seljuk value:tan1 #
id:ghaznavid value:skyblue #
id:delhi value:lightorange #
id:ottoman value:red #
id:khedive value:pink #
id:safavid value:yellowgreen #
id:qajar value:dullyellow #
id:mughal value:lavender #

Period = from:600 till:2000
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:600
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:600

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 width:11 mark:(line,black)

bar: --Region--
bar:Arabia(Hejaz)
from:632 till: 661 color:rashidun shift:(2,7) text:[[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]]
from:661 till: 750 color:umayyad shift:(17,12) text:[[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]]
from:750 till: 969 color:abbasid shift:(8,15) text:[[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]
from:969 till: 1176 color:fatimid shift:(2,10) text:[[Fatimids]]
from:1176 till: 1260 color:ayyubid shift:(2,10) text:[[Ayyubids]]
from:1260 till: 1517 color:mamluk shift:(2,10) text:[[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]]
from:1517 till: 1923 color:ottoman shift:(2,10) text:[[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]
bar:Levant
from:637 till: 661 color:rashidun
from:661 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 969 color:abbasid
from:969 till: 1070 color:fatimid
from:1070 till: 1171 color:abbasid
from:1171 till: 1260 color:ayyubid
from:1260 till: 1517 color:mamluk
from:1517 till: 1923 color:ottoman
bar:Egypt
from:637 till: 661 color:rashidun
from:661 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 969 color:abbasid
from:969 till: 1171 color:fatimid # shift:(0,-4) text:[[Fatimids]]
from:1171 till: 1260 color:ayyubid # shift:(2,-4) text:[[Ayyubids]]
from:1260 till: 1517 color:mamluk
from:1517 till: 1867 color:ottoman
from:1867 till: 1914 color:khedive shift:(20,-3) text:[[Khedivate]]
bar:Mesopotamia
from:638 till: 661 color:rashidun
from:661 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 1258 color:abbasid
from:1258 till: 1432 color:mongol shift:(2,-4) text:[[Mongols]]
from:1432 till: 1533 color:blank
from:1533 till: 1918 color:ottoman
bar:Persia
from:651 till: 661 color:rashidun
from:661 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 1220 color:abbasid
from:1220 till: 1501 color:mongol
from:1501 till: 1736 color:safavid shift:(2,-4) text:[[Safavids]]
from:1736 till: 1794 color:blank
from:1794 till: 1925 color:qajar shift:(2,-4) text:[[Qajars]]
bar:Maghreb
from:709 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 920 color:abbasid
from:920 till: 1040 color:fatimid
from:1040 till: 1517 color:blank shift:(0,-4) text:various
from:1517 till: 1911 color:ottoman
bar:al-Andalus
from:711 till: 1031 color:umayyad
from:1031 till: 1492 color:blank shift:(0,-4) text:various
bar:Transoxania
from:710 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 1220 color:abbasid
from:1220 till: 1507 color:mongol shift:(0,-4) text:[[Mongols]]
from:1507 till: 1920 color:blank shift:(0,-4) text:various
bar:Hindustan
from:712 till: 750 color:umayyad
from:750 till: 977 color:abbasid
from:977 till: 1186 color:ghaznavid shift:(0,-4) text:[[Ghaznavids]]
from:1186 till: 1206 color:blank
from:1206 till: 1526 color:delhi shift:(0,-4) text:[[Delhi Sultanate]]
from:1526 till: 1857 color:mughal shift:(0,-4) text:[[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
bar:Anatolia
from:1077 till: 1300 color:seljuk shift:(0,-4) text:[[Sultanate of Rum]]
from:1300 till: 1923 color:ottoman
</timeline>

::: ''Dates are approximate, consult particular articles for details.''

==Rashidun Caliphate==
{{Main|Rashidun Caliphate}}

{{Further|Rashidun|Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman}}
{{See also|Canonization of Islamic scripture|Political aspects of Islam}}
[[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG|thumb|upright|250px|Empire of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rāshidūn Caliphate]] at its peak under the third ''[[Rashidun|rāshidūn]]'' caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan|ʿUthmān]] (654 CE) {{legend|#008000|Strongholds of the Rāshidūn Caliphate}}]]

After the [[death of Muhammad]] in 632 CE, his community needed to appoint a new leader, giving rise to the title of ''[[caliph]]'' ({{langx|ar|خَليفة|translit=khalīfa|lit=successor}}).<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Lewis1995a"/><ref name="Polk 2018"/> Thus, the subsequent Islamic empires were known as "[[caliphate]]s",<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Lewis1995a"/><ref name="Pakatchi-Ahmadi 2017">{{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Pakatchi|author1-first=Ahmad|author2-last=Ahmadi|author2-first=Abuzar|year=2017|title=Caliphate|translator-last=Asatryan|translator-first=Mushegh|editor1-last=Madelung|editor1-first=Wilferd|editor2-last=Daftary|editor2-first=Farhad|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000066|issn=1875-9823}}</ref> and a series of four caliphs governed the early Islamic empire: [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]] (632–634), [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]] (Umar І, 634–644), [[Uthman ibn Affan|ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān]] (644–656), and [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] (656–661). These leaders are known as the ''[[Rashidun|rāshidūn]]'' ("rightly-guided") caliphs in [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī Islam]].<ref name="Lewis1995a"/> They oversaw the initial phase of the [[early Muslim conquests]], advancing through [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia]], [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|the Levant]], [[Muslim invasion of Egypt|Egypt]], and [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|North Africa]].<ref name="Lewis1995a"/>

Alongside the growth of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], the major political development within early Islam in this period was the sectarian split and political divide between [[Kharijites|Kharijite]], [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī]], and [[Shia Islam|Shīʿa]] [[Muslims]]; this had its roots in a dispute over the succession for the role of caliph.<ref name="Van-Ess 2017"/><ref name="Izutsu 2006"/> Sunnīs believed the caliph was elective and any Muslim from the Arab clan of [[Quraysh]], the tribe of Muhammad, might serve as one.<ref name="Lewis1995b"/> Shīʿītes, on the other hand, believed the title of caliph should be hereditary in the [[Ahl al-Bayt|bloodline of Muhammad]],<ref name="jaarel 2015">{{cite journal|last=Foody|first=Kathleen|date=September 2015|title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran|editor-last=Jain|editor-first=Andrea R.|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]|volume=83|issue=3|pages=599–623|doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029|doi-access=free|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]]|eissn=1477-4585|issn=0002-7189|jstor=24488178|lccn=sc76000837|oclc=1479270|quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, [[Muhammad]] not only designated [[Ali|ʿAlī]] as his friend, but appointed him as his [[Succession to Muhammad|successor]]—as the "lord" or "master" of the new [[Ummah|Muslim community]]. ʿAlī and [[Family tree of Ali|his descendants]] would become known as [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|the Imams]], divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted [[Tafsir|special insight into the Qurʾanic text]]. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over [[Islamic holy books|Islamic texts]] and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the [[Occultation (Islam)|disappearance]] of the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|twelfth and final Imam]] in the ninth century.}}</ref> and thus all the caliphs, with the exceptions of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] and his firstborn son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Ḥasan]], were actually illegitimate [[usurper]]s.<ref name="Lewis1995b"/> However, the Sunnī sect emerged as triumphant in most regions of the [[Muslim world]], with the exceptions of [[Iran]] and [[Oman]]. [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's closest companions]] (''ṣaḥāba''), the four "[[Rashidun|rightly-guided]]" caliphs who succeeded him, continued to expand the Islamic empire to encompass [[Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)|Jerusalem]], [[Siege of Ctesiphon (637)|Ctesiphon]], and [[Muslim invasion of Damascus|Damascus]], and sending Arab Muslim armies as far as the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Sindh region]].<ref>[http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050930020401/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg|date=30 September 2005}}</ref> The early Islamic empire stretched from [[al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) to the [[Muslim invasion of India|Punjab region]] under the reign of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad dynasty]].

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from: 632 till: 633 color:lightgrey shift:(7,-3) text:[[Ridda wars]]
from: 633 till: 656 color:lightgrey shift:(7,-3) text:[[Rashidun Caliphate|Rāshidūn Campaigns]]
from: 656 till: 661 color:lightgrey text:[[First Fitna]]
from: 661 till: 666 color:lightgrey shift:(7,-3) text:[[Umayyad accession]]
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from: 632 till: 634 color:age text:[[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]]
from: 634 till: 644 color:era text:[[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]]
from: 644 till: 656 color:age text:[[Uthman ibn Affan|ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān]]
from: 656 till: 661 color:era text:[[Ali ibn Abi Talib|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]]
from: 661 till: 666 color:age text:[[Muawiyah I|Muʿāwiya I]]
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After Muhammad's death, [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]], one of his closest associates, was chosen as the first [[caliph]] ("successor"). Although the office of caliph retained an aura of religious authority, it laid no claim to prophecy.<ref name="Lewis1995a"/><ref name="Hourani22"/> A number of [[Tribes of Arabia|tribal Arab leaders]] refused to extend the agreements made with Muhammad to Abū Bakr, ceasing payments of the alms levy and in some cases claiming to be prophets in their own right.<ref name="Hourani22">{{cite book|author=Albert Hourani|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA15|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=22–23|isbn=978-0-674-01017-8}}</ref> Abū Bakr asserted his authority in a successful military campaign known as the [[Ridda wars]], whose momentum was carried into the lands of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] empires.<ref>"The immediate outcome of the Muslim victories was turmoil. Medina's victories led allied tribes to attack the non-aligned to compensate for their own losses. The pressure drove tribes [...] across the imperial frontiers. The Bakr tribe, which had defeated a Persian detachment in 606, joined forces with the Muslims and led them on a raid in southern Iraq [...] A similar spilling over of tribal raiding occurred on the Syrian frontiers. Abu Bakr encouraged these movements [...] What began as inter-tribal skirmishing to consolidate a political confederation in Arabia ended as a full-scale war against the two empires."{{Harvtxt|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref> By the end of the reign of the second caliph [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]], the Arab Muslim armies, whose battle-hardened ranks were now swelled by the defeated rebels<ref>"In dealing with captured leaders Abu Bakr showed great clemency, and many became active supporters of the cause of Islam." W. Montgomery Watt, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed.'', "Abu Bakr", vol. 1, p. 110. "Umar's subsequent decision (reversing the exclusionary policy of Abu Bakr) to allow those tribes which had rebelled during the course of the Ridda wars and been subdued to participate in the expanding incursions into and attacks on the Fertile Crescent [...] incorporated the defeated Arabs into the polity as Muslims." {{Harvtxt|Berkey|2003|p=71}}</ref> and former imperial auxiliary troops,<ref>[N]on-Muslim sources allow us to perceive an additional advantage, namely, that Arabs had been serving in the armies of Byzantium and Persia long before Islam; they had acquired valuable training in the weaponry and military tactics of the empires and had become to some degree acculturated to their ways. In fact, these sources hint that we should view many in Muhammad's west Arabian coalition, its settled members as well as its nomads, not so much as outsiders seeking to despoil the empires but as insiders trying to grab a share of the wealth of their imperial masters.{{Harvtxt|Hoyland|2014|p=227}}</ref> [[Arab–Byzantine wars|invaded the eastern Byzantine provinces of Syria and Egypt]], while [[Muslim conquest of Persia|the Sasanids lost their western territories]], with the rest of Persia to follow soon afterwards.<ref name="Hourani22"/>
[[File:First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanid style]] coins during the Rashidun period,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Album|author1-first=Stephen|author2-last=Bates|author2-first=Michael L.|author3-last=Floor|author3-first=Willem|author3-link=Willem Floor|title=COINS AND COINAGE|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-|volume=VI/1|pages=14–41|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=30 December 2012|orig-date=15 December 1992|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_7783|doi-access=free|issn=2330-4804|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517020427/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=live|quote=As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the ''drahms'' of the Sasanian emperors, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like ''besmellāh'' in the margins. [...] In the year 79/698 reformed Islamic dirhams with inscriptions and no images replaced the Sasanian types at nearly all mints. During this transitional period in the 690s specifically Muslim inscriptions appeared on the coins for the first time; previously Allāh (God) had been mentioned but not the prophet Moḥammad, and there had been no reference to any Islamic doctrines. Owing to civil unrest (e.g., the revolt of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Ašʿaṯ, q.v., against Ḥajjāj in 81/701), coins of Sasanian type continued to be issued at certain mints in Fārs, Kermān, and Sīstān, but by 84/703 these mints had either been closed down or converted to production of the new dirhams. The latest known Arab-Sasanian coin, an extraordinary issue, is dated 85/704-05, though some mints in the east, still outside Muslim control, continued producing imitation Arab-Sasanian types for perhaps another century.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> unlike known historical figures such as [[Ibn Zubayr]] and [[Mu'awiya I]], there are no coins minted in the name of these caliphs that could be evidence of [[Hegemony|political predominancy]]. ([[Crescent and star (symbol)|crescent-star]], [[fire altar]], depictions of [[Khosrow II]], Arabic ''[[Basmala|bismillāh]]'' in margin)]]

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb improved the administration of the fledgling Islamic empire, ordering improvement of irrigation networks, and playing a role in foundation of cities like [[Basra]]. To be close to the poor, he lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, ʿUmar established the ''[[Bayt al-mal]]'',<ref>{{cite book|author=Abdul Basit Ahmad|title=Umar bin Al Khattab – The Second Caliph of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWp8aeuqKaYC&pg=PT43|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-861-08-1|page=43|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Khalid Muhammad Khalid|author2=Muhammad Khali Khalid|title=Men Around the Messenger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-uN7tDGSZMC&pg=PA20|date=2005|publisher=The Other Press|isbn=978-983-9154-73-3|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Maulana Muhammad Ali|title=The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQxYnAykK6sC&pg=PT132|date=8 August 2011|publisher=eBookIt.com|isbn=978-1-934271-22-3|page=132}}</ref> a welfare institution for the Muslim and [[Kafir|Non-Muslim]] poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The ''Bayt al-mal'' ran for hundreds of years under the Rāshidūn Caliphate in the 7th century CE and continued through the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad period]] and well into the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid era]]. ʿUmar also introduced child benefit for the children and pensions for the elderly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Al-Buraey|title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA254|year=1985|publisher=KPI|isbn=978-0-7103-0333-2|page=254}}</ref><ref>''The challenge of Islamic renaissance'' by Syed Abdul Quddus</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Al-Buraey|title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA252|year=1985|publisher=KPI|isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1|page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ahmed Akgündüz|author2=Said Öztürk|title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnT_zhqEe5cC&pg=PA539|date=1 January 2011|publisher=IUR Press|isbn=978-90-90-26108-9|page=539}}</ref> When he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth or did not meet the required administrative standards, he had him removed from his position.<ref name="Brill Archive">{{cite book|author1=Sami Ayad Hanna|author2=George H. Gardner|title=Arab Socialism. [al-Ishtirakīyah Al-ʻArabīyah]: A Documentary Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271|year=1969|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=271–|id=GGKEY:EDBBNXAKPQ2}}</ref> The expansion was partially halted between 638 and 639 CE during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and the Levant, respectively, but by the end of ʿUmar's reign, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and much of Persia were incorporated into the early Islamic empire.

Local populations of [[Jews]] and [[Arab Christians|indigenous Christians]], who lived as religious minorities and were forced to pay the ''[[jizya]]'' tax under the Muslim rule in order to finance the wars with Byzantines and Sasanids, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Esposito|2000|p=38}}</ref><ref>Hofmann (2007), p. 86</ref> As new areas were conquered, they also benefited from free trade with other areas of the growing Islamic empire, where, to encourage commerce, taxes were applied to wealth rather than trade.<ref>''Islam: An Illustrated History'' by Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay p. 40</ref> The Muslims paid ''[[zakat]]'' on their wealth for the benefit of the poor. Since the [[Constitution of Medina]], drafted by the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws and had their own judges.<ref>{{cite journal|author=R. B. Serjeant|title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1978|volume=41|pages=1–42|s2cid=161485671}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=R. B. Serjeant|title=The Constitution of Medina|journal=Islamic Quarterly|volume=8|year=1964|page=4}}</ref>

In 639 CE, ʿUmar appointed [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]] as the governor of [[Muslim invasion of Syria|Syria]] after the previous governor died in a plague along with 25,000 other people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilferd Madelung|title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC|date=15 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64696-3|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Rahman|1999|p=40}}</ref> To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]], in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy, with ships crewed by [[Monophysitism|Monophysite Christians]], [[Copts|Egyptian Coptic Christians]], and [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Syrian Christians]] sailors and Muslim troops, which defeated the Byzantine navy at the [[Battle of the Masts]] in 655 CE, opening up the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to Muslim ships.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archibald Ross Lewis|title=European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIRDbARyWIC&pg=PA24|year=1985|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32082-7|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Leonard Michael Kroll|title=History of the Jihad: Islam Versus Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAPc3mYwZpIC&pg=PA123|date=2005|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-5730-3|page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Timothy E. Gregory|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&pg=PA183|date=26 August 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5997-8|page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Weston|title=Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA61|date=28 July 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18257-4|page=61}}</ref>

[[File:Byzantiumby650AD.svg|thumb|270px|upright|left|Eastern territories of the [[Byzantine Empire]] invaded by the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab Muslims]] during the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] (650 CE)]]
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because ʿUmar feared that they may get attracted to wealth and luxury, moving away from the worship of God, accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties.<ref name="Brill Archive"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Khalid Muhammad Khalid|author2=Muhammad Khali Khalid|title=Men Around the Messenger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-uN7tDGSZMC&pg=PA117|date=February 2005|publisher=The Other Press|isbn=978-983-9154-73-3|page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Peter Malcolm Holt|author3=Ann K. S. Lambton|author4=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfQWT_esc5cC&pg=PA605|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29138-5|page=605}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Maulana Muhammad Ali|title=The Early Caliphate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flg-UX6fOdkC&pg=PT101|date=9 August 2011|publisher=eBookIt.com|isbn=978-1-934271-25-4|page=101}}</ref> Staying in these encampments away from the cities also ensured that there was no stress on the local populations which could remain autonomous. Some of these encampments later grew into cities like [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Fustat]] in Egypt.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Rahman|1999|p=37}}</ref>

When ʿUmar was assassinated in 644 CE, [[Uthman ibn Affan|ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān]], second cousin and twice son-in-law of Muhammad, became the third caliph. As the Arabic language is written without vowels, speakers of [[Varieties of Arabic|different Arabic dialects]] and other languages recited the Quran with phonetic variations that could alter the meaning of the text. When ʿUthmān became aware of this, he ordered a standard copy of the Quran to be prepared. Begun during his reign, the [[History of the Quran|compilation of the Quran]] was finished some time between 650 and 656 CE, and copies were sent out to the different centers of the expanding Islamic empire.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie; Barbar Rivolta (Summer, 1992). "Islamic Calligraphy". ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', New Series 50 (1): 3.</ref> After Muhammad's death, the old tribal differences between the [[Arabs]] started to resurface. Following the [[Roman–Persian wars]] and the [[Byzantine-Sasanian wars]], deep-rooted differences between [[Muslim invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] (formerly under the [[Sasanian Empire]]) and [[Muslim invasion of Syria|Syria]] (formerly under the [[Byzantine Empire]]) also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic empire to be in their area.<ref>''Iraq a Complicated State: Iraq's Freedom War'' by Karim M. S. Al-Zubaidi p. 32</ref>

As ʿUthmān became very old, [[Marwan I]], a relative of Muawiyah slipped into the vacuum, becoming his secretary and slowly assuming more control. When ʿUthmān was assassinated in 656 CE, [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]], cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, assumed the position of caliph and moved the capital to Kufa in Iraq. Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, and Marwan I demanded arrest of the culprits. Conflict resulted in the [[First Fitna|first Muslim civil war]] (the "First Fitna"). ʿAlī was assassinated by the [[Kharijites]] in 661 CE. Six months later, ʿAlī's firstborn son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Ḥasan]] made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I, in the interest of peace. In the [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty]], Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī handed over power to Muawiyah I on the condition that he would be just to the people and not establish a dynasty after his death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilferd Madelung|title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64696-3|page=232}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_3_49.php|title=Sahih Bukhari: Book of "Peacemaking"|first=Sahih|last=Bukhari}}</ref> Muawiyah I subsequently broke the conditions of the agreement and established the [[Umayyad dynasty]], with a capital in [[Damascus]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Holt|1977a|pp=67–72}}</ref> [[Husayn ibn Ali|Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī]], by then Muhammad's only surviving grandson, refused to swear allegiance to the Umayyads; he was killed in the [[Battle of Karbala]] the same year, in an event still mourned by [[Shia Islam|Shīʿa Muslims]] on the [[Day of Ashura]]. Political unrest called the [[Second Fitna|second Muslim civil war]] (the "Second Fitna") continued, but Muslim rule was extended under Muawiyah I to [[Rhodes]], [[Crete]], [[Kabul]], [[Bukhara]], and [[Samarkand]], and expanded into [[North Africa]]. In 664 CE, Arab Muslim armies conquered [[Kabul]],<ref>Roberts, J: ''History of the World''. Penguin, 1994.</ref> and in 665 CE pushed further into the [[Maghreb]].<ref>Dermenghem, E. (1958). ''Muhammad and the Islamic tradition''. New York: Harper Brothers. p. 183.</ref>

==Umayyad Caliphate==
{{main|Umayyad Caliphate}}

[[File:Greek Muawiya inscription of Hammat Gader, 663 AD.png|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=A black and white scan of a 7th-century stone plaque inscribed in Greek with credits to a sovereign ruler for restoring a bath facility|A Greek inscription crediting Mu'awiya for restoring the Roman-era bath facilities at [[Hamat Gader]] in 663, the sole epigraphic attestation of Mu'awiya's rule in [[Syria (region)|Syria]]]]

The Umayyad dynasty (or Ommiads), whose name derives from [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams]], the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph, ruled from 661 to 750 CE. Although the Umayyad family came from the city of [[Mecca]], [[Damascus]] was the capital. After the death of [[Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr]] in 666,<ref>''The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate'' by Wilferd Madelung. p. 340.</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: A-I'', Volume 1 edited by R. Khanam. p. 543</ref> [[Muawiyah I]] consolidated his power. Muawiyah I moved his capital to Damascus from [[Medina]], which led to profound changes in the empire. In the same way, at a later date, the transfer of the Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad marked the accession of a new family to power.

As the state grew, the state expenses increased. Additionally the [[Bayt al-mal]] and the Welfare State expenses to assist the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled, increased, the Umayyads asked the new converts (mawali) to continue paying the poll tax. The Umayyad rule, with its wealth and luxury also seemed at odds with the Islamic message preached by Muhammad.<ref>''Islam and Politics'' John L. Esposito 1998 p. 16</ref><ref>''Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-Al-Rashid's Codification Project'' by Benjamin Jokisch – 2007 p. 404</ref><ref>''The Byzantine And Early Islamic Near East'' Hugh N. Kennedy – 2006 p. 197</ref> All this increased discontent.<ref>''A Chronology of Islamic History'' by H. U. Rahman pp. 106, 129</ref><ref>''Voyages in World History'' by Josef W. Meri p. 248</ref> The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of the general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid dynasty]] in 750, which moved the capital to [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}; {{Harvtxt|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}}</ref> A branch of the [[Ummayad]] family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the [[Fitna of al-Andalus]]. The Bayt al-mal, the Welfare State then continued under the Abbasids.
[[File:Umayyad750ADloc.png|thumb|upright|250px|Territories of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]]]

At its largest extent, the Umayyad dynasty covered more than {{convert|5000000|sqmi}} making it one of the [[List of largest empires|largest empires]] the world had yet seen,<ref name=Blankinship>{{Cite book|title=The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads|first=Khalid Yahya|last=Blankinship|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7|page=37}}</ref> and the fifth [[List of largest empires#Contiguous empires|largest contiguous empire]] ever.

Muawiyah beautified Damascus, and developed a court to rival that of [[Constantinople]]. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, reaching the edge of Constantinople at one point, though the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] drove him back and he was unable to hold any territory in [[Anatolia]]. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post-[[civil war]] anarchy. However, [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] accuse him of instigating the war, weakening the Muslim nation by dividing the [[Ummah]], fabricating self-aggrandizing [[heresy|heresies]]<ref>[http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/muawiya/en/chap8.php answering-ansar.org. ch 8.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622044557/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/muawiya/en/chap8.php |date=22 June 2011 }}</ref> slandering [[Muhammad]]'s family<ref>[http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/muawiya/en/chap7.php answering-ansar.org. ch 7.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622045815/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/muawiya/en/chap7.php |date=22 June 2011 }}</ref> and even selling his Muslim critics into slavery in the Byzantine empire.<ref>''Kokab wa Rifi Fazal-e-Ali Karam Allah Wajhu'', Page 484, by Syed Mohammed Subh-e-Kashaf AlTirmidhi, Urdu translation by Syed Sharif Hussein Sherwani Sabzawari, Published by Aloom AlMuhammed, number B12 Shadbagh, Lahore, 1 January 1963. p. 484.</ref> One of Muawiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son Yazid as his successor. According to Shi'a doctrine, this was a clear violation of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali.
In 682, Yazid restored [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] as the governor of North Africa. Uqba won battles against the [[Berber people|Berbers]] and Byzantines.<ref>History of the Arab by Philip K Hitti</ref> From there Uqba marched thousands of miles westward towards [[Tangier]], where he reached the Atlantic coast, and then marched eastwards through the [[Atlas Mountains]].<ref>History of Islam by prof.Masudul Hasan</ref> With about 300 [[cavalry]]men, he proceeded towards Biskra where he was ambushed by a Berber force under Kaisala. Uqba and all his men died fighting. The Berbers attacked and drove Muslims from north Africa for a period.<ref>The Empire of the Arabs by sir John Glubb</ref> Weakened by the civil wars, the Umayyad lost supremacy at sea, and had to abandon the islands of [[Rhodes]] and [[Crete]]. Under the rule of [[Yazid I]], some Muslims in Kufa began to think that if [[Husayn ibn Ali]] the descendant of Muhammad was their ruler, he would have been more just. He was invited to Kufa but was later betrayed and killed. Imam Husain's son, Imam [[Ali ibn Husain]], was imprisoned along with Husain's sister and other ladies left in [[Karbala]] war. Due to opposition by public they were later released and allowed to go to their native place Medina. One Imam after another continued in the generation of Imam Husain but they were opposed by the Caliphs of the day as their rivals till Imam [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah]] came in power as first Caliph of [[Fatimid]] in North Africa when Caliphate and Imamate came to same person again after Imam Ali. These Imams were recognized by Shia Islam taking Imam Ali as first Caliph/Imam and the same is institutionalized by the [[Safavids]] and many similar institutions named now as [[Ismaili]], [[Twelver]], etc.
[[File:Second Fitna Territorial Control Map ca 686.svg|300px|thumb|Territory controlled by the contenders to the caliphate in 686, at the peak of the civil war.]]

The period under [[Muawiya II]] was marked by civil wars ([[Second Fitna]]). This would ease in the reign of [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], a well-educated and capable ruler. Despite the many political problems that impeded his rule, all important records were translated into Arabic. In his reign, a [[currency]] for the Muslim world was minted. This led to war with the Byzantine Empire under [[Justinian II]] ([[Battle of Sebastopolis]]) in 692 in [[Asia Minor]]. The Byzantines were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of [[Slavs]]. The Islamic currency was then made the exclusive currency in the Muslim world.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} He reformed agriculture and commerce.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Abd al-Malik consolidated Muslim rule and extended it, made Arabic the state language, and organized a regular [[postal service]].
[[File:Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, vue d'ensemble.jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque of Uqba]] (Great Mosque of Kairouan), founded by the Umayyad general Uqba Ibn Nafi in 670, is the oldest and most prestigious mosque in the Muslim West; its present form dates from the 9th century, [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]].]]
Under Al-Walid, the caliphate empire stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to India. [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] played a crucial role in the organization and selection of military commanders. Al-Walid paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad era. This tactic was crucial for the expansion to the Iberian Peninsula. His reign is considered to be the apex of Islamic power.

[[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] was hailed as caliph the day al-Walid died. He appointed [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] governor of [[Mesopotamia]]. Sulayman ordered the arrest and execution of the family of [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|al-Hajjaj]], one of two prominent leaders (the other was [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]]) who had supported the succession of al-Walid's son Yazid, rather than Sulayman. Al-Hajjaj had predeceased al-Walid, so he posed no threat. Qutaibah renounced allegiance to Sulayman, though his troops rejected his appeal to revolt. They killed him and sent his head to Sulayman. Sulayman did not move to [[Damascus]] on becoming Caliph, remaining in [[Ramla]]. Sulayman sent [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik]] to attack the Byzantine capital ([[Siege of Constantinople (717–18)|siege of Constantinople]]). The intervention of [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] on the Byzantine side proved decisive. The Muslims sustained heavy losses. Sulayman died suddenly in 717.

[[Yazid II]] came to power on the death of Umar II. Yazid fought the Kharijites, with whom Umar had been negotiating, and killed the Kharijite leader Shawdhab. In Yazid's reign, civil wars began in different parts of the empire.<ref>In the Al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula), North Africa and in the east populations revolted. In A.H. 102 (720–721) in Ifriqiyah, the harsh governor Yazid ibn Muslim was overthrown and Muhammad ibn Yazid, the former governor, restored to power. The caliph accepted this and confirmed Muhammad ibn Yazid as governor of Ifriqiyah.</ref> Yazid expanded the Caliphate's territory into the Caucasus, before dying in 724. Inheriting the caliphate from his brother, [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] ruled an empire with many problems. He was effective in addressing these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and renewed reforms introduced by Umar II. Under Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantines continued. In North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with local restlessness to produce the [[Berber Revolt]]. He was also faced with a revolt by [[Zayd ibn Ali]]. Hisham suppressed both revolts. The Abbasids continued to gain power in Khurasan and Iraq. However, they were not strong enough to make a move yet. Some were caught and punished or executed by eastern governors. The [[Battle of Akroinon]], a decisive Byzantine victory, was during the final campaign of the Umayyad dynasty.<ref>*Eggenberger, David (1985). ''An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC. to the Present''. Courier Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-24913-1}} p. 3.</ref> Hisham died in 743.
[[File:The Saracen Army outside Paris, 730-32 AD.png|thumb|Umayyad army invades France after conquering the Iberian Peninsula]] [[Al-Walid I]] began the next stage of Islamic conquests. Under him the early Islamic empire reached its farthest extent. He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire and moved on into [[Carthage]] and across to the west of North Africa. Muslim armies under [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]] crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and began to [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|conquer the Iberian Peninsula]] using North African [[Berber people|Berber]] armies. The [[Visigoths]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] were defeated when the Umayyad conquered [[Lisbon]]. The Iberian Peninsula was the farthest extent of Islamic control of Europe (they were stopped at the [[Battle of Tours]]). In the east, Islamic armies under [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]] made it as far as the [[Indus Valley]].
[[Al-Walid II]] saw political intrigue during his reign. [[Yazid III]] spoke out against his cousin Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the [[Qays and Yaman tribes|Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis]] and [[Mawali|non-Arab Muslims]], and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human [[free will]]).<ref>von Ess, "Kadar", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' 2nd Ed.</ref> Walid was shortly thereafter deposed in a [[coup]].<ref>Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, ''Seeing Islam as Others Saw It'' (Darwin Press, 1998), 660</ref> Yazid disbursed funds from the treasury and acceded to the Caliph. He explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the [[Quran|Book of God]] and the Sunna. Yazid reigned for only six months, while various groups refused allegiance and dissident movements arose, after which he died. [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid]], named heir apparent by his brother Yazid III, ruled for a short time in 744, before he abdicated. [[Marwan II]] ruled from 744 until he was killed in 750. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus. Marwan named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdallah heirs. He appointed governors and asserted his authority by force. Anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. His death signalled the end of Umayyad rule in the East, and was followed by the massacre of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the talented prince [[Abd al-Rahman I|Abd al-Rahman]] who escaped to the Iberian Peninsula and founded a dynasty there.

== Abbasid Caliphate ==
{{Main|Abbasid Caliphate}}

[[File:Abbasids850.png|thumb|[[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the [[850s]]]]
The [[Abbasid dynasty]] rose to power in 750, consolidating the gains of the earlier [[Caliphate]]s. Initially, they conquered [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean islands]] including the [[Balearics]] and, after, in 827 the [[Islamic Southern Italy|Southern Italy]].<ref name="EoI-Islam">J. Jomier. Islam: Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. accessdate=2007-05-02</ref> The [[ruling party]] had come to power on the wave of dissatisfaction with the Umayyads, cultivated by the Abbasid revolutionary [[Abu Muslim]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Holt|1977a|p=105}}</ref> Under the Abbasids Islamic civilization flourished. Most notable was the development of Arabic [[Arabic literature|prose]] and [[Arabic poetry|poetry]], termed by ''The Cambridge History of Islam'' as its "[[Golden Age of Islam|golden age]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Holt|1977b|pp=661–63}}</ref> Commerce and industry (considered a [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution]]) and the [[Islamic arts|arts]] and sciences (considered a [[Islamic science|Muslim Scientific Revolution]]) also prospered under Abbasid caliphs [[al-Mansur]] (ruled 754–775), [[Harun al-Rashid]] (ruled 786–809), [[al-Ma'mun]] (ruled 809–813) and their immediate successors.<ref name="B.a-d">"Abbasid Dynasty", ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2005)</ref> Many non-Muslims, such as [[Christians]], [[Jews]] and [[Sabians]],<ref name="Brague 2009"/> [[Christian influences on the Islamic world|contributed to the Islamic civilization]] in various fields,<ref>Hill, Donald. ''Islamic Science and Engineering''. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-7486-0455-3}}, p.4</ref><ref>Rémi Brague, [http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> and the institution known as the [[House of Wisdom]] employed [[List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world|Christian]] and [[List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars|Persian scholars]] to both translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.<ref>Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 "Medieval Islamic Civilization". Vol. 1 Index A–K]. 2006, p. 304.</ref><ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi|last=Brague|year=2009|isbn=9780226070803|page=164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref>
[[File:Dinar of al-Mansur, AH 136-158.jpg|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mansur]] (r. 754–775) the founder of [[Baghdad]], ''patron of art and science'']]
The capital was moved from Damascus to [[Baghdad]], due to the importance placed by the Abbasids upon eastern affairs in [[Persia]] and [[Transoxania]].<ref name="B.a-d" /> At this time the caliphate showed signs of fracture amid the rise of regional dynasties. Although the Umayyad family had been killed by the revolting Abbasids, one family member, [[Abd ar-Rahman I]], escaped to Spain and established an independent caliphate there in 756. In the [[Maghreb]], Harun al-Rashid appointed the Arab [[Aghlabid]]s as virtually autonomous rulers, although they continued to recognize central authority. Aghlabid rule was short-lived, and they were deposed by the [[Shiite]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty in 909. By around 960, the Fatimids had conquered Abbasid Egypt, building a capital there in 973 called "''al-Qahirah''" (meaning "the planet of victory", known today as [[Cairo]]).

During its decline, the Abbasid Caliphate disintegrated into minor states and dynasties, such as the [[Tulunid]] and the [[Ghaznavid|Ghaznavid dynasty]]. The Ghaznavid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty established by [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[ghilman|slave-soldiers]] from another Islamic empire, the [[Samanid Empire]]. In Persia the Ghaznavids snatched power from the Abbasids.<ref name="B-I">"Islam", ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2005)</ref><ref name = "AHGC"/> Abbasid influence had been consumed by the [[Great Seljuq Empire]] (a Muslim Turkish clan which had migrated into mainland Persia) by 1055.<ref name="B.a-d" /> Two other Turkish tribes, the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karahanids]] and the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]], converted to Islam during the 10th century. Later, they were subdued by the Ottomans, who share the same origin and language. The Seljuks played an important role in the revival of Sunnism when Shi'ism increased its influence. The Seljuk military leader [[Alp Arslan]] (1063 – 1072) financially supported sciences and literature and established the [[Nizamiyya of Baghdad]].<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' [[Walter de Gruyter]] 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref>

Expansion continued, sometimes by force, sometimes by peaceful [[Dawah|proselytising]].<ref name="EoI-Islam"/> The first stage in the [[Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent|conquest of India]] began just before the year 1000. By some 200 (from 1193 to 1209) years later, the area up to the [[Ganges river]] had fallen. In sub-Saharan West Africa, Islam was established just after the year 1000. Muslim rulers were in [[Kanem Region|Kanem]] starting from sometime between 1081 and 1097, with reports of a Muslim prince at the head of [[Gao]] as early as 1009. The [[Mali Empire|Islamic kingdoms associated with Mali]] reached prominence in the 13th century.<ref>"Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</ref>

The Abbasids developed initiatives aimed at greater Islamic unity. Different sects of the Islamic faith and mosques, separated by doctrine, history, and practice, were pushed to cooperate. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking the Umayyads' moral character and administration. According to [[Ira Lapidus]], "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Marw with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their [[Mawali]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=54}}</ref> The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as ''mawali'', who remained outside the [[kinship]]-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Islamic [[ecumenism]], promoted by the Abbasids, refers to the idea of unity of the ''[[Ummah]]'' in the literal meaning: that there was a single faith. Islamic philosophy developed as the [[Shariah]] was codified, and the four [[Madhabs]] were established. This era also saw the rise of classical [[Sufism]]. Religious achievements included completion of the canonical collections of [[Hadith]] of [[Sahih Bukhari]] and others.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2003|p=121}}</ref> Islam recognized to a certain extent the validity of the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, the Quran identifying [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Christianity|Christian]]s, [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], and [[Sabians]] (commonly identified with the [[Mandaeans]]) as "[[people of the book]]". Toward the beginning of the high Middle Ages, the doctrines of the [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]], two major [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations of Islam]], solidified and the [[divisions of the world in Islam|divisions of the world]] theologically would form. These trends would continue into the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods.

Politically, the Abbasid Caliphate evolved into an Islamic [[monarchy]] ([[unitary state|unitary system of government]].) The regional [[Sultanate]] and [[Emirate]] governors' existence, validity, or legality were acknowledged for unity of the state.<ref>{{harvnb|Khaddūrī|2002|pp=21–22}}</ref> In the [[early Islamic philosophy]] of the [[#Al-Andalus|Iberian Umayyads]], [[Averroes]] presented an argument in ''The Decisive Treatise'', providing a justification for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official [[Ash'ari]] theology; thus, [[Averroism]] has been considered a precursor to modern [[secularism]].<ref>Abdel Wahab El Messeri. [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/tvtk/ch21.htm Episode 21: Ibn Rushd], ''Everything you wanted to know about Islam but was afraid to Ask'', ''Philosophia Islamica''.</ref><ref>Fauzi M. Najjar (Spring, 1996). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628121624/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n2_v18/ai_18627295/pg_13 The debate on Islam and secularism in Egypt], ''Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ)''.</ref>

===Golden Baghdad Abbasids===
''Early Middle Ages''

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According to Arab sources in the year 750, [[Al-Saffah]], the founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, launched a massive rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate from the province of Khurasan near Talas. After eliminating the entire Umayyad family and achieving victory at the [[Battle of the Zab]], Al-Saffah and his forces marched into Damascus and founded a new dynasty. His forces confronted many regional powers and consolidated the realm of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref>for more, see [[As-Saffah#As-Saffah's Caliphate|As-Saffah's Caliphate]]</ref>
[[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|An Arabic manuscript written under the second half of the Abbasid Era.]]
In [[Al-Mansur]]'s time, Persian scholarship emerged. Many non-Arabs converted to Islam. The Umayyads actively discouraged conversion in order to continue the collection of the jizya, or the tax on non-Muslims. Islam nearly doubled within its territory from 8% of residents in 750 to 15% by the end of Al-Mansur's reign. [[Al-Mahdi]], whose name means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. Baghdad blossomed during Al-Mahdi's reign, becoming the world's largest city. It attracted immigrants from Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Persia and as far away as India and Spain. Baghdad was home to Christians, Jews, Hindus, and Zoroastrians, in addition to the growing Muslim population. Like his father, [[Al-Hadi]]<ref>An universal history: from the earliest accounts to the present time, Volume 2 By George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=taoEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA319 p. 319]</ref> was open to his people and allowed citizens to address him in the palace at Baghdad. He was considered an "enlightened ruler", and continued the policies of his Abbasid predecessors. His short rule was plagued by military conflicts and internal intrigue.

