https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Addie15A4298Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T15:17:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halima_bint_Abi_Dhu%27ayb&diff=549391Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb2026-05-25T10:12:03Z<p>Addie15A4298: Starting A Biography.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Foster-mother and wetnurse of Muhammad}}<br />
{{infobox person<br />
| name = Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb<br />
| native_name = حليمة بنت أبي ذؤيب<br />
| native_name_lang = Arabic<br />
| image = Halima, Nodriza De Mahoma , Da El Pecho Al Niño Húerfano.jpg<br />
| caption = Persian miniature of Halima breastfeeding Muhammad next to [[Amina bint Wahb]]<br />
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[First Islamic state]]<br />
| known_for = [[foster parent|Foster-mother]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]<br />
| children = {{bulleted list|Hothafa bint Al-Harith (also known as Shaima bint Al-Harith) |Abd-Al·lah ibn al-Hàrith as-Sadí|Anissa bint Al-Harith|Abdullah ibn Al-Harith}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox royalty<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| name = Halimah al-Sa'diyah<br />
| death_date = 631 CE (9 AH)<br />
| house = [[Banu Sa'ad]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb al-Sa'diyya''' ({{langx|ar|حليمة بنت أبي ذؤيب السعدية}}) was the [[Mahram|foster-mother]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. Halimah and her husband were from the tribe of Sa'd b. Bakr, a subdivision of [[Hawazin]] (a large North Arabian tribe or group of tribes).<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Sealed Nectar|last = Mubarakpuri|first = Safiur Rahman|publisher = Dar-us-Salam Publications|year = 1979|location = Saudi Arabia|pages = 56}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Relationship with Muhammad==<br />
[[Aminah bint Wahb]], the mother of [[Muhammad]], was waiting for the arrival of the [[Banu Sa'd]]; the women within the tribe of the Banu Sa'd were foster mothers. They would take the children of [[Mecca]] to the desert and teach them classical Arabic and other skills; in return, they would receive a [[salary]] from the family of the child in Mecca.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Life of Muhammad|last = Haykal|first = Muhammad Husyan|publisher = Millat Book Center|year = 1968|location = India|pages = 47}}</ref> Halimah's husband was al-Harith bin Abdul Uzza and his nickname was Abu Kabsheh. Halima's father was Abu Dhu'ayb Abd Allah bin Harith bin Shejna Saadi, from the tribe of Saad bin Bakr bin Hawazin.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |title=Foster-mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad |journal=Encyclopedia of Islamic World |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/7878}}</ref><br />
Her son was named Abdullah, while the daughters were named Unaysa and Hudhafa. While traveling to Mecca, she was unable to feed her child because her she-camel stopped lactating. In Mecca, all those looking for foster children rejected taking care of the [[Orphan|half-orphan]] Muhammad because they feared not getting paid since his father was dead. Halimah felt sad that every woman in her tribe had received a child except her. So she told her husband al-Harith: "By God, I do not like the idea of returning with my friends without a child; I will go and take that orphan." Her husband agreed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Life of Muhammad|last = Alfred|first = Guillaume|publisher = Oxford|year = 1955|pages = 72}}</ref> Immediately after accepting him, blessing came to her and her family. Her husband's flock during a time of great famine was healthy and producing milk while the rest of the people's flocks were dying.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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A few months later Muhammad's foster brother shouted: that two men in white cut Muhammad's chest. When Halimah and Al-Harith asked Muhammad what happened, he said: "Two men came and opened my chest and took a portion of it". After this she gave up fostering him and told his mother what had happened.<ref name=":0" /> Muhammad spent five years in the Bani Saad bin Bakr tribe. Then Halima brought him back to his mother and grandfather Abdul Mutalib when he was five years old.<br />
[[File:Tarikhuna bi-uslub qasasi-Halimah al-Sa‘diyah and the Astrologer.jpg|thumb|Halimah standing before an [[astrologer]] at Dhil Majaz market; it is said that this astrologer called the people to kill Muhammad, once he saw him in Halimah's arms and noticed the "seal of prophecy" on his body. (from a 1935 book, [[Akram Zuaiter]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muhammadencyclopedia.com/article/en/infancy-and-childhood-of-prophet-muhammad|title=Infancy and Childhood of Prophet Muhammad [symbol, en, 9]|website=muhammadencyclopedia.com}}</ref>]]<br />
Years later, after Muhammad married Khadijah, Halimah went to him in Mecca and complained about the hardships of the times. Muhammad talked about her with Khadija and Khadija gave her some sheep and camels. After the advent of Islam, Halima joined Muhammad and along with her husband converted to Islam<ref name="auto"/><br />
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Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb later accepted Islam after the [[Battle of Hunayn]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
She died in 9 A.H. and her grave is in [[Jannatul Baqi]], Medina.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-VhDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+8+%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A&pg=PT12 | title=بلغة الظرفاء في تاريخ الخلفاء| date=January 2010| isbn=9782745162526}}</ref> The remains of the place she used to live in and where Muhammad grew up still stand today.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Family tree==<br />
<br/><br />
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:95%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}<br />
{{tree chart| KiM |y| FbS | | | | | KiM='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FbS='''[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]'''}}<br />
{{tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.}}<br />
{{tree chart| ZiK | | QiK |y| HbH | ZiK='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]'''<br /> (progenitor of [[Banu Zuhrah]])<br /> maternal great-great-grandfather|QiK='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]'''<br /> paternal great-great-great-grandfather|HbH='''[[Hubba bint Hulail]]'''<br /> paternal great-great-great-grandmother}}<br />
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| }}<br />
{{tree chart| AMZ | | | | AMQ |y| AbM | AMZ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah]]'''<br /> maternal great-grandfather|AMQ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]'''<br /> paternal great-great-grandfather|AbM='''[[Atikah bint Murrah]]'''<br /> paternal great-great-grandmother}}<br />
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| }}<br />
{{tree chart| WiA | | | | | | HiA |y| SbA | WiA='''[[Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf]]'''<br /> maternal grandfather|HiA='''[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf]]'''<br /> (progenitor of [[Banu Hashim]])<br /> paternal great-grandfather|SbA='''[[Salma bint Amr|Salma bint `Amr]]'''<br/> paternal great-grandmother}}<br />
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}<br />
{{tree chart| |!| | | FbA |y|~|~| AuM |~|~|~|~|y| HbW | FbA='''[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah bint `Amr]]'''<br /> paternal grandmother|AuM='''`[[Abdul-Muttalib]]'''<br /> paternal grandfather|HbW=[[Halah bint Wuhayb]]<br /> paternal step-grandmother}}<br />
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| |)|-|.| | | |!| }}<br />
{{tree chart| Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami='''[[Aminah]]'''<br /> mother|AiA='''[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|`Abdullah]]'''<br /> father|AZi=[[Az-Zubayr ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Az-Zubayr]]<br /> paternal uncle|Har=[[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Harith]]<br /> paternal half-uncle|Ham=[[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]]<br /> paternal half-uncle}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}<br />
{{tree chart| Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=[[Thuwaybah]]<br /> first nurse|Hal=Halimah<br /> second nurse|ATi=[[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]]<br /> paternal uncle|AAi=[[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|`Abbas]]<br /> paternal half-uncle|ALa=[[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]]<br /> paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons<br/>and 6 daughters''}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}<br />
{{tree chart|F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''Muhammad'''|KbK=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]]<br /> first wife|AAA=[[Abd Allah ibn Abbas|`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas]]<br /> paternal cousin}}<br />
{{tree chart|:| | | | |)|.| | |!| | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}<br />
{{tree chart|:|,|-| Fat |t|~| Ali | | |!| | QiM | | AiM | Fat='''[[Fatimah]]'''<br /> daughter|Ali=[[Ali]]<br /> paternal cousin and son-in-law <br />[[Family tree of Ali|family tree]], [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|descendants]]|QiM='''[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]]'''<br /> son|AiM='''[[Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad|`Abd-Allah]]'''<br /> son}}<br />
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.}}<br />
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | ZbM | | RbM |y| UbA |~| UKM | | ZiH | ZbM='''[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]]'''<br /> daughter|RbM='''[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]]'''<br /> daughter|UbA=[[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]]<br /> second cousin and son-in-law<br/>[[Family tree of Uthman|family tree]]|UKM='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]]'''<br /> daughter|ZiH=[[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]]<br /> adopted son}}<br />
{{tree chart|:|!| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}<br />
{{tree chart|:|!| | AiZ | | UbZ | | AAU | | | | RbZ |7| UiZ | AiZ='''[[Ali ibn Zainab]]'''<br /> grandson|UbZ='''[[Umamah bint Zainab]]'''<br /> granddaughter|AAU='''`[[Abd-Allah ibn Uthman]]'''<br /> grandson|RbZ=[[Rayhana bint Zayd]]<br /> wife|UiZ=[[Usama ibn Zayd]]<br /> adoptive grandson}}<br />
{{tree chart|:|`|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |:| |}}<br />
{{tree chart|:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA='''[[Muhsin ibn Ali]]'''<br /> grandson|Has='''[[Hasan ibn Ali]]'''<br /> grandson|Hus='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]'''<br /> grandson<br/>[[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|family tree]]|UKA='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]'''<br /> granddaughter|ZbA='''[[Zaynab bint Ali]]'''<br /> granddaughter|SbH=[[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]]<br /> tenth wife}}<br />
{{tree chart|D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}}<br />
{{tree chart|:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=[[Abu Bakr]] <br /> father-in-law<br />[[Family tree of Abu Bakr|family tree]]|SbZ=[[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]]<br /> second wife| Uma=[[Umar]]<br /> father-in-law<br/>[[Family tree of Umar|family tree]]|USa=[[Umm Salama]]<br /> sixth wife|JbH=[[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriya]]<br /> eighth wife|MbH=[[Maymuna bint al-Harith|Maymuna]]<br /> eleventh wife}}<br />
{{tree chart|:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}}<br />
{{tree chart|L| Ais |L| ZbK |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ | Ais=[[Aisha]]<br /> third wife<br />[[Family tree of Abu Bakr|Family tree]]|ZbK=[[Zaynab bint Khuzayma|Zaynab]]<br /> fifth wife|HbU=[[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]]<br /> fourth wife|ZbJ=[[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]]<br /> seventh wife|RbA=[[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan|Umm Habiba]]<br /> ninth wife|MaQ=[[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]<br /> twelfth wife}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM='''[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]]'''<br /> son}}<br />
{{tree chart/end}}<br />
* * indicates that the marriage order is disputed<br />
* Note that direct lineage is marked in '''bold'''.<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Sahaba]]<br />
* [[Aminah bint Wahab|Amina bint Wahab]], Muhammad's mother<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{EI3|last=Giladi|first=Avner|title=Ḥalīma bt. Abī Dhuʾayb|year=2020|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/halima-bt-abi-dhuayb-COM_30230}}<br />
* [http://www.gulfson.com/vb/f136/t13052/ None]<br />
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{{Muhammad2}}{{Companions of the Prophet}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb}}<br />
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Arab women]]<br />
[[Category:Hawazin]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Wet nurses]]<br />
[[Category:Burials at al-Baqi Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Orissa_Legislative_Assembly&diff=48161211th Orissa Legislative Assembly2026-05-05T05:29:53Z<p>Addie15A4298: started a post w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{Short description|11th state legislature of the Indian state of Orissa}}<br />
{{Infobox legislative term<br />
| background_color = #00BFFF<br />
| name = 11th Orissa Legislative Assembly<br />
| before = [[10th Orissa Legislative Assembly|10th Assembly]]<br />
| after = [[12th Orissa Legislative Assembly|12th Assembly]]<br />
| image = File:Odisha Vidhan Soudha.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| caption = Front view of Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]] (2010)<br />
| meeting_place = Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Orissa]], [[India]]<br />
| election = [[1995 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/}}<br />
| chamber1 = '''[[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]'''<br />
| government = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| opposition = [[Janata Dal]]<br/>[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| term_start = 15 March 1995<br />
| term_end = 29 February 2000<br />
| membership1 = 147<br />
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Orissa|Governor]]<br />
| chamber1_leader1 = [[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]<br/>[[Gopala Ramanujam]]<br/>[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]] (acting)<br/>[[C. Rangarajan]] (acting)<br/>[[M. M. Rajendran]]<br />
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<br />
| chamber1_leader2 = Kishore Chandra Patel, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br/><br />
Chintamani Dyan Samantra, [[Independent Politician|IND]]<br />
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speaker|Deputy Speaker]]<br />
| chamber1_leader3 = Chintamani Dyan Samantra, [[Independent Politician|IND]]<br/>Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| chamber1_leader4_type = Leader of the House<br/>([[List of Chief Ministers of Orissa|Chief Minister]])<br />
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br/>[[Giridhar Gamang]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br/>[[Hemananda Biswal]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]<br />
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Janata Dal|JD]]<br/>[[Ashok Kumar Das]], [[Janata Dal|JD]]<br/>[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]<br/>[[Prafulla Samal]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]<br/>Satchidananda Dalal, [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]<br />
| control1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (81/147)<br />
| module = 17 Sessions with 248 Sittings<br />
| chamber1_image = File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1995.svg<br />
| chamber1_image_size = 300px<br />
| chamber1_image_caption = House Composition as assembly begins<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Eleventh [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]''' was convened after [[1995 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओडिशा विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1995 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1995/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213203323/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1995/ |archive-date=2023-12-13 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=भारत निर्वाचन आयोग |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] came back to power after winning 80 seats. [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]], [[Giridhar Gamang]] and [[Hemananda Biswal]] formed government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=odishabarta |date=2021-04-23 |title=REMEMBERING THE ONLY JOURNALIST CHIEF MINISTER OF ODISHA {{!}} |url=https://odishabarta.com/remembering-the-only-journalist-chief-minister-of-odisha/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Ex-Odisha CM Giridhar Gamang's 'homecoming' with wife, son: Back to Congress via BJP, BRS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ex-odisha-cm-giridhar-gamang-congress-bjp-brs-9114269/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Odisha ex-CM Hemananda Biswal dead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-ex-cm-hemananda-biswal-dead-7791401/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28–33 |via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Brief history ==<br />
Following Cong's victory in 1995 election, Chief Minister [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] was sworn in by Governor [[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]] on 15 March 1995. Cabinet was further expanded on 20 March 1995, 14 January 1996, 18 August 1997 & 24 August 1998.<ref name="assembly.odisha.gov.in">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-14|title=Brief History of Odisha Legislative Assembly|url=https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx|website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> Shri Patnaik resigned on 13 February 1999 owning moral responsibility for the series of attacks on the minorities in the state & furore over [[Anjana Mishra rape case]]. He continued as [[Caretaker government|Care taker CM]] till 17 February 1999 following which, Chief Minister [[Giridhar Gamang]] was sworn in by Acting Governor [[C. Rangarajan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1999-02-13|title=Patnaik quits, race for CM hots up|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/patnaik-quits-race-for-cm-hots-up/?ref=archive_pg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914183852/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/patnaik-quits-race-for-cm-hots-up/?ref=archive_pg|archive-date=2025-09-14|access-date=2025-09-14|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref> His ministry was further expanded on 22 February 1999.<ref name="assembly.odisha.gov.in"/> Shri Gamang resigned on 6 December 1999 following mounting criticism of his handling of rescue and rehabilitation of the [[1999 Odisha cyclone|1999 super cyclone]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI|date=2022-10-31|title=I am victim of 'super politics', not 1999 Odisha super cyclone: Ex-CM Giridhar Gamang|url=https://theprint.in/india/i-am-victim-of-super-politics-not-1999-odisha-super-cyclone-ex-cm-giridhar-gamang/1189132/|access-date=2025-09-14|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das|first=Dr. Sthitaprajna|last2=Panigrahi|first2=Puspalata|date=14 July 2024|title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024)|url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf|journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance|volume=6|issue=2|pages=28–33|via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref> Chief Minister [[Hemananda Biswal]] along was worn in by Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] on 6 December 1999. His ministry was expanded on 9 December 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025|title=Brief History of Odisha Legislative Assembly|url=https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx|website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> Shri Biswal resigned on 5 March 2000 following Cong's defeat in [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000 Odisha Assembly election]].<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Service|first=Express News|date=26 February 2022|title=Odisha's first tribal CM Hemananda Biswal no more|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Feb/26/odishas-first-tribal-cmhemananda-biswal-no-more-2423951.html|access-date=14 September 2025|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das|first=Dr. Sthitaprajna|last2=Panigrahi|first2=Puspalata|date=14 July 2024|title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024)|url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf|journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance|volume=6|issue=2|pages=28–33|via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== House Composition ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |Strength<br />
|-<br />
!'''Assembly Begins'''<br />
!'''Assembly Dissolves'''<br />
|-<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|80<br />
|81<br />
|-<br />
![[Janata Dal|'''Janata''' '''Dal''']]<br />
|46<br />
|14<br />
|-<br />
![[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| -<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|9<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
![[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br />
|4<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
![[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Jharkhand Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|6<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
!Vacant<br />
| -<br />
|3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Office Bearers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!Post<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Tenure<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''[[List of governors of Orissa|Governor]]'''<br />
|[[File:B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy_portrait.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]<br />
|Assembly Begins<br />
|17 June 1995<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="7" |N/A<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Gopala_Ramanujam.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Gopala Ramanujam]]<br />
|18 June 1995<br />
|30 January 1997<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:K._V._Raghunatha_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]<br/>{{small|(Additional Charge)}}<br />
|31 January 1997<br />
|12 February 1997<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Gopala_Ramanujam.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Gopala Ramanujam]]<br />
|13 February 1997<br />
|13 December 1997<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:K._V._Raghunatha_Reddy_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]<br/>{{small|(Additional Charge)}}<br />
|13 December 1997<br />
|27 April 1998<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[C. Rangarajan]]<br/>{{small|(Additional Charge)}}<br />
|27 April 1998<br />
|14 November 1999<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Colour_photo_of_M_M_Rajendran.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[M. M. Rajendran]]<br />
|15 November 1999<br />
|Assembly Dissolves<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]'''<br />
| [[File:Kishore Chandra Patel.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Kishore Chandra Patel<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]}}<br />
|22 March 1995<br />
|14 January 1996<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Chintamani Dyan Samantra.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Chintamani Dyan Samantra<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]}}<br />
|16 February 1996<br />
|10 March 2000<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]'''<br />
| [[File:Chintamani Dyan Samantra.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Chintamani Dyan Samantra<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]}}<br />
|28 March 1995<br />
|12 February 1996<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Bibhuti_Bhusan_Singh_Mardaraj.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]}}<br />
|15 March 1996<br />
|29 February 2000<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Chief Minister of Orissa|Leader of the House]]<br />'''{{Small|(Chief Minister)<br/> Leader of INC Legislature Party}}<br />
|[[File:Janaki Ballav Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]}}<br />
|15 March 1995<br />
|17 February 1999<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Giridhar Gamang.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Laxmipur]]}}<br />
|17 February 1999<br />
|6 December 1999<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Hemananda Biswal.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Hemananda Biswal]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera]]}}<br />
|6 December 1999<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|-<br />
|Minister for [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]<br />
|[[File:Basant_Kumar_Biswal.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Basant Kumar Biswal|Basanta Kumar Biswal]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]}}<br />
|15 March 1995<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly|'''Leader of Opposition''']]<br />{{Small|Leader of JD Legislature Party (till 1997)<br/>Leader of BJD Legislature Party (after 1998)}}<br />
|[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Biju Patnaik]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}<br />
|23 March 1995<br />
|20 May 1996<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ashok_Kumar_Das_MLA_Odisha.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Ashok Kumar Das]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]}}<br />
|22 May 1996<br />
|17 December 1997<ref>{{Cite news |date=1997-12-15 |title=Orissa JD chief quits Assembly post |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/orissa-jd-chief-quits-assembly-post/?ref=archive_pg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914095016/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/orissa-jd-chief-quits-assembly-post/?ref=archive_pg |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ram Krushna Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}<br />
|22 February 1998<br />
|16 November 1998<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Prafulla Samal MLA.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Prafulla Samal]]<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]}}<br />
|16 November 1998<br />
|1 December 1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Satchidananda Dalal.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Satchidananda Dalal<br/>{{small|MLA from [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]}}<br />
|11 December 1998<br />
|29 February 2000<br />
|-<br />
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha#Pro tem speaker|Pro tem Speaker]]<br />
| [[File:Ghasiram Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Ghasiram Majhi<br />{{small|MLA from [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]}}<br />
|19 March 1995<br />
|22 March 1995<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Council of Ministers ==<br />
=== Janaki Ballabh Patnaik Ministry ===<br />
{{Transcluded section|source=Third Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry}}<br />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:Third Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Giridhar Gamang ministry===<br />
{{Transcluded section|source=Giridhar Gamang ministry}}<br />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:Giridhar Gamang ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Hemananda Biswal ministry===<br />
{{Transcluded section|source=Second Hemananda Biswal ministry}}<br />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:Second Hemananda Biswal ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf Source]<br />
!District<br />
!AC. No.<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
!Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]] <br />
| rowspan="2" | Raghunath Hembram <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1997-12-16 |title=Biju's son breaks up Orissa JD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bijus-son-breaks-up-orissa-jd/?ref=archive_pg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914095826/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bijus-son-breaks-up-orissa-jd/?ref=archive_pg |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]] <br />
| [[Sambhunath Naik]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]] <br />
| Khelarama Mahali <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand People's Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]] <br />
| Laxman Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]] <br />
| Ajen Murmu <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]<br />
| [[Sudam Marndi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] <br />
| Prasanna Kumar Dash <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]] <br />
| Pruthunatha Kisku <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]] <br />
| [[Saraswati Hembram]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]] <br />
| Rabaneswara Madhei <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 11<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]] <br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kamala Das (politician)|Kamala Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]] <br />
| [[Jayanarayan Mohanty|Jaynarayana Mohanty]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]] <br />
| Raghunath Mohanty <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]] <br />
| Arun Dey <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 15<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]] <br />
| [[Kartik Mohapatra|Kartika Mohapatra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Resigned in May 1996 on his election to [[11th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|Indurani Mohapatra<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in October 1996 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]<br />
| [[Padma Lochan Panda]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]<br />
| Akhyay Kumar Acharya <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 18<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]<br />
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1998 on his election to [[12th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
| Kumarshri Chiranjibi<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in June 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 19<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Prafulla Samal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 20<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]<br />
| [[Jagannath Rout]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1999.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 16 March 1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]<br />
| Netrananda Mallik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 22<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bijayshree Routray]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]<br />
| 23<br />
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]<br />
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadai <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]<br />
| [[Ashok Kumar Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]<br />
| Suryamani Jena <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 26<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kalpataru Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 27<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Amar Prasad Satpathy <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 28<br />
| [[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]<br />
| Chinmaya Prasada Behera <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 29<br />
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]<br />
| Arjuna Das <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]<br />
| 30<br />
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]<br />
| Dola Gobinda Nayak <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 31<br />
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]<br />
| [[Ganeswar Behera]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 32<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Nalinikanta Mohanty <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 33<br />
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]<br />
| [[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 34<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]<br />
| 35<br />
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]<br />
| [[Basant Kumar Biswal|Basanta Kumar Biswal]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 36<br />
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]<br />
| [[Bijaya Kumar Nayak]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 37<br />
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]<br />
| Lalatendu Mohapatra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |38<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bishnu Charan Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]<br />
| 39<br />
| [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]<br />
| [[Yudhistir Das|Yudhisthir Das]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 40<br />
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]<br />
| Sk. Matlub Alli <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 41<br />
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]<br />
| Rabindra Kumar Behera <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 42<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Panchanan Kanungo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 43<br />
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]<br />
| Bijay Lakshmi Sahoo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 44<br />
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]<br />
| [[Samir Dey]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 45<br />
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]<br />
| [[Kahnu Charan Lenka]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 46<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Pravat Tripathy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 47<br />
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]<br />
| [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 48<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Debi Prasad Mishra|Debiprasad Mishra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Khordha district|Khurda]]<br />
| 49<br />
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]<br />
| Hrushikesh Nayak <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 50<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| [[Biju Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition, Resigned in May 1996 on his election to [[11th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Won in October 1996 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 51<br />
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]<br />
| [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Puri district|Puri]]<br />
| 52<br />
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]<br />
| [[Yudhistir Samantray|Yudhistir Samantaray]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 53<br />
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]<br />
| [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 54<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]<br />
| [[Baikunthanath Swain]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Expired on 2 October 1995.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Surendra Nath Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Won in May 1996 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 55<br />
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]<br />
| [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 56<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Maheswar Mohanty]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 57<br />
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]<br />
| [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Khordha district|Khurda]]<br />
| 58<br />
| [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]<br />
| Debendra Nath Mansingh <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 59<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1998 on his election to [[12th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|Dilip Shrichandan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Won in June 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 60<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]<br />
| Harihara Sahoo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Resigned in April 1995.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in 1995 Bypoll. <br/>'''Chief Minister'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]<br />
| 61<br />
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]<br />
| Ramakanta Mishra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 62<br />
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]<br />
| Sitakanta Mishra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 63<br />
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]<br />
| Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Deputy Speaker<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 64<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]<br />
| [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Resigned in February 1997 on his election to Zilla Parishad.<br />
|-<br />
|Harihar Karan <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|Won in May 1997 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 65<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhaba Nanda Behera]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 66<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Disqualified by Supreme Court on 14 September 1999.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 14 September 1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 67<br />
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]<br />
| [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 68<br />
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]<br />
| Usha Rani Panda <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 69<br />
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]<br />
| [[Harihar Swain]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 70<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 71<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 72<br />
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]<br />
| [[Daitari Behera|Daitari Behara]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 73<br />
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]<br />
| Udayanath Nayak <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 74<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Rama Chandra Sethy <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 75<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 76<br />
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]<br />
| Chintamani Dyan Samantara <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|Speaker<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 77<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 78<br />
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]<br />
| Haladhar Karjee <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 79<br />
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]<br />
| Trinath Sahu <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 80<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]<br />
| Akshya Kumar Gomango <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Expired on 21 April 1995.<br />
|-<br />
|Bhagirathi Gomango <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|Won in May 1996 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 81<br />
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]<br />
| Dambarudhar Ulaka <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 82<br />
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]<br />
| [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 83<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]<br />
| Anantaram Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1999.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won on 1999 Bypoll.<br/>'''Chief Minister'''<br />
|-<br />
| 84<br />
| [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]<br />
| [[Rama Chandra Kadam|Ram Chandra Kadam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 85<br />
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]<br />
| Gupta Prasad Das <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]<br />
| 86<br />
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]<br />
| [[Arabinda Dhali]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 87<br />
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]<br />
| Gangadhar Madi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]<br />
| 88<br />
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]<br />
| Basudev Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 89<br />
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]<br />
| [[Raghunath Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Nabarangpur district|Nowrangpur]]<br />
| 90<br />
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]<br />
| Habibulla Khan <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 91<br />
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]<br />
| Sadan Nayak <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 92<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Jadav Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Expired on 3 April 1999.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 3 April 1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 93<br />
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]<br />
| [[Parama Pujari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Nuapada district|Nawapara]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 94<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]<br />
| Ghasiram Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Expired on 23 April 1997.<br />
|-<br />
|Jagannath Patnaik<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in May 1997 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 95<br />
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]<br />
| [[Duryodhan Majhi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]<br />
| 96<br />
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]<br />
| Bira Sipka <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 97<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Roshini Singh Deo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 98<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]<br />
| [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1998 on his election to [[12th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Won in June 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 99<br />
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]<br />
| [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 100<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Balabhadra Majhi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 101<br />
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]<br />
| [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]<br />
| 102<br />
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]<br />
| [[Sahura Mallick]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 103<br />
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]<br />
| [[Nagarjuna Pradhan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 104<br />
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]<br />
| Dasarathi Behera <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Boudh district|Boudh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 105<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Satchidananda Dalal <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Balangir district|Balangir]]<br />
| 106<br />
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]<br />
| Jogendra Behera <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 107<br />
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]<br />
| Santosh Singh Saluja <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 108<br />
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]<br />
| [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 109<br />
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]<br />
| Surendra Singh Bhoi <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 110<br />
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]<br />
| [[Balgopal Mishra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 111<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 112<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Kunduru Kushal <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 113<br />
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]<br />
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 114<br />
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]<br />
| Ram Chandra Pradhan <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Angul district|Angul]]<br />
| 115<br />
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]<br />
| Amarnath Pradhan <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 116<br />
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]<br />
| [[Ramesh Jena]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]<br />
| 117<br />
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]<br />
| Maheswar Naik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 118<br />
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]<br />
| Nabin Chandra Narayandas <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 119<br />
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]<br />
| [[Nandini Satpathy|Nandini Satapathy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Angul district|Angul]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 120<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]<br />
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Expired on 17 September 1996.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Premalata Mohapatra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in February 1997 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 121<br />
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]<br />
| Bibhudhendra Pratap Das <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 122<br />
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]<br />
| [[Mahesh Sahoo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]<br />
| 123<br />
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]<br />
| [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|124<br />
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]<br />
| Prakash Chandra Debta <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 125<br />
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]<br />
| [[Ripunath Seth]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 126<br />
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]<br />
| Mohan Nag <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 127<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Prasanna Acharya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Party splits, Joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] Party on 18 December 1997.<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1998 on his election to [[12th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|Ananda Acharya<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|Won in June 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]<br />
| 128<br />
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]<br />
| Durga Shankar Patanaik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 129<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]<br />
| Prasanna Kumar Panda <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|Expired on 26 December 1997.<br />
|-<br />
|Keshab Sahoo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in February 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| 130<br />
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]<br />
| Birendra Chandra Pandey <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 131<br />
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]] <br />
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|'''Chief Minister'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]<br />
| 132<br />
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]] <br />
| Panu Chandra Naik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 133<br />
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]] <br />
| Abhimanyu Kumar <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 134<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]] <br />
| Pradipta Gang Deb <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|Expired on 20 October 1997.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Subash Chandra Panigrahi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Won in February 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]<br />
| 135<br />
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] <br />
| Kishore Chandra Patel <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Speaker<br />
|-<br />
| 136<br />
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]] <br />
| [[Gajadhar Majhi]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 137<br />
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]] <br />
| [[Mangala Kisan]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 138<br />
| [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]] <br />
| George Tirkey <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 139<br />
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]] <br />
| Prabhat Mohapatra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 140<br />
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]] <br />
| Mansid Ekka <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 141<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]] <br />
| [[Jual Oram]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Resigned in March 1998 on his election to [[12th Lok Sabha]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Janardan Dehury]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Won in June 1998 Bypoll.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]<br />
| 142<br />
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]] <br />
| Dhanurjay Laguri <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 143<br />
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]] <br />
| [[Hrushikesh Naik]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 144<br />
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]] <br />
| [[Jogendra Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 145<br />
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]] <br />
| Chandrasena Naik <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 146<br />
| [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]] <br />
| [[Niranjan Patnaik]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 147<br />
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]<br />
| [[Jayadev Jena]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Bypolls ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/DocumentDetails/historicalbackground/historical-background.pdf Source]<br />
!Year<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Reason for by-poll<br />
!Winning candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| May 1995<br />
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]<br />
| Resignation of Harihara Sahoo<br />
| [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | May 1996<br />
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]<br />
| Death of Akshya Kumar Gomango<br />
| Bhagirathi Gomango <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]<br />
| Death of [[Baikunthanath Swain]]<br />
| [[Surendra Nath Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |October 1996<br />
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Kartik Mohapatra|Kartika Mohapatra]]<br />
| Indurani Mohapatra <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Biju Patnaik]]<br />
| [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| February 1997<br />
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]<br />
| Death of Kailash Chandra Mohapatra<br />
| [[Premalata Mohapatra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |May 1997<br />
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]<br />
| Harihar Karan <br />
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]<br />
| Death of Ghasiram Majhi<br />
| Jagannath Patnaik<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |February 1998<br />
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]<br />
| Death of Prasanna Kumar Panda<br />
| Keshab Sahoo <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]<br />
| Death of Pradipta Gang Deb<br />
| [[Subash Chandra Panigrahi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |June 1998<br />
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]<br />
| Kumarshri Chiranjibi<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]<br />
| Dilip Shrichandan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]<br />
| [[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Prasanna Acharya]]<br />
| Ananda Acharya <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]<br />
| Resignation of [[Jual Oram]]<br />
| [[Janardan Dehury]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| June 1999<br />
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]<br />
| Resignation of Anantaram Majhi<br />
| [[Giridhar Gamang]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Odisha Legislative Assembly}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]<br />
[[Category:Terms of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|11th]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Bhiwani_killings&diff=4830262023 Bhiwani killings2026-05-05T04:05:03Z<p>Addie15A4298: started some stub and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Killings by cow vigilantes in Haryana}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox event<br />
| image = NasirJunaid.jpeg<br />
| caption = Nasir (left) and Junaid (right)<br />
| reported deaths = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2023 Bhiwani Killings''', also known as the '''Killings of Nasir and Junaid''', refer to the brutal murder of two men, '''Nasir''' (aged 25) and '''Junaid''' alias Juna (aged 35), both residents of Ghatmika village in [[Bharatpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]. On 16 February 2023, their charred bodies were discovered inside a burnt Bolero vehicle near [[Loharu]] in [[Haryana|Haryana's]] [[Bhiwani district]].<br />
<br />