The military conflicts subsided as [[Harun al-Rashid]] ruled.<ref>Chamber's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, Volume 5. W. & R. Chambers, 1890. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA567 p. 567].</ref> His reign was marked by scientific, cultural and religious prosperity. He established the library [[Bayt al-Hikma]] ("House of Wisdom"), and the arts and music flourished during his reign. The [[Barmakid]] family played a decisive advisorial role in establishing the Caliphate, but declined during Rashid's rule.<ref>Johannes P. Schadé (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Religions.</ref>

[[Al-Amin]] received the Caliphate from his father Harun Al-Rashid, but failed to respect the arrangements made for his brothers, leading to the [[Fourth Fitna]]. [[Al-Ma'mun]]'s general [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] [[Siege of Baghdad (812–813)|took Baghdad]], executing Al-Amin.<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] History volume xxxi, "The War Between Brothers," transl. Michael Fishbein, SUNY, Albany, 1992</ref> The war led to a loss of prestige for the dynasty.

=== Rise of regional powers ===
{{Further|Anarchy at Samarra}}
[[File:EditedStattering.png|thumb|Regional powers born out of the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate]]
The Abbasids soon became caught in a three-way rivalry among [[Copt]]ic Arabs, [[Indo-Persian]]s, and immigrant Turks.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2003|pp=121–22}}</ref> In addition, the cost of running a large empire became too great.<ref>{{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=129}}</ref> The Turks, Egyptians, and Arabs adhered to the Sunnite sect; the Persians, a great portion of the Turkic groups, and several of the princes in India were Shia. The political unity of Islam began to disintegrate. Under the influence of the Abbasid caliphs, independent dynasties appeared in the Muslim world and the caliphs recognized such dynasties as legitimately Muslim. The first was the [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirid]]s in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], which was founded during the caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]]'s reign. Similar dynasties included the [[Saffarids]], [[Samanids]], [[Ghaznavids]] and [[Seljuqs]]. During this time, advancements were made in the areas of astronomy, poetry, philosophy, science, and mathematics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Spencer Baynes|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA578|year=1878|publisher=A. and C. Black|page=578}}</ref>

===High Baghdad Abbasids===
''Early Middle Ages''

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from:813 till:833 color:age text:[[Al-Ma'mun|Ma'mun]]
from:833 till:842 color:era shift:(0,10) text:[[Al-Mu'tasim|Mu'tasim]]
from:842 till:847 color:age shift:(0,20) text:[[Al-Wathiq|Wathiq]]
from:847 till:861 color:era shift:(0,10) text:[[Al-Mutawakkil|Mutawakkil]]
from:861 till:862 color:age shift:(0,-13) text:[[Al-Muntasir|Muntasir]]
from:862 till:866 color:era text:[[Al-Musta'in|Musta'in]]
from:866 till:869 color:age shift:(0,10) text:[[Al-Mu'tazz|Mu'tazz]]
from:869 till:870 color:era shift:(0,20) text:[[Al-Muhtadi|Muhtadi]]
from:870 till:892 color:age text:[[Al-Mu'tamid|Mu'tamid]]
from:892 till:902 color:era shift:(0,-13) text:[[Al-Mu'tadid|Mu'tadid]]
from:902 till:908 color:age shift:(3,0) text:[[Al-Muktafi|Muktafi]]
from:908 till:932 color:era shift:(-15,10) text:[[Al-Muqtadir|Muqtadir]]
from:932 till:934 color:age shift:(0,-13) text:[[Al-Qahir|Qahir]]
from:934 till:940 color:era text:[[Ar-Radi|Radi]]
</timeline>

Upon Al-Amin's death, [[Al-Ma'mun]] became Caliph. Al-Ma'mun extended the Abbasid empire's territory during his reign and dealt with rebellions.<ref>Hindu rebellions in Sindh were put down, and most of Afghanistan was absorbed with the surrender of the leader of Kabul. Mountainous regions of Iran were brought under a tighter grip of the central Abbasid government, as were areas of Turkestan. There were disturbances in Iraq during the first several years of Al-Ma'mun's reign. Egypt continued to be unquiet. Sindh was rebellious, but Ghassan ibn Abbad subdued it. An ongoing problem for Al-Ma'mun was the uprising headed by Babak Khorramdin. In 214 Babak routed a Caliphate army, killing its commander Muhammad ibn Humayd.</ref> Al-Ma'mun had been named governor of Khurasan by Harun, and after his ascension to power, the caliph named Tahir as governor of his military services in order to assure his loyalty. Tahir and his family became entrenched in Iranian politics and became powerful, frustrating Al-Ma'mun's desire to centralize and strengthen Caliphal power. The rising power of the [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirid family]] became a threat as Al-Ma'mun's own policies alienated them and other opponents.

Al-Ma'mun worked to centralize power and ensure a smooth succession. Al-Mahdi proclaimed that the caliph was the protector of Islam against heresy, and also claimed the ability to declare orthodoxy. Religious scholars averred that Al-Ma'mun was overstepping his bounds in the ''[[Mihna]]'', the [[Abbasid inquisition]] which he introduced in 833 four months before he died.<ref>The Mihna subjected traditionalist scholars with social influence and intellectual quality to imprisonment, religious tests, and loyalty oaths. Al-Ma'mun introduced the Mihna with the intention to centralize religious power in the caliphal institution and test the loyalty of his subjects. The Mihna had to be undergone by elites, scholars, judges and other government officials, and consisted of a series of questions relating to theology and faith. The central question was about the state of the creation of the Qur'an: if the person interrogated stated he believed the Qur'an to be created, he was free to leave and continue his profession.</ref> The ''[[Ulama]]'' emerged as a force in Islamic politics during Al-Ma'mun's reign for opposing the inquisitions. The ''Ulema'' and the major Islamic law schools took shape in the period of Al-Ma'mun. In parallel, Sunnism became defined as a religion of laws. Doctrinal differences between Sunni and Shi'a Islam became more pronounced.

During the Al-Ma'mun regime, [[List of border conflicts|border war]]s increased. Al-Ma'mun made preparations for a major campaign, but died while leading an expedition in [[Sardis]]. Al-Ma'mun gathered scholars of many religions at Baghdad, whom he treated well and with tolerance. He sent an emissary to the Byzantine Empire to collect the most famous manuscripts there, and had them translated into Arabic.<ref>Had he been victorious over the Byzantine Emperor, Al-Ma'mun would have made a condition of peace be that the emperor hand over of a copy of the "Almagest".</ref> His scientists originated [[alchemy]]. Shortly before his death, during a visit to Egypt in 832, the caliph ordered the breaching of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] to search for knowledge and treasure. Workers tunnelled in near where tradition located the original entrance. Al-Ma'mun later died near Tarsus under questionable circumstances and was succeeded by his half-brother, [[Al-Mu'tasim]], rather than his son, Al-Abbas ibn Al-Ma'mun.

As Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim promptly ordered the dismantling of al-Ma'mun's military base at Tyana. He faced Khurramite revolts. One of the most difficult problems facing this Caliph was the ongoing uprising of Babak Khorramdin. Al-Mu'tasim overcame the rebels and secured a significant victory. [[Theophilos (emperor)|Byzantine emperor Theophilus]] launched an attack against Abbasid fortresses. Al-Mu'tasim sent Al-Afshin, who met and defeated Theophilus' forces at the [[Battle of Anzen]]. On his return he became aware of a serious military conspiracy which forced him and his successors to rely upon Turkish commanders and [[ghilman]] slave-soldiers (foreshadowing the [[Mamluk]] system). The Khurramiyyah were never fully suppressed, although they slowly declined during the reigns of succeeding Caliphs. Near the end of al-Mu'tasim's life there was an uprising in Palestine, but he defeated the rebels.
[[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al-Mu'tasim-225h.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]] ([[Reign|r.]] 833–842) the founder of [[Samarra]], patron of art and science]]
During Al-Mu'tasim's reign, the Tahirid family continued to grow in power. The Tahirids were exempted from many tribute and oversight functions. Their independence contributed to Abbasid decline in the east. Ideologically, al-Mu'tasim followed his half-brother al-Ma'mun. He continued his predecessor's support for the Islamic Mu'tazila sect, applying brutal torture against the opposition. Arab mathematician [[Al-Kindi]] was employed by Al-Mu'tasim and tutored the Caliph's son. Al-Kindi had served at the House of Wisdom and continued his studies in Greek geometry and algebra under the caliph's patronage.<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History v. 32 "The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate," SUNY, Albany, 1987; v. 33 "Storm and Stress along the Northern frontiers of the Abbasid Caliphate," transl. C.E. Bosworth, SUNY, Albany, 1991</ref>

[[Al-Wathiq]] succeeded his father. Al-Wathiq dealt with opposition in Arabia, Syria, Palestine and in Baghdad. Using a famous sword he personally joined the execution of the Baghdad rebels. The revolts were the result of an increasingly large gap between Arab populations and the Turkish armies. The revolts were put down, but antagonism between the two groups grew, as Turkish forces gained power. He also secured a captive exchange with the Byzantines. Al-Wathiq was a patron of scholars, as well as artists. He personally had musical talent and is reputed to have composed over one hundred songs.<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] History v. 34 "Incipient Decline," transl. Joel L. Kramer, SUNY, Albany, 1989. {{ISBN|0-88706-875-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88706-875-1}}</ref>

[[File:Great Mosque of Samarra.jpg|thumb|[[Malwiya|Minaret]] at the [[Great Mosque of Samarra]].]]
When Al-Wathiq died of high fever, [[Al-Mutawakkil]] succeeded him. Al-Mutawakkil's reign is remembered for many reforms and is viewed as a golden age. He was the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty fell into decline. Al-Mutawakkil ended the Mihna. Al-Mutawakkil built the [[Great Mosque of Samarra]]<ref>Its minarets were spiraling cones {{convert|55|m|ft}} high with a spiral ramp, and it had 17 aisles with walls paneled with mosaics of dark blue glass.</ref> as part of an extension of Samarra eastwards. During his reign, Al-Mutawakkil met famous Byzantine theologian [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Constantine the Philosopher]], who was sent to strengthen diplomatic relations between the Empire and the Caliphate by [[Michael III|Emperor Michael III]]. Al-Mutawakkil involved himself in religious debates, as reflected in his actions against minorities. The Shīʻi faced repression embodied in the destruction of the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine of Hussayn ibn ʻAlī]], an action that was ostensibly carried out to stop pilgrimages. Al-Mutawakkil continued to rely on Turkish statesmen and slave soldiers to put down rebellions and lead battles against foreign empires, notably capturing Sicily from the Byzantines. Al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by a Turkish soldier.

[[Al-Muntasir]] succeeded to the Caliphate on the same day with the support of the Turkish faction, though he was implicated in the murder. The Turkish party had al-Muntasir remove his brothers from the line of succession, fearing revenge for the murder of their father. Both brothers wrote statements of abdication. During his reign, Al-Muntasir removed the ban on pilgrimage to the tombs of Hassan and Hussayn and sent Wasif to raid the Byzantines. Al-Muntasir died of unknown causes. The Turkish chiefs held a council to select his successor, electing [[Al-Musta'in]]. The Arabs and western troops from Baghdad were displeased at the choice and attacked. However, the Caliphate no longer depended on Arabian choice, but depended on Turkish support. After the failed Muslim campaign against the Christians, people blamed the Turks for bringing disaster on the faith and murdering their Caliphs. After the Turks besieged Baghdad, Al-Musta'in planned to abdicate to [[Al-Mu'tazz]] but was put to death by his order. Al-Mu'tazz was enthroned by the Turks, becoming the youngest Abbasid Caliph to assume power.

{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; clear:left; width: 250px; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!style="background-color: #f8eaba;" | High Abbasids Jurisprudence
|-
|{{center|''Four constructions of Islamite law''}}
* [[Abu Hanifa]] (Iraq teacher)
* [[Malik ibn Anas]] (Medina Imam)
* [[Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i]] (Egyptian Imam)
* [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] (Baghdad teacher)
|-
!style="background-color: #f8eaba;" | Early Abbasids Literature and Science
|-
|
* [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]], physician, Greek translator;
* [[Ibn Fadlan]], explorer;
* [[Al Battani]], astronomer;
* [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], historian and theologian;
* [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Al-Razi]], philosopher, medic, chemist;
* [[Al-Farabi]], chemist and philosopher;
* [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], mathematician;
* [[Alhazen]], mathematician;
* [[Al-Biruni]], mathematician, astronomer, physicist;
* [[Omar Khayyám]], poet, mathematician, and astronomer;
* [[Mansur Al-Hallaj]], Sufism mystic, writer and teacher
|}
Al-Mu'tazz proved too apt a pupil of his Turkish masters, but was surrounded by parties jealous of each other. At [[Samarra]], the Turks were having problems with the "Westerns" (Berbers and [[Moor (people)|Moor]]s), while the Arabs and Persians at Baghdad, who had supported al-Musta'in, regarded both with equal hatred. Al-Mu'tazz put his brothers Al-Mu'eiyyad and Abu Ahmed to death. The ruler spent recklessly, causing a revolt of Turks, Africans, and Persians for their pay. Al-Mu'tazz was brutally deposed shortly thereafter. [[Al-Muhtadi]] became the next Caliph. He was firm and virtuous compared to the earlier Caliphs, though the Turks held the power. The Turks killed him soon after his ascension. [[Al-Mu'tamid]] followed, holding on for 23 years, though he was largely a ruler in name only. After the [[Zanj Rebellion]], Al-Mu'tamid summoned [[Al-Muwaffaq (vizier)|al-Muwaffak]] to help him. Thereafter, Al-Muwaffaq ruled in all but name. The [[Hamdanid dynasty]] was founded by [[Hamdan ibn Hamdun]] when he was appointed governor of [[Mardin]] in Anatolia by the Caliphs in 890. Al-Mu'tamid later transferred authority to his son, [[al-Mu'tadid]], and never regained power. The [[Tulunids]] became the first independent state in Islamic Egypt, when they broke away during this time.

Al-Mu'tadid ably administered the Caliphate. Egypt returned to allegiance and Mesopotamia was restored to order. He was tolerant towards Shi'i, but toward the Umayyad community he was not so just. Al-Mu'tadid was cruel in his punishments, some of which are not surpassed by those of his predecessors. For example, the Kharijite leader at Mosul was paraded about Baghdad clothed in a robe of silk, of which Kharijites denounced as sinful, and then crucified. Upon Al-Mu'tadid's death, his son by a Turkish slave-[[Concubinage in Islam|concubine]], [[Al-Muktafi]], succeeded to the throne.

Al-Muktafi became a favourite of the people for his generosity, and for abolishing his father's secret prisons, the terror of Baghdad. During his reign, the Caliphate overcame threats such as the [[Carmathians]].  Upon Al-Muktafi's death, the vazir next chose [[Al-Muqtadir]]. Al-Muqtadir's reign was a constant succession of thirteen Vazirs, one rising on the fall or assassination of another. His long reign brought the Empire to its lowest ebb. Africa was lost, and Egypt nearly. Mosul threw off its dependence, and the Greeks raided across the undefended border. The East continued to formally recognize the Caliphate, including those who virtually claimed independence.

At the end of the Early Baghdad Abbasids period, Empress [[Zoe Karbonopsina]] pressed for an armistice with Al-Muqtadir and arranged for the ransom of the Muslim prisoner<ref>A sum of 120,000 golden pieces was paid for the freedom of the captives.</ref> while the Byzantine frontier was threatened by Bulgarians. This only added to Baghdad's disorder. Though despised by the people, Al-Muqtadir was again placed in power after upheavals. Al-Muqtadir was eventually slain outside the city gates, whereupon courtiers chose his brother [[al-Qahir]]. He was even worse. Refusing to abdicate, he was blinded and cast into prison.

His son [[al-Radi]] took over only to experience a cascade of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the tool of the de facto ruling Minister, [[Ibn Raik]] (''[[amir al-umara]]''; 'Amir of the Amirs'). Ibn Raik held the reins of government and his name was joined with the Caliph's in public prayers. Around this period, the [[Hanbali]]s, supported by popular sentiment, set up in fact a kind of 'Sunni inquisition'. Ar-Radi is commonly regarded as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies, to commune with philosophers, to discuss the questions of the day, to take counsel on the affairs of State; to distribute [[Alms and Almsgiving|alms]], or to temper the severity of cruel officers. Thus ended the Early Baghdad Abbasids.

In the late mid-930s, the [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidids]] of Egypt carried the Arabic title "Wali" reflecting their position as governors on behalf of the Abbasids, The first governor ([[Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid]]) was installed by the Abbasid Caliph. They gave him and his descendants the Wilayah for 30 years. The last name Ikhshid is Soghdian for "prince".

Also in the 930s, [['Imad al-Daula|'Alī ibn Būyah]] and his two younger brothers, [[Rukn al-Daula|al-Hassan]] and [[Mu'izz al-Daula|Aḥmad]] founded the [[Buyid dynasty|Būyid confederation]]. Originally a soldier in the service of the [[Ziyarids|Ziyārīds]] of [[Tabaristan|Ṭabaristān]], 'Alī was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from [[Baghdad]] named Yāqūt in 934. Over the next nine years the three brothers gained control of the remainder of the caliphate, while accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad. The Būyids made large territorial gains. [[Fars province|Fars]] and [[Jibal]] were conquered. Central Iraq submitted in 945, before the Būyids took [[Kerman|Kermān]] (967), [[Oman]] (967), the [[Al Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazīra]] (979), Ṭabaristān (980), and [[Gorgan]] (981). After this the Būyids went into slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming ''de facto'' independent.<ref>Examples of the former include the loss of [[Mosul]] in 990, and the loss of Ṭabaristān and Gurgān in 997. An example of the latter is the [[Kakuyids|Kakūyid]] dynasty of [[Isfahan|Isfahān]], whose fortunes rose with the decline of the Būyids of northern Iran.</ref>

===Middle Baghdad Abbasids===
''Early High Middle Ages''

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from:940 till:944 color:era shift:(0,9) text:[[Al-Muttaqi|Muttaqi]]
from:944 till:946 color:age shift:(0,-15) text:[[Al-Mustakfi|Mustakfi]]
from:946 till:974 color:era text:[[Al-Muti|Muti]]
from:974 till:991 color:age text:[[At-Ta'i|Ta'i]]
from:991 till:1031 color:era text:[[Al-Qadir|Qadir]]
from:1031 till:1075 color:age text:[[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Qa'im]]
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[[File:Dirham of al-Muttaqi.jpg|thumb|Dirham of Al-Muttaqi]]
At the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids, the Caliphate had become of little importance. The ''amir al-umara'' [[Bajkam]] contented himself with dispatching his secretary to Baghdad to assemble local dignitaries to elect a successor. The choice fell on [[Al-Muttaqi]]. Bajkam was killed on a hunting party by marauding Kurds. In the ensuing anarchy in Baghdad, Ibn Raik persuaded the Caliph to flee to Mosul where he was welcomed by the Hamdanids. They assassinated Ibn Raik. Hamdanid [[Nasir al-Dawla]] advanced on Baghdad, where mercenaries and well-organised Turks repelled them. Turkish general [[Tuzun (amir al-umara)|Tuzun]] became ''amir al-umara''. The Turks were staunch Sunnis. A fresh conspiracy placed the Caliph in danger. Hamdanid troops helped ad-Daula escape to Mosul and then to Nasibin. Tuzun and the Hamdanid were stalemated. Al-Muttaqi was at [[Raqqa]], moving to Tuzun where he was deposed. Tuzun installed the blinded Caliph's cousin as successor, with the title of [[Al-Mustakfi]]. With the new Caliph, Tuzun attacked the [[Buwayhid dynasty]] and the [[Hamdanids]]. Soon after, Tuzun died, and was succeeded by one of his generals, Abu Ja'far. The Buwayhids then attacked Baghdad, and Abu Ja'far fled into hiding with the Caliph. Buwayhid Sultan Muiz ud-Daula assumed command forcing the Caliph into abject submission to the Amir. Eventually, Al-Mustakfi was blinded and deposed. The city fell into chaos, and the Caliph's palace was looted.<ref>{{cite book|first=Harold|last=Bowen|title=The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà: The Good Vizier|year=1928|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZM3AAAAIAAJ|page=385}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; clear:left; width: 250px; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!style="background-color: #f8eaba;" |Significant Middle Abbasid Muslims
|-
|
* [[Ibn Rushd]] ([[Averroes]]), philosopher;
* [[al-Farabi]], Persian (Soghdian) philosopher;
* [[Al-Mutanebbi]], Arabic poet;
* [[Ibn Sīnā|Abu Ali Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina]] ([[Avicenna]]), physician, philosopher, and scientist
|}
Once the Buwayhids controlled Baghdad, [[Al-Muti]] became caliph. The office was shorn of real power and Shi'a observances were established. The Buwayhids held on Baghdad for over a century. Throughout the Buwayhid reign the Caliphate was at its lowest ebb, but was recognized religiously, except in [[Iberia]]. Buwayhid Sultan [[Mu'izz al-Dawla]] was prevented from raising a Shi'a Caliph to the throne by fear for his own safety, and fear of rebellion, in the capital and beyond.<ref>R. N. Frye (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Four: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. {{ISBN|0-521-20093-8}}</ref>

The next Caliph, [[Al-Ta'i]], reigned over factional strife in Syria among the Fatimids, Turks, and Carmathians. The Hideaway dynasty also fractured. The Abbasid borders were the defended only by small border states. [[Baha' al-Dawla]], the Buyid amir of Iraq, deposed al-Ta'i in 991 and proclaimed [[al-Qadir]] the new caliph.<ref name=Hanne>{{cite book|last=Hanne|first=Eric, J.|title=Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate|year=2007|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4113-2|pages=55}}</ref>

During al-Qadir's Caliphate, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] looked after the empire. Mahmud of Ghazni, of Eastern fame, was friendly towards the Caliphs, and his victories in the Indian Empire were accordingly announced from the pulpits of Baghdad in grateful and glowing terms. Al-Qadir fostered the Sunni struggle against Shiʿism and outlawed heresies such as the [[Baghdad Manifesto]] and the doctrine that the Quran was created. He outlawed the [[Muʿtazila]], bringing an end to the development of rationalist Muslim philosophy. During this and the next period, [[Islamic literature]], especially [[Persian literature]], flourished under the patronage of the Buwayhids.<ref name = muir>{{cite book|author-link=William Muir|first=William|last=Muir|title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-20901-4}}</ref> By 1000, the global Muslim population had climbed to about 4 percent of the world, compared to the Christian population of 10 percent.

During [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qa'im]]'s reign, the Buwayhid ruler often fled the capital and the Seljuq dynasty gained power. [[Toghrül]] overran Syria and Armenia. He then made his way into the Capital, where he was well-received both by chiefs and people. In [[Bahrain]], the Qarmatian state collapsed in [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]]. Arabia recovered from the Fatimids and again acknowledged the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids. [[Al-Muqtadi]] was honoured by the Seljuq Sultan [[Malik-Shah I]], during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuq conquest. The Sultan was critical of the Caliph's interference in affairs of state, but died before deposing the last of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids.<ref>Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford History of the Crusades, (Oxford University Press, 2002), 213.</ref>

===Late Baghdad Abbasids===
''Late High Middle Ages''

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from:1118 till:1135 color:era text:[[Al-Mustarshid|Mustarshid]]
from:1135 till:1136 color:age shift:(0,-15) text:[[Al-Rashid (12th century)|Rashid]]
from:1136 till:1160 color:era text:[[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|Muqtafi]]
from:1160 till:1170 color:age text:[[Al-Mustanjid|Mustanjid]]
from:1170 till:1180 color:era text:[[Al-Mustadi|Mustadi]]
from:1180 till:1225 color:age text:[[An-Nasir|Nasir]]
from:1225 till:1226 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph)|Zahir]]
from:1226 till:1242 color:age text:[[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|Mustansir]]
from:1242 till:1258 color:era text:[[Al-Musta'sim|Musta'sim]]
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from:1187 till:1192 color:lightgrey text:[[Third Crusade|3rd]]
from:1202 till:1204 color:lightgrey text:[[Fourth Crusade|4th]]
from:1217 till:1221 color:lightgrey text:[[Fifth Crusade|5th]]
from:1228 till:1229 color:lightgrey text:[[Sixth Crusade|6th]]
from:1248 till:1254 color:lightgrey text:[[Seventh Crusade|7th]]

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{{multiple image|header_background = #f8eaba
| header = Al-Aqsa Mosque
| image1 = Page 99.Strange.jpg|width1=215|caption1 = Plan of Al-Aqsa Mosque, year 985
| image2 = The Dome of Al Aqsa Mousque.jpg|width2=190|caption2 = Dome of Al Aqsa Mosque
}}

The Late Baghdad Abbasids reigned from the beginning of the [[Crusades]] to the [[Seventh Crusade]]. The first Caliph was [[Al-Mustazhir]]. He was politically irrelevant, despite civil strife at home and the [[First Crusade]] in Syria. [[Raymond IV of Toulouse]] attempted to attack Baghdad, losing at the [[Battle of Manzikert]]. The global Muslim population climbed to about 5 per cent as against the Christian population of 11 per cent by 1100. [[Jerusalem]] was captured by crusaders who massacred its inhabitants. Preachers travelled throughout the caliphate proclaiming the tragedy and rousing men to recover the [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa Mosque compound]] from the ''[[Franks]]'' (European Crusaders). Crowds of exiles rallied for war against the [[infidel]]. Neither the Sultan nor the Caliph sent an army west.<ref name="muir" />

[[Al-Mustarshid]] achieved more independence while the sultan [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq]] was engaged in war in the East. The [[Bani Assad|Banu Mazyad]] (Mazyadid State) general, [[Dubays ibn Sadaqa]]<ref>ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr, Donald Sidney Richards, ''The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fī'l-ta'rīkh: The years 491–541/1097–1146 : the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response''.</ref> (emir of [[Al-Hilla]]), plundered [[Bosra]] and attacked Baghdad together with a young brother of the sultan, [[Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud]]. Dubays was crushed by a Seljuq army under [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]], founder of the [[Zengid dynasty]]. Mahmud's death was followed by a civil war between his son Dawud, his nephew Mas'ud and the atabeg Toghrul II. Zengi was recalled to the East, stimulated by the Caliph and Dubays, where he was beaten. The Caliph then laid siege to Mosul for three months without success, resisted by Mas'ud and Zengi. It was nonetheless a milestone in the caliphate's military revival.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Sicker|title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC|date=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96892-2}}</ref>

After the siege of Damascus (1134),<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean|last=Richard|title=The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|volume=1|date=1979|page=36|translator-first=Janet|translator-last=Shirley|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-444-85092-8}}</ref> Zengi undertook [[Military history of the Crusader states#War with the Zengids|operations in Syria]]. Al-Mustarshid attacked sultan Mas'ud of western Seljuq and was taken prisoner. He was later found murdered.<ref>It is supposed by an emissary of the [[Hashshashins]], who had no love for the Caliph. Modern historians have suspected that Mas'ud instigated the murder although the two most important historians of the period Ibn al-Athir and Ibn al-Jawzi did not speculate on this matter.</ref> His son, [[Al-Rashid (12th century)|Al-Rashid]] failed to gain independence from Seljuq Turks. Zengi, because of the murder of Dubays, set up a rival Sultanate. Mas'ud attacked; the Caliph and Zengi, hopeless of success, escaped to Mosul. The Sultan regained power, a council was held, the Caliph was deposed, and his uncle, son of [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|Al-Muqtafi]], appointed as the new Caliph. Ar-Rashid fled to [[Isfahan]] and was killed by Hashshashins.<ref name="muir" />

Continued disunion and contests between Seljuq Turks allowed al-Muqtafi to maintain control in Baghdad and to extend it throughout Iraq. In 1139, al-Muqtafi granted protection to Patriarch [[Abdisho III]] of the [[Church of the East]]. While the Crusade raged, the Caliph successfully defended Baghdad against Muhammad II of Seljuq in the [[Siege of Baghdad (1157)]]. The Sultan and the Caliph dispatched men in response to Zengi's appeal, but neither the Seljuqs, nor the Caliph, nor their Amirs, dared resist the Crusaders.

The next caliph, [[Al-Mustanjid]], saw [[Saladin]] extinguish the [[Fatimid dynasty]] after 260 years, and thus the Abbasids again prevailed. [[Al-Mustadi]] reigned when Saladin became the sultan of Egypt and declared allegiance to the Abbasids.

[[An-Nasir]], "''The Victor for the Religion of God''", attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role. He consistently held Iraq from Tikrit to the Gulf without interruption. His forty-seven-year reign was chiefly marked by ambitious and corrupt dealings with the Tartar chiefs, and by his hazardous invocation of the Mongols, which ended his dynasty. His son, [[Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph)|Az-Zahir]], was Caliph for a short period before his death and An-Nasir's grandson, [[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|Al-Mustansir]], was made caliph.

Al-Mustansir founded the [[Mustansiriya Madrasah]]. In 1236 [[Ögedei Khan]] commanded to raise up [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassan]] and populated [[Herat]]. The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in [[Mughan plain]], Azerbaijan. The rulers of [[Mosul]] and [[Cilician Armenia]] surrendered. Chormaqan divided the [[South Caucasus]] region into three districts based on military hierarchy.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grigor of Akanc|title=The history of the nation of archers|translator1-first=R.P.|translator1-last=Blake|page=303|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|translator2-first=Richard N.|translator2-last=Frye|date=December 1949|volume=12|number=3/4|jstor=2718096|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2718096.pdf}}</ref> In Georgia, the population were temporarily divided into eight [[Tumen (unit)|tumens]].<ref>Kalistriat Salia-History of the Georguan Nation, p. 210</ref> By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia, excluding [[Abbasid]] Iraq and [[Ismaili]] strongholds, and all of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]] (2004) ''Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-60270-X}}, p. 84</ref>

[[Al-Musta'sim]] was the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and is noted for his opposition to the rise of Shajar al-Durr to the Egyptian throne during the Seventh Crusade. To the east, Mongol forces under [[Hulagu Khan]] swept through the [[Transoxiana]] and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Baghdad was sacked]] and the caliph deposed soon afterwards. The Mamluk sultans and Syria later appointed a powerless Abbasid Caliph in Cairo.

===Caliph of Cairo (1261–1517)===
{{Further|Mamluk Sultanate}}
''The "shadow" caliph of Cairo'' 
''Late Middle Ages''

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The Abbasid "shadow" caliph of [[Cairo]] reigned under the tutelage of the [[List of Mamluk sultans|Mamluk sultans]] and nominal rulers used to legitimize the actual rule of the Mamluk sultans. All the Cairene Abbasid caliphs who preceded or succeeded [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in]] were spiritual heads lacking any temporal power. Al-Musta'in was the only Cairo-based Abbasid caliph to even briefly hold political power. [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] was the last "shadow" caliph. In 1517, Ottoman sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluk Sultanate, and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Bernard Lewis (1991). ''The Political Language of Islam''. University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ann K. S. Lambton|title=State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory: the Jurists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJRBU66I4MQC&pg=PA138|year=1981|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-19-713600-3|page=138}}</ref>

== Fatimid Caliphate ==
{{main|Fatimid Caliphate}}

[[File:Fatimid Caliphate.PNG|thumb|Fatimid Caliphate in 1000]]

The [[Fatimids]] originated in [[Ifriqiya]] (modern-day [[Tunisia]] and eastern [[Algeria]]). The dynasty was founded in 909 by [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|ʻAbdullāh al-Mahdī Billah]], who legitimized his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter [[Fatimah|Fātima as-Zahra]] and her husband [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|ʻAlī ibn-Abī-Tālib]], the first Shīʻa [[Imam (Shia Islam)|Imām]], hence the name ''al-Fātimiyyūn'' "Fatimid".<ref>Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr. A Concise History of the Middle East.</ref> Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central [[Maghreb]] and Egypt.<ref>"[http://www.commune-mahdia.gov.tn/ENG/presentation_ville/histoire_de_la_ville.htm Mahdia: Historical Background] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109154752/http://www.commune-mahdia.gov.tn/ENG/presentation_ville/histoire_de_la_ville.htm |date=9 November 2013 }}". Commune-mahdia.gov.tn.</ref><ref name="Beeson 24, 26–30">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm|title=Cairo, a Millennial|access-date=9 August 2007|first=Irene|last=Beeson|pages=24, 26–30|date=September–October 1969|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163720/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> The Fatimids and the [[Zaydis]] at the time, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author=Mahmoud A. El-Gamal|title=Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ElRUvoVRxYC&pg=PA122|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45716-3|page=122}}</ref><ref name="Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 917">{{cite book|first1=Spencer C.|last1=Tucker|first2=Priscilla|last2=Roberts|title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-842-2|page=917|volume=1}}</ref><ref name="The Iraq Effect Page 91">{{cite book|title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91|year=2010|publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5|page=91}}</ref>

Unlike other governments in the area, Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than heredity. Members of other branches of Islam, including Sunnis, were just as likely to be appointed to government posts as Shiites. Tolerance covered non-Muslims such as Christians and Jews; they took high levels in government based on ability.<ref>Lane, J.-E., Redissi, H., & Ṣaydāwī, R. (2009). Religion and politics: Islam and Muslim civilization. Farnham, England: Ashgate Pub. Company. Page 83</ref> There were, however, exceptions to this general attitude of tolerance, notably [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]].

The Fatimid palace was in two parts. It was in the [[Khan el-Khalili]] area at Bin El-Quasryn street.<ref>[http://www.oldroads.org/pastblogs/pastsingles2007/Cairo_of_the_mind.htm Cairo_of_the_mind, oldroads.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907092655/http://www.oldroads.org/pastblogs/pastsingles2007/Cairo_of_the_mind.htm |date=7 September 2008 }}</ref>

===Fatimid caliphs===
''Early and High Middle Ages''

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from:1021 till:1036 color:era text:[[Ali az-Zahir|Zahir]]
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from:1130 till:1149 color:era text:[[al-Hafiz|Hafiz]]
from:1149 till:1154 color:age shift:(0,-20) text:[[al-Ẓāfir|Ẓāfir]]
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:::''Also see'': [[Muslim history#Caliph of Cairo (1261–1517)|Cairo Abbasid Caliphs]] (above)

During the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids, the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliphs]] claimed spiritual supremacy not only in Egypt, but also contested the religious leadership of Syria. At the beginning of the Abbasid realm in Baghdad, the Alids faced severe persecution by the ruling party as they were a direct threat to the Caliphate. Owing to the Abbasid inquisitions, the forefathers opted for concealment of the Dawa's existence. Subsequently, they travelled towards the Iranian Plateau and distanced themselves from the epicenter of the political world. Al Mahdi's father, Al Husain al Mastoor returned to control the Dawa's affairs. He sent two Dai's to Yemen and Western Africa. Al Husain died soon after the birth of his son, Al Mahdi. A system of government helped update Al Mahdi on the development which took place in North Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Henry Melvill Gwatkin|author2=James Pounder Whitney|author3=Joseph Robson Tanner|author4=Charles William Previté-Orton|author5=Zachary Nugent Brooke|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgemediev00broogoog|year=1913|publisher=Macmillan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgemediev00broogoog/page/n409 379]–}}</ref>
[[File:Mosquee al-akim le caire 1.jpg|right|thumb|
''The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]]'' 
Cairo, Egypt; south of [[Bab Al-Futuh]]
----
"Islamic Cairo" building was named after [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], built by Fatimid vizier [[Gawhar Al-Siqilli]], and extended by [[Badr al-Jamali]].]]
Al Mahdi [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah]] established the first [[Imam]] of the Fatimid dynasty. He claimed genealogic origins dating as far back as Fatimah through Husayn and Ismail. Al Mahdi established his headquarters at Salamiyah and moved towards north-western Africa, under [[Aghlabid]] rule. His success of laying claim to being the precursor to the Mahdi was instrumental among the Berber tribes of North Africa, specifically the Kutamah tribe. Al Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqadah, a suburb of [[Al-Qayrawan]] in Tunisia. In 920, Al Mahdi took up residence at the newly established capital of the empire, [[Al-Mahdiyyah]]. After his death, Al Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy.<ref>[http://archive.mumineen.org/awliya/aimmat/e_imamqaim.html al-Qaim bi-Amrillah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210105748/http://archive.mumineen.org/awliya/aimmat/e_imamqaim.html |date=10 February 2006 }}. archive.mumineen.org</ref> At the time of his death he had extended his reign to Morocco of the [[Idrisids]], as well as Egypt itself. The Fatimid Caliphate grew to include [[Sicily]] and to stretch across [[North Africa]] from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to [[Libya]].{{sfn|Yeomans|2006|p=44}} Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central [[Maghreb]], an area consisting of the modern countries of [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], and [[Libya]], which he ruled from [[Mahdia]], in Tunisia. Newly built capital [[Mansouria, Tunisia|Al-Mansuriya]],{{#tag:ref|The name ''Mansuriyya'' means "the victorious", after its founder Ismāʿīl Abu Tahir Ismail Billah, called ''al-Mansur'', "the victor."{{sfn|Tracy|2000|p=234}}|group=Note}} or Mansuriyya ({{langx|ar|المنصوريه }}), near [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]], was the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate during the rules of the Imams [[Al-Mansur Billah]] (r. 946–953) and [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]] (r. 953–975).

The Fatimid general Jawhar conquered Egypt in 969, and he built a new palace city there, near Fusṭāt, which he also called al-Manṣūriyya. Under [[Al-Muizz Lideenillah]], the Fatimids conquered the [[Ikhshidid Wilayah]] (see [[Fatimid Egypt]]), founding a new capital at ''al-Qāhira'' ([[Cairo]]) in 969.<ref name="Beeson 24, 26–30"/> The name was a reference to the planet Mars, "The Subduer",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/link-suggestion/wpcd_2008-09_augmented/wp/c/Cairo.htm/|title=Cairo|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521030532/http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/link-suggestion/wpcd_2008-09_augmented/wp/c/Cairo.htm|archive-date=21 May 2016}}></ref> which was prominent in the sky at the moment that city construction started. Cairo was intended as a royal enclosure for the Fatimid caliph and his army, though the actual administrative and economic capital of Egypt was in cities such as [[Fustat]] until 1169. After Egypt, the Fatimids continued to conquer the surrounding areas until they ruled from Tunisia to [[Syria]], as well as [[Sicily]].