The killings, allegedly perpetrated by cow vigilantes associated with the [[Bajrang Dal]], sparked widespread outrage and renewed focus on vigilante violence in northern India. The case took a significant turn in July 2025 with the suicide of Lokesh Singla, one of the accused, who alleged harassment by Bajrang Dal members in a video recorded before his death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=गौरक्षा के नाम पर हिंसा करने वालों का खतरनाक वर्किंग पैटर्न, नासिर-जुनैद की हत्या ने सबकुछ कर दिया साफ |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/nasir-junaid-cow-death-haryana-rajsthan-monu-manesar-detail/3004947/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=Bhiwani killings: Monu Manesar sent to 15-day judicial custody |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bhiwani-killings-monu-manesar-sent-to-15-day-judicial-custody-101694693437823.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930134749/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bhiwani-killings-monu-manesar-sent-to-15-day-judicial-custody-101694693437823.html |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Nasir and Junaid, residents of Ghatmika village in Rajasthan's Bharatpur district, were reportedly abducted on 15 February 2023 while traveling. According to family members, the two men were intercepted by a group of cow vigilantes who suspected them of involvement in [[Cow smuggling in India|cow smuggling]], an issue that has fueled vigilante violence in parts of India due to the cultural and religious significance of [[cows in Hinduism]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=One Beaten To Death, Other Strangled: Senior Cop On Muslim Men's Killing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/junaid-nasir-killing-some-haryana-cops-summoned-says-rajasthan-officer-3948280 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Junaid had a prior criminal record, with five cases registered against him for bovine smuggling at various police stations, according to police reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-02-17 |title=Muslim men found charred in car: Rajasthan Police detains six for interrogation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Feb/17/muslim-men-found-charred-in-car-rajasthan-police-detains-six-for-interrogation-2548350.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Rajasthan-Haryana border region, particularly areas like [[Mewat]] and [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], has been a hotspot for [[cow vigilantism]], with groups like the Bajrang Dal often accused of taking the law into their own hands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cows, vigilantes and Meo Muslims in Harayana's Nuh |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/cows-vigilantes-and-meo-muslims-in-nuh-haryana |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Bhiwani: India anger over charred bodies linked to cow vigilantes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64701344 |access-date=2025-07-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incident ==<br />
On 15 February 2023, Nasir and Junaid were allegedly abducted by a group of cow vigilantes. According to sources close to the investigation, the two men were waylaid, brutally assaulted, and possibly tied with a belt inside a Bolero vehicle before being set ablaze.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Chargesheet filed against three in Nasir, Junaid murder case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chargesheet-filed-against-three-in-nasir-junaid-murder-case-8620501/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Their charred remains were discovered the following morning, 16 February 2023, inside a burnt Bolero vehicle in Loharu, Bhiwani district, Haryana. [[DNA tests]] conducted by the [[Rajasthan Police]] confirmed the identities of the victims by matching samples with their family members. Blood samples recovered from a Scorpio vehicle, found in Haryana's [[Jind district]], also matched the deceased, confirming they were beaten and abducted prior to their deaths.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-07 |title=Rajasthan Police arrests accused in Nasir-Junaid murder case from Haryana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rajasthan-police-arrests-accused-in-nasir-junaid-murder-case-from-haryana/article67394149.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |publisher=THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhiwani Killings: "Blood, bones samples matched with DNA of Junaid, Nasir's family members...", says Rajasthan Police |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bhiwani-killings-blood-bones-samples-matched-with-dna-of-junaid-nasirs-family-members-says-rajasthan-police20230227074621/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320011539/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bhiwani-killings-blood-bones-samples-matched-with-dna-of-junaid-nasirs-family-members-says-rajasthan-police20230227074621/ |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burnt bodies in car were Nasir, Junaid: Police |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2023/feb/27/burnt-bodies-in-car-were-nasir-junaid-police/55f9dbf39a552cf630e7202b264e09be |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=m.rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The vehicle used in the abduction, a white Scorpio, was traced to the [[Haryana government]]’s Development and Panchayat Department, raising questions about the misuse of official resources in vigilante activities. Reports also indicated that the same vehicle had been linked to prior incidents of violence against alleged cow smugglers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2023-09-19 |title=Nasir-Junaid case complainant says he is being framed in Nuh violence case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/nasir-junaid-case-complainant-says-he-is-being-framed-in-nuh-violence-case/article67323393.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Car Used to Abduct Junaid, Nasir Listed as Haryana Govt Vehicle, Possible Links to More Vigilante Violence |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-cow-junaid-nasir-abduct-car-monu-manesar |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The Rajasthan Police took the lead in investigating the case, registering an FIR against several individuals associated with the Bajrang Dal, including Monu Manesar, a prominent member and leader of Haryana’s cow protection task force in Gurugram. The FIR named 13 individuals initially, with a chargesheet later filed in May 2023 against 21 accused, including Monu Manesar, Rinku Saini, Shrikant, Azad Acharya Arya, and Lokesh Singla.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Rinku Saini, identified as the chief of Bajrang Dal’s gau-raksha (cow protection) unit in Mewat, was arrested shortly after the incident. Saini’s interrogation provided critical leads, including the recovery of the Scorpio vehicle in Jind, which contained blood traces linked to the victims. Two additional accused were arrested in [[Uttarakhand]] in April 2023. However, Monu Manesar and several others remained absconding, prompting protests from the victims’ families and activists demanding their arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goel |first=Aayush |date=2023-03-01 |title=Mewat region continues to be in throes of cow vigilantism {{!}} Tehelka |url=https://tehelka.com/mewat-region-continues-to-be-in-throes-of-cow-vigilantism/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=tehelka.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-02-18 |title=Men found charred {{!}} 1 sent to police custody in Rajasthan, Haryana to cancel arms licence of cow vigilante Monu Manesar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/men-found-charred-1-sent-to-police-custody-in-rajasthan-haryana-to-cancel-arms-licence-of-cow-vigilante-monu-manesar/article66526703.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The investigation revealed that the victims were assaulted by multiple groups of cow vigilantes, tortured for hours to extract information about alleged cattle smuggling operations, and then murdered.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Allegations of police negligence surfaced, with family members and the accused claiming that Nasir and Junaid were brought to a police station in [[Ferozepur Jhirka]], Nuh, after their initial assault, but the police refused to take them into custody.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-19 |title=Haryana Police refused to take Nasir, Junaid's custody: Accused's shocking claim |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-police-refused-to-take-nasir-junaid-s-custody-accused-s-shocking-claim-101676765593544.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802121915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-police-refused-to-take-nasir-junaid-s-custody-accused-s-shocking-claim-101676765593544.html |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
In response, the [[Haryana Police]] formed a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) led by ASP Usha Kundu to probe potential negligence by its Crime Investigation Agency (CIA) team in Nuh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-02-20 |title=Men found charred: Haryana police forms SIT to probe allegations of negligence against CIA Ferozepur-Jhirka team |url=https://theprint.in/india/men-found-charred-haryana-police-forms-sit-to-probe-allegations-of-negligence-against-cia-ferozepur-jhirka-team/1385071/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accused Lokesh Singla's suicide and allegations ==<br />
On 5 July 2025, Lokesh Singla, one of the 21 accused in the killings, died by suicide after allegedly jumping in front of a train near [[Palwal]] on the Delhi-Agra rail route in Haryana. Singla, a self-proclaimed cow vigilante from Bichhor village in [[Nuh district]], had been absconding since the incident and was reportedly evading police by frequently changing locations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nasir-Junaid Murder Accused Lokesh Singla Commits Suicide, Blames Bajrang Dal Members |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/haryana/nasir-junaid-murder-accused-commits-suicide-blames-bajrang-dal-members-in-video-before-death-3621357 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Harassed by Bajrang Dal activists, cow vigilante jumps before train |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harassed-by-bajrang-dal-activists-cow-vigilante-jumps-before-train/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Before his death, Singla recorded a video, allegedly sent to his wife Damyanti via [[WhatsApp]], in which he accused three individuals—Bharat Bhushan (Bajrang Dal's Haryana state convener), Anil Kaushik, and Harkesh Yadav, all residents of Hathin in Palwal district—of harassing and mentally torturing him. In the video, Singla claimed he was being stalked, threatened, and blackmailed with false cases, stating, “I am going to take my life today... fed up of daily threats from three persons... they send new goons every day... they follow me... they say they will frame me in court cases.” The video, which went viral on social media, could not be independently verified by some media outlets.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Following Singla's death, his wife filed a complaint with the [[Government Railway Police]] (GRP) in Faridabad, leading to an FIR against Bharat Bhushan, Anil Kaushik, and Harkesh Yadav under sections 108 (abetment of suicide) and 3(5) (common intention) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The police recovered a handwritten note from the scene and are investigating the allegations made in both the note and the video. Singla's suicide and his accusations against Bajrang Dal members added a new layer of complexity to the case, raising questions about internal conflicts within cow vigilante groups and the pressures faced by the accused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhankhar |first=Leena |date=9 July 2025 |title=2023 lynching case accused alleges torture, dies by suicide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/2023-lynching-case-accused-alleges-torture-dies-by-suicide-101752000652368.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Societal impact ==<br />
The Bhiwani killings reignited debates about cow vigilantism, [[extrajudicial violence]], and the role of [[law enforcement]] in addressing such incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=IN THE WAKE OF NUH A Report on State Repression |url=https://www.pudr.org/publicatiosn-files/2024-7-In-the-wake-of-Nuh.pdf |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |website=pudr.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The case drew parallels to other high-profile lynchings, such as that of Umar Mohammed and Rakbar Khan, and the [[2017 Alwar mob lynching]], highlighting a pattern of violence targeting individuals suspected of cow smuggling, particularly in Haryana and Rajasthan.<br />
<br />
Critics argued that lack of enforcement and political support for vigilante groups have emboldened such acts, while defenders of the accused, including some Hindu outfits, claimed the victims were involved in illegal activities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2024-11-27 |title=November 2024 Surge in Cow Vigilantism: Rising Violence and Legal Apathy in North India |url=https://cjp.org.in/november-2024-surge-in-cow-vigilantism-rising-violence-and-legal-apathy-in-north-india/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The suicide of Lokesh Singla and his allegations against Bajrang Dal members have further complicated the narrative, pointing to potential infighting or misuse of influence within vigilante networks.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=भाषा |first=पीटीआई- |date=2025-07-09 |title=हरियाणा: नासिर-जुनैद हत्याकांड के आरोपी ने की आत्महत्या, आखिरी वीडियो में क्या कहा? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/haryana/nasir-junaid-murder-case-accused-lokesh-singla-commits-suicide-makes-serious-allegations-against-bajrang-dal-in-last-video-2976149 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The case remains a focal point for discussions on justice, communal harmony, and the [[rule of law]] in India.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]<br />
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Murder in India]]<br />
[[Category:2023 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]<br />
[[Category:Lynchings in India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalmala_Assembly_constituency&diff=507751Kalmala Assembly constituency2026-05-02T16:51:39Z<p>Addie15A4298: new new entry added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kalmala<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]<br />
| division = [[Gulbarga division|Gulbarga]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1962<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kalmala Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Nagamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. Seshappa<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Shivanna Bheemappa<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Sudhendra Rao Kasbe || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Krishnamurthy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Bheemanna || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || B. Muniyappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Muniyappa Muddappa. B || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa Muddappa. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,915 |percentage = 28.53% |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankaragouda Harvi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,444 |percentage = 25.33% |change = {{decrease}}6.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,597 |percentage = 24.55% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanappa Kalmala |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,688 |percentage = 13.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanamma Devamitra Garaladinni |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,939 |percentage = 2.71% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bajareppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,538 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Robert Rajshekar |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerana Matamari. M |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,507 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,471 |percentage = 3.20% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,367 |percentage = 58.32% |change = {{increase}}2.79 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,352}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,818 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.36 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,691 |percentage = 34.06% |change = {{increase}}9.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankaragouda Harvi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,077 |percentage = 32.08% |change = {{increase}}27.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Muniyappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,968 |percentage = 18.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devamitra |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,018 |percentage = 4.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anthony Mathew |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,002 |percentage = 3.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Panduranga Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,303 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Reddy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhamuru Ramagopal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,153 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}12.58 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,683 |percentage = 55.53% |change = {{decrease}}5.30 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,294}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,302 |percentage = 8.23% |change = {{increase}}3.94 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,697 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}4.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Muniyappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,332 |percentage = 38.96% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Patel Sirwar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,244 |percentage = 24.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankaragouda Harvi |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 14,602 |percentage = 17.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bhimanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,592 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhendra Rao Kasbe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,661 |percentage = 4.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Muddurangappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,729 |percentage = 3.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balappa Tippanna Shakhapur |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rangareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,274 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shivakumar Nayak |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,154 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,088 |percentage = 14.57% |change = {{increase}}14.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,725 |percentage = 60.83% |change = {{increase}}7.07 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,992}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,718 |percentage = 4.29% |change = {{decrease}}6.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,571 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.40 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}6.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheemanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,094 |percentage = 32.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Muniyappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,909 |percentage = 32.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,404 |percentage = 16.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankaragouda Harvi |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 8,115 |percentage = 13.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parasmal Sukhany |party = Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prem Raj Jain Huliseth |party = Independent politician |votes = 411 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 185 |percentage = 0.30% |change = {{decrease}}3.77 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,800 |percentage = 53.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,474}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,326 |percentage = 10.65% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,982 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.04 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,355 |percentage = 51.25% |change = {{increase}}11.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parasmal Sukhany |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,181 |percentage = 47.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Samon Jemis |party = Independent politician |votes = 842 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,174 |percentage = 4.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,709 |percentage = 57.04% |change = {{increase}}4.84 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,378}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,331 |percentage = 4.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,668 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.84 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhendra Rao Kasbe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,519 |percentage = 48.24% |change = {{increase}}31.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,124 |percentage = 39.85% |change = {{increase}}8.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deviputra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,035 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Besavalingayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,328 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,395 |percentage = 8.39% |change = {{decrease}}10.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,902 |percentage = 52.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,461}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,441 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,187 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.93 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhendra Rao Kasbe |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,301 |percentage = 50.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa Muddappa. B |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,957 |percentage = 31.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dod Gagappa Eashwarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,546 |percentage = 17.02% |change = {{decrease}}43.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendrappa Rayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 666 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,344 |percentage = 19.09% |change = {{decrease}}7.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,654 |percentage = 53.42% |change = {{increase}}21.26 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,470}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,184 |percentage = 5.37% |change = {{increase}}5.37 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.75 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Bheemappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,167 |percentage = 60.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagamma Seshappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,307 |percentage = 34.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omdas Laxmayya Aged |party = Independent politician |votes = 659 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Hemavati |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 363 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,860 |percentage = 26.28% |change = {{decrease}}7.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,307 |percentage = 32.16% |change = {{increase}}12.14 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,496}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,037 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.40 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Seshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,001 |percentage = 61.28% |change = {{decrease}}7.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Kristappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,690 |percentage = 27.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Narasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 11.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,311 |percentage = 33.81% |change = {{decrease}}6.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 10,506 |percentage = 20.02% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 9,793}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.07 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalmala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,396 |percentage = 68.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bheemayya |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 3,035 |percentage = 28.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guddayana Tippaga |party = Independent politician |votes = 390 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,361 |percentage = 40.30% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 11,561 |percentage = 22.86% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 10,821}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,584 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Coord|16.198994|77.206282|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Raichur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachi_Sharma&diff=527885Rachi Sharma2026-05-02T14:19:29Z<p>Addie15A4298: started bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{BLP one source|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rachi Sharma <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India<ref>{{Cite news|title=Woh Toh Hai Albelaa actress Rachi Sharma on fans calling her 'Queen of Indore': I am happy to represent my city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/woh-toh-hai-albelaa-actress-rachi-sharma-on-fans-calling-her-queen-of-indore-i-am-happy-to-represent-my-city/articleshow/91578693.cms|access-date=24 August 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2022–present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''<br /><br />
''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rachi Sharma''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Sharma is best known for her portrayal of Durga Roy Chowdhury in ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]'' and Poorvi Kohli Malhotra in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Woh Toh Hai Albelaa actress Rachi Sharma in a happy space|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/in-a-happy-space-428432/|access-date=21 September 2022|website=The Tribune India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Sharma made her acting debut in 2022 with ''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]'', where she played Rashmi Sharma opposite Kinshuk Vaidya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rachi Sharma makes acting debut with Woh Toh Hai Albelaa |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/rachi-sharma-makes-acting-debut-with-woh-toh-hai-albela/|access-date=29 March 2022|website=Lokmat Times|language=en}}</ref> From 2022 to 2023, she played a lawyer, Durga Roy Chowdhury, opposite [[Kunal Jaisingh]] in ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rachi Sharma on Durga Aur Charu going off-air in just a few months: The journey ending is painful but we have to move on in life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-rachi-sharma-on-durga-aur-charu-going-off-air-in-just-a-few-months-the-journey-ending-is-painful-but-we-have-to-move-on-in-life-exclusive/articleshow/99763145.cms|access-date=28 April 2023|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sharama's breakthrough came with ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]],'' where she played Poorvi Kohli Malhotra opposite [[Abrar Qazi]], from November 2023 to February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I have fulfilled my dream of coming to Mumbai and becoming an actress, says Rachi Sharma, who will play the lead in Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-have-fulfilled-my-dream-of-coming-to-mumbai-and-becoming-an-actress-says-rachi-sharma-who-will-play-the-lead-in-kumkum-bhagya-post-the-20-year-leap/articleshow/104548314.cms|access-date=25 October 2023|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> From June 2025 to September 2025, she played Meera Ghosh in ''[[Aami Dakini]]'' opposite [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]]. It was the first production addressing supernatural themes for the actress, who stated in an interview: "Since this is a horror show, the performance isn’t just about reacting to fear, sometimes you have to hold the emotion silently in your body, in your eyes..."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Vijaya |date=2025-06-23 |title=Exclusive - Rachi Sharma on Aami Dakini: This genre has definitely pushed me out of my comfort zone, and that's been a powerful experience as an actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rachi-sharma-on-aami-dakini-this-genre-has-definitely-pushed-me-out-of-my-comfort-zone-and-thats-been-a-powerful-experience-as-an-actor/articleshow/122028665.cms |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The show was well received but went off air in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rachi Sharma and Hitesh Bharadwaj roped in for show Aami Dakini|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rachi-sharma-and-hitesh-bhardwaj-roped-in-for-the-show-aami-dakini/amp|access-date=22 June 2025|website=The Tribune India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! class ="unsortable"| Notes<br />
! class ="unsortable"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]''<br />
| Rashmi "Rashu" Sharma<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-and-the-cast-of-woh-toh-hai-albela-visit-religious-places-of-all-beliefs-fans-say-the-beauty-of-every-religion-in-our-country-in-just-one-post/articleshow/90201840.cms|title=Shaheer Sheikh and the cast of Woh Toh Hai Albela visit religious places of all beliefs; fans say, 'The beauty of every religion in our country in just one post' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2023<br />
| ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''<br />
| Barrister Durga Roy Chowdhury<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-31 |title=Adrija Roy and Rachi Sharma open up about their roles in 'Durga Aur Charu' after the 10-year leap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adrija-roy-and-rachi-sharma-open-up-about-their-roles-in-durga-aur-charu-after-the-10-year-leap/articleshow/97492814.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| 2023–2025 <br />
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br />
| Poorvi Kohli Malhotra<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi |first=Hasti|title=Confirmed! Abrar Qazi and Rachi Sharma will play the new lead couple Kumkum Bhagya post the 20-year leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/confirmed-abrar-qazi-and-rachi-sharma-will-play-the-new-lead-couple-kumkum-bhagya-post-the-20-year-leap/articleshow/104501408.cms|date=17 October 2023|access-date=18 October 2023|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''[[Aami Dakini]]''<br />
| Meera Ghosh <br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2026–present<br />
| ''[[Do Duniya Ek Dil]]''<br />
| Aadhya Singh Chauhan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]<br />
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|13485623}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rachi}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Indore]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan&diff=502222Harivansh Rai Bachchan2026-04-24T18:45:48Z<p>Addie15A4298: new the post w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindi poet and writer (1907–2003)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Harivansh Rai Bachchan<br />
| image = Harivansh Rai Bachchan 2003 stamp of India.jpg<br />
| alt = Harivansh Rai Bachchan's portrait on a 2003 stamp of India<br />
| caption = Bachchan on a 2003 stamp of India<br />
| birth_name = Harivansh Rai Srivastava<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|11|27|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Babupatti]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|01|18|1907|11|27}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|writer}}<br />
| language = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Hindi]]<br />
| pseudonym = Bachchan<br />
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]])<br />[[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])<br />
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Shyama Bachchan|1926|1936|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Teji Bachchan]]|1941}}}}<br />
| children = 2 (including [[Amitabh Bachchan]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography|author= Harivansh Rai Bachchan, R |publisher=Penguin books |year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWquGT2c6DkC&pg=PA327|page=327|quote=When we entered Amit for school, we adopted 'Bachcha' as our family name, registering him as 'Amitabh Bachchan'; and when our second son was born, he was called 'Ajitabh Bachchan'|isbn= 9780140276633 }}</ref><br />
| relatives = [[Bachchan family]]<br />
| parents = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1976)<br />
| module = {{Infobox officeholder<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/since1952.aspx |title=Nominated Members Since 1952 |website=164.100.47.5 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref><br />
| term_start1 = 3 April 1966<br />
| term_end1 = 2 April 1972<br />
| constituency1 = Nominated<br />
| signature = HarivanshRaiBachchan Autograph Hindi&Urdu.jpg<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Harivansh Rai Bachchan''' ({{ne|'''Srivastava'''}}; 27 November 1907 {{endash}} 18 January 2003) was an Indian poet and writer of the Nayi Kavita literary movement (romantic upsurge) of early 20th century [[Hindi literature]]. He was also a poet of the [[Kavi sammelan|Hindi Kavi Sammelan]]. Bachchan is best known for his early work ''[[Madhushala]]''.<ref name=obituary>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822142158/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2003/stories/20030214007511800.htm Harivanshrai Bachchan, 1907–2003]}} Obituary, Frontline, (''[[The Hindu]]''), 1–14 February 2003.</ref> He was the father of [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and grandfather of [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. His wife [[Teji Bachchan]] was a social activist. In 1976, he received the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his service to Hindi literature.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bachchan was born in [[Babupatti]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in [[British Raj|British India]] on 27 November 1907 into a [[Hindu]] [[Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2016|title=खुली किताब सा जीवन : हरिवंश राय बच्चन की जीवनी के चार खंड!|url=https://hindi.thebetterindia.com/2951/harivanshrai-bachchan-autobiography-snippets/|access-date=5 August 2020|website=The Better India - Hindi|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harivansh Rai Bachchan {{!}} Indian poet |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harivansh-Rai-Bachchan |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> His family name was [[Srivastava]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Harivansh Rai Bachchan|title=kya bhulun kya yaad karu|pages=11–12|language=en}}</ref> He began using the pen name "Bachchan" (meaning child) for his Hindi poetry. From 1941 to 1957, he taught in the English Department at the [[Allahabad University]] and then spent the next two years at [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]], completing a PhD regarding [[W. B. Yeats]].<ref name=obituary /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Bachchan married Shyama in 1926 who died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1936. In 1941, he married [[Teji Bachchan|Teji Suri]].<ref>{{cite news |title=इस बीमारी से हुई थी हरिवंश राय की पहली पत्नी की डेथ, इनसे की दूसरी शादी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-FLAS-harivansh-rai-bachchan-death-sisteenth-anniversary-news-hindi-5507471-PHO.html |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=2017 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=एक अफेयर से लेकर दो शादियों तक, ऐसी थी Amitabh Bachchan के पिता हरिवंश राय की ज़िंदगी |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/life-facts-about-harivansh-rai-bachchan-1691718 |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=ABP News |date=24 December 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> Their elder son [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was born on 11 October 1942, followed by their younger son, Ajitabh, on 18 May 1947.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Yash |date=6 December 2023 |title=Who is Ajitabh Bachchan |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/who-is-ajitabh-bachchan-younger-brother-of-amitabh-bachchan-spotted-at-the-archies-screening-with-family-1263620 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
He had used the pen name Bachchan ("child-like" in colloquial Hindi), under which he published all of his works.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sreemita |date=28 July 2011 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |title=I am proud of my surname Amitabh Bachchan |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830194021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2017 }}</ref> When looking to get their elder son admitted to a school, he and Teji decided the family's surname should be Bachchan instead of [[Srivastava]], as both parents opposed the [[Indian caste system|caste system]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-got-his-surname-bacause-of-caste-system-1.65525580 |title=Amitabh Bachchan got his surname because of caste system |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002091321/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-got-his-surname-bacause-of-caste-system-1.65525580 |url-status=live |work=Gulf News |agency=IANS |date=30 July 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> Thus, it became the legal surname of the family.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In The Afternoon Time |last=Bachchan |first=Harivansh Rai |publisher=Viking Pr |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-670-88158-1}}</ref> He was close friends with the Hindi cinema thespian [[Prithviraj Kapoor]].<br />
<br />
Bachchan died on 18 January 2003 due to respiratory failure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands mourn poet Bachchan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2673563.stm |work=BBC |date=19 January 2003 |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harivansh Rai Bachchan passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/harivansh-rai-bachchan-passes-away/articleshow/34750354.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2003 |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Writing career==<br />
Bachchan was fluent in several [[Hindi languages]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]).<ref name="West-Pavlov">{{cite book |last=West-Pavlov |first=Russell |title=The Global South and Literature |date=2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108246316 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMdJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167}}</ref> He incorporated a broadly Hindustani vocabulary,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Mukesh |last2=Wanchoo |first2=Rohit |title=Representing India: Literatures, Politics, and Identities |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195692266 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYTAQAAIAAJ |quote=Harivansh Rai Bachchan recalled how some of the Urdu vocabulary used by audiences in appreciating poetic recitals in Hindi kavi sammelans was consciously changed to Sanskritized Hindi creating an artificial Hindi idiom.}}</ref> written in [[Devanagari script]].<ref name="West-Pavlov"/> While he could not read [[Persian script]],<ref name="West-Pavlov"/> he was influenced by [[Persian poetry|Persian]] and [[Urdu poetry]], particularly [[Omar Khayyam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |title=Origin and development of Hindi/Urdu literature |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8djAAAAMAAJ |quote=He was influenced by Persian and Urdu poetry, especially by Omar Khayyam and started versifying in the Bachchalian style.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works used in movies==<br />
Bachchan's work has been used in movies and music. [[Couplet]]s from his work "Agneepath" are used throughout the 1990 film ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'', featuring his son Amitabh, and also later in the 2012 remake ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], as well as in the TV serial ''[[Ishqbaaz]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0045394/ Harivansh Rai Bachchan (1907–2003)]. IMDb</ref><br />
<br />
{{cquote|Miṭṭī kā tan, mastī kā man, kṣan bhar jīvan, merā paricay. <br />(मिट्टी का तन, मस्ती का मन, क्षण भर जीवन, मेरा परिचय)<br /> (Body of clay, mind of fun, life of a moment, my introduction)<ref name=obituary /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===List of works===<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
; Poems<br />
* [[Chal Mardane]]<br />
* [[Barsaat Ki Aati Hawa]] <br />
* [[Tera Haar]] (तेरा हार) (1932)<br />
* [[Madhushala]] (मधुशाला) (1935)<br />
* Madhubala (मधुबाला) (1936)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bachhan |first1=Harivansh Rai |title=Madhubala by Harivansh Rai Bachchan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/madhubala-harivansh-rai-bachchan-ebooks |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Madhukalash]] (मधुकलश) (1937)<br />
* [[Raat Aadhi Kheench Kar Meri Hatheli]]<br />
* [[Nisha Nimantran]] (निशा निमंत्रण) (1938)<br />
* [[Ekaant Sangeet]] (एकांत संगीत) (1939)<br />
* [[Aakul Antar]] (आकुल अंतर) (1943)<br />
* [[Satarangini]] (सतरंगिनी) (1945)<br />
* [[Halaahal]] (हलाहल) (1946)<br />
* [[Bengal ka Kaavya]] (बंगाल का काव्य) (1946)<br />
* [[Khaadi ke Phool]] (खादी के फूल) (1948)<br />
* [[Soot ki Maala]] (सूत की माला) (1948)<br />
* [[Milan Yamini]] (मिलन यामिनी) (1950)<br />
* [[Pranay Patrika]] (प्रणय पत्रिका) (1955)<br />
* [[Dhaar ke idhar udhar]] (धार के इधर उधर) (1957)<br />
* [[Aarti aur Angaare]] (आरती और अंगारे) (1958)<br />
* [[Buddha aur Naachghar]] (बुद्ध और नाचघर) (1958)<br />
* [[Tribhangima]] (त्रिभंगिमा) (1961)<br />
* [[Chaar kheme Chaunsath khoonte]] (चार खेमे चौंसठ खूंटे) (1962)<br />
* [[Do Chattane]] (दो चट्टानें) (1965)<br />
* [[Bahut din beete]] (बहुत दिन बीते) (1967)<br />
* [[Kat-ti pratimaaon ki awaaz]] (कटती प्रतिमाओं की आवाज़) (1968)<br />
* [[Ubharte pratimaano ke roop]] (उभरते प्रतिमानों के रूप) (1969)<br />
* [[Jaal sameta]] (जाल समेटा) (1973)<br />
* [[Nirman]] (निर्माण)<br />
* [[Aathmaparichai]] (आत्मपरिचय)<br />
* [[Ek Geet]] (एक गीत)<br />
* [[Bhool gaya hai kyun insaan]] (भूल गया है क्यों इंसान)<br />
* [[Agneepath (poem)|Agneepath]] (अग्निपथ)<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
<br />
; Miscellaneous<br />
<br />
* Bachpan ke saath kshan bhar (बचपन के साथ क्षण भर) (1934)<br />
* Khaiyyam ki madhushala (खय्याम की मधुशाला) (1938)<br />
* Sopaan (सोपान) (1953)<br />
* Macbeth (मेकबेथ)(1957)<br />
* Jangeet (जनगीता) (1958)<br />
* Omar Khaiyyam ki rubaaiyan (उमर खय्याम की रुबाइयाँ) (1959)<br />
* Kaviyon ke saumya sant: Pant (कवियों के सौम्य संत: पंत) (1960)<br />
* Aaj ke lokpriya Hindi kavi: Sumitranandan Pant (आज के लोकप्रिय हिन्दी कवि: सुमित्रानंदन पंत) (1960)<br />
* Aadhunik kavi: 7 (आधुनिक कवि: ७) (1961)<br />
* Nehru: Raajnaitik jeevanchitra (नेहरू: राजनैतिक जीवनचित्र) (1961)<br />
* Naye puraane jharokhe (नये पुराने झरोखे) (1962)<br />
* Abhinav sopaan (अभिनव सोपान) (1964)<br />
* Chausath roosi kavitaayein (चौसठ रूसी कवितायें) (1964)<br />
* W. B. Yeats and Occultism (1968)<br />
* Markat dweep ka swar (मरकट द्वीप का स्वर) (1968)<br />
* Naagar geet (नागर गीत) (1966)<br />
* Bachpan ke lokpriya geet (बचपन के लोकप्रिय गीत) (1967)<br />
* Hamlet (1969)<br />
* Bhaasha apni bhaav paraaye (भाषा अपनी भाव पराये) (1970)<br />
* Pant ke sau patra (पंत के सौ पत्र) (1970)<br />
* Pravaas ki diary (प्रवास की डायरी) (1971)<br />
* King Lear (1972)<br />
* Tooti Chooti kadiyan (टूटी छूटी कड़ियां) (1973)<br />
* Meri kavitaayi ki aadhi sadi (मेरी कविताई की आधी सदी) (1981)<br />
* So-ham hans (सोहं हंस) (1981)<br />
* Aathve dashak ki pratinidhi shreshth kavitaayein (आठवें दशक की प्रतिनिधी श्रेष्ठ कवितायें) (1982)<br />
* Meri shreshth kavitaayein (मेरी श्रेष्ठ कवितायें) (1984)<br />
* Jo beet gai so Bat gai<br />
<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
<br />
;Autobiography<br />
<br />
* Kya bhooloon kya yaad karoon (क्या भूलूं क्या याद करूं) (1969)<br />
* Neerh ka nirmaan phir (नीड़ का निर्माण फिर) (1970)<br />
* Basere se door (बसेरे से दूर) (1977)<br />
* Dashdwaar se sopaan tak (दशद्वार से सोपान तक) (1985), In the Afternoon of Time<ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography: Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Rupert Snell, Baccana, Harivansh Rai BacHChhan: 9780670881581: Amazon.com: Books |date=1 April 1998 |isbn = 0670881589|author1=Baccana |last2=Bachchan |first2=Harivansh Rai }}</ref><br />
* Bachchan rachanavali ke nau khand (बच्चन रचनावली के नौ खण्ड) <br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Indian writers|Indian Writers]]<br />
* [[List of Indian poets|Indian Poets]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
# Kaveendra, Anil Pushker. ''Harivanshrai Bachchan Ki Anuvad Drishti'' (Hindi) (Hardcover) (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415093344/http://www.rubypressco.in/ Ruby Press & Co.], New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-93-82395-20-1}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}<br />
{{Saraswati Samman}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachchan, Harivansh Rai}}<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:2003 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bachchan family|Harivansh]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Awadhi people]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokha_(caste)&diff=500739Gokha (caste)2026-04-24T08:22:43Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up a info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|Fishing community in Odisha}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Gorkha}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Gokha''', also known as '''Gakha''' are a fishing community found in Odisha and are concentrated in the coastal districts of the state, particularly in the [[Balasore district|Balasore]] and its adjacing districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/People_of_India_Odisha_2_pts/rBtv8y1262cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gokha+caste+odisha&dq=gokha+caste+odisha&printsec=frontcover |title=People of India: Odisha (2 pts.) |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-293-4 |language=en}}</ref> They are recognized as [[List of Scheduled Castes in Odisha|Scheduled Castes in the state of Odisha]], with a population of 2,12,718 as per 2011 census of India.<br />
<br />
== Society ==<br />
Historically, they have been in the lowest strata of the society and were considered inferior to other castes such as [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayats]] and [[Karan Kayastha|Karans]]. Though in the present times, they have been mobilised as voting block in [[Bhadrak]] and [[Balasore]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Mukul |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Life_Writing_Representation_and_Identity/Uev3EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gokha+caste+odisha&pg=RA5-PA1991&printsec=frontcover |title=Life Writing, Representation and Identity: Global Perspectives |date=2024-03-27 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-00374-9 |language=en}}</ref> They are the 8th largest Scheduled Castes community in Odisha as per 2011 and are concentrated in the Central division of Odisha. They have a literacy rate of 72.03%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gokha |url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities/108-sc-communities/365-gokha |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.scstrti.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Kewat people|Kewat]]<br />
* [[Jalia Kaibarta]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{Odisha-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Fishing communities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu communities]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza_Theatre_(Bengaluru)&diff=525717Plaza Theatre (Bengaluru)2026-04-21T19:49:15Z<p>Addie15A4298: started new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = Plaza Theatre<br />
| image = Plaza_Theatre_Bangalore.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| caption = Plaza Theatre in Bangalore<br />
| image_map =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| pushpin_map =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption=<br />
| address = [[M G Road, Bangalore|M.G Road]]<br />
| city = [[Bangalore]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| designation =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9751|77.606|type:landmark|display=inline}}<br />
| architect =<br />
| owner =<br />
| tenant =<br />
| operator =<br />
| capacity =<br />
| type =<br />
| opened = 1936<br />
| years_active = 1936-2005<br />
| closed = 2005<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_use = [[Namma Metro|Metro Station]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Plaza''' was a [[film theatre]] located in the city of [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. It used to be on M. G. Road in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] area. It was built in 1936 and mostly screened [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] movies.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar]] was a contractor who built many buildings in [[Bengaluru]] including the ''Attara Kacheri'' (the present premises of the [[Karnataka High Court]]).<ref name="paper">''Now it's curtains on Plaza theatre'', Print edition of ''The Times of India'', Bangalore edition, Page 3, dated 2005-03-11</ref> From the money he earned out of it, he purchased a number of properties on [[M G Road, Bengaluru|M. G. Road]] including a {{convert|17000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} property over which the Plaza theatre was eventually built. His grandsons, A. S. Krishnamoorthy and Rajamanickam Velu wanted to construct a film theatre on this property, where they were formerly running a furniture business and went to [[Great Britain]] to understand how a great film theatre should look like.<ref name="hist">{{cite web|title= Thanks... for the memory!|author=Anand Parthasarathy|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2003-09-26|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601290100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006065139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601290100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2003|accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> They came back and constructed Plaza theatre in the year 1936 modeling it after the [[Piccadilly Circus]] in [[London]].<ref name="hist1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500860300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829173814/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500860300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-29|author=Pradeep Sebastien|title=The lone ranger|accessdate=2007-09-12|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-05-15}}</ref> The first film to be screened here was ''[[The Broadway Melody]]'' in April 1936.<ref name="hist1"/> The theatre also had a wooden dance floor which was used by British soldiers for [[Ball (dance)|ball dancing]].<ref name="bd">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mar202005/i7.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-03-20|title=It’s curtains for Plaza theatre|accessdate=2007-09-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520205852/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mar202005/i7.asp|archivedate=2011-05-20}}</ref> Initial ticket prices ranged from eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] for the front seats to 1 rupee and 12 annas for the balcony's highest seat, called ''The Dress Circle''.<ref name="curt">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mar282005/metro9.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-03-28|title=Curtain call for Plaza|author=Janardhan Roye|accessdate=2007-09-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520205921/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mar282005/metro9.asp|archivedate=2011-05-20}}</ref> The theatre also had a bar which served drinks to patrons who came to watch movies.<br />
<br />
==Movies==<br />
Movies that have been screened here include [[Hans Christian Andersen (film)|''Hans Christian Andersen'']], ''[[The Court Jester]]'', ''[[Artists and Models]]'' and ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]''. The latter ran for 44 straight weeks making it the longest running movie in the theatre.<ref name="mov">{{cite web|title=Final fade-out|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/30/stories/2005033001270100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508171351/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/30/stories/2005033001270100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 May 2005|author=Hemangini Gupta|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2005-03-30|accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> Loads of school children were brought to the theatre to watch this movie and a special personal screening of the movie was arranged in the year 1959 for the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] and his entourage.<ref name="bd"/> Initially, the theatre was associated with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM Studios]] screening movies like ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' before moving on to [[Paramount pictures]] to screen movies like ''[[Roman Holiday]]'', ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]'' and the [[James Bond]] movies.<ref name="mov"/><br />
<br />
==Closure==<br />
[[File:Plaza theatre balcony.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from projection room on closing day<ref name="closingpics">{{cite web|title=Plaza theatre’s last day|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/jace/sets/72157625016367081/with/5071340861/|author=Kiran Jonnalagadda|work=Flickr|accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref>]]The last film that was screened here was ''[[Meet the Fockers]]'' on 17 March 2005. The Narrain family sold the theatre since their children, all professionals, did not wish to carry on the family business. A mining investor from Ballari purchased this property and wanted to build a shopping mall in its place. However, the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] refused permission to build a shopping mall. The land has since been acquired for the [[Namma Metro]] project and today houses the [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bengaluru)|Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station]] on the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]].<ref name="metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/feb132006/city1929532006212.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-02-13|title=Plaza to be acquired for elevated Metro station|author=Shubha Narayan|accessdate=2007-09-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520205927/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/feb132006/city1929532006212.asp|archivedate=2011-05-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former cinemas in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cinemas in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1936]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kultali_Assembly_constituency&diff=511045Kultali Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:47:28Z<p>Addie15A4298: new initial bio basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kultali<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kultali.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kultali Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]<br />
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]<br />
| constituency_no = 129<br />
| established = 1967<br />
| electors = 265,540<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kultali Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kultali Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]] community development block<br />
* Baishata, Chuprijhara, Manirtat and Nalgora gram panchayats of [[Jaynagar II]] community development block<br />
<br />
Kultali Assembly constituency is a part of No. 19 [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Probodh Purkait]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| Arabinda Naskar<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Probodh Purkait]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| [[Joy Krishna Halder]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Sankar Halder]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kultali}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ganesh Chandra Mondal <br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Madhabi Mahaldar <br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Ram Sankar Halder]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kultali}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]<br />
|votes = 117,238<br />
|percentage = 51.57<br />
|change = +20.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Mintu Halder|votes=70,061|percentage=30.82|change=+25.58}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Ram Sankar Halder]]|votes=20,010|percentage=8.80|change=-28.57}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=[[Joy Krishna Halder]]|votes=15,306|percentage=6.73|change=-17.56}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kanan Bala Mondal|votes=1,432|percentage=0.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,048|percentage=0.46|change=-0.32}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ratan Kumar Naskar<br />
|votes = 1,002<br />
|percentage = 0.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Kartick Mondal|votes=458|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gobinda Majhi<br />
|votes = 450<br />
|percentage = 0.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Bablu Sanfui|votes=346|percentage=0.15|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,27,351|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Kultali<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=129| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170451/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=129| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kultali| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Ram Sankar Halder]]|votes=73,936|percentage=37.37|change=-11.23}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Gopal Majhi|votes=62,212|percentage=31.44|change=+31.44}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=[[Joy Krishna Halder]]|votes=48,058|percentage=24.29|change=-21.44}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bikram Naskar|votes=10,376|percentage=5.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,552|percentage=0.78|change=+0.78}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,97,859|percentage=85.96|change=-3.04}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
Note- In [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] election [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] supported the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate.<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Kultali<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=129| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170451/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=129| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kultali| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Ram Sankar Halder]]|votes=81,297|percentage=48.60|change=+1.31}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=[[Joy Krishna Halder]]|votes=76,484|percentage=45.73|change=-2.13}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sujit Patwari]]|votes=3,277|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Sanjoy Mondal]]|votes=2,177|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Nilkanta Mondal]]|votes=2,159|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Khusilal Halder]]|votes=948|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Shaktinath Halder]]|votes=922|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=167,264|percentage=89|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|swing = 3.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===<br />
In 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Joy Krishna Halder of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won the Kultali Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Ramsankar Halder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Probodh Purkait of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won from 1977 to 2001, defeating Ramsankar Halder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Ramani Ranjan Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Arabinda Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and Anandi Tanti of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp102.htm |title =102 - Kultali (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Elections 1967-1972===<br />
Arabinda Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Probodh Purkait of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> The seat did not exist prior to that.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karimpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=508575Karimpur Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:26:48Z<p>Addie15A4298: new the pg needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Karimpur<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Karimpur.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Karimpur Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]]<br />
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]<br />
| constituency_no = 77<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = 251,039<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Karimpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In line with the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 77 Karimpur Assembly constituency is composed of [[Karimpur I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Dhoradaha I, Dhoradaha II, Murutia, Natidanga I, Natidanga II and Rahamatpur ''[[gram panchayat]]s'' of [[Karimpur II]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Karimpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 11 [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name=delimitation/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br />
|Haripada Chattopadhyay<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Bijoy Lal Chattopadhyay<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Smarajit Bandopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|Nalinaksha Sanyal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|Samarendra Nath Sanyal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Arabinda Mandal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Samarendra Nath Sanyal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=8}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|Chitta Ranjan Biswas<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|Prafulla Kumar Bhowmick<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|Samarendranath Ghosh<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|Mahua Moitra<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019^<br />
|rowspan="2"|Bimalendu Sinha Roy<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* ^ denotes by-election<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1951–1972===<br />
Arabinda Mandal of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Samarendra Nath Sanyal of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> [[Nalinaksha Sanyal]] of [[Bangla Congress]] / Congress won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Samarjit Bandopadhyay of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Bijoy Lal Chattopadhyay of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Haripada Chatterjee of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] won the Karimpur seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===1977-2006===<br />
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections, Prafulla Kumar Bhowmick of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Karimpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Arabinda Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Chira Ranjan Mandal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi-cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Chitta Ranjan Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Chira Ranjan Mandal of Congress in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Arabinda Mandal of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Samarendra Nath Sanyal of CPI(M) defeated Arabinda Mandal of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp69.htm |title = 69 Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
In the 2011 election, Samarendranath Ghosh of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) defeated his nearest rival Dr. Ramen Sarkar of All India Trinamool Congress <br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Karimpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=77| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190637/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=77| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Karimpur| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Samarendranath Ghosh<br />
|votes = 82,244<br />
|percentage = 46.17<br />
|change = -1.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Dr. Ramen Sarkar<br />
|votes = 77,159<br />
|percentage = 43.32<br />
|change = -13.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Indrajit Mondal<br />
|votes = 8,098<br />
|percentage = 4.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rajib Sekh<br />
|votes = 3,626<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Biswas<br />
|votes = 2,628<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Bikash Chandra Biswas<br />
|votes = 2,054<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian Union Muslim League<br />
|candidate = Rejaul Sekh<br />
|votes = 1,446<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India<br />
|candidate = Abdulla Biswas<br />
|votes = 86<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 178,118<br />
|percentage = 90.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
Rajib Sekh, contesting as an independent candidate, was a rebel Congress candidate.<ref>''The Rebel Candidates in the Fray'', The Telegraph (print edition) 23 April 2011</ref><br />
<br />
<small>.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.</small><br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Karimpur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Mahua Moitra]]<br />
|votes = 90,989<br />
|percentage = 45.24<br />
|change = +1.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Samarendranath Ghosh<br />
|votes = 75,000<br />
|percentage = 37.29<br />
|change = -8.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Subhasis Bhattacharya<br />
|votes = 23,302<br />
|percentage = 11.59<br />
|change = +7.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiv Sena<br />
|candidate = Mahitosh Sarkar<br />
|votes = 4,554<br />
|percentage = 2.26<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Welfare Party of India<br />
|candidate = Sahabuddin Mandal<br />
|votes = 2,140<br />
|percentage = 1.06<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Nath Halder<br />
|votes = 1,769<br />
|percentage = 0.88<br />
|change = -0.60<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Azad Rahaman<br />
|votes = 1,104<br />
|percentage = 0.55<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian Union Muslim League<br />
|candidate = Rejaul Sekh<br />
|votes = 799<br />
|percentage = 0.40<br />
|change = -0.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,449<br />
|percentage = 0.72<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 15,989<br />
|percentage = 7.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 2,01,106<br />
|percentage = 88.53<br />
|change = -2.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 2,27,166<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title= Bye-election, 2019: Karimpur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]]<br />
|votes = 1,03,278<br />
|percentage = 50.43<br />
|change = +5.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Jayprakash Majumdar<br />
|votes = 79,368<br />
|percentage = 38.75<br />
|change = +27.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Golam Rabbi<br />
|votes = 18,627<br />
|percentage = 9.09<br />
|change = -28.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,568<br />
|percentage = 0.77<br />
|change = +0.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 23,910<br />
|percentage = 11.68<br />
|change = +4.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 2,04,807<br />
|percentage = 84.72<br />
|change = -4.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 2,40,000<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
Due to [[Mahua Moitra]] resignation as MLA, By poll was held.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-bjp-gear-up-for-bypoll-challenge-next/story-NPodyVJc6nDIJ9sMwdbxdI.html|title=TMC, BJP gear up for bypoll challenge next|date=30 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]] won by 24,119 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karimpur-west-bengal-vidhan-sabha-assembly-bye-election-results-2019-live-winner-runner-up-6139910/|title=Karimpur (West Bengal) Assembly Bye-Election Results: TMC wins by 24,119 votes|date=28 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title= West Bengal legislative Assembly elections, 2021: Karimpur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]]<br />
|votes = 1,10,911<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Samarendra Nath Ghosh<br />
|votes = 87,336<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Pravas Majumdar<br />
|votes = 17,185<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 23,575<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Karimpur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Soham Chakraborty]]<br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Samarendra Nath Ghosh<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Pravas Majumder <br />
|party = Left Front (West Bengal) <br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Pooja Roy Chowdhury <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Nadia topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warli_people&diff=545553Warli people2026-04-11T20:35:31Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up new info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ethnic group from western India}}<br />
{{About|the community|their language|Varli language|the art style|Warli painting}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Warli<br />
| image = Warli population in Bombay Presidency.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Distribution of Warli population in the then Bombay Presidency, 1945<br />
| flag = <br />
| caption = <br />
| population = <br />
| popplace = [[Maharashtra]] • [[Gujarat]]<br />
| langs = [[Varli language|Varli]]<br />
| religions = [[Animism]] • [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related = {{hlist| [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] | [[Marathi people]] | [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] | [[Bhil people]] | [[Konkani people]]<br />
}}<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Warli''' or ''Varli'' are an [[indigenous people|indigenous]] [[tribe]] ([[Adivasi]]) of [[western India]], living in mountainous as well as coastal areas along the [[Maharashtra]]-[[Gujarat]] border and surrounding areas. They have their own [[animistic]] beliefs, life, customs and traditions, and as a result of [[acculturation]] they have adopted many [[Hindu belief]]s. The Warli speak the unwritten Varli language which belongs to the southern zone of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Warli people are part of India’s indigenous Adivasi population. Originally inhabiting the forests and hilly terrains of the region, they were the primary owners of all land in the Umbergaon, Dhanu, and [[Palghar district|Palghar]] talukas of the [[Thane district]] in Maharashtra until the 1870s.<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96">{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Manju |date=1996 |title=The Revolt of the Worlies & Godavari Parulekar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133373 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=684–687 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Colonial dispossession and exploitation===<br />
The 1870s marked a turning point as the British colonial administration brought the Warli territories under direct control. Following this administrative shift, outsiders, including Mahajans and various petty officers, utilized the Warlis' illiteracy to systematically seize their lands. Consequently, the Warli became labourers on land they once owned, subjected to extreme exploitation by newly established landlords.<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
<br />
During this era, the Warli suffered under two primary feudal systems:<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
* Begar System: A form of forced labour where Warlis cultivated the landlords' primary holdings without any financial remuneration, with the entire harvest kept by the owners.<br />
* [[Sharecropping]]: Landlords provided Warlis with small plots of inferior land. Despite performing all the physical labour, the Warli were forced to surrender at least half of the produce to the landlords.<br />
<br />
Colonial and administrative records from this period document widespread physical abuse, including public whippings and torture. Warli women also faced systemic sexual oppression; children born from this exploitation were categorized under a specific caste known as "Wattas".<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
<br />
===The Warli Revolt (1945–1947)===<br />
By 1939, an official inquiry by British magistrate David Symington confirmed that Warli living conditions had reached an "abysmal depth". This led to a period of organized resistance led by Shamrao and [[Godavari Parulekar]], who joined the community in the early 1940s.<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
<br />
The primary phase of the revolt occurred between 1945 and 1947:<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
* January 1945: The movement gained momentum at the Maharashtra Provincial Kisan Conference in [[Titwala]], attended by the first group of 250 Warli participants.<br />
* May 1945: Approximately 5,000 Warlis gathered at Zari to formally pledge an end to the begar system, demanding adequate wages for their labour.<br />
* October 1945: Tensions escalated when landlords and police resisted demands for minimum wages in the grass-cutting industry. During a rally of 7,000 people at Talwada, police fire resulted in the deaths of five activists, including leader Jethya Gangad.<br />
<br />
Despite these casualties and the subsequent arrest and externment of their leaders, the Warli continued organized peaceful resistance. Their persistence eventually forced the government and landlords to concede, leading to the abolition of the begar system and the establishment of minimum wages.<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
<br />
===Post-Independence struggles===<br />
Following the restoration of the Congress Ministry in 1946, the community faced a new wave of state-led repression under [[Morarji Desai]], who declared an emergency in Thane and arrested hundreds of militants. However, continued unity and determination eventually forced the government to retreat, leading to the abolition of most feudal exploitations by the early 1950s.<ref name="WarliRevoltIHC96" /><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
Warlis are found in [[Jawhar]], Vikramgad, Mokhada, [[Dahanu]] and [[Talasari]] talukas of the northern [[Palghar district]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=2 |isbn=8124605572}}</ref> parts of [[Nashik district|Nashik]] and [[Dhule district|Dhule]] as well as [[Navapur]] taluka of [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Valsad]], [[Dang District, India|Dangs]], [[Navsari]] and [[Surat]] districts of [[Gujarat]],<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_gujarat.pdf Census of India 2001, The Scheduled Tribes of Gujarat]</ref> and the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_dnh.pdf Census of India 2001, The Scheduled Tribes of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]</ref><br />
<br />
Waralis have sub castes such as ''Murde varli'' and ''Davar varali''.<br />
<br />
==Warli painting==<br />
{{Main article|Warli painting}}<br />
[[File:Painted prayers, Warli paintings, at Sanskriti Kendra, Anandagram, New Delhi.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Warli paintings, at [[Sanskriti Kendra Museum]], Anandagram, New Delhi]] <br />
In the book ''The Painted World of the Warlis'' [[Yashodhara Dalmia]] claimed that the Warli carry on a tradition stretching back to 2500 or 3000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=3 |isbn=8124605572}}</ref> Their mural paintings are similar to those done between 500 and 10,000 BCE in the [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
Their extremely rudimentary wall paintings use a very basic graphic vocabulary: a circle, a triangle and a square. Their paintings were monosyllabic. The circle and triangle come from their observation of nature, the circle representing the sun and the moon, the triangle derived from mountains and pointed trees. Only the square seems to obey a different logic and seems to be a human invention, indicating a sacred enclosure or a piece of land. So the central motive in each ritual painting is the square, known as the "chauk" or "chaukat", mostly of two types: ''Devchauk'' and ''Lagnachauk''. Inside a ''Devchauk'', we find [[Palaghata]], the mother goddess, symbolizing fertility.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tribhuwan |first1=Robin D. |last2=Finkenauer |first2=Maike |title=Threads Together: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Pre-historic Rock Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBXdIQVeIS0C&q=Dev+Chowk&pg=PA13|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7141-644-6|pages=13–15}}</ref> Significantly, male gods are unusual among the Warli and are frequently related to spirits which have taken human shape. The central motive in these ritual paintings is surrounded by scenes portraying hunting, fishing and farming, festivals and dances, trees and animals. Human and animal bodies are represented by two triangles joined at the tip; the upper triangle depicts the trunk and the lower triangle the pelvis. Their precarious equilibrium symbolizes the balance of the universe, and of the couple, and has the practical and amusing advantage of animating the bodies.<br />
<br />
[[File:Warli Paintings, Mysore.jpg|thumb|265px|Warli paintings in Mysore, India]]<br />
The pared down pictorial language is matched by a rudimentary technique. The ritual paintings are usually done inside the huts. The walls are made of a mixture of branches, earth and cow dung, making a [[red ochre]] background for the wall paintings. The Warli use only white for their paintings.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=1 |isbn=8124605572 |quote=Warlis use mud plastered walls of huts as their canvas and paint tribal designs in white or brilliant sindûra or red colour. Painted with white colour on austere brown surface make it different from other tribal paintings of India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=4 |isbn=8124605572 |quote=They [Warlis] paint the mud walls of huts with tribal designs in white on ''geru'' red background.}}</ref> Their white pigment is a mixture of rice paste and water with gum as a binding. They use a bamboo stick chewed at the end to make it as supple as a paintbrush. The wall paintings are done only for special occasions such as weddings or harvests. The lack of regular artistic activity explains the very crude style of their paintings, which were the preserve of the womenfolk until the late 1970s.<br />
<br />
However, in the 1970s, Warli ritual art took a radical turn when [[Jivya Soma Mashe]] and his son [[Balu Mashe]] started to paint, not for any special ritual, but because of his artistic pursuits. Warli painting also featured in Coca-Cola's 'Come home on Diwali' ad campaign in 2010, which was a tribute to the spirit of India's youth and a recognition of the distinct lifestyle of the Warli tribe of Western India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/coca-cola-india-celebrates-ancient-warli-folk-art-form-launches-110101200123_1.html|title = Coca-Cola India celebrates ancient Warli folk art form - Launches|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 12 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
The Warli were traditionally semi-nomadic. They lived together in small-scale groups with a headman leading them. However, recent demographic changes have transformed the Warli today into mainly agriculturists. They cultivate many crops like rice and wheat. Warli women wear toe rings and necklaces as a sign of being married. Some Warli practice [[polygyny]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|editor-last=Winston|editor-first=Robert|location=New York|pages=438}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |isbn=8124605572}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Dalmia |first=Yashodhara |title=The Warli Chawk: A World-View |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=1984 |pages=79–90 |jstor=23001706}}<br />
* Dalmia, Yashodhara, (1988). ''Painted World of the Warlis: Art and Ritual of the Warli Tribes of Maharashtra'', New Delhi: [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<br />
* {{cite book |last=Pereira |first=Winin |chapter=The Sustainable Lifestyle of the Warlis |pages=189-204 |title=Indigenous vision: peoples of India, attitudes to the environment |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publications; India International Centre |date=1992 |editor=Geeti Sen}}<br />
* Dandekar, Ajay (ed.) (1998). ''Mythos and Logos of the Warlis: A Tribal Worldview'', New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, {{ISBN|81-7022-692-9}}.<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Heredia |first1=Rudolf C. |first2=Ajay |last2=Dandekar |title=Warli Social History: An Introduction |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=35 |issue=50 |date=2000 |pages=4428–36 |jstor=4410060}}<br />
* {{cite book |chapter=Socio-Cultural and Demographic Profile of the Warli Tribe |title=Threads Together: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Pre-historic Rock Paintings |first1=Robin D. |last1=Tribhuwan |first2=Maike |last2=Finkenauer |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |date=2003 |pp=1-7 |isbn=9788171416448}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Jadhav |first=Bhagyashree Shankar |title=THE WARLIS STRUGGLE IN PERSPECTIVE OF METHODOLOGY 1945–1947 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=80 |date=2019 |pages=701–6 |jstor=27192923}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Dungri Warlis |first=Gaurish |last=Pandya |translator=Smt. Kokila J. Shah |date=1987 |publisher=Tribal Research & Training Institute |location=Gujarat |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75406?viewItem=browse}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Wisdom from the Wilderness: Painted and Narrated by the Warli Adivasis of District Thane |author1=Pradip Prabhu |author2=Shiraz Bulsara Prabhu |editor=Kashtakari Sanghatana |publisher=Earthcare Books |date=2018 |isbn=9788185861623}}<br />
* {{cite journal |first=Indra Munshi |last=Saldanha |title=Tribal Women in the Warli Revolt: 1945-47: ‘Class’ and ‘Gender’ in the Left Perspective |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=21 |issue=17 |date=1986 |pages=WS41–52 |jstor=4375596}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last2=Sisodia |first2=V. N. |first1=K. C. |last1=Malhotra |title=Some Terracotta and Wood Votives of the Vārlis |journal=East and West |volume=14 |issue=1/2 |date=1963 |pages=69–72 |jstor=29754701}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Sisodia |first=V. N. |title=Three Styles in the Architecture of Vārli Dwellings |journal=Anthropos |volume=59 |issue=1/2 |date=1964 |pages=159–64 |jstor=40456287}}<br />
* {{cite journal |first=Ashok K. |last=Upadhyaya |title=Peasant Organisations in Thane District: A Critical Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=17 |issue=5 |date=1982 |pages=163–68 |jstor=4370629}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Warli people}}<br />
* [http://www.warli.in Warli art home page] Warli Art is Tribal Cultural Intellectual Property<br />
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=Warli_tribe_and_their_tribal_art History of the Warli community and their art]<br />
* [http://ignca.nic.in/cd_07013.htm The Warlis and the Dhangars: The Context of the Commons]<br />
* [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/warlifolkpaintings.php Warli Folk Painting] Summary of Warli art by the Indian government<br />
* [http://www.yashada.org/pdfs/Merg_Warali1.pdf The Warlis by K. V. Save] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511204421/http://www.yashada.org/pdfs/Merg_Warali1.pdf |date=11 May 2019 }}<br />
<br />
{{Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Tribal communities of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Tribal communities of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Palghar district]]<br />
[[Category:Arts by culture]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk art]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taranath_Narayan_Shenoy&diff=539692Taranath Narayan Shenoy2026-04-04T02:36:34Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up basic entry added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian swimmer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Taranath Narayan Shenoy<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Maharashtra, India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Swimmer<br />
| yearsactive = Since 1983<br />
| known for = [[Marathon swimming]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame<br />Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming<br />[[Arjuna Award]]<br />Shiv Chhatrapati Award<br />Van Audenaerde Special Award<br />
}}<br />
'''Taranath Narayan Shenoy''', is a deaf and visually impaired Indian swimmer<ref name="State's SSC sports topper overshoots">{{cite web | url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jul/196563.htm | title=State's SSC sports topper overshoots | publisher=Mid Day | date=8 July 2007 | access-date=27 September 2015 | archive-date=28 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928173135/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jul/196563.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> and an honoree of the International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame.<ref name="More Indian History In The Open Water">{{cite web | url=http://dailynews.openwaterswimming.com/2014/10/more-indian-history-in-open-water.html | title=More Indian History In The Open Water | work=Daily News | date=31 October 2014 | access-date=27 September 2015 | archive-date=28 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928183253/http://dailynews.openwaterswimming.com/2014/10/more-indian-history-in-open-water.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a winner of the Triple Crown of [[Open Water Swimming]], having successfully completed the [[English Channel]], [[Catalina Channel]] and the [[Manhattan Island]] Marathon Swim.<ref name="Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming List">{{cite web | url=http://www.triplecrownofopenwaterswimming.com/2010/08/triple-crown-of-open-water-swimming.html | title=Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming List | publisher=Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming | date=2015 | access-date=27 September 2015 | archive-date=28 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928151401/http://www.triplecrownofopenwaterswimming.com/2010/08/triple-crown-of-open-water-swimming.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Shenoy was born deaf and his vision was impaired to the level of legal blindness at birth.<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Shenoy-continues-to-make-a-splash/articleshow/11761086.cms | title=Shenoy continues to make a splash | publisher=Times of India | date=5 February 2012 | access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> He took to swimming at an early age and attempted to swim across the [[English Channel]] at the age of 23 but was denied permission as he was underweight and had high blood pressure.<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash" /> He went back the next year and completed the task, followed by a swim across the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], becoming the first deaf person to swim across the two open waters.<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash" /> He crossed the English Channel thrice, between 1983 and 1985, twice from England to France and once from France to England.<ref name="More Indian History In The Open Water" /> In 1987, he crossed the [[Catalina Channel]] and accomplished the Manhattan Island, Marathon Swim, twice, in 1987 and 1989.<ref name="More Indian History In The Open Water" /> He has so far covered 4 of the ''Oceans Seven'' channels<ref name="Guy Does Moar Than Enough Across The Tsugaru Channel">{{cite web | url=http://www.tsugaruchannelswimming.com/2015/08/guy-does-moar-than-enough-across.html | title=Guy Does Moar Than Enough Across The Tsugaru Channel | publisher=Tsugaru Channel Swimming | date=22 August 2015 | access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> and has swum across the [[Palk Strait]], [[Suez Canal]] and [[Nile River]], [[Manhattan Island]], [[Catalina Channel]] and [[Atlantic Ocean]], the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], the [[Dardanelles|Strait of Dardanelles]] and the [[Cook Strait]].<ref name="State's SSC sports topper overshoots" /> He works as a swimming coach and an organizer of the National Deaf Swimming Championships<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash" /> while coaching his son, Ankul Shenoy, who is an aspiring swimmer.<ref name="State's SSC sports topper overshoots" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
Shenoy won the Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming from the World Open Water Swimming Association when he completed his efforts across the English Channel, Catalina Channel, and the Manhattan Island.<ref name="Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming List" /> He received the ''Shiv Chhatrapati Award'' from the Government of Maharashtra in 1983.<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash" /> In 1987, he was inducted into the International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame.<ref name="International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame">{{cite web | url=http://www.imshof.org/imshof-name.html | title=International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame | publisher=International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame | date=2015 | access-date=28 September 2015 | archive-date=14 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814134643/http://imshof.org/imshof-name.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the [[Arjuna Award]] the same year,<ref name="Shenoy continues to make a splash" /> and followed it up by including him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He is also a recipient of the ''Van Audenaerde Special Award'' from the English Channel Swimming Association.<ref name="State's SSC sports topper overshoots" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mihir Sen]]<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://openwaterpedia.com/index.php?title=Tanarath_Narayan_Shenoy | title=Tanarath Narayan Shenoy | publisher=Open Water Pedia | work=Profile | date=2015 | access-date=28 September 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenoy, Taranath Narayan}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]<br />
[[Category:Swimmers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Deafblind sportspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian blind people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Deaf swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople with visual impairment]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:English Channel swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Cook Strait swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Male long-distance swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Manhattan Island swimmers]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaudhry_Wajahat_Hussain&diff=466726Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain2026-03-29T04:11:11Z<p>Addie15A4298: further add citations for consistency and corrected details per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| name = Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2002<br />
| term_end1 = 2013<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Gujrat city]], [[Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Constituency NA-104|NA-104 (Gujrat-I)]]<br />
| profession = * Businessman<br />
* Politician <br />
* [[Agronomist]]<ref name="dawn.com"/><br />
| citizenship = <br />
| nationality = Pakistani<br />
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (2023-2025)<br />
| relatives = ''[[:Category:Chaudhry family|Chaudhry family]]''<br />
| education = * [[Aitchison College]]<br />
* [[George Washington University]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and [[Bachelor of Science|B.S]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|چوہدری وجاہت حسین}}}}; born {{circa|1950}}) is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from 2002 to 2013. In 2023, he was appointed as the president of PML-Q after his brother [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] was removed from the position by a breakaway faction. Later, [[Election]] commission of [[Pakistan]] reverted the decision and stated it an illegal move. Also given all powers back to Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. He was member of [[Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf]]<ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite news|title=Arithmetic of political families in national, provincial assemblies|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1036081-who-is-pml-q-president-ecp-rules-in-favour-of-chaudhry-shujaat|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> until he announced going back to Shujaat's PML-Q.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Ch Wajahat Hussain quits PTI, returns to Shujaat's PML-Q |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418023/ch-wajahat-hussain-quits-pti-returns-to-shujaats-pml-q |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He is the father of the current member national assembly [[Chaudhry Hussain Elahi]] and uncle of [[Moonis Elahi]] and [[Chaudhry Salik Hussain]].<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite news|title=Arithmetic of political families in national, provincial assemblies|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/73823/arithmetic-of-political-families-in-national-provincial-assemblies|access-date=20 December 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain, also known as "Commander Gujrat", son of [[Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi]], was born in 1950 in Gujrat. He is a graduate of [[George Washington University]] in USA where he completed a bachelor's degree in [[Political Science]]. For his primary and high school, he attended the [[Aitchison College|Aitchison College Lahore]], where many Pakistani businessmen and politicians have attended.<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite news|title=Arithmetic of political families in national, provincial assemblies|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/73823/arithmetic-of-political-families-in-national-provincial-assemblies|access-date=20 December 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from [[Constituency NA-104|Constituency NA-104 (Gujrat-I)]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghumman|first1=Khawar|title=Arithmetic of political families in national, provincial assemblies|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/73823|access-date=29 June 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=20 December 2002|language=en}}</ref> He received 82,126 votes and defeated [[Nawabzada Ghazanfar Ali Gul]]. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the National Assembly from [[Constituency NA-105|Constituency NA-105 (Gujrat-II)]] as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. He received 1,061 votes and lost the seat to [[Shujaat Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-104 (Gujrat-I) as a candidate of PML-Q in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Newspaper|first1=the|title=Alliance 'in the making': Rivals refuse to expunge history|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/623612|access-date=26 July 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=24 April 2011|language=en}}</ref> He received 96,379 votes and defeated Nawabzada Ghazanfar Ali Gul.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> On 3 May 2011, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and was appointed as Federal Minister for Overseas Pakistanis<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-Q ministers and their portfolios|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/613546-pml-q-ministers-and-their-portfolios|access-date=21 August 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thirteen PML-Q ministers allocated portfolios|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/625744|access-date=21 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 May 2011|language=en}}</ref> where he served until 15 May 2011. On 16 May, he was made Federal Minister for Labour and Manpower where he served until 30 June 2011. From 1 July to 29 July, he remained in the federal cabinet with the status of a federal minister without any portfolio. On 30 July, he was appointed as Federal Minister for Human Resource Development where he continued to serve until June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal cabinet of Prime Minister Gillani|url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Syed%20Yousaf%20Raza%20Gillani,%20Latest_doc.pdf|publisher=Cabinet division|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> In June 2012, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] and was appointed as Federal Minister for Human Resource Development where he served until May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal cabinet of Prime Minister Ashraf|url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Raja%20Pervez%20Asharaf.pdf|publisher=Cabinet division|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
He ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-104 (Gujrat-I) as a candidate of PML-Q in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]] but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujrat showdown: Pervaiz Elahi to face Ahmed Mukhtar - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/528965/gujrat-showdown-pervaiz-elahi-to-face-ahmed-mukhtar/|access-date=29 June 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=31 March 2013}}</ref> He received 81,231 votes and lost the seat to [[Nawabzada Mazhar Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526173608/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 January 2023, he was appointed the as the president of PML-Q after his brother [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] was removed from the position<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=PML-Q strips Chaudhry Shujaat of president status, hands command to Wajahat Hussain |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/26-Jan-2023/pml-q-strips-chaudhry-shujaat-of-president-status-hands-command-to-wajahat-hussain |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> by a breakaway faction which terminated the [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]'s party membership for party rules violations.<ref name="thenews">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1034497-shujaat-sacked-as-pml-qs-president|title=Ch Shujaat 'sacked' as PML-Q president|date=26 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|work=The News International (newspaper)}}</ref> But later [[Election Commission of Pakistan|Election Commission]], announced that Chaudhary Shujaat Hussain will remain president of the Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid (PML-Q).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Shujaat to remain PML-Q president, rules ECP |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/05-May-2023/shujaat-to-remain-pml-q-president-rules-ecp |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> On 22 May 2023, Chaudhary Wajahat Hussain announced returning to PML-Q.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Ch Wajahat quits PTI, rejoins PML-Q |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-May-2023/ch-wajahat-quits-pti-rejoins-pml-q |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Wajahat}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chaudhry family]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramachandra_Raju&diff=467275Ramachandra Raju2026-03-27T17:52:41Z<p>Addie15A4298: expand structure for consistency to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ramachandra Raju<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_name = Ramchandra Raju<br />
| other_names = Garuda Ram<ref>{{cite web |title=Garuda Ram's got a finger in every pie of the Southern film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/garuda-rams-got-a-finger-in-every-pie-of-the-southern-film-industry/articleshow/88791645.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|7 July 1980}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2018–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ramachandra Raju''' (born 7 July 1980), popularly known as '''Garuda Ram''', is an Indian actor who primarily appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. He rose to fame for his role as the antagonist Garuda in ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]].''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-ramachandra-raju-the-kgf-villain/article32210260.ece|title = Meet Ramachandra Raju, the 'KGF' villain|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 July 2020|first = Shilpa |last=Sebastian}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Prior to acting, Raju worked as [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]'s bodyguard.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/how-kgf-changed-life-yashs-bodyguard-make-him-busy-bee-films-812132https://www.ibtimes.co.in/how-kgf-changed-life-yashs-bodyguard-make-him-busy-bee-films-812132|title=How KGF changed the life of Yash's bodyguard to make him a busy bee in films|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Raju made his film debut ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' (2018), acting alongside Yash. He played the antagonist Garuda in the film and garnered acclaim for the role. This enabled him to get offers to play negative roles in several other films across the four South Indian languages.<ref name="S">{{Cite news |title='KGF' villain Ramachandra Raju ready to rock Kollywood? – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-villain-ramachandra-raju-ready-to-rock-kollywood/articleshow/68689110.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raju made his Tamil debut playing the antagonist in ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' (2021)<ref name="K">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/01/kgf-fame-ram-to-play-villain-in-karthi-rashmika-starrer-1958605.html|title=KGF-fame Ram to play villain in Karthi-Rashmika starrer|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/09/jiivi-actor-vetris-next-to-star-kgf-villain-2073327.html|title='Jiivi' actor Vetri's next to star KGF villain|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="J">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kgf-villain-in-ravi-taapsees-next/articleshow/70803212.cms|title=KGF villain in Ravi-Taapsee's next? – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and has acted in villain roles in ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' (2021) and ''[[Yaanai]]'' (2022).<br />
<br />
Raju made his Telugu debut with ''[[Maha Samudram]]'' (2021) and his Malayalam debut with ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' (2022).<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{pending films key}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of film credits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Language(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''|| Garuda || [[Kannada]] <br />
| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="K"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2021<br />
| ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''|| Jayaseelan || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br />
| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="K"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' || Pedha Perumal || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="B">{{Cite web |title=KGF's antagonist Garuda, Ramchandra Raju, now 'Bumper' villain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/10/kgfs-antagonist-garuda-ramchandra-raju-now-bumper-villain--2114582.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maha Samudram]]'' || Dhananjay || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br />
| || style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/14/maha-samudram-movie-review-27278.html|title=Maha Samudram Movie Review: A joyless, indulgent drama|website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madhagaja]]'' || Tandava || rowspan=2|Kannada <br />
| || style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rider (2021 film)|Rider]]'' || JD || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Badai Raju || [[Malayalam]] || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-fame-ramachandra-raju-to-play-antagonist-in-mohanlal-s-aaraattu-1761406-2021-01-21|title=KGF fame Ramachandra Raju to play antagonist in Mohanlal's Aaraattu|website=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' || Prisoner || Telugu || Cameo in title song || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''|| Garuda || Kannada || Archival footage ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]'' || Anand Bali || Telugu || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaanai]]'' || Lingam, Pandi || rowspan=2|Tamil || Dual role || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yaanai-review-tamil-movie-26330|title=Yaanai review. Yaanai Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Red Sandalwood (film)|Red Sandalwood]]'' || Harimaran || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' || Rudra Raja Manaar || Telugu || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2024 || ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' || Swami || rowspan=2|Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranmanai 4 to take Thangalaan's Republic Day 2024 release date? |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32735/aranmanai-4-thangalaan-pongal-republic-day-2024-releases |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]'' || Kaali || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/hitlist-review-a-crime-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-110556039|title=Hit List Review: A Crime Thriller That Works in Parts|date=30 May 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' || Rana || Kannada || ||<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]'' || Chief Minister || Telugu || Special appearance ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 2025 || ''[[Badava]]'' || Valava || Tamil || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vidyapati (2025 film)|Vidyapati]]'' || Jaggu || Kannada || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Vidyapati (Kannada): It’s all on Nagabhushana’s shoulders - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewvidyapati-kannada-its-all-on-nagabhushanas-shoulders/articleshow/120173558.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=11 April 2025 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411091729/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewvidyapati-kannada-its-all-on-nagabhushanas-shoulders/amp_articleshow/120173558.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padai Thalaivan]]'' || Thilagan || Tamil || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''<br />
|Wizard<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dude (2025 film) |Dude]]'' || Gajanna || Tamil || Cameo appearance ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''<br />
|Guna<br />
|Malayalam<br>Telugu<br />
|Bilingual film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''[[Mookuthi Amman 2]]''<br />
|TBA<br />
|Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || [[Zee Kannada]] || [[Best Villain]]|| ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' || {{Won}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeekannada.zee5.com/hemmeya-kannadiga-awards-2019-winners-list-a-big-win-for-rachitha-ram-yash-and-chikkana/amp/|work=Zee Kannada|title=Emmeya Kannadiga Awards 2019 winners list a big win for Rachitha Ram, Yash and Chikkana|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816163846/https://zeekannada.zee5.com/hemmeya-kannadiga-awards-2019-winners-list-a-big-win-for-rachitha-ram-yash-and-chikkana/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]] || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] || ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' ||{{nom}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/160819/siima-awards-2019-vijay-yash-keerthi-kgf-win-big-heres-full-winn.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Vijay, Yash, Keerthi, KGF win big, here's full winners list|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> <br />
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| 2022 || [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Awards]] || [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] || ''[[Madhagaja]]'' ||{{nom}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/siima-awards-2022-voting-nominations-date-and-more-details/|title=SIIMA Awards 2022 Voting, Nominations, Date and More Details|date=27 September 2023|website=Total Reporter}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
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[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shripad_Amrit_Dange&diff=475714Shripad Amrit Dange2026-03-24T08:58:18Z<p>Addie15A4298: improve formatting after review and corrected details based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian communist politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| name = Shripad Amrit Dange<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| image = S.A. Dange.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| office = [[Communist Party of India|Chairman of the Communist Party of India]]<br />
| predecessor = Position established<br />
| successor = Position abolished<br />
| term_start = 25 February 1962<br />
| term_end = 28 November 1981<br />
| office2 = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Bombay Central South Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay Central South]]<br />