Under the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]], Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak [[North Africa]], Sicily, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], Syria, the [[Red Sea]] coast of Africa, [[Tihamah]], [[Hejaz]], and [[Yemen]].<ref>Jennifer A. Pruitt, ''Building the Caliphate: Construction, Destruction, and Sectarian Identity in Early Fatimid Architecture'' (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2020). {{ISBN|0-300-24682-X}}, 9780300246827</ref> Egypt flourished, and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its [[Song dynasty]], which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the [[High Middle Ages]].

After the eighteenth Imam, [[al-Mustansir Billah]], the Nizari sect believed that his son [[Nizar (Fatimid Imam)|Nizar]] was his successor, while another Ismāʿīlī branch known as the Mustaali (from whom the Dawoodi Bohra would eventually descend), supported his other son, [[al-Musta'li]]. The Fatimid dynasty continued with al-Musta'li as both Imam and Caliph, and that joint position held until the 20th Imam, [[al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah]] (1132). At the death of Imam Amir, one branch of the Mustaali faith claimed that he had transferred the imamate to his son [[at-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim]], who was then two years old.
After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the [[Zengid]] ruler [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nūr ad-Dīn]] had his general, [[Shirkuh]], seize Egypt from the vizier [[Shawar]] in 1169. Shirkuh died two months after taking power, and the rule went to his nephew, [[Saladin]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Amin Maalouf|year=1984|title=The Crusades Through Arab Eyes|publisher=Al Saqi Books|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crusadesthrougha00maal_0/page/160 160–70]|isbn=978-0-8052-0898-6|url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesthrougha00maal_0/page/160}}</ref> This began the [[Ayyubid Dynasty|Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria]].

==Crusades==
{{Main|Crusades}}

Beginning in the 8th century, the [[Spain in the Middle Ages|Iberian Christian kingdoms]] had begun the [[Reconquista]] aimed at retaking Al-Andalus from the Moors. In 1095, [[Pope Urban II]], inspired by the conquests in Spain by Christian forces and implored by the [[Alexios I Komnenos|eastern Roman emperor]] to help defend Christianity in the East, called for the [[First Crusade]] from Western Europe which captured [[Edessa]], [[Antioch]], [[County of Tripoli]] and Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Hallam|title=View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49|year=1870|publisher=W. J. Widdleton|pages=49–|volume=1}}</ref>

In the early period of the Crusades, the Christian [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] emerged and for a time controlled Jerusalem. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other smaller [[Crusader kingdoms]] over the next 90 years formed part of the complicated politics of the [[Levant]], but did not threaten the Islamic Caliphate nor other powers in the region. After [[Shirkuh]] ended Fatimid rule in 1169, uniting it with Syria, the Crusader kingdoms were faced with a threat, and his nephew Saladin reconquered most of the area in 1187, leaving the Crusaders holding a few ports.<ref>{{cite book|volume=5|title=The Literary Era: A Monthly Repository of Literary and Miscellaneous Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjHZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133|year=1898|publisher=Porter & Coates|page=133}}</ref>

In the [[Third Crusade]] armies from Europe failed to recapture Jerusalem, though Crusader states lingered for several decades, and other crusades followed. The Christian Reconquista continued in Al-Andalus, and was eventually completed with the [[Granada War|fall of Granada]] in 1492. During the low period of the Crusades, the [[Fourth Crusade]] was diverted from the Levant and instead took [[Constantinople]], leaving the Eastern Roman Empire (now the Byzantine Empire) further weakened in their long struggle against the [[Turkish peoples]] to the east. However, the crusaders did manage to damage Islamic caliphates; according to [[William of Malmesbury]], preventing them from further expansion into [[Christendom]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Sylvia Schein|title=Gateway to the Heavenly City: Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic West (1099–1187)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaqY_g4i_ukC&pg=PA19|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-0649-9|page=19}}</ref> and being targets of the Mamluks and the Mongols.

{{see also|High Middle Ages|Frankokratia|Crusader states}}

==Ayyubid dynasty==
{{Main|Ayyubid dynasty}}

[[File:Ayyubid Sultanate 1193 AD.jpg|thumb|Ayyubid empire]]The [[Ayyubid dynasty]] was founded by [[Saladin]] and centered in Egypt. In 1174, Saladin proclaimed himself Sultan and conquered the Near East region. The Ayyubids ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries, controlling Egypt, Syria, northern Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and the North African coast up to the borders of modern-day Tunisia. After Saladin, his sons contested control over the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil eventually established himself in 1200. In the 1230s, Syria's Ayyubid rulers attempted to win independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, excluding [[Aleppo]], by 1247. In 1250, the dynasty in the Egyptian region was overthrown by slave regiments. A number of attempts to recover it failed, led by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo. In 1260, the Mongols sacked Aleppo and wrested control of what remained of the Ayyubid territories soon after.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Lock|title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC&pg=PA180+|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-13137-1|page=180}}</ref>

=== Sultans of Egypt ===
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from:1193 till:1198 color:age text:[[Al-Aziz Uthman|Aziz]]
from:1198 till:1200 color:era shift:(12,-3) text:[[Al-Mansur Muhammad|Mansur]]
from:1200 till:1218 color:age text:[[Al-Adil|Adil]]
from:1218 till:1238 color:era text:[[Al-Kamil|Kamil]]
from:1238 till:1240 color:age shift:(12,-3) text:[[Al-Adil II|Adil II]]
from:1240 till:1249 color:era text:[[As-Salih Ayyub|Salih]]
from:1249 till:1250 color:age text:[[Al-Muazzam Turanshah|Muazzam]]
from:1250 till:1254 color:era shift:(3,-15) text:[[Al-Ashraf Musa|Ashraf]]
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from:1174 till:1187 color:lightgrey text:[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
from:1187 till:1192 color:lightgrey text:[[Third Crusade|3rd]]
from:1202 till:1204 color:lightgrey text:[[Fourth Crusade|4th]]
from:1217 till:1221 color:lightgrey text:[[Fifth Crusade|5th]]
from:1228 till:1229 color:lightgrey text:[[Sixth Crusade|6th]]
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=== Sultans and Amirs of Damascus ===
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from:1238 till:1238 color:age text:[[Al-Kamil|Kamil]]
from:1238 till:1239 shift:(6,9) color:age text:[[Al-Adil II|Adil II]]
from:1239 till:1239 shift:(12,-15) color:era text:[[As-Salih Ayyub|Ayyub]]
from:1239 till:1245 color:age text:[[Al-Salih Ismail|Ismail]]
from:1245 till:1249 color:era text:[[As-Salih Ayyub|Ayyub]]
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from:1202 till:1204 color:lightgrey text:[[Fourth Crusade|4th]]
from:1217 till:1221 color:lightgrey text:[[Fifth Crusade|5th]]
from:1228 till:1229 color:lightgrey text:[[Sixth Crusade|6th]]
from:1248 till:1254 color:lightgrey text:[[Seventh Crusade|7th]]

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=== Emirs of Aleppo ===
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from:1216 till:1236 color:era text:[[Al-Aziz Mohammad|Aziz]]
from:1236 till:1260 color:era text:[[An-Nasir Yusuf|Nasir]]
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from:1174 till:1187 color:lightgrey text:[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
from:1187 till:1192 color:lightgrey text:[[Third Crusade|3rd]]
from:1202 till:1204 color:lightgrey text:[[Fourth Crusade|4th]]
from:1217 till:1221 color:lightgrey text:[[Fifth Crusade|5th]]
from:1228 till:1229 color:lightgrey text:[[Sixth Crusade|6th]]
from:1248 till:1254 color:lightgrey text:[[Seventh Crusade|7th]]

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== Turco-Mongol conversion ==
=== Mongol period ===
{{Main|Mongol invasions and conquests}}

{{Further|Turco-Mongol tradition}}
[[File:DiezAlbumsStudyingTheKoran.jpg|thumb|230px|The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] ruler, [[Ghazan]], depicted studying the [[Quran]] inside a [[Yurt|tent]]. Illustration of Rashīd ad-Dīn, first quarter of the 14th century, [[Berlin State Library|Staatsbibliothek]], [[Berlin]].]]

While the Abbasid Caliphate suffered a decline following the reign of [[al-Wathiq]] (842–847) and [[al-Mu'tadid]] (892–902),<ref>Anthony Parel, Ronald C. Keith ''Comparative Political Philosophy: Studies Under the Upas Tree'' Lexington Books, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-7391-0610-5}} p. 186</ref> the [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty in 1258.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Abbasid Dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The [[Mongols]] spread throughout [[Central Asia]] and [[History of Iran#Mongol conquest and rule (1219–1370)|Persia]];<ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|author-link=Carter V. Findley|year=2005|chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=The Turks in World History|location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=56–66|isbn=978-0-19-517726-8|oclc=54529318}}</ref> the Persian city of [[Isfahan]] had fallen to them by 1237.<ref>[https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/ilkhanate.html The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Il-Khanate)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081646/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/ilkhanate.html |date=15 October 2013 }}. ucalgary.ca</ref>

The [[Ilkhans]] of [[Borjigin|Chingisid descendence]] understood themselves as defenders of Islam, perhaps even as the legitimate heirs of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref name=Peacock/>{{rp|style=ama|p=59}} [[Al-Nuwayri]], stated that the Mongols had heavenly approval and would live in accordance with the restrictions of [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref>Armstrong, Lyall. "The Making of a Sufi: al-Nuwayri's Account of the Origin of Genghis Khan (MSR X. 2, 2006)." (2006).</ref> Some [[Sufism|Sufi Muslim]] writers, such as the Persian poet and mystic [[Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī]] and his biographer Šams al-Dīn Aḥmad Aflākī, regarded the Mongols and [[Turkic peoples]] from the [[Eurasian Steppe]] as more [[Mumin|pious]] than the [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]], [[Asceticism#Islam|ascetics]], and [[mufti]]s of their time, and hence expressed favor of their conquests, considering the [[Mongol Empire|invasion]] as divine punishment from [[God in Islam|God]].<ref name=Peacock/>{{rp|style=ama|p=81}} Aflaki identifies the invasion with a ''hadith'', describing the Turks (and Mongols) as the army of Muhammad's wrath. In his ''Manaqib al-'Arifin'', the Turks and Mongols are described as God's "punishment from hell", and by that, people who follow the will of the Creator.<ref name="Dechant, John 2011"/>

Many scholars had argued that the conversion of the Turks and Mongols has been filtered through the mediation of [[Persian culture|Persian]] and [[Central Asian]] culture.<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref name="Nicholson 2018">{{cite book|author=M.L.D.|year=2018|chapter=Türkic religion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1533|editor-last=Nicholson|editor-first=Oliver|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity]]|location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=II|pages=1533–4|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-881625-6|lccn=2017955557}}</ref> Rather than converting to Islamic orthodoxy, they encountered Islam mostly through the preaching of [[Sufism|Sufi Muslim]] wandering ascetics and mystics ([[fakir]]s and [[dervish]]es).<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref name="Amitai-Preiss 1999">{{cite journal|last=Amitai-Preiss|first=Reuven|date=January 1999|title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=42|issue=1|pages=27–46|doi=10.1163/1568520991445605|issn=1568-5209|jstor=3632297}}</ref> Recently this view has been challenged on grounds that a defined Islamic orthodoxy has not yet existed during the conversion of the Turks and Mongols.<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref name="Dechant, John 2011">Dechant, John. "Depictions of the Islamization of the Mongols in the" Manāqib al-ʿārifīn" and the Foundation of the Mawlawī Community." Mawlana Rumi Review 2 (2011): 135-164.</ref>

In the 13th to the 14th centuries, both [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī]] and [[Shia Islam|Shīʿa]] practices were intertwined, and historical figures commonly associated with the history of Shīʿa Islam, like [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] and [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq]] (respectively, the first and sixth [[The Twelve Imams|Shīʿīte Imams]]), played an almost universal role for Muslim believers to understand "[[Al-Ghaib|the Unseen]]" (''al-Ghaib'').<ref name=Peacock>{{cite book|last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|year=2019|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|location=[[Cambridge]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=24}} A sharp distinction between Sunnī, Shīʿa, and heterodox Islamic beliefs did not exist. Therefore, ideas from foreign cultures were easier to integrate into the Islamic worldview.<ref name="Findley 2005"/> During this era, the Persian Sufi poet and mystic [[Rumi|Jalaluddin Rumi]] (1207–1273) wrote his masterpiece, the ''[[Masnavi]]'', which he believed to be "sent down" from God and understood it as the [[Tafsir|proper explanation of the Quran]] (''tafsīr'').<ref name=Peacock/>{{rp|style=ama|p=97}} According to Aflaki, the invading Mongols were impressed by Rumi's devotion to God, so they did not assault him, believing it would cause the wrath of God upon them.<ref name="Dechant, John 2011"/>

On the other hand, Turks and Mongols also faced criticism. Opposition to them have been formulated by [[Ibn Taymiyya]] (1263–1328), who did not accept the Mongols' conversion to Sunnism.<ref>Paul Salem ''Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World'' [[Syracuse University Press]], 1994 {{ISBN|978-0-8156-2629-9}} p. 117</ref> Feeling threatened by the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] and the [[Mongol invasions of the Levant|Mongols]], ibn Taymiyya called for elimination by [[jihad|a militant ''jihād'']] against whom he deemed "heretic", including [[Shia]]s, ''[[Ash'arism|al-Ashʿariyya]]'' and ''[[Falsafa|falāsifa]]'' (philosophers),<ref name="ReferenceD">Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6</ref> and established his own theological doctrines.<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> His theology was characterized by a literal understanding of the Quran,<ref name="ReferenceA" />{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=665}} a [[Physicalism|physicalist ontology]],<ref>Hoover, Jon, "Ibn Taymiyya", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2025 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), forthcoming URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2025/entries/ibn-taymiyya/>. Section 2</ref> and a rejection of most philosophical and mystical approaches in favor of a simplistic and dogmatic theology.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Another unique characteristic of his theological approach was the importance of a [[Theocracy|theocratic state]]. Prior to ibn Taimiyya, religious wisdom was meant to guide governmental authorities, while ibn Taymiyya demanded [[Power (social and political)|political power]] to promote religious piety.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Having a deep-rooting discern for the Mongols, ibn Taimiyya sought to pronounce ''[[takfir|takfīr]]'' (excommunication) upon the Turco-Mongol rulers, despite their profession of the ''[[shahada]]'' (Islamic testimony of faith), or regular observance of ''[[salah|aṣ-Ṣalāh]]'' (obligatory prayers), ''[[sawm]]'' (fasting) and other expressions of religiosity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivan |first=Emmanuel |title=Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-300-04914-5 |location=Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, N.Y., USA |pages=96–98 |chapter=Four: The Sunni revolution}}</ref> His disciple [[ibn Kathir]] ( d. 1373), propounded the same belief in his ''tafsīr''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivan |first=Emmanuel |title=Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-300-04914-5 |location=Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, N.Y., USA |pages=97–98 |chapter=Four: The Sunni revolution}}</ref>

During his lifetime, ibn Taimiyya played only a marginal role and most of his writings were rejected. He was repeatedly accused of blasphemy by anthropomorphizing God, and his disciple [[Ibn Kathir]] distanced himself from his mentor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spevack|first=Aaron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ|title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri|date=2014|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-1-4384-5371-2|pages=129–130}}</ref> Yet, some of Ibn Taymiyya's teaching influenced Ibn Kathir's methodology on ''tafsīr'', discounted much of the exegetical tradition since then.<ref>Karen Bauer ''Gender Hierarchy in the Qur'an: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses'' [[Cambridge University Press]] 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-316-24005-2}} p. 115</ref><ref>Aysha A. Hidayatullah ''Feminist Edges of the Qur'an'' [[Oxford University Press]] 2014 {{ISBN|978-0-199-35957-8}} p. 25</ref> Only centuries later, among [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] and in 21st century [[Salafism]], their writings gained notable importance.<ref name="ReferenceD" /><ref name="ReferenceA" />{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=665}}{{sfnp|Leaman|2006|page=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=632}} 632]}}

=== Islamic Mongol empires ===
{{Main|Ilkhanate|Golden Horde|Timurid Empire}}

[[File:Goharshad2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Goharshad Mosque]] built by the [[Timurid Empire]]]]

Ultimately, the [[Ilkhanate]], [[Golden Horde]], and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] – three of the four principal Mongol khanates – embraced Islam.<ref>''Encyclopedia Americana'', Grolier Incorporated, p. 680</ref><ref>The spread of Islam: the contributing factors By Abū al-Faz̤l ʻIzzatī, A. Ezzati, p. 274</ref><ref>Islam in Russia: the four seasons By Ravilʹ Bukharaev, p. 145</ref> In power in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and further east, over the rest of the 13th century gradually all converted to Islam. Most Ilkhanid rulers were replaced by the new Mongol power founded by [[Timur]] (himself a Muslim), who conquered Persia in the 1360s, and moved against the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in India and the [[Ottoman Turks]] in [[Anatolia]]. Timur's ceaseless conquests were accompanied by displays of brutality matched only by [[Chinggis Khan]], whose example Timur consciously imitated.<ref name="Timur">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Tamerlane, or Timur|encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|quote=While Timur's capital, Samarqand, became a cosmopolitan imperial city that flourished as never before, Iran and Iraq suffered devastation at a greater degree than that caused by the Mongols. [...] Timur's conquests also consciously aimed to restore the Mongol Empire, and the deliberate devastation that accompanied them was a conscious imitation of the Mongol onslaught.}} {{cite book|last=S. Starr|first=S. Frederick|title=Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane|date=2014|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5llAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT411|page=411|quote=Timur's ceaseless conquests were accompanied by a level of brutality matched only by Chinggis Khan himself. At Isfahan his troops dispatched some 70,000 defenders, while at Delhi his soldiers are reported to have systematically killed 100,000 Indians.|isbn=978-93-5136-186-2}}</ref> [[Samarqand]], the cosmopolitan capital of Timur's empire, flourished under his rule as never before, while Iran and Iraq suffered large-scale devastation.<ref name="Timur"/> Muslim scholars, such as [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and [[Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi]], studied in the [[Maragheh observatory]], erected by [[Hulegu Khan]].<ref>Kuru, A. T. (2019). Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge University Press. p. 128</ref>

The Middle East was still recovering from the [[Black Death]], which may have killed one third of the population in the region. The plague began in China, and reached [[Alexandria]] in Egypt in 1347, spreading over the following years to most Islamic areas. The combination of the plague and the wars left the Middle Eastern Islamic world in a seriously weakened position. The [[Timurid dynasty]] would found many strong empires of Islam, including the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] of India.<ref>Elliot, Sir H. M.; edited by Dowson, John. ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]''; published by London Trubner Company 1867–77. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 |date=29 September 2007 }} – This online copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp |date=29 September 2007 }})</ref><ref>Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

=== Timurid Renaissance ===
{{Main|Timurid Renaissance}}

[[File:Persian Tamerlane Chess Set.png|thumb|[[Tamerlane chess]], invented by Amir [[Timur]]. The pieces approximate the appearance of the chess pieces in 14th century Persia.]]
The [[Timurid Empire]] based in [[Central Asia]] ruled by the [[Timurid dynasty]] saw a tremendous increase in the fields of [[arts]] and [[sciences]], spreading across both the eastern and western world.<ref name="Journal1988">{{cite journal|last=Subtelny|first=Maria Eva|date=November 1988|title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=20|issue=4|pages=479–505|doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861|s2cid=162411014|access-date=7 November 2016|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Remarkable was the invention of [[Tamerlane Chess]], reconstruction of the city of [[Samarkand]], and substantial contributions made by the family of Sultan [[Shah Rukh]], which includes [[Gawhar Shad]], polymath [[Ulugh Begh]], and [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. The empire received widespread support from multiple [[Islamic scholars]] and scientists. A number of Islamic learning centres and mosques were built, most notably the [[Ulugh Beg Observatory]].

The prosperity of the city of [[Herat]] is said to have competed with those of [[Florence]], the birthplace of the [[Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth.<ref>Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective – Page 129</ref><ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia – Page 465</ref>

The aspects of the Timurid Renaissance were later brought in [[Mughal India]] by the [[Mughal Emperors]]<ref>Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands: Southeast Asia in Global Context, C.800-1830 by Victor Lieberman Page 712</ref><ref>Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire by Lisa Page 4</ref><ref>Sufism and Society: Arrangements of the Mystical in the Muslim World, 1200–1800 edited by John Curry, Erik Ohlander, Page 141</ref> and served as a heritage of states of the other remaining [[Islamic Gunpowder empires]]: the [[Ottoman Turkey]] and the [[Safavid Iran]].<ref>The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction by James A. Millward.</ref>

===Mamluk Sultanate===
{{Main|Mamluk Sultanate}}

[[File:Bahri Dynasty 1250 - 1382 (AD).PNG|thumb|upright|280px|Map of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (in red) and the [[Ilkhanate|Mongol Ilkhanate]] (in blue) (1250–1382)]]

In 1250, the Ayyubid Egyptian dynasty was overthrown by [[Mamluk|slave regiments]], and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] was born. Military prestige was at the center of Mamluk society, and it played a key role in the confrontations with the [[Mongol Empire]] during the [[Mongol invasions of the Levant]].

In the 1260s, the Mongols sacked and controlled the Islamic Near East territories. The Mongol invaders were finally stopped by Egyptian Mamluks north of Jerusalem in 1260 at the pivotal [[Battle of Ain Jalut]].<ref>Tschanz, David W. (July/August 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912161811/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200704/history.s.hinge.ain.jalut.htm History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut]". Saudi Aramco World.</ref>
The Mamluks, who were [[slave-soldier]]s predominantly of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]], and [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern European]] origins<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stowasser|first=Karl|date=1984|title=Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court|journal=[[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]]|volume=2|issue=The Art of the Mamluks|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|pages=13–20|doi=10.2307/1523052|jstor=1523052|issn=0732-2992|s2cid=191377149|quote=The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from [[Libya]] to the [[Euphrates]], from [[Cilicia]] to the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Sudan]], remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] – champions of [[Sunni orthodoxy]], guardians of [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islam's holy places]], their capital, Cairo, the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol upheaval in the East]] or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the [[Ptolemies]]. [...] They ruled as a [[military]] [[aristocracy]], aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the [[sultan]] himself or of one of the Mamluk [[emir]]s were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the ''awlād al-nās'', the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ''ḥalqa'' troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually: [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]], [[Azeris]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbec Turks]], [[Mongols]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Circassians]], [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], [[Bulgars]], [[Albanians]], [[Serbs]], [[Hungarians]].}}</ref><ref name="Ayalon 1991">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Ayalon|author-first=David|author-link=David Ayalon|year=2012|orig-date=1991|title=Mamlūk|editor1-last=Bosworth|editor1-first=C. E.|editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor2-first=E. J.|editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor3-last=Heinrichs|editor3-first=W. P.|editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|editor4-last=Lewis|editor4-first=B.|editor4-link=Bernard Lewis|editor5-last=Pellat|editor5-first=Ch.|editor5-link=Charles Pellat|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]]|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=6|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657|isbn=978-90-04-08112-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Poliak|first=A. N.|orig-date=1942|year=2005|chapter=The Influence of C̱ẖingiz-Ḵẖān's Yāsa upon the General Organization of the Mamlūk State|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVGdl09xAp4C&pg=PA27|editor-last=Hawting|editor-first=Gerald R.|title=Muslims, Mongols, and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies"|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=10|issue=4|location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=27–41|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0009008X|isbn=978-0-7007-1393-6|jstor=609130|s2cid=155480831}}</ref> (see [[Saqaliba]]), forced out the Mongols (see [[Battle of Ain Jalut]]) after the final destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols were again defeated by the Mamluks at the [[First Battle of Homs|Battle of Hims]] a few months later, and then driven out of Syria altogether.<ref name="AHGC" /> With this, the Mamluks were able to concentrate their forces and to conquer the last of the [[Crusader states]] in the Levant. Thus they united Syria and Egypt for the longest interval between the Abbasid and Ottoman empires (1250–1517).<ref name="Hourani">{{harvnb|Hourani|2003|p=85}}</ref>

The Mamluks experienced a continual state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the "Muslim territory" ([[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-Islam|Dar al-Islam]]) and "non-Muslim territory" ([[Dar al-Harb]]).<ref name="Ayalon 1991"/> The [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] and the glorious [[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)]], the latter partly led by Imam [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], marked the end of the [[Mongol invasions of the Levant]]. [[Fatwa]]s given during these conflicts changed the course of [[Political Islam]].<ref name=kadri->{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=macmillan|isbn=978-0-09-952327-7|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law}}</ref> As part of their chosen role as defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, the Mamluks sponsored many religious buildings, including mosques, [[madrasas]] and [[khanqah]]s. Though some construction took place in the provinces, the vast bulk of these projects expanded the capital. Many Mamluk buildings in Cairo have survived to this day, particularly in Old Cairo (for further informations, see [[Mamluk architecture]]).

===Bahri Sultans===
{{main|Bahri dynasty}}

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from:1250 till:1257 color:era shift:(0,7) text:[[al-Muizz Izz-ad-Din Aybak|Aybak]]
from:1250 till:1252 color:era shift:(29,-4) text:[[al-Ashraf Muzafar ad-Din Musa|Din Musa]]
from:1257 till:1259 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Al-Mansur Ali|Mansur]]
from:1259 till:1260 color:era shift:(15,-24) text:[[al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Qutuz|Qutuz]]
from:1260 till:1277 color:era text:[[Baibars]]
from:1277 till:1279 color:era shift:(-9,-15) text:[[Al-Said Barakah|Barakah]]
from:1279 till:1279 color:era shift:(0,9) text:[[Solamish]]
from:1279 till:1290 color:era text:[[Qalawun]]
from:1290 till:1293 color:era shift:(-15,-15) text:[[al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil|Khalil]]
from:1293 till:1294 color:era shift:(0,9) text:[[an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]]
from:1294 till:1297 color:era text:[[al-Adil Kitbugha|Kitbugha]]
from:1297 till:1299 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Lajin]]
from:1299 till:1309 color:era shift:(9,9) text:[[an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]]
from:1309 till:1309 color:era text:[[Baibars II]]
from:1309 till:1340 color:era text:[[an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]]
from:1340 till:1341 color:era shift:(-20,-15) text:[[Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr|Abu-Bakr]]
from:1341 till:1342 color:era shift:(0,18) text:[[Kujuk]]
from:1342 till:1342 color:era shift:(0,7) text:[[Shihab ad-Din Ahmad|Ahmad]]
from:1342 till:1345 color:era text:[[as-Salih Imad-ad-Din Ismail|Ismail]]
from:1345 till:1346 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[al-Kamil Saif ad-Din Shaban I|Shaban]]
from:1346 till:1347 color:era shift:(0,-24) text:[[al-Muzaffar Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I|Hajji]]
from:1347 till:1351 color:era shift:(0,18) text:[[an-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Mali al-Hasan|Hasan]]
from:1351 till:1354 color:era shift:(0,7) text:[[as-Salih Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad|Muhammad]]
from:1354 till:1361 color:era text:[[an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan|Hasan]]
from:1361 till:1363 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]]
from:1363 till:1376 color:era shift:(0,-24) text:[[al-Ashraf Zayn-ad-Din Abu al-Mali Shaban|Shaban]]
from:1376 till:1382 color:era text:[[al-Mansur Ala'a-ad-Din Ali|Ali]]
from:1382 till:1382 color:era shift:(0,9) text:[[as-Salih Salah-ad-Din Hajji I|Hajji ]]
from:1382 till:1389 color:era text:[[Barquq]]
from:1389 till:1389 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Hajji II]]
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from:1270 till:1270 color:lightgrey shift:(0,10) text:[[Eighth Crusade|8th Crusade]]
from:1271 till:1272 color:lightgrey shift:(0,1) text:[[Ninth Crusade|9th Crusade]]

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===Burji Sultans===
{{main|Burji dynasty}}

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from:1412 till:1412 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Musta'in]]
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from:1421 till:1421 color:era shift:(3,-9) text:[[az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Tatar|Zahir]]
from:1421 till:1422 color:era shift:(6,-22) text:[[as-Salih Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad|Salih]]
from:1422 till:1437 color:age text:[[Barsbay]]
from:1437 till:1438 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[al-Aziz Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf|Aziz]]
from:1438 till:1453 color:age shift:(0,9) text:[[az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Jaqmaq|Zahir]]
from:1453 till:1453 color:era text:[[al-Mansur Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman|Mansur]]
from:1453 till:1461 color:age shift:(0,-15) text:[[al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Inal|Ashraf]]
from:1461 till:1461 color:era shift:(-3,18) text:[[al-Muayyad Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad|Muayyad]]
from:1461 till:1467 color:era shift:(0,7) text:[[az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Khushqadam|Khushqadam]]
from:1467 till:1467 color:era shift:(3,-9) text:[[az-Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Bilbay|Bilbay]]
from:1467 till:1468 color:age shift:(16,-22) text:[[az-Zahir Timurbugha|Timurbugha]]
from:1468 till:1496 color:era text:[[al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay|Ashraf]]
from:1496 till:1498 color:age shift:(-3,18) text:[[an-Ashraf Muhammad|Ashraf]]
from:1498 till:1500 color:era shift:(0,7) text:[[az-Zahir Qansuh|Qansuh]]
from:1500 till:1501 color:age shift:(3,-9) text:[[Janbalat]]
from:1501 till:1501 color:era shift:(16,-22) text:[[Tuman bay I]]
from:1501 till:1516 color:era text:[[al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri|Ghawri]]
from:1516 till:1516 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Tuman bay II]]
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:::''See also'': [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt#The Mamluks era .281250–1517.29|Islamic Egypt governors, Mamluks Era]]

== Al-Andalus ==
[[File:Adolf Seel Innenhof der Alhambra.jpg|thumb|The interiors of the [[Alhambra]] in [[Granada]], Spain decorated with [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesque]] designs.]]

{{Main|Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Al-Andalus|Taifa}}

The Arabs, under the command of the Berber General [[Tarik ibn Ziyad]], first began their conquest of southern Spain or al-Andalus in 711. A raiding party led by Tarik was sent to intervene in a civil war in the [[Visigothic kingdom]] in [[Hispania]]. Crossing the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] (named after the General), it won a decisive victory in the summer of 711 when the Visigothic king [[Roderic]] was defeated and killed on 19 July at the [[Battle of Guadalete]]. Tariq's commander, [[Musa bin Nusair]] crossed with substantial reinforcements, and by 718 the Muslims dominated most of the peninsula. Some later Arabic and Christian sources present an earlier raid by a certain [[Ṭārif]] in 710 and also, the Ad Sebastianum recension of the ''[[Chronicle of Alfonso III]]'', refers to an Arab attack incited by [[Erwig]] during the reign of [[Wamba, Visigothic king|Wamba]] (672–80). The two large armies may have been in the south for a year before the decisive battle was fought.<ref name=Collins2004139>{{harvnb|Collins|2004|p=139}}</ref>

The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of [[Emir]] by the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] [[Al-Walid I]] in [[Damascus]]. After the [[Abbasids]] came to power, some Umayyads fled to Muslim Spain to establish themselves there. By the end of the 10th century, the ruler [[Abd al-Rahman III]] took over the title of ''[[Caliphate of Córdoba|Caliph of Córdoba]]'' (912–961).<ref name="Hourani 1">{{harvnb|Hourani|2003|p=41}}</ref> Soon after, the Umayyads went on developing a strengthened state with its capital as [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. [[Al-Hakam II]] succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar-Rahman III in 961. He secured peace with the Christian kingdoms of northern Iberia,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glubb|first=John Bagot|title=The course of empire: The Arabs and their successors|url=https://archive.org/details/courseofempirear0000glub|url-access=registration|year=1966|publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=[https://archive.org/details/courseofempirear0000glub/page/128 128]}}</ref> and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glick|first=Thomas F.|title=Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14771-3|page=102}}</ref> Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Luscombe|first=David Edward|author2=Jonathan Riley-Smith|title=The new Cambridge medieval history|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41410-4|page=599}}</ref>

The Umayyad Caliphate collapsed in 1031 due to political divisions and civil unrest during the rule of [[Hicham II]] who was ousted because of his indolence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Callaghan|first=Joseph F.|title=A History of Medieval Spain|year=1983|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9264-8|page=133}}</ref> Al-Andalus then broke up into a number of states called ''[[taifa kings|taifa kingdoms]]'' (Arabic, ''Muluk al-ṭawā'if''; English, Petty kingdoms). The decomposition of the Caliphate into those [[petty kingdom]]s weakened the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula ''vis-à-vis'' the Christian kingdoms of the north. Some of the ''taifas'', such as that of Seville, were forced to enter into alliances with Christian princes and pay tributes in money to Castille.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Constable|first=Olivia Remie|title=Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources|year=1997|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1569-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/medievaliberiare00cons/page/n132 103]|chapter=The Political Dilemma of a Granadan Ruler|url=https://archive.org/details/medievaliberiare00cons|url-access=registration}}</ref>

{{see also|Reconquista|Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula}}

===Emirs of Al-Andalus===
{{Main|Emirate of Córdoba}}

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[[Abd al-Rahman I]] and Bedr (a former Greek slave) escaped with their lives after the popular revolt known as the [[Abbasid Revolution]]. Rahman I continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt. Rahman I was one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make a perilous trek to Ifriqiya at this time. Rahman I and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near [[Ceuta]]. Next step would be to cross to sea to al-Andalus, where Rahman I could not have been sure whether he would be welcome. Following the [[Berber Revolt]] (740s), the province was in a state of confusion, with the [[Ummah]] torn by tribal dissensions among the Arabs and racial tensions between the Arabs and Berbers. Bedr lined up three Syrian commanders – [[Obeid Allah ibn Uthman]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Khalid]], both originally of Damascus, and Yusuf ibn Bukht of Qinnasrin and contacted al-Sumayl (then in [[Zaragoza]]) to get his consent, but al-Sumayl refused, fearing Rahman I would try to make himself emir. After discussion with Yemenite commanders, Rahman I was told to go to al-Andalus. Shortly thereafter, he set off with Bedr and a small group of followers for Europe. Abd al-Rahman landed at [[Almuñécar]] in al-Andalus, to the east of [[Málaga]].

During his brief time in Málaga, he quickly amassed local support. News of the prince's arrival spread throughout the peninsula. In order to help speed his ascension to power, he took advantage of the feuds and dissensions. However, before anything could be done, trouble broke out in northern al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman and his followers were able to [[Zaragoza#Moorish Saraqusta|control Zaragoza]]. Rahman I fought to rule al-Andalus in a battle at the [[Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir river]], just outside Córdoba on the plains of Musarah (Battle of Musarah). Rahman I was victorious, chasing his enemies from the field with parts of their army. Rahman I marched into the capital, Córdoba, fighting off a [[counterattack]], but negotiations ended the confrontation. After Rahman I consolidated power, he proclaimed himself the al-Andalus emir. Rahman I did not claim the Muslim caliph, though.<ref>This was likely because al-Andalus was a land besieged by many different loyalties, and the proclamation of caliph would have likely caused much unrest. Abd al-Rahman's progeny would, however, take up the title of caliph.</ref> The last step was to have al-Fihri's general, al-Sumayl, garroted in Córdoba's jail. Al-Andalus was a [[wikt:safe haven|safe haven]] for the house of Umayya that managed to evade the Abbasids.<ref>Michael Hamilton Morgan. Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists. National Geographic Books, 2008.</ref>

In Baghdad, the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mansur]] had planned to depose the emir. Rahman I and his army confronted the Abbasids, killing most of the Abbasid army. The main Abbasid leaders were decapitated, their heads preserved in salt, with identifying tags pinned to their ears. The heads were bundled in a gruesome package and sent to the Abbasid caliph who was on pilgrimage at Mecca. Rahman I quelled repeated rebellions in al-Andalus. He began the building of the great mosque [cordova], and formed ship-yards along the coast; he is moreover said to have been the first to transplant the palm and the pomegranate into the congenial climate of Spain: and he encouraged science and literature in his states. He died on 29 September 788, after a reign of thirty-four years and one month.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ns5PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385|year=1839|publisher=C. Knight|pages=385–|volume=15–16}}</ref>

[[File:Lamezquitacordoba.jpg|thumb|The exterior of the Mezquita.]]
Rahman I's successor was his son [[Hisham I]]. Born in Córdoba, he built many [[mosque]]s and completed the [[Mezquita]]. He called for a [[jihad]] that resulted in a campaign against the [[Kingdom of Asturias]] and the [[County of Toulouse]]; in this second campaign he was defeated at Orange by [[William of Gellone]], first cousin to [[Charlemagne]]. His successor [[Al-Hakam I]] came to power and was challenged by his uncles, other sons of Rahman I. One, Abdallah, went to the court of Charlemagne in [[Aix-la-Chapelle]] to negotiate for aid. In the meantime Córdoba was attacked, but was defended. Hakam I spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions in Toledo, Saragossa and Mérida.<ref>P{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Peter Malcolm Holt|author3=Ann K. S. Lambton|author4=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA411|date=21 April 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8|page=411}}</ref>

[[Abd ar-Rahman II]] succeeded his father and engaged in nearly continuous warfare against [[Alfonso II of Asturias]], whose southward advance he halted. Rahman II repulsed an assault by [[Vikings]] who had disembarked in [[Cádiz]], conquered [[Seville]] (with the exception of its [[citadel]]) and attacked Córdoba. Thereafter he constructed a fleet and naval [[arsenal]] at [[Seville]] to repel future raids. He responded to [[William of Septimania]]'s requests of assistance in his struggle against [[Charles the Bald]]'s nominations.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</ref>

[[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]]'s reign was marked by the movements of the [[Muwallad]] (ethnic Iberian Muslims) and [[Mozarab]]s (Muslim-Iberia Christians). Muhammad I was succeeded by his son [[Al-Mundhir of Córdoba|Mundhir I]]. During the reign of his father, Mundhir I commanded military operations against the neighbouring Christian kingdoms and the Muwallad rebellions. At his father's death, he inherited the throne. During his two-year reign, Mundhir I fought against [[Umar ibn Hafsun]]. He died in 888 at Bobastro, succeeded by his brother [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi]].

Umawi showed no reluctance to dispose of those he viewed as a threat. His government was marked by continuous wars between Arabs, Berbers and Muwallad. His power as emir was confined to the area of Córdoba, while the rest had been seized by rebel families. The son he had designated as successor was killed by one of Umawi's brothers. The latter was in turn executed by Umawi's father, who named as successor [[Abd ar-Rahman III]], son of the killed son of Umawi.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maribel|last=Fierro|title=Abd-al-Rahman III of Córdoba|location=Oxford|publisher=Oneworld Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85168-384-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn Idhari]]|translator=Francisco Fernández y González|title=Al-Bayan al-Mughrib|volume=1|year=1860|orig-date=Composed c. 1312|publisher=Francisco Ventura y Sabatel|location=Granada|language=es|oclc=557028856|ref=Ibn|title-link=Al-Bayan al-Mughrib}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lane-Poole|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole|title=The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions|url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedandynas00lanegoog|year=1894|publisher=Archibald Constable and Company|location=Westminster|oclc=1199708|ref=Lan94}}</ref>

====Caliphs of Al-Andalus====
{{Main|Caliphate of Córdoba}}

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====Almoravid Iberia====
{{main|Almoravid dynasty}}

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from:1143 till:1146 color:era shift:(-15,20) text:[[Tashfin ibn Ali|Tashfin]]
from:1146 till:1146 color:era shift:(-10,10) text:[[Ibrahim ibn Tashfin|Ibrahim]]
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:::{{Color box|#e5e5e5|border=darkgray}} Ifriqiyah, {{Color box|#ffd880|border=darkgray}} Iberian

====Almohad caliphs====
{{main|Almohad Caliphate}}

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from:1163 till:1184 color:era text:[[Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I|Ya'qub]]
from:1184 till:1199 color:era text:[[Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur|Yusuf]]
from:1199 till:1213 color:era text:[[Muhammad an-Nasir|Nasir]]
from:1213 till:1224 color:era text:[[Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II|Yusuf II]]
from:1224 till:1224 color:era shift:(0,5) text:[[Abd al-Wahid I|Wahid]]
from:1224 till:1227 color:era shift:(0,15) text:[[Abdallah al-Adil|Adil]]
from:1227 till:1235 color:era shift:(-9,25) text:[[Yahya]]
from:1227 till:1232 color:era shift:(9,0) text:[[Idris I|Idris]]
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from:1248 till:1266 color:era text:[[Umar]]
from:1266 till:1269 color:era text:[[Idris II]]

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== Africa ==
{{main|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Islamization of the Sudan region|Shirazi era|Migration to Abyssinia|Swahili coast}}

The [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa]] continued the century of rapid Muslim military expansion following the death of [[Muhammad]] in 632. By 640 the Arabs controlled [[Mesopotamia]], had invaded [[Armenia]], and were concluding their conquest of [[Byzantine Syria]]. [[Damascus]] was the seat of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. By the end of 641 all of [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]] was in Arab hands. A subsequent attempt to conquer the [[Nubians|Nubian]] kingdom of [[Makuria]] was however repelled.

===Maghreb===
[[File:Kairouan's Great Mosque courtyard.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Mosque of Uqba|Great Mosque of Kairouan]] also known as the Mosque of Uqba was established in 670 by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba ibn Nafi, it is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb, situated in the city of [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]].]]
{{Main|Maghreb}}

[[Kairouan]] in [[Tunisia]] was the first city founded by Muslims in the [[Maghreb]]. Arab general [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] erected the city (in 670) and, in the same time, the [[Mosque of Uqba|Great Mosque of Kairouan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1176|title=Kairouan Capital of Political Power and Learning in the Ifriqiya|publisher=Muslim Heritage|access-date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102061328/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1176|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> considered as the oldest and most prestigious sanctuary in the western Islamic world.<ref>{{cite book|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA264|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15388-2|page=264}}</ref>

This part of Islamic territory has had independent governments during most of Islamic history. The [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisid]] were the first Arab rulers in the western [[Maghreb]] (Morocco), ruling from 788 to 985. The dynasty is named after its first [[sultan]] [[Idris I]].<ref>Y. Benhima, "[http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=867&lang=en The Idrisids (789–974)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610132109/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=867&lang=en |date=10 June 2013 }}". ''qantara-med.org'', 2008.</ref>

The [[Almoravid dynasty]] was a Berber dynasty from the [[Sahara]] flourished over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the 11th century. Under this dynasty the [[Moorish]] empire was extended over present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, [[Tlemcen]] (in Algeria) and a part of what is now [[Senegal]] and [[Mali]] in the south, and Spain and Portugal in the north.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Almoravides}}</ref>

The [[Almohad Dynasty]] or "the Unitarians", were a Berber Muslim religious power which founded the fifth [[Moorish]] dynasty in the 12th century, and conquered all Northern Africa as far as Egypt, together with Al-Andalus.<ref>History of the Almonades, Reinhart Dozy, Second edition, 1881.</ref>

===Horn of Africa===
[[File:Zeila ruins.jpeg|thumb|left|160px|Ruins of [[Zeila]] (Saylac), Somalia.]]
{{main|Islam in Ethiopia|Islam in Somalia}}

The history of Islam in the [[Horn of Africa]] is almost as old as the faith itself. Through extensive trade and social interactions with their converted Muslim trading partners on the other side of the [[Red Sea]], in the [[Arabian peninsula]], merchants and sailors in the Horn region gradually came under the influence of the new religion.<ref name="Sct">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0014)|title=A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress}}</ref>

Early Islamic disciples fled to the port city of [[Zeila]] in modern-day northern [[Somalia]] to seek protection from the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] at the court of the [[Aksumite Empire|Emperor of Aksum]]. Some of the Muslims that were granted protection are said to have then settled in several parts of the Horn region to promote the religion. The victory of the Muslims over the Quraysh in the 7th century had a significant impact on local merchants and sailors, as their trading partners in Arabia had by then all adopted Islam, and the major trading routes in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and the Red Sea came under the sway of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Muslim Caliphs]]. Instability in the Arabian peninsula saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Somali seaboard. These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region.<ref name="Sct"/>

===East African coast===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0232, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Arabische Moschee.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[Great Mosque of Kilwa]]]]

Islam came to the [[Swahili coast]] and South Eastern Africa along existing trade routes.<ref>Nicolini, B., & Watson, P.-J. (2004). Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal cultural corridor in the western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856. Leiden: Brill. p. 35</ref> They learned from them the manners of the Muslims and this led to their conversion by the Muslim Arabs.

Local Islamic governments centered in [[Islam in Tanzania|Tanzania]] (then [[Zanzibar]]). The people of ''[[Zayd]]'' were Muslims that immigrated to the region. In the pre-colonial period, the structure of Islamic authority here was held up through the ''[[Ulema]]'' (''wanawyuonis'', in [[Swahili language]]). These leaders had some degree of authority over most of the Muslims in South East Africa before territorial boundaries were established. The chief [[Qadi]] there was recognized for having the final religious authority.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nimtz|first=August H. Jr.|title=Islam and Politics in East Aftrica. the Sufi Order in Tanzania|year=1980|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis}}</ref>

=== West Africa ===
{{Main|Ghana Empire#Almoravids|Suwarian tradition|Fula jihads}}

{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

==== Early contacts ====
Much of what is known about the early history of Islam in West Africa derives from [[medieval]] accounts written by Arab and North African geographers and historians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fsi9-prod.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Islam.pdf|title=The Spread of Islam in West Africa: Containment, Mixing, and Reform from the Eighth to the Twentieth Century}}</ref> After the rise of Islam in the seventh century, Islam was introduced into West Africa and spread gradually from the 8th century onward along pre-existing [[trans-Saharan trade]] networks linking the region with North Africa and the Mediterranean world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Islam Is Introduced into West Africa (750 CE)|url=https://blackpast.org/global-african-history/islam-is-introduced-into-west-africa-750-ce/|website=BlackPast.org|date=2025-04-28|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US|first=Samuel|last=Momodu}}</ref> Early Muslim presence was largely confined to [[merchant]] communities, clerics, and segments of the ruling elite in [[Sahel|Sahelian]] towns, where literacy, commerce, and diplomacy created favorable conditions for adoption. Rather than spreading through mass conversion, Islam initially functioned as a religion of trade, scholarship, and administration.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Islam in West Africa|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16678|date=1959|language=English|first=J. Spencer|last=Trimingham}}</ref>

From the 8th to the early 11th centuries, Islam spread gradually as a ''class religion'', serving as the faith of merchant, clerical, and administrative [[Elite|elites]] in [[Sudan|Sudanic]] societies, while the broader population continued to follow indigenous religious traditions.<ref name=":2" /> Political authorities often regulated Muslim influence by [[segregating]] Muslim communities or limiting their participation in governance, a situation scholars describe as a stage of ''containment.'' Despite the expansion of Muslim communities across the [[Sahel]], political authority largely remained non-Islamic during this period.<ref name=":1" />

==== Islamic states ====
Over the following centuries(11th–16th centuries), Islam became increasingly integrated into state structures across the Sahel, as African rulers adopted the religion while continuing to govern populations with diverse religious practices.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> This period corresponds to what scholars describe as a stage of ''mixing'', during which Islamic beliefs and institutions coexisted with, and were often adapted to, local religious and social traditions rather than replacing them entirely.<ref name=":0" /> Mystical [[Sufism|Sufi]] brotherhoods began to spread throughout West Africa. These [[List of Sufi orders|orders]] played an important role in social organization, education, and the diffusion of Islam, and they remained influential well into the 12th century.<ref name=":1" />

One of the earliest known Islamic states in West Africa was the Kingdom of [[Takrur]], located in the middle [[Senegal River]] valley. Its ruler, [[War Jabi|War Dyābī]], converted to Islam in the early 11th century and promoted stricter Islamic practices, including the application of Islamic law, prior to the rise of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=General History of Africa III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3601772|journal=African Economic History|date=1989|issn=0145-2258|pages=146|issue=18|doi=10.2307/3601772|first=Jay|last=Spaulding|first2=M. El|last2=Fasi|first3=L.|last3=Hrbek|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[Mali Empire]] incorporated Islamic institutions into its political system, where Islam functioned primarily as a court religion rather than a uniformly practiced popular faith.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Musa, Mansa|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49537|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=African American Studies Center|date=2011-12-08|access-date=2026-02-01|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|first=David C.|last=Conrad}}</ref> Its ruler, [[Mansa Musa]], publicly demonstrated Mali’s integration into the wider Islamic world through his [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]] in 1324.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Musa, Mansa|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49537|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=African American Studies Center|date=2011-12-08|access-date=2026-02-01|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|first=David C.|last=Conrad}}</ref>.Similar forms of Islamic integration and recognition occurred in other [[Sahelian]] polities, including the [[Hausa Kingdoms|Hausa city-states]] and the [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kingdom of Kanem-Bornu]] in present-day northern [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The [[Songhai Empire]], which succeeded Mali as the dominant power in the western Sahel, further expanded the role of Islam in state administration and public life. Although many inhabitants continued to practice indigenous religious systems, the Songhai state patronized Islamic institutions and sponsored mosques and centers of learning.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Under Songhai rule, [[Timbuktu]] emerged as a major center of Islamic scholarship during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, attracting scholars from across North Africa and the broader Muslim world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[Great Mosque of Djenné]] in present-day Mali exemplifies the architectural and religious significance of Islam in the region and remains the largest earthen building in the world. After the [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|Moroccan invasion]] of [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]], [[merchant]]-scholars and religious elites dispersed from urban centers such as Timbuktu, contributing to the spread of Islamic learning among rural and [[pastoral]] communities across the [[Sahara]] and [[Sahel]], many of which maintained indigenous practices.<ref name=":1" />

==== Reform and resistance ====
From the 18th century onward, [[Reformism|reformist]] movements emerged among West African Muslims who sought to eliminate practices they regarded as [[Haram|un-Islamic]], including the blending of Islamic and local religious traditions, and to enforce Islamic law more fully. This period, often described as a stage of ''reform'', was characterized by a series of [[Fula jihads|jihads]] that led to the establishment of new Islamic states.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

In 1802, [[Uthman dan Fodio]], a [[Fula people|Fulani]] scholar, led a major jihad in [[Hausa Kingdoms|Hausaland]] that overthrew existing rulers and led to the creation of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The new state centralized Muslim authority and introduced legal, educational, and administrative reforms based on Islamic principles.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Dan Fodio’s movement inspired subsequent jihads, including that of [[Umar Tal]] in the 1850s,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of El Hadj Oumar Tall {{!}} Who's Who in Guinea|url=https://www.quiestquienguinee.com/en/list-of-personalities/p01147/el-hadj-oumar-tall|website=www.quiestquienguinee.com|date=1794-01-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> who conquered several Bambara states, including the [[Ségou Empire]] and [[Kaarta]] in [[Senegambia]], and expanded the influence of the [[Tijaniyyah]] Sufi order into parts of West Africa, including northern Nigeria.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

These reformist jihads were followed in the 19th century by resistance movements and military campaigns against European colonial expansion, including those led by [[Samori Touré]], a [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] military strategist and founder of the [[Samorian state|Wassoulou Empire]], who opposed French forces until his capture in 1898; his successors were defeated in 1901.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The French occupation of Senegal subsequently reshaped Islamic practice in the region, as some leaders of [[Sufi Orders|Sufi orders]] increasingly collaborated with colonial administrators.<ref name=":1" />

Despite European colonial rule, Islam continued to spread across West Africa into the twentieth century, though its expansion remained uneven.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Muslim influence met resistance in regions with strong [[kinship]] systems, [[ritual]] institutions, and [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] religious traditions, particularly among [[Gur people|Voltaic peoples]].<ref name=":2" /> Some communities incorporated selected Islamic practices without fully converting, while in others conversion occurred primarily through military conquest rather than voluntary adoption.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Where jihad states imposed Islam, these conversions were occasionally reversed following the collapse of the regimes and during the colonial period, when traditional religious authorities and community institutions regained authority.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Islam had become a major religious force across much of West Africa, particularly in the Sahel and savanna zones. Its historical development reflects a long process of adaptation, negotiation, and reform rather than a single or uniform pattern of religious transformation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History Of Islam In Africa|url=https://doi.org/10.1353/book.18673|publisher=Ohio University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-8214-4461-0|first=Nehemia|last=Levtzion|first2=Randall|last2=Pouwels}}</ref>

== East Asia ==

===Indian subcontinent===
{{Main|Islam in South Asia|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islam in India|Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Delhi Sultanate}}

[[File:Qutb minar ruins.jpg|thumb|left|[[Qutub Minar]] is the world's tallest brick [[minaret]], commenced by [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]]; 1st dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].]]

On the [[Indian subcontinent]], Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's [[Kerala]] state. Arabs traded with [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] even before the birth of Muhammad. Native legends say that a group of [[Sahaba]], under [[Malik Bin Deenar|Malik Ibn Deenar]], arrived on the [[Malabar Coast]] and preached Islam. According to that legend, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|the first mosque of India]] was built by Second Chera King Cheraman Perumal, who accepted Islam and received the name ''Tajudheen''. Historical records suggest that the [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Mosque]] was built in around 629.<ref name="BT">{{cite web|publisher=Bahrain tribune|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332 |archive-date=6 July 2006}}</ref>

Islamic rule first came to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th century, when [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered [[Sindh]], though this was a short-lived consolidation of Indian territory. Islamic conquests expanded under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the 12th century CE, resulting in the establishment of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] in the Indus River basin and the subsequent prominence of [[Lahore]] as an eastern bastion of Ghaznavid culture and rule. Ghaznavid rule was eclipsed by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] of [[Muhammad of Ghor]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]], whose domain under the conquests of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] extended until the [[Bengal]], where Indian [[Islamic missionary activity|Islamic missionaries]] achieved their greatest success in terms of [[dawah]] and number of converts to [[Islam]].<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227-228</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Mediaeval Bengal'', First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-06-4}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}} [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] conquered [[Delhi]] in 1206 and began the reign of the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Ashirvadi Lal|title=The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 AD|url=https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1929|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company}}</ref> a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic plain]] and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, [[Razia Sultana]].

Many prominent sultanates and emirates administered various regions of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th centuries, such as the [[Qutb Shahi]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Shah Mir dynasty|Kashmir]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and [[Bahmani|Bahmani Sultanates]], but none rivaled the power and extensive reach of the [[Mughal Empire]] at its zenith.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=Edward Singleton|author-link=Edward Singleton Holden|title=The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398 – A.D. 1707|url=https://archive.org/stream/mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1895|publisher=New York : C. Scribner's Sons}}</ref> The Bengal Sultanate in particular was a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with",<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> while the Shah Mir dynasty ensured the gradual conversion of [[Kashmiris]] to Islam.

Persian culture, art, language, cuisine and literature grew in prominence in India due to Islamic administration and the immigration of soldiers, bureaucrats, merchants, Sufis, artists, poets, teachers and architects from Iran and Central Asia, resulting in the early development of [[Indo-Persian culture]].

===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Masjid demak.jpg|thumb|200px|Grand Mosque of [[Sultanate of Demak|Demak]], the first Muslim state in Java]]
{{See also|Spread of Islam in Indonesia}}

Islam first reached [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] through traders from Mecca in the 7th century,<ref name="AHGC"/> particularly via the western part of what is now [[Indonesia]]. Arab traders from Yemen already had a presence in Asia through trading and travelling by sea, serving as intermediary traders to and from Europe and Africa. They traded not only Arabian goods but also goods from Africa, India, and so on which included ivory, fragrances, spices, and gold.<ref>Gustave Le Bon. (1956). ''Hadarat al Arab''. Translation of La Civilisation-des Arabes. 3rd Print. Cairo. p. 95.</ref>

According to [[T. W. Arnold]] in ''The Preaching of Islam'', by the 2nd century of the [[Islamic calendar]], Arab traders had been trading with the inhabitants of [[Ceylon]], modern-day Sri Lanka. The same argument has been told by Dr. B.H. Burger and Dr. Mr. Prajudi in ''Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia'' (History of Socio Economic of Indonesia).<ref>Suryanegara, Ahmad Mansyur. (2009). ''Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia'' (History of Socio-Economic of Indonesia). API Sejarah. Bandung. Indonesia. pp. 2–3</ref> According to an atlas created by the geographer Al-Biruni (973–1048), the Indian or Indonesian Ocean used to be called the Persian Ocean. After Western Imperialist rule, this name was changed to reflect the name used today; the Indian Ocean.<ref>Sir [[Thomas Arnold]] and Alfred Guilaume, (eds.), (1965). ''The Legacy of Islam''. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 87.</ref>

Soon, many [[Sufi]] missionaries translated classical [[Sufi literature]] from Arabic and Persian into [[Malay language|Malay]]; a tangible product of this is the [[Jawi script]]. Coupled with the composing of original [[Islamic literature]] in Malay, this led the way to the transformation of Malay into an Islamic language. [[Marco Polo]] detected an Islamic kingdom in [[Perlak, Aceh|Perlak]], [[Sumatra]] in 1292. A powerful Islamic kingdom named [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate|Pasai]] was to grow from the north coast of [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/143/mode/1up 143]}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Malacca]] was founded on the [[Malay Peninsula]] by [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]], a [[Srivijaya]]n Prince.

Through trade and commerce, Islam then spread to [[Borneo]] and [[Java]]. By the late 15th century, [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] had been introduced to the [[Philippines]] via the southern island of [[Mindanao]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Spencer Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA419|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|pages=419–|volume=1}}</ref> The foremost{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} socio-cultural Muslim entities that resulted from this are the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] and [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]; Islamised kingdoms in the northern [[Luzon]] island, such as the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] and the [[Kingdom of Tondo]], were later conquered and [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianised]] with the majority of the archipelago by [[Spanish colonization of the Philippines|Spanish colonisers]] beginning in the 16th century.

As Islam spread, societal changes developed from the individual conversions, and five centuries later it emerged as a dominant cultural and political power in the region. Three main Muslim political powers emerged. The [[Aceh Sultanate]] was the most important, controlling much of the area between Southeast Asia and India from its centre in northern [[Sumatra]]. The Sultanate also attracted [[Sufi poetry|Sufi poets]]. The second Muslim power was the [[Malacca Sultanate|Sultanate of Malacca]] on the Malay Peninsula. The [[Demak Sultanate|Sultanate of Demak]] on Java was the third power, where the emerging Muslim forces defeated the local [[Majapahit]] kingdom in the early 16th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2000|pp=226–30}}</ref> Although the sultanate managed to expand its territory somewhat, its rule remained brief.<ref name="AHGC"/>

[[Portuguese empire|Portuguese]] forces captured Malacca in 1511 under naval general [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. With Malacca subdued, the [[Aceh Sultanate]] and [[Bruneian Empire]] established themselves as centres of Islam in Southeast Asia. The Sultanate's territory, although vastly diminished, remains intact to this day as the modern state of [[Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="AHGC"/>

===China===
[[File:Huaisheng Mosque Dec 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Huaisheng Mosque]] of China, built by [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]].]]
{{Further|History of Islam in China}}

In China, four Sahabas (Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas, Wahb Abu Kabcha, [[Jafar ibn Abu Talib]] and [[Jahsh ibn Riyab]]) preached in 616/17 and onwards after following the [[Chittagong]]–[[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] ([[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]])–[[Manipur]] route after sailing from [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] in 615/16. After conquering Persia in 636, Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas went with [[Sa'id ibn Zaid]], [[Qais ibn Sa'd]] and [[Hassan ibn Thabit]] to China in 637 taking the complete Quran. Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas headed for China for the third time in 650–51 after Caliph Uthman asked him to lead an embassy to China, which the Chinese emperor received.<ref>Khamouch, Mohammed. "[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage]". FTSC.</ref>

== Early Modern period ==
{{main|Early modern period}}

In the 15th and 16th centuries three major Muslim empires formed: the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Ottoman conquest of Anatolia|Anatolia]], the [[Ottoman conquest of the Balkans|Balkans]], the [[Middle East]], and [[North Africa]]; the [[Safavid Empire]] in [[Greater Iran]]; and the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[South Asia]]. These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of [[gunpowder]] and more efficient administration.<ref name="Armstrong116">{{harvnb|Armstrong|2000|p=116}}</ref>

===Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Ottoman Empire|Rise of the Ottoman Empire}}

{{Further|Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire|History of Turkey}}
[[File:I Osman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Osman I]], founder of the Ottoman Empire. [[Ottoman miniature]], 1579–1580, [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi]], [[Istanbul]].]]

According to Ottoman historiography, the [[legitimation]] of a ruler is attributed to [[Sheikh Edebali]] who interpreted a dream of [[Osman I|Osman Gazi]] as God's legitimation of his reign.<ref>Jens Peter Laut ''Vielfalt türkischer Religionen'' Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (German) p. 31</ref> Since [[Murad I]]'s [[Ottoman conquest of Adrianople|conquest of Edirne]] in 1362, the caliphate was claimed by the Turkish sultans of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Holt|editor-first1=P.M.|editor-last2=Lambton|editor-first2=Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west|editor-last3=Lewis|editor-first3=Bernard|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-521-22310-2|volume=2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C 320]|editor-link2=Ann Lambton|editor-link3=Bernard Lewis|access-date=13 March 2015}}{{verify source|date=September 2021|reason=This cite does not match Google books or Worldcat. The Google cite does not match the contents of the book. The Worldcat cite is confusing. I believe I have listed the correct editors.}}</ref> During the period of Ottoman growth, claims on caliphal authority were recognized in 1517 as [[Selim I]] became the "[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]" in Mecca and Medina through the conquering and unification of Muslim lands, strengthening their claim to the caliphate in the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Drews|first=Robert|url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/|title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization|date=August 2011|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]]|chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648"|chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf}}</ref>

The Seljuq Turks declined in the second half of the 13th century, after the [[Mongol conquest of Anatolia|Mongol invasion of Anatolia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Holt|1977a|p=263}}</ref> This resulted in the establishment of multiple Turkish principalities, known as [[bey]]liks. [[Osman I]], the founder of the [[Ottoman dynasty]], assumed leadership of one of these principalities ([[Söğüt]]) at the end of the 13th century, succeeding his father [[Ertuğrul]]. Osman I afterwards led it in a series of battles with the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Kohn, G. C. (2006). Dictionary of wars. New York: Facts on File. p. 94.</ref> By 1331, the [[Ottoman Turks]] had captured [[Nicaea]], the former Byzantine capital, under the leadership of Osman's son and successor, [[Orhan I]].<ref>{{harvnb|Koprulu|1992|p=109}}</ref> Victory at the [[Battle of Kosovo]] against the [[Serbian Empire]] in 1389 then facilitated their expansion into Europe. The Ottomans were established in the Balkans and Anatolia by the time [[Bayezid I]] ascended to power in the same year, now at the helm of a growing empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Koprulu|1992|p=111}}</ref>

[[File:OttomanEmpireMain.png|thumb|left|300px|The Ottoman Empire and sphere of influence at its [[Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire|greatest extent]] (1683)]]
Growth halted when Mongol warlord [[Timur]] (also known as "''Tamerlane''") captured Bayezid I in the [[Battle of Ankara]] in 1402, beginning the [[Ottoman Interregnum]]. This episode was characterized by the division of the Ottoman territory amongst Bayezid I's sons, who submitted to [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid authority]]. When a number of Ottoman territories regained independent status, ruin for the Empire loomed. However, the empire recovered as the youngest son of Bayezid I, [[Mehmed I]], waged offensive campaigns against his ruling brothers, thereby reuniting [[Asia Minor]] and declaring himself sultan in 1413.<ref name="AHGC">{{Cite web|author=Applied History Research Group|publisher=University of Calagary|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html|title=The Islamic World to 1600|access-date=18 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410125136/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html|archive-date=10 April 2007}}</ref> Around 1512 the [[Ottoman Navy|Ottoman naval fleet]] developed under the rule of [[Selim I]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ágoston|first=Gábor|year=2021|chapter=Part I: Emergence – Conquests: European Reactions and Ottoman Naval Preparations|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|title=The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] and [[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|pages=123-138, 138-144|doi=10.1515/9780691205380-003|isbn=978-0-691-20538-0|lccn=2020046920|jstor=j.ctv1b3qqdc.8}}</ref> such that the Ottoman Turks were able to challenge the [[Republic of Venice]], a [[naval power]] which established its [[thalassocracy]] alongside the other [[Italian city-states|Italian]] [[maritime republics]] upon the [[Mediterranean Region]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Lane|author-first=Frederic C.|author-link=Frederic C. Lane|year=1973|chapter=Contests for Power: The Fifteenth Century|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVq0BLfVT4C&pg=PA224|title=Venice, A Maritime Republic|location=[[Baltimore]]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|pages=224–240|isbn=978-0-8018-1460-0|oclc=617914}}</ref> They also attempted to reconquer the Balkans. By the time of Mehmed I's grandson, [[Mehmed II]] (ruled 1444–1446; 1451–1481), the Ottomans could lay siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. A factor in this siege was the use of [[muskets]] and large [[cannon]]s introduced by the Ottomans. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] in 1453, after 54 days of siege. Without its capital the Byzantine Empire disintegrated.<ref name="AHGC"/> The future successes of the Ottomans and later empires would depend upon the exploitation of [[gunpowder]].<ref name="Armstrong116"/>

[[File:View of the Süleymaniye Mosque from the Bosphorus (1).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] (Süleymaniye Camii) in [[Istanbul]] was built on the order of sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] by the [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman architect]] [[Mimar Sinan]] in 1557.]]
In the early 16th century, the Shiʿite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia under the leadership of [[Shah]] [[Ismail I]], defeating the ruling [[Turkmen people|Turcoman]] federation [[Aq Qoyunlu]] (also called the "White Sheep Turkomans") in 1501. The Ottoman sultan [[Selim I]] sought to repel Safavid expansion, challenging and defeating them at the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514. Selim I also deposed the ruling Mamluks in Egypt, absorbing their territories in 1517. [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] (nicknamed "''Suleiman the Magnificent''"), Selim I's successor, took advantage of the diversion of Safavid focus to the [[Uzbeks]] on the eastern frontier and recaptured Baghdad, which had fallen under Safavid control. Despite this, Safavid power remained substantial, rivalling the Ottomans. Suleiman I advanced deep into Hungary following the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526 – [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|reaching as far as the gates of Vienna]] thereafter, and signed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with [[Francis I of France]] against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] 10 years later. While Suleiman I's rule (1520–1566) is often identified as the apex of Ottoman power, the empire continued to remain powerful and influential until a relative fall in its military strength in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Ágoston|editor1-first=Gábor|editor2-first=Bruce|editor2-last=Masters|year=2009|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Facts on File]]|page=xxxii|isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1|lccn=2008020716}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Faroqhi|first=Suraiya|editor-last=İnalcık|editor-first=Halil|editor2=Donald Quataert|title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1994|page=553|chapter=Crisis and Change, 1590–1699|isbn=978-0-521-57456-3|quote=In the past fifty years, scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for "Ottoman decadence", which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century. But recently, more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century, and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around 1600; after the crisis of the 1683–99 war, there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing. Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century.}}</ref>

===Safavid Empire===
{{Main|Safavid Empire}}

{{Further|Persianization|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}}
[[File:Safavid Empire 1501 1722 AD.png|thumb|left|300px|The [[Safavid Empire]] at its greatest extent under [[Shah]] [[Ismail I]] (1501–1524)]]

The Shīʿīte [[Safavid dynasty]] rose to power in [[Tabriz]] in 1501 and later conquered the rest of Iran.<ref name="Matthee 2021">{{cite book|author-last=Baltacıoğlu-Brammer|author-first=Ayşe|year=2021|chapter=The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWBCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|editor-first=Rudi|editor-last=Matthee|title=The Safavid World|location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|edition=1st|series=Routledge Worlds|pages=15–36|doi=10.4324/9781003170822|isbn=978-1-003-17082-2|s2cid=236371308}}</ref> They were of mixed ancestry, originally [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]],<ref name="R.M.">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-bazzaz|title=RM Savory. Ebn Bazzaz.}} ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> but during their rule intermarried with [[Turkmens|Turcomans]],<ref>
*Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214, 229
*Blow, David (2009). ''Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend''. I.B.Tauris. p. 3
*Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ''ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ''. ''Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6'', pp. 628-636
*Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ''ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI''. ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''</ref> [[Georgians]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Aptin|last=Khanbaghi|date=2006|title=The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early|location=London & New York|publisher=IB Tauris|isbn=1-84511-056-0}}, pp. 130–1</ref> [[Circassians]],{{sfn|Yarshater|2001|p=493}}{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2006|p=130}} and [[Pontic Greeks]].<ref name="Anthony Bryer 1975">Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29'' (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"</ref> The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the [[Safavid order]] of [[Sufism]],<ref name="Matthee 2021"/> while the Iranian population was largely composed by [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref>Peter B. Golden (2002) "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples"; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara, p. 321</ref> After their defeat at the hands of the Sunni Ottomans at the [[Battle of Chaldiran]], to unite the Persians behind him, [[Shah]] [[Ismail I]] made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population of Iran to the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver sect of Shīʿa Islam]] so that he could get them to fight against the Sunni Ottomans.<ref>"Ismail Safavi" Encyclopædia Iranica</ref>

This resulted in the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shīʿa Islam]]. Iranian [[Zaydism|Zaydis]], the largest group amongst the Shīʿa Muslims before the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid rule]], were also forced to convert to the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] denomination of Shīʿa Islam. The Zaydis at that time subscribed to the [[Hanafi]] [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], as did most Sunnis, and there were good relations between them. [[Abu Hanifah]] and [[Zayd ibn Ali]] were also very good friends.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 917"/><ref name="The Iraq Effect Page 91"/> The Safavid dynasty from [[Azarbaijan]] ruled from 1501 to 1736; they [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism|established Twelver Shīʿīsm as the official religion of Safavid Iran]] and united its provinces under a single sovereignty, thereby reigniting the [[History of Iran|Persian identity]].<ref>''Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?'' RM Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.</ref><ref>Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".</ref>
{{clear|left}}
[[File:Shah soleiman safavi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Suleiman I of Persia|Shah Suleiman I]] and his courtiers, [[Isfahan]], 1670. Painter is [[Aliquli Jabbadar|Ali Qoli Jabbador]], and is kept at The [[St. Petersburg]] Institute of Oriental Studies in Russia, ever since it was acquired by [[Tsar Nicholas II]]. Note the two [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] figures with their names at the top left.]]

In 1524, [[Tahmasp I]] acceded to the throne, initiating a revival of the arts. [[Persian carpet|Carpetmaking]] became a major industry. The tradition of [[Persian miniature]] painting in manuscripts reached its peak, until Tahmasp turned to strict religious observance in middle age, prohibiting the consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[hashish]] and removing [[casino]]s, [[tavern]]s, and [[brothel]]s. Tahmasp's nephew [[Ibrahim Mirza]] continued to patronize a last flowering of the arts until he was murdered, after which many artists were recruited by the [[Mughal dynasty]].

Tahmasp's grandson, [[Shah Abbas I]], restored the shrine of the eighth Twelver Shīʿīte Imam, [[Ali al-Ridha]] at [[Mashhad]], and restored the dynastic shrine at [[Ardabil]]. Both shrines received jewelry, fine manuscripts, and Chinese porcelains. Abbas moved the capital to [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], revived old ports, and established thriving trade with Europeans. Amongst Abbas' most visible cultural achievements was the construction of ''[[Naqsh-e Jahan Square]]'' ("Design of the World"). The plaza, located near a Friday mosque, covered {{convert|20|acre|m2}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2000|pp=199–204}}</ref> The [[Safavid dynasty]] was toppled in 1722 by the [[Hotaki dynasty]], which ended their forceful conversion of Sunni areas to Twelver Shīʿīsm.

===Mughal Empire===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}

[[File:The Mughal Empire.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mughal India]] at its greatest extent, at the sharia apogee of [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir]].]]

Mughal Empire was a power that comprised almost all of [[South Asia]], founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by the [[Timurid dynasty]], with [[Turco-Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] roots from [[Central Asia]], claiming direct descent from both [[Genghis Khan]] (through his son [[Chagatai Khan]]) and [[Timur]],<ref name="Richards1995">{{citation|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=6|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel2004">{{citation|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|page=22|isbn=978-1-86189-185-3}}</ref><ref name="Balabanlilar2012">{{citation|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC|date=15 January 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=2|isbn=978-1-84885-726-1}}</ref> and with significant [[India|Indian]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances;<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', p. 105], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2007|page=300|isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref> the first two [[Mughal emperors]] had both parents of Central Asian ancestry, while successive emperors were of predominantly Indo-Persian ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=978-93-84544-98-0}}</ref> The dynasty was [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] in culture,<ref name="r1"/> combining [[Persianate society|Persianate]] culture<ref name="persianatemogul">{{cite book|title=God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason|author=John Walbridge|page=165|quote=Persianate Mogul Empire.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Britain and the Persian Gulf: 1795–1880|author=John Barrett Kelly|page=473}}</ref> with local [[Culture of India|Indian cultural]] influences<ref name="r1">{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/|title=Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)|publisher=SOAS|access-date=28 November 2012|archive-date=23 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923222924/http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/|url-status=dead}}</ref> visible in its court culture and administrative customs.<ref name="r4">{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/history/MEDIEVAL/mughal%20period/mughal2.htm|title=Indian History-Medieval-Mughal Period-AKBAR|publisher=Webindia123.com|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder [[Babur]] over [[Ibrahim Lodi]], the last ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] (1526). During the reign of [[Humayun]], the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the [[Sur Empire]] established by [[Sher Shah Suri]], who re-established the [[Grand Trunk Road]] across the northern Indian subcontinent, initiated the [[rupee]] currency system and developed much of the foundations of the effective administration of Mughal rule. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire began in 1556, with the ascension of [[Akbar]] to the throne. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were [[Muslims]]; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called [[Din-i-Ilahi|Dīn-i Ilāhī]], as recorded in historical books like ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and ''[[Dabistān-i Mazāhib]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Makhan Lal|last=Roy Choudhury|title=The Din-i-Ilahi:Or, The Religion of Akbar}}</ref> The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in native societies during most of its existence, rather co-opting and pacifying them through concilliatory administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 115}}{{sfn|Robb|2001|pp = 90–91}} and a syncretic, inclusive ruling elite,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}} leading to more systematic, centralized and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 152}} Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], the [[Rajputs]], the [[Pashtuns]], the [[Hindu Jats]] and the [[Khalsa|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006">{{cite book|author1=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|author2=Cynthia Talbot|title=India before Europe|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=265}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Burjor Avari|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA131|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=131–|isbn=978-0-415-58061-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Erinn Banting|date=2003|title=Afghanistan: The people|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanpeopl0000bant|url-access=registration|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistanpeopl0000bant/page/9 9]–|isbn=978-0-7787-9336-6}}</ref>{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}}
[[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|[[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] built by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] to house the tomb of his favourite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].]]
The reign of [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) represented the height of [[Mughal architecture]], with famous monuments such as the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]], [[Red Fort]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] and [[Lahore Fort]] being constructed during his reign.

The [[sharia]] reign of [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Auranzgeb]] witnessed the establishment of the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]].<ref>''Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order'', [[Michael Adas]], Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78347-572-8|pages=62–63}}</ref> Muslim India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world [[GDP]].<ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA259 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|92-64-10414-3}}, pages 259–261</ref> Its richest province, [[Bengal Subah]], which was a world leading economy and had better conditions than 18th century [[Western Europe]], showed signs of the [[Industrial Revolution]], through the emergence of the period of [[proto-industrialization]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Numerous conflicts such as the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] were also witnessed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb|first=Farhat|last=Hasan|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=34|issue=4|date=1991|pages=351–360|doi=10.1163/156852091X00058|jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690|first=James|last=Vaugn|journal=Britain and the World|volume=11|issue=1|date=September 2017}}
</ref>

After the death of [[Aurangzeb]], which marks the end of Medieval India and beginning of the European colonialism in India, internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to its break-up and declarations of independence of its former provinces by the [[Nawab of Bengal]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the major economic and military power known as [[Kingdom of Mysore]] ruled by [[Tipu Sultan]] and other small states. In 1739, the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the [[Battle of Karnal]] by the forces of [[Nader Shah]], the founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] in Persia, and Delhi was [[Sack of Delhi|sacked and looted]], drastically accelerating their decline.

In 1757, the [[East India Company]] overtook [[Bengal Subah]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]]. By the mid-18th century, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] had routed Mughal armies and won over several Mughal provinces from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|date=2010|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|publisher=Macmillan India|page=Introduction 14|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3}}</ref>

[[Tipu Sultan]]'s [[Kingdom of Mysore]] based in [[South India]], which witnessed partial establishment of [[sharia]] based economic and military policies i.e. [[Fathul Mujahidin]], replaced Bengal ruled by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] as [[South Asia]]'s foremost economic territory.<ref name="mehta">{{cite book|title=Widows, Pariahs, and Bayadères: India as Spectacle|author=Binita Mehta|publisher=[[Bucknell University Press]]|year=2002|pages=110–111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wK1fAwgOercC&pg=PA110|isbn=978-0-8387-5455-9}}</ref><ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=B. N. Pande|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-81-85220-38-3}}</ref>
The [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] were fought between [[Hyder Ali]], his son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] and their [[First French Empire|French]] allies, including [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte, and the [[East India Company]]. [[Rocket artillery]] and the world's first iron-cased rockets, the [[Mysorean rockets]], were used during the war and the [[Jihad]] based [[Fathul Mujahidin]] was compiled.

During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited, and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], had authority over only the city of [[Shahjahanabad]]. Bahadur issued a ''[[firman]]'' supporting the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Consequent to the rebellion's defeat he was tried by the [[East India Company]] [[Company rule in India|authorities]] for treason, imprisoned, and exiled to [[Rangoon]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Capper|author-link=John Capper|date=1918|title=Delhi, the Capital of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|pages=28–29|isbn=978-81-206-1282-2}}</ref> The last remnants of the empire were formally taken over by the British, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]] to enable [[the Crown]] formally to [[Nationalization|nationalize]] the East India Company and assume direct control of India in the form of the new [[British Raj]].