| term_start2 = 5 Apr 1967<br />
| term_end2 = 5 April 1977<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Bombay City Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay City Central]]<br />
| term_start3 = 5 Apr 1957<br />
| term_end3 = 31 March 1962<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Jayashri Raiji|Jayashri Naishadh Raiji]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]<br />
| office4 = President, [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]]<br />
| predecessor4 = ''Position established''<br />
| successor4 = ''Position abolished''<br />
| term_start4 = 1959<br />
| term_end4 = 1960<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|10 October 1899}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nashik district|Karanjgaon]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|22 May 1991|10 October 1899}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = Ushatai Dange<br />
| children = [[Roza Vidyadhar Deshpande]] Shaila Shripad Dange<br />
| nationality = British Indian {{small|(1899–1947)}}<br/> Indian {{small|(1947–1991)}}<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| awards = [[File:SU Order of Lenin ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Order of Lenin]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Indcom}}<br />
'''Shripad Amrit Dange''' (10 October 1899 – 22 May 1991) was an Indian politician who was a founding member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and a stalwart of [[Indian Trade Unions|Indian trade union movement]]. During the 20th century, Dange was arrested by the authorities for [[communist]] and trade union activities and was jailed for an overall period of 13 years. His early years were marked by the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Trial, and later by internal controversy over alleged 1924 letters in which he sought leniency from the British colonial administration.<br />
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After India's Independence, a series of events like [[Sino-Soviet split]], [[Sino-Indian war]], and dispute over the stand of the party towards [[Indian National Congress]] led to a split in the Communist Party of India, in 1964. The breakaway [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) emerged stronger both in terms of membership and their performance in the [[Indian Elections]]. Dange, who remained the Chairman of the CPI till 1978, was removed in that year because the majority of party workers were against Dange's political line of supporting Indian National Congress, and [[Indira Gandhi]], the then Congress Prime Minister. He was expelled from the CPI in 1981. He joined the [[All India Communist Party]] (AICP), and later, [[United Communist Party of India]]. Towards the end, Dange got increasingly marginalised in the Indian Communist movement. He was also a well-known writer and was the founder of ''Socialist'', the first socialist weekly in India. Dange played an important role in the formation of [[Maharashtra]] state.<br />
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==Early years==<br />
Shripad Amritpant Dange was born in [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahman family<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Choudhary |first1=Ratnadeep |date=2018-10-10|title=Shripad Amrit Dange, the overshadowed beacon of Indian Communism|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/shripad-amrit-dange-the-overshadowed-beacon-of-indian-communism/132432/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> in 1899, in the village of Karanjgaon in Niphad Taluka of [[Nashik]] District, Maharashtra. His father worked in Mumbai as government officer and was a major landowner of the area and lived in a palace-like house in Karanjgaon. Dange was sent to study in Pune. He was expelled from college for organising a movement against compulsory teaching of the Bible.<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/dange/comrade-sadange-english.pdf Comrade Shripad Amrit Dange Page 8]</ref> While in work, Dange was exposed to conditions of workers when he undertook voluntary work in the textile mill areas of Mumbai. Dange was drawn into active politics by the fervour of [[Indian Independence movement|nationalist movement]] against the [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref name=poi>{{cite web | url = http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/0411079105.htm | title = Obituary reference in the Indian Parliament | publisher = Parliament of India website | access-date = 2009-04-18}}</ref> [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], a veteran leader of Indian National Congress from Maharashtra, the earliest proponent of [[swaraj]] (complete independence) greatly inspired young Dange. Later, when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] in 1920, Dange gave up his studies and joined the Independence movement.<ref name=poi/><br />
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He became interested in [[Marxism]], while following the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917. He grew increasingly skeptical about [[Gandhism]], especially about Gandhi's promotion of cottage industries as the sole solution for India's economic ills, while overlooking possibilities of an industrial economy.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}<br />
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=== 1924 Cawnpore Letters ===<br />
In May 1924, while imprisoned in Cawnpore (Kanpur) under charges related to the Bolshevik Conspiracy Case, [[Shripad Amrit Dange]] submitted a letter to the District Magistrate of Cawnpore requesting a transfer to Bombay or Poona Jail. In his appeal, Dange cited poor health, difficulty communicating in the local language, and the inability of his family to afford visits from Bombay.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPI founder S.A. Dange pleaded mercy from the British, reveals 1924 letter |url=https://archives.vsktelangana.org/cpi-founder-sa-dange-pleaded-mercy-from-the-british-reveals-1924-letter |website=VSK Telangana |date=October 2021 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><br />
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A subsequent joint letter dated 28 May 1924, signed by Dange and Nalini Bhushan Das Gupta, expressed willingness to give an undertaking to the colonial government "not to commit any more offences" and requested early release, stating that they were "undergoing suffering which we cannot sustain".<ref>{{cite web |title=S. A. Dange Unmasked (Appendix: The Letters of 1924) |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/cpi(m)/1964-dange-unmasked.pdf |website=Marxists Internet Archive |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |year=1964 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><br />
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The letters, later rediscovered and published in 1964, provoked considerable controversy within the Communist Party of India. The CPI Secretariat dismissed them as forgeries, whereas critics within the party, particularly those aligned with the left wing, cited them as evidence of early accommodation with the British colonial government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dange Unmasked (1964) |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/cpi(m)/1964-dange-unmasked.pdf |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |chapter=Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the Communalist Alternative |editor=D. A. Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |asin=B0000CO7K5}}</ref><br />
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Some historians and political commentators interpret these petitions as indicative of Dange's conciliatory posture toward colonial authority, contrasting it with the defiance displayed by contemporary nationalist prisoners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sundarayya |first=P. |title=Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |year=1972}}</ref><br />
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===''Gandhi Vs. Lenin''===<br />
In 1921, Dange published a pamphlet titled ''Gandhi Vs. [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'', a comparative study of approaches of both the leaders; but, Lenin coming out as better of the two. This work proved to be a turning point in Dange's life. Prominent Marxist leader [[M. N. Roy]] read the work and went on to meet its young author, when he came to Mumbai. Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a flour mill owner from Mumbai who 'concerned himself for radical causes', also read this treatise and was impressed by its contents. Lotvala sponsored Dange's study of Marxism for several years, and together they built up a library of Marxist Literature and published translations of classics.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Um04zTdisEC&q=bhavan+lotvala&pg=PA41 | author = Riepe, Dale | chapter = Marxism in India | title = Marxism, Revolution and Peace | publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Company | year = 1977 | page = 41 | isbn = 978-90-6032-066-2 | access-date = 2009-04-18}}</ref><br />
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In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly, ''Socialist'', the first Indian Marxist journal.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Later [[Mohit Sen]], Dange's contemporary and a well-known communist intellectual, wrote that Dange's articles in the ''Socialist'' impressed Lenin himself.<ref>{{cite book | author = Sen, Mohit | chapter = The Dange Centenary | title = S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life | publisher = Progressive Publishers, Kolkata | year = 2002 | page = 43}}</ref><br />
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===Influence of Bolshevik Revolution===<br />
The third decade of the 20th century proved to be formative years for young Dange. The period also witnessed worldwide economic crises. There were long strikes in the industrialized world, especially in Britain. In India, the working class movement gained steady momentum during this period. It was during one of the long textile mill strikes that Dange got himself acquainted with the conditions of labourers.<br />
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The period also coincided with influence of [[Bolshevism|Bolshevist]] ideas, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, manifesting in political events in countries outside Russia. This process was quickened by the establishment of the [[Third International]] or the Communist International, or in popular parlance—its abbreviated form – Comintern, an international communist organisation founded in Moscow in March 1919. As a resolution adopted in the [[Founding Congress of the Comintern]] its stated objective was to fight 'by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State'.<ref>[http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page238.html ''MI5 History.''] ''The Communist Threat.'' in chapter ''The Inter-War Period''</ref><br />
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===Meeting with M. N. Roy===<br />
M. N. Roy, an ex-member of the [[Anushilan Samiti]], perhaps the most important secret revolutionary organisation operating in [[East Bengal]] in the opening years of the 20th century, went to Moscow in by the end of April 1920.<ref>Roy, Samaren ''M. N. Roy: A Political Biography'' Orient Longman 1997. p.&nbsp;54.</ref> The new Russian government under Lenin evinced interest in him and encouraged him to form an Indian Communist Party. Roy went on to found the émigré Communist Party of India on 17 October 1920<ref>''Documents of History of the Communist Party of India'' (ed.) G. Adhikari with the assistance of Dilip Bose. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. 1982. p. 229.</ref> in [[Tashkent]]. On his return to India, M.N. Roy who had read ''Gandhi Vs. Lenin'' met Dange in 1922. Dange at that time was closely associating with Lotvala to spread Marxian ideas. It was during this period that Dange grew in prominence as a Marxist; a sure way those days to invite antagonism from the British Government.<br />
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==Foundation of the Communist Party of India==<br />
[[British Raj|The British Empire]] saw the founding of Comintern as a disruptive force that would cause internal disorder. It viewed the nascent [[leftism]] in India with great suspicion. During the 1920s, the Government foisted a series of 'conspiracy cases'<ref>Criminal cases in which the accused are charged with actions that would alienate the sovereignty of British India, from the British King.</ref> against persons whom they suspected to have communist leanings.<br />
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===Dange in the eyes of the British authorities===<br />
During this period M.N. Roy, the spokesperson of the Comintern, was seen as the most dangerous of Indian communists. During that time all the letters written by Roy from Moscow to Dange were intercepted and delivered.<ref name="Ganachari, Arvind">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7EkGKKvJ0lsC&dq=kanpur+cospiracy+case&pg=PA176 "Ganachari, Arvind". ''Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922''] in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) ''State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century'' Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 175.</ref><br />
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The British government initially did not think Dange was dangerous.<blockquote>In 1923, they came to the conclusion that they did not have enough to prove anti-government activity as "Dange is a pure doctrinaire and nothing here seen of him indicate any real power of organisation." The Government of India soon changed its mind and the file notes that 'The evidence collected clearly shows that Dange has been an important figure in the conspiracy as constant reference to his name would be unavoidable in any event in the prosecution to be instituted against other members of the conspiracy at [Allahabad].<ref name="Ganachari, Arvind"/></blockquote>The conspiracy referred to here is the Kanpur Conspiracy Case that would catapult Dange to a leader with national prominence.<br />
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=== Ideological controversies ===<br />
Dange's political career was often marked by ideological controversy and differences with mainstream nationalist leaders. A key episode concerns the '''Quit India Movement''' of 1942. As a senior member of the '''Communist Party of India (CPI)''', Dange and his party opposed Mahatma Gandhi’s call for British withdrawal from India. Following the change in the '''Communist International (Comintern)''' line after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the CPI declared World War II to be a "People’s War" and supported the Allied cause. Dange defended this position, arguing that cooperation with the British war effort was necessary to defeat fascism.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's War and the Quit India Movement |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0308_pd/people%E2%80%99s-war-and-quit-india-movement |website=People’s Democracy |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Left and the National Movement |url=https://cpim.org/left-and-national-movement |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> This stance brought the CPI into sharp conflict with the Indian National Congress and other freedom fighters, many of whom regarded it as collaboration with the colonial administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Communist Party of India: Historical Background |url=https://www.iasexpress.net/submodules/11-9-the-communist-party-of-india/ |website=IAS Express |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><br />
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Another episode relates to a letter Dange wrote to the British authorities in 1924 during his imprisonment following the '''Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case'''. In this letter, he is reported to have sought clemency from the colonial government, expressing regret for his earlier revolutionary activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPI founder S. A. Dange pleaded mercy from the British, reveals 1924 letter |url=https://archives.vsktelangana.org/cpi-founder-sa-dange-pleaded-mercy-from-the-british-reveals-1924-letter |website=VSK Telangana |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dange Unmasked (1964) |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/cpi(m)/1964-dange-unmasked.pdf |website=Marxists Internet Archive |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> The letter has been cited by critics as evidence of Dange’s conciliatory stance toward the colonial establishment, though his supporters have argued that it reflected tactical pragmatism during a period of severe repression.<br />
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===Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case===<br />
On 17 March 1924, M. N. Roy, S.A. Dange, [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], Nalini Gupta, [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Singaravelu Chettiar]], Ghulam Hussain and others were charged, in what was called the [[Cawnpore]] (now spelt [[Kanpur]]) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution."<br />
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The case attracted interest of the people towards Comintern plan to bring about violent revolution in India. Communist trials had taken place in India, in frontier towns like [[Peshawar]] where Russian trained [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|muhajir]] communists were put on trial. "But no case had attracted public gaze like the Kanpur case. Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India."<ref name="Ralhan, O.P.">Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties'' New Delhi: Anmol Publications p.&nbsp;336</ref><br />
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Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was out of the country and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in [[Kabul]] and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/> This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to the Indian masses.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/> Dange was released from prison in 1925.<br />
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===Formation of the Communist Party of India===<br />
The industrial town of Kanpur, in December 1925, witnessed a conference of different communist groups, under the chairmanship of Singaravelu Chettiar. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani were among the key organisers of the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution for the formation of the Communist Party of India with its headquarters in Bombay.<ref> The two major Indian communist parties, namely, Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) maintain different views on exactly when the Communist Party of India was founded. The date maintained as the foundation day by the CPI is 26 December 1925. But according to the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the party was founded in Tashkent, USSR on 17 October 1920.</ref> The British Government's extreme hostility towards communists, made them to decide not to openly function as a communist party; instead, they chose a more open and non-federated platform, under the name the Workers and Peasants Parties.<br />
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==Initial years of labour movement in India==<br />
In 1920 the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC) was formed at Mumbai by N.M. Joshi and others. Joshi was a philanthropist who was sympathetic to the workers'cause. At that time AITUC did not have a cohesive ideology, but it was sympathetic to the Indian National Congress.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7EkGKKvJ0lsC&dq=kanpur+cospiracy+case&pg=PA176 Ganachari, Arvind. ''Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922''] in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) ''State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century'' Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 176.</ref> When Dange wrote about the founding session of AITUC at Mumbai, he brought out the organisation's Congress roots:<blockquote>The AITUC was guided principally by the Congress leaders. The masses at this period were being led by Lokmanya Tilak and his group, in which Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab, Bepinchandra Pal from Bengal and others had a big place. Mahatma Gandhi had refused to sponsor the idea of founding the AITUC and so he did not attend.<ref name="S.A. Dange">[http://www.indialabourarchives.org/usr/local/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0aituc-aituc%2Chemant%2Cindrani%2Cwet%2Coral%2Cbms%2Ctexah-01-0-0-0prompt-14-Document-stx--0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-dange--001-001-1-0isoZz-8859Zz-1-0&d=HASH2a94913f7f6a874cd44dd7.8&cl=search&gp=1 "S.A. Dange" in his introduction to ''AITUC 50 Years Documents''], Volume 1. published by AITUC Publications. p.xxiii.</ref></blockquote>Communists were also largely excluded when, again in Mumbai, in 1923, jobbers and mill clerks came together and started Girni Kamgar Mahamandal (Great Association of Mill-Workers). They participated in the long textile strike in 1924.<ref name="Chandavarker, Rajanarayan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=DLSXynwxKKsC&dq=girni+kamgar+mahamandal&pg=PR3 "Chandavarker, Rajanarayan". ''Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India''] New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p.&nbsp;131</ref><br />
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===Girni Kamgar Union===<br />
The early trade union movement in India was not directly inspired by communists. Dange played an important role in bringing the labour activists amongst Bombay textile workers under the communist umbrella. Girni Kamgar Mahamandal was split and the communists formed their own union, the Girni Kamgar Union during the general strike of 1928. <blockquote>The linkages which were forged in this strike placed the communists firmly in control of the Girni Kamgar Mahamandal and enabled them to dominate trade union movement. They were now forced to confront problems forced by the structure of industrial relations. The initiative taken by the communist leadership in reflecting working class-militancy enabled them to establish their presence at the level of industry as a whole. To consolidate this position it was imperative that the Girni Kamgar Union as it is now called to penetrate the level of the individual mill...On 30 October 1928 the Girni Kamgar Union had a membership of 324; by the end of that they boasted 54000 members.<ref name="Chandavarker, Rajanarayan"/></blockquote> Two long and bitter strikes in 1928 and 1929 involving the members of Girni Kamgar Union followed. Dange was the general secretary of the Girni Kamgar Union. For their role in the strikes he was arrested along with Muzaffar Ahmed and Shaukat Usmani.<br />
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Dange edited the Marathi journal, ''Kranti'', the official organ of the Girni Kamgar Union from the time of its inception.<br />
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===Comintern's involvement===<br />
Believing that the world capitalism was in crisis, during the 1920s the Comintern deployed its workers to various countries. Indian communists had forged a close relationship with [[Communist Party of Great Britain]]. In 1926 and 1927 members of the British Communist Party, notably [[Philip Spratt]] and Ben Bradley, came to India.<ref>[http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/users/tt2/teach/impnat/India/swaraj.htm Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). ''India Text''] Notes left on the net by Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). Department of History, School for Oriental and African Studies.[[SOAS]]. [[University of London]] London</ref> mandated by Comintern to work among the industrial labourers of Bombay and [[Calcutta]] (present spelling: [[Kolkata]]). Workers' and Peasants' Parties were started in those cities and in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].<br />
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The communists were addressing ground level problems and as a result "N.M. Joshi, in spite of money and no persecution from the government lost the leadership (of AITUC) to the communists.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DLSXynwxKKsC&dq=girni+kamgar+mahamandal&pg=PR3 Chandavarker, Rajanarayan. ''Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India''] New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p.&nbsp;183</ref>" The communists took over the leadership of the AITUC in December 1929, when their rivals, led by N.M.Joshi, walked out of the session, and founded a rival organisation. Like rest of the world, it was a period of great unrest in India too.<blockquote>In India throughout 1928 and 1929 there was a strong wave of strikes, on the railroads, in ironworks and in the textile industry. 31 million working days lost in 1928, through industrial disputes. Trade union numbers and organisation grew rapidly during this period."<ref name="Working Class Movement Library">[http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut1.htm "Working Class Movement Library" ''Meerut Conspiracy Trial''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113162238/http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut1.htm |date=13 November 2007 }}</ref></blockquote> Muzaffar Ahmed, Usmani and Dange joined these later campaigns on their release from jail.<br />
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==Meerut Conspiracy Case==<br />
{{Main|Meerut Conspiracy Case}}<br />
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], S. A. Dange, [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]<br />
<br />
The British government was clearly worried about the growing influence of the Communist International. Its ultimate objective, so the government perceived, was to achieve "complete paralysis and overthrow of existing Governments in every country (including India) by means of a general strike and armed uprising."<ref name="Working Class Movement Library"/> The government's immediate response was to foist yet another conspiracy case—the [[Meerut]] Conspiracy Case.<br />
<br />
In more than one way the Meerut Conspiracy case trial helped the Communist Party of India to consolidate its position among workers. Dange along with 32 persons were arrested on or about 20 March 1929<ref name="Working Class Movement Library"/> and were put on trial under Section 121A of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which declares, <blockquote>Whoever within or without British India conspires to commit any of the offenses punishable by Section 121 or to deprive the King of the sovereignty of British India or any part thereof, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Government of India or any local Government, shall be punished with transportation for life,<ref>During the British rule, a severe form of punishment was banishing convicts to a penal settlement in [[Andaman Islands]].</ref> or any shorter term, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years.</blockquote><br />
<br />
===The charges===<br />
The main charges were that in 1921 Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmad entered into a conspiracy to establish a branch of Comintern in India and they were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist International. The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges raised against them was <blockquote> to deprive the King Emperor of the sovereignty of British India, and for such purpose to use the methods and carry out the programme and plan of campaign outlined and ordained by the Communist International.</blockquote><br />
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The Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences to the accused in January 1933. Out of the accused 27 persons were convicted with various durations of 'transportation'. While Muzaffar Ahmed was transported for life, Dange, Spratt, Ghate, Joglekar and Nimbkar were each awarded transportation for a period of 12 years. On appeal, in July 1933, the sentences of Ahmed, Dange and Usmani were reduced three years. Reductions were also made in the sentences of other convicts.<ref name="Working Class Movement Library"/><br />
<br />
===Impact of Meerut Conspiracy Case===<br />
Though all the accused were not communists, the charges framed against them betrayed the British government's fear for growth of communist ideas in India. In the trial the accused were all labeled as Bolsheviks. During the trial of four and a half years, the defendants turned the courtroom into a public platform to espouse their cause. As a result, the trial saw strengthening of the communist movement in the country. [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]], a former General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] wrote about the aftermath of the Meerut Conspiracy case thus:<blockquote>a Party with a centralised apparatus, came into being only after the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933. The Meerut Conspiracy Case, though launched to suppress the communist movement, provided the opportunity for Communists to propagate their ideas. It came out with its own manifesto and was affiliated to the Communist International in 1934.<ref>[http://www.cpim.org/marxist/1995_marxist_cpi_75_hks.htm Surjeet, Harkishan Singh ''75th Anniversary of the Formation of the Communist Party of India''], an article in ''The Marxist'', New Delhi, Volume: 2, No. 1 Issue: January- March 1984</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==The CPI and the independence movement==<br />
During India's freedom struggle, the '''Communist Party of India (CPI)''' frequently adopted positions that diverged from the mainstream nationalist movement. From its inception, the CPI's strategic outlook was shaped by the directives of the '''Communist International (Comintern)''', headquartered in Moscow, which influenced its interpretation of colonialism and revolution in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communist Parties and the Comintern |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/sites/default/files/article_pdf/2024/10/25/1667-1729842439.pdf |website=The India Forum |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> After its admission to the Third International, the Communist Party of India was seen to be guided by the policies imposed by [[Joseph Stalin]] on the international communist movement. Stalin's policies were, in turn, dictated by Russia's [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests. As a result the positions taken by the CPI ran many times counter to popular nationalist sentiments, leading to erosion of the Party's popular base.<br />
<br />
Up to 1934, the CPI viewed India's freedom struggle as a movement of the reactionary [[bourgeoisie]] politicians. The British government had banned communist activities from 1934 to 1938. When the Comintern adopted the [[Georgi Dimitrov]] thesis of [[popular front]] against [[fascism]], CPI declared support for the Congress in 1938. The communist leaders like Dinkar Mehta, [[Sajjad Zaheer]], [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], and Soli Batliwala became members of the national executive of the [[Congress Socialist Party]].<br />
<br />
The Raj re-banned the CPI in 1939, for its initial anti-War stance. The line was changed when, following the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]. The Communist Party of India did not take an active stance against [[Adolf Hitler]] and his policies. But when Hitler attacked Poland, the Communist Party of India had called World War II, an 'Imperialist War'. But when he attacked the Soviet Union, the same Communist Party of India decided to call the war, a [[people's war]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/opinion/letters-downfall-of-the-cpi-116040501172_1.html|title=Letters: Downfall of the CPI|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> in defence of socialism, urging cooperation with the '''British Raj''' and the Allied cause.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's War and the Quit India Movement |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0308_pd/people%E2%80%99s-war-and-quit-india-movement |website=People’s Democracy |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[USSR]] had sided with the Great Britain in the war, the Communist Party of India was legalised for the first time. Saying that the freedom struggle would impede the war against fascism, the CPI stayed away from the freedom struggle. When '''Mahatma Gandhi''' launched the '''Quit India Movement''' in August 1942, calling for the immediate withdrawal of British authority, the CPI opposed the campaign, arguing that such a revolt would weaken the anti-fascist war effort and disrupt industrial production.<ref>{{cite web |title=Left and the National Movement |url=https://cpim.org/left-and-national-movement |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> Communist cadres were instructed to maintain labour discipline in factories producing for the Allied war effort, and the party functioned legally under British permission even as most nationalist organisations were banned.<br />
<br />
This ideological divergence left a deep imprint on India's political history. Many nationalist leaders, including those of the '''Indian National Congress''' and the '''Hindu Mahasabha''', viewed the CPI’s wartime conduct as a departure from the civilisational and moral imperative of ''swarājya'' (self-rule). Even after independence, the CPI’s alignment with foreign ideological centres rather than the indigenous national ethos continued to influence perceptions of its role in India's political evolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Communist Party of India: Historical Background |url=https://www.iasexpress.net/submodules/11-9-the-communist-party-of-india/ |website=IAS Express |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dange in "P. C. Joshi era"===<br />
After the sudden arrest of then Somnath Lahiri, Secretary of CPI, during end-1935, [[Puran Chand Joshi]] became the first general secretary of Communist Party of India, for a period from 1935 to 1947—or as it was called the "P. C. Joshi era".<br />
<br />
In 1943, Dange for the first was elected to the Central Committee of the CPI.<ref>B. T. Ranadive. ''S. A. Dange (1959)'' in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) ''S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 26.</ref> In October 1944 he attended the XVII Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain in London as a fraternal representative from the Communist Party of India. Between 1929 and 1935, Dange remained in jail for role in Meerut conspiracy case. After being released from jail in 1935, Dange went on a speaking tour in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on the invitation of the Congress Socialist Party leadership from there. His tour resulted in that many prominent Congress Socialist Party leaders from Andhra Pradesh joining the Communist Party.<ref>B. T. Ranadive. ''S. A. Dange (1959)'' in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) ''S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 23.</ref> After he came out of the jail, up to 1939, he was working for the Party and was trying increase its hold over the trade union movement.<br />
<br />
Around this time Dange's legislative career also took off. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bombay Legislative Assembly]] as Communist candidate in 1946.<br />
<br />
===Dange's rise in trade union movement===<br />
In 1939, Dange was convicted to four months of rigorous imprisonment for organising a strike of textile workers. He was arrested on 11 March 1940 for leading a general strike of textile workers in Bombay and interned in the [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]] Detention Camp. At Deoli, several other communist leaders were also jailed along with him. In prison he started a political study circle among the prisoners. He was released in 1943.<ref>B. T. Ranadive. ''S. A. Dange (1959)'' in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) ''S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 25.</ref><br />
<br />
Even before the takeover of the AITUC by the communists, in 1927, Dange was elected Assistant Secretary of AITUC.<ref>B. T. Ranadive. ''S. A. Dange (1959)'' in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) ''S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 19.</ref>" During the year 1943– 1944 Dange was elected for the first time as the chairman of the All India Trade Unions Congress.<br />
<br />
In 1944–1945, he was a delegate to the [[World Trade Union Conference]] in London. In 1945–1947 he became the vice chairman of the All India Trade Union Congress. Also in October 1945 he became a member of the Executive Committee and chairman of the General Council of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]]. In February 1947, Dange again became the chairman of All India Trade Union Congress and continued to be at the helm of that organisation either as general secretary or chairman.<br />
<br />
==CPI on the eve of independence==<br />
Around the time that the British decided to transfer power to the Indians, the CPI found itself in a not very happy situation. For once their disassociation with the Quit India movement made them unpopular with the people. Secondly huge support that the Congress garnered ran contrary the CPI's portrayal of it as a mere bourgeoisie party.<br />
<br />
Internationally also CPI found itself lost. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes. But when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position to one of active support for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. Stalin disbanded Comintern in 1943. It is surmised that the dissolution came about as Stalin wished to calm his World War II Allies (particularly [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]]) not to suspect that the Soviet Union was pursuing a policy of trying to foment revolution in other countries.<ref>Robert Service, ''Stalin. A biography''. (Macmillan – London, 2004), pp 444–445</ref><br />
<br />
The CPI was in a state of confusion and the Party clearly needed advice. In July 1947, P.C. Joshi, the then General Secretary, secured Dange's entry to [[USSR]].<br />
<br />
===Dange in Moscow===<br />
On the day India got freedom, [[Indian Independence Day|15 August 1947]] Dange was in Moscow talking to the Soviet leaders. [[Andrei Zhdanov]] and [[Mikhail Suslov]], leading Soviet theorists of the period, participated in the 1947 talks with Dange.<br />
<br />
The following free and frank exchange between Dange and Zhdanov on the day after the India's Independence day, that is, on 16 August 1947, brings out the chaotic situation in which the Communist Party of India found itself at that historical juncture: <blockquote>Further com. Zhdanov asks com. Dange to explain why the Congress managed to strengthen its authority.</blockquote><blockquote>Comrade Dange opines that during the war the Congress, taking into account the anti-English sentiments of the wide masses, opposed the English and by this action acquired a semblance of a national organisation fighting for the national sovereignty.</blockquote><blockquote>The Communist Party during the war supported the allies, including the English and by this action weakened its influence as a lot of people could not correctly understand the position of the Party. A considerable part of the supporters of the Communist Party during the war shifted to the Congress.<ref name="Transcript">[http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Dange.htm "Transcript" of the Discussion held on 16.VIII.1947 from 6 pm to 8 between Comrade A. A. Zhdanov with Com. Shripad Amrit Dange], Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
The Soviet leaders closely questioned Dange about the Congress. For years questions regarding what attitude should be taken toward the Congress would be debated inside the left parties in India. The following portion shows Dange's attitude towards the Congress and [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], at that time.<blockquote>Com. Zhdanov: What is Nehru – a capitalist or a landowner?</blockquote><blockquote>Com. Dange: A bourgeois.</blockquote><blockquote>Com. Zhdanov: And Jinnah?</blockquote><blockquote>Com. Dange: Also a bourgeois. He is an eminent advocate, has acquired a lot of money and has invested it in enterprises. Nehru also belongs to a family of eminent advocates and has invested his substantial savings in the Indian company of Tata....<br />
.<ref name="Transcript"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
==The 1950s: internal strifes within the CPI==<br />
Around the time of independence the CPI was sending confusing signals—from left to centrist to right. General Secretary Joshi was advocating unity with the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. By the end of 1947, P.C. Joshi found himself in the minority. His line was challenged by the radicals who claimed that "ye azaadi jhoota hai<ref>This freedom is bogus.</ref>". [[B.T. Ranadive]], a prominent radical leader, was inspired by the great strides that the Chinese communists had made, and wanted a similar model for India.<br />
<br />
The Communist Party of India's second congress at [[Calcutta]] (new spelling [[Kolkata]]) on 28 February 1948, the [[Zhdanov Doctrine|Zhdanov line of insurrection]] was adopted on the premise that 'free' India was only a "semi-colony of British imperialism". Joshi, who stood collaboration with Congress was sidelined, and Ranadive became the General Secretary.<br />
Open call for taking up arms, known as 'Calcutta thesis' and was closely identified with its main proponent and the new General Secretary, Ranadive. As a result insurgencies took place in [[Tripura]], [[Telangana]] and [[Travancore]].<br />
<br />
A rebellion in the Telangana region in the northern part of what was to become Andhra Pradesh, a peasant struggle against the feudal regime of the Nizam was already happening when Calcutta thesis was adopted. To use the [[Telangana Rebellion]] to herald in the Indian revolution was one of the main pillars of Ranadive strategy. During the peak of Telangana rebellion, 3,000 villages and some 41,000 square kilometers of territory were involved in the revolt. The ruler of Hyderabad state, [[nizam]] had not yet acceded his territory to India, but the violence of the communist-led rebellion, the central government sent in the army in September 1948. By November 1949, Hyderabad had been forced to accede to the Indian union, and, by October 1951, the violent phase of the Telangana movement had been suppressed.<br />
<br />
Dange had been a member of the CPI Central Committee since the founding of the Party. But during 1950–1951 he was not included in the Central Committee.<br />
<br />
===Stalin's intervention===<br />
At the start of the 1950s, the CPI was bitterly divided over the manner in which political power in India should be captured. The militants advocated the 'Chinese path', or capture of power through violent means and the other group that included Dange was for the 'Indian path'(a moderate strategy to capture power within the constraints of [[Indian Constitution]].<br />
<br />
The proponents of the 'Chinese path' led by C. Rajeswara Rao and those of the 'Indian path' led by Ajoy Ghosh had set up their own centres and the CPI was on the verge of a split.<ref name="Sen, Mohit">"Sen, Mohit". ''A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist''. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 81</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 May 1950, the extremists with hundreds of their followers split from the Party and came out in the open.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1950/05/31/archives/rival-red-party-is-set-up-in-india-forswearing-the-tactic-of.html ''Rival Red Party Is Set Up in India, Forswearing the Tactic of Violence'' 31 May 1950 ''New York Times'']. New York.</ref> When the war of attrition between both continued unabated, the Soviet Communists intervened. The warring leaders were invited to Russia for a discussion with the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) in 1951.<br />
<br />
Events that followed were described Mohit Sen thus:<blockquote>Four leaders, two from each centre, were brought to Moscow. They travelled in cognito as manual workers in a Soviet ship from Calcutta. They were [[Ajoy Ghosh]] and S. A. Dange from the 'Indian Path', and C. Rajeswara Rao and [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah]], from the Chinese path.</blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote> S. A. Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao have both told me about the meeting with the leaders of the CPSU. The first meeting was attended from the Soviet side by Comrades Suslov, [[Malenkov]] and [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]]. It was on the third day that it was announced that Comrade Stalin would attend. So he did for subsequent days....</blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote>Stalin's view also was that India was not an independent country but ruled indirectly by British colonialists. He also agreed that the Communists could eventually advance only by heading an armed revolution. But this would not be of the Chinese type. He strongly advised that the armed struggle being conducted in Telangana should be ended.<ref name= "Sen, Mohit"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
In 1951, Dange was elected to both the Central Committee and the Politburo. In 1952 Dange lost elections to the Indian Parliament from Bombay.<br />
<br />
===Visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to India===<br />
In mid-1955, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then Indian Prime Minister visited USSR and received a tremendous welcome. This was followed by the maiden visit to India of the Soviet leaders, [[Nikolai Bulganin]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in 1955. Jawaharlal Nehru, frankly put forward to the visiting Soviet leaders that the Communist Party of India was claiming to receive direction from the CPSU.<br />
<br />
To this Khrushchev's response was a reiteration of the official Soviet Party line, that with the abolition of the Comintern, there was no organisation for leading the Communist Parties in other countries. Khrushchev and Bulganin's visit paved way for forging of a strong relationship between the Government of India (and later Congress Party) and the USSR, independent of CPI.<br />
<br />
===Further dissensions===<br />
The party was again on the verge of split at its fourth congress held at [[Palakkad]] in 1956. Against the ultra-left line of Ranadive, Dange and P.C. Joshi were for reviving the 'popular front' and working with the ruling [[Indian National Congress]]. These differences within the Communist Party of India, up to Palakkad congress was an internal matter of the Party; the international communist movement at that time was united. Ranadive who was earlier shunned for his [[extremism]] made a comeback to the Party leadership at the Palakkad congress.<br />
<br />
==Formation of Maharashtra==<br />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-57000-0274, Berlin, V. SED-Parteitag, 3.Tag.jpg|thumb|right|Shripad Amrit Dange representing the CPI at the fifth congress of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]], Berlin. 12 July 1958.]]<br />
<br />
After India's independence in 1947, the princely states were integrated into the Indian Union, and the [[Deccan States]] including Kolhapur were integrated into [[Bombay State]], which was created from the former [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1950. The Government of India had appointed [[States Reorganisation Act|the States Re-organisation Committee]] for setting up states on the basis of language. This committee recommended a bi-lingual state called Bombay for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. The state came into being on 1 November 1956, but stirred up political unrest in both the states. In Maharashtra, under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe, an all-party meeting was held in [[Pune]] and a joint Maharashtra council (Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti) was founded. In the second general elections the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Mumbai.<br />
<br />
Dange was elected to the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] in 1957 from Bombay City (Central) Constituency of the State of Bombay.<ref name=LS /><br />
<br />
Dange along with [[S.M. Joshi]], [[N.G. Gore]] and [[Prahlad Keshav Atre|P.K. Atre]] fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, a struggle that cost a lot of lives. Finally on 1 May 1960, pre-dominantly [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking state of Maharashtra was born.<br />
<br />
Dange was later elected to the [[4th Lok Sabha]] in 1967 from Bombay Central South Constituency of the Maharashtra State.<ref name=LS>{{cite web |url= http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1151.htm |title=Member's Profile – 4th Lok Sabha |publisher= Lok Sabha Secretariat, New delhi |access-date = 22 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1151.htm |title=4th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|website= loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sino-Indian border dispute==<br />
Dange was the leader of the Communist group in the House of the People ([[Lok Sabha]]), when the Sino-Indian border dispute broke out—an event that would sharpen the differences within the CPI. The Calcutta Congress at the end of September 1959 brought into open the differences within the Party. As ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' reported:<br />
<blockquote>Half the party wants to express its support for the Congress stand that there will be no gift (to China) of the and that India stands broadly by the McMahon line. The other half wants to go back to guerrilla tactics and give up the parliamentary experiment. The nationalist parliamentary wing of the CP, led by Ajoy Ghosh, believes that the time for violence has not come and that Moscow counsels patience.... The other half of the ICP (sic), fed up with the parliamentary experiment, argues that Kerala proved that the ruling class will never allow a people's Government to capture power democratically. This is the first time that the ICP has been so divided, and that the division has become so public.<ref>The Manchester Guardian. 30 September 1959.</ref></blockquote><br />
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===International Socialists vs. Nationalists===<br />
Sino-Indian border dispute brought into open bitter internal war within the CPI between those who described themselves as international socialists and others who advocated that national sentiments should not be completely ignored. Mr. Dange, leader of the Party in Parliament, [[M. N. Govindan Nair]], secretary of the Kerala unit, and Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed of Uttar Pradesh were the proponents of the nationalist cause.<br />
<br />
The conflict came in the open when P. C. Joshi, who controlled the Party's weekly ''New Age'', suppressed Mr. Dange's statement in Parliament that he sharply stood by the McMahon line, and also a resolution passed by Maharashtra State Committee supporting Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the border dispute. Joshi was earlier sidelined for his pro-Congress advocacy, but later rehabilitated by making him the editor of the Party journal.<br />
<br />
===Initial advantage with Dange===<br />
An important leader publicly to join the nationalist Dange faction was [[A. K. Gopalan]], the deputy leader of the Communist group in Lok Sabha. He was quoted by a newspaper that he (Gopalan) was shocked by the '[[Ladakh]] incident',<ref>Heavy Indian casualties occurred a peak of the Karakorum on the Aksai-chin plateau. The area was said to be a part of Ladakh by the Indian Government, but the Chinese claimed it to be a part of Sinkiang. In 1959 the Indian patrols suffered heavy losses in the hands of Chinese army in this region and is referred to as Ladakh incident.</ref> lamenting the loss of Indian lives, and stating that the country would support Nehru in his efforts to avoid any repetition of it.<ref>The Baltimore Sun. 6 October 1959.</ref><br />
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In the initial stages, Dange's nationalist line was the dominant one. To quote Manchester Guardian, "Hence not only the Party's extremists of the Joshi wing, but also the middle-of-the-road Moscow faction were at that time visibly losing ground. This favourable development was probably accelerated by the attitude of studied neutrality adopted in Moscow, where the Soviet press printed both the Chinese and Indian accounts of the Ladakh skirmish, without appearing to take sides.<ref>Manchester Guardian. 30 October 1959.</ref> His general nationalist communist position had the backing of the Kerala, Maharashtra, [[Andhra Pradesh]], Rajasthan, [[Bihar]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] units of the party.<br />
<br />
===Dange losing ground===<br />
But soon after opposition against Dange erupted in the Party when Dange came up with his own definition of communist internationalism, different from standard Marxian understanding of the term. In his view internationalism is valid only for 'domestic' issues such as Hungary and Tibet, which were the 'domestic' affairs of the USSR and China. But he regards relations between India and China as non-domestic, so that Indian communists may side with the Indian government in this specific cases. Even the comrades who sided with Dange on the Sino-Indian border issue, were not ready to compromise on basic tenets of communism. Dange was severely criticised and he had own up his fault in the Party forum, through a process called 'self-criticism'.<ref>Manchester Guardian. 29 October 1959.</ref><br />
<br />
There was also a consolidation among the communist internationalists at this stage. The Swiss paper<br />
''[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]'' identified B. T. Ranadive, a former general secretary(1948–50), as supporting P.C. Joshi in his pro-Chinese attitude. According to these two militants, Nehru ought to be condemned by the Party as a "reactionary", and the policy of Congress should be resolutely opposed. At this stage, the secretariat's eight members were divided as follows:<br />
* Dange, Gopalan, Ahmad – nationalist communists<br />
* Joshi, Ranadive – extremists, pro-China<br />
* [[Bhupesh Gupta]] – former extremist, present views uncertain.<br />
* Ajoy Ghosh and one other not identified by the newspaper(probably Basavapunnaiah ) – centralists, attempting to restore unity.<ref>Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 27 October 1959.</ref><br />
<br />
==Sino-Indian War==<br />
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}<br />
<br />
In the meanwhile fighting began on the Himalayan border on 10 October 1962 between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Army of India. The war ended when the Chinese unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, which went into effect at midnight.<br />
<br />
===Sino-Soviet differences===<br />
{{Main|Sino-Soviet split}}<br />
<br />
Another issue that fueled the split in the Communist Party of India was parting of the ways between the USSR and China. Though the conflict had a long history, it came out in open in 1959, Khrushchev sought to appease the West during a period of the [[Cold War]] known as 'The Thaw', by holding a summit meeting with US President [[Dwight Eisenhower]]. Two other reasons were USSR's unwillingness to support Chinese nuclear program and their neutrality in the initial days of Sino-Indian border conflict. These events greatly offended [[Mao Zedong]] and the other Chinese Communist leaders.<br />
<br />
===Left vs. Right===<br />