== Modern period ==
=== Ottoman Empire partition ===
{{Main|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}

{{See also|Ottoman Caliphate|Turkish War of Independence}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S29571, Türkei, Dardanellen, MG-Stellung.jpg|thumb|Ottoman army in World War I]]
By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back [[Germany]] in [[World War I]] meant they shared the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]: [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]], who became known to his people as Atatürk, "Father of the Turks." Atatürk was credited with renegotiating the [[treaty of Sèvres]] (1920) which ended Turkey's involvement in the war and establishing the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], which was recognized by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]]. Atatürk went on to implement an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and [[secular]]ization. He transformed Turkish culture to reflect European laws, adopted [[Arabic numerals]], the [[Latin script]], separated the religious establishment from the state, and emancipated woman—even giving them the right to vote in parallel with [[women's suffrage]] in the west.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=961, 969}}</ref>

During the First World War, the Allies cooperated with Arab partisans against the Ottoman Empire, both groups being united in opposition to a common enemy. The most prominent example of this was during the [[Arab Revolt]], when the British, led by secret intelligence agent [[T. E. Lawrence]]—better known as "Lawrence of Arabia" cooperated with Arab [[Guerilla warfare|guerillas]] against the Ottoman forces, eventually securing the withdrawal of all Ottoman troops from the region by 1918. Following the end of the war, the vast majority of former Ottoman territory outside of Asia Minor was handed over to the victorious European powers as [[protectorate]]s. However, many Arabs were left dismayed by the [[Balfour Declaration]], which directly contradicted the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]] publicized only a year earlier.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=971–72}}</ref> Ottoman successor states include today's [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], Egypt, Greece, Iraq, [[Israel]], Lebanon, [[Romania]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Serbia]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], Turkey, Balkan states, North Africa and the north shore of the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|McNeill|Bentley|Christian|2005|p=1402}}</ref>

===Arab–Israeli conflict===
{{Main|Arab–Israeli conflict}}

The Arab–Israeli conflict spans about a century of political tensions and open hostilities. It involves the establishment of the modern [[Israel|State of Israel]] as a [[Jews|Jewish]] [[nation state]], the consequent [[1948 Palestinian exodus|displacement]] of the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]], as well as the adverse relationship between the [[Arab world]] and the State of Israel (''see'': [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]). Despite at first involving only the Arab states bordering Israel, animosity has also developed between Israel and other predominantly [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]].

The [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|State of Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948]] as a polity to serve as the [[homeland for the Jewish people]]. It was also defined in its declaration of independence as a "[[Jewish state]]", a term that also appeared in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan for British Palestine]] in 1947. The related term of "[[Jewish and democratic state]]" dates from a 1992 legislation by Israel's [[Knesset]].

The [[Six-Day War]] of 5–10 June 1967, was fought between [[Israel]] and the neighbouring states of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. The Arab countries closed the [[Suez Canal]] and it was followed in May 1970 by the closure of the "tapline" from [[Saudi Arabia]] through Syria to [[Lebanon]]. These developments had the effect of increasing the importance of [[petroleum]] in [[Libya]], which is a short (and canal-free) shipping distance from Europe. In 1970, [[Occidental Petroleum]] broke with other oil companies and accepted the Arab demands for price increases.

In October 1973, a new war between Israel and its Muslim neighbours, known as the [[Yom Kippur War]], broke out just as the oil companies began meeting with the [[Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OAPEC). Its leaders had been emboldened by the success of [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat's campaigns]] and the war strengthened their unity. In response to the emergency resupply effort by the [[Western Bloc]] that enabled Israel to put up a resistance against the Egyptian and Syrian forces, the Arab world imposed the [[1973 oil embargo]] against the United States and Western Europe. Faisal agreed that Saudi Arabia would use some of its oil wealth to finance the "front-line states", those that bordered Israel, in their struggle. The centrality of petroleum, the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], political and economic instability, and uncertainty about the future remain constant features of the politics of the region.

Many countries, individuals, and [[non-governmental organizations]] elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam, [[Arab culture]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Jewish culture]], or for ideological, [[human rights]], or strategic reasons. Although some consider the Arab–Israeli conflict a part of (or a precursor to) a wider [[clash of civilizations]] between the [[Western world]] and the [[Muslim world]],<ref>Causes of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: a Socio-Political perspective [http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2003/12/abdallah.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803040848/http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2003/12/abdallah.pdf|date=3 August 2018}} by Abdel Mahdi Abdallah (MERIA Journal). Volume 7, No. 4. December 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.science.co.il/Arab-Israeli-conflict/Arab-islamic-empire.php Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion] (Israel Science and Technology)</ref> others oppose this view.<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1050 Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809212404/http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1050 |date=9 August 2007 }}</ref> Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world.

=== Other Islamic affairs ===
{{multiple image
| header_background = #f8eaba
| header = Modern Islamic world
| image1 = Islam by country.png
| width1 = 340
| caption1 = Islam in the modern world
----
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{unbulleted list
|{{colour box|#036704}}{{colour box|#4b934a}}{{colour box|#80b281}} [[Sunni]] Islam
|{{colour box|#741a19}}{{colour box|#924c4c}}{{colour box|#b17f7e}} [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Islam
|{{colour box|#32347e}} [[Ibadi]] Islam
}}{{div col end}}
}}

In 1979 the [[Iranian revolution]] transformed [[Iran]] from a constitutional monarchy to a [[Populism|populist]] [[theocracy|theocratic]] [[Islamic republic]] under the rule of [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], a Shi'i Muslim cleric and ''[[Marja'|marja]]''. Following the Revolution, a new constitution was approved and a referendum established the government, electing Ruhollah Khomeini as [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]. During the following two years, liberals, leftists, and Islamic groups fought each other, and the Islamics captured power.

The development of the two opposite fringes, the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam]], the Twelver Shia version, and its reinforcement by the [[Iranian revolution]] and the [[Salafi]] in Saudi Arabia, coupled with the [[Iran–Saudi Arabia relations]] resulted in these governments using sectarian conflict to enhance their political interests.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Heather S. Gregg|author2=Hy S. Rothstein|author3=John Arquilla|title=The Three Circles of War: Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict in Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqRgDU1kKi0C&pg=PA66|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-499-8|page=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Said Amir Arjomand|title=After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx9Tdoz6axoC&pg=PA195|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974576-0|page=195}}</ref> Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (despite being hostile to Iraq) encouraged [[Saddam Hussein]] to invade Iran,<ref>Farrokh, Kaveh. ''Iran at War: 1500–1988''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-78096-221-4}}.</ref> which resulted in the [[Iran–Iraq War]], as they feared that an Islamic revolution would take place within their own borders. Certain Iranian exiles also helped convince Saddam that if he invaded, the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse.

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|History
}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire]]
*[[Education in Islam]]
*[[LGBT in Islam|History of homosexuality in the Muslim world]]
*[[History of the Quran]]
*[[History of slavery in the Muslim world]]
**[[Arab slave trade]]
**[[Barbary slave trade]]
**[[Devshirme]]
**[[Ghilman]]
**[[Houri]]
**[[Islamic views on slavery]]
**[[Mamluk]]
**[[Saqaliba]]
**[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]]
*[[Islam and democracy]]
*[[Islam and modernity]]
*[[Islam and secularism]]
*[[Islam and violence]]
*[[Islam and war]]
*[[Islam by country]]
*[[Islamic art]]
*[[Islamic attitudes towards science]]
*[[Islamic culture]]
*[[Islamic eschatology]]
*[[Islamic philosophy]]
*[[Islamic schools and branches]]
**[[Madhhab|Schools of Islamic jurisprudence]]
**[[Schools of Islamic theology]]
*[[Islamism]]
*[[List of Muslim military leaders]]
*[[List of Muslim states and dynasties]]
*[[Political aspects of Islam]]
*[[Political philosophy#Islamic Political Evolution|Political philosophy of the Islamic Golden Age]]
*[[Political quietism in Islam]]
*[[Pre-Islamic Arabia]]
*[[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia]]
*[[Sectarian violence among Muslims]]
*[[Transformation of the Ottoman Empire]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
'''Books, articles, and journals'''
{{refbegin|2}}

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*{{Cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|author-link=John Esposito|year=2000|title=Oxford History of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510799-9|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john}}

*{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=Michael|title=The 100:Ranking of the most influential persons in history|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|location=New York|year=1978|isbn=978-0-8065-1057-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/10000mich_0}}
* {{Citation|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|author-link=Lesley Hazleton|year=2013|title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad|publisher=Atlantic Books}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Hoyland|first=Robert G.|author-link=Robert G. Hoyland|title=In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

*{{Cite book|last=Irving|first=W.|year=1868|url=https://archive.org/details/mahometandhissu02irvigoog|title=Mahomet and his successors|location=New York|publisher=Putnam}}

*{{cite book|last=Khaddūrī|first=Majīd|title=The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar|year=2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6975-4|pages=19–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89spaKByt_MC&q=majid+khadduri+siyar}}
*{{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Koprulu|1992}}|last=Koprulu|first=Mehmed Fuad|author2=Leiser, Gary|title=The Origins of the|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0819-3}}

*{{Cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-77056-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Le|first=S. G.|year=1900|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rdcoAAAAYAAJ|title=Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate: From contemporary Arabic and Persian sources|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last1=Leaman|first1=Oliver|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=B.|title=The Arabs in History|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-285258-8}}

* {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC|year=2006|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Muir|first=Sir William|year=1877|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502780|title=The life of Mahomet: from original sources|publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co.}}

*{{Cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|title=Islam:Religion, History and Civilization|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-050714-5|url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0}}

*{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=F.|title=Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-226-70284-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=H. U.|title=A Chronology of Islamic History|publisher=Ta-Ha|year=1999|isbn=978-1-897940-81-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Reeves|first=Minou|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvY8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Muhammad in Europe: a Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making|publisher=NYU Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8147-7564-6|author-link=Minou Reeves}}
* {{citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0-333-69129-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Robinson|first=Chase F.|entry=Introduction / The rise of Islam, 600 705|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam|pages=1–15, 173–225|volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-83823-8|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Chase F.}}
* {{Citation|last=Rogerson|first=Barnaby|year=2010|title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography|publisher=Hachette UK}}
* {{Cite book|publisher=Brill Archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kssUAAAAIAAJ|title=A history of Muslim historiography|year=1968|first=Franz|last=Rosenthal}}

*{{Cite book|last1=Sale|first1=G.|last2=Psalmanazar|first2=G.|last3=Bower|first3=A.|last4=Shelvocke|first4=G.|last5=Campbell|first5=J.|last6=Swinton|first6=J.|year=779|title=A universal history: From the earliest accounts to the present time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6o-AAAAYAA|volume=21|location=London|publisher=C. Bathurst}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sonn|first=Tamara|title=A Brief History of Islam|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4051-0900-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis0000sonn}}

* {{cite book|year=2000|author1-link=James Tracy (historian)|last=Tracy|first=James D.|title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&pg=PA235|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65221-6}}

*{{Cite book|last=Vansina|first=Jan|title=Oral Tradition as History|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1985|isbn=978-0852550076}}

* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Mecca |title-link=Muhammad at Mecca (book) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-577277-7 |id=ASIN: B000IUA52A}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-last=Williams|editor1-first=H. S.|year=1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mWDAAAAMAAJ|title=The historians' history of the world: Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs. The crusades and the papacy|location=New York|publisher=The Outlook Company}}

* {{cite book|last=Yeomans|first=Richard|title=The art and architecture of islamic cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNVBbTuPcPkC&pg=PA53|year=2006|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|isbn=978-1-85964-154-5}}

*{{Cite book|last1=Zaydān|first1=J.|last2=Margoliouth|first2=D. S.|year=1907|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DRByAAAAMAAJ|title=Umayyads and ʻAbbásids|chapter=Being the fourth part of Jurjí Zaydán's history of Islamic civilization.|location=Leyden|publisher=E.J. Brill, imprimerie orientale}}

*{{Cite book|title=The World's work|year=1900|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136|chapter=Islam Aflame with Revolt}}

'''Encyclopedias'''
*{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=[[P. J. Bearman]]|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]]|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]]|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]]|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|issn=1573-3912}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=[[P. J. Bearman]]|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]]|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]]|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition (1954-2005)|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|ref={{harvid|McNeill|Bentley|Christian|2005}}|title=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History|publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1|volume=4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}}
* Baynes, T. S. (1888). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. New York, N.Y: H.G. Allen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ0MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA545 pp. 545–606] .
* In Pace, E. A. (1922). ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline and History of the Catholic Church''. New York: Encyclopedia Press. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=RmoQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA424 Mohammed and Mohammedanism.]". pp. 424–28
* {{cite book|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=2001|isbn=978-0933273566}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXALEAAAQBAJ |title=The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1b3qqdc |isbn=978-0-691-20538-0 |jstor=j.ctv1b3qqdc |s2cid=243417695 |lccn=2020046920 |oclc=1224042619}}
*{{cite book |last=Anthony |first=Sean W. |year=2020 |chapter=Introduction: The Making of the Historical Muhammad – Part I: Muhammad the Merchant |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSzJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=1–84 |doi=10.1525/9780520974524-004 |isbn=978-0-520-34041-1 |s2cid=240957346 |lccn=2019035331 |oclc=1153189160}}
*{{cite book |last=Black |first=Antony |year=2014 |orig-date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjWrBgAAQBAJ |title=History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |oclc=855017249}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Conrad |editor1-first=Lawrence I. |editor1-link=Lawrence Conrad |editor2-last=Jabbur |editor2-first=Suhayl J. |year=1995 |title=The Bedouins and the Desert: Aspects of Nomadic Life in the Arab East |location=[[Albany, New York]] |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |series=SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies |isbn=978-0-7914-2852-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Haider |first=Najam |year=2019 |chapter=Modeling Islamic Historical Writing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtGoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Rebel and the Imām in Early Islam: Explorations in Muslim Historiography |location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/9781139199223.001 |isbn=978-1-139-19922-3 |s2cid=216606313 |oclc=1164503161}}
*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Aaron W. |author-link=Aaron W. Hughes |year=2013 |chapter=Part I: Origins |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWOsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=15–40 |isbn=978-0-231-53192-4 |lccn=2012036923 |oclc=809989049}}
*{{cite book |last=Khatab |first=Sayed |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYb7PN3DkkC |title=The Power of Sovereignty: The Political and Ideological Philosophy of Sayyid Qutb |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Studies in Political Islam |isbn=978-0-203-08694-0 |oclc=433839891}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Kurzman |author-first=Charles |author-link=Charles Kurzman |year=1998 |chapter=Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&pg=PA1 |editor-last=Kurzman |editor-first=Charles |title=Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–26 |isbn=978-0-19-511622-9 |oclc=37368975}}
*{{cite book |last=Milani |first=Milad |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jg9DwAAQBAJ |title=Sufi Political Thought |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Religion in Contemporary Asia Series |isbn=978-0-367-87025-6 |lccn=2017023114 |oclc=1010957516}}
*{{cite book |last=Oliver-Dee |first=Sean |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC |title=The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] and [[Plymouth|Plymouth, U.K.]] |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=978-0-7391-3603-4 |lccn=2009018328}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sahner |first=Christian C. |date=June 2017 |title="The Monasticism of My Community is Jihad": A Debate on Asceticism, Sex, and Warfare in Early Islam |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0801d65c-8f84-469e-84b8-f2b40852f8ff |journal=[[Arabica (journal)|Arabica]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=149–183 |doi=10.1163/15700585-12341453 |s2cid=165034994 |issn=1570-0585}}
*{{cite book |last=Saikal |first=Amin |author-link=Amin Saikal |year=2021 |orig-date=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-j5DwAAQBAJ |title=Iran Rising: The Survival and Future of the Islamic Republic |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |doi=10.1515/9780691184197 |isbn=978-0-691-18419-7 |jstor=j.ctvc77cbb |s2cid=241721596 |lccn=2018936897}}
*{{cite book |last=Soleimani |first=Kamal |year=2016 |chapter=Religious (Islamic) Thought, Nationalism, and the Politics of Caliphate |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP9jDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=Islam and Competing Nationalisms in the Middle East, 1876-1926 |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |series=The Modern Muslim World |pages=19–70 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-59940-7 |isbn=978-1-137-59940-7 |lccn=2016939591}}
*{{cite book |last=Tibi |first=Bassam |author-link=Bassam Tibi |year=2002 |orig-date=1998 |chapter=The Context: Globalization, Fragmentation, and Disorder |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGAcU6GB1EUC&pg=PA1 |title=The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Los Angeles]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |edition=Updated |series=Comparative Studies in Religion and Society |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1525/9780520929753-002 |isbn=978-0-520-92975-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Yılmaz |first=Hüseyin |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8mXDwAAQBAJ |title=Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvc77bv4 |isbn=978-1-4008-8804-7 |jstor=j.ctvc77bv4 |lccn=2017936620 |oclc=1203056833}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikibooks}}

{{History of Islam|state=collapsed}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:History of Islam| ]]
[[Category:History of religion by religion|Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic studies]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern studies]]

Ficus religiosa

2026-03-22T00:05:37Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Species of fig}}
{{For|the large tree in Bodh Gaya, India|Bodhi Tree}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Sacred fig
|image = Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg
|image_caption = The tree trunk and distinctive heart-shaped leaves
|genus = Ficus
|parent=Ficus subg. Urostigma
|species = religiosa
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |title=''Ficus religiosa'' L. |id=853563-1 |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
|synonyms =
{{Species list
| Urostigma religiosum | (L.) Gasp.
| Ficus caudata | Stokes
| Ficus peepul | Griff.
| Ficus rhynchophylla | Steud.
| Ficus superstitiosa | Link
| Urostigma affine | Miq.
}}
}}

'''''Ficus religiosa''''' or '''sacred fig''' is a species of [[Ficus|fig]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Peepul|volume=21|page=45}}</ref> and [[Indochina]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name = ''Ficus religiosa'' | access-date = 29 January 2017}}</ref> that belongs to [[Moraceae]], the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the '''bodhi tree''',<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 1014</ref> '''bo tree''', '''peepul tree''',<ref name=EB1911/> '''peepal tree''', '''pipala tree''' or '''ashvattha tree''' (in India and Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.in/catalog/slides/Peepal.html|title=Ficus religiosa — Peepal|publisher=Flowers of India|access-date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214150730/http://www.flowersofindia.in/catalog/slides/Peepal.html|archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in four major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent: [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]]. Hindu and Jain ascetics consider the species to be sacred and often meditate under it. [[Gautama Buddha]] is believed to have attained enlightenment under [[Bodhi Tree|a tree of this species]]. The sacred fig is the [[List of Indian state symbols|state tree]] of the Indian states of [[Odisha]],<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/orissa/state-symbols.html |title=State symbols}}</ref> [[Bihar]] and [[Haryana]].
[[File:Pipar Gaachh, Durga Mandir, Banauli.jpg|thumb|''Ficus religiosa'' is called ''pipar gaachhi'' in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. This picture was taken at Durga Mandir campus in [[Banauli Donauli|Banauli]] village, [[Nepal]].]]

==Description==
[[File:Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften - Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe (1858) (20664107918), Ficus religiosa.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Nature printing|Nature printed]] leaf, showing shape and venation]]
''Ficus religiosa'' is a large [[dry season]]-[[deciduous]] or [[semi-evergreen]] tree up to {{convert|30|m|ft}} tall and with a [[tree trunk|trunk]] diameter of up to {{convert|3|m|ft}}. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[wikt:cordate|cordate]] in shape with a distinctive extended [[Glossary of botanical terms#D|drip tip]]; they are {{convert|10|-|17|cm}} long and {{convert|8|–|12|cm}} broad, with a {{convert|6|–|10|cm}} [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. The [[fruit]]s are small figs {{convert|1|–|1.5|cm}} in diameter, green ripening to purple.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]] tree in the city of [[Anuradhapura]] in [[Sri Lanka]] is estimated to be more than 2,250 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RMTRR OLDLIST |url=http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.rmtrr.org}}</ref>

==Distribution==
''Ficus religiosa'' is native to most of the [[Indian subcontinent]] – [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and India including the [[Assam Province|Assam region]], [[Eastern Himalaya]] and the [[Nicobar Islands]], as well as part of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] – the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, particularly in the rest of tropical Asia, but also in [[Iran]] (Balochistan), [[Florida]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="POWO_853563-1">{{cite web |title=''Ficus religiosa'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853563-1 |access-date=2021-03-19 }}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Flooded building and tree trunk in the muddy water of the Mekong in Si Phan Don, Laos, September 2019.jpg|thumb|Flooded ''Ficus religiosa'' trunk in the muddy water of the Mekong, in [[:en:Laos|Laos]]]]
''Ficus religiosa'' suitably grows at [[altitude]]s ranging from {{convert|10|m|ft}} up to {{convert|1520|m|ft}}. Due to the [[Climate|climatic conditions]] which are prevalent throughout different heat zones, it can grow at [[latitude]]s ranging from 30°N to 5°S. It can tolerate [[temperature|air temperatures]] ranging between {{convert|0|to|35|°C|°F}}, beyond this upper limit its growth diminishes. It grows on a wide [[Soil type|variety of soils]] but preferably needs deep, [[Alluvium|alluvial]] [[sand]]y [[loam]] with good [[drainage]]. It is also found on shallow soils including rock crevices.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Association===
''Ficus religiosa'' is associated with [[Fig wasp|Blastophaga quadriceps]], an [[Agaonidae|agaonid wasp]] which acts as its [[pollinator]] as this wasp lays its [[egg]]s only on trees of this species.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Environment===
''Ficus religiosa'' is tolerant to various climate zones ([[Köppen climate classification]] categories of [[Tropical rainforest climate|Af]], [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]], [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw/As]], [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]], [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] and [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]) and various types of soils. In Paraguay the tree species occurs in forests at lower elevations, and in China the species has been reported growing at altitudes ranging from {{convert|400|to|700|m|ft}}. In India, being a [[Indigenous (ecology)|native species]], it occurs both naturally in wild as well as cultivated up to altitudes of {{convert|1520|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Climate===
''Ficus religiosa'' is tolerant to widely varying climatic conditions such as [[Tropical rainforest climate]] where the region receives more than {{convert|60|mm|cm}} of [[precipitation]] per month, [[Tropical monsoon climate]] where average precipitation ranges from {{convert|60|mm|cm}} in the driest month to {{convert|100|mm|cm}}, [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical savanna climate with dry summer]] where average precipitation ranges from {{convert|60|mm|cm}} per month in [[summer]]s to {{convert|100|mm|cm}} per month in [[winter]]s, [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical savanna climate with dry winter]] where average precipitation ranges from to {{convert|60|mm|cm}} per month in [[winter]]s to {{convert|100|mm|cm}} per month in [[summer]]s, [[Temperate climate|Warm temperate climate with dry winter]] where average temperature ranges from {{convert|0|to|10|°C|°F}} and winters are dry, as well as [[Temperate climate|Warm temperate climate with dry summer]] where average temperature ranges from {{convert|0|to|10|°C|°F}} and summers are dry.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Invasiveness===
[[File:Peepul Tree In Wall.jpg|thumb|170px| A young tree growing on a [[concrete]] wall in [[Delhi]]. It is tolerant to wide variety of soils, and hence it even thrives on concrete walls having little moisture.]]
Unlike most epiphytic jungle figs, which encircle the stems of dicotyledonous support trees from the outside, the epiphytic bushes of ''F. religiosa'' are not true stranglers. Instead, their roots penetrate the stem of the support tree, eventually splitting it from within. ''Ficus religiosa'' has been listed as an "[[Weed|environmental weed]]" or "naturalised weed" by the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It has been assigned an invasiveness high risk score of 7 in a risk assessment prepared for the species' invasiveness in [[Hawaii]] by PIER.{{clarify |reason=Who is PIER? |date=January 2023}} Such a high score predicts it will become a major pest in suitable climate zones. The major reasons for its invasive behaviour are its fast-growing nature, tolerance to various climate zones and soil types, reported [[Maximum life span|lifespan]] of over 3,000 years, and its suffocating growth habit as it often begins life as an [[epiphyte]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==In culture and heritage==
[[image:Votive Stupas In Leaf - Nalanda Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Peepal Leaf shaped terracotta plaque]]

The earliest known record of ''Ficus religiosa'' in human culture is the use of peepal leaf motifs in seals and pottery dating back to third millennium BCE.<ref>[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67245610/01_Final_Journal_20_April_2021_1_-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1651412337&Signature=R4a1pSp5UuPC2gOn6gXuctcTwcsRzlv~kFrzyy2Pr0LRooJH9wmzIBqScxPFzPN-60~EtbqK9tqbFYdqqF~dfUKIwHXN0vwuxpcIMlZ0yYgR7tZvPpBlkUl1SzSkWtOOxrg9BAdRd-uy-bHGKeV-Z~uF~5AH4GclcamoYlDyrFWjTKJSdTibxupRSWPadRuA7KsIEC4hpi0ORJAImoC-QbB4OcR5Kx6TvHCJeSsrQXes~wE1WRukkkIvozGhORxnnkEPmhjivX4T7aEV2546XWXAmXkC668ZoePuMiKojWBp8X6XPP01TR5biZouj4svbNmGQPmmsat2Odi~In1~Hg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=130 Sher, S. and Hameed, A., Comparative Analysis of the Gandharan Floral Motifs from Butkara (I and III) and Takht-i-Bahi. Sindh Antiquities 2020 Vol-06, No 1, pp. 128–145.]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Large bowls decorated on the internal surface with stylized pipal leaves arranged in large volutes have been found at [[Nausharo]], such bowls are particularly numerous. <ref name="w368">{{cite journal | last1=Jarrige | first1=Jean-François | last2=Didier | first2=Aurore | last3=Quivron | first3=Gonzague | title=Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Regions | journal=Paléorient | publisher=[Paleorient and CNRS Editions, CNRS Editions] | volume=37 | issue=2 | year=2011 | issn=01539345 | jstor=43265265 | pages=7–34 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43265265 | access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] venerated this tree and its leaf and drew religious art of it.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=History of the World in 1,000 Objects |last2=Chrisp |first2=Peter |last3=Parker |first3=Philip |last4=Gibson |first4=Carrie |last5=Grant |first5=R. G. |last6=Regan |first6=Sally |date=October 2014 |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] and the [[Smithsonian]] |isbn=978-1-4654-2289-7 |location=New York |page=17 |author-link1=Jane McIntosh |author-link2=Peter Chrisp}}</ref>

The peepal tree is considered sacred by the followers of [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]]. In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], Krishna says, "I am the Peepal tree among the trees, Narada among the Deva Rishi (Divine sages), Bhrigu among the Sapta-Maharishis, Chitraratha among the [[Gandharvas]], And sage [[Kapila]] among the Siddhas."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santosha.com/philosophy/gita-chapter10.html|title=The Bhagavad Gita – Chapter 10 – The Yoga of Manifestation|work=santosha.com|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181343/http://www.santosha.com/philosophy/gita-chapter10.html}}</ref> In India, the medal for the highest civilian award, [[Bharat Ratna]], is modelled on the leaf of a Peepal tree.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sachins-bharat-ratna-today-a-medal-from-2000/|title=Sachin's Bharat Ratna today a medal from 2000|date=4 February 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=13 February 2023|location=New Delhi|last=Ranjan|first=Amitav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428211303/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sachins-bharat-ratna-today-a-medal-from-2000/|archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
{{Main|Bodhi tree}}
[[Gautama Buddha]] attained [[bodhi|enlightenment]] (''bodhi'') while meditating underneath a ''Ficus religiosa''. The site is in present-day [[Bodh Gaya]] in Bihar, [[India]]. The original tree was destroyed, and has been replaced several times. A branch of the original tree was rooted in [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]] in 288 BCE and is known as [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]]; it is the oldest living human-planted [[flowering plant]] (angiosperm) in the world.<ref name="RMTRR">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm|title=Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Maha_Bodhi_tree_2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Bodhi Tree]] at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] was propagated from the [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi|Sri Maha Bodhi]], which in turn was propagated from the original Bodhi Tree at this location.]]
In [[Theravada Buddhist]] [[Southeast Asia]], the tree's massive trunk is often the site of Buddhist or [[animist]] shrines. Not all ''Ficus religiosa'' are ordinarily called a ''Bodhi Tree''. A true Bodhi Tree is traditionally considered a tree that has as its parent another Bodhi Tree, and so on, until the first Bodhi Tree, which is the tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bo-Tree |volume=4 |page=305}}</ref>

===Hinduism===
''Ashwattha'' is the Sanskrit term for ''Ficus religiosa''. According to [[Hindu scriptures]], it is a sacred tree for the [[Hindu]]s and has been extensively mentioned in texts pertaining to [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haberman |first1=David L. |title=People Trees: Worship of Trees in Northern India |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-992917-7 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-556JuJa4QC&q=ashvattha&pg=PA73 |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> for example as ''peepul'' in ''[[Rig Veda]]'' mantra I.164.20.{{cn|date=July 2021}} However, according to Padma Puran peepal tree is the form of Lord Vishnu along with banyan and plaksha as the form of Lord Shiva and the lord Brahma. As:

{{quote|"There is no doubt that lord Viṣṇu is of the form of Aśvattha, Vaṭa is Rudra's form, and Palāśa has taken up Brahmā's form. Seeing, worshipping and serving them is said to remove sins. These certainly destroy grief, diseases and the wicked."|Padma Puran Uttar Khand ch. 115 22/23}}

[[Sadhu]]s ([[Hindu]] ascetics) meditate beneath sacred fig trees, and Hindus do [[pradakshina]] (circumambulation, or meditative pacing) around the sacred fig tree as a mark of worship. Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting "''vriksha rajye namah''" (वृक्षराज्ञे नमः), meaning "salutation to the king of trees". It is claimed that the 27 stars (constellations) constituting 12 houses (''rasis'') and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees—one for each star. The Bodhi Tree is said to represent [[Pushya]] (Western star name γ, δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer constellation).{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}{{clear|left}}

[[Adi Shankara]] derives it from shva (tomorrow) and stha (that which remains).<ref> {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|author=Roshan Dalal|date=25 April 2013|page=44|publisher=Oup USA |isbn=978-0-19-992917-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-556JuJa4QC&dq=ashvattha+tree&pg=PA73}}</ref> Ashva (horse) and stha (situated), meaning where horses are tied, is another derivation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Robert |title=The Pillar of Celestial Fire: And the Lost Science of the Ancient Seers |date=1 November 1997 |publisher=1st World Publishing |isbn=978-1-887472-30-2 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykEN2zHvCpQC&dq=ashvattha+stha&pg=PA57 |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Yama]], while instructing [[Naciketa]] describes the eternal Asvattha tree with its root upwards, and branches downwards, which is the pure immortal [[Brahman]], in which all these worlds are situated, and beyond which there is nothing else ([[Katha Upanishad]] Verse II.iii.1). Meanwhile, [[Krishna]] tells us that the Asvattha tree having neither end nor beginning nor stationariness whatsoever has its roots upwards and branches downwards whose branches are nourished by the [[Gunas]] and whose infinite roots spread in the form of action in the human world which though strong are to be cut off by the forceful weapon of detachment to seek the celestial abode from which there is no return ([[Bhagavad Gita]] XV.1-4).<ref>{{cite Q|Q108659922|url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/15/verse/1|chapter=Chapter 15, Verses 1-4}}</ref> The former teaches that the Asvattha tree is real being identical with Brahman and therefore impossible to cut-off; the latter insists that the Asvattha tree must be regarded as unreal being identical with existence which needs to be cut-off.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|year=1926|author=R.D.Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/page/n180 145]-146|url=https://archive.org/details/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu }}{{pd-notice}}</ref>

The fire sticks used in Hindu sacrificial fire like [[agnihotra]] also contain dried wood of ashvatha tree.

==Cultivation==
[[File:菩提樹 Ficus religiosa 20201218181050 01.jpg|thumb|''Ficus religiosa'' taken in early winter]]
''Ficus religiosa'' is grown by specialty tree [[plant nursery|plant nurseries]] for use as an [[ornamental tree]], in [[garden]]s and [[park]]s in tropical and [[subtropical climate]]s. Peepul trees are native to Indian subcontinent and thrive in hot, [[Humidity|humid]] weather. They prefer full [[sunlight]] and can grow in all [[soil type]]s, though [[loam]] is the best. When planting, use soil with a [[pH]] of 7 or below. While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot, it grows best outside. Young peepul needs [[Plant nutrition|proper nourishment]]. It requires full sunlight and proper watering. Sacred fig occurs naturally in [[Montane ecosystems|submontane forest regions]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} As with many Ficus trees, these are well suited for [[Bonsai]] training.

In the [[Middle East]], it is preferably planted as an [[Avenue (landscape)|avenue]] or [[road verge]] tree. In the [[Philippines]] and in [[Nicaragua]] the species is cultivated in [[park]]s and along roadsides and [[Sidewalk|pavements]], while in [[Paraguay]] it occurs in [[forest]]s at lower [[elevation]]s.<ref name="CABI">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24168|title=''Ficus religiosa'' (sacred fig tree)|website=[[Invasive Species Compendium]]|date=2014 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]]|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.24168 |access-date=23 July 2018 |last1=Datil |first1=M. J. |last2=Acevedo-Rodríguez |first2=P. |volume=CABI Compendium |article-number=24168 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [[Thailand]] โพ or "Pho" trees grow everywhere, but in the wats (temples) they are revered, and usually are several hundred years old, with trunks up to {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide. As with all sacred trees in Thailand, they have a saffron cloth wrapped around the base. A yearly ritual involving the bo trees at wats is the purchasing of "mai kam sii" ไม้คำ้ศริ, which are "supports" that look like crutches and are placed under the spreading branches as if holding them up. The purchase money helps fund the wat, a central part of Thai life.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

==Uses==
''Ficus religiosa'' is used in [[traditional medicine]] for about fifty types of disorders including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, inflammatory disorders, infectious and sexual disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of Ethnopharmacology: Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review|author=Damanpreet Singh|author2=Bikram Singh|author3=Rajesh Kumar Goela|journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]|volume=134|issue=3|pages=565–583|date=12 April 2011|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.046|pmid=21296646}}</ref>

The trunk of this tree is used by farmers as a soil leveller. After seed harvesting, the rectangular trunk is connected to [[tractors]] and levels the soil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Peepal Tree: Benefits And Uses of Peepal Tree » Trees Varieties|url=https://treesvarieties.com/peepal-tree/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Trees Varieties|language=en-US|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102095800/https://treesvarieties.com/peepal-tree/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bodhi Tree]]
* [[Ficus Ruminalis]]
* [[Shitala Devi]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Keith and Macdonell. 1912. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
* [http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?plantno=400094&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=50&reswind=this&lat=&skt=on&pkt=&tam=&start=0 Plaksa description]

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Ficus religiosa|Ficus religiosa}}
{{Wikispecies|Ficus religiosa}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bo-Tree}}
* {{ppn|b/bodhirukka.htm|Bodhi Tree}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Peepul|short=x}}
* [https://wmghz.blogspot.com/2017/09/blog-post_11.html The Bodhi tree revealed by old picture]

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3071706}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ficus|religiosa]]
[[Category:Trees in religion]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Trees of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Trees of Peninsular Malaysia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:House plants]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Symbols of Bihar]]
[[Category:Symbols of Haryana]]

Bijon Setu massacre

2026-03-21T09:52:31Z

Adityagoel: adjusted article based on references

{{Short description|1982 murder of monks and a nun in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

The '''Bijon Setu massacre''' ({{langx|bn|বিজন সেতু হত্যাকাণ্ড}}) refers to the killing of 16 [[sadhu|''sadhus'']] and a ''sadhvi'' of the [[Ananda Marga]], at [[Bijon Setu]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], on 30 April 1982. The killings remain unresolved, with no convictions, and continue to be the subject of political controversy.