In 1962, Mao criticized Khrushchev for backing down in the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. By that time the Soviets were openly supporting India in its border dispute with China. These events were followed by formal statements of each side's ideological positions: the Chinese came out with their document in June 1963.<ref>[http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/polemics/index.html ''The Chinese Communist Party's Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016165747/http://etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/polemics/index.html |date=16 October 2007 }}.</ref> The Soviets too came out with their own document.<ref>[http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/polemics/sevenlet.html ''Open Letter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225024740/http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/polemics/sevenlet.html |date=25 December 2007 }}.</ref> Thereafter the two parties stopped communicating.<br />
<br />
====Chairman Dange====<br />
These events had their direct fall-out in the Communist Party of India. Former nationalist vs. international socialist debate had now turned into a conflict between the Right (the Russian line) and the Left (the Chinese line). Dange, who was supporting the Nehru Government, was the main leader of the Right. After the death of Secretary-General Ajoy Ghosh in January 1962, a truce was established. Dange, who at that time was the head of the All-India Trade Union Congress, became the first chairman of the CPI and the centrist leader, Namboodiripad, became the Secretary-General.<br />
<br />
==Split in the CPI==<br />
At that time, the Government of India had arrested 400 prominent communist leaders of the Left wing for their alleged pro-China views. Dange, seized this opportunity, a move that would further erode his base, to reassert the right-wing control over the pro-left strongholds of West Bengal and the Punjab. In February 1963—with 48 of its 110 members absent, in detention or in hiding—the National Council voted to "administer the work of the [[West Bengal]] Party" through a Provincial Organising Committee acting on behalf of the Central Secretariat.<br />
<br />
Through such partisan measures Dange alienated the centrist leader, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, who resigned from the post of Secretary-General, leaving Dange to take over the post. By earlier 1963 the Left had established an underground organisation for what amounted to a breakaway West Bengal Communist Party Unit. According to prominent leftist fortnightly ''Link'', New Delhi, the new outfit enjoyed the support of 14,000 of the 17,000 Communist Party members in the state.<ref>''Link'', 7 July 1963. New Delhi</ref> Similar moves were made in many other states by the left-wing. Release of their leaders from jails by the state governments also helped the leftists to consolidate their position among cadres.<br />
<br />
In September 1963, A. K. Gopalan (formerly with Dange in 1959) was able to organise an impressive anti-official party rally in Calcutta. Dange still had a majority of two-to-one on the council, but the emerging alliance between the Leftists and Namboodiripad's smaller Centrist faction forced him to be cautious. However, at that stage, with secessionist organisations already at work in several states, no caution or concession could halt the drift towards a split; though attempts were still not given up for unity. Suddenly in March 1964, a trigger was provided by what was called the 'Dange letters', that exploded on the face of the Party, precipitating a split.<br />
<br />
==Dange letters==<br />
''The Current'', a Bombay magazine published these letters which were said to be written by Dange to the British Viceroy from prison in 1924, after his conviction in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and in which he had promised to cooperate with the British government.<ref>7 March 1964, The Current, Bombay.</ref> Dange, who was the chairman of the Party got the Secretariat to denounce the letters as a forgery. But slide towards split became unstoppable. His opponents exploited this opening, and called for his removal from the leadership to facilitate investigation.<br />
<br />
===The birth of CPI(M)===<br />
The cascading events following the Dange Letters ultimately resulted in the split of the Party in October, 1964. The left challenge came into the open with a conference to prepare a party program, immediately after the Dange Letters. The showdown came on 11 April 1964 when 30 Leftists and two Centrist leaders. Namboodiripad and [[Jyoti Basu]], walked out of a National Council meeting and proceeded to appeal to all Indian Communists to repudiate the Dange leadership. National Council suspended the thirty-two leaders.<br />
<br />
The left leaders who were ousted, in turn, announced a separated national convention. After the [[Tenali]] convention the CPI left-wing organised party district and state conferences. Also it was decided in the Tenali convention to hold a party congress of the left-wing in Calcutta. The Calcutta Congress was held during 31 October – 7 November 1964. Simultaneously, the official Party under Dange convened a Party Congress of the Communist Party of India in Bombay. The split was complete. The left group which assembled in Calcutta decided to adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. This party also adopted its own political programme. [[P. Sundarayya]] was elected general secretary of CPI(M).<br />
<br />
====General Elections 1967====<br />
After the split, the first event that tested out the relative strengths of both groups was the Kerala Assembly Elections held in 1965. The Communist Party of India contested in 79 seats but only win 3 seats, polling about 500,000 votes with 8.30% vote share. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) contested 73 seats, won 40, with about 1.3&nbsp;million votes, 19.87% of the total.<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1965/StatisticalReport%201965%20Kerala.pdf ''Statistical Report of General Elections, 1965 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala''] The Election Commission of India, New Delhi.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1967, General Elections to the Parliament, Dange won from the Bombay Central South Constituency. The results had again shown a weakening CPI. They contested in 109 seats, won only 23, with about 7.5&nbsp;million votes ( that is 5.11% of total votes polled. The CPI(M) contested in 59, won 19, with 6.2&nbsp;million votes(4.28%).<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf''Statistical Report of General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304090523/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |date=4 March 2009 }} The Election Commission of India, New Delhi.</ref><br />
<br />
In the state legislative elections held simultaneously, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as a major party in Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala a United Front government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad was formed. The Communist Party of India was a minor coalition partner. In West Bengal, Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as the main force, but the chief ministership of the coalition government was given to [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] of the [[Bangla Congress]], a provincial break-away group of the Indian National Congress. For the Communist Party of India, The Kerala experiment of coexisting with Communist Party of India(Marxist) did not work for long.<br />
<br />
===Split in the trade union===<br />
Even after the party split, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party cadres remained unified in the [[All India Trade Union Congress]]. After the short-lived coexistence between both the parties broke down in Kerala and also in West Bengal similar rupture happened, the trade union wing also split. In December 1969, eight Communist Party of India (Marxist) members walked out of an All India Trade Union Congress executive committee meeting. Later, the Marxist break-away members organised an All India Trade Union Conference in Calcutta, on 28–31 May 1970. The Calcutta conference was the founding conference of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]], new Communist Party of India (Marxist) trade union.<ref>Bose, Shanti Shekar. ''A Brief Note on the Contents of Documents of the Communist Movement in India''. National Book Agency: Kolkata. 2005. p. 56-59</ref><br />
<br />
==Collaborating with Congress==<br />
The issue whether to support Congress or not bedevilled the undivided Communist Party right from the year of independence, 1947, when the then general secretary [[P.C. Joshi]] strongly spoke in favour of it. Joshi was marginalised for this, yet the question persisted and was one of the reasons for the CPI split. It was increasingly becoming clear that anti-Congress faction, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) was stronger of the two groups.<br />
<br />
In the late 1960s, however, the mood within the Communist Party of India turned strongly anti-Congress. In the Bombay party congress in 1968, the CPI took the decision of forging an anti-Congress front. This had resulted in collaborating with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for a short while. Soon differences between both parties again came out in the open. From 1970 onwards Communist Party of India started once again working with the Congress. Dange was one of<br />
the principal architects of this union.<br />
<br />
===Bangladesh War===<br />
One of the events that facilitated cooperating with Congress was the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. In 1971 [[Bangladesh]] (formerly [[East Pakistan]]) declared its independence from [[Pakistan]]. The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising; but Indian military intervention thwarted such moves. There was confusion within the ranks of the Indian communists—while the pro-Soviet CPI had no problem in supporting the war, and the Indian prime minister, [[Indira Gandhi]], the CPI(M) found itself in quandary participated in the resistance struggle, the pro-China communist groups were in a quandary, because China had sided with Pakistan in the war.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}<br />
<br />
====CPI-led government in Kerala====<br />
During the period 1970–1977, CPI was a strong ally of the Congress party and nothing typified better than the alliance both the parties forged in Kerala. Both the parties formed a coalition government together in that state, with the CPI-leader [[C. Achutha Menon]] as the Chief Minister. In Kerala legislative elections held in 1970, the Communist Party of India won only 16 seats, out of a total of 133, whereas the coalition leader Indian National Congress had won 30 seats.<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1970/StatiRep_KL_70.pdf ''Statistical Report of General Elections, 1970 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala''.] The Election Commission of India, New Delhi.</ref> Still, Congress accepted Achuta Menon's leadership till the next election that was held seven years later.<br />
<br />
==The CPI and the Emergency==<br />
{{Main|The Emergency (India)}}<br />
<br />
A state of [[Indian Emergency (1975–1977)|emergency]] declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, in June 1975, by invoking Article 352 of the [[Constitution of India]], and it lasted for 21 months. Emergency provisions suspended all the Constitutional rights and gave power to [[rule by decree]]. It enabled the Prime Minister to suspend elections and civil liberties.<br />
<br />
Indira Gandhi took this extreme step due to a host of reasons. The venerated Gandhian leader [[Jaya Prakash Narayan]]'s agitation in [[Bihar]] for change in provincial government, was getting increasingly against the [[Government of India|Central Government]]. More immediate reason for clamping of emergency was that in a judgment dated 12 June 1975, Justice [[Jagmohanlal Sinha]] of the [[Allahabad High Court]] held that Mrs. Gandhi was guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The case was filed by [[Raj Narain]], who had been recently defeated in the parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years.<br />
<br />
===CPI support to Indira Gandhi===<br />
CPI saw emergency as an opportunity and welcomed it 'as necessary to combat fascist movement led by Jaiprakash Narayan and the parties of right reaction. CPI leaders believed they could turn emergency into a communist revolution. Almost a decade of close cooperation with Indira Gandhi and the Congress seemed to be on the verge of bringing about a massive revolutionary breakthrough for the CPI.<ref>page 224, ''Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism'' by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in ''Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties'', edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press</ref><br />
<br />
===Backlash: General elections, 1977===<br />
In 1977, Indira Gandhi went for general elections and CPI was still supporting her. The Congress lost the elections and emergency was lifted. The CPI suffered its worst ever losses in general elections. CPI(M) was able to hold on to its base in West Bengal, but, electoral support for the CPI took a nosedive, as the following table shows:<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Performance of the Communist Parties in General Elections of 1971 and 1977.'''<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf ''Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182735/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |date=16 June 2007 }} The Election Commission of India, New Delhi</ref><ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf''Statistical Report on General Election 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031061304/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |date=31 October 2008 }} The Election Commission of India, New Delhi.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Party<br />
!Seats(1971)<br />
!Seats (1977)<br />
! % of votes(1971)<br />
! % of votes(1977)<br />
|-<br />
| '''CPI'''<br />
| 23<br />
| 07<br />
| 4.73%<br />
| 2.82%<br />
|-<br />
| '''CPM'''<br />
| 25<br />
| 22<br />
| 5.12%<br />
| 4.29%<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total'''<br />
| 48<br />
| 29<br />
| 9.85%<br />
| 7.11%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Towards left unity===<br />
To both the communist parties, election results raised serious questions regarding their relevance in the Indian political system. Newly strewn up [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]<ref>Bharatiya Lok Dal was formed at the end of 1974 through the fusion of seven parties opposed to Indira Gandhi. The leader of the BLD was Charan Singh. In 1977, the Bharatiya Lok Dal combined with the Jan Sangh and anti- Indira Gandhi breakaway Indian National Congress (Organisation) to form the Janata Party. The newly formed Janata Party contested the 1977 elections, and got majority to form the first non-Congress Government in India. But the Janata Party contested the election on the Bharatiya Lok Dal symbol. Therefore, on record of the Election Commission of India, the government was formed by the Bharatiya Lok Dal, and not, Janata Party.</ref> – a medley of groups ranging from Congress rebels to Hindu party [[Jan Sangh]] – under the patronage of Jaiprakash Narayan, was able to garner 41.32% of the votes polled. Congress though lost heavily in terms of seats, still had 34.52% of popular votes. To the left parties the fact that these two parties accounted for more than three-fourths of the electorate and 449 out a total of 542 seats did suggest a possibility of a two (bourgeoisie) party political system. The result was a lot of soul searching for both the parties. Eventually both the parties regrouped and formed an alliance.<br />
<br />
==Dange's isolation in CPI==<br />
As one of the few parties that supported emergency, the CPI was under attack from all other quarters. In spite of strong pro-Indira arguments presented by Dange, CPI in its eleventh party congress at [[Bhatinda]], repudiated the support to emergency and opted for a new policy of left democratic unity. In Bhatinda congress two separate groupings emerged, one led by Dange and another led by C. Rajeswara Rao. The Rajeswara Rao's faction was victorious and the Bhatinda congress confirmed the shift towards creating alliances with leftist forces against Congress. Dange's pro-Congress line was severely tested within his own party. Similarly in their tenth party congress held at [[Jullunder]] around the same time, CPI(M) also decided pursue a path of left unity.<br />
<br />
Even after Bhatinda congress, Dange was able to retain some of his influence though the majority was moving towards unity with CPI(M). The main reason for this was CPI sharing power with the Congress in Kerala.<br />
<br />
Initially, both parties differed on the concept of what left and democratic unity would mean. This came out in open in when leaders of both parties met for the first time after 1964 split in New Delhi on 13 April 1978. In spite of repudiation of emergency, the CPI was not ready to change its overall assessment of Congress. Congress according to CPI contained left and democratic elements. This stand also justified continued cooperation between Congress and CPI in Kerala.<ref>page 226, ''Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism'' by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in ''Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties'', edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press</ref><br />
<br />
===All India Communist Party===<br />
By 1980, the writing on the wall was clear. Poll alliance between CPI and CPI(M) was forged. CPI had parted ways with Congress in Kerala. The Dange group within the party was reduced to an insignificant minority. In 1980 a section of CPI cadre who wanted to retain the close relationship with the Congress, broke away from the Party and formed [[All India Communist Party]]. Roza Deshpande, the daughter of Dange and her husband Bani Deshpande, played an important role in organising the founding of the new party.<ref name="Andersen">Andersen, Walter K.. ''India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension'', published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II (Feb., 1982), pp. 119–135</ref> It is said that Dange himself was initially largely sceptical of a split in the CPI.<ref name="Sen">Sen, Mohit. A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 388</ref><br />
<br />
The founders of All India Communist Party retained close communications with Dange. In May, 1981 the National Council of CPI expelled Dange. When the first conference of AICP was held in [[Meerut]],<ref>Das Gupta, Jagadish, in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 101</ref> commencing on 13 March.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E2DF1239F937A25750C0A967948260 New York Times] 14 March 1981</ref> Dange turned up there uninvited and took charge of the new party. He was elected general secretary of the party.<ref>Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p.&nbsp;153</ref><br />
<br />
==Marginalization within the communist movement==<br />
Although having Dange as its leader, AICP was not able to attract any major nationwide following for two main reasons. Firstly, the Soviet Union did not give any political support to the new party. The founders of AICP were upholding the pro-Soviet CPI policy of cooperating with the National Congress, but the Soviets were not interested in a split within CPI. Secondly, the Congress showed limited interest towards the idea of having a national alliance with the new party.<br />
<br />
===AICP versus Congress===<br />
In the end, the two parties would be poised against each other in several local elections. Not only that, the Congress successfully outmaneuvered the new party in taking over a pro-Soviet goodwill organisation. As an alternative to the CPI-controlled Indian-Soviet Cultural Society (ISCUS), members of AICP and the Congress had set up the [[Friends of the Soviet Union (India)|Friends of the Soviet Union]]. Eventually the control over this organisation was completely taken over by the Congress.<ref>Bhattacharya, Mrimoy in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 141</ref><br />
<br />
===Merger into United Communist Party of India===<br />
In 1987 AICP merged with the Indian Communist Party and formed the [[United Communist Party of India]]. Veteran communist leader [[Mohit Sen]] was the general secretary of the party until his death in 2003.<br />
<br />
The party failed to register any presence in the country. In the 2007 assembly election in Uttar Pradesh, UCPI launched three candidates, Devi Dayal Yadav in Karki (572 votes, 0.49% of the votes in the constituency), Anand Kumar in Baberu (899 votes, 0.82%) and Vimal Krishan Srivastav in Banda (456 voes, 0.39%).<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf ''Statistical Report on General Election 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.''] The Election Commission of India. New Delhi.</ref> Similarly, in 2006 [[Tamil Nadu]] elections, UCPI could garner only 921 votes in the state.<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf ''Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu''] The Election Commission of India. New Delhi.</ref><br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
Dange died at a Bombay hospital on 22 May 1991. He was given a state funeral by the [[Maharashtra]] state government.<ref>Banerjee, Gopal. ''S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. [[Kolkata]]: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 13.</ref> He was survived by his wife Ushatai and daughter, [[Roza Deshpande]]. Dange’s legacy remains contested. Supporters regard him as a pioneer of Indian Marxism and a founder of organised labour movements. Critics, however, see him as emblematic of the ideological conflicts between international communism and India’s indigenous nationalist movement. His opposition to the Quit India Movement and his early appeal for clemency under British rule have continued to invite debate among historians. In independent India’s political memory, Dange represents both the intellectual vigour and the ideological dissonance of communism within a civilisation striving for self-definition and autonomy. Historians have noted that while Dange contributed significantly to India’s trade union movement and parliamentary Left, his ideological framework shaped by global communist priorities lacked a distinct vision for India as a sovereign nation-state with its own cultural and historical continuity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |chapter=Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative |editor=D. A. Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |asin=B0000CO7K5}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Birth centenary===<br />
Seven years later, in 1998, it was decided to celebrate his birth centenary celebrations, starting from 10 October that year in a gathering of trade unionists in Mumbai. A committee was set up to undertake a project for instituting a memorial to Dange. The concept of the memorial approved in the meeting was that it would house a modern education centre, a large library and facilities for research on various issues concerning the working class movement. There will also be a trade union school with hostel and canteen facilities.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980707/18850574.html The Indian Express] 7 July 1998.</ref> This project did not take off.<br />
<br />
Another attempt by various communist organisations was to hold a national communist conference in Mumbai on the occasion of Dange's birth centenary celebrations. But this had failed due to the paucity of funds. The communist organisations could not raise sufficient funds nor could find a generous sponsor to host the meet in Dange's own city. Therefore, the venue of the conference was shifted to Kerala.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981124/32851854.html The Indian Express] 24 November 1998.</ref><br />
<br />
===Honour by the Indian Parliament===<br />
On 10 December 2004, The Indian Parliament honoured Dange when Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], Prime Minister of India unveiled his statue along with other left leaders such as [[Acharya Narendra Deva]] and [[A.K. Gopalan]] in Parliament House. The 9-feet high bronze statue of Dange, sculpted by Vithoba Panchal, has been donated by the labour organisation, Shramik Pratishthan, Mumbai.<ref>[http://www.speakerloksabha.gov.in/pressrelease/PressreleaseDetails.asp?PressId=119&button=Edit Press release from the office of the Speaker, Lok Sabha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Mitrokhin Archives==<br />
Controversies continued to dog Dange even after death. In what were supposedly based on [[KGB]] documents, notes smuggled out by former KGB spy [[Vasili Mitrokhin]] at the time of his defection to Britain, [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] published, in 2005, a book<ref>A sequel to the earlier book ''Mitrokhin Archive'' published in 1999</ref> [[Mitrokhin Archive|''Mitrokhin Archive II'']], that contained details of alleged transactions between the CPI and the KGB during 1975–76, and it claimed that the money exchanged was between {{Lakh|4}} and {{Lakh|8}} rupees a month. The supposed KGB papers claim that deceased CPI leaders Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao regularly received bribes and favours from the Russians in the mid-1970s and Dange even issued receipts for the money he received. This money changed hands from car windows in desolate areas near New Delhi, the book claimed.<br />
<br />
Mitrokhin Archives are not KGB papers per se, but were notes taken by Vasili Mitrokhin over 30 years. CPI questioned the authenticity of these papers. "This is utter nonsense. We have said this before and we say it again that these documents haven't been verified and no one knows if these are real KGB papers," said CPI leader Manju Kumar Majumder, when the book was out,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/22cpi.htm|title = CPI's Dange, Rajeshwar named in KGB files|publisher = rediff.com website|date = 2005-09-22}}</ref> Academicians like [[J. Arch Getty]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/106.2/br_170.html|title = Book Review by Getty|publisher = American Historical Review|url-status = dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070310205524/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/106.2/br_170.html|archive-date = 10 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/26raman.htm|title = The Mitrokhin mystery|author = B Raman|work = rediff.com|date = 2005-09-26|access-date = 2008-11-13}}</ref> and counter-intelligence specialists<ref>Former Indian counter-intelligence specialist Bahukutumbi Raman pointed out that Mitrokhin did not bring either the original documents or photocopies. Instead, he brought handwritten/typed notes of the contents of the documents.</ref> had questioned the veracity of these papers. However, Arch Betty has also been accused of downplaying atrocities committed under Stalin's regime.<br />
<br />
===Benediktov Diaries===<br />
Diaries of I. A. Benediktov, Russian ambassador to India during the 1960s named Indian communist leaders seeking aid from the [[Soviet Union]]. Dange's name figured in the first excerpt is from a 17 January 1962 entry from the journal Benediktov describing a conversation with Bhupesh Gupta, the then Secretary of the National Council of CPI.<blockquote>Gupta reported that after the death of Ghosh at the present time in the party there is an acute insufficiency of means for the preelection campaign. He expressed the fear that with the death of Ghosh the source for receiving means for the communist party from the CPSU might be closed. These questions were handled by Ghosh alone, Gupta underscored. He never consulted with him /Gupta/, and even less with [Elamulam M.S.] Nambudiripad and G. Nair/ with the latter two only about using the assistance/. All these matters were held in strictest secrecy from other leaders of the party and members of the National Council. This explains the fact that not a single report on this question has appeared in the press. Gupta said that he cannot singlehandedly take on responsibility in questions of assistance, therefore he considers it necessary to consult with Nambudiripad, whom he characterized as a person of crystalline honesty and whom Ghosh trusted. Gupta confidentially reported that A. Ghosh had not consulted on this problem with Akhmed or with [Shripad Amrit] Dange, who once proposed that he entrust to him alone all matters connected with the receipt of aid from abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.document&identifier=5034C002-96B6-175C-9B523CB39440A49F|title = Russian Foreign Ministry Documents on the Soviet-Indian Relations and Sino-Indian Border Conflict. Cold War International History Project.|publisher = Virtual Archive Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars website|url-status = dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120509062811/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfmtopic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.document&identifier=5034C002-96B6-175C-9B523CB39440A49F|archive-date = 9 May 2012}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
In as much as Mitrokhin archive was based entirely on notes based on alleged primary sources, the Benediktov diaries also brought in Dange through a mere hearsay. Both these documents were used by the critics of totalitarian communism to attack the communist parties and Dange.<br />
<br />
==Dange the author==<br />
Dange's arrival in the political arena was through the pamphlet ''Gandhi vs. Lenin'' that got him two important contacts of his youth: M. N. Roy and Lotwala, the rich flour-mill owner from Bombay. The latter helped him to launch the first ever socialist magazine in India, ''The Socialist''. Mohit Sen said that Dange's articles in ''The Socialist'' impressed Lenin himself.<ref>Sen, Mohit. ''The Dange Centenary'' in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) ''S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life''. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 43.</ref><br />
<br />
Dange was a keen follower of literature. He had published a book called ''Literature and People'' that advocated [[socialist realism]], as opposed to [[elitism]].<br />
<br />
===''From Primitive Communism to Slavery''===<br />
Dange's major work, ''From Primitive Communism to Slavery'' was published in 1949. The book attempted to analyze stages of growth of society in ancient India. The author had painfully researched ancient scriptures and other sources to make it a definitive tome. [[Engels]]' book ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'' was the kind of road map he used. He analyzed the ancient epics to arrive at the reasons for origin of private property in India. The first draft of the book was written in [[Yerwada Central Jail]] between October 1942 and January 1943.<br />
<br />
Dange's magnum opus was severely criticised by historian [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], who said that to defend Engels, he had to deny Dange. He went on to say that Dange's work was unquestionably a caricature of Engel's work.<ref>D.D. Kosambi. ''Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture''. Review of S. A. Dange's ''India from Primitive Communism to Slavery'', Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949), 271–77.</ref> Kosambi was especially severe when he said, 'Marxism is not a substitute for thinking, but a tool of analysis which must be used, with a certain minimum of skill and understanding, upon the proper material.<ref>D.D. Kosambi. ''Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture''. Review of S. A. Dange's ''India from Primitive Communism to Slavery'', Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949). p.&nbsp;277.</ref><br />
<br />
The book was released in 2002, under the title ''Vedic India'' by his daughter Roza and her husband, Bani Deshpande. Dange was again criticised for "his ideas on ancient India and his discovery of the ideals of communism in the primitive ages (and hence a glorification of the ancient culture) left him exposed to charges of having read Marxism in the most unscientific fashion".<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/02/12/stories/2002021200090600.htm Ananth, V. Krishna. ''Commentary on events, personalities''.] ''The Hindu'' 12 February 2002 Review of Problems of Indian Renaissance: S. A. Dange, Edited by Bani Deshpande and Roza Deshpande; Vichar Bharati Prakashan, Mumbai-400014.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Communist Party of India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dange, Shripad Amrit}}<br />
[[Category:1899 births]]<br />
[[Category:1991 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Trade unionists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nashik district]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Bombay State]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:United Communist Party of India politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century trade unionists]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zohrabai_Ambalewali&diff=546589Zohrabai Ambalewali2026-03-20T21:13:39Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up new bio from scratch.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian singer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zohrabai Ambalewali<br />
| image = Zohrabai Ambalewali.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Zohrabai<br />
| birth_date = 1918 <br />
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Ambala]], Haryana, India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|02|21|1918|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
| occupation = Singer<br />
| other_names = <br />
| height = <br />
| signature = <br />
| yearsactive = 1932–1953<br />
| known_for = ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944)<br/>''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945)<br/>''[[Anmol Ghadi]]'' (1946)<br />
}}<br />
'''Zohrabai Ambalewali''' (1918 – 21 February 1990) was an Indian classical singer and playback singer in [[Hindi cinema]] in the 1930s and 1940s. She was considered one of the most popular female playback singers of early and mid 1940s.<br />
<br />
She is best known for her [[contralto]] or low voice range singing in the film songs, "Ankhiyan Milake Jiyaa Bharmaake" and "Aai Diwali, Aai Diwali" in 1944 hit ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944), with music by [[Naushad]], and "Uran Khatole Pe Ud Jaoon", duet with [[Shamshad Begum]] in ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]'' (1946), also under Naushad's music direction. She, along with [[Rajkumari Dubey|Rajkumari]], [[Shamshad Begum]] and [[Amirbai Karnataki]], were amongst the leading first generation of playback singers in the [[Hindi film industry]]. However, by the late 1940s, the arrival of new voices like [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], meant Zohrabai Ambalewali's career faded away.<br />
<br />
==Early life and background==<br />
Born and brought up in [[Ambala]] in present-day [[Haryana]], to family of professional singers, which lend to her surname, 'Ambalewali', started her musical training under Ghulam Hussain Khan and Ustad Nasir Hussain Khan. Subsequently, she was trained in music by the [[Agra gharana]] of [[Hindustani music]].<ref name=women/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahera |first=Khadeeja |date=2 December 2024 |title=कौन हैं ज़ोहराबाई अंबालेवाली |url=https://hindi.feminisminindia.com/2024/12/02/zohrabai-ambalewali-the-singer-who-broke-stereotypes-and-achieved-fame-hindi/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=फेमिनिज़म इन इंडिया |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Ambalewali started her career at age 13, as a singer with the [[All India Radio]], singing mainly classical and semi-classical numbers. This led to recording a few albums of [[thumri]]s with [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. Eventually she made her Hindi film debut as a playback singer with film ''Daku Ki Ladki'' (1933) with music by Pransukh Nayak.<ref name=women/> After initial years in [[Lahore]]-based film industry, she shifted to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref name="Sundar2007">{{cite book|last=Sundar|first=Pavitra|title=Sounding the Nation: The Musical Imagination of Bollywood Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUAeAQAAMAAJ|page=73|year=2007|publisher=University of Michigan.}}</ref> Her musical success came with film ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944) under music director [[Naushad Ali]], and such hit songs as "Aai Diwali Aai Diwali" and "Akhiyan Mila Ke, Jiya Bharma Ke".<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|last1=Gokulsing|first1=K. Moti|last2=Dissanayake|first2=Wimal|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA264|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=264–}}</ref> She sang for music director Naushad, again in hit films like ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]'' (1946), ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]'' (1948), and ''Jadoo'' (1951).<ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/zohra-ambala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123041710/http://www.upperstall.com/people/zohra-ambala|access-date =15 April 2024|title=Filmography of Zohrabai Ambalewali|website=Upperstall.com website|url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> She also sang a [[qawwali]] with [[Noor Jehan]] and Kalyani "Aahen Na Bhareen Shikway Na Kiye" in ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945), which was the first ever Qawwali recorded in female voices in South Asian films and became very popular among the public.<ref name="Aziz2003"/><br />
<br />
This was the era when heavy [[thumri]]-style and the leading playback singers with nasal voices were singing in the Hindi cinema, with singers like [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Khursheed Bano|Khurshid]], [[Amirbai Karnataki]]. This was right before the arrival of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in 1948, which along with [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Sudha Malhotra]] shifted the popular taste towards finer voices, effectively bringing their careers to a gradual end. Another major film playback singer of that era [[Noor Jehan]] decided to migrate to [[Pakistan]] and had a highly successful singing career in [[Pakistan]] until she died in 2000.<ref name="Aziz2003">{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=Ashraf|title=Light of the universe: essays on Hindustani film music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOUIAQAAMAAJ|pages=14, 21|year=2003|publisher=Three Essays Collective|isbn=978-81-88789-07-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
Zohrabai Ambalewali retired in the 1950s from the film industry, though she continued to sing at the performances of her daughter [[Roshan Kumari]], a noted [[Kathak]] dancer, who also performed in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s film ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958).<ref name=women>{{cite web|title=Zohrabai, Amirbai and Rajkumari profiles |website= Women on Record website |url = http://www.womenonrecord.com/music-makers/artists/zohrabai-amirbai-rajkumari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122111907/http://www.womenonrecord.com/music-makers/artists/zohrabai-amirbai-rajkumari|access-date =4 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
* ''Daku Ki Ladki'' (1933)<br />
* ''Gramophone Singer'' (1938)<br />
*''[[Geet (1944 film)|Geet]]'' (1944)<br />
* ''Pehle Aap'' (1944)<br />
* ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1946 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1946)<br />
* ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]'' (1946)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''[[Devar]]'' (1946)<br />
* ''[[Elaan (1947 film)|Elaan]]'' (1947)<br />
* ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]'' (1948)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''Chunariya'' (1948)<br />
* ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'' (1949)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''Dil Ki Basti'' (1949)<br />
* ''Preet Ki Manzil'' (1950)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* ''Jadoo'' (1951)<br />
* ''Kashmir'' (1951)<br />
* ''Usha Kiran'' (1952)<ref name=upperstall/><br />
* [[Amber (film)|Amber (1952 film)]]<ref name=upperstall/><br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0024254}} Filmography of Zohrabai Ambalewali<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambalewali, Zohrabai}}<br />
[[Category:1918 births]]<br />
[[Category:1990 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ambala]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:All India Radio people]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad&diff=466519Diplomatic career of Muhammad2026-03-16T00:31:38Z<p>Addie15A4298: update article for consistency</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Aspect of Muhammad's life}}<br />
{{Muhammad}}<br />
<br />
The diplomatic career of Muhammad ({{Circa|570}} – 8 June 632) encompasses Muhammad's leadership over the growing [[Muslims|Muslim]] community (''[[Ummah]]'') in early Arabia and his correspondences with the rulers of other nations in and around Arabia. This period was marked by the change from the customs of the period of ''[[Jahiliyyah]]'' in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] to an early Islamic system of governance, while also setting the defining principles of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] in accordance with [[Sharia]] and an [[Islamic state|Islamic theocracy]].<br />
<br />
The two primary Arab tribes of Medina, the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]], had been battling each other for the control of Medina for more than a century before [[Hijrah|Muhammad's arrival]].<ref name="wattAus">Watt. al-Aus; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> With the pledges of al-Aqaba, which took place near [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], Muhammad was accepted as the common leader of Medina by the Aws and Khazraj and he addressed this by establishing the [[Constitution of Medina]] upon his arrival; a document which regulated interactions between the different factions, including the Arabian Jews of Medina, to which the signatories agreed. This was a different role for him, as he was only a religious leader during his time in [[Mecca]]. The result was the eventual formation of a united community in [[Medina]], as well as the political supremacy of Muhammad,<ref name="buhlm">Buhl; Welch. Muhammad; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref><ref>Watt (1974) pp. 93–96</ref> along with the beginning of a ten-year long diplomatic career.<!-- this is sourced, please be patient enough to read on a few sentences till you reach the refs at the end of the para -->{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<!-- THIS IS NOW THE END OF THE PARAGRAPH (2023-09-13) --><br />
<br />
In the final years before his death, Muhammad established communication with other leaders through [[Letter (message)|letters]],<ref name="isal">Irfan Shahid, [[Arabic literature]] to the end of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad period]], Journal of the [[American Oriental Society]], Vol 106, No. 3, p.531</ref> [[Diplomacy|envoys]],<ref name="m412">al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 412</ref> or by visiting them personally, [[Muhammad's visit to Ta'if|such as at Ta'if]];<ref name="w81">Watt (1974) p. 81</ref> Muhammad intended to spread the message of Islam outside of Arabia. Instances of preserved written correspondence include letters to [[Heraclius]], the [[Negus]] and [[Khosrow II]], among other leaders. Although it is likely that Muhammad had initiated contact with other leaders within the [[Arabian Peninsula]], some have questioned whether letters had been sent beyond these boundaries.<ref name="f28">Forward (1998) pp. 28–29</ref><br />
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The main defining moments of Muhammad's career as a diplomat are the [[Second pledge at al-Aqabah|Pledges at al-Aqabah]], the [[Constitution of Medina]], and the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]. Muhammad reportedly used a silver [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] on letters sent to other notable leaders which he sent as [[Dawah|invitations to the religion of Islam]].<ref name="m412" /><ref name="buhlm" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/campaign_of_khaybar_and_missions_to_kings.htm|title=witness-pioneer.org|website=www.witness-pioneer.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early invitations to Islam==<br />
{{Main|Migration to Abyssinia}}<br />
<br />
=== Migration to Abyssinia ===<br />
[[File:LocationAksumiteEmpire.png|thumb|Location of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]]]]<br />
Muhammad's commencement of public preaching brought him stiff opposition from the leading [[tribe]] of Mecca, the [[Quraysh]]. Although Muhammad himself was safe from persecution due to protection from his uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], a leader of the [[Banu Hashim]], one of the main clans that formed the Quraysh), some of his followers were not in such a position. Several Muslims were mistreated by the Quraysh; some were reportedly beaten, imprisoned, or starved.<ref>Forward (1998) p. 14</ref> In 615, Muhammad resolved to send fifteen Muslims to emigrate to the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] to receive protection under the [[Christians|Christian]] ruler called [[Najashi]] in Muslim sources.<ref name="f15">Forward (1998) p. 15</ref> Emigration was a means through which some of the Muslims could escape the difficulties and persecution faced at the hands of the Quraysh<ref name="buhlm" /> and it also opened up new trading prospects.<ref>Watt (1974) pp. 67–68</ref><br />
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=== Ja'far ibn Abu Talib as Muhammad's ambassador ===<br />
The Quraysh, on hearing the attempted emigration, dispatched a group led by [[Amr ibn al-As|'Amr ibn al-'As]] and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn Mughira in order to pursue the fleeing Muslims. The Muslims reached Axum before they could capture them, and were able to seek the safety of the Negus in [[Harar]]. The Qurayshis appealed to the Negus to return the Muslims and they were summoned to an audience with the Negus and his bishops as a representative of Muhammad and the Muslims, [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib]] acted as the ambassador of the Muslims and spoke of Muhammad's achievements and quoted [[Āyah|Qur'anic verses]] related to Islam and [[Christianity]], including some from [[Maryam (surah)|Surah Maryam]].<ref name="donzelencnaj">van Donzel. al-Nadjāshī; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> The Negus, seemingly impressed, consequently allowed the migrants to stay, sending back the emissaries of Quraysh.<ref name="donzelencnaj"/> It is also thought that the Negus may have converted to Islam.<ref>Vaglieri. Dja'far b. Abī Tālib; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> The Christian subjects of the Negus were displeased with his actions, accusing him of leaving Christianity, although the Negus managed to appease them in a way which, according to [[Ibn Ishaq]], could be described as favourable towards Islam.<ref name="donzelencnaj"/> Having established friendly relations with the Negus, it became possible for Muhammad to send another group of migrants, such that the number of Muslims living in Abyssinia totalled around one hundred.<ref name="f15"/><br />
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=== Pre-Hijra invitations to Islam ===<br />
<br />
====Ta'if====<br />
[[File:Taifroad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Road to Ta'if in the foreground, mountains of [[Ta'if]] in the background ([[Saudi Arabia]])]]<br />
In early June 619, Muhammad set out from Mecca to [[Muhammad's visit to Ta'if|travel to Ta'if]] in order to convene with its chieftains, and mainly those of [[Banu Thaqif]] (such as [[Abd-Ya-Layl ibn Amr|'Abd-Ya-Layl ibn 'Amr]]).<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 162</ref> The main dialogue during this visit is thought to have been the invitation by Muhammad for them to accept Islam, while contemporary historian [[W. Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt]] observes the plausibility of an additional discussion about wresting the Meccan [[trade route]]s that passed through Ta'if from Meccan control.<ref name="w81" /> The reason for Muhammad directing his efforts towards Ta'if may have been due to the lack of positive response from the people of Mecca to his message until then.<ref name="buhlm" /><br />
<br />
In rejection of his message, and fearing that there would be reprisals from Mecca for having hosted Muhammad, the groups involved in meeting with Muhammad began to incite townsfolk to pelt him with stones.<ref name="w81" /> Having been beset and pursued out of Ta'if, the wounded Muhammad sought refuge in a nearby [[orchard]].<ref>Muir (1861) Vol. II p. 200</ref> Resting under a [[Vitis|grape vine]], it is here that he invoked [[God]], seeking comfort and protection.<ref name="mtaif">al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 163–166</ref><ref>Muir (1861) Vol. II p. 202</ref><br />
<br />
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad on his way back to Mecca was met by the [[Angels in Islam|angel]] [[Gabriel]] and the angels of the mountains surrounding Ta'if, and was told by them that if he willed, Ta'if would be crushed between the mountains in revenge for his mistreatment. Muhammad is said to have rejected the proposition, saying that he would pray in the hopes of succeeding generations of Ta'if coming to accept [[Tawhid|Islamic monotheism]].<ref name="mtaif"/><ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/054.sbt.html#004.054.454 4.54.454] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526072029/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/054.sbt.html |date=2010-05-26 }}, [[Sahih Muslim]] [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4425 19.4425] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820122650/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4425 |date=2010-08-20 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Pledges at al-'Aqaba====<br />
{{main|Second pledge at al-Aqabah}}<br />
[[File:Mina Makkah City.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrims at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]]]<br />
In the summer of 620 during the pilgrimage season, six men of the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] travelling from Medina came into contact with Muhammad. Having been impressed by his message and character, and thinking that he could help bring resolution to the problems being faced in Medina, five of the six men returned to Mecca the following year bringing seven others. Following their conversion to Islam and attested belief in Muhammad as the messenger of God, the twelve men pledged to obey him and to stay away from a number of Islamically sinful acts. This is known as the ''First Pledge of al-'Aqaba'' by Islamic historians.<ref name="watt83">Watt (1974) p. 83</ref> Following the pledge, Muhammad decided to dispatch a Muslim ambassador to Medina and he chose [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr|Mus'ab ibn 'Umair]] for the position, in order to teach people about Islam and invite them to the religion.<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 187</ref><br />
<br />
With the slow but steady conversions from both the Aws and Khazraj present in [[Medina]], 75 Medinan Muslims came as pilgrims to Mecca and secretly convened with Muhammad in June 621, meeting him at night. The group made to Muhammad the ''Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba'', also known as the ''Pledge of War''.<ref name="watt83" /> The people of Medina agreed to the conditions of the first pledge, with new conditions including included obedience to Muhammad, the [[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|enjoinment of good and forbidding evil]]. They also agreed to help Muhammad in war and asked of him to declare war on the Meccans, but he refused.<ref>Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454</ref><br />
<br />
Some western academics are noted to have questioned whether or not a second pledge had taken place, although [[W. Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt]] argues that there must have been several meetings between the pilgrims and Muhammad on which the basis of his move to Medina could be agreed upon.<ref>Watt (1974) p. 84</ref><br />
<br />
==Muhammad as the leader of Medina==<br />
{{See also|Muhammad in Medina}}<br />
<br />
===Pre-Hijra Medinan society===<br />
The demography of Medina before Muslim migration consisted mainly of two [[Paganism|pagan]] [[Arabs|Arab]] tribes; the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]]; and at least three [[Jews|Jewish]] tribes: the [[Banu Qaynuqa|Qaynuqa]], [[Banu Nadir|Nadir]], and [[Banu Qurayza|Qurayza]].<ref name="buhlm" /> Medinan society, for perhaps decades, had been scarred by feuds between the two main Arab tribes and their sub-clans. The [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]] had at times formed their own alliances with either one of the Arab tribes. The oppressive policy of the Khazraj who at the time had assumed control over Medina, forced the Jewish tribes, Nadir and Qurayza, into an alliance with the Aws, who had been significantly weakened. The culmination of this was the [[Yawm al-Buath|Battle of Bu'ath]] in 617, in which the Khazraj and their allies, the Qaynuqa, had been soundly defeated by the coalition of Aws and its supporters.<ref name="wattAus" /><ref>Bosworth. Bu'ā<u>th</u>; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref><br />
<br />
Although formal combat between the two clans had ended, hostilities between them continued even up until Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Muhammad had been invited by some Medinans, who had been impressed by his religious preaching and manifest trustworthiness, as an arbitrator to help reduce the prevailing factional discord.<ref name="f19">Forward (1998) p. 19</ref> Muhammad's task would thus be to form a united community out of these heterogeneous elements, not only as a religious preacher, but as a political and diplomatic leader who could help resolve the ongoing disputes.<ref name="buhlm" /> The culmination of this was the [[Constitution of Medina]].<br />
<br />
===Constitution of Medina===<br />
{{main|Constitution of Medina}}{{wikisource|Constitution of Medina}}<br />
[[File:Constitution medina tribes and Parties.svg|thumb|Parties Involved in the Document ]]<br />
After the pledges at al-'Aqaba, Muhammad received promises of protection from the people of Medina and he [[Hijrah|migrated to Medina]] with a group of his [[Muhajirun|followers]] in 622, having escaped the forces of Quraysh. They were given shelter by members of the indigenous community known as the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]. After having established the first [[mosque]] in Medina (the ''[[Prophet's Mosque|Masjid an-Nabawi]]'') and obtaining residence with [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]],<ref>Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaayah wa an-Nihaayah, Vol. II, p. 279.</ref> he set about the establishment of a pact known as the [[Constitution of Medina]] ({{Langx|ar|صحيفة المدينة|translit=Sahifat ul-Madinah|lit=Charter of Medina}}). This document was a unilateral declaration by Muhammad, and deals almost exclusively with the civil and political relations of the citizens among themselves and with the outside.<ref name="bl43">Bernard Lewis, ''The Arabs in History,'' page 43.</ref><br />
<br />
The Constitution, among other terms, declared:<br />
<br />
* the formation of a nation of Muslims (''[[Ummah]]'') consisting of the ''[[Muhajirun]]'' from the [[Quraysh]], the [[Ansar (Islam)|''Ansar'']] of Yathrib ([[Medina]]) and other Muslims of Yathrib.<br />
* the establishment of a system of prisoner exchange in which the rich were no longer treated differently from the poor (as was the custom in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]) <br />
* all the signatories would unite as one in the defense of the city of Medina, declared the Jews of Aws equal to the Muslims, as long as they were loyal to the charter.<br />
* the protection of Jews from [[religious persecution]]<br />
* that the declaration of war can only be made by [[Muhammad]].<br />
<br />
====Impact of the Constitution====<br />
The source of authority was transferred from public opinion to God.<ref name="bl43" /> [[Bernard Lewis]] writes the community at Medina became a new kind of tribe with Muhammad as its [[sheikh]], while at the same time having a religious character.<ref>Lewis, page 44.</ref> Watt argues that Muhammad's authority had not extended over the entirety of Medina at this time, such that in reality he was only the religious leader of Medina, and his political influence would only become significant after the [[Battle of Badr]] in 624.<ref>Watt (1974) pp. 95, 96</ref> Lewis opines that Muhammad's assumption of the role of statesman was a means through which the objectives of [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophethood]] could be achieved.<ref>Lewis (1984) p. 12</ref> The constitution, although recently signed, was soon to be rendered obsolete due to the rapidly changing conditions in Medina,<ref name="buhlm" /> and with the exile of two of the Jewish tribes and the execution of the third after having been accused of breaching the terms of agreement.<br />
<br />
The signing of the constitution could be seen as indicating the formation of a united community, in many ways, similar to a [[federation]] of [[nomad]]ic clans and tribes, as the signatories were bound together by solemn agreement. The community, however, now also had a [[Islamic state|religious foundation]].<ref name="w945">Watt (1974) pp. 94–95</ref> Extending this analogy, Watt argues that the functioning of the community resembled that of a tribe, such that it would not be incorrect to call the community a kind of "super-tribe".<ref name="w945" /> The signing of the constitution itself displayed a degree of diplomacy on part of Muhammad, as although he envisioned a society eventually based upon a religious outlook, practical consideration was needed to be inclusive instead of exclusive of the varying social elements.<ref name="buhlm" /><br />
<br />
==== Union of the Aws and Khazraj ====<br />
Both the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] had progressively converted to Islam, although the latter had been more enthusiastic than the former; at the second pledge of al-'Aqaba, 62 Khazrajis were present, in contrast to the three members of the Aws; and at the Battle of Badr, 175 members of the Khazraj were present, while the Aws numbered only 63.<ref>Watt. <u>Kh</u>azradj; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> Subsequently, the hostility between the Aws and Khazraj gradually diminished and became unheard of after Muhammad's death.<ref name="wattAus" /> According to Muslim scholar [[Safi al-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|al-Mubarakpuri]], the 'spirit of brotherhood' as insisted by Muhammad amongst Muslims was the means through which a new society would be shaped.<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 227–229</ref><br />
<br />
The result was Muhammad's increasing influence in Medina, although he was most probably only considered a political force after the Battle of Badr, more so after the [[Battle of Uhud]] where he was clearly in political ascendency.<ref>Watt (1974) p. 96</ref> To attain complete control over Medina, Muhammad would have to exercise considerable political and [[Military career of Muhammad|military skills]], alongside religious skills over the coming years.<ref name="f19" /><br />
<br />
=== Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ===<br />
{{main|Treaty of Hudaybiyyah}}<br />
<br />
==== Muhammad's attempt at performing the 'Umrah ====<br />
In March 628, Muhammad saw himself in a dream performing the ''[[Umrah]]'' (lesser pilgrimage),<ref>Journey to Mecca performed by Muslims during which they perform rites such as circumambulation (''[[tawaf]]'') of the [[Kaaba]] and briskly walking back and forth between the hills of [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safa and Marwa]]. The "''Umrah''" is not to be confused with "''[[Hajj]]''", which is regarded as the greater pilgrimage.</ref> and so prepared to travel with his followers to Mecca in the hopes of fulfilling this vision. [[First Pilgrimage|He set out]] with a group of around 1,400 pilgrims (in the traditional [[Ihram clothing|''ihram'' garb]]<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 398</ref>). On hearing of the Muslims travelling to Mecca for pilgrimage, the Quraysh sent out a force of 200 fighters in order to halt the approaching party. In no position to fight, Muhammad evaded the cavalry by taking a more difficult route through the hills north of [[Mecca]], thereby reaching al-Hudaybiyya, just west of Mecca.<ref name="watthudenc">Watt. al-Hudaybiya; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref><br />
<br />
It was at Hudaybiyyah that a number of envoys went to and fro in order to negotiate with the Quraysh. During the negotiations, [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]] was chosen as an envoy to convene with the leaders in Mecca, on account of his high regard amongst the Quraysh.<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 402</ref> On his entry into Mecca, rumours ignited among the Muslims that 'Uthman had subsequently been murdered by the Quraysh. Muhammad responded by calling upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee (or to stick with Muhammad, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca. This pledge became known as the ''Pledge of Good Pleasure'' ({{Langx|ar|بيعة الرضوان|translit=Bay'at ar-Ridhwān|lit=}}) or the ''Pledge Under The Tree''.<ref name="watthudenc" /><br />
<br />
The incident was mentioned in the [[Quran|Qur'an]] in Surah 48:<ref name="watthudenc" /><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Allah's Good Pleasure was on the Believers when they swore Fealty to thee under the Tree: He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down Tranquillity to them; and He rewarded them with a speedy Victory;|Translated by [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]]|[[Sura]] 48 ([[Al-Fath]]), ayah 18<ref>{{cite quran|48|18|s=ns}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
====Signing of the Treaty====<br />
Soon afterwards, with the rumour of Uthman's slaying proven untrue, negotiations continued and a treaty was eventually signed between the Muslims and Quraysh. Conditions of the treaty included:<ref>Forward (1998) p. 28</ref><br />
<br />
* the Muslims' postponement of the lesser pilgrimage until the following year<br />
* a pact of mutual non-aggression between the parties<br />
* a promise by Muhammad to return any member of Quraysh (presumably a minor or woman) fleeing from Mecca without the permission of their parent or guardian, even if they be Muslim.<br />
<br />
Some of Muhammad's followers were upset by this agreement, as they had insisted that they should complete the pilgrimage they had set out for. Following the signing of the treaty, Muhammad and the pilgrims [[Dhabihah|sacrificed]] the animals they had brought for it, and proceeded to return to Medina.<ref name="watthudenc" /> It was only later that Muhammad's followers would realise the benefit behind this treaty.<ref name="buhlm" /> These benefits, according to Islamic historian Welch Buhl, included the inducing of the Meccans to recognise Muhammad as an equal; a cessation of military activity, boding well for the future; and gaining the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the incorporation of the pilgrimage rituals.<ref name="buhlm" />{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}<br />
<br />
==== Violation of the Treaty ====<br />
The treaty was set to expire after 10 years, but was broken after only 10 months.<ref name="watthudenc" /> According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish. Should any of these tribes face aggression, the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, [[Banu Bakr]] joined Quraish, and the [[Banu Khuza'ah|Banu Khuza‘ah]] joined Muhammed.{{sfnp|al-Mubarakpuri|2002|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}} Banu Bakr attacked [[Banu Khuza'ah]] at al-Wateer in Sha'baan 8 AH and it was revealed that the Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the cover of the night.{{sfnp|al-Mubarakpuri|2002|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}} Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the [[Haram (site)|Holy Sanctuary]], but here too, their lives were not spared, and Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chasing them in the sanctified area, massacred his adversaries.<br />
<br />
==Correspondence with other leaders==<br />
There are instances according to Islamic tradition where Muhammad is thought to have sent letters to other heads of state during the [[First Islamic state|Medinan phase]] of his life. Amongst others, these included the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]], the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine emperor]] [[Heraclius]] ({{Reign|610|641}}), the ''[[Al-Muqawqis|Muqawqis]]'' of [[Egypt]] and the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid emperor]] [[Khosrow II]] ({{Reign|590|628}}). There has been controversy amongst academic scholars as to their authenticity.<ref name="ElCheikh5">El-Cheikh (1999) pp. 5–21</ref> According to [[Martin Forward]], academics have treated some reports with [[skepticism]], although he argues that it is likely that [[Muhammad]] had assumed correspondence with leaders within the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="f28"/> [[Robert Bertram Serjeant]] opines that the letters are forgeries and were designed to promote both the 'notion that Muhammad conceived of Islam as a universal religion and to strengthen the Islamic position against Christian polemic.' He further argues the unlikelihood of Muhammad sending such letters when he had not yet mastered Arabia.<ref>Footnote of the El-Cheikh (1999) reads: "Opposed to its authenticity is R. B. Sejeant "Early Arabic Prose: in Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. E L. Beeston et a1 ... (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 141–2. Suhaila aljaburi also doubts the authenticity of the document; "Ridlat al-nabi ila hiraql malik al-~m,H" amdard Islamicus 1 (1978) no. 3, pp. 15–49"</ref><ref>Serjeant also drAus the attention to anachronisms such as the mention of the payment of [[Tax per head|the poll tax]]. ''Loc cit.''</ref> [[Irfan Shahîd|Irfan Shahid]], professor of the [[Arabic|Arabic language]] and [[Islamic literature]] at [[Georgetown University]], contends that dismissing the letters sent by Muhammad as forgeries is "unjustified", pointing to recent research establishing the historicity of the letter to [[Heraclius]] as an example.<ref name="isal"/><br />
<br />
===Letter to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire===<br />
{{see also|Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)}}<br />
[[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35 |Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Emperor [[Heraclius]]; reproduction taken from Majid Ali Khan, ''Muhammad The Final Messenger'' Islamic Book Service, New Delhi (1998).]]<br />
[[File:HeracliusCaesar.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium; original version of the letter.]]<br />
A letter was sent from Muhammad to the emperor of the [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Heraclius]], through the Muslim envoy [[Dihyah al-Kalbi|Dihyah bin Khalifah al-Kalbi]], although [[Irfan Shahîd|Shahid]] suggests that Heraclius may never have received it.<ref name="isal"/> He also advances that more positive sub-narratives surrounding the letter contain little credence. According to Nadia El Cheikh, Arab historians and chroniclers generally did not doubt the authenticity of Heraclius' letter due to the documentation of such letters in the majority of both early and later sources.<ref name="Nadia">Muhammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy, Nadia Maria El-Cheikh, Studia Islamica, No. 89. (1999), pp. 5–21.</ref> Furthermore, she notes that the formulation and the wordings of different sources are very close and the differences are ones of detail: They concern the date on which the letter was sent and its exact phrasing.<ref name="Nadia"/> [[Muhammad Hamidullah]], an Islamic research scholar, argues for the authenticity of the letter sent to Heraclius, and in a later work reproduces what is claimed to be the original letter.<ref name="Nadia" /><ref>Footnote of the El-Cheikh (1999) reads: "Hamidullah discussed this controversy and tried to prove the authenticity of Heraclius' letter in his "La lettre du Prophete P Heraclius et le sort de I'original: Arabica 2(1955), pp. 97–1 10, and more recently, in Sir originaw des lettms du prophbte de I'lslam (Paris, 1985), pp. 149.172, in which he reproduces what purports to be the original letter."</ref><br />
<br />
The account as transmitted by [[List of Muslim historians|Muslim historians]] is translated as follows:<ref name="Nadia" /><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|[[Basmala|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful]]<br/>From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to Heraclius, premier of the Romans:<br/>Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!<br/>Thereafter, verily I call you to submit your will to God. Submit your will to God and you will be safe. God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you turn away, then upon you will be the sins of the peasants.<br/>Then "O [[People of the Book|People of the Scripture]], come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we peace makers."{{cite quran|3|64}}<br/>[[Seal of Muhammad|Seal]]: Muhammad, Apostle of God}}<br />
<br />
According to Islamic reports, Muhammad dispatched [[Dihyah al-Kalbi]]<ref name=bukhari>{{cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2940, 2941 - Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad) - كتاب الجهاد والسير |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2940 |website=sunnah.com |publisher=Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="al-islam.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/message/43.htm|title=The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration - The Message|website=www.al-islam.org |publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184742/http://www.al-islam.org/message/43.htm|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> to carry the epistle to "[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]" through the government of [[Bosra]] after the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Byzantine defeat of the Persians and reconquest of Jerusalem]].<ref name=sirat2>{{cite book |last1=Guillaume |first1=A. |title=Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah - The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume |date=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume}}</ref><ref name=mishkat>{{cite web |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 3926 - Jihad - كتاب الجهاد |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:3926 |website=sunnah.com |publisher=Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=bukhari/> Islamic sources say that after the letter was read to him, he was so impressed by it that he gifted the messenger of the epistle with robes and coinage.<ref name=moon>{{Cite book|title=When the Moon Split (A Biography of Prophet Muhammad)|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safi ar-Rahman|author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |publisher=Darussalam Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-603-500-060-4|location=|pages=}}</ref> Alternatively, he also put it on his lap.<ref name=sirat2/> He then summoned [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] to his court, at the time an adversary to Muhammad but a signatory to the then-recent [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]] who was trading in the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]] at the time. Asked by Heraclius about the man claiming to be a prophet, Abu Sufyan responded, speaking favorably of Muhammad's character and lineage and outlining some directives of Islam. Heraclius was seemingly impressed by what he was told of Muhammad, and felt that Muhammad's claim to prophethood was valid.<ref name="Nadia" /><ref name="bukhariherac">{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|1|1|6}}</ref><ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 420</ref> Later reportedly he wrote to a certain religious official in [[Rome]] to confirm if Muhammad's claim of prophethood was legitimate, only to receive a letter with a dismissive rejection from the council. Dissatisfied with the response, Heraclius then called upon the [[Byzantine Senate|Roman assembly]] saying, "If you desire salvation and the orthodox way so that your empire remain firmly established, then follow this prophet".<ref name=moon/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 7 - Revelation - كتاب بدء الوحى |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7 |website=sunnah.com |publisher=Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=sirat2/> Heraclius eventually decided against conversion but the envoy was returned to Medina with the felicitations of the emperor.{{sfnp|al-Mubarakpuri|2002|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}} This letter is mentioned in Sahih Al Bukhari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2938|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2938 - Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad) - كتاب الجهاد والسير - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Scholarly historians disagree with this account, arguing that any such messengers would have received neither an imperial audience or recognition, and that there is no evidence outside of Islamic sources suggesting that Heraclius had any knowledge of Islam.<ref name=WEK>{{cite book |last1=Kaegi |first1=Walter Emil |title=Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, U.K. |isbn=0-521-81459-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Letter to the Negus of Axum===<br />
[[File:Najjasi1.jpg|thumb|200px|Muhammad's letter to [[Najashi]].]]<br />
The letter inviting [[Armah]], the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axumite]] king of Ethiopia/Abyssinia, to Islam had been sent by [[Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri|Amr bin 'Umayyah ad-Damri]], although it is not known if the letter had been sent with [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far]] on the [[migration to Abyssinia]] or at a later date following the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]. According to Hamidullah, the former may be more likely.<ref name="m412" /> The letter is translated as:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful<br/>From Muhammad, Apostle of God to the Negus, premier of the Abyssinians:<br/>Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!<br/>Thereafter, verily to you I make praise of God, but Whom there is no god, the King, the Holy One, the [Maker of] Peace, the Giver of Faith, the Giver of Security. And I bear witness that [[Jesus]] son of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] is the [[Slave and Messenger#Abrahamic religions|Spirit]] of God and His [[Logos (Christianity)|Word]] that He cast into the Virgin Mary, the immaculate [and] the [[The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary|immune]], and she was impregnated with Jesus by His Spirit and His blow like how He created [[Adam]] with His Hand. And I verily call you to the one God with no partner [associated in worship] to Him, and adherence upon His obedience, and that you follow me and believe in that which came to me, [for] I, in fact, am the Apostle of God and verily call you and your hosts toward God, [Possessor of] Might and Majesty.<br/>And thus I have informed and sincerely admonished. So accept my sincere admonition. "And Peace unto whoever follows the guided path."{{cite quran|20|47}}<br/>Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God}}<br />
<br />
Having received the letter, the [[Negus]] was purported by some Muslim sources to accept Islam in a reply he wrote to Muhammad. According to Islamic tradition, the Muslims in Medina prayed the [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|funeral prayer]] in absentia for the Negus upon his death. However, there is no evidence for these claims with even some Muslim historians questioning them.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/058.sbt.html#005.058.220 5.58.220] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822230659/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/058.sbt.html#005.058.220 |date=2011-08-22 }}</ref> It is possible that another letter was sent to the successor of the late Negus.<ref name="m412" /> This letter is mentioned in Sahih Muslim.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2092e|title=Sahih Muslim 2092e - The Book of Clothes and Adornment - كتاب اللباس والزينة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Letter to the Muqawqis of Egypt===<br />
[[File:Muhammad's Letter to Mukaukis.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Drawing of Muhammad's letter to [[Muqauqis]], which was discovered in Egypt in 1858<ref>"the original of the letter was discovered in 1858 by Monsieur Etienne Barthelemy, member of a French expedition, in a monastery in Egypt and is now carefully preserved in Constantinople. Several photographs of the letter have since been published. The first one was published in the well-known Egyptian newspaper Al-Hilal in November 1904" Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, ''Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980 ([https://www.alislam.org/library/books/muhammad_seal_of_the_prophets/chapter_12.html chapter 12]). The drawing of the letter published in Al-Hilal was reproduced in [[David Samuel Margoliouth]], ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'', London (1905), [https://archive.org/stream/mohammedriseofis00margrich#page/364/mode/2up p. 365]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
There has been conflict amongst scholars about the authenticity of aspects concerning the letter sent by Muhammad to [[Al-Muqawqis]]. Some scholars such as [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke]] consider the currently preserved copy to be a forgery, and Öhrnberg considers the whole narrative concerning the Muqawqis to be "devoid of any historical value".<ref name="ohrnberg">Öhrnberg; Mukawkis. Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref> Muslim historians, in contrast, generally affirm the historicity of the reports. The text of the letter (sent by [[Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah|Hatib bin Abu Balta'ah]]) according to Islamic tradition is translated as follows:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful<br/>From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to al-Muqawqis, premier of Egypt:<br/>Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!<br/>And thereafter, verily I call you to the call of Submission [to God] ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe [from perdition, as] God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you turn away, then upon you will be the guilt [of delusion] of the Egyptians.<br/>Then "O People of the Scripture, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate [as partners in worship] with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. [Then God says] But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are Submitters [to God] ("Muslims")."{{cite quran|3|64}}<br/>Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 415</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Muqawqis responded by sending gifts to Muhammad, including two female slaves, [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] and Sirin. Maria became the [[Concubinage|concubine]] of [[Muhammad]],<ref>Buhl. Māriya; Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> with some sources reporting that she was later [[Wives of Muhammad|freed and married]]. Muqawqis is reported in Islamic tradition as having preserved the contents of the [[parchment]] in an [[ivory]] [[Casket (decorative box)|casket]], although he did not convert to Islam.<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 416</ref><br />
<br />
===Letter to Khosrau II of the Sassanid Kingdom===<br />
[[File:Khusroo1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Muhammed's letter to [[Khosrau II]] (original copy)]]<br />
The letter to [[Khosrow II]] ({{langx|ar|كِسْرٰى|Kisrá}}) is translated by Muslim historians as:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful<br/>From Muhammad, Apostle of God to Khosrow, premier of Persia:<br/>Peace unto whoever follows the guided path, and believes in God and His apostle, and bears witness that there is no god but the one God with no partner [associated in worship] to Him and that Muhammad is His servant and His apostle!<br/>And [hence] I call you to the call of God, [for] in fact I am the apostle of God to mankind in its entirety, "To warn whoever is alive”.{{cite quran|36|70}}<br/>So submit [to God] (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe [from perdition]. But if you refuse, then verily will the guilt [of delusion] of the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] ("Magians") be upon you.<br/>Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God}}<br />
<br />
According to Muslim tradition, the letter was sent through [[Abd Allah ibn Hudhafa|Abdullah as-Sahmi]]{{efn | name=guillaume | "The apostle sent letters with his companions and sent them to the kings inviting them to Islam. He sent Diḥya b. Khalīfa al-Kalbī to Caesar, king of Rūm; ʿAbdullah b. Ḥudhāfa to Chosroes, king of Persia; ʿAmr b. Umayya al-Ḍamrī to the Negus, king of Abyssinia; Ḥāṭib b. Abū Baltaʾa to the Muqauqis, king of Alexandria;...al-ʿAlā' b. al-Ḥaḍramī to al-Mundhir b. Sāwā al-ʿAbdī, king of Baḥrayn; Shujāʿ b. Wahb al-Asdī to al-Ḥārith b. Abū Shimr al-Ghassānī, king of the Roman border." [[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume]], A. ''The Life of Muhammad.''<ref name=sirat2/> p. 789}}<ref name="al-islam.org" /> who, through the governor of [[Bahrain]], delivered it to the Khosrau.<ref name="m417">al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 417</ref> Upon reading it Khosrow II reportedly tore up the document,<ref>''Kisra'', M. Morony, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. V, ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and C. Pellat, (E.J.Brill, 1980), 185.[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA185]</ref> saying, "A pitiful slave among my subjects dares to write his name before mine"<ref name="moon" /> and commanded [[Badhan (Persian Governor)|Badhan]], his vassal ruler of [[Yemen]], to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from [[Hejaz]] (Muhammad) to him. When Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi told Muhammad how Khosrow had torn his letter to pieces, Muhammad is said to have stated, "May God [likewise] [[Muslim conquest of Persia|tear apart his kingdom]]," while reacting to the Caesar's behavior saying, "May God preserve his kingdom."<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-ʿAsqalānī |first1=Ibn Ḥajar |author-link= Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani |title=Fatḥ al-Bārī |date=1428 |location=Cairo}}</ref><ref name="al-islam.org" /> This letter was mentioned in Sahih Muslim.<ref name="auto" /> In 628 CE the [[Sasanian civil war of 628–632]] began which was followed by the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].<br />
<br />
===Other letters===<br />
<br />
==== The Sassanid governors of Bahrain and Yamamah ====<br />
[[File:Muhammad Bahrain letter facsimile.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Muhammed's letter to [[Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi|Munzir b. Sawa]] (reproduction of a manuscript copy)]]<br />
[[File:Sana' military museum 07.JPG|thumb|200px|Message of [[Muhammad]] to Al-Mundhir bin Sawa reserved in [[Yemen Military Museum]]. Above is the original manuscript, below are modern printing characters for writing the same manuscript.]]<br />
Apart from the aforementioned personalities, there are other reported instances of correspondence. [[Al-Mundhir ibn Sawa|Munzir ibn Sawa al-Tamimi]], the governor of [[Bahrain]], was apparently an addressee, with a letter having been delivered to him through [[Al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami|al-'Alaa ibn al-Hadrami]]. He reportedly accepted Islam along with some of his subjects, but some of them did not.<ref name="m4">al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 421–424</ref> A similar letter was sent to [[Haudha ibn Ali]], the governor of [[Al-Yamama|Yamamah]], who replied that he would only convert if he were given a position of authority within Muhammad's government, a proposition which Muhammad was unwilling to accept.<ref name="m4" /><br />
<br />
==== The Ghassanids ====<br />
Muhammad sent a letter to [[Harith ibn Abi Shamir|al-Ḥārith bin ʾAbī Shamir al-Ghassānī]], who ruled [[Diocese of the East|Byzantine Syria]], based in Bosra,{{efn | He is referred to as {{lang|ar|عَظِيمِ بُصْرَى}} "premier of Bosra"<ref name=mishkat/><ref name=bukhari/>}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reda |first1=Mohammed |title=MOHAMMED (S) THE MESSENGER OF ALLAH: محمد رسول الله (ص) [إنكليزي] |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |location=Beirut, Lebanon |isbn=978-2-7451-8113-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R5LDwAAQBAJ |access-date=14 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="al-islam.org"/> or alternatively in [[Damascus]].<ref name=moon/><ref name=halabi>{{cite book |last1=al-Hạlabī |first1=ʻAlī ibn Ibrāhīm Nūr al-Dīn |title=Insān al-ʻuyūn: fī sīrat al-Amīn al-Maʼmūn (Vol.3) |date=1964 |publisher=Musṭạfā al-Bābī al-Hạlabī |pages=300–306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdBVAAAAYAAJ |language=ar}}</ref> He hailed from the [[Ghassanids|Ghassanid]] dynasty of [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] Arabs (comparable though superior in status to the [[Herodian dynasty]] of [[Roman Palestine]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} The letter reads as follows:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful<br/>From Muhammad, Apostle of God to al-Ḥāriṯ the son of ʾAbū Šamir:<br/>Peace unto whoever follows the guided path and believe in God and is sincere [about it]!<br/>Thereby I call you to [this] that you believe in the one God with no partner [associated in worship] to Him [and] your kingship remains yours.<br/>Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God}}<br />
<br />
Al-Ghassani reportedly reacted unfavourably, viewing Muhammad's correspondence as an insult.<ref name="m4" /><br />
<br />
==== The 'Azd ====<br />
Jayfar and 'Abd, princes of the powerful ruling '[[Azd]] tribe which ruled [[Oman]] in collaboration with the Persian governors, were sons of the [[Client state|client king]] Juland (frequently spelt Al-Julandā based on the Perso-Arabic pronunciation).<ref>Wilkinson, Arab-persian Land relationships p. 40</ref> They embraced Islam peacefully on 628 AD upon receiving the letter sent from Muhammad through [[Amr ibn al-As|'Amr ibn al-'As]].<ref>Rogerson (2003) p. 202</ref> The 'Azd subsequently played a major role in the ensuant Islamic conquests. They were one of the five tribal contingents that settled in the newly founded garrison city of [[Basra]] at the head of the [[Persian Gulf]]; under their general [[Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]]; they also took part in the conquest of [[Khorasan|Khurasan]] and [[Transoxiana|Transoxania]].<ref>A. Abu Ezzah, The political situation in Eastern Arabia at the Advent of Islam" p. 55</ref><br />
<br />
The letter reads as follows:<br />
{{blockquote|In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful<br/>From Muhammad, Apostle of God to Jayfar and ʿAbd [''sic''],<ref name="oman">[http://www.omanwhs.gov.om/hh/conversiontoislam1.htm Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Sultanate of Oman - Advisor to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs] The Letter of the Prophet Mohammad to the People of Oman - Advisor to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs</ref> the sons of al-Julandī:<br/>Then peace unto whoever follows the guided path!<br/>Thereafter, verily I call you two to the call of Submission [to God] ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe I, in fact, am the apostle of God to mankind in its entirety, "that he may warn whoever is alive Then indeed you two: if you consent unto Submission to Allah, I shall patronize you. But if you refuse, then [know that] indeed your reign is fleeting, and my horsemen shall invade into your courtyard, and my prophethood shall become dominate your kingdom.<br/>Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God}}{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[History of Islam|Muslim history]]<br />
*[[Itmam al-Hujjah|Itmam al-hujjah]]<br />
*[[Sharia]]<br />
* [[Glossary_of_Islam#Jihad|Types of Islamic Jihad]]<br />
* [[Islam and war]]<br />
* [[Military career of Muhammad]]<br />
* [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite journal| last=El-Cheikh| first=Nadia Maria| title=Muhammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy| journal=Studia Islamica| volume=89| year=1999| issue=89| pages=5–21| doi=10.2307/1596083| jstor=1596083}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Forward, Martin| author-link=Martin Forward| year=1998| title=Muhammad: A Short Biography| location=Oxford| publisher=Oneworld| isbn=1-85168-131-0| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadshortbio0000forw| url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Haykal, Muhammad Husayn| author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal| title=The Life of Muhammad| location=Indianapolis| publisher=American Trust Publications| year=1993| isbn=0-89259-137-4}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Joel|author-link=Joel Hayward |year=2021 |title=[[The Leadership of Muhammad]] |publisher=Claritas Books|isbn=9781905837489}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Lewis, Bernard| author-link=Bernard Lewis| year=1984| title=The Jews of Islam| location=US| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=0-691-05419-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |author-link=Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri |last=al-Mubarakpuri |first=Saif-ur-Rahman |year=2002 |title=al-Raheeq al-Makhtoom |trans-title=Sealed Nectar |series=[[Islamic University of Madinah|Islamic University of Medina]] |place=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |publisher=Dar-Us-Salam Publications |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0 |oclc=228097547}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Muir, William| author-link=William Muir| title=The Life of Mahomet| location=London| publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.| year=1861| oclc=3265081| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217505}}<br />
* P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (Ed.), ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online''. [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]].{{ISSN|1573-3912}}.<br />
* {{cite book| author=Rogerson, Barnaby| author-link=Barnaby Rogerson| title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography| location=UK| publisher=Little, Brown (Time Warner books)| year=2003| isbn=0-316-86175-8}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Watt, M Montgomery| author-link=William Montgomery Watt| title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman| location=United Kingdom| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1974| isbn=0-19-881078-4| url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt}}<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
* Al-Ismail, Tahia (1998). ''The Life of Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources''. Ta-Ha publishers Ltd, United Kingdom. {{ISBN|0-907461-64-6}}.<br />
* {{cite book| author=Hamidullah, Muhammad| author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah| title=Six originaux des lettres du Prophète de l'islam: étude paléographique et historique des lettres| location=Paris| publisher=Tougui| year=1985| isbn=2-7363-0005-X}}<br />
* {{cite book| author=Watt, M Montgomery| title=Muhammad at Medina| location=United Kingdom| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1981| isbn=0-19-577307-1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm Muhammad Husayn Haykal: "The Life of Muhammad"; Online version]<br />
* [http://www.pbuh.us/prophetMuhammad.php?f=LT_Monarch Letters sent by Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924031703/http://www.pbuh.us/prophetMuhammad.php?f=LT_Monarch |date=2017-09-24 }}<br />
{{Muhammad footer}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Life of Muhammad]]<br />
[[Category:Treaties of Muhammad]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naalai_Namadhe_(1975_film)&diff=519646Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)2026-03-14T06:34:04Z<p>Addie15A4298: started a info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1975 Tamil film by K. S. Sethumadhavan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Naalai Namadhe 1975 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''|[[Salim–Javed]]}}<br />
| producer = K. S. R. Moorthi<br />
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]<br />[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]]<br />[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]<br />[[M. N. Nambiar]]<br />
| cinematography = P. L. Roy<br />
| editing = T. R. Srinivasalu<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| studio = Gajendra Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1975|07|04}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Naalai Namadhe''''' ({{Translation|Tomorrow Is Ours}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], and [[M. N. Nambiar]]. A remake of the 1973 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'', it revolves around three brothers being separated in their childhood due to the actions of a killer, and growing up to live separate lives. The film was released on 4 July 1975 and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 December 2019 |title=MGR Remembered&nbsp;– Part 54 {{!}} An Overview of the Final 31 movies of 1970s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005730/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=March 2023}}<br />
Separated in their childhood by Ranjith, a killer, brothers Shankar, Vijay and Radhan grow up in different paths in life. While Shankar becomes a goon and accidentally for Ranjith, Radhan becomes a singer and Vijay a do-gooder. They have a family song which the three of them know. Fate makes them cross paths and Radhan and Vijay meet up first. Even though Shankar is there, he cannot acknowledge them for he knows his gang will kill them. How Shankar manages to get back to them without the gang catching up while Vijay with Radhan's help come up to catch the gang is the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Shankar and Vijay<br />
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Rani<br />
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Radhan<br />
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Leela<br />
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Ranjith<br />
*[[Nagesh]] as Rangu alias Rathavandhu<br />
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Devdass (guest appearance)<br />
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Ravi (guest appearance)<br />
*[[Rajasree]] as Kamala (guest appearance)<br />
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Sharma<br />
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as Raju<br />
*K. Kannan as Madhan, Martin<br />
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Robert<br />
*[[Karikol Raju]] as Worker in bar<br />
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Fake doctor<br />
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Marwadi<br />
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as young Vijay<br />
*Aalam as Dancer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Naalai Namadhe'' is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Ace Malayalam film director KS Sethumadhavan passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/dec/24/ace-malayalam-film-director-k-s-sethumadhavan-passes-away-28609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118210725/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/dec/24/ace-malayalam-film-director-k-s-sethumadhavan-passes-away-28609.html |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[M. G. Ramachandran]], in a dual role, reprised the roles originally portrayed by [[Dharmendra]] and [[Vijay Arora]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|Sage Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> When Ramachandran and director [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] were discussing what to title the film, a journalist friend of theirs suggested ''Naalai Namadhe'', and that was finalised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelangad |first=Saju |date=24 February 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan, cinema and politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kamal-haasan-cinema-and-politics/article22841671.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428055458/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kamal-haasan-cinema-and-politics/article22841671.ece |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naalai Namathe Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/naalai-namathe-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731034040/https://mossymart.com/product/naalai-namathe-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naalai Namathe (1975) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0001450.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126125038/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0001450.html |archive-date=26 January 2012 |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Naalai Namathe" (Anbu Malargalai) || [[P. Susheela]], L. R. Anjali, [[Shoba]] & Sasirekha || 05:12<br />
|-<br />
| "Naalai Namathe" (Bit) || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 01:37<br />
|-<br />
| "Naanoru Medai Paadagan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 06:06<br />
|-<br />
| "Neela Nayanangalil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] & P. Susheela || 05:48<br />
|-<br />
| "Ennai Vittal" || K. J. Yesudas || 04:18<br />
|-<br />
| "Kadhal Enbathu" || K. J. Yesudas & P. Susheela || 05:12<br />
|-<br />
| "En Edaiyilum" (Love Is A Game)|| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[L. R. Eswari]] & Sai Baba || 04:40<br />
|-<br />
| "Naalai Namathe" (Anbu Malargalai) || T. M. Soundararajan & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 04:58<br />
|-<br />
| "Naalai Namathe" (Anbu Malargalai) || P. Susheela, L. R. Anjali, [[Shoba]] & Sasirekha || 05:12<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film old-fashioned, but appreciated Sethumadhavan's direction and the colour cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=27 July 1975 |title=நாளை நமதே! |url=https://ibb.co/Qfc8DHp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317065639/https://ibb.co/Qfc8DHp |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta}}</ref><!-- https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_3_302/3.jp2/full/1000,1498/0/default.jpg --><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}<br />
{{Salim–Javed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:1975 films]]<br />
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prachi_Deshpande&diff=526166Prachi Deshpande2026-03-11T18:24:27Z<p>Addie15A4298: started new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian historian studying South Asian historiography}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
<!--{{refimprove|date=December 2020}}--><br />
<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Prachi Deshpande<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Courtesy: Infosys Foundation<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|14 December 1972}}<br />
| alma_mater = [[Tufts University]]<br>[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<br>[[Fergusson University]]<br />
| thesis_title = Narratives of Pride: History and Regional Identity in Maharashtra, India, c. 1870-1960<br />
| workplaces = [[Colorado State University]]<br>[[Rutgers University]]<br>[[UC Berkeley]]<br>[[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]]<br />
| main_interests = Script and Language, Cultures of Historiography, Marathi literature and culture, Scribal elites, Modernity<br />
| titles = Professor of History<br />
| awards = [[Infosys Prize]] (2020)<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[Sugata Bose]]<br />
| discipline = Early Modern South Asian History<br />
| sub_discipline = Social and cultural history of western India<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.cssscal.org/faculty_prachi_deshpande.php|Official Website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Prachi Deshpande''' (born 14 December 1972) is an Indian [[historian]] and [[Professor]] of [[History]] at the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Print History: Prachi Deshpande - Straddling Manuscript and Print {{!}} PrintWeekIndia |url=https://www.printweek.in/features/print-history-prachi-deshpande-straddling-manuscript-and-print-57637 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=PrintWeek |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Infosys Prize">{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2020 - Prof. Prachi Deshpande |url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2020/prachi-deshpande.asp |access-date=2020-12-09 |website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref><ref name="cssscal profile">{{Cite web|title=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|url=http://www.cssscal.org/faculty_prachi_deshpande.php|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.cssscal.org|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Deshpande received the [[Infosys Prize]] for Humanities – History for her extraordinarily nuanced and highly sophisticated treatment of South Asian [[historiography]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize winner's journey, from Berkeley To Kolkata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/infosys-prize-winners-journey-from-berkeley-to-kolkata/cid/1829846 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019000543/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/infosys-prize-winners-journey-from-berkeley-to-kolkata/cid/1829846 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-03 |title=Infosys Prizes for 2020 Awarded to Six Scholars – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/scientists-from-iisc-mit-harvard-stanford-among-6-winners-of-infosys-prize-2020/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Infosys Science Foundation announces 2020's Infosys Prize Laureates |url=https://researchmatters.in/index.php/news/infosys-science-foundation-announces-2020s-infosys-prize-laureates |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Research Matters |language=en}}</ref> She was the only female awardee that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'souza |first=Pearl Maria |date=2020-12-02 |title=Lone woman among winners as Infosys Prize awarded for contributions to science and research |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Dec/02/lone-woman-among-winners-as-infosys-prize-awarded-for-contributions-to-science-and-research-2230978.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthukumar |first=Roshini |date=2020-12-03 |title=Meet the 6 Brilliant Scientists Who've Just Won the $100,000 Infosys Prize |url=https://thebetterindia.com/243910/infosys-prize-2020-brilliant-scientist-harvard-iisc-mit-stanford-ccmb-csss-narayan-murthy-ros174/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-12-02 |title=Infosys Prize 2020 winners felicitated in six categories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/infosys-prize-2020-winners-felicitated-in-six-categories/article33232504.ece |access-date=2020-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Deshpande was born in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] in 1972. She completed her [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate studies]] in [[History]] at [[Fergusson College|Fergusson College, Pune]] (1988–1993), followed by an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in History at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]] (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |title=Prachi Deshpande, CV |url=https://cssscal.org/pdf/faculty/deshpande_cv_2023.pdf |website=The Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She later pursued her [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral studies]] (1997–2002) under the supervision of historian [[Sugata Bose]] at [[Tufts University|Tufts University, Medford, MA.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960 |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12486-7 |pages=10 |language=en |chapter=Acknowledgements}}</ref> Her [[Thesis|doctoral thesis]] is titled ''Narratives of Pride: History and Regional Identity in Maharashtra, India, c. 1870-1960.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2t4nQEACAAJ |title=Narratives of Pride: History and Regional Identity in Maharashtra, India, C. 1870-1960 |date=2002 |publisher=Tufts University |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After completing her doctorate at [[Tufts University]], [[Massachusetts]], in 2002, Deshpande taught as an [[Assistant professor|assistant]] and [[associate professor]] at several institutions in the [[United States]], including [[Colorado State University]] (2002–2004), [[Rutgers University]] (2004–2006), and the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (2006–2010). In 2010, she returned to [[India]] to join the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|Centre for Studies in Social Sciences]], [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|Calcutta]], where she continues to work as a professor of history. She currently serves as Consulting Editor of the [[Journal of the History of Ideas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of the History of Ideas |url=https://www.pennpress.org/journals/journal/journal-of-the-history-of-ideas/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=University of Pennsylvania Press |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
Deshpande has published works in both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What an 18th-Century Sale Deed Reveals About Language and Territory in the Deccan |url=https://thewire.in/history/what-an-18th-century-sale-deed-reveals-about-language-and-territory-in-the-deccan |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Her first book, ''Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960'' ([[Columbia University Press]], 2007), based on her doctoral research, examines modern history-writing practices in [[Marathi people|Marathi-speaking]] regions of [[Western India]] and their role in shaping Maharashtrian regional identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-28 |title=Memory and Identity in Creative History {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/48/book-reviews/memory-and-identity-creative-history.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dube |first=Saurabh |date=2009 |title=Review of Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25594374 |journal=Social History |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=348–350 |doi=10.1080/03071020902981840 |jstor=25594374 |issn=0307-1022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallavarapu |first=Srikanth |date=2010 |title=Review of Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929341 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=1274–1276 |doi=10.1017/S0021911810002639 |jstor=40929341 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1125262.Creative_Pasts |title=Creative pasts: historical memory and identity in western India, 1700-1960 |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12486-7 |series=Cultures of history |location=New York}}</ref> Her second and most recent book, ''Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India'' ([[Orient Blackswan|Orient BlackSwan]], 2023), explores the cultural history of [[Modi script|Modi]], the cursive script used for Marathi in Western India, and highlights its striking resonances with contemporary concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O’Hanlon |first=Rosalind |date=2025-08-10 |title='Scripts of Power': An extraordinarily rich study of the inescapable materiality of scribal labour |url=https://scroll.in/article/1085083/scripts-of-power-an-extraordinarily-rich-study-of-the-inescapable-materiality-of-scribal-labour |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mir |first=Farina |date=2025-06-01 |title=Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India, by Prachi Deshpande |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceaf127 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=140 |issue=604–605 |pages=896–898 |doi=10.1093/ehr/ceaf127 |issn=0013-8266|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=Bhavani |date=2023-08-01 |title=Book review: Prachi Deshpande, Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices and Cultural History in Western India |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/02576430231211728 |journal=Studies in History |language=EN |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=286–288 |doi=10.1177/02576430231211728 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panda |first=Ahona |date=2024-07-01 |title=Book review: Prachi Deshpande, Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/00194646241256332 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |language=EN |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=420–423 |doi=10.1177/00194646241256332 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poddar |first=Sanjukta |date=2024-01-02 |title=Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2024.2309759 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=47 |pages=212–215 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/00856401.2024.2309759 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prachi Deshpande, "Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India" (Permanent Black, 2023) |url=https://newbooksnetwork.com/prachi-deshpande-scripts-of-power-writing-language-practices-and-cultural-history-in-western-india-permanent-black-2023 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=New Books Network |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Select Journal Articles ===<br />
<br />
* “The Marathi Kaulnāmā: Property, Sovereignty and Documentation in a Persianate Form.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 64(5–6), 583–614, 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |date=2021-11-26 |title=The Marathi Kaulnāmā: Property, Sovereignty and Documentation in a Persianate Form |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=64 |issue=5–6 |pages=583–614 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341547 |issn=1568-5209|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8534-9067 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=orcid.org}}</ref><br />
* “Shuddhalekhan: Orthography, Community and the Marathi Public Sphere.” ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', vol. 51, no. 6, 2016, pp.72–82.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |date=2016 |title=Shuddhalekhan: Orthography, Community and the Marathi Public Sphere |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44004357 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=72–82 |jstor=44004357 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><br />