== Background ==
[[Ananda Marga]], is an ultra-right wing socio-religious organization. Critics have alleged the cult-like organization maintained paramilitary tendencies and political aspirations, while supporters describe it as a socio-spiritual movement engaged in education and welfare. The organization engaged in public processions carrying skulls and swords, and were also reported to charge police officers with swords.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=Explained: Ananda Marga, a controversial road |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/explained-ananda-magra-a-controversial-road/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050526/aplus.htm#1 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

The organisation had earlier been linked both by state authorities and international authorities to incidents of violence and conspiracy, including assassination of Railway Minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra|L.N. Mishra]] in 1975,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Union Minister LN Mishra Gets Justice 39 Years After His Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-union-minister-ln-mishra-gets-justice-39-years-after-his-murder-710239 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250616061106/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-union-minister-ln-mishra-gets-justice-39-years-after-his-murder-710239 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> the [[Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing|Sidney Hilton Hotel bombing]] in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilton Hotel Bombing - 09/12/1991 - NSW Parliament |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19911209005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923190535/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19911209005 |archive-date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.parliament.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

Residents of [[Ballygunge]] and [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] reported that, in the weeks preceding the incident, rumours related to child abduction had been widely circulating in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Calcutta police arrested 106 people in their investigation of... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/02/Calcutta-police-arrested-106-people-in-their-investigation-of/9130389160000/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

==Incident==
On 30 April 1982, members of Ananda Marga were travelling to an educational conference in [[Tiljala]] when they were stopped at three points at Bondel Gate, [[Bijon Setu]] and [[Ballygunge Junction railway station|Ballygunge railway station]] in Kolkata. They were forcibly removed from vehicles, assaulted by crowds, and set on fire. It was reported that the murders took place in broad daylight and were witnessed by many people.<ref name="Basu">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970502/12250433.html|title=Basu Govt still suppressing facts on Margi massacre|last=Namboodiri|first=Udayan|date=2 May 1997|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312070007/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970502/12250433.html|archivedate=12 March 2010}}</ref>

== Press coverage ==
A week after the incident, ''The Statesman Weekly'', a leading Calcutta newspaper in 1982, reported that "seventeen Ananda Margis, two of them women, were killed on April 30 morning by frenzied mobs at three places in South Calcutta on the suspicion that they were child-lifters".<ref name=TheStatesmanWeekly1>{{citation
| newspaper=The Statesman Weekly
| pages=1, 7
| date=8 May 1982
| title=?
| via=cited in Sil (1988), pp. 3–4.
}}</ref>

The story sent out by [[United Press International]] added that two of the nuns who were killed were "seen carrying a child near a railway station".<ref name=UPI>{{citation
| author=United Press International
| publisher=United Press International
| work=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]
| date=1 May 1982
| title=Mobs in Calcutta Burn 5 Monks Alive, Stab 12
| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19820501&id=MJ4cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3688,26026
| access-date=7 October 2016
| archive-date=6 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506115540/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19820501&id=MJ4cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3688,26026
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

As part of its initial coverage, ''The Statesman Weekly'' reported the state's chief minister's suspicions that the attack had been staged to embarrass the party in power before the upcoming election.<ref name="Sil1988">{{citation
| last=Sil
| first=Narasingha
| title=The Troubled World of the Ananda Marga: An Examination
| journal=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies
| volume=27
| number=4
| year=1988
}}
</ref>{{rp|4}} Ananda Marga blamed the attack on the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)).<ref name="Crovetto">{{citation |last=Crovetto |first=Helen |title=Violence and New Religious Movements |title-link=Violence and New Religious Movements |pages=249–274 |year=2011 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |chapter=Ananda Marga, Prout, and the Use of Force |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-973561-7 |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar)}}</ref>{{rp|257}} While this accusation was repeated for many years,<ref name=HinduismToday1989>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=621
| accessdate=17 February 2013
| newspaper=[[Hinduism Today]]
| date=May 1989
| title=Controversial Movement Survives Years of Conflict, Emerges Stronger Than Ever
| archive-date=23 March 2013
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323034713/http://hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=621
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=IBN2011>{{cite web
| publisher=PTI
| title=CPI-M's allegation against us baseless, malicious: AMPS
| date=30 April 2011
| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/cpims-allegation-against-us-baseless-malicious-amps/667831.html
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411031723/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/cpims-allegation-against-us-baseless-malicious-amps/667831.html
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=11 April 2013
| accessdate=17 February 2013
}}</ref> recent Ananda Marga scholarship{{When|date=May 2023}} assumes the mob was motivated by unfounded allegations of child kidnapping.<ref name=Inayatullah>{{cite book
| last=Inayatullah
| first=Sohail
| author-link = Sohail Inayatullah
| title=Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge
| year=2002
| publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]
| isbn=9004121935
}}</ref>{{rp|20}}

==Investigation and aftermath==
Initial reports said that more than 106 people were arrested in the first week after the incident.<ref name=":0" /> On 4th May, [[Jyoti Basu]], [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] of West Bengal at the time formed the Deb Commission to investigate the murders. But the Ananda Margis rejected the state enquiry commission and demanded Central Govt to form an enquiry commission. The Central govt rejected this demand.<ref name=EBBS>{{Cite web|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/04/30/anandmarg-monks-demand-new-government-to-punish-culprits-in-bijan-setu/|title=নতুন সরকারের কাছে বিজন সেতু নারকীয় হত্যাকাণ্ডে দোষীদের শাস্তির দাবি আনন্দমার্গ সন্ন্যাসীদের|date=30 April 2021|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418094642/https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2021/04/30/anandmarg-monks-demand-new-government-to-punish-culprits-in-bijan-setu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Human Rights Commission]] took up the investigation in 1996, but did not make much progress.<ref name="TheStatesman2012">{{cite web|title=Judicial probe into killings of Margis|work=The Statesman|date=7 March 2012|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402481&catid=42&show=archive&year=2012&month=3&day=8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413213631/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402481&catid=42&show=archive&year=2012&month=3&day=8|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> On 30 April 1999, the Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha (AMPS) demanded a high-level judicial probe led by a working Supreme Court judge into the killing of Ananda Margis.<ref name="IndianExpress1999">{{citation|work=The Indian Express|title=Proof into killings of Ananda Margis sought|date=1 May 1999|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990501/ige01007.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117100058/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990501/ige01007.html|archivedate=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="EBBS" /> On 30 April 2004, Ananda Marga held the first rally in Calcutta commemorating the massacre without the need to acquire a court order for permission.<ref name="Telegraph2004">{{cite web|title=Police nod for Marga rally|work=The Telegraph|date=28 April 2004|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040428/asp/calcutta/story_3181577.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203125059/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040428/asp/calcutta/story_3181577.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> The group continues to block the bridge and surrounding areas on 30 April every year with a procession.<ref name="Indianexpress2015">{{citation|title=Procession for 'slain' Ananda Margis today|work=The Indian Express|date=1 May 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/procession-for-slain-ananda-margis-today/|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503033432/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/procession-for-slain-ananda-margis-today/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ananda Marga were also involved in the [[Purulia arms drop case|Purulia Arms Drop Case]], in a conspiracy to overthrow the Left Front govt of West Bengal in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajgarhia |first=Mahak |title=Purulia arms drop case resurfaces with new set of revelations |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-purulia-arms-drop-case-resurfaces-with-new-set-of-revelations-1993644 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] came to power, the Amitabh Lala Commission of Inquiry, a single-member judicial commission under the supervision of Amitabh Lala, a former judge of the Calcutta High Court, was formed in March 2012 to investigate the killings after repeated appeals for a formal judicial inquiry.<ref name="TheStatesman2012" /><ref name="EBBS" /> The Commission has not submitted any report till date.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1222059/love-baba
*https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/27/The-FBI-is-investigating-a-worldwide-cult-that-runs/9754399268800/
*https://scroll.in/article/713727/danish-documentary-revisits-the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-1995-purulia-arms-drop

{{Coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:1980s in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1982 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:April 1982 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Arson deaths]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1982]]
[[Category:Massacres in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in India]]
[[Category:People executed by burning]]
[[Category:People murdered in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1982]]
[[Category:1980s fires in Asia]]

Jackky Bhagnani

2026-03-18T14:40:26Z

Adityagoel: small changes

{{Short description|Indian actor, film producer and entrepreneur (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jackky Bhagnani
| image = Jaccky Bhagnani IIFA2017 - NYC (35533692960) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhagnani at [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] press conference in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1984|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_name =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|film producer|entrepreneur}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]|2024}}<ref name="Rakul">{{cite news |work=Tribune India |title=Rakul Preet Singh, Jackky Bhagnani make their relationship official on social media |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-make-their-relationship-official-on-social-media-323028 |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609083056/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-make-their-relationship-official-on-social-media-323028 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| mother = Pooja Deshmukh
| father = [[Vashu Bhagnani]]<ref name="Jackky Bhagnani wishes dad Vashu Bhagnani on his birthday; calls him his 'go-to person'">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Jackky Bhagnani wishes dad Vashu Bhagnani on his birthday; calls him his 'go-to person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackky-bhagnani-wishes-his-dad-vasu-bhagnani-on-his-birthday-calls-him-his-go-to-person/articleshow/82157981.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609082908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackky-bhagnani-wishes-his-dad-vasu-bhagnani-on-his-birthday-calls-him-his-go-to-person/articleshow/82157981.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] (sister)<ref name="Exclusive! Deepshikha Deshmukh on brother Jackky Bhagnani: I have always looked at him like my first-born">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Exclusive! Deepshikha Deshmukh on brother Jackky Bhagnani: I have always looked at him like my first-born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-deepshikha-deshmukh-on-brother-jackky-bhagnani-i-have-always-looked-at-him-like-my-first-born/articleshow/79320807.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609082607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-deepshikha-deshmukh-on-brother-jackky-bhagnani-i-have-always-looked-at-him-like-my-first-born/articleshow/79320807.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 2009–present
}}
'''Jackky Bhagnani''' (born 25 December 1984) is an Indian actor, film producer and entrepreneur who works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140918/mitron-movie-review-jackky-bhagnani-kritika-kamra.html |title=Mitron movie review: A simple story made into a very entertaining comedy |date=2018-09-14 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2018-10-15 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016082201/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140918/mitron-movie-review-jackky-bhagnani-kritika-kamra.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the son of producer [[Vashu Bhagnani]] and founder of the Indian music label Jjust Music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-19 |title=Jackky Bhagnani's music label, 'Jjust Music' has an impressive start! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackky-bhagnanis-music-label-jjust-music-has-an-impressive-start/articleshow/70736375.cms |access-date=2023-09-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jackky Bhagnani was born in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] to a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] family.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2014 |title=I am still not allowed to bring girls home: Jackky Bhagnani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-am-still-not-allowed-to-bring-girls-home-Jackky-Bhagnani/articleshow/29998328.cms?intenttarget=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101001500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-am-still-not-allowed-to-bring-girls-home-Jackky-Bhagnani/articleshow/29998328.cms?intenttarget=no |archive-date=1 November 2017 |access-date=2 March 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He is the son of producer [[Vashu Bhagnani]] and Pooja Bhagnani. After completing his schooling, he graduated with a Bachelors in [[Humanities]] from the [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="autogenerated">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=cinemasectionpage&id=6e6d6ce0-6ab1-4b9f-8ed5-e8b95b057d89&Headline=Newcomer+Jackky+Bhagnani+shed+65+kilos+for+Bollywood+debut |title=Newcomer Jackky Bhagnani shed 65 kilos for Bollywood debut |date=2009-02-02 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011150207/https://www.hindustantimes.com/us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had also completed an acting course from [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

==Career==
Bhagnani's debut film was ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'', which released in 2009. The movie received mostly negative reviews and was unsuccessful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2009 |title=Kal Kissne Dekha : A truly dismal tomorrow |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kal-kissne-dekha-review/20090612.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kal-kissne-dekha-review/20090612.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 June 2015 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]], of [[Bollywood Hungama]], wrote that "The film lacks the fun that one normally associates with a campus fare. Even the climax leaves a lot to be desired."<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{cite web |date=12 June 2009 |title=Kal Kissne Dekha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002153011/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201763 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=2017-01-01 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

In April 2011, he starred in ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-06 |title=F.A.L.T.U is my story: Jackky |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/f-a-l-t-u-is-my-story-jackky/articleshow/7882078.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews and was a moderate well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/box-office-faltu-drops-from-monday-game-over/ |title=Box-Office: FALTU Drops From Monday; 'Game' Over |work=Koimoi |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730003159/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/box-office-faltu-drops-from-monday-game-over/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2015, Bhagnani revealed that a sequel to the movie has been planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jackky-Bhagnani-We-are-working-on-F-A-L-T-U-sequel/articleshow/47488537.cms |title=Jackky Bhagnani: We are working on 'F.A.L.T.U' sequel |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jackky-Bhagnani-We-are-working-on-F-A-L-T-U-sequel/articleshow/47488537.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, his third film ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' was released, but was unsuccessful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/box-office-rush-chakravyuh-and-ajab-gazabb-love-519083.html |title=Box Office: Rush, Chakravyuh and Ajab Gazabb Love |work=IBNLive |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091835/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/box-office-rush-chakravyuh-and-ajab-gazabb-love-519083.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, he starred in ''[[Rangrezz]]'', directed by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-22 |title=Rangrezz movie review: Priyadarshan's realistic take on friendship is commendable |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/ndtv/rangrezz-movie-review-priyadarshans-realistic-take-on-friendship-is-commendable-202632/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics and featured Bhagnani dancing to Psy's "[[Gangnam Style]]".<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2013 |title=Review: Rangrezz is a powerful social drama |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rangrezz-is-a-powerful-social-drama/20130322.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rangrezz-is-a-powerful-social-drama/20130322.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |work=Rediff}}</ref> The rights to the song were bought by Bhagnani's father Vashu Bhagnani, also the producer of the film, for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/rangrezz-jackky-bhagnanis-gangnam-style-deal-worth-it-says-vashu-bhagnani_130432.html |title='Rangrezz': Jackky Bhagnani's 'Gangnam style' deal worth it, says Vashu Bhagnani |work=Zee News |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325142609/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/rangrezz-jackky-bhagnanis-gangnam-style-deal-worth-it-says-vashu-bhagnani_130432.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-box-office-poor-opening-for-aatma-rangrezz/20130325.htm |title=Box Office: Poor opening for Aatma, Rangrezz |date=25 March 2013 |work=Rediff |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134329/http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-box-office-poor-opening-for-aatma-rangrezz/20130325.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/553635 |title=Rangrezz |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004055011/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/553635 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bhagnani's next film was ''[[Youngistaan]]'', a love story set against the backdrop of Indian politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-03 |title='Youngistan' stands for the youth of India: Jackky Bhagnani |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/youngistan-stands-for-the-youth-of-india-jackky-bhagnani/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Released in 2014, the film was panned by critics and was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/dishkiyaoonoteriandyoungistaanopenpoorly |title=Boxoffice |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331191658/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/dishkiyaoonoteriandyoungistaanopenpoorly |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title='Youngistaan' review: The film, despite its efforts, becomes muddled, and dull |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/youngistaan-review-the-film-despite-its-efforts-becomes-muddled-and-dull/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520011536/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/youngistaan-review-the-film-despite-its-efforts-becomes-muddled-and-dull/ |archive-date=20 May 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The film later became the subject of much controversy when it was revealed that it was India's independent entry to the Oscars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/youngistaans-oscars-entry-inspires-kamal-r-khan-to-make-deshdrohi-2/ |title=Youngistaan's Oscars entry 'inspires' Kamaal R Khan to make 'Deshdrohi 2' |date=19 December 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706001852/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/youngistaans-oscars-entry-inspires-kamal-r-khan-to-make-deshdrohi-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jackky-Bhagnanis-Youngistaan-in-the-Oscar-race/articleshow/45571844.cms |title=Jackky Bhagnani's 'Youngistaan' in the Oscar race |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709203239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jackky-Bhagnanis-Youngistaan-in-the-Oscar-race/articleshow/45571844.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter was abuzz with jokes on Bhagnani, with users expressing surprise and dismay over the movie's selection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/youngistaan-goes-to-oscars-jackky-bhagnani-jokes-trend-on-twitter/photostory/45582727.cms?from=mdr |title=Youngistaan goes to Oscars: Jackky Bhagnani jokes trend on Twitter |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/youngistaan-nominated-for-oscar-2014-awards-but-jackky-bhagnani-is-upset-all-thanks-to-twitterati-227011/ |title=Youngistaan nominated for Oscar 2014 Awards but Jackky Bhagnani is upset, all thanks to Twitterati! |author=Rashmi Mishra |work=India.com |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727170901/http://www.india.com/showbiz/youngistaan-nominated-for-oscar-2014-awards-but-jackky-bhagnani-is-upset-all-thanks-to-twitterati-227011/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Bhagnani starred as Kedar Patel in the comedy film ''[[Welcome to Karachi]]'', which was released on 28 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7511 |title=Check out: Jackky Bhagnani and Arshad Warsi in Welcome to Karachi, thus no film in which jacky has acted, has become successful at the box office, thus he has taken an oath to never act again in the near future. Latest Movie Features |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626130623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7511 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, he produced [[Sarbjit (film)|''Sarbjit'']] along with his sister [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] under the banner [[Pooja Entertainment]]. In 2017, he produced and acted in the short film 'Carbon' which was released on YouTube. In 2018, he produced the films ''[[Dil Juunglee]]'' and [[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|''Welcome to New York'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Jackky Bhagnani Left Acting And Focused On Producing Movies |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-jackky-bhagnani-left-acting-and-focused-on-producing-movies-8595722.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he made his Tamil film debut opposite [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in the horror film ''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]''.

== Personal life ==
[[File:Rakul Preet Singh and Jackky Bhagnani at Ramesh S Taurani’s diwali bash.jpg|thumb|Bhagnani with wife [[Rakul Preet Singh]], pictured in 2022]]

In 2021, Bhagnani announced his relationship with actress [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackky Bhagnani, Rakul Preet Singh confirm relationship on her 31st birthday, Kriti Sanon whistles for them |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jackky-bhagnani-rakul-preet-singh-confirm-relationship-on-her-birthday-101633854656020.html |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rakul Preet Singh, Jackky Bhagnani make their relationship official on social media">{{cite news |title=Rakul Preet Singh, Jackky Bhagnani make their relationship official on social media |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-make-their-relationship-official-on-social-media-323028 |access-date= 2 October 2022 |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609083056/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-make-their-relationship-official-on-social-media-323028 |archive-date= 9 June 2022|language=en}}</ref> On 21 February 2024, Bhagnani married Singh in traditional Sindhi and [[Sikh wedding]] ceremonies in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-share-stunning-first-official-wedding-pics-from-sunset-ceremony-see-here-101708527467434-amp.html |title=Rakul Preet Singh, Jackky Bhagnani share stunning first official wedding pics from sunset ceremony. See here |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-jackky-bhagnani-first-wedding-pictures-9172498/lite/ |title=Rakul Preet Singh and Jackky Bhagnani tie the knot in Goa. See first photos |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' || Bouquet delivery man || Uncredited role
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'' || Nihal Singh ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' || Ritesh Virani ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' || Rajveer Grewal ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Rangrezz]]'' || Rishi Deshpande ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Youngistaan]]'' || Prime Minister Abhimanyu Kaul ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Welcome 2 Karachi]]'' || Kedar Patel ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Carbon (short film)|Carbon]]'' || Random Shukla || Short film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]'' || Sandeep || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|-
|''[[Mitron]]'' || Jay ||
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite news|title=For 'Sarbjit' producers, content is king|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/for-sarbjit-producers-content-is-king/articleshow/52479114.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 January 2017|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Dil Juunglee]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Juunglee (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6071752/credits/?ref_=bo_tt_tab|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome To New York (2023) - Movie|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/welcome-to-new-york/ET00068878|work=Book My Show|date=23 February 2018|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Jawaani Jaaneman: Saif Ali Khan and Tabu film to release on January 31. See new poster|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-tabu-s-jawaani-jaaneman-to-open-on-jan-31-1631055-2019-12-24|work=[[India Today]]|date=24 December 2019|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Coolie No.1 (2020)|url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/coolie-no-1/16583|work=Bollywood MDB|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2021
|''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
|
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bell Bottom (2023) - Movie|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bell-bottom/ET00117102|work=Book My Show|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2022
|''[[Cuttputlli]]''
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]] film
|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli Cast & Crew|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cuttputlli/cast/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2 September 2022 |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Mission Raniganj]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ganapath]]''
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=बड़े मियां छोटे मियां 2' के लिए अक्षय और टाइगर की फीस नहीं की गई है कटौती, जैकी भगनानी ने किया कंफर्म |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/akshay-kumar-and-tiger-shroff-fees-have-not-been-deducted-for-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-2-jackky-bhagnani-confirmed-3218384 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |TBA
| {{Pending film|Suryaputra Mahavir Karna}}
| Based on [[Karna]]
|
|-
| {{Pending film|Mission Lion}}
|
|
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|"Choodiyan"
|[[Dev Negi]] and [[Asees Kaur]]
|
|-
|"Aa Jaana"
|[[Darshan Raval]] and [[Prakriti Kakar]]
|
|-
|2020
|"Jugni 2.0"
|[[Kanika Kapoor]] ft. [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]]
|Producer
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:5%;"| Year
! style="width:20%;"| Film
! style="width:20%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]''
| [[IIFA Award]]
| Star Debut of the Year – Male
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Apsara Awards]]
| Best Debut (Male)
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Male Debut
|{{won}}
|-
||2012
|| ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
| [[Star Guild Awards]]
| Superstar Of Tomorrow - Male
| {{won}}
|-
||2014
|| ''[[Youngistaan]]''
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role - Male
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jackky Bhagnani}}
* {{IMDb name|1513319}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/JackkyBhagnaniOfficial/ Jackky Bhagnani] on [[Facebook]]

{{IIFA AwardBestMaleDebut}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagnani, Jackky}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Sindhi male actors]]

Prerna Kohli

2026-03-15T04:01:47Z

Adityagoel: starting a details - done

{{Short description|Indian clinical psychologist (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Prerna Kohli
| image = Dr._Prerna_Kohli.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|12|21}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)
| occupation = Clinical psychologist Social worker
| website = {{Url|http://www.drprernakohli.in}}
}}

'''Prerna Kohli''' is a [[clinical psychologist]], social worker and author. She was awarded the ‘100 Women Achievers of India’ in 2016 by the [[President of India]] for her work on [[mental health]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pcpaathshala/webinars/speakers/dr-prerna-kohli/articleshow/76644495.cms | title=Dr. Prerna Kohli - The Times of India | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kohli completed Ph.D. in clinical psychology from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) and began her practice in 1994 from [[Gurugram]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mastakar |first1=Manasi Y | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/womens-day-2021-dr-prerna-kohli-founder-mindtribein-talks-about-spreading-awareness-about-mental-health | title=Women's Day 2021: Dr Prerna Kohli talks about spreading awareness about mental health |website=freepressjournal.in |publisher=The Free Press Journal | date=2021-03-06 | access-date= August 16, 2021}}</ref> Kohli has advised various Government committees like the [[Press Information Bureau of India]] and the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/don-t-let-the-walls-close-in-1699953-2020-07-13 | title=Don't let the walls close in |publisher=indiatoday.in | date=July 13, 2020 | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/talks/dr_prerna_kohli_being_happy_dr_prerna_kohli_tedxjmc | title=Dr. Prerna Kohli: Being Happy - TED Talk | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref>

Kohli is the author of a book on mental health called Psychologist Musings.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/psychologist-musings-prerna-kohli-0998483303-9780998483306 | title=Psychologist Musings book by Prerna Kohli | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Psychologist Musings book by Dr. Prerna Kohli | id={{ASIN|0998483303|country=in}} }}</ref> She has helped the prison inmates and the prison officers of [[Tihar Jail]] and Aligarh Jail to overcome mental health problems.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Understaffed-and-overworked-Aligarh-prison-guards-lead-stressful-lives/articleshow/51168561.cms | title=Understaffed and overworked, Aligarh prison guards lead stressful lives |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en |last1=Agha |first1=Eram | date=February 27, 2016 | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref>

In January 2016, she got felicitated by the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], as one of the top 100 Women Achievers of the country.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/On-Beti-Bachao-anniversary-President-Pranab-Mukherjee-hosts-100-women-achievers/articleshow/50691384.cms | title=On 'Beti Bachao' anniversary, President Pranab Mukherjee hosts 100 women achievers |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en |last1=Dhawan |first1=Himanshi | date=January 23, 2016 | accessdate=16 August 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Radhika Chandiramani]]
* [[Indira Sharma]]
* [[Bhargavi Davar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Psychology}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Clinical psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian women psychologists]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Ananda Rao Samuel

2026-03-15T00:16:26Z

Adityagoel: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Bishop of the Church of South India}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Notability|Biography|date=April 2023}}{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = Bishop
| name = N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific_suffix = Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari of the Church of South India|Krishna-Godavari]] {{small|(1961-1978)}} Deputy Moderator of [[Church of South India Synod|CSI Synod]] {{small|(1972-1974)}} Moderator of CSI Synod {{small|(1974-1980)}}
| title = The Most Reverend
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Calvinist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|ABCFM]], [[Dutch Reformed Church]], [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari of the Church of South India]]
| see =
| elected = 
| term = 1961–1978
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[A. B. Elliott]], CSI
| successor = [[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]], CSI
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 14 June 1953
| ordained_by = [[Yeddu Muthyalu]], CSI
| consecration = 12 December 1961
| consecrated_by = [[Hospet Sumitra]], CSI
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = Bishop
| laicized =

| birth_name = N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|12|29}}
| baptised = 
| birth_place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|30|1928|12|29}}
| death_place = [[Kolar Gold Fields]], [[Karnataka]]
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = 
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| previous_post = Parish Priest, Krishna-Godavari Diocese of the Church of South India
| education =
*[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]])
*[[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (Andhra)
*[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
*[[Master of Sacred Theology|S.T.M.]] ([[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York|UTS]])
| alma_mater =
*Noble College, [[Machilipatnam]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
*[[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
*[[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York]] (United States)
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
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| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
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| suppressed_date =

| module =
| module2 =
| other =
}}
'''N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel''' (1928–1999) was Bishop of Krishna Godavari of the [[Church of South India]].

==Early years==
Ananda Rao Samuel was born on 29 December 1928<ref name="Union">Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y.) The Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York New York : Alumni Office, 1970. Electronic reproduction. New York, N.Y. : Columbia University Libraries, 2007. JPEG use copy available via the World Wide Web. Master copy stored locally on [6] DVDs#: ldpd_6122000_000 01,02,03,04,05,06. Columbia University Libraries Electronic Books. 2006. p.409. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6122000_000/pages/ldpd_6122000_000_00000457.html]</ref> in the port town of [[Machilipatnam]], Andhra Pradesh into a Dalit Anglican family and studied at the local Noble College during 1944 to 1949 earning the degrees of BA and [[Master of Arts|MA]].<ref name="Union"/> His parents were Namala Jemima and Namala Thomas Gnanaprakasam.<ref name="Dynamic">M. Abel, ''Dynamic Spirituality (A commemorative volume in honour of N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel)'', Pravaham, Kavanoor, 2001.{{cite web|url=http://cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2001/01.15.01.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913081745/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2001/01.15.01.pdf |archivedate=13 September 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Theological life==
The [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) brought about the Gospel in [[Machilipatnam]]. With the formation of the [[Church of South India]] (CSI) in 1947, the CMS got merged into the CSI. From 1950,<ref name="Union"/> Ananda Rao pursued a graduate degree in divinity (BD) at the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bengaluru]] as a candidate of the Church of South India, Diocese of Krishna-Godavari.

Soon after returning from [[Bengaluru]] in 1953, he was ordained on 14 June 1953<ref name="Union"/> and made a Presbyter in [[Machilipatnam]] during the Bishopric of Yeddy Muthyalu.<ref>Mar Aprem, ''Indian Christian who is who'', Bombay Parish Church of the East, Bombay, 1983. Entry no. 224, p.99. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ&q=1954+muthyalu]</ref>

Later in 1959<ref name="Union"/> he was made Presbyter in Vijayawada during the Bishopric of A. B. Elliott.

In 1955, he was sent to the [[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York]] where he earned an S.T.M.<ref name="Union"/> in Pastoral Counselling.

==Professorship==
During the academic years 1949–1950<ref name="Union"/> and 1954–1955,<ref name="Union"/> Ananda Rao lectured English Literature at the [[Andhra-Christian College]], Guntur.

After Ananda Rao returned from the [[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York]] in 1956, he began tutoring at the Andhra Union Theological Seminary, Dornakal.<ref name="Union"/>

After his chaplaincy stint at [[Vellore]], Ananda Rao taught Pastoral Counselling at his ''alma mater'', the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="CCA">[http://www.cca.org.hk/resources/archive/ccanews/99-3.pdf CCA News, Volume 34, No. 3, September 1999, Hong Kong, China. p.20] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205143805/http://www.cca.org.hk/resources/archive/ccanews/99-3.pdf |date=5 February 2007 }}</ref>

==Contribution==
Ananda Rao played a key role in priesthood for women.<ref name="CCA"/> As Bishop and Moderator of the Church of South India, he brought about the topic for discussion and debate at synodical platforms. In 1980,<ref name="CCA"/> the CSI passed a resolution granting ordination for theologically-trained women.

The formation of the Joint Council of the Church of South India, Church of North India and the Mar Thoma is attributed<ref name="CCA"/> to Ananda Rao. In Andhra Pradesh, Lutherans and Baptists could not join the [[Church of South India]] due to [[Laity|Lay]] leadership. However, Ananda Rao had been instrumental in trying to negotiate for their inclusion.<ref name="CCA"/>

Ananda Rao participated in the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches held from 23 November – 10 December 1975 in Nairobi<ref>
David MacDonald Paton, ''Breaking Barriers'', The Official Report of the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Nairobi, 23 November-10 December 1975, SPCK, 1976. p. 224. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XA8uAAAAYAAJ&q=anandarao]</ref>

In 1993, he founded ''Pravaham'' in Vellore District.<ref>[http://www.pravaham.org/ Pravaham]</ref>

Subsequent to his laying down the office of bishop, Ananda Rao was made Senior Chaplain<ref name="CCA"/> at the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], Vellore. Later after his death in 1999, Sundar Clarke released a book on his writings on 18 January 2001 in Vellore District.<ref>Weekly News, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Volume XXL, No. 29, 15 January 2001. p.2. {{cite web|url=http://cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2001/01.15.01.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913081745/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2001/01.15.01.pdf |archivedate=13 September 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Bishopric==
After the retirement of A. B. Elliott as bishop in Krishna-Godavari, N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel was elected unanimously as his successor in 1961 and consecrated in the Cathedral in Eluru on 12 December 1961.<ref name="R.D.Paul">Rajaiah David Paul, ''Ecumenism in Action: A Historical Survey of the Church of South India'', CLS, Chennai, 1972. p.86. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5cpWAAAAMAAJ&q=ananda+rao+samuel]</ref>

He was also elected as the Moderator of the Church of South India at a later stage, succeeding Isaac Richard Harrison Gnanadasan.<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>

==Honours==
India's first University,<ref>Sankar Ray, The William Carey Library in Serampore, Business Line, The Hindu, Friday 11 April 2008. Internet, accessed 17 October 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in West Bengal conferred upon Ananda Rao Samuel an honorary doctorate in 1989.<ref>Senate of Serampore College (University), List of the Recipients of the degree of doctor of divinity (honoris causa). {{cite web|url=http://www.senateofseramporecollege.org/fame/DD.htm |title=Doctor of Divinity from Senate of Serampore College (University) |accessdate=2009-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218223554/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.org/fame/DD.htm |archivedate=18 December 2007 }}</ref>

==Death==
After teaching Christian Ministry at the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bengaluru]], Ananda Rao began living in Chennai and died on 30 May 1999 in KGF.<ref name="CCA"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[B. V. Subbamma]]
* [[Emani Sambayya]]
* [[Victor Premasagar]]
* [[G. Dyvasirvadam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=V. Henry Devadas
| title=Christ Inspires Human Struggle for Freedom and Justice
| year=1993
| volume=
| publisher=Indian Society
| isbn=978-81-7214-121-9| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=A0s0AAAAIAAJ&q=bishop+ananda+rao+samuel
}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box| before=I. R. H. Gnanadasan, CSI 1972
| title=Moderator [[Church of South India Synod]]
|after=Solomon Doraiswamy, CSI 1980–1982
| years=1972–1980}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Lesslie Newbigin]], CSI 1966–1972
| title=Deputy Moderator [[Church of South India Synod]]
|after=[[Lesslie Newbigin]], CSI 1972-1974
| years=1972}}
{{Succession box| before=[[A. B. Elliott]], CSI 1954–1956
| title=Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari of the Church of South India|Krishna-Godavari]] [[Church of South India]]
|after=[[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]], CSI 1981–2001
| years=1961–1978}}
{{S-end}}

{{Moderators of the Church of South India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuel, Ananda Rao}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Krishna-Godavari]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Union Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Moderators of the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Manoharpur Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T04:03:18Z

Adityagoel:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Manoharpur
| map_image = Manoharpur constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| mla = [[Jagat Majhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = {{formatnum:197524}}
| constituency_no = 55}}

''' Manoharpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=60|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[United Goans Democratic Party|UGDP]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}|label3=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value3=20|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||rowspan="3"|Subhnath Deogam || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan="2"|Ratnakar Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Durga Prasad Jamuda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan="2"|Ratnakar Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Devendra Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Krishna Chandra Munda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Joba Majhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand People's Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||[[Joba Majhi]] || {{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Gurucharan Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Joba Majhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Jagat Majhi]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagat Majhi]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=73,034 |percentage=51.53% |change={{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra Boipai |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=41,078 |percentage=28.98% |change={{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbar Khakha |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,927 |percentage=4.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiukar Purty |party=Independent politician |votes=3,306 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saban Hembrom |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,193 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pator Jonko |party=Independent politician |votes=2,210 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Jamuda |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,856 |percentage=1.31% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=5,347 |percentage=3.77% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,956 |percentage=22.55% |change= {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,737 |percentage=64.02% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,21,411 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joba Majhi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=50,945 |percentage=42.12% |change={{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurucharan Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,926 |percentage=28.87% |change={{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birsa Munda |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=13,468 |percentage=11.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushila Toppo |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,557 |percentage=2.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Dang |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=2,952 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saban Hembrom |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=2,836 |percentage=2.34% |change={{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dimpal Munda |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,674 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,608 |percentage=2.98% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,019 |percentage=13.24% |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,962 |percentage=61.24% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,524 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joba Majhi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=57,558 |percentage=45.16% |change={{increase}}23.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurucharan Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,989 |percentage=32.16% |change={{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birsa Munda |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=6,434 |percentage=5.05% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,177 |percentage=4.06% |change={{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Snehlata Jojo |party=Independent politician |votes=4,461 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeshi Lal Munda |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,638 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moran Singh Chaki |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,414 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,297 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,569 |percentage=13.00% |change= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,463 |percentage=68.71% |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,511 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Guru Charan Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,360 |percentage=28.16% |change={{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navami Oraon |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=21,090 |percentage=21.70% |change={{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joba Majhi |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=20,828 |percentage=21.43% |change={{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salkhan Murmu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,490 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrajit Samad |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=5,397 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Barla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,357 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushila Toppo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,639 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,270 |percentage=6.45% |change= {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,172 |percentage=62.72% |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joba Majhi |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=26,810 |percentage=30.68% |change={{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guru Charan Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,213 |percentage=28.85% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Hembrom |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=15,173 |percentage=17.36% |change={{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sugyani Kodah |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=7,787 |percentage=8.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardugan Manki |party=Independent politician |votes=3,947 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangi Murmu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Dal |votes=1,688 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Singh Purty |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,617 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,597 |percentage=1.83% |change= {{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,386 |percentage=58.03% |change= {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,580 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Manoharpur<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joba Majhi |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=29,607 |percentage=35.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiva Bodra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,572 |percentage=24.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Melgandi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=10,161 |percentage=12.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurucharan Nayak |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,010 |percentage=11.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masihdas Bhuinya |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=5,989 |percentage=7.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurga Parasad Jamuda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,928 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Guria |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,117 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,035 |percentage=10.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,767 |percentage=63.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,195 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{coord|22.37|85.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]

Anil Jadhav

2026-03-03T13:43:22Z

Adityagoel: Made Article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Jadhav
| image = MLA Anil Jadhav with KCR (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = [[Adilabad]]
| constituency = [[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023 – present
| predecessor = [[Rathod Bapu Rao|Rathod Bapurao]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| occupation = Politician
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
}}

'''Anil Jadhav''' is a member of [[3rd Telangana Assembly]] representing [[Boath Assembly constituency]] in the Adilabad District. He belongs to [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Candidates Detail: Anil Jadhav |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/anil-jadhav-candidate-31304 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Boath Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS's Anil Jadhav wins Boath with 76792 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/boath-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470920-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Anil}}
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

{{Telangana-BRS-politician-stub}}

Raja Syed Ekram Ali

2026-02-27T03:09:35Z

Adityagoel: starting bio

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Syed Ekram Ali
| royal house =
| burial_place = Shahi [[Qabristan]], Barundai, [[Tarakote State]]
| burial_date =
| death_place = [[Tarakote State]]
| death_date = 11 July 1890
| birth_place = Santasahi, Qila Tarakote, [[Tarakote State]]
| birth_date = 1842
| mother = Salihaa Bibi Sahab
| father = Raja Syed Nuruddin Ali
| dynasty = [[Sayyid]]
| issue =
| title = 11th [[Raja]] [[Mian (title)|Miyan]] of [[Tarakote Raj]] Taajdar e Tarakote
| spouse = 3 including Bibi Badi Begum Saheb
| queen = Bibi Badi Begum Saheb
| successor = Choudhury Mohammed Dabiruddin (''adopted'')
| predecessor = Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali Choudhury
| full name = Taajdar e Tarakote Meherban Raja Miyan Syed Shamsuddin Mohammed Ekram Ali Choudhury Saheb
| coronation =
| house = [[Sayyid| Hussain Jahi]]
| reign = 21 January 1869 – 11 July 1890
| caption =
| image =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Raja Syed Ekram Ali''' was the 11th hereditary ruler of the quasi-princely state of [[Tarakote State|Tarakote]] in [[Odisha]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Robert |title=The Golden Handbook |page=246}}</ref> He is known for the wide social reforms that he had brought in his state. He was a staunch advocate of female education and took concrete steps to promote formal learning for girls. In 1886, he established the very first girls’ school in [[Jajpur]], which at the time was part of the undivided [[Cuttack district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=RATH|first=SRINIBAS|title=Some Socio-Economic Aspects of Abolition of Zamindari System in Orissa|date=1992|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=53|pages=436–439|jstor=44142822|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=TARAKOT URDU GIRLS MAKTAB TARAKOTE BARUNDEI KORAI JAJPUR|url=http://www.odishahelpline.com/schools-TARAKOT-URDU-GIRLS-MAKTAB-BARUNDEI-JAJPUR-district-ODISHA232126194066196031053068|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.odishahelpline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tarakote Raj|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/tarakot-urdu-girls-maktab-e6yg79|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Miyanzada Syed Ekram Ali was born on 21 January 1869 into the ruling family of [[Tarakote State]] to Raja Miyan Syed Nurrudin Ali. At the age of 8 he contracted [[small pox]] which took away his vision. Following his father’s death, he ascended the throne at the age of twenty-seven, becoming the 11th ruler of [[Tarakote State]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-04|title=Top 3 Land Tenure Systems during the British Rule in India|url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/economic-history/top-3-land-tenure-systems-during-the-british-rule-in-india/5977|access-date=2020-07-11|website=History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reign ==

Raja Miyan Ekram Ali suffered considerable territorial losses during his reign, as a majority of the villages under Tarakote State were transferred to British control under the provisions of the [[Ryotwari|Land Revenue Settlement Act]]. Several of these villages were subsequently auctioned and sold to outsiders by the colonial administration. Earlier, during the reign of his great-grandfather, Raja Zulfiqar, a substantial portion of [[Tarakote Raj|Shergarh-Tarakote]] had been annexed by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] including the fort of Pacchikote, resulting in the formation of a separate Maratha polity in the region known as Pacchikote Raj. The newly established Raja of Pacchikote, a contemporary of Raja Ekram Ali, is recorded in local tradition to have engaged in an armed conflict with Tarakote near the Purbakot Haat in Kantore. Raja Ekram Ali is said to have personally led his forces in this confrontation and emerged victorious.<ref name=":1" />

Oral accounts further suggest that the immediate cause of hostilities stemmed from an incident in which the Diwan of the Raja of Pacchikote, while transporting essential provisions back to Pacchikote Garh, inadvertently crossed into Tarakote territory. Mistaken for a dacoit by the Tarakote garrison, he was apprehended for unlawful entry. This act provoked the Raja of Pacchikote, who retaliated by attacking Tarakote. Raja Syed Ekram Ali, however, successfully defended his dominion, reportedly with the assistance of Pathan soldiers from Bhadrak.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=sunset+law+india&pg=PA74|title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0085-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The confrontation culminated in the decisive ''Battle of Kantor'', where Raja Ekram Ali’s forces defeated the invading army of Pacchikote.

The British authorities eventually had to intervene to pacify the two rulers, resulting in a truce agreement. According to the terms, the Raja of Pacchikote was allowed to pass through Tarakote territory to reach the railway station, but during such passages, his entourage was required to remain completely silent and make no announcements contrary to the common practices.<ref name=":3" />

== Social Reforms ==
Raja Ekram Ali promoted female education, he himself was a great patron of [[Arabic]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] languages. In 1880 he commissioned [[Jajpur]]'s first girls school. He was successfully able to suppress the [[Qadi|Qazi]]s voice who was against the idea of starting a 'girls school'. In 1886, the school was constructed and opened to impart education to girls. Presently it is known as Tarakote girls' school Makhtab.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=TARAKOT URDU GIRLS MAKTAB, KORAI|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=21130804103|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.schoolsworld.in}}</ref>

==References==

<references />

[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Sawai Man Singh Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T04:37:55Z

Adityagoel: Made bio!