* "The writerly self: Literacy, discipline and codes of conduct in early modern western India." ''[[Indian Economic and Social History Review|The Indian Economic and Social History Review]]'', 53(4), 449–471, 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |date=2016-10-01 |title=The writerly self: Literacy, discipline and codes of conduct in early modern western India |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464616662137 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |language=EN |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=449–471 |doi=10.1177/0019464616662137 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* “The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857.” [[The Journal of Asian Studies]], vol. 67, no. 3, 2008, pp.855–79.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |date=2008 |title=The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203427 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=855–879 |doi=10.1017/S0021911808001186 |jstor=20203427 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><br />
* "Caste as Maratha: Social categories, colonial policy and identity in early twentieth-century Maharashtra." [[Indian Economic and Social History Review|The Indian Economic and Social History Review]], 41(1), 7-32, 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |date=2004-02-01 |title=Caste as Maratha: Social categories, colonial policy and identity in early twentieth-century Maharashtra |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100102 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |language=EN |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=7–32 |doi=10.1177/001946460404100102 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Prachi}}<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Colorado State University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyamaprasad_Mukherjee&diff=535578Shyamaprasad Mukherjee2026-03-08T18:19:01Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up some data w/ sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian mathematician and statistician}}{{Other uses}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
|name = S. P. Mukherjee<br />
|image = SPM2016.jpg<br />
|caption = Prof S P Mukherjee at a felicitation event in Feb 2016<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|6|16|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Kidderpore]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|field = [[Statistics]]<br />
|work_institution = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
|alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]<br />
|doctoral_advisor = Purnendu Kumar Bose<br />
|doctoral_students =<br />
|known_for = Reliability analysis<br />
|awards = Prof [[Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme|P. V. Sukhatme]] Award for Senior Statisticians<br />P. C. Mahalanobis Birth Centenary Award<br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Shyamaprasad Mukherjee''', [[The National Academy of Sciences, India|FNASc]], known as '''S. P. Mukherjee''' (born 16 June 1938), is an Indian [[statistician]] and the former Centenary Professor of Statistics at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/chairs.htm|title=Prestigious Chairs|accessdate=1 March 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120322/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/chairs.htm|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is a [[visiting professor]] at University of Calcutta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.caluniv.in/fac.asp |title=Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta |publisher=Stat.caluniv.in |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> after retiring formally in 2004.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/04/stories/0204000m.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125095301/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/04/stories/0204000m.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=PM presents awards to 21 scientists|date=4 January 2000|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> He is the Chairman of Expert Group conducting All-India surveys under the Labour Bureau.<ref name="Labour Bureau">{{cite news|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709013|title=Labour Bureau launches two of the five all-India surveys}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
He was born in [[Kidderpore]], [[Kolkata]], India. In 1954 he appeared in his school final (10th grade) examination and was ranked second in the state of West Bengal. He received an [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in [[Statistics]] in 1960 and Ph.D. in Statistics in 1967 from [[University of Calcutta]]. After a short stint of teaching in the Presidency College, Calcutta, he joined the University of Calcutta as a lecturer in Statistics in 1964.<br />
<br />
==Academic career==<br />
Prof Mukherjee has done extensive research work in Applied Probability, Parametric and Bayesian Estimation, Reliability Analysis, Quality Management, and Operations Research; published more than sixty research papers and review and expository articles; and supervised twenty one Ph. D. students.<br />
He was the President of the Operational Research Society of India as well as of the Association of Asian-Pacific Operational Research Societies (APORS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apors.ms.unimelb.edu.au/committee.html |title=Welcome to APORS |publisher=Apors.ms.unimelb.edu.au |accessdate=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317053349/http://www.apors.ms.unimelb.edu.au/committee.html |archivedate=17 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also a Vice-President of the [[International Federation of Operational Research Societies]] (IFORS).{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} He has been the President <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calcuttastatisticalassociation.org/Program_Nov2011.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414092635/http://www.calcuttastatisticalassociation.org/Program_Nov2011.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 April 2013 |title=Calcutta Statistical Association |publisher=Calcuttastatisticalassociation.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> of the [[Calcutta Statistical Association]]. He was the Chairman of the Committee on Statistical Methods for Quality and Reliability of the Bureau of Indian Standards. He is the president of the Indian Association for Productivity, Quality and Reliability (IAPQR) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iapqr.org/bearers.html |title=IAPQR, Indian Association for Productivity Quality & Reliability |publisher=Iapqr.org |accessdate=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040617210740/http://www.iapqr.org/bearers.html |archivedate=17 June 2004 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as well as the editor of ''IAPQR Transactions'' and is associated with the editorial work of several other journals.<br />
<br />
===Areas of research contributions===<br />
* Applied probability<br />
* [[Parametric equation|Parametric]] and [[Bayes estimator|Bayesian]] estimation<br />
* [[Reliability (disambiguation)|Reliability]]<br />
* [[Quality management]]<br />
* [[Operations research]]<br />
<br />
===Books authored===<br />
* ''Graduate Employment and Higher Education in West Bengal''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8ssAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:ISBN9280311018 | title=Graduate Employment and Higher Education in West Bengal | isbn=978-0-85226-078-4 | last1=Bose | first1=P. K. | last2=Sanyal | first2=Bikas C. | last3=Mukherjee | first3=Sakti Pada | date=1983 | publisher=Unesco Press }}</ref><br />
* ''Frontiers in Probability and Statistics''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9RUAAAAYAAJ | title=Frontiers in Probability and Statistics | isbn=978-81-7319-115-2 | last1=Basu | first1=Sujit K. | last2=Sinha | first2=Bimal K. | date=1998 | publisher=Narosa Publishing House }}</ref><br />
* ''Quality: Domains and Dimensions''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.springer.com/in/book/9789811312700 | title=Quality }}</ref><br />
* ''Statistical Methods in Social Science Research''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2146-7 | doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2146-7 | title=Statistical Methods in Social Science Research | date=2018 | last1=Mukherjee | first1=S. P. | last2=Sinha | first2=Bikas K. | last3=Chattopadhyay | first3=Asis Kumar | isbn=978-981-13-2145-0 }}</ref><br />
* ''A Guide to Research Methodology: An Overview of Research Problems, Tasks and Methods''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crcpress.com/A-Guide-to-Research-Methodology-An-Overview-of-Research-Problems-Tasks/Mukherjee/p/book/9780367256203|title=A Guide to Research Methodology: An Overview of Research Problems, Tasks and Methods}}</ref><br />
* ''Decision-making: Concepts, Methods and Techniques''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/decision-making/book281110|title = Decision-making|date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Awards and medals===<br />
* Prof P V Sukhatme Award for Senior Statisticians June 2012<ref name="Press Release from Press Information Bureau, Goovernment of India">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=85078 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/newsplus/worldnews-44901.html|title=Statistics Day 2012 celebrated|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref><br />
* P C Mahalanobis Birth Centenary Award January 2000<ref name="thehindu"/><br />
* Fellow of ISPS 2012<ref name="thehindu"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Shyamaprasad}}<br />
[[Category:1939 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabzaa_(1988_film)&diff=507261Kabzaa (1988 film)2026-03-03T23:57:45Z<p>Addie15A4298: new new entry basic info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1988 film directed by Mahesh Bhatt}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kabzaa<br />
| image = Kabzaa poster.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
| producer = [[Nanabhai Bhatt]]<br />
| writer = [[Salim Khan]]<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[On the Waterfront]]''|<br />
[[Elia Kazan]]|[[Budd Schulberg]]}}{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
| starring = [[Raj Babbar]]<br>[[Sanjay Dutt]]<br>[[Paresh Rawal]]<br>[[Amrita Singh]]<br />[[Dimple Kapadia]]<br />
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]<ref>{{cite book |title=BollySwar: 1981 - 1990 | isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&dq=kabzaa+1988&pg=PA1008 | last1=Arunachalam | first1=Param | date=14 April 2020 | publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited }}</ref><br />
| cinematography = Nadeem Khan<br />
| editing = Dimpy Bahl<br />
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kabzaa |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kabzaa |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|1988|05|20|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kabzaa''''' ({{translation|Possession}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action crime film]], written by [[Salim Khan]] and directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]] starring [[Raj Babbar]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabzaa (1988) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/kabzaa-1988 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1988-01-01 |title=Kabzaa Cast List {{!}} Kabzaa Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabzaa/cast/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |language=en}}</ref> The story of the 1998 Indian film [[Ghulam (film)|''Ghulam'']] was inspired by this film.{{Need Citation|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Ravi Verma, a careless boy, lives with his elder brother Ranjeet Verma. Ranjeet is a lawyer and works for Veljibhai Soda, who is a criminal. Veljibhai has an order to [[Land mafia|forcefully acquire a land]] which belongs to a [[List of Indian independence activists|freedom fighter]] Ustad Ali Mohammed. Ali wants to build up a [[Playground|children's park]] at that site. Ravi somehow gets into the picture and Veljibhai asks him to go there and warn Ali to leave the land immediately. Ravi is suffering from brain tumor and while throwing things out of Ali's house, he falls on the floor. Ali takes him to the hospital.<br />
<br />
When Ravi gains consciousness, he realises that he had been doing wrong and changes his mind. He realises his duties and now wants to save Ali's land at any cost from Veljibhai. Veljibhai, on realising this, takes the onus upon himself to capture the land in his own hands. He gets Ali killed in the process. Ali has handed over the ownership of land to Ravi in his deed. Veljibhai asks Ravi to hand over the deed papers in ransom for his brother, Ranjeet. Ranjeet however tries to get the papers back but is killed by Veljibhai. Now Ravi has everything to go against Veljibhai and not let his plans succeed. But Veljibhai is clever enough to kidnap his love Rita. Ravi rescues Rita and kills Veljibhai not before he is shot with four bullets, but saves himself by crawling towards phone booth to call ambulance. The ambulance arrives and in the hospital, Ravi is saved, along with the removal of his [[brain tumor]]. He gets the children's park built in Ali's land as per his last wish.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Ranjeet Verma<br />
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Dr. Smita<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Ravi Verma<br />
* [[Amrita Singh]] as Rita<br />
* [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Ustad Ali Mohammed<br />
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Veljibhai Soda<br />
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Daaga<br />
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Dancer<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]] and the songs were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Tumse Mile Bin Chain Nahin Aata, Main Kya Karun" <br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Anupama Deshpande]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Ae Mere Dil" - 1 <br />
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Ae Mere Dil" - 2<br />
| Mohammed Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| "Ae Mere Dil" - 3<br />
| Mohammed Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| "Ae Mere Dil" - 4<br />
| Mohammed Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| "Dil Ki Adalat, Pyar Ka Muqadma" <br />
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Heere Motiyon Se" <br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0156663}}<br />
<br />
{{Mahesh Bhatt}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarfarosh_(1999_film)&diff=533203Sarfarosh (1999 film)2026-03-03T23:43:32Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up the entry needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1999 Hindi film by John Matthew Matthan}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sarfarosh<br />
| image = Sarfarosh poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[John Matthew Matthan]]<br />
| producer = John Matthew Matthan<br />
| story = John Matthew Matthan<br />
| screenplay = John Matthew Matthan {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by<br />
| data1= Hriday Lani<br/>Pathik Vats}}<br />
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]]<br/>[[Aamir Khan]]<br/>[[Sonali Bendre]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Jatin–Lalit]]<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>[[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br />
| cinematography = Vikas Sivaraman<br />
| editing = Jethu Mandal<br />
| studio = Cinematt Pictures<br />
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1999|04|30|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 163 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2411|title=Sarfarosh – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}33.46 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sarfarosh''''' ({{translation|Fervent}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] written, produced, and directed by [[John Matthew Matthan]]. The film, based on true events regarding [[state-sponsored terrorism]] taken place in India during 1990s, stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Aamir Khan]], and [[Sonali Bendre]], alongside [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Akhilendra Mishra]], [[Makarand Deshpande|Makrand Deshpande]], [[Shrivallabh Vyas|Shri Vallabh Vyas]], [[Govind Namdev]] and [[Surekha Sikri]]. The soundtrack and musical score were composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]] and [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Vikas Sivaraman and Jethu Mundul respectively. The film revolves around an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer's quest to eradicate [[cross-border terrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/14us5.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Sarfarosh Roars Across America}}</ref><br />
<br />
Matthan started working on the film in 1992, and spent seven years on the research, pre-production and production. It was released in 30 April 1999.<br />
<br />
''Sarfarosh'' was released just before the [[Kargil conflict]] when tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] were high. The film became commercially successful at the box office. The movie received praise for its cast performances, technical aspects, action sequences, music and script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: A look at the year gone by}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2411|title=Sarfarosh – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]], the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film]], and was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxoffice18.com/trivia/1990's-decade-change-hindi-cinema-1999-part/index-1578.html/2|title=1990′s : Decade of change in Hindi Cinema (1999 Part I) » Box Office 18|date=21 April 2014}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Sathyameva Jayathe'' and in [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] as ''[[Astram (film)|Astram]]''.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
[[Arms trafficking]] is taking place across western India. Bala Thakur, a gun handler in [[Jaisalmer district|Bahid, Rajasthan]], provides [[AK-47]] arms to Veeran, a notorious brigand. Veeran and his [[adivasi]] gang loot a Telugu wedding group gunning down every person in the bus at [[Chandrapur]], the border area of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] known for [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|naxalite–maoist insurgency]]. The government appoints a Special Action Team in [[Mumbai]] to trace the attack.<br />
<br />
[[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Ajay Singh Rathod, a resident of Mumbai, attends a concert by famed [[ghazal]] singer, the elderly Gulfam Hassan, a [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]]. Gulfam is Indian by birth but had to move to [[Pakistan]] as a child during the partition; deeply scarred by the experience, he is happy that the government allows him to live in his palatial residence whenever he comes to India. Gulfam finds a huge fan in Ajay, who used to attend his programs as a child, and the two bond. Ajay also reunites with Seema, whom he had a crush on when they were studying in [[Delhi]]. The duo falls in love.<br />
<br />
Inspector Saleem, an honest policeman, is taken off the team when notorious gangster Sultan escapes his clutches. He is reprimanded for this failure and for causing the death of three officers in the attempt. Despite Saleem doing his duty sincerely, his senior officers look down upon him because he is a Muslim. When Ajay, who is younger, inexperienced and was mentored by Saleem himself before assuming charge, is told to head the team, Saleem is upset and refuses to take part in the investigation. Ajay's past is revealed: his father was going to testify against a terrorist, and in an attempt to stop them, Ajay's elder brother was killed. His father was kidnapped, and by the time the terrorists spared him, the man had lost his voice. This motivated Ajay to join the police force.<br />
<br />
Gulfam is revealed to be working for the Pakistani intelligence, which is attempting to indulge in a [[proxy war]] with India. Since Gulfam likes Ajay, he sees to it that nothing happens to him. Saleem finds the location of Bala Thakur and Sultan and gives the information to Ajay, who convinces him to join the team again. An [[encounter killing|encounter]] with the criminals results in the death of Bala Thakur while Ajay is injured. Though Sultan escapes, the operation is a success as the team is able to intercept a consignment of lethal arms meant for terrorist Veeran. Sultan is assassinated on Gulfam's orders because of his failure, with false information relayed to Saleem's informer network that Sultan has escaped to Pakistan.<br />
<br />
While recovering from his injuries in the hospital, Ajay narrates the events to Seema, when he has an epiphany. He goes back to the site with Seema's help where he finds a horoscope of Bala Thakur, which leads the team to Bahid in Rajasthan. Following his recovery, Ajay meets Gulfam in Bahid, who is temporarily staying in his ancestral manor. Gulfam's attempts to derail the investigation, even ordering an assault on Ajay, are of no avail. The repeated failures displease the Pakistani Intelligence, which dispatch Major Aslam Baig to take care of the business.<br />
<br />
The team prepares for a final assault on the gun-running operation and ultimately land at Gulfam's mansion. Ajay feels betrayed when he learns of Gulfam's betrayal, but is aware of the lack of evidence to indict him for his crimes. He tricks Gulfam into killing Baig and arrests him for it. Gulfam reveals that he did what he did because of how his experiences during the partition hurt him. Ajay makes him realize that his actions are not benefiting any people of any religion, and Gulfam, unable to stand the humiliation and guilt, commits suicide. His suicide is hushed up, and the team returns to Mumbai to much accolades for busting the terrorist racket. Saleem is tipped on the whereabouts of Veeran, and Ajay embarks on another investigation with his team.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Gulfam Hassan, the main antagonist, a Pakistani singer who works for [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]<br />
* [[Aamir Khan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ajay Singh Rathod, Gulfam's friend/enemy and Seema's boyfriend<br />
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Seema Nagrath, Ajay's girlfriend<br />
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Inspector Saleem Ahmed<br />
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Mr. Rathod, Ajay's father<br />
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Mrs. Rathod, Ajay's mother<br />
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]] as Ajay's sister-in-law<br />
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Rambandhu Gupta / Mirchi Seth<br />
* Ahmed Khan as Haji Seth<br />
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Sultan Deep<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Shiva<br />
* [[Shri Vallabh Vyas]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Aslam Baig<br />
* [[Rajesh Joshi (actor)|Rajesh Joshi]] as Bala Thakur<br />
* Ali Khan as Captain Shafi<br />
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Mala Sharma<br />
* Salim Shah as Inspector Rajan Yadav<br />
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as SI Bajju<br />
* Ramesh Goyal as Hawaldar Rakesh Kadam<br />
* Khodus Wadia as ISI General<br />
* Anil Upadhyay as Fatka<br />
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Veeran (special appearance)<br />
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Mrs. Deep, Sultan's mother (special appearance)<br />
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Roshan Nagrath, Seema's brother<br />
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as the goon in police custody which gives information after torture<br />
* [[Ashok Lokhande]] as Chandrapur Hawaldar<br />
* [[Dinesh Phadnis]] as a SI Crime Branch<br />
* Sunil Shende as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sarfarosh<br />
| type = Album<br />
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1999<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 30:47<br />
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips]]<br />
| producer = Jatin–Lalit<br />
| prev_title = [[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]<br />
| prev_year = 1999<br />
| next_title = [[Silsila Hai Pyar Ka]]<br />
| next_year = 1999<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's music was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]], with lyrics written by Israr Ansari, [[Nida Fazli]], [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], and [[Indeevar]].<br />
<br />
The vocals for Shah, Khan and Bendre were provided by [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Alka Yagnik]], respectively. The album also features the vocals of [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] and [[Sonu Nigam]].<br />
<br />
''Hosh Walon Ko Khabar Kya'' was penned by Nida Fazli, inspired by the Indian poet [[Kabir|Kabirdas]]' verse ''Haman Hai Ishq Mastana''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Entertainment |date=26 April 2024 |title=Timeless Ghazal Hosh Walon Ko Khabar Kya Celebrates 25 Years; Know Its Connection With Kabir's Couplets |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/timeless-ghazal-hosh-walon-ko-khabar-kya-celebrates-25-years-know-its-connection-with-kabirs-couplets-8867316.html |work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> Jatin Pandit has specified that Jatin-Lalit recorded the ghazal with [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], for whom it was originally composed, but on the insistence of the film's administrators and their request for a more popular ghazal singer, leading them to approach Jagjit Singh. Jatin noted that he made it a point to create a new tune for the Jagjit Singh version as to honor the work put in by Bhupinder Singh earlier.<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Indeevar]], Israr Ansari, [[Nida Fazli]], [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]<br />
| all_music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]<br />
| title1 = Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaaye<br />
| extra1 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| lyrics1 = Israr Ansari<br />
| length1 = 06:18<br />
| title2 = Hoshwalon Ko Khabar Kya<br />
| extra2 = [[Jagjit Singh]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Nida Fazli<br />
| length2 = 05:02<br />
| title3 = Is Deewane Ladke Ko<br />
| extra3 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Aamir Khan]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]<br />
| length3 = 04:40<br />
| title4 = Yeh Jawani Hadd Kar De<br />
| extra4 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
| lyrics4 = Sameer<br />
| length4 = 04:44<br />
| title5 = Jo Haal Dil Ka<br />
| extra5 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
| lyrics5 = Sameer<br />
| length5 = 05:26<br />
| title6 = Meri Raaton Ki Neendein<br />
| extra6 = Alka Yagnik<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Indeevar]]<br />
| length6 = 04:37<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Upon release, ''Sarfarosh'' received critical acclaim from film critics. Naseeruddin Shah was especially praised for his role of a [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/30sar.htm|title=The enemy within|work=Rediff.com}}</ref> The reviewer for ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film four stars out of five and wrote, "What makes this film so exceptional is its carefully thought out characterization and brilliant performances. Although this is his first film, director John Mathew Matthan draws perfectly crafted outputs from his entire cast. Aamir brings the role of A.C.P. Rathod to a never-before-seen dimension of reality." He further added, "Sarfarosh succeeds in connecting with the audiences, as it manages to transcend its medium and do a great deal more than just entertain."<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarfarosh&nbsp;– A reason to live (FILMFARE ONLINE)|url=http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/reviews/07_30_99b.htm|publisher=Filmfare|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217072251/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/reviews/07_30_99b.htm|archive-date=17 February 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
Suparn Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' felt that the film "manages to marry serious cinema with the commercial variety" and wrote that the "script has this no-nonsense look to it, clearly and succinctly establishing the protagonist's past ..." In addition to commending the acting performances of [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Sonali Bendre]], he lauded the departments of direction, music, choreography, and called the camerawork "good in parts but lack[ing] technical finesse".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Suparn|title=The enemy within|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/30sar.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030305205925/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/30sar.htm|archive-date=5 March 2003|date=30 April 1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"<br />
|+ <span style="font-size: 9pt">List of accolades received by ''Sarfarosh''</span><br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 |<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades<br />
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"<br />
|| '''Award'''<br />
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''<br />
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
; [[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| {{won|4}}<br />
| {{nom|11}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
; [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br />
| {{won|2}}<br />
| {{nom|9}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
; [[National Film Awards]]<br />
| {{won|1}}<br />
| {{nom|1}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
; [[Screen Awards]]<br />
| {{won|3}}<br />
| {{nom|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
; [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| {{won|2}}<br />
| {{nom|11}}<br />
|}<br />
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"<br />
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|<br />
;'''Total number of awards and nominations'''{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}<br />
|{{won|'''12'''}}<br />
|{{nom|'''42'''}}<br />
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"<br />
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Category<br />
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="11"| [[45th Filmfare Awards|13 February 2000]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Sarfarosh''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Nominations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017195340/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |publisher=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154018/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]<br />
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Matthan|[[John Matthew Matthan]]}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|[[Aamir Khan]]}}<br />
| rowspan="5"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Rishi|[[Mukesh Rishi]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Shah|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
| {{sort|Jatin–Lalit|[[Jatin–Lalit]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
| {{sort|Ansari|Israr Ansari}} – {{small|(for song "Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaye")}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
| {{sort|Lani|Hriday Lani}}, {{sort|Vats|Pathik Vats}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
| {{sort|Mundul|Jethu Mundul}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="9"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="9"| [[1st IIFA Awards|24 June 2000]]<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Sarfarosh''<br />
| rowspan="6"{{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catchuslive.com:80/iifa/iifa_polling.html |title=The 1st IIFA Awards 2000 Nominations Polling |website=CatchUsLive.com |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620083756/http://www.catchuslive.com/iifa/iifa_polling.html |archive-date=20 June 2000 |access-date=29 July 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/2000_winner.htm |title=The 1st IIFA Awards 2000 Winners |access-date=29 July 2022 |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212144140/http://www.iifa.com/2000_winner.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ |title=The 1st IIFA Awards ceremony |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714224612/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Matthan|John Matthew Matthan}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|Aamir Khan}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
| {{sort|Bendre|[[Sonali Bendre]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Rishi|Mukesh Rishi}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Shah|Naseeruddin Shah}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
| {{sort|Ansari|Israr Ansari}} – {{small|(for song "Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaye")}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<br />
| {{sort|Mandal|Keshto Mandal}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[National Film Awards]]<br />
| [[47th National Film Awards|18 September 2000]]<br />
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]<br />
|Producer: {{sort|Matthan|John Matthew Matthan}}<br/>Director: {{sort|Matthan|John Matthew Matthan}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf |title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116081905/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Screen Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="10"| [[6th Screen Awards|23 January 2000]]<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Sarfarosh''<br />
| rowspan="2"{{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=8 January 2000 |title=Sixth Annual Screen-Videocon Awards nominations |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/139648/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211209/http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/139648/ |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Annual Screen Awards&nbsp;– Nominees & Winners for the year 1999 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035703/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| rowspan="4"| {{sort|Matthan|John Matthew Matthan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Most Promising Debut Director<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
| rowspan="5"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|Aamir Khan}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Rishi|Mukesh Rishi}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
| {{sort|Ansari|Israr Ansari}} – {{small|(for song "Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaye")}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
| {{sort|Lani|Hriday Lani}}, {{sort|Vats|Pathik Vats}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
| {{sort|Mundul|Jethu Mundul}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="11"| [[3rd Zee Cine Awards|11 March 2000]]<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Matthan|John Matthew Matthan}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees & Winners |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024855/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |archive-date=17 May 2020 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_pop/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Popular Awards Nominees |work=[[Zee Next]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114051900/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_pop/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_pop/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Popular Awards Winners |work=Zee Next |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000619024758/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_pop/home.html |archive-date=19 June 2000 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Nominees |work=Zee Next |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114054100/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Winners |work=Zee Next |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114080000/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|Aamir Khan}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]<br />
| {{sort|Rishi|Mukesh Rishi}}<br />
| rowspan="5"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Shah|Naseeruddin Shah}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
| {{sort|Ansari|Israr Ansari}} – {{small|(for song "Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaye")}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
| {{sort|Lani|Hriday Lani}}, {{sort|Vats|Pathik Vats}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action]]<br />
| {{sort|Abbas–Hanif|Abbas–Hanif}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Make Up Artist<br />
| {{sort|Bhatee|Deepak Bhatee}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Art Direction<br />
| {{sort|Mandal|Keshto Mandal}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Sound Recording<br />
| {{sort|Nayak|Namita Nayak}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0200087}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|sarfarosh}}<br />
<br />
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}<br />
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s spy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:1999 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br />
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br />
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police films]]<br />
[[Category:Encounters in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about murder]]<br />
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhargavacharitham_Moonam_Khandam&diff=461505Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam2026-03-03T21:34:27Z<p>Addie15A4298: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{One source|date=July 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam<br />
| image = Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]<br />
| producer = Noushad<br> Najeeb<br />
| writer = [[Sreenivasan]] <small> (screenplay)</small> <br> [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]] <small> (story)</small><br />
| starring = [[Mammootty]] <br>[[Sreenivasan]]<br>[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br />
| music = [[Ouseppachan]] (Background music) <br />
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai<br />
| editing = P. C. Mohanan<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2006|08|31|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam''''' ({{Translation|The History of Bhargavan, Third Chapter}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]] starring [[Mammootty]], [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]. The lead characters are inspired by the film [[Analyze This]] though the plot is original.<br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
Crime boss Bhargavan goes to see doctor Santharam for his anxiety. The doctor refuses to give him treatment. Bhargavan being desperate, starts living in Santharam's house and starts threatening him. Meanwhile, the news that Santharam is treating Bhargavan gets out. The real culprit behind Bhargavan is Ramanathan, who is the head of narcotic cell. He hears the news and tries to kill Santharam. He has to flee and gets rescued as a worker in the Jumbo Circus, which is then playing in [[Tamil Nadu]]. But Bhargavan finds his location with the help of Santhara's assistant and goes there. There, Santharam reveals that it was Bhargavan's conscience that prevented him from doing bad activities. Santharam encourages him to stop all illegal activities and Bhargavan decides to go against his boss and turn into a good man.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Mammootty]] as Current Bhargavan<br />
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Dr. Shantharam<br />
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Vinod<br />
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Sophia<br />
*[[Nikita Thukral]] as Anupama<br />
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as SP Ramanathan<br />
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Kannappan, Bhargavan's Assistant<br />
*[[Mohan Jose]] as Jabbar, Bhargavan's Assistant<br />
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Dhanuvachapuram Dhanapalan, [[Excise]] Minister <br />
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Ali, Assistant of Shantharam<br />
*[[Jagadish]] as Velayudhan, [[Ringmaster (circus)]]<br />
*[[Shamna Kasim]] as Radhika<br />
*[[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]] as Shantharam's Mother<br />
*[[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]] as Mariyappan<br />
<br />
==Response==<br />
Sify gave this movie 3/5 rating with a verdict of ''Disappointing'', stating that the film would have been a rocking entertainer if the director and the scriptwriter had stuck to the original.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bhargava-charitham-moonam-khandam-review-malayalam-pclwc9ffjhabg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117024706/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhargava-charitham-moonam-khandam-review-malayalam-pclwc9ffjhabg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2016|title = Bhargava Charitham Moonam Khandam|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> WebIndia123 said this is yet another attempt by Mammootty to succeed in comedy, but it leaves us dissatisfied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/bcharitham/index.htm|title=Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam Mlalayalam Movie review-stills}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0852937}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:2006 films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 comedy films]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sontha_Vooru_(1956_film)&diff=536700Sontha Vooru (1956 film)2026-03-03T20:47:10Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up some pg more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1956 Telugu-language drama film}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sontha Vooru<br />
| image = Sonta Ooru.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| screenplay = I. S. N. Murthy<br />
| story = Ravuru<br />
| producer = G. Sadasivudu<br />
| director = E. S. N. Murthy<br />
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]<br />
| editing = Kandaswamy<br />
| studio = G.V.S. Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1956|5|23}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sontha Vooru''''' ({{translation|''Native Village''}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by G. Sadasivudu under the G.V.S. Productions banner and directed by E. S. N. Murthy. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=68 సంవత్సరాల "సొంతవూరు” |url=https://telugu.navyamedia.com/68-years-of-sontavoor/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Navyamedia |language=Te |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913101232/https://telugu.navyamedia.com/68-years-of-sontavoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins in a village where a benevolent Rayanam becomes bankrupt owing to goodwill. He possesses two sons, Madhav & Chinnabbai, and a daughter, Aruna. After graduation, Madhav backs and starts cultivating his bling mate Dasu's land on cease. Parallelly, Lakshmi, a milk lesser, deifies Rayanam, silently dears Madhav, and aids them in being unbeknownst. Pitchamma, a widow, wants to knit her daughter Damayanti to Madhav if he takes roots of the city. Anyhow, Dr. Damodaram Tripada / DDT arrives and allures Damayanti. Meanwhile, Chinnabbai fights with his father to launch a business, but he starts with backing from Pitchamma. Dayanidhi, the sly Munsif, lusts Lakshmi and questions Madhav about her warmth when he discerns and affirms to spouse her. Today, Rayanam fixes an alliance for Aruna by debiting but calls it off as Chinnabbai heists the amount.<br />
<br />
At this, Dasu's mother, Chukkamma, seeks Rayanam to wedlock Aruna with her son, which he denies. From there, begrudged Chukkamma & Pitchamma spill tea on them. On the eve of Deepavali, Pitchamma ruses to strike Madhav, Aruna attempts suicide, and DDT & Dayanidhi seize Lakshmi. The rest of the story is about how to get rid of these hazardous situations.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Madhav<br />
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Lakshmi<br />
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R.]] as Rayanam<br />
*[[Ramana Reddy]] <br />
*Amarnath as Chinnabai<br />
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]]<br />
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]]<br />
*[[Rajasulochana]] as Aruna<br />
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]<br />
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]]<br />
*[[Surabhi Kamalabai]]<br />
*Chandra Kumari<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. <br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length<br />
|-<br />
|"Sri Gopala Radhalola"<br />
|Ravuru <br />
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
|3:02<br />
|-<br />
|"Orai English Patham"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala, Jikki<br />
|1:58<br />
|-<br />
|"Maa Paale Galavada"<br />
|Malladi<br />
|Jikki<br />
|-<br />
|"Ranmahendra Kavendru Ratnala Medalo"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala<br />
|1:34<br />
|-<br />
|"Vennela Viruyunura"<br />
| Malladi, <br />
|Raghavulu,Leela,Jikki<br />
|3:16<br />
|-<br />
|"Manavoore Bharatha Desam"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala <br />
|3:14<br />
|-<br />
|"Swagathamboyi"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala<br />
|1:24<br />
|-<br />
|"Changu Changuna "<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|P.Leela<br />
|3:09<br />
|-<br />
|"Yemi Prabhu"<br />
|Malladi<br />
|P.Leela<br />
|2:56<br />
|-<br />
|"Malle Moggalaraa"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala, P.Leela +<br />
|7:40<br />
|-<br />
|"Pantapolalalo Egire Jantha"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala, P.Leela<br />
|2:47<br />
|-<br />
|"Eelanayya Swamy Ee Velakolam Mato Endukayya"<br />
|Ravuru<br />
|Ghantasala<br />
|2:55<br />
|-<br />
|"Oho Panta Raithaa"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{imdb title|0292697}}<br />
<br />
<!--https://indiancine.ma/IDW/info--><br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]<br />
[[Category:1956 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1956 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:1956 Telugu-language films]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bheemadevarapally_Branchi&diff=491113Bheemadevarapally Branchi2026-03-03T09:18:16Z<p>Addie15A4298: started some data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 Telugu comedy drama film}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bheemadevarapally Branchi<br />
| image = Bheemadevarapally Branchi.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Ramesh Cheppala]]<br />
| producer = Dr. Keerthi Latha Goud Bathini<br /> Ch. Raja Narendar <br />
| writer = Ramesh Cheppala<br />
| starring = Anji Valguman<br /> Sai Prasanna Kondra<br /> Abhiram Vollala <br />
| music = Charan Arjun<br />
| cinematography = K. Chitti Babu<br />
| editing = Bonthala Nageswara Reddy<br />
| studio = AB Cinemass <br /> Nihal Productions<br />
|distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|6|9}}<br />
| runtime = 134 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bheemadevarapally Branchi''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[Ramesh Cheppala]] and professor [[K. Nageshwar]] has a key role in the movie. [[V. V. Lakshminarayana]], popularly known as 'JD' Lakshmi Narayana, is also part of the cast. The film also features Anji Valguman, Sai Prasanna Kondra, and Abhiram Vollala in lead roles.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Jampanna receives fifteen lakh rupees in his bank account and assumes he has received the cash in his 'Zero Account' as promised by a political leader. Soon, the bank claims that the money was transferred by mistake, but he has spent all the money. For the rest of the story, Jampanna faces the consequences of his actions and learns from them.<ref>{{cite news |title='జన్ధన్' పథకం పై వ్యంగ్యాస్త్రం : 'భీమదేవరపల్లి బ్రాంచి' రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/ramesh-cheppala-bheemadevarapally-branch-movie-review-rwpald |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=Asianetnews |date=23 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* Anji Valguman as Jampanna<br />
* Sai Prasanna Kondra as Swaroopa<br />
* Abhiram Vollala as Abhi<br />
* Rupa Srinivas as Kaveri<br />
* Gaddam Naveen as Lingam<br />
* Subhodayam Subbarao<br />
* Sudhakar Reddy Kethiri as Kothi Shankaraiah<br />
* [[V. V. Lakshminarayana]]<br />
* Rajavva<br />
* Sudhakar Reddy<br />
* Keerthy Latha<br />
* Abhi<br />
* [[K. Nageshwar]]<br />
* [[Addanki Dayakar]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was directed by Ramesh Cheppala, who earlier directed the film ''[[Bewars]]'', and produced by Bathini Keerthi Latha Goud and Ch. Raja Narendar under the banners of AB Cinemass and Nihal Productions. The cinematography of the film was done by K. Chitti Babu, and the editing of the film was done by Bonthala Nageswara Reddy. The teaser for the film was launched by the Minister of Municipal Administration and Urban Development of Telangana, [[K. T. Rama Rao]], on 9 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=సందేశమిచ్చే భీమదేవరపల్లి బ్రాంచి 'ktr launched bheemadevarapally branch teaser |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/ktr-launched-bheemadevarapally-branch-teaser/0201/123023944 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=Eenadu |date=9 February 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack== <br />
Charan Arjun composed the music along with the background score, distribution rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bheemadevarapally Branchi<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Charan Arjun<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2023<br />
| recorded = 2022<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 18:9<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = Charan Arjun<br />
| misc = {{Extra chronology<br />
| artist = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| title = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{external media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|9eKLSn8Q7pk|Bheemadevarapally Branchi - Full Songs Jukebox}}<br />
| chronology = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Bheemadevarapally Branchi'' was released on 9 June 2023 to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and audiences, alike.<ref>{{cite news |title=Triumph of Good Content Over Formulaic Plots! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030723/bheemadevarapally-branchi-gets-highest-imdb-rating.html |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bheemadevarapally-branchi-review-and-rating-telugu-1669110 |title='భీమదేవరపల్లి బ్రాంచి' సినిమా రివ్యూ |language=te |date=23 June 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/bheemadevarapally-branch-telugu-movie-review-393438.html |title=Bheemadevarapally Branchi Telugu Movie Review |first=Shiva |last=Kranthi |publisher=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]] |language=te |date=23 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|26685759}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chameli_(film)&diff=474803Chameli (film)2026-03-03T01:32:15Z<p>Addie15A4298: brief updated page to improve readability and improved wording for accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chameli<br />
| image = Chameli poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Sudhir Mishra]]<br />
| writer = [[Anant Balani]]<br />[[Swanand Kirkire]]<br />
| starring = [[Kareena Kapoor]]<br />[[Rahul Bose]]<br />
| producer = [[Pritish Nandy]] <br /> [[Rangita Pritish Nandy]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br/>'''Background Score:'''<br/>[[Vanraj Bhatia]]<br />
| cinematography = Aseem Bajaj<br />
| studio = Pritish Nandy Communications<br />
| editing = Ranjeet Bahadur<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2004|01|09|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 108 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chameli''''' ({{Translation|Jasmine}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]]. The story revolves around a prostitute and an investment banker spending a night together. It stars [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Rahul Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/07sld1.htm|title=Chameli|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> This was [[Rinke Khanna]]'s final film before her retirement after marriage.<br />
<br />
The film was remade as ''Jabilamma'' (2008) in Telugu with [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet Kaur]] and [[Rajeev Kanakala]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Aman Kapoor is a wealthy investment banker, whose pregnant wife, Neha was killed in a car accident more than a decade ago. The incident left him depressed and lonely. Forced to engage in social events, he reluctantly hosts a party. The stormy weather puts Aman in a pensive mood, and he decides to go home. While driving, his car breaks down on a flooded road and his phone battery dies. He takes refuge in an alleyway where he meets Chameli, a street-smart prostitute, with the story taking place all in the course of one dark rainy stormy night. <br />
<br />
Chameli offers Aman a match for his cigarette, and he is initially repulsed by her after she propositions him. Aman's presence scares off a potential customer, and he offers to pay for her missed wages, which Chameli declines. Soon, two police officers arrive, looking for their bribe. They begin to manhandle Chameli, which aggravates Aman, who is then intimidated by the officers. Chameli defuses the situation, and Aman's attitude towards her softens after the pair begin a conversation about their lives. The discussion is interrupted by Johnny, a young boy selling coffee and cigarettes. Chameli is familiar with him, paying his school fees and looking after his health. He promises to come back with a mechanic to fix Aman's car. Chameli then attends to Raja, an unstable young man who has stolen Rs 50,000 from his father. Raja is in love with Haseena, and is convinced that she has run off to become a prostitute. Chameli consoles and advises him, and then takes him away. Haseena, a [[trans woman]], arrives and playfully propositions Aman. Chameli returns and advises Haseena to run away with Raja to another city with the money. Raja's homophobic father turns up to look for them, but he leaves when he realises they are not there. Each incident further develops the friendship between Chameli and Aman.<br />
<br />