{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sawai Man Singh Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Sawai Madhopur District, Rajasthan, India
| nearest_city = Sawai Madhopur
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|02|N|76|30|E}}
| area = {{cvt|103|km2}}
| established = 1984
| governing_body = Rajasthan Forest Department
}}

'''Sawai Man Singh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected wildlife area in eastern [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Located in Sawai Madhopur district, covering approximately 103 km², it forms the southern buffer of the [[Ranthambore Tiger Reserve]] and supports a rich assemblage of dry deciduous flora and fauna.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-20 |title=Pilgrims risk becoming prey in Rajasthan's Ranthambore tiger territory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/pilgrims-risk-becoming-prey-in-rajasthans-ranthambore-tiger-territory/articleshow/120440054.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sangeetha |first1=Jeyabalan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_idDwAAQBAJ&dq=sawai+man+singh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PT268 |title=Biodiversity and Conservation: Characterization and Utilization of Plants, Microbes and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management |last2=Thangadurai |first2=Devarajan |last3=Ching |first3=Goh Hong |last4=Islam |first4=Saher |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-75906-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary lies at the junction of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya ranges]] and provides critical habitat connectivity within the Ranthambore landscape. It shelters the Bengal tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris''), Indian leopards (''Panthera pardus fusca''), sloth bears (''Melursus ursinus''), and numerous ungulate and bird species.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Vanishing stripes: 25 of 75 tigers missing from Ranthambore park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vanishing-stripes-25-of-75-tigers-missing-from-ranthambore-park/articleshow/114996462.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Laxmi Kant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT5CEQAAQBAJ&dq=sawai+man+singh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA74 |title=The Aravalli Range's Past, Present and Future Prospects: India's Natural Green Wall |last2=Raj |first2=Alok |last3=Sharma |first3=Shweta |date=2025-01-15 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-0364-1699-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The forests of this region were once royal hunting grounds of the [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] and [[Karauli state|Karauli states]]. In 1955, the area was designated as the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary. A core area of 282 km² was notified as Ranthambore National Park in 1980. In 1984, the 130 km² southern tract was formally constituted as Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary, named in honour of Maharaja [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur- Wildlife Sanctuaries In Rajasthan India |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/tourism/wildlife/sawai-man-singh-sanctuary |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rajasthan Direct}}</ref>

==Geography==
Situated within the [[Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests|Khathiar–Gir]] dry deciduous ecoregion, the sanctuary’s gently rolling sandstone ridges, seasonal streams and waterholes lie between the [[Banas River]] to the north and the [[Chambal River]] to the south. Altitudes range around a few hundred metres above sea level. The climate is subtropical semi-arid: hot summers (up to 46 °C), cool winters (down to 2 °C) and 800–900 mm of monsoon rainfall (June–September).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sawaimadhopuronline.in/guide/sawai-mansingh-sanctuary|title=Sawai Mansingh Sanctuary in Sawai Madhopur in the state of Rajasthan}}</ref>

==Flora and Fauna==
The sanctuary’s vegetation is dominated by dry mixed deciduous forest: species include ''[[Anogeissus pendula]]'' (dhok), ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' (dhak), ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' (kikar), ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'' (salai), ''[[Terminalia tomentosa]]'' (saj), and various ''[[Ficus]]'' spp. [[Understory]] grasses and scrub like ''[[Lantana camara]]'' flourish post-monsoon.

Large mammals include:
* [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'')
* [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus fusca'')
* [[Sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus'')
* [[Striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena'')
* [[Chital]] (''Axis axis'')
* [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor'')
* [[Nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'')
* [[Chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii'')
* [[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'')
* [[Northern plains gray langur|Hanuman langur]] (''Semnopithecus entellus'')

Over 300 bird species have been recorded, including [[Indian peafowl]] (''Pavo cristatus''), various [[Partridge|partridges]], [[sandgrouse]], and migratory [[waterfowl]]. Reptiles such as [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'') inhabit pools, alongside snakes like the [[Indian cobra]] (''Naja naja'').<ref>{{Cite news |website=Live Mint |title= Conserving the caracal, one of India's rarest wild cats | Mint|date= 14 February 2021|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/business-of-life/conserving-the-caracal-one-of-india-s-rarest-wild-cats-111613226432255.html|last1= Pendharkar|first1= Vrushal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V112DwAAQBAJ&dq=sawai+man+singh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PR5 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Rajasthan |last2=Shrivastava |first2=A. K. |date=2007-05-01 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87307-89-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Access ==
Access is via Sawai Madhopur—connected by rail (Sawai Madhopur Junction) and road to Jaipur (150 km) and Delhi. The sanctuary itself has no separate entry gate; visitors join Ranthambore Tiger Reserve safaris which may traverse SMS zones. The best visiting season is October–March. Safari permits and wildlife tours are managed by the Forest Department from Sawai Madhopur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Sawai Man Singh Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/sawai-man-singh-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Sawai Mansingh | url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/rajasthan-wild-life/pdf/activities/National%20Parks%2C%20Wildlife%20Sanctuaries%2C%20Conservation%20Reserves%20and%20Community%20Reserves/Sanctuaries/SAWAI%20MANSINGH.docx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029032424/http://www.forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/rajasthan-wild-life/pdf/activities/National%20Parks,%20Wildlife%20Sanctuaries,%20Conservation%20Reserves%20and%20Community%20Reserves/Sanctuaries/SAWAI%20MANSINGH.docx | archive-date=29 October 2017 | access-date=17 May 2025 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1984]]
[[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]

Shambhu Shikhar

2026-02-11T07:17:25Z

Adityagoel: Made new data!

{{Short description|Indian comedian, novelist, poet (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shambhu Shikhar
| image = Shambhu_Shikhar.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Shambhu Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|01|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Motilal Nehru College]] ([[Delhi University]])
| occupation = Comedian,, novelist, poet
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''The Great Indian Laughter Challenge'', ''Lapete Mein Netaji'' and ''Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!'', ''India's Laughter Champion''
| awards = Bharatendyu Harishchand Puraskar by the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]] (2010) Sahitya Shikhar Samman by the [[Government of Haryana]] (2011)
| website = {{URL|shambhushikhar.com}}
}}
'''Shambhu Shikhar''' (born 10 January 1984) is an Indian comedian, novelist, and poet.

From [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India, he was a semi-finalist in the third season of ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Laughter Series – Watch Episode 22 – Shambhu Shikhar on Top on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/the-great-indian-laughter-series/458/shambhu-shikhar-on-top/1000008761 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher = [[Hotstar]]}}</ref> which aired on [[StarPlus]] in 2007. He was awarded with a [[Bharatendyu Harishchand Puraskar]] by the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards and achievements of Shambhu Shikhar |url=http://shambhushikhar.com/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher =Shambhu Shikhar official website}}</ref>

He has appeared in television shows, including ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]'' on [[SAB TV]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहारी का मतलब गाली नहीं इस शब्द का मतलब गर्व है : हास्य कवि शंभू शिखर |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/1249289 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work = [[Prabhat Khabar]]}}</ref> [[News18 India]]'s ''Netaji Lapete Mein'', and ''Idhar Udhar and Shikhar'' on 94.3 MY FM.

== Life and career ==
He was born on 10 January 1984, in [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हास्य कलाकार शंभू शिखर ने किया लोटपोट |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-comedian-shambhu-shikhar-did-a-lot-7923688.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |work = [[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref>

Shikhar completed a master's degree in [[political science]] from [[Motilal Nehru College]], a constituent college of [[Delhi University]] in [[New Delhi]].

==Career==
He started his career as a standup comedian on ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]'' on [[SAB TV]], hosted by [[Shailesh Lodha]] and [[Neha Mehta]]. He then appeared on StarPlus's comedy show ''The Great Indian Laughter Challenge'' in 2007, where he was a semi-finalist.

He has participated in [[Kavi sammelan]] gatherings at [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]] and in various other cities in India and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavi Sammelan and Mushaira to Be Held in Dubai for Indian Republic Day |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/kavi-sammelan-and-mushaira-to-be-held-in-dubai-for-indian-republic-day-1.85064672 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website= [[Gulf News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Shambu Shikhar @ Andaaz E Bayaan Aur – Dubai 2018 | publisher = [[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPGyYktlBqk|access-date=9 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अब हास्य कवि ने योगी पर बनाया गाना:मधुबनी के शंभू शिखर ने गाया- एगो योगी चलल बा गोरखपुर से, गुंडन के ठोकत, लुटेरवन के फाड़त |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/ego-yogi-chalal-ba-from-gorakhpur-thokat-robber-of-gundan-129366311.html?ref=inbound_More_News |access-date=9 March 2022 | publisher = Sahitya Tak Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shambhu Shikhar's Powerful Performance at Kavi Sammelan |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-shambhu-shikhars-powerful-performance-at-kavi-sammelan-1149944 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher = [[ABP News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुबनी के हास्य कवि ने गाया गीत, 'साइकिल की फिर से उतार देंगे चेन, हम हैं योगी जी के फैन...' |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-madhubani-comic-poet-shambhu-shikhar-song-sung-in-favor-of-yogi-government-goes-viral-on-internet-media-22449303.html |work = [[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref>

Shikhar has published various novels and collections of his poems. He previously published ''Silwaton Ki Mehak'' (2014), ''Sanyasi Yoddhay'' (2017) and the novel ''Organic Love II'' with [[Harf Publications]] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organic Love II ऑर्गेनिक लव परफेक्ट पेपैरबैक – 21 जनवरी 2022 |url=https://www.amazon.in/-/hi/Shambhu-Shikhar/dp/B09QX8KVPL |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher= [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> He is working on his upcoming book ''Chini Ko Jama Karke Fir Se Ganna Bana Du''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasya Kavi Sammelan: चीनी को जमाकर गन्ना बना दूं' पुस्तक लिख रहे शंभू शिखर |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-hasya-kavi-sammelan-shambhu-shikhar-is-writing-the-book-i-should-make-sugarcane-by-depositing-sugar-22079023.html |access-date=9 March 2022 | work = [[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref>

He had an Internet hit with his song "Hum Dharti Putra Bihari".<ref>{{Cite web |title=गर्व से कहो, हम बिहारी हैं... – Shambhu Shikhar का 'धरतीपुत्र' गीत – Bihar Day Special – Sahitya Tak |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqlXjQFUPg8 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher = Sahitya Tak Youtube}}</ref>

Shikhar is also known as a [[political satirist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए देश के नामी कवि शंभु शिखर ने यूक्रेन की लड़ाई को लेकर क्यों कहा- क्या पाएगा रूस |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-know-what-country-famous-bihari-poet-shambhu-shikhar-said-about-the-russia-ukraine-war-read-latest-tweet-22504073.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |work = [[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wordplay, Pun and Fun Mark Khasdar Mahotsav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/wordplay-pun-and-fun-mark-khasdar-mahotsav/articleshow/88379050.cms |access-date=9 March 2022|website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=शंभू शिखर और अंकिता सिंह की कविता श्रोताओं के दिल जीता |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-shambhu-shikhar-and-ankita-singh-39-s-poem-won-the-hearts-of-listeners-3624135.html |access-date=9 March 2022|work = [[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Shikhar was a contestant in ''[[India's Laughter Champion]],'' judged by [[Shekhar Suman]] and [[Archana Puran Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copy-Paste Lipstick {{!}} Shambhu Shikhar {{!}} India's Laughter Champion |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBTJNmWOHFM |language=en| publisher= [[YouTube]] |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Silwaton Ki Mehak'' 2014
* ''Organic Love II'', 2022 novel, {{ISBN|978-8195382859}}
* ''Chaand Par Plot "चाँद पर प्लॉट"'', {{ISBN|978-9355216175}}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Show
! Television channel
|-
|''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]''||[[SAB TV]]
|-
|''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''|| [[StarPlus]]
|-
|''Lapete Mein Netaji''|| [[News18 India]]
|-
|''[[India's Laughter Champion]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SONY TV]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://shambhushikhar.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shikhar, Shambhu}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Novelists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani, India]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]

Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)

2026-02-01T09:23:13Z

Adityagoel:

{{short description|1970 novel by Jayakanthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel).jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Jayakanthan]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| genre = [[Romance novel|Romance]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1970
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
}}
'''''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal''''' ({{translation|Some people at some moments}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language novel by Indian writer [[Jayakanthan]]. It is an expanded version of his 1968 short story ''Agnipravesam'' ({{translation|Entering the fire}}) with a different ending. The novel, [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in 1970 in ''[[Dinamani Kathir]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=G. |date=2 July 2020 |title=Print to celluloid: From 'Kalvanin Kadhali' and 'Mullum Malaram' to 'Ponniyin Selvan' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/print-to-celluloid-from-kalvanin-kadhali-and-mullum-malaram-to-ponniyin-selvan/article31971471.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703191656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/print-to-celluloid-from-kalvanin-kadhali-and-mullum-malaram-to-ponniyin-selvan/article31971471.ece |archive-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1972. A sequel titled ''Gangai Enge Pogiral'' ({{Translation|Where is Ganga going?}}) was published in 1978.<ref name="frontline" /> The novel was translated into [[Malayalam]] as ''Chila Samayangalil Chila Manushyar'' by C. A. Balan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chila samayangalil chila manushyar / Jayakanthan; translated by C. A. Balan |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026101239/http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20878 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[State Central Library, Kerala]]}}</ref> It was adapted into a Tamil feature film by the [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|same name]] (1977), and a Malayalam television series ''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar'' (2011).

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=January 2022}}

== Overview ==
''Agnipravesam'', a short story written by [[Jayakanthan]], was published in the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in 1968. The ending of the story, where a chaste woman purifies her daughter (by pouring a bucket of water on her) for having sex with a stranger, forgives her and asks her to move on, gained significant attention for deviating from cultural norms, and many readers suggested alternate ways to end the story in an "acceptable" manner. Responding to those suggestions, Jayakanthan expanded the short story into a full-fledged novel ''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' with a different ending.<ref name="frontline">{{Cite magazine |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |date=15 May 2015 |title=The wholeness of a water drop |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/the-wholeness-of-a-water-drop/article7150600.ece |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418064111/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/the-wholeness-of-a-water-drop/article7150600.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref> He also took inspiration from his personal experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 April 2015 |title=Tribute: Jayakanthan (1934–2015) was a stunningly progressive writer |url=https://scroll.in/article/719447/tribute-jayakanthan-1934-2015-was-a-stunningly-progressive-writer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515212036/http://scroll.in/article/719447/tribute-jayakanthan-1934-2015-was-a-stunningly-progressive-writer |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1972.<ref name="frontline" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1972 |title=Annual Awards Function, 1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyJZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sila+Nerangalil%22+sahitya+akademi |url-status=live |magazine=Education Quarterly |volume=24–25 |page=56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119141512/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Education_Quarterly/EyJZAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Sila+Nerangalil%22+sahitya+akademi&dq=%22Sila+Nerangalil%22+sahitya+akademi&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
''Gangai Enge Pogiral'', a sequel novel, was published in 1978. The novel revolves around Ganga being rehabilitated and becoming more responsible.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 December 1989 |title=Meet the author |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/jayakanthan.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111093821/https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/jayakanthan.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' was adapted into a Tamil feature film by the [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|same name]] in 1977, again written by Jayakanthan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 March 2005 |title=Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2005/03/27/sila-nerangalil-sila-manidhargal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234933/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2005/03/27/sila-nerangalil-sila-manidhargal/ |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> In 2011, the novel was adapted into a [[Malayalam]] television series ''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2011 |title=Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar comes alive on Amrita TV |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47470_Chila+Nerangalil+Chila+Manushyar+comes+alive+on+Amrita+TV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015313/https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47470_Chila+Nerangalil+Chila+Manushyar+comes+alive+on+Amrita+TV |archive-date=22 March 2018 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Afaqs}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1970 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Novels in Tamil]]
[[Category:Novels set in Tamil Nadu]]

Sita Upanishad

2026-01-20T15:37:55Z

Adityagoel:

{{italic title}}{{Short description|Minor Upanishad}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = 'Sita Vanavasa' or Sita in exile. Wellcome L0021787.jpg
| caption = Sita
| Devanagari = सीता
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Sītā
| meaning = Goddess Sita
| composition_date = 4th- to 8th-century
| type = Vaishnava
| Veda = [[Atharva Veda]]{{Sfn| Tinoco|1996|p=88}}
| chapters = 1
| verses = 37
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Vedanta]]
}}
The '''''Sita Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|सीता उपनिषत्}}) is a medieval era Sanskrit text and a minor [[Upanishad]] of [[Hinduism]]. It is attached to the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]],{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}}{{Sfn| Tinoco|1996|p=88}} and is one of the Vaishnava upanishads. It is categorized as a late Upanishad,{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}} in which goddess [[Sita]] is extolled as the Ultimate Reality of the Universe ([[Brahman]]), the ground of Being ([[Spirituality]]), and material cause behind all manifestation.<ref name=gandhisk113>R Gandhi (1992), Sita's Kitchen, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791411537}}, page 113 with note 35</ref> The Upanishad identifies Sita with primordial [[Prakriti]] (nature) and her three powers, asserts the text, are manifested in daily life as will ([[Iccha-shakti|iccha]]), action ([[kriyā]]) and knowledge ([[jnana]]).{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|p=239}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}}

This Upanishad is notable for asserting that the cosmos is [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul), it resides in the [[heart]], its awareness and self-realization emerges by [[Vichara]] (investigation into the Self) and [[Samadhi]], the ultimate stage of meditation.<ref name=gandhisk113/>{{Sfn|Maharshi|Brunton|Venkataramiah|1984|p=36}}

==History==
The author and the century in which Sita Upanishad was composed is unknown. The text was likely composed, in the same period as other Shakta Upanishads, between the 4th- and 8th-century CE. Even though this text is of relatively late origin, [[Sita]] as goddess is traceable to 1st-millennium BCE Hindu texts and the Epic [[Ramayana]].<ref>David Kinsley (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}, pages 55-64</ref>

Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as ''Sitopanishad''.{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}<ref name=vediclitp570>Vedic Literature, Volume 1, {{Google books|2YIoAAAAYAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts|page=PA576}}, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, page 576</ref> In the Telugu language [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]], it is listed at number 45.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556–557}}

==Contents==
The Upanishad has 37 verses in one chapter and is narrated as a discourse between Prajapati and the gods, the latter eager about "Who is Sita? What is her nature?"{{Sfn|Johnsen|2002|p=55}}

Prajapati describes Sita as primal Prakriti, or primordial nature.{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|pp=239–240}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} She is, asserts the text, same as Lakshmi and the Shakti (energy and power) of [[Vishnu]].{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}<ref name=vrrao21>VR Rao (1987), Selected Doctrines from Indian Philosophy, South Asia Books, {{ISBN|978-8170990000}}, page 21</ref> The text references and uses fragments of hymns in the [[Vajasaneyi Samhita]] of [[Yajurveda]], asserting the goddess to manifest all the times as "will, action and knowledge" that drives change in the universe,<ref name=vrrao21/>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}} wherein everything, the empirically observed and the transcendental reality, is manifestation of her Being.<ref name=gandhisk113/>{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}

Sita is all of creation, the good and the bad, all the gods and the demons, the cause and the effect, the material and the spiritual, the virtue and the beauty.{{Sfn|Johnsen|2002|p=55}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} Her quality includes the changing reality ([[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], metaphysical illusion),{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=581}} and the unchanging reality without a second ([[Brahman]], metaphysical constant).<ref name=gandhisk113/>{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} She is free from change. She has no blemishes. She represents the vocal form of the four [[Vedas]], which the text asserts comes from 21 schools of [[Rigveda]], 109 schools of [[Yajurveda]], 1000 schools of [[Samaveda]], and 40 schools of Atharvaveda.{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} She is ethics, tradition, law, legend, and the five minor Vedas, asserts the text, naming these as architecture, archery, music, medicine and ''Daivika'' (divinity).{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} She is the basis of the whole world, is composed of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva, and she is the soul (inner self, Atman) that resides in all livings.{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''Who is Sita?'''
<poem>
सा देवी त्रिविधा भवति शक्त्यासना
इच्छाशक्तिः क्रियाशक्तिः साक्षाच्छक्तिरिति

That divine Being is threefold,
through her power, namely,
the power of desire,
the power of action,
the power of knowledge.
</poem>
|source = —''Sita Upanishad'' verse 11{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}
|width = 32%
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
Her name Sita, signifies [[Om|Pranava]] or “Aum”,{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}} and she is the [[first cause]] of the universe.{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95, verses 6-9}} The text then offers a folk etymology for her name, asserting that each letter of her name has specific meaning.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} The “S” indicates [[Satya]] or eternal truth, the “i” signifies [[maya (illusion)|Maya]] or illusion in an unchanging form, and “ta” denoting the goddess of speech conjoined with [[Brahman]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}

The text weaves in mythical elements of her origins. She, asserts the text, emerged at the tip of the plough symbolizing her link to [[Prakriti]] or nature that feeds and nourishes all life.{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=581}} She is all pervading. She, asserts the text, lights up everything in all worlds. "The wheel of time and the wheel of the Universe" are her personifications.{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}} Evolution and preservation are her gifts, she is the tree of plenty.{{Sfn|Johnsen|2002|p=55}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}

She is [[Lakshmi]], seated as a [[Yogini]] on her lion throne.{{Sfn|Johnsen|2002|p=55}} The universe is full of the beautiful, states the Upanishad, and all that beauty is she, she alone.{{Sfn|Johnsen|2002|p=55}}{{Sfn|Warrier|1967|pp=85–95}}

The [[Vedas]] are her, states Sita Upanishad, and she personifies the three goddesses:{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}}{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=581}} [[Shri]] (goddess of prosperity, [[Lakshmi]]), [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]] (mother earth), and [[Nila Devi|Nila]] (goddess of destruction). These manifestations of her, correspond to [[Samkhya]] theory of [[Guṇa]], as Sattva, Rajas and Tamas respectively, and are traced in [[Vaishnavism]] tradition respectively to the Sri-Sukta, Bhu-Sukta, and Nila-Sukta hymns in the Vedas.<ref>Aḷkoṇḍavilli Govindāchārya, {{Google books|SoTe_qTyIKIC|The Holy Lives of the Azhvârs|page=PA43}}, Harvard Divinity School, pages 43-44</ref>

Sita, states the text, is the supreme goddess,{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}} non-dual Brahman (Ultimate Reality), the Being (Spirituality), and material cause of empirical reality.<ref name=gandhisk113/>{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|pp=239–240}}
==See also==
* [[Rama|Lord Rama]]
* [[Maithili Maha Upanishad]]
* [[Ramayana]]
* [[Valmiki Samhita]]
*[[Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara]]

==Reception==
David Scott states that the description of Sita in this Upanishad mirrors the description of goddesses in Greek literature and other civilizations.<ref name=scott29>David Scott (1998), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757365 The Perennial Message of 'the Goddess': Enduring Themes down the Ages in Bactria], East and West, Vol. 48, No. 1/2, page 29, 27-39</ref> Sita is described in verse 10 of this text, states Scott, as the one with different forms yet same in essence, "she is all" embodied with various attributes and activities, she is who manifests as gods, sages and men.<ref name=scott29/> Similarly, adds Scott, [[Apuleius]] in section 11.5 of ''Metamorphoses'' describes its goddess as, "Though I am worshipped in many aspects, known by countless names and propitiated by all manners of different rites, yet the whole earth venerates me".<ref name=scott29/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first= Denise|last= Cush|year= 2007|title= Encyclopedia of Hinduism| publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-0415556231 }}
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA556|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sita.pdf |title= सीतोपनिषत् (Sita Upanishad)|access-date=28 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|last=Johnsen|first = Linda|title = The Living Goddess|year=2002| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC&pg=PA47 |publisher=YI Publishers|isbn=978-0936663289}}
*{{cite book|last1= Maharshi |first1=Ramana |last2= Brunton |first2=Paul |last3= Venkataramiah |first3=Mungala |title=Conscious Immortality: Conversations with Ramana Maharshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG3XAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Sri Ramanasramam}}
*{{cite book|last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yluXuM5NuUIC&pg=PA239|year=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1611-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT581|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT85|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Tinoco|first=Carlos Alberto|title=Upanishads | year=1996| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA88 |publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}
*{{cite book|first=AG Krishna|last=Warrier|title=Śākta Upaniṣads|year=1967|oclc= 2606086|isbn= 978-0835673181|publisher=Adyar Library and Research Center}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Sita_Upanishad.pdf Sita Upanishad], Sanskrit text

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]

Jamnagar district

2026-01-18T20:52:32Z

Adityagoel: improved article after review and cleaned formatting

{{About|the District|its eponymous headquarters|Jamnagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamnagar district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Lakhota Lake Museum.JPG
|photo2a = Mangroves Jungle.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Lakhota Lake]] and museum, [[Jamnagar]] Bottom: Mangroves in [[Pirotan]] Marine Reserve
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jamnagar]]
| leader_title = Collector & DM
| leader_name = Shri B. K. Pandya, IAS <ref name="jamnagar.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://jamnagar.nic.in/whos-who/|title=Who’s Who | District Jamnagar, Government of Gujarat | India}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Police Superintendent
| leader_name1 = Shri Premsukh Delu, IPS
| leader_title2 = District Development Officer
| leader_name2 = Shri Vikalp Bhardwaj, IAS <ref name="jamnagar.nic.in"/>
| leader_title3 = District Supply Officer
| leader_name3 = Shri Sudhir Barad <ref name="jamnagar.nic.in"/>
| leader_title4 = ICT Officer
| leader_name4 = Shri R. N. Thakariya <ref name="jamnagar.nic.in"/>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 14,184
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,51,6000 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiacensus.net/district/jamnagar | title=Jamnagar Population 2023 }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GJ-10
| website = {{URL|jamnagar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| map_caption1 = Location of district in Gujarat
}}

'''Jamnagar district''' is a [[districts of India|district]] of [[Gujarat]] in Western India. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of [[Jamnagar]]. It hosts the production facilities of large Indian companies<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/districts/jamnagar.htm |title=Jamnagar District Map |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref> such as [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]. Among its attractions are several palaces,<ref name="mapsofindia.com"/> a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as [[Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mustak Amin Mepani |url=http://www.jamnagar.org |title=Jamnagar the beautiful – Tourist information |publisher=Jamnagar.org |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref> In 2013, [[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka district]] was carved out of the western part of the district.

India's largest private company, [[Reliance Industries]] is developing world's largest zoo near by 28 kms from Jamnagar city.<ref name="hotelmanagement-network.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/news/lemon-tree-hotels-property-jamnagar/ |title=Lemon Tree Hotels signs new property in India's Jamnagar |date=9 October 2023 }}</ref> In Jamnagar, the company is also setting up biggest gigafactory, the biggest [[solar energy]], the world's [[artificial intelligence]] infrastructure and Vantara (large-scale wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Riya R |date=2025-01-04 |title=Jamnagar Refinery, world’s largest, turns 25: Mukesh Ambani highlights role in future growth and nature conservation {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/jamnagar-refinery-turns-25-mukesh-ambani-highlights-its-role-in-promoting-future-growth-and-nature-conservation-11735962739278.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105161611/https://www.livemint.com/companies/jamnagar-refinery-turns-25-mukesh-ambani-highlights-its-role-in-promoting-future-growth-and-nature-conservation-11735962739278.html |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]] is planning to develop a riverfront on Rangmati – Nagmati river which costs around 500 crore (5 billion) INR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/jamnagar/plan-to-build-riverfront-on-rangmati-nagmati-river-in-jamnagar-only-on-paper-for-7-years-479017.html |title=Jamnagar: રંગમતી, નાગમતિ નદી પર રિવરફ્રન્ટ બનાવવાની યોજના 7 વર્ષથી માત્ર કાગળ પર, જાણો વિકાસને ક્યા ગ્રહણ લાગ્યુ ? |date=17 April 2022 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[Jamnagar]] was founded by Jam Rawalji Jadeja in 1540 A.D. as the capital of the Princely State of Nawanagar. Jamnagar, historically known as Nawanagar (the new town), was one of the most important princely states of the Jadeja's in the region of Saurashtra.

According to bardic chronicles, impressed by Jam Lakhaji's role in at the siege of Pawagadh, Bahadurshah, the Emperor of Gujarat, bestowed 12 villages on him. As Jam Lakaji was going to take possession of his new fief, he was treacherously killed by his cousins, Tamachi Deda and Hamirji Jadeja. Jam Lakhajis son Jam Rawal escaped and on growing up, took vengeance of his father's murder in the same manner by killing Hamirji Jadeja.

Hamirji's two sons Khengarji and Sahibji fled to Delhi to pay obeisance to the mughal Emperor Humayun. During a lion hunt, the two brothers saved the Emperor from being killed by the lion. As a reward for their valour, an army was sent with them to regain their kingdom. When Jam Rawal heard of the two princes coming back to the Kutch with the imperial army, he started getting ready for the battle. On one night, he dreamt of the goddess Ashapura who told him that as he had broken an oath taken on her name about not killing Hamirji, even though, he was the person responsible for the death of his father. She had refrained from punishing him as he had at all other times honored her, but he was no longer to dwell in Kutch but cross the sea and reside in Kathiawar instead.

Jam Rawal and his entourage marched out of Kutch, attacked and killed King Tamachi the other conspirator in the killing of his father, and conquered the town of Dhrol and its dependencies. Jam Rawal bestowed the rule of Dhrol province to his brother Hardholji, who was later killed in battle, and the throne passed to his eldest son, Jasoji. Jam Rawal conquered parts of Saurashtra and formed his kingdom.

Once on a hunting trip on the land of present day Jamnagar, a hare was found to be brave enough to turn on the hunting dogs and putting them to flight. Deeply impressed by this, Jam Rawal thought that if this land can breed such hares, the men born here would be superior than other men, and accordingly made this place his capital. On the 7th day of the bright half of the month of Srawan, VS 1596 (August 1540 AD) on the banks of two rivers Rangmati and Nagmati, he lay the foundation of his new capital and named it Nawanagar (new town). Nawanagar eventually came to be known as Jamnagar meaning the town of the Jams.

== Geography ==
[[Jamnagar]] district lies between 22°13’N and 69°42’E in the region of Gujarat popularly referred to as Saurashtra. The Gulf of Kutch lies to the north of Jamnagar district and the Arabian Sea on the west. In the east lies the Rajkot district and the Junagadh district is to the south.<ref name="jamnagaronline.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.jamnagaronline.in/city-guide/geography-of-jamnagar#:~:text=Jamnagar%20city%20is%20located%20within%20Jamnagar%20district%20which,region%20of%20Gujarat%20popularly%20referred%20to%20as%20Saurashtra. | title=Geography of Jamnagar, Jamnagar Climate, Population of Jamnagar }}</ref> The city has a hot dry climate for most of the year with extreme hot summers during March–May when the temperatures reach an average of 40 °C. The winter season begins from October and ends in February with average temperatures around 30 °C. June–September is the monsoon with frequent occurrences of tropical storms. The best time to visit [[Jamnagar]] is between October and February. Geologists have often debated on the exact origins of [[Jamnagar]] but deduce that the district was probably an island or a group of islands with volcanic sites.<ref name="jamnagaronline.in"/>

==Talukas (administrative divisions)==
# [[Jam Jodhpur]]
# [[Jodiya]]
# [[Dhrol]]
# [[Jamnagar]]
#Jamnagar Rural
# [[Lalpur, Jamnagar district|Lalpur]]
# [[Kalavad Taluka]]

== Transport ==
There are many private bus service providers with coaches running between Jamnagar and [[Bhuj]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], and other major cities. [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation|State Transport]] has bus services to almost all cities of Gujarat State and interstate transport facilities. The [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]] runs local buses. Also, [[Ola Cabs]] and auto rickshaws are available.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Jamnagar Railway Station Platform 1 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Jamnagar Railway Station platform]]

Jamnagar has a [[Jamnagar railway station|railway station]] connected with a variety of India's destinations.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2010 |title=Jamnagar/JAM Railway Station – Today's Train Departure Timings – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1662 |access-date=22 June 2012 |publisher=India Rail Info}}</ref> Four daily trains go to [[Mumbai]] and weekly trains to the major cities to the north, east, and south of the country.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The city has an [[Jamnagar Airport|airport]] with a daily direct flight to [[Mumbai]] and thrice-in-a-week flights to [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The airport is within a military enclave of the [[Indian Air Force]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway(NH-754) ===
[[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]](NH-754) is an under-construction 1,257 km long, 6-lane wide expressway in the north-western part of India. The expressway will reduce the distance between Amritsar and [[Jamnagar]] from earlier 1,430 km to 1,316 km (including Kapurthala-Amritsar section) and the time travel from 26 hours to only 13 hours. It is a part of the Bharatmala and Amritsar–Jamnagar Economic Corridor (EC-3). It will pass through four states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="themetrorailguy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-amritsar-jamnagar-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/|title=Amritsar – Jamnagar Economic Corridor – Information & Status}}</ref>

The expressway is strategically important, as it will connect 3 big oil refineries of HMEL Bathinda, HPCL Barmer and [[Reliance Industries]] Limited(RIL) [[Jamnagar]]. It will also connect Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (Bathinda) and Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant (Sri Ganganagar).<ref name="themetrorailguy.com"/>

The expressway will meet the Ludhiana-Bathinda-Ajmer Expressway of the Pathankot–Ajmer Economic Corridor at Bathinda. The construction work on the expressway started in Haryana and Rajasthan in 2019. The Rajasthan section of the expressway from Jakhrawali in Hanumangarh district to Khetlawas in Jalore district was completed in early 2023 and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 8 July 2023, while the entire expressway is expected to be opened by September 2023.<ref name="themetrorailguy.com"/>

=== Utilities ===
The [[Sikka Thermal Power Station]] is a coal-fired power station near Jamnagar. Various cable operators like GTPL are available in the city, along with DTH services from [[Tata Play]], Airtel, DishTV, and Videocon D2H. [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL) provides broadband. Reliance has started its 5G service, [[Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd|Reliance Jio]]. All mobile operators are available in Jamnagar, including [[Vi (text editor)|Vi]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]], BSNL.
=== Wildlife conservation centre ===
[[Vantara]], a large-scale animal rescue centre is located in Jamnagar. It is a rescue, conservation and rehabilitation centre, established by [[Reliance Industries]] with [[Reliance Foundation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Mukesh Ambani's Son, Anant Ambani, launches 3,000-acre animal shelter 'Vantara' in Gujarat's Jamnagar: Meet the visionary behind this Reliance initiative |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/mukesh-ambanis-son-anant-ambani-launches-3000-acre-animal-shelter-vantara-in-gujarats-jamnagar-meet-the-visionary-behind-vantara/3407221/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> It is located within the [[Jamnagar Refinery|Reliance Jamnagar Refinery Complex]] in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The 3,000-acre [[sanctuary]] focuses on animal welfare and conservation. It was initiated by [[Anant ambani|Anant Ambani]], director on the boards of Reliance Industries and Reliance Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All about Vantara, the 3000-acre animal shelter launched by Anant Ambani in Jamnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/all-about-vantara-the-3000-acre-animal-shelter-launched-by-anant-ambani-in-jamnagar/articleshow/108098838.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229100255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/all-about-vantara-the-3000-acre-animal-shelter-launched-by-anant-ambani-in-jamnagar/articleshow/108098838.cms |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Vantara was officially inaugurated by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 4 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Vantara in Jamnagar, feeds lion cubs, giraffes |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/pm-modi-inaugurates-vantara-in-jamnagar-feeds-lion-cubs-giraffes20250304114209/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,52,150|13=1911|14=3,59,604|15=1921|16=3,59,631|17=1931|18=4,25,463|19=1941|20=5,17,833|21=1951|22=6,16,896|23=1961|24=8,28,419|25=1971|26=11,11,343|27=1981|28=13,93,076|29=1991|30=15,63,558|31=2001|32=19,04,278|33=2011|34=21,60,119|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

According to the 2023 estimated population of Jamnagar district is 2,516,000,<ref name="indiacensus.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/district/jamnagar |title=Jamnagar Population 2023 }}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Namibia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/|title=Population by Country (2024) - Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=New Mexico – 2,059,179 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=2013-10-19 }}</ref> This gives it a district population ranking of 87th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Jamnagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/410/download/1288/DH_2011_2410_PART_A_DCHB_JAMNAGAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert|153|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2011–2023 was 16.48%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jamnagar has a [[sex ratio]] of 938 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males.<ref name=districtcensus/> It had literacy rate of 66.4% in 2001 which rose impressively in a decade to [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 74.4% by 2011.<ref name=districtcensus/>

According to 2023 estimate population, the divided district had a population of 2,516,000, of which 6,68,000 lived in city areas. The residual district had a sex ratio of 939 females per 1000 males. Total male population is 1,297,811 and female population is 1,218,296.<ref name="indiacensus.net"/>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jamnagar district (2023)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion – Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|brown|0.87}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.47}}
}}

In the residual district, Hindus were 2,108,804 (83.81), Muslims were 373,674 (14.85) and Jains 21,963 (0.87%).<ref name="indiacensus.net"/>

===Language===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jamnagar district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 89.75 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Kutchi language|Kachchhi]] |value2 = 5.84 |color2 = springgreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 2.24 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 0.44 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 0.36 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value6 = 0.24 |color6 = red
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.13 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 89.75% of the population spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 5.84% [[Kutchi language|Kachchhi]] and 2.24% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Jamnagar district}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Halar]]
*[[Jamnagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://jamnagar.nic.in/ Official website]
*[http://www.jamnagar.org Jamnagar.org]
*[http://www.halar.org halar.org]
*[http://www.aapdujamnagar.com aapdujamnagar.com]
*[http://www.historyofjamnagar.in historyofjamnagar.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204944/https://historyofjamnagar.in/ |date=4 June 2021 }}
* {{osmrelation-inline|8271162}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jamnagar district
|North = ''[[Gulf of Kutch]]''
|Northeast = [[Morbi district]]
|East = [[Rajkot district]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest = [[Porbandar district]]
|West = [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Jamnagar district}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jamnagar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]

Whose Samosa Is It Anyway?

2026-01-14T21:47:24Z

Adityagoel: Made a stub!

{{Short description|2021 book written by Sonal Ved}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| author = Sonal Ved
| language = [[Indian English]]
| country = [[India]]
| image = File:Whose Samosa Is It Anyway?.jpg
| genre = Culinary history
| published = 2021
| publisher = Penguin Random House
}}

'''''Whose Samosa Is It Anyway?''''' is a 2021 book written by Sonal Ved and published by [[Penguin Random House]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Whose Samosa is it Anyway? review: A fascinating glimpse into the history and evolution of Indian food|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/whose-samosa-is-it-anyway-review-a-fascinating-glimpse-into-the-history-and-evolution-of-indian-food|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Stephen|first=Rosella|date=2021-11-05|title=Sonal Ved: Indian food's origin stories|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/whose-samosa-is-it-anyway-sonal-ved-2021-books-food/article37338245.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The book is based on the history of [[Indian cuisine]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=What is 'Indian' cuisine anyway?|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//food/discover/a-new-book-asks-the-question-what-is-indian-cuisine-anyway-111634825961572.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Round up 2021: A Captivating Short Story Poetry Food Booklist by Women Authors|date=17 December 2021 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/books/short-story-poetry-food-booklist-women-authors-2021/|access-date=2021-12-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Shreemayee Das, in her review for ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', appreciated the work and wrote that ‘the task before Ved was momentous, yet her research is detailed and elaborate, spanning centuries.’<ref name=":0" /> Though Das commented that she loved the introduction part of the book, she felt that the book was over ‘without exploring in a detail’.<ref name=":0" />

For ''[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]]'', Avantika Bhuyan wrote that ‘covering an expanse of history, from the Indus Valley Civilisation to present-day India, a new book looks at global influences on our food.’<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about food and drink]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]

Article 143 of the Constitution of India

2026-01-10T01:48:20Z

Adityagoel: Made Pg...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Constitution of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

'''Article 143 of the Constitution of India''' relates to the power of the [[President of India]] to consult the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on questions of law or matters of public importance through the [[Advisory opinion|advisory jurisdiction]] conferred upon the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2015 |title=Advisory Jurisdiction (Article 143) - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/advisory-jurisdiction-article-143 |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The President makes a reference based on the advice of the Union council of ministers and it must heard by a bench of minimum five judges. The Court may elect to not provide an opinion and it has no legal binding or precedential value, when provided.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=R |first=Rangarajan |date=19 May 2025 |title=What is a Presidential reference? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-a-presidential-reference-explained/article69591439.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Article 143 of the Indian Constitution is located in [[Part V of the Constitution of India|Part V]] (The Union), specifically within Chapter IV which deals with The Union Judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-143-power-of-president-to-consult-supreme-court/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Supreme Court’s Advisory Jurisdiction in Indian Constitutional History |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/the-supreme-courts-advisory-jurisdiction-in-indian-constitutional-history/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Text ==
{{Blockquote|text=143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court

(1) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.

(2) The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.|title=}}

== Uses ==
Since 1950, there have been sixteen references made to the Court under this provision. The first reference was made in the Delhi Laws Act case (1951), and most recently in 2025, President [[Droupadi Murmu]] referred a set of fourteen legal questions to the Court in the ''[[In re: Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of presidential references]]
* [[Supreme Court of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Articles of the Constitution of India|143]]

Durgi, Palnadu district

2026-01-09T22:10:34Z

Adityagoel: creating first location first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durgi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Maa Gram Devi Temple, Durgi.jpg
| image_caption = Maa Gram Devi Temple
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|25|43|N|79|32|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Durgi
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2017 |page=100 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Durgi [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=2 June 2019 |pages=14,192 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 5762
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=667843 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 9480
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522612
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–863
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Durgi''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Durgi [[mandal]] in [[Gurazala revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=4 June 2019 |pages=5,208–209 |date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-gurazala-revenue-division-created/article4868383.ece|title=New Gurazala revenue division created|date=1 July 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2015|location=Gurazala (Guntur District)}}</ref> Durgi is named after a Durga temple in the village and is renowned for its stone carving tradition that began in the 15th century with the use of soft limestone. Though many artisans were relocated during the Nagarjuna Sagar project, the craft survives today through the production of simpler items like lampshades and paperweights.

== Geography ==
Durgi is situated at {{Coord|16.4401661|N|79.6235407|E}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|5762|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Governance ==
Durgi [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Durgi is named after a Durga temple, located on the eastern part of the village. The temple is known for its centuries-old stone carving tradition. The craft began in the 15th century when local sculptors started using soft limestone instead of granite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|title=Durgi Stone Craft|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204034111/http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many artisans from this village were relocated here during the construction of [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir]]. Today, the craft still survived, with artisans now making simpler items like lampshades and paperweights for wider markets.<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Rao| first1=Dr. P. Purnachandra| title=Chronicle of Guntur District Tourism| year=2023| publisher=[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]| edition= 1| location=Guntur| page=36}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 6 [[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]], one [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya|KGBV]], one model and 7 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Durgi}}

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]
[[Category:Articles expanded in Collaboration with ANU, Guntur]]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne

2026-01-03T01:52:31Z

Adityagoel: added new bio...

{{Short description|None}}
[[Image:Ranjit Singh's golden throne.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne]]
[[File:Sher Singh.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Sher Singh seated on the golden throne of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (ca. 1840s)]]
'''Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]'s throne''' was made by the goldsmith Hafez Muhammad Multani about 1820 to 1830, for the eponymous ruler of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh empire]]. It is made of a wood and resin core, covered with sheets of [[Repoussé and chasing|repoussé]], chased and engraved gold.<ref>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-court-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh/ Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525012047/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-court-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh/ |date=2011-05-25 }} ''[[V&A Museum]]''.</ref>

==Overview==
It shows the splendour of Ranjit Singh's court and is decorated with richly worked sheets of gold. The distinctive cusped base of this throne is composed of two tiers of lotus petals. The lotus is a symbol of purity and creation and a [[Lotus throne]] has traditionally been used as a seat or throne for Hindu gods. It is thought that as the Maharaja was renowned for the simplicity of his appearance and dislike of ceremony he rarely sat on this throne, preferring to sit cross-legged on carpets.

The throne was part of the State Property taken by the [[East India Company]] in 1849 after their annexation of the Punjab in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]. It was taken to London from [[Lahore]] and displayed with other treasures of the [[British Empire]] at the [[The Great Exhibition|Great Exhibition in 1851]]. It then went on display in the [[India Museum]], also in London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/811317006|title=International law, museums and the return of cultural objects|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84142-9|pages=69|oclc=811317006|access-date=2020-06-10|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610145116/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811317006|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian student Rakhal das Haldar visited it there and recorded that "it was painful to see the state chair of gold of the late Lion of Punjab [[Ranjit Singh]] with a mere picture upon it".<ref name=":0" />

The throne later passed to the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]], where it is currently housed under inventory number 2518(IS). During the late twentieth century it was the subject of a repatriation claim by a Sikh regional organisation supported by the Indian government.<ref name=":0" /> The claim was rejected by the museum.<ref name=":0" />

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|editor=Jackson, Anna|title= V&A: A Hundred Highlights|publisher=V&A Publications|year=2001}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090403065648/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/ranjitsingh/index.html The Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh] ''[[V&A Museum]]''.

[[Category:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:Individual thrones]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Ranjit Singh]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:1820s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1830s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1849 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom relations]]

Bangni-Tagin language

2026-01-01T10:47:11Z

Adityagoel: brief fixed article for clarity further

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{distinguish|East Dafla language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bangni-Tagin
| states = [[India]], [[China]]
| region = [[Arunachal Pradesh ]], [[Tibet]]
| speakers = 62,897
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tani languages|Tani]]
| fam3 = Western Tani
| fam4 = Subansiri
| dia1 = Tagin
| dia2 = Bangni (incl. [[Na dialect|Na]])
| lc1 = tgj
| ld1 = Tagin
| lc2 = nbt
| ld2 = Na
| lc3 = njz
| ld3 = Nyishi (partial: Bangni dialect)
| glotto = tagi1241
| glottoname = Tagin
| glotto2 = naaa1245
| glottoname2 = Na
| glotto3 = bang1338
| glottoname3 = Bangni, docked to retired code
| glottorefname3 = Bangni
| map = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption = {{center|Bangni and Tagin are both classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
}}

'''Tagin''' (Tagen), also known as '''West Dafla''' and '''Bangni''' (incl. [[Na language|Na]]) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken in India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Post | via=academia.edu | first=Mark W. | year=2013 | url=https://www.academia.edu/4167715 | title=Defoliating the Tani Stammbaum: An exercise in areal linguistics | access-date=2 February 2020 }} Paper presented at the 13th Himalayan Languages Symposium. Canberra, Australian National University, 9 August 2013.</ref>

Stuart Blackburn states that the 350 speakers of Mra have "always been, wrongly, subsumed under the administrative label of Tagin."{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} It is not clear whether Mra is therefore a distinct dialect of Bangni-Tagin, or a different Tani language altogether.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tani languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tani languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Cheran's Journey

2025-12-24T18:26:22Z

Adityagoel: creating initial data with sources...

{{Short description|2024 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Cheran's Journey.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| director = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]]
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]
* [[Aari Arujunan]]
* [[Kalaiyarasan]]
* [[Divyabharathi]]
* Kashyap Barbhaya
}}
| composer = [[C. Sathya]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|
* N. Gunasekar
* K. Dhakshinamoorthy
}}
| location = [[India]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editor = K.J. Venkataraman
| runtime = 38-55 minutes
| company = Compass 8 Films
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|12}}
}}

'''''Cheran’s Journey''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language limited series created and directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] for [[SonyLIV]],<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/5-people-competing-for-a-job-director-cheran-who-made-his-debut-in-web-series-1087919|title=ஒரு வேலைக்காக போட்டியிடும் 5 பேர்... வெப் சீரிஸில் களமிறங்கிய இயக்குனர் சேரன்...!|website=www.dailythanthi.com|language=ta|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152435/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/5-people-competing-for-a-job-director-cheran-who-made-his-debut-in-web-series-1087919|url-status=live}}</ref> which focuses on five applicants who are shortlisted for a job.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2024|url=https://news7tamil.live/5-people-competing-for-the-same-job-release-date-of-cherens-journey-web-series-released.html|title=ஒரே வேலைக்கு போட்டியிடும் 5 பேர் – வெளியானது 'சேரன்ஸ் ஜர்னி' வெப் தொடரின் வெளியீட்டுத் தேதி!|website=news7tamil.live|language=ta|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://news7tamil.live/5-people-competing-for-the-same-job-release-date-of-cherens-journey-web-series-released.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was produced by N. Gunasekar and K. Dhakshinamoorthy, under Compass 8 Films.

The principal characters of the series include [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Aari Arujunan]], [[Divyabharathi]], Kashyap Barbhaya and [[Kalaiyarasan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sarath-kumar-prasanna-and-an-ensemble-cast-to-star-in-cherans-ott-debut-cherans-journey/article67689683.ece|title=Sarath Kumar, Prasanna and an ensemble cast to star in Cheran's OTT debut, 'Cheran's Journey'|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231203355/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sarath-kumar-prasanna-and-an-ensemble-cast-to-star-in-cherans-ott-debut-cherans-journey/article67689683.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 12 January 2024 and consisted of nine episodes.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tamil-web-series-cherans-journey-to-stream-on-sonyliv-from-this-date/64fe6a3d10744|title=Tamil web series Cheran's Journey to stream on SonyLiv from THIS date|website=www.ottplay.com|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://www.ottplay.com/news/tamil-web-series-cherans-journey-to-stream-on-sonyliv-from-this-date/64fe6a3d10744|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Ashok Naataamai
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Raghav Isakkimuthu
* [[Aari Arujunan]] as S. Pranav
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Ameer Sulthan
* [[Divyabharathi]] as Latha Vijayakumar Reddy
* Kashyap Barbhaya as Nitesh Gupta

===Recurring===
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
* Jasmine Metivier
* [[Ilavarasu]]
* Akash Premkumar
* [[Aadukalam Naren]]
* [[Anju Kurian]]
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]]
* Karthikeyan P

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[SonyLIV]] in March 2022. The series is produced by N. Gunasekar and K. Dhakshinamoorthy under the Compass 8 Films.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/30/director-cheran-to-make-ott-debut-with-sonyliv-series-50803.html|title=Director Cheran to make OTT debut with SonyLIV series|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/30/director-cheran-to-make-ott-debut-with-sonyliv-series-50803.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is written and directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], marking his return after [[Thirumanam (2019 film)|Thirumanam]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Removed unreliable source}} This is his debut in a limited series. The cinematography was handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]], editing by K.J. Venkataraman, Music by [[C. Sathya]].

=== Casting ===
Actor [[Aari Arujunan]] was cast as S. Pranav.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cheran-new-movie-bigg-boss-aari-kalaiarasan-sony-liv-tamil-news-309968|title=Breaking! 'Bigg Boss' fame Aari and Cheran team up for an exciting project|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref> This is his first role in a limited series. Initially, actor [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] was signed to play one of the lead roles alongside [[Divyabharathi]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Kalaiyarasan]] and Kashyap Barbhaya in director Cheran’s web series.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2022|url=https://www.studioflicks.com/news/aadhi-divya-bharathi-cheran-signed-by-sonyliv/|title=Aadhi – Divya Bharathi – Cheran signed by SonyLIV|website=www.studioflicks.com|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://www.studioflicks.com/news/aadhi-divya-bharathi-cheran-signed-by-sonyliv/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later he dropped the series.

=== Release ===
Initially, the first trailer was scheduled to be released on 28 December 2023, but due to the death of Tamil actor and politician [[Vijayakanth]],<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://manithan.com/article/director-cheran-announced-his-ott-debut-video-1703931751|title=கேப்டன் மரணத்தால் தள்ளிப்போன ப்ரொமோ... தற்போது அதிரடியாக வெளியிட்ட சேரன்|website=manithan.com|language=ta|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://manithan.com/article/director-cheran-announced-his-ott-debut-video-1703931751|url-status=live}}</ref> it was delayed by two days to 30 December 2023 and revealed the release date.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2023|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-and-actor-cheran-announced-his-ott-debut-starring-sarathkumar-aari-arjunan-prasanna-and-more/articleshow/106396311.cms#google_vignette|title=கேப்டன் மறைவினால் அதிரடி முடிவெடுத்த சேரன் : வெளியாகியிருக்கும் சூப்பர் வீடியோ : அடுத்த ஃபையர் கூடிய விரைவில்..|website=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152434/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-and-actor-cheran-announced-his-ott-debut-starring-sarathkumar-aari-arjunan-prasanna-and-more/articleshow/106396311.cms#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 January 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/cherans-journey-trailer-r-sarathkumar-and-prasanna-starrer-cherans-journey-official-trailer/videoshow/106673000.cms|title=Cheran's Journey Trailer: R Sarathkumar And Prasanna Starrer Cheran's Journey Official Trailer|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126125442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/cherans-journey-trailer-r-sarathkumar-and-prasanna-starrer-cherans-journey-official-trailer/videoshow/106673000.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=12 Jan 2024 |title=Cheran's Journey Review - Promising ideas diluted by outdated storytelling |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/cherans-journey-review-a-mishmash-of-promising-ideas-diluted-by-the-outdated-and-predictable-storytelling/c66969adef370 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126125443/https://www.ottplay.com/review/cherans-journey-review-a-mishmash-of-promising-ideas-diluted-by-the-outdated-and-predictable-storytelling/c66969adef370 |url-status=live }}</ref> content is very good and received positive reviews from public.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/cherans-journey-tamil-1700001365/ ''Cheran's Journey''] at [[SonyLIV]]
* {{IMDb title|tt26270657}}
{{Cheran (director)}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]

Pradeep Kumar (actor)

2025-12-22T05:01:09Z

Adityagoel: starting new bio

{{short description|Indian film actor (1925–2001)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Kumar
| image = Pradeep Kumar Filmfare.jpg
| birth_name = Sital Batabyal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|01|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata | Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|10|27|1925|01|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1947–1998
| spouse =
| children = [[Beena Banerjee]] (daughter)
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Anarkali (1953 film) | Anarkali]]''|''[[Nagin (1954 film) | Nagin]]''|''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film) | Taj Mahal]]''}}
}}

'''Pradeep Kumar''' (4 January 1925 – 27 October 2001) was an Indian actor who is recognized for his work in [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Punjabi]] and English-language films.<ref name=cinestaan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pradeep-kumar-56445|title=Pradeep Kumar movies, filmography, biography and songs |website=Cinestaan.com website|access-date=2023-02-16|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213538/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pradeep-kumar-56445|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rediff">(Dinesh Raheja) [http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//movies/2003/jun/02dinesh.htm Ever the royal] Rediff.com website, Published 2 June 2003, Retrieved 16 February 2023</ref>

==Career==
When Kumar was 17 years old, he decided to take up acting. He started his film career in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]].<ref name=rediff/> His notable roles in Bengali films were in ''Alaknanda'' (1947), directed by renowned filmmaker [[Debaki Bose]], and in ''42'' (1951).

Pradeep Kumar Batabayal then shifted to [[Bombay]] and [[Filmistan]] studios, and had an important role in the film ''[[Anand Math]]'' (1952). He played the lead role with [[Bina Rai]] in [[Anarkali (1953 film)|''Anarkali'']] (1953) and with [[Vyjayanthimala]] in [[Nagin (1954 film)|''Nagin'']] (1954). Both films were very popular and had songs that added to the movies' success. He worked with [[Madhubala]] in eight films, of which ''[[Raj Hath]]'' (1956), ''[[Shirin Farhad (1956 film)|Shirin Farhad]]'' (1956), ''[[Gateway of India (1957 film)|Gateway of India]]'' (1957), ''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1957 film)|Yahudi Ki Ladki]]'' (1957) and ''[[Passport (1961 film)|Passport]]'' (1961) were massive hits. He had a spate of releases in the second half of the 1950s. He did not enjoy as much success in the 1960s, though ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]'' (1960), ''[[Aarti (1962 film)|Aarti]]'' (1962) & ''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1963) were successful. He worked with [[Meena Kumari]] in seven films; ''[[Adil-E-Jahangir]]'', ''Bandhan (1956 film)'', ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'', ''[[Bahu Begum]]'' (1967), ''[[Bheegi Raat]]'', ''[[Aarti]]'' and ''Noorjehan''; and with Mala Sinha in eight films; ''[[:hi:नया ज़माना (1957 फ़िल्म)|Naya Zamana]]'', ''Hamlet'', ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'', ''Detective (1958 movie)'', ''Fashion (1959 film)'', ''[[Ek Shola]]'', ''Duniya Na Maane'', and ''Mitti Mein Sona''.

He also worked with the legendary Bengali actor and [[Matinée idol|matinee idol]] [[Uttam Kumar]] in ''Grihadaha'' in 1967 which was produced by Uttam himself and then he worked in ''[[Plot No. 5|Plot No 5]].''

He did not get to act with the newer heroines of the 1960s such as [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Babita]] or [[Sharmila Tagore]], though he did work with [[Asha Parekh]] in ''[[Ghoonghat]]'' and ''Meri Surat Teri Aankhen'' and with Waheeda Rehman in ''Rakhi'' (1962). In 1969, he moved to character roles with ''Sambandh'' and ''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'', but did not have many visible roles until ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', which won several [[Academy Awards]] and was his debut Hollywood movie. Some of his later films include ''[[Jaanwar (1983 film)|Jaanwar]]'' and ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' in 1983.

==Awards==
He won the ''Kalakar Award'' - Lifetime Achievement Award (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalakarawards.com/adver/105937cinema-awardee.htm|title= Kalakar Awards| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220004457/http://www.kalakarawards.com/adver/105937cinema-awardee.htm |archive-date=20 February 2008|website=Kalakar Awards website|access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref>

==Death==
Pradeep Kumar died in [[Calcutta]] on 27 October 2001, at the age of 76. His daughter [[Beena Banerjee]] plays character roles in movies and TV serials including ''[[Uttaran]]''; her son Siddharth Banerjee worked as assistant director in [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]'s ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012) and ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|title=Sajid Khan's starry affair in Himmatwala|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sajid-Khan-s-starry-affair-in-Himmatwala/Article1-1023629.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=9 March 2013|access-date=16 February 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313185558/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sajid-Khan-s-starry-affair-in-Himmatwala/Article1-1023629.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Hindi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! References
! Co–Star
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Anand Math]]'' || Jeevanand || Supporting Role || ||
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Anarkali (1953 film) | Anarkali]]'' || Shehzada [[Jahangir | Salim]] || || <ref name=cinestaan2>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/27/8840/the-celebrated-roles-of-pradeep-kumar-death-anniversary-special|url-status=live|title=The celebrated roles of Pradeep Kumar: Death anniversary special|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614183158/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/27/8840/the-celebrated-roles-of-pradeep-kumar-death-anniversary-special|archive-date=14 June 2021|author=Sonal Pandya|website=Cinestaan.com website|access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> || [[Bina Rai]]
|-
| rowspan = "5" | 1954
| ''[[Nagin (1954 film) | Nagin]]'' || Sanatan || || <ref name=cinestaan2/> || [[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
| ''[[Subah Ka Tara]]'' || Mohan || || || Jayashree Shantaram
|-
| ''[[Badshah (1954 film) | Badshah]]'' || || || || [[Mala Sinha]]
|-
| ''Malka–E–Alam Noorjehan'' || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Hamlet (1954 film) | Hamlet]]'' || || Guest Role || ||
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 1955
| ''[[Adl-E-Jehangir]]'' || Shiraz || || || [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
| ''[[Albeli (1955 film) | Albeli]]'' || Pradeep || || || [[Geeta Bali]]
|-
| ''Hoor-E-Arab'' || || || ||
|-
| ''Sitara'' || || || || [[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |1956
|''[[Bandhan (1956 film)|Bandhan]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''Heer''|| || || ||
|-
|''Anjaan''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Dhola Maru]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Durgesh Nandini]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Ek Shola]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Jagte Raho]]'' || ||Guest Appearance|| ||
|-
|''[[Arab Ka Saudagar]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Patrani]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''Jayshree''|| || || ||
|-
|''Taj''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Shirin Farhad (1956 film)|Shirin Farhad]]''|| Farhad || || || [[Madhubala]]
|-
|''[[Raj Hath]]''||Kumar || || || [[Madhubala]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |1957
|''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1957 film)|Yahudi Ki Ladki]]''|| || || || [[Madhubala]]
|-
|''[[Ek Jhalak]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Naya Zamana]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Fashion]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Gateway of India (1957 film)|Gateway Of India]]''|| || || || [[Madhubala]]
|-
|''[[Hill Station]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''Miss India''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1958
|''Zindagi Ya Toofan'' <ref name=us>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/pradeep-kumar|archive-date=6 August 2011|title=Pradeep Kumar filmography|website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=16 February 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806062556/http://www.upperstall.com/people/pradeep-kumar}}</ref>|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Taxi 555]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Detective (1958 film)|Detective]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Police (1958 film)|Police]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Adalat (1958 film)|Adalat]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1959
|''[[Pyar Ki Rahen]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Duniya Na Mane]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Jawani Ki Hawa]]'' <ref name=us/>|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Naya Sansar]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1960
|''[[Mitti Mein Sona]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Tu Nahin Aur Sahi]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]'' <ref name=us/><ref name=cinestaan2/> ||Ravi || || ||[[Bina Rai]]
|-
|''[[Mehlon Ke Khwab]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1961
|''[[Passport (1961 film)|Passport]]'' <ref name=rediff/> || || || || [[Madhubala]]
|-
|''[[Apsara]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''Modern Girl''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Batwara]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Sanjog (1961 film)|Sanjog]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1962
|''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' || ||Guest Appearance|| ||
|-
|''[[Aarti (film)|Aarti]]'' <ref name=us/><ref name=rediff/><ref name=cinestaan2/>|| || || ||[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|''[[Banto]]'' || ||Punjabi Movie|| ||
|-
|''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1963
|''[[Jab Se Tumhen Dekha Hai]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Ustadon Ke Ustad (1963 film)|Ustadon Ke Ustad]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Laakho Vanzaro]]'' || || Gujarati Movie || ||
|-
|''[[Mulzim (1963 film)|Mulzim]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' <ref name=us/><ref name=rediff/><ref name=cinestaan2/>||Shahjahan || || || [[Bina Rai]]
|-
|''[[Mere Armaan Mere Sapne]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen|Meri Surat Teri Aankhen]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'' <ref name=cinestaan2/>||Aryaputra Samant Bijgupt|| || ||[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|''Baghi''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1965
|''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Mahabharat]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Bheegi Raat]]''|| Ajay || || ||[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|''Saheli''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Zindagi Aur Maut]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Sindbad Alibaba & Aladin]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1966
|''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1966 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]''|| || || ||[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
|''Afsana''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1967
|''[[Wahan Ke Log]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Grihadaha]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Noor Jehan (film)|Noor Jehan]]'' <ref name="us" />|| Prince Salim || || ||[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|''[[Raat Aur Din]]''||Pratap || || ||[[Nargis]]
|-
|''[[Bahu Begum]]'' <ref name="us" /><ref name="rediff" />||Yusuf || || ||[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|1968
|''[[Sambandh]]''|| || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970
|''[[Saat Phere (film)|Saat Phere]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Harishchandra Taramati]]''|| || || ||
|-
|1971
|''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|''[[Samjhauta (film)|Samjhauta]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Dur Naheen Manzil]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Mangetar]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1973
|''[[Jalte Badan]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1974
|''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1975
| ''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratigya]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Kaagaz Ki Nao]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
|''[[Do Anjaane]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Parmatma]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|''[[Kalabaaz]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1978
|''[[Tumhari Kasam]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' <ref name=cinestaan2/> || || || ||
|-
|''[[Chakravyuha]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Ghata]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Amar Shakti]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1979
|''[[Lok Parlok]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Chambal Ki Kasam]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Insaaf]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981
|''[[Kranti]]'' <ref name=us/> || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Katilon Ke Kaatil]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Plot No. 5]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' || || || ||
|-
|''[[Raziya Sultan (film)|Raziya Sultan]]'' <ref name=us/> || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984
| [[Laila (1984 film)|''Laila'']] || || || ||
|-
|''[[Purana Mandir]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1985
|''[[Oonche Log (1985 film)|Oonche Log]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1986
|''[[Mera Dharam]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1987
|''[[Daku Hasina]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1989
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1991
|''[[Yeh Aag Kab Bujhegi]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1993
|''[[Veerta]]'' || || || ||
|-
|1992
|''Pyaar Ka Saudagar'' || || || ||
|-
| 1997
|''[[Athirathan]]'' || || || ||
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Badmaash (1998 film)|Badmaash]]'' || || || ||
|}

=== Bengali ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1947
| ''Burmar Pathey''
|
|-
| ''Alakananda''
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1949
| ''Swami''
| Naren
|-
| ''Bishnupriya''
| [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu | Nimai]]
|-
| 1950
| ''Sandhya Belar Rupkatha''
|
|-
| 1951
| ''Biyallish''
|
|-
| 1955
| ''Dassyu Mohan''
| Mohan
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/02dinesh.htm An article from rediff.com]
* {{IMDb name|id = 0474850|name = Pradeep Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]

Cyrtodactylus himalayicus

2025-12-16T04:00:22Z

Adityagoel: creating first entry basic info...

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus himalayicus
| authority = ([[Nelson Annandale|Annandale]], 1906)
| range_map =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus himalayicus''''', also known as the '''Himalaya bent-toed gecko''', is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= himalayicus |accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> It is sometimes considered [[conspecific]] with the [[Khasi Hills bent-toed gecko]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q65064393}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1906]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Bhopal Pride March

2025-12-15T17:15:20Z

Adityagoel: improve citations for consistency also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|LGBTQ event in Bhopal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
The '''Bhopal Pride March''' was an event held in 2017 to celebrate lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ([[LGBT]]) culture in [[Bhopal]], India.
[[File:Bhopal_pride_Queermitra_04.jpg|thumb|Bhopal Pride March]]
The [[pride march|march]] occurred on 17 May 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/17/lgbtq-community-parade-with-pride-in-first-for-bhopal-demand-welfare-board-for-transgendersexual-m-1605921--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023250/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/17/lgbtq-community-parade-with-pride-in-first-for-bhopal-demand-welfare-board-for-transgendersexual-m-1605921--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2017|title=LGBTQ community parade with pride in first for Bhopal, demand welfare board for Transgender/Sexual Minorities|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> Events included panel discussions, music events, street plays and an art exhibition.<ref name=":1" /> The march in 2017 was the first [[Pride parade|pride march]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and was held on the [[International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-madhya-pradeshs-first-lgbt-pride-parade-in-city-on-may-17/1063460|title=Bhopal: Maydha Pradesh's first LGBT Pride Parade in city on May 17 {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The parade began at the [[Van Vihar National Park|Van Vihar]] gate and ended at the Hotel Lakeview Ranjit.
[[File:Bhopal_pride_Queermitra_02.jpg|thumb|Bhopal Pride March]]
Kokila Bhattacharya, a member of the organising committee said, ‘We will not be debating or protesting peoples' beliefs, we will only talk about fundamental human rights and a life for the LGBTQ community of dignity and social acceptance."It came about when some students in the college where the awareness sessions were held asked why there weren’t any pride marches in Bhopal. The event was funded by people through crowd funding and didn't rely on sponsors for the same.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== Participation ==
Approximately four hundred [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] community members and allies from across India participated,<ref name=":1" /> with marchers demanding that the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh government]] set up a [[transgender]]/[[Sexual minority|sexual minorities]] welfare board in [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":1" /> The event attracted [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] and voluntary organisations as participants including the Citizen's Action Network, Mitra Shringaar Samiti, Anmil Seva Sansthan and the Center for Social Justice.<ref name=":0"/> Sanjana Singh Rajput, Balram Raikwar and Devi Singh were some of the activists present.<ref name=":0"/>
[[File:Bhopal_pride_Queermitra_09.jpg|thumb|Bhopal Pride March]]
[[File:Bhopal_pride_Queermitra_05.jpg|thumb|Huge participation in Bhopal Pride March]]
Before the event, Sanjana Singh Rajput stated, "The parade will mark a way to aware [sic] people about us and it will be aimed [sic] to make people understand that we are also human beings who deserve to be accepted in society and get education, health facilities, and employment opportunities like everyone else."<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== 2018 ===
After its first year of Pride Walk in 2017, Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh witnessed its second "Gay Pride Parade", 2018.<ref name="photogallery.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/events/in-pictures-gay-pride-parade-held-in-bhopal/articleshow/65005590.cms|title=In pictures: Gay pride parade held in Bhopal|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> It was a 15-day event from 1–15 July, that conducted various programs like film screening, open mic, storytelling, street play etc. The organizers crowd funded the event through social media sites.<ref name="photogallery.indiatimes.com"/>

==See also==
* [[List of LGBT events]]
*QueerMitra: A youth LGBTQ+ alliance based in central India [https://queermitra.wordpress.com/ Website] [https://www.facebook.com/Queermitra/ Facebook link] [https://www.instagram.com/queermitra/ Instagram link]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Bhopal]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2017]]

Rewa Kantha Agency

2025-12-08T12:02:18Z

Adityagoel: fix structure for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|British Indian political agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Rewa Kantha Agency
|common_name = Rewa Kantha Agency
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Agencies of British India|Agency of British India]]
|era =
|year_start = 1811
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1937
|date_end =
|event_end = Formation of the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = Baroda and Gujarat States Agency
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Rewa Kantha Agency in Gujarat during British India 1811-1937.svg
|image_map_caption = Rewa Kantha Agency within Gujarat
|stat_area1 = 12877
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 479065
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Rewa Kantha Agency with all Princely States Gujarat during British India 1811-1937 with labels.svg|thumb|Map of Rewa Kantha Agency with all Princely States|400px]]
[[File:Rewa Kantha.jpg|thumb|Agency Map (1878)]]
{{princely states topics}}
'''Rewa Kantha''' was a [[Agencies of British India|political agency]] of [[British India]], managing the relations ([[indirect rule]]) of the British government's [[Bombay Presidency]] with a collection of [[princely states]]. It stretched for about 150 miles between the plain of [[Gujarat]] and the hills of [[Malwa]], from the [[Tapti River]] to the [[Mahi River]] crossing the [[Narmada River|Rewa (or Narmada) River]], from which it takes its name.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924070623545/cu31924070623545_djvu.txt "Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency"]</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rewa Kantha |volume=23 |page=225}}</ref>

The political agent, who was also [[District collector]] of the ''[[prant]]'' (British District) of the [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]], resided at [[Godhra]].

== History ==
The native states came under British [[subsidiary alliance]]s after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] of the early 19th century.<ref>''Historical Sketch of the Native States of India.'' 1875</ref>

The total surface was 4,971.75 square miles, comprising 3,412 villages, with a population of 479,055, yielding 2,072,026 Rupees state revenue and paying 147,826 Rupees tribute (mostly to the Gaikwar [[Baroda State]]).

In 1937 the princely states of the Rewa Kantha Agency were merged with [[Baroda State]] in order to form the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]],<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat1.htm History of the State of Gujarat]</ref> which in turn merged in 1944 with the [[Western India States Agency]] as [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]].

After the Independence of British India in 1947, split into India and Pakistan, the rulers of the states all agreed to [[Instrument of accession|accede]] to the [[Government of India]] and were integrated into [[Bombay State]]. Bombay state was split along linguistic lines in 1960, and Rewa Kantha became part of [[Gujarat]], like [[Saurashtra State]].

== Princely States ==
The number of separate states was 61,<ref name=EB1911/> mostly minor or petty states except for five. Many of them were under British influence; the largest one was [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]].<ref name=EB1911/><ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/misc/agency_rewakantha.html Princely States within the Rewa Kantha Agency (1901)]</ref>

The Agency also dealt with five first-class states named [[Chhota Udaipur State]], [[Baria State|Devgadh Bariya State]], [[Santrampur State|Santrampur]], [[Lunawada State]] and [[Balasinor State]]. The total area of the states the agency related to was {{convert|12877|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In 1901 their population was 479,065. Many of the inhabitants were [[Bhil]]s and [[Koli people|Kolis]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu_djvu.txt "The Rewakantha directory"]</ref>

=== Rewa Kantha division ===
''(includes all the main states; in direct relations with the Political Agent at Godhra)''

[[Salute state]]s :
* [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]] (Nandod), First Class, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
* [[Bariya State|Bari(y)a]] (Devgadh), Second Class, title Maharaol, Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns personal)
* [[Lunavada State|Lunavada]], Second Class, title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Balasinor State|Balasinor]], Second Class, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Sant State|Sant (Sunth)]] (Rampur), Second Class, title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Chhota Udaipur State|Chhota Udepur]], First Class, title Maharaja Maharawal, Hereditary Salute of 11 - guns

Non-salute states :
* [[Kadana State|Kadana]], Third Class
* [[Sanjeli State|Sanjeli]], Third Class
* [[Jambughoda State|Jambughoda]] (Narukot), Third Class

=== Mehwas ===
''Only non-salute states: two geographical groups of minor or petty rural (e)states''

==== Sankheda ====
''(near [[Narmada River]])''

* [[Mandva|Mandwa]], Third Class (personal) / Fourth Class
*[[Gad Boriad State|Gad Boriad]], Third Class (personal) / Fourth Class
* [[Shanor State|Shanor]], Fourth Class
*[[Vajiria State|Vajiria]], Fourth Class
*[[Vanala State|Vanmala]], Fourth Class (personal) / Fifth Class
* [[Nangam State|Nangam]], Fifth Class
* [[Uchad State|Uchad]],
* [[Agar, Gujarat|Agar]],
*[[Palasni State|Palasni]],
* [[Khareda]],
* [[Borkhad]],
* [[Bhilodia]] :
**[[Bhilodia|Motisinghji]],
**[[Bhilodia|Chhatarsinghji]],
* [[Vasan Virpur State|Vasan Virpur]],
* [[Vora State|Vora]],
* [[Vasan Sewada State|Vasan Sewada]],
* [[Virampura State|Virampura]]
* [[Alwa Mehwa|Alwa]],
* [[Chorangla State]],
* [[Sindhiapura State|Sindhiapura]],
* [[Bihora State]],
* [[Vadia (Narmada)|Vadia]] (Virampura),
* [[Dudhpur]],
* [[Rampura State|Rampura]],
* [[Jiral Kamsoli]],
* [[Chudesar State]],
* [[Pantalavdi]] :
** [[Akbar Khan Mehwa|Akbar Khan]],
** [[Kesar Khan]],
* [[Rengan State|Rengan]],
* [[Nalia State|Nalia]],
* [[Nasvadi State|Nasvadi]]

==== Pandu ====
''(near [[Mahi River]]; all paying tribute to the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]])'':

* [[Bhadarwa]], Third Class
* [[Umetha State|Umetha]], Third (personal) / Fourth Class
* [[Sihora State (Gujarat)|Sihora (Gujarat)]] Fourth Class
* [[Pandu State|Pandu]], Fifth Class
* [[Chhaliar State]],
* [[Mevli State|Mevli]],
* [[Kanoda State|Kanoda]],
* [[Poicha State|Poicha]],
* [[Dhari State|Dhari]],
* [[Itwad State|Itwad]],
* [[Gotardi State|Gotardi]],
* [[Litter Gothda State]],
* [[Amrapur State (Rewa Kantha)|Amrapur]],
* [[Vakhtapur (Rewa Kantha)|Vakhtapur]],
* [[Jesar State|Jesar]],
* [[Moka Paginu Muvadu State|Moka Paginu Muvadu]],
* [[Kasla Paginu Muvadu State|Kasla Paginu Muvadu]],
* [[Rajpur State (Rewa Kantha)|Rajpur]],
* [[Moti Varnol]],
* [[Nahara State|Nahara]]
* [[Jumkha State|Jumkha]],
* [[Nani Varnol]],
* [[Varnolmal]],
* [[Angadh]],

; the Dorka (e)states
* [[Dodka State|Dodka]],
* [[Angadh]],
* [[Rayka Mehwa|Rayka (Raika)]],

== Fiscal Stamps ==
In addition to those of Rewa Kantha Agency itself, revenue and/or court fee stamps were issued for the following native states :
; in the Rewa Kantha Division (all) :
# Rajpipla
# Balasinor
# Baria
# Lunavada
# Sant
# Chhota Udaipur
# Jambughoda
# Kadana
# Sanjeli

; in the Sankheda Mehwas (only these) :
# Gad Boriad
# Naswadi
# Shanor
# Vajiria

; in the Pandu Mehwas (only these) :
# Bhadarva
# Pandu Mewas
# Umeta
# Bakrol (Boru)

== See also ==
* [[Bombay Presidency]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_296.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL - Rewa Kantha Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128015056/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_296.gif |date=28 November 2020 }}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]

Sanjay Place

2025-10-21T01:52:17Z

Adityagoel: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanjay Place
| official_name =
| settlement_type = Business District
| image_skyline =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State or Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP)
| subdivision_type2 = City/Metro/Town
| subdivision_name2 = [[Agra]]
}}
'''Sanjay Place''' ({{langx|hi|संजय प्लेस}}, {{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|سنجے پلیس}}}}) [[Agra]], [[India]] is the financial hub of Agra. It is a big market of electrical, communication, electronic items. It also has multiple government offices of Agra district like income tax office, LIC district quarters etc. It's a good place for food lovers due to multiple chain restaurant and small eateries present there.

==History==
The area which is now known as Sanjay Place was actually a central Jail. Then in 1976 during [[The Emergency (India)|Indira Gandhi's emergency]] (1975–77) saw the shifting of the Central Jail to a new site outside the city periphery. The space vacated has now been used for the Sanjay Place commercial complexes. The name Sanjay is after [[Indira Gandhi]]'s son who was instrumental in this shift.

==Location==
Sanjay place is located between the [[Paliwal Park]] and [[List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi|M G Road]]. It is close to the Shah Market which is the biggest electronic market in Agra. It is also quite close to [[Raja ki mandi|Raja Ki Mandi]] Railway station and the civil court.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005042248/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/agra/shopping.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20081005042248/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/agra/shopping.htm]

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}

{{coord|27|11|23|N|78|0|14|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Economy of Agra]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Agra]]

Ajit Singh (race walker)

2025-10-18T06:16:55Z

Adityagoel: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[India at the 1960 Summer Olympics#Athletics]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit}}
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]

Bharbhunja (Muslim)

2025-10-07T03:19:36Z

Adityagoel: Made New Post...

{{Short description|Muslim community in India}}
{{onesource|date=July 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group= Bharbhunja Muslim
|poptime =
|popplace = India and Pakistan
|langs = • [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] •
|rels= Islam
|related= [[Bharbhunja (Hindu)|Bharbhunja Hindu]]
}}

The '''Bharbhunja''' are a Muslim community found in the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. In Uttar Pradesh, the community are also known as Bharbhunja Shaikh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC&dq=global+encyclopaedic+ethnography+of+indian+muslim+by+abida+samiuddin%2C+r.+khanam+volume+0&pg=RA1-PA361 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> The Bharbhunja Muslims are a section of the [[Bharbhunja (Hindu)|Bharbhunja Hindu]] caste.<ref name="ReferenceA">People of India: Haryana (Volume XXIII) edited by M.L. Sharma and A.K. Bhatia, pages 73 to 75, Manohar Publishers</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bharbhunja (Hindu)|Bharbhunja Hindu]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ghanshyam Patidar

2025-09-13T22:07:00Z

Adityagoel: add lead additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2019)}}
'''Ghanshyam Patidar''' (died 2 February 2019) was a former minister in the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in India from 1998 to 2003, and an MLA from the [[Jawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawad]] Constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/neemuch-news/congress-leader-ghanshyam-patidar-passed-away-4070142/|title=Breaking: कांग्रेस के पूर्व मंत्री का निधन, कमलनाथ ने कहा जनप्रिय नेता खो दिया|website=Patrika.com|accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalbulletin.com/category/national/madhya-pradesh/--149336|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212401/http://www.royalbulletin.com/category/national/madhya-pradesh/--149336|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 February 2019|title=मध्यप्रदेश: पूर्व मंत्री घनश्याम पाटीदार का निधन|website=Royalbulletin.com|accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State of Madhya Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patidar, Ghanshyam}}
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-politician-stub}}