Chameli's pimp, Usman, has rented her out to Naik, a brutish local politician who has a reputation for injuring prostitutes and is also carrying an STD (sexually transmitted disease), hence Chameli does not want to go to him, as she does not want to contract an STD like a fellow prostitute that she knows. Naik's henchmen seek Chameli out, and the pair manages to escape and go to a local bar to talk to Usman. Chameli reveals that she cannot free herself from her pimp because she still owes him money which she borrowed. At the bar, Aman offers to pay off Chameli's debt in exchange for her not having to entertain Naik. At the ATM Usman demands more money, threatening Aman with a knife, and the pimp is stabbed in the ensuing scuffle. Aman and Chameli are picked up by the police, and his temperament causes him to be placed in a holding cell. Chameli convinces the officers to allow Aman to make a call, and he speaks to a friend who has connections with the Assistant Commissioner of Police K.P. Singh. Singh listens to Aman's story and decides to withdraw the police protection over Usman, who became an informant after being arrested. Chameli tells Aman that the withdrawal of protection means that Usman and his family are now vulnerable to being killed by other, more dangerous criminals. Singh reluctantly agrees to continue protecting Usman. At the hospital, Singh forces Usman to call Naik, and the ACP threatens him, eventually convincing Naik to leave Chameli alone.<br />
<br />
As they leave the hospital, Chameli playfully teases Aman about how his wife will react to the situation. Aman breaks down and tells her about the accident, adding that it is his fault that she died since he chose to drive in heavy rains. As dawn breaks, Aman finally returns home, a changed man. The highly eventful night has altered his outlook on life and allowed him to come to terms with his loss. He reconnects with his father-in-law, whom he had avoided since his wife's death. After some time, he returns to see and meet Chameli again.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Chameli<br />
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Aman Kapoor<br />
* [[Rinke Khanna]] as Neha Kapoor, Aman's wife<br />
* Shahil Raichand <br />
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as K.P. Singh<br />
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Police Inspector <br />
* [[Pankaj Jha]] as Usman Bilal<br />
* [[Kabir Sadanand]] as Haseena Khan<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Taxi driver<br />
* Tarun Shukla as Corporator's man<br />
* [[Mahek Chahal]] (special performance in "Sajana ve Sajana")<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Chameli'' was first offered to actress [[Amisha Patel]], who then refused to do the film and said the role of a prostitute won't match her character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/ameesha-patel-play-sex-worker-100000806.html|title=Ameesha Patel to play sex worker|last=Randhawa|first=Naseem|work=Yahoo! News|date=29 January 2012}}</ref> The role then went to [[Kareena Kapoor]], which marked a turning point in her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/07sld1.htm|title=How Kareena became Chameli|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film began production in August 2003. The director of the film, [[Anant Balani]], died on 28 August 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/28balani.htm|title=Filmmaker Anant Balani passes away|date=28 August 2003|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was almost shelved when [[Pritish Nandy]] called [[Sudhir Mishra]] to direct the film. Mishra completed the film with a different script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-kareena-kapoor-s-career-changing-film-chameli-almost-never-came-to-be-101663722525123.html|title=From director's untimely death to reluctant star: How Kareena Kapoor's career-changing Chameli was almost never made|date=21 September 2022|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|first=Abhimanyu|last=Mathur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Chameli<br />
| type = studio<br />
| artist = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 8 December 2003<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> T-Series</div><br />
| producer = Rangita Pritish Nandy<br />
| prev_title = [[Aitraaz]]<br />
| prev_year = 2004<br />
| next_title = Kaal<br />
| next_year = 2005<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The songs are composed by [[Sandesh Shandilya]] and lyrics are penned by [[Irshad Kamil]] and Prof. R. N. Dubey.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Notes !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Bhaage Re Mann"<br />
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
| Picturised on [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Rahul Bose]]<br />
| 5:33<br />
|-<br />
| "Sajna Ve Sajna"<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan<br />
| Picturised on [[Mahek Chahal]] and Kareena Kapoor<br />
| 3:57<br />
|-<br />
| "Sajna Ve Sajna 2"<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan<br />
| <br />
| 3:57<br />
|-<br />
| "Jane Kyon Humko" - Female<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan<br />
|<br />
| 4:23<br />
|-<br />
| "Jaane Kyon Humko" - Duet (Version 1)<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan and [[Javed Ali]]<br />
|<br />
| 4:33<br />
|-<br />
| "Jaane Kyon Humko" - Duet (Version 2)<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan & [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
|<br />
| 4:33<br />
|-<br />
| "Yeh Lamha"<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan<br />
| Picturised on [[Chitrangada Singh]] and Rahul Bose<br />
| 4:08<br />
|-<br />
| "Soul Of Chameli"<br />
| (instrumental)<br />
|<br />
| 4:09<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
[[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that "{{sic|In''Chameli''}}, he [Sudhir Mishra] takes the late director Anant Balani's idea of a one-night encounter between a prostitute and an investment banker and creates a poignant portrait of urban lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040126-india-todays-film-review-of-chameli-directed-by-anupam-chopra-790786-2004-01-25|title=Anupama Chopra reviews Sudhir Mishra's film 'Chameli'|date=26 January 2004|author-link=Anupama Chopra|first=Anupama|last=Chopra|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] wrote that "On the whole, ''CHAMELI'' does not deliver. At the box-office, the film caters to a niche audience but in view of the fact that the film lacks a solid script to keep the viewer hooked, even that segment of viewers may not take to it whole-heartedly".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chameli/critic-review/chameli-movie-review/|title=Chameli Movie Review|date=9 January 2004|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh}}</ref> Saumya Roy of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote that "There is a good vibe between Bose and Kareena that makes the movie watchable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/chameli/222670|title=Chameli|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|first=Saumya|last=Roy}}</ref> Chinmayee Manjunath from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined, "But be warned — high expectations will be shattered".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan112004/mr2.asp|title=Chameli - Hindi (Rex, Innovative Multiplex, Kailash, Parimala)|first=Chinmayee|last=Manjunath|date=11 January 2004|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630152609/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan112004/mr2.asp|archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematography]] - Aseem Bajaj<br />
*[[Filmfare Special Performance Award|Special Award for Best Performance]] - Kareena Kapoor<br />
<br />
;[[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]] Awards<br />
* Best Cinematography - Aseem Bajaj<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chameli (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Anant Balani]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhir Mishra]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Coast_Guard&diff=451880Indian Coast Guard2026-02-28T13:08:23Z<p>Addie15A4298: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Maritime security force of India}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| agencyname = Indian Coast Guard<br />
| nativenamea = <!-- This was removed as per a [[Special:PermanentLink/863478855#What's_with_all_this_transliteration?|discussion]] at WikiProject India as an extension of [[MOS:IS]] --><br />
| abbreviation = ICG<br />
| logo = File:Indian Coast Guard Logo.svg<br />
| logocaption = Indian Coast Guard crest<br />
| badge = File:Indian Coast Guard racing stripe.svg<br />
| badgecaption = Racing stripe<br />
| flag = File:Indian Coast Guard flag.svg<br />
| flagcaption = Ensign<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|वयम् रक्षामः|italics=off}}<br>{{transliteration|sa|ISO|Vayam Rakṣāmaḥ}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sanskrit.samskrutam.com/en.grammar-tutorial-reference-dhaaturupa.ashx |title=Grammar Tutorial ::: Reference – Verb Forms / धारुरूप / dhaaturuupa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310170343/http://sanskrit.samskrutam.com/en.grammar-tutorial-reference-dhaaturupa.ashx |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref><br />
| mottotranslated = We Protect<br />
| formed = {{start date and age|1978|08|18|df=y}}<br />
| preceding1 = <!-- (...up to 6...) --><br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| employees = 13,842 sanctioned strength (2018–19)<ref name="strength">{{Cite web |last1=Behera |first1=Laxman Kumar |last2=Kaushal |first2=Vinay |date=4 August 2020 |title=Estimating India's Defence Manpower |url=https://idsa.in/issuebrief/estimating-indias-defence-manpower-040820 |access-date=2022-02-02 |website= |publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref><br />
| volunteers = <br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|9676|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=A record over Rs 6.81 lakh crore allocated in Union Budget 2025-26 for MoD, an increase of 9.53% from current Financial Year |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2098485 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><br />
| legalpersonality = Law enforcement<br />
| country = India<br />
| governingbody = [[Government of India]]<br />
| governingbodyscnd = <br />
| constitution1 = The Coast Guard Act, 1978<br />
| speciality1 = coast<br />
| overviewtype = <br />
| overviewbody = <br />
| headquarters = Indian Coast Guard Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]<br />
| minister1name = <br />
| minister1pfo = <br />
| chief1name = [[Paramesh Sivamani]]<br />
| chief1position = [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard|Director General]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/s-paramesh-appointed-new-chief-of-indian-coast-guard/articleshow/114221123.cms|title=S Paramesh appointed new chief of Indian Coast Guard|date=2024-10-14|access-date=2024-10-16|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><br />
| chief2name = <br />
| chief2position = <br />
| chief3name = <br />
| chief3position = [[Coast Guard Commander (Western Seaboard)]]<br />
| chief4name = <br />
| title = <br />
| chief4position = [[Coast Guard Commander (Eastern Seaboard)]]<br />
| parentagency = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]<br />
| boats1 = *4 [[pollution control]] vessels<br />
*25 [[patrol ship|offshore patrol vessels]]<br />
*43 fast [[patrol vessels]]<br />
*82 [[patrol boats]]<br />
*28 [[patrol craft]]<br />
*14 [[hovercraft]]<br />
*06 Aux barge<br />
| aircraft1 = [[List of active Indian military aircraft#Coast Guard|77 aircraft]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-26 |title=Indian Coast Guard looks for new helicopters, rotary Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-coast-guard-looks-for-new-helicopters-rotary-unmanned-aerial-vehicles/article66187739.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
| anniversary1 = Coast Guard Day: 1 February<br />
| website = {{Official URL}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Indian Coast Guard''' ('''ICG''') is a [[maritime law enforcement]] and [[search and rescue]] agency for India with jurisdiction over its [[territorial waters]], including its contiguous zone and [[Exclusive economic zone of India|exclusive economic zone]]. It was started in February 1977 and formally established in August 1978 by the ''Coast Guard Act, 1978'' of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="act">{{cite act |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1734 |title=The Coast Guard Act |year=1978 |index= |legislature=[[Parliament of India]]}}</ref> It operates under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=mod-depts>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/welcome.html |title=About the Ministry |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509001243/http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/welcome.html |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ICG works in close cooperation with the [[Indian Navy]], the [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Department of Fisheries]], the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Department of Revenue]] [[Indian Customs services|(Customs)]], and the Coastal Police of the [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|State Police Forces]], and the [[Central Armed Police Forces]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The establishment of the Indian Coast Guard was first proposed by the [[Indian Navy]] to provide non-military maritime services to the nation.<ref name="icg-mh">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/290_3_History.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806112406/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/290_3_History.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2016 |publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref> In the 1960s, sea-borne smuggling of goods was threatening to destroy India's domestic economy. The Indian Customs Department frequently called upon the Indian Navy for assistance with patrol and interception in the anti-smuggling effort.<br />
<br />
The [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|Nagchaudhuri]] Committee was constituted with participation from the Indian Navy and the [[Indian Air Force]] to study the problem. In August 1971, the committee identified the requirement to patrol India's vast coastline, set up a registry of offshore fishing vessels to identify illegal activity, and establish a capable and well-equipped force to intercept vessels engaged in illegal activities. The committee also looked at the number and nature of the equipment, infrastructure, and personnel required to provide those services.<ref name=icg-mh/><br />
[[File:Indian Coast Guard.webm|thumb|305x305px|Indian Coast Guard promotional movie launched on the eve of 46th raising day|alt=|right]]<br />
By 1973, India had started a programme to acquire the equipment and started deputing personnel from the Indian Navy for these anti-smuggling and law enforcement tasks, under the provisions of the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]]. The Indian Navy sensed that the [[law enforcement]] nature of these duties diverged from its core mission as a military service. [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]], then [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]], made a recommendation to the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], outlining the need for a separate maritime service to undertake those duties and offering the Navy's assistance in its establishment. In August 1974, the Defence Secretary submitted a note to the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] proposing cabinet action on Admiral Kohli's recommendation.<br />
<br />
As a result, in September 1974, the Indian cabinet set up the ''Rustamji Committee'', under the chairmanship of [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]], with participation from the Navy, the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and the Department of Revenue to examine gaps in security and law enforcement between the roles of the Indian Navy and the central and state police forces. The discovery of oil off [[Bombay High]] further emphasised the need for a maritime law enforcement and protection service.<ref name=icg-mh/><br />
<br />
In July 1975, the committee submitted its recommendation for the establishment of the Indian Coast Guard under the Ministry of Defence. Bureaucratic wrangling followed, with the Cabinet Secretary making a recommendation to place the service under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. Then [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] overruled the Cabinet Secretary and decided to accept the original recommendation of the Rustamji Committee to place the service under the Ministry of Defence.<ref name=icg-mh/><br />
<br />
In February 1977, an interim Indian Coast Guard came into being, equipped with two small [[Corvette|corvettes]] and five [[Patrol boat|patrol boats]] transferred from the Navy. The duties and functions of the service were defined in the ''Coast Guard Act'', which was passed by India's parliament in August 1978 and came into immediate effect.<ref name="act"/><br />
<br />
[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[V. A. Kamath]] of the Indian Navy was appointed the founding Director-General. Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] inspected the Guard of Honour at the service's inauguration. In 1984, Vice Admiral Kamath proposed a five-year plan to develop the ICG into a potent force. The full potential of this plan was not immediately realised due to an economic resource crunch.<ref name=icg-mh/><br />
<br />
One of the historic operational successes of the ICG occurred in October 1999, with the recapture at high seas of a Panamanian-registered Japanese cargo ship, ''MV Alondra Rainbow'', hijacked off Indonesia. Her crew was rescued off [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]], Thailand. The ship had been repainted as MV ''Mega Rama'', and was spotted off [[Kochi]], heading towards Pakistan. She was chased by ''ICGS Tarabai'' and {{ship|INS|Prahar|K98}} of the Indian Navy and apprehended.<ref name=saa-alondra>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers14%5Cpaper1379.html |title=Alondra Rainbow revisited, A Study of related issues in the light of the recent judgment of Mumbai High Court |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128110221/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers14/paper1379.html |archive-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> It was the first successful prosecution of armed pirates in over a century.<br />
[[File:Indian Coast Guard Chetak Helicopter picking up survivors from water during a mock drill during SAREX 2014 (1).jpg|thumb|305x305px|Indian Coast Guard ship and helicopter during the Search and Rescue Workshop and Exercise (SAREX), 2014|alt=|right]]<br />
<br />
The Indian Coast Guard conducts exercises with the other coast guards of the world. In May 2005, the ICG agreed to establish liaison links with the [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency]] (PMSA). In 2006, the Indian Coast Guard conducted exercises with its [[Japan Coast Guard|Japanese]] and [[Republic of Korea Coast Guard|Korean]] counterparts.<br />
<br />
After the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] in which the terrorists entered India from Pakistan via the sea route, the Indian government initiated a program to expand the ICG force, assets, and infrastructure for enhanced protection and surveillance of Indian waters.<br />
<br />
The force aims to have 200 ships and 100 twin-engined aircraft by 2030 in its fleet. As of January 2025, ICG deploys 55 to 60 ships and 10 to 12 aircraft daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard to be much bigger by 2030 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-coast-guard-to-be-much-bigger-by-2030-3382319 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Present scenario ==<br />
<br />
===Current role===<br />
[[File:Coast Guard Office.jpg|thumb|Coast Guard DHQ-4 Headquarters in [[Kochi]], Kerala]]<br />
The Indian Coast Guard's motto is "वयम रक्षामः" (''Vayam Rakshamah''), which translates from [[Sanskrit]] as ''"We Protect"''.<br />
<br />
Missions of Indian Coast Guard:<ref name="icg-mission">{{cite web |title=Mission and Motto |url=http://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/248_3_Mission.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716031118/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/248_3_Mission.aspx |archive-date=16 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref><br />
* Safety and protection of artificial islands, offshore terminals, and other installations<br />
* Protection and assistance to fishermen and mariners at sea<br />
* Preservation and protection of [[marine ecology]] and environment including pollution control<br />
* Assistance to the Department of Customs and other authorities in anti-smuggling operations<br />
* Law enforcement in territorial as well as [[international waters]]<br />
* Scientific data collection and support<br />
* National defence during hostilities (under the operational control of the Indian Navy)<br />
<br />
Additional responsibilities of the Indian Coast Guard:<ref>{{cite web |date=2011–2012 |title=Performance of Coast Guard Organisation |url=http://www.rgics.org/test/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Defence-Coast-Guard-Organisationt..pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427214542/http://www.rgics.org/test/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Defence-Coast-Guard-Organisationt..pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=2013-09-17 |publisher=Standing Committee on Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref><br />
* Offshore Security Coordination Committee (OSCC) – The Director-General of the Indian Coast Guard is the Chairman of OSCC, constituted by the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] (MoPNG), of which the [[Flag Officer Defence Advisory Group]] is a member.<br />
* National Maritime Search and Rescue Coordinating Authority (NMSARCA) – The Director-General of the Indian Coast Guard is the NMSARCA for executing/coordinating [[search and rescue]] (SAR) missions<br />
* Lead Intelligence Agency (LIA) – For coastal and sea borders<br />
* Coastal Security – The Director-General of the Indian Coast Guard is the commander of coastal command and is responsible for overall coordination between central and state agencies in all matters relating to coastal security<br />
<br />
===Leadership and organisation===<br />
{{main|Director General of the Indian Coast Guard}}<br />
[[File:Paramesh Sivamani.jpg|thumb|26th Director General of Indian Coast Guard Paramesh Sivamani]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The Indian Coast Guard organisation is headed by the [[Director General of Indian Coast Guard|Director-General]] (DG ICG), who is located at Coast Guard Headquarters (CGHQ), New Delhi. At CGHQ, he is assisted by the Additional Director General Coast Guard (ADGCG) of the rank of ADG, four Deputy Director-Generals of the rank of [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector-General]], and other senior officers heading staff divisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard Gets First 3-Star officer |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/1069/indian-coast-guard-gets-first-3-star-officer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213243/http://www.defencenow.com/news/1069/indian-coast-guard-gets-first-3-star-officer.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Defence Now}}</ref><br />
<br />
Director General Paramesh Sivamani is the 26th Director General of the Indian Coast Guard. The rank of Director General is equivalent to a [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] of [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard Gets First 3-Star officer |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/1069/indian-coast-guard-gets-first-3-star-officer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213243/http://www.defencenow.com/news/1069/indian-coast-guard-gets-first-3-star-officer.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Defence Now}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian Coast Guard has the Western and Eastern Seaboard, both commanded by [[three-star rank|three-star officers]] designated Coast Guard Commander Western Seaboard and Coast Guard Commander Eastern Seaboard. The seaboards are divided into four regions. A fifth region, the Andaman & Nicobar Region, reports directly to the DGICG. <br />
<br />
Each region is headed by an officer of the rank of [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector-General]]. Each of the regions is further divided into multiple districts, typically covering a coastal [[States and territories of India|state or a union territory]].<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Coast Guard Seaboards<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | HQ location<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Seaboard Commander<br />
|-<br />
|Western Seaboard ||[[Mumbai]] || ADG M.V Pathak,PTM, TM<br />
|-<br />
|Eastern Seaboard ||[[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]]|| ADG Donny Michael, AVSM, PTM, TM<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Coast Guard regions<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Regional HQ location<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Regional commander<br />
|-<br />
|North-West Region (NW) || [[Gandhinagar]] ||[[Inspector General|IG]] T Sashi Kumar, TM<br />
|-<br />
|Western Region (W) ||[[Mumbai]] || [[Inspector General|IG]] Bhisham Sharma, PTM TM<br />
|-<br />
|Eastern Region (E) ||[[Chennai]] || [[Inspector General|IG]] Y Dhaka, TM<br />
|-<br />
|North-East Region (NE) || [[Kolkata]] || [[Inspector General|IG]] IS Chauhan, TM<br />
|-<br />
|Andaman & Nicobar Region (A&N) || [[Port Blair]] ||[[Inspector General|IG]] Neeraj Tiwari, TM<br />
|}<br />
<br />
As of 2023, the Indian Coast Guard operates:<ref>{{cite web |title=CG Organisation |publisher=Indian Coast Guard |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/289_3_CGOrganisation.aspx}}</ref><br />
* 42 Coast Guard Stations<br />
* 5 Coast Guard Air Stations<br />
* 10 Coast Guard Air Enclaves<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
In 2016, there were 42 Coast Guard stations along the Indian coastline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CG Organisation:Indian Coast Guard |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/289_3_CGOrganisation.aspx |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coast Guard Stations |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=144979 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indian Coast Guard is responsible for the execution of [[Search and Rescue]] (SAR) operations in the Indian Search and Rescue Region (ISRR). To serve this purpose, ICG operates 3 Maritime Rescue Coordination Centres (MRCC) in Mumbai, Chennai and Port Blair and 36 Maritime Rescue Sub Centres (MRSC/MRCSC), which operates under their respective MRCCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE COORDINATING AUTHORITY (NMSRCA) |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/447_3_NMSARCA.aspx |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2024, the Indian Coast Guard and the [[Telecommunications Consultants India]] (TICL) laid the foundation of a full-fledged "Tier-3" [[Data centre|Data Centre]] at [[Mahipalpur]], [[Delhi]]. The construction will take 2 years. The project worth {{INRConvert|588|c|lk=on|year=2024}} (including 5-year operational expenditure (opex) and a 2-year hardware warranty) will be carried out by TCIL, Yotta Infrastructure, and Attero, a software solution company. This will help ICG for [[Command and control|Command and Control]] over their 109 offices and 88 ships at once.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=TCIL, Indian Coast Guard lay foundation stone of a new data centre - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/tcil-indian-coast-guards-lay-foundation-stone-of-a-new-data-centre/114974261 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=ICG lays foundation stone for the Tier-III Data Centre of Project Digital Coast Guard in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2071089 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Regional HQ<br />
!District HQ<br />
!Coast Guard Station<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |North-East Region (NE) CGRHQ [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation (North East) {{!}} Official Website of Indian Coast Guard Head Quarters, New Delhi, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/north-east/organisation-north-east |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920111243/https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/north-east/organisation-north-east |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |CGRHQ<br />
|ICGS Kolkata<br />
|-<br />
|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|CGAE Kolkata]] (700 Squadron)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-7 [[Paradeep|Paradip]]<br />
|ICGS Paradip<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Gopalpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICGS Gopalpur commissioned |url=https://www.spsmai.com/military/?id=1979&q=ICGS-Gopalpur-commissioned |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.spsmai.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Biju Patnaik Airport#Coast Guard Air Enclave|CGAE Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-12-16 |title=Coast Guard Air Enclave at City Airport |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Dec/16/coast-guard-air-enclave-at-city-airport-694764.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (743 Squadron)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-8 [[Haldia]]<br />
|ICGS Haldia<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Frazerganj (includes [[Forward operating base|FOB]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-14 |title=Indian Coast Guard Station (ICGS) Frazerganj, the 42nd CG station commissioned to serve as a new Forward Operating Base in South 24-Parganas district of West Bengal, which will serve as a hub for coastal security operations in the sea areas off Sunderban. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indian-coast-guard-station-icgs-frazerganj-the-42nd-cg-station-commissioned-to-serve-as-a-new-forward-operating-base-in-south-24-parganas-district-of-west-bengal-which-will-serve-as-a-hub-for-coastal-security-operations-in-the-sea-areas-off-sunderban-/articleshow/33739690.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|CGAE Kolkata]] (700 Squadron)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" |Eastern Region (E) CGRHQ Chennai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation (East) {{!}} Official Website of Indian Coast Guard Head Quarters, New Delhi, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/east/organisation-east |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005054559/https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/east/organisation-east |archive-date=2025-10-05 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |DHQ-5 Chennai<br />
| [[Chennai International Airport|CGAS Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard Air Station - Chennai |url=https://wikimapia.org/5249983/Indian-Coast-Guard-Air-Station |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref> (848, 744 Squadron)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chennai Port|ICGS Chennai]] (includes MRCC and RMPC{{Efn|Regional Maritime Pollution Response Centre}})<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-18 |title=Rajnath Singh inaugurates new maritime rescue coordination centre in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rajnath-singh-inaugurates-new-maritime-rescue-coordination-centre-in-chennai/article68540170.ece |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |DHQ-6 Visakhapatnam<br />
| ICGS Visakhapatnam<br />
|-<br />
| ICGS Kakinada<br />
|-<br />
| ICGS Krishnapatnam<br />
|-<br />
| ICGS Nizampatnam<br />
|-<br />
| CGAE Visakhapatnam (Proposed)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Coast Guard to Set Up Air-enclave in Vishakapatnam |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Coast-Guard-to-Set-Up-Air-enclave-in-Vishakapatnam/2016/01/31/article3254026.ece |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201095831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Coast-Guard-to-Set-Up-Air-enclave-in-Vishakapatnam/2016/01/31/article3254026.ece |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/city-to-have-icg-air-enclave-by-2018-end/articleshow/56900108.cms |title=Visakhapatnam to have Indian Coast Guard air enclave by 2018-end – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2017-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212043854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/city-to-have-icg-air-enclave-by-2018-end/articleshow/56900108.cms |archive-date=12 February 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-13 Puducherry<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2014-05-16 |title=New Coast Guard Hub Opens, to Make Pondy Shores Secure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/May/16/new-coast-guard-hub-opens-to-make-pondy-shores-secure-613284.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
| ICGS Puducherry<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pondicherry Airport|CGAE Puducherry]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Karaikal Port|ICGS Karaikal]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-16 Thoothukudi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard: Eastern Region Organization |url=https://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1835_0_Organisation.aspx?regID=1827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130174628/https://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1835_0_Organisation.aspx?regID=1827 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref><br />
| ICGS Thoothukudi<br />
|-<br />
| ICGS Mandapam<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tuticorin Airport|CGAS Thoothukudi]] (Land acquisition in-progress)<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Indian Coast Guard to expand Thoothukudi fleet by 2020 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/180718/indian-coast-guard-to-expand-thoothukudi-fleet-by-2020.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Coast Guard to set up air station in Tuticorin for surveillance, to aid fishers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/coast-guard-to-set-up-air-station-in-tuticorin-for-surveillance-to-aid-fishers/articleshow/65030883.cms |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |Andaman & Nicobar Region (A&N) CGRHQ Port Blair<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-14 Port Blair<br />
| ICGS Port Blair (includes MRCC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coordinating Agencies |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1676_3_CoordinatingAgencies.aspx |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| CGAE Port Blair<br />
|-<br />
| ICGS Hutbay<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |DHQ-9 Diglipur<br />
|ICGS Mayabunder<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Opens New Coast Guard Station in Andaman |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/1060/india-opens-new-coast-guard-station-in-andaman.html |website=defencenow.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122183400/http://www.defencenow.com/news/1060/india-opens-new-coast-guard-station-in-andaman.html |archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Diglipur<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |DHQ-10 Campbell Bay<br />
|ICGS Campbell Bay<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Kamorta<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" |Western Region (W) CGRHQ Mumbai<br />
| rowspan="2" |DHQ-3 New Mangaluru<br />
|ICGS Karwar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard Station at Karwar Commissioned |url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/11/06/indian-coast-guard-station-at-karwar-commissioned/ |website=marinebuzz.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161701/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/11/06/indian-coast-guard-station-at-karwar-commissioned/ |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|CGAE New Mangaluru<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Coast-Guard-District-HQ-3-to-set-up-RRT/articleshow/51997507.cms |title=Coast Guard District HQ 3 to set up RRT |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529190433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Coast-Guard-District-HQ-3-to-set-up-RRT/articleshow/51997507.cms |archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-2 Mumbai<br />
|ICGS Murud Janjira<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Ratnagiri<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Dahanu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |DHQ-4 Kochi<br />
|ICGS Vizhinjam<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Beypore<br />
|-<br />
|CGAE Kochi<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |DHQ-11 Mormugao<br />
|ICGS Goa<br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Hansa|CGAE Dabolim]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |DHQ-12 Kavaratti<br />
|ICGS Kavaratti<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Minicoy<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Androth<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daman Airport|CGAS Daman]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |North-West Region (NW) CGRHQ Gandhinagar<br />
| rowspan="4" |DHQ-1 Porbandar<br />
|ICGS Gandhinagar<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Pipavav<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=Indian Coast Guard rescues 11 in a sea-air operation after merchant ship en route from Kolkata to Port Blair sinks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-coast-guard-rescues-11-in-a-sea-air-operation-after-merchant-ship-en-route-from-kolkata-to-port-blair-sinks/articleshow/112795711.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Veraval<br />
|-<br />
|CGAE Porbandar<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |DHQ-15 Okha<br />
|ICGS Mundra<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Jakhau<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Vadinar<br />
|-<br />
|ICGS Okha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personnel==<br />
[[File:Indian Coast Guard-03.jpg|thumb|Indian Coast Guard personnel with [[Navy Working Uniform#Design|NWU Type-1 camo]] replacing the "Blue working uniform" as worn by a personnel in right]]<br />
<br />
===Officer rank structure===<br />
''A table showing the rank structure of Coast Guard officers with those of the other Indian armed services.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard – An Overview |url=https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defence_Services_Role_and_Functioning_Indian_Coast_guard_7_2011_chapter_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030235136/http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defence_Services_Role_and_Functioning_Indian_Coast_guard_7_2011_chapter_1.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Indian Coast Guard Ranks <br />
! Indian Army Ranks <br />
! Indian Navy Ranks <br />
! Indian Air Force Ranks<br />
![[Central Armed Police Forces]] Ranks<br />
![[Police ranks and insignia of India|Police]]<br />
|-<br />
|- || General || Admiral || Air Chief Marshal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard|Director-General]] /Additional Director-General || Lieutenant General || Vice Admiral || Air Marshal<br />
|Director General <br />
|Director General of Police<br />
|-<br />
| Inspector-General || Major General || Rear Admiral || Air Vice Marshal<br />
|Inspector General<br />
|Inspector General of Police <br />
|-<br />
| Deputy Inspector-General || Brigadier || Commodore || Air Commodore<br />
|Deputy Inspector General <br />
|Deputy Inspector General of Police<br />
|-<br />
|Commandant (Level 13-Pay Scale) <br />
|Colonel<br />
|Captain<br />
|Group Captain<br />
|Senior Commandant/Commandant <br />
|Superintendent <br />
(Selection Grade)<br />
|-<br />
| Commandant (Junior Grade) || Lt Colonel || Commander || Wing Commander<br />
|Second In Command/<br />
Commandant <br />
|Superintendent <br />
|-<br />
| Deputy Commandant || Major || Lt Commander || Squadron Leader<br />
|Deputy Commandant <br />
|Additional Superintendent <br />
|-<br />
| Assistant Commandant (2 Years) || Captain || Lieutenant || Flight Lieutenant<br />
|Assistant Commandant <br />
|Deputy Superintendent<br />
|-<br />
| Assistant Commandant || Lieutenant || Sub Lieutenant || Flying Officer<br />
|Assistant Commandant (Junior )<br />
|Assistant Superintendent <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Coast Guard officers===<br />
[[File:The Coast Guard Marching Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The Coast Guard Marching Contingent passes through the [[Rajpath]], on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017|alt=|right]]<br />
The naming of ranks of officers in the Coast Guard is as same as the rank of [[Central Armed Police Forces]]. Officers are appointed in the Coast Guard in one of four branches, as either a General-Duty officer, Pilot officer, Technical officer, or Law officer. Lady Officers have two branches, i.e., General-Duty Officer or Pilot Officer, and serve on shore establishments/Air Stations/Headquarters. They are not deployed on board Indian Coast Guard ships.<br />
<br />
Officers of the Indian Coast Guard undergo Basic Military Training at the [[Indian Naval Academy]], [[Ezhimala]], along with their counterparts of the Indian Navy. This helps in the mutual interchange of Officers among these two sister services. While the [[Indian Coast Guard Academy]] is under construction in [[Mangaluru]], [[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=hindu-cga>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/28/stories/2011022855970600.htm |title=First Coast Guard academy in Kannur |access-date=3 May 2012 |date=28 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108235939/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/28/stories/2011022855970600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> <br />
<br />
; General-Duty Officers<br />
The command of ships at sea can only be exercised by officers of the General Duty (GD) branch. The key functions of a General-Duty Officer would be to operate weapons, sensors, and different kinds of equipment on board a ship. The safety of the ship and the men would be the GD officers' responsibility. All the District Commanders (COMDIS) and Commander of Coast Guard Region (COMCG) appointments are exercised by a GD Officer of the Indian Coast Guard.<br />
<br />
;Pilot Officers<br />
Pilot Officers are also part of the GD branch. A Pilot Officer gets an opportunity to work at shore Air Stations along the Indian coasts and also on board ships. ICG operates fixed-wing aircraft for [[surveillance]] of the [[Exclusive economic zone of India|Exclusive Economic Zone]]. Helicopters are embarked on Coast Guard Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV) to provide local surveillance and perform [[search and rescue]] mission at sea.<br />
<br />
;Technical Officers<br />
Technical Officers are responsible for the operation of advanced technology and sensor systems on board Coast Guard vessels and aircraft, as well as on shore installations. They also command the maintenance wings of the force.<br />
<br />
;Law Officers<br />
Law Officers act as legal advisers to their respective commanders. They represent the Indian Coast Guard in legal actions filed by or against the organisation. They also perform the duties of trial law officers in Coast Guard courts, convened to try delinquent Coast Guard personnel. The Directorate of Law at Coast Guard Headquarters is headed by a Deputy Inspector-General and is designated as the Chief Law Officer. Section 115 of the Coast Guard Act, 1978, deals with the qualifications necessary to be appointed as the Chief Law Officer of the Indian Coast Guard. Section 116 of the Coast Guard Act, 1978, defines the functions of the Chief Law Officer.<ref name="act"/><br />
<br />
===Enrolled personnel===<br />
Enrolled personnel in the Coast Guard serve as either a ''yantrik'' (technician) or ''navik'' (sailor).<ref name=icg-jobs>{{cite web|url=http://indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/jobs/jobs.html |title=Careers in Indian Coast Guard |publisher=Indian Coast Guard |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502063809/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/jobs/jobs.html |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
* ''Yantrik''s responsible for operating and maintaining mechanical, electrical, or aeronautical equipment and systems on board the Coast Guard vessels and aircraft.<br />
* ''Navik''s may further serve in the General-Duty or Domestic branches.<br />
** The General-Duty ''navik''s serves as sailors, weapons systems operators, communication specialists, divers, etc., or in specific maritime or aviation support roles.<br />
** The Domestic branch's navik serves in roles such as stewards, cooks, etc., on board Coast Guard vessels.<br />
<br />
Enrolled personnel of the Indian Coast Guard are trained along with Indian Naval sailors at the naval training establishment [[INS Chilka]]. All training undertaken by Coast Guard personnel is the same as that undertaken by sailors in the Indian Navy. All personnel are trained in the operation of weapons systems in cases of emergency.<br />
<br />
===Rank insignia===<br />
; Commissioned officer ranks<br />
The rank insignia of [[commissioned officer]]s.<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Blank}}<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/India (Coast Guard)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
; Other ranks<br />
The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc;"<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/India (Coast Guard)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
{{Main article|List of equipment of the Indian Coast Guard}} <br />
<br />
In November 2024, the Indian Coast Guard had a strength of 182 ships and 78 aircraft. It plans to have 200 ships and 100 aircraft by 2030. At any given time, 55 to 60 surface platforms and 10 to 12 aircraft are deployed on patrol daily.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=18 June 2018 |title=Indian Coast Guard fleet 4th largest in the world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-coast-guard-fleet-4th-largest-in-the-world/articleshow/64636279.cms |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |vauthors=Siva G}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-31 |title=Indian Coast Guard poised to achieve its target force levels of 200 surface platforms and 100 aircraft by 2030 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-coast-guard-poised-to-achieve-its-target-force-levels-of-200-surface-platforms-and-100-aircraft-by-2030/articleshow/117790435.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Future of the Indian Coast Guard==<br />
{{Main Article|List of future and historical equipment of the Indian Coast Guard}}<br />
<br />
The Indian Coast Guard expects to become a leading player in [[maritime security]] around the [[Indian Ocean]]. With a target set to triple its surface fleet strength by the turn of this decade, ICG has placed orders for 131 surveillance platforms that are already under construction in [[List of Indian shipbuilders and shipyards|Indian shipyards]] and is in the process of signing contracts for building another 200 platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard modernizing fleet, enforcing laws, saving lives |url=https://ipdefenseforum.com/2020/11/indian-coast-guard-modernizing-fleet-enforcing-laws-saving-lives/#:~:text=The%20OPVs%20will%20conduct%20surveillance,India%20(PTI)%20news%20agency. |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Indo-Pacific Defense FORUM |language=en-US}}</ref> Contracts have been signed for state-of-the-art [[Hovercraft|air cushion vehicles]] and advanced communication systems <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard to be much bigger by 2030 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-coast-guard-to-be-much-bigger-by-2030-3382319 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian Coast Guard has been allotted Rs 9,676.70 crore under the Capital and Revenue Head of the [[2025 Union budget of India|Union Budget 2025]], which is a 26.5% increase over the previous years. The funds will be used for the acquisition of more [[HAL Dhruv|ALH]], [[Dornier 228|Dornier Do 228]], Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs), Training Ships, and Interceptor Boats to augment current capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latest.sundayguardianlive.com/news/defence-budget-boosted-to-rs-6-81-lakh-cr|title=Defence budget boosted to Rs 6.81 lakh cr|access-date=2025-11-17|date=2025-02-02|first=Saurabh|last=Sharma|publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|India}}<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* [[Coastal India]]<br />
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Coast Guard directors general]]<br />
* [[Indian Navy]]<br />
* [[Indian Naval Academy]]<br />
* [[Indian Coast Guard Academy]]<br />
* [[Indian Army]]<br />
* [[Indian Air Force]]<br />
* [[Military of India]]<br />
* [[Paramilitary forces of India]]<br />
* [[Central Armed Police Forces]]<br />
* [[Sagar Prahari Bal]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Indian Coast Guard}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}<br />
{{Law enforcement in India}}<br />
{{Military of India}}<br />
{{Coast guards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Coast Guard| ]]<br />
[[Category:Military of India|Coast Guard]]<br />
[[Category:Coast guards]]<br />
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:1978 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]<br />
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palk_Strait_Bridge&diff=523923Palk Strait Bridge2026-02-28T04:11:15Z<p>Addie15A4298: started pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Proposed bridge between Tamil Nadu, India, and Mannar Island, Sri Lanka}}<br />
{{Infobox bridge<br />
| name = Palk Strait bridge and tunnel<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = AdamsBridge02-NASA.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The bridge and tunnel is to be constructed across the Palk Strait, between India and Sri Lanka.<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| carries = <br />
| crosses = [[Palk Strait]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| official_name = India-Sri Lanka Binational Bridge and Tunnel<br />
| owner = [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Sri Lanka]]<br />
| maint = <br />
| heritage = <br />
| id = <br />
| id_type = <br />
| website = <br />
| preceded = <br />
| followed = <br />
| design = <br />
| material = <br />
| material1 = <br />
| material2 = <br />
| length = {{Convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
| width = <br />
| height = <br />
| depth = <br />
| traversable = <br />
| towpath = <br />
| mainspan = <br />
| number_spans = <br />
| piers_in_water = <br />
| load = <br />
| clearance_above = <br />
| clearance_below = <br />
| life = <br />
| architect = <br />
| designer = <br />
| contracted_designer = <br />
| winner = <br />
| engineering = <br />
| builder = <br />
| fabricator = <br />
| begin = No details<br />
| complete = No details<br />
| cost = <br />
| open = <br />
| inaugurated = <br />
| traffic = <br />
| toll = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_dot_label = <br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Palk Strait Bridge and Tunnel''' is a proposed {{Convert|23|km|mi|adj=on}} road and rail bridge and tunnel over the [[Palk Strait]] between [[Dhanushkodi]] in the Indian [[Federated state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Talaimannar]] on [[Mannar Island]] off the northwestern coast of [[Sri Lanka]]. The project was first formally introduced in 2002 during peace talks in Sri Lanka, the project has since undergone multiple feasibility assessments, including recent bilateral agreements in 2023–24 to evaluate its technical and economic viability. Despite support from sections of both governments and backing from the [[Asian Development Bank]], the bridge has faced persistent opposition in Sri Lanka over concerns related to national sovereignty, immigration, and cultural integrity. As of 2025, the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]] has maintained a cautious stance, with President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] stating the country was not yet ready for a land connection with India.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The bridge between India and Sri Lanka was first seriously proposed by the governments of these two countries back in 2002. During the 2002-2004 Peace Accord, the then Prime Minister, [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], asked India to help build what he called the ‘Hanuman Bridge’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridge over the Palk Strait |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2015/08/09/fea10.asp |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=archives.sundayobserver.lk}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2015, [[Nitin Gadkari]], [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways of the Republic of India]], submitted the proposal to the [[Asian Development Bank]], which agreed to finance the construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka rejects bridge linking Tamil Nadu and North-East |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sri-lanka-rejects-bridge-linking-tamil-nadu-and-north-east |website=Tamil Guardian |access-date=26 August 2024 |date=2015-12-18}}</ref> In December 2015, the [[Ministry of Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport and Highways of Sri Lanka]], [[Lakshman Kiriella]] dismissed the proposal.<ref name=DNAindia>{{cite news|title=India-Sri Lanka road link in the works|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-sri-lanka-road-link-in-the-works-nitin-gadkari-2096219|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka Scuttles Gadkari's Plan for Bridge Over Palk Strait |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Sri-Lanka-Scuttles-Gadkari%E2%80%99s-Plan-for-Bridge-Over-Palk-Strait/2015/12/19/article3186105.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223223748/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Sri-Lanka-Scuttles-Gadkari%E2%80%99s-Plan-for-Bridge-Over-Palk-Strait/2015/12/19/article3186105.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |first=P.K. |last=Balachandran |agency=Express News Service |date=19 December 2015}}</ref> In spite of this setback, Gadkari continued promoting the bridge's construction, and insisting that discussions were ongoing, into 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=India keen to build ADB funded road link to Sri Lanka |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/india-keen-build-adb-funded-road-link-sri-lanka |website=Tamil Guardian |access-date=26 August 2024 |date=2016-02-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
An initial feasibility study of the bridge-tunnel combination was done in 2018.<ref>''Feasibility study of bridge-tunnel combinations across Palk Strait: Comparison of technical and economic feasibility of various alignments'' R. Rengarajan, M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu, and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy and it's published in Publication: Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology (Volume 16, Issue 5, 2018).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Tashika |date=2024-01-23 |title=India & Sri Lanka Maybe Getting A 23-Km Long Sea Link Soon As Govt Considers Feasibility Study For The Bridge |url=https://curlytales.com/india-sri-lanka-maybe-getting-a-23-km-long-sea-link-soon-as-govt-considers-feasibility-study-for-the-bridge/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref> The study says it would increase trade, tourism and employment. In 2023, a further study by Sri Lankan economists concluded that the bridge would reduce transport costs to the country by 50%, thereby reducing the cost of imported goods and services.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balachandran |first1=P. K. |title=Sri Lanka-India Road And Rail Bridge Will Bring Down Transport Cost By 50% – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/22052023-sri-lanka-india-road-and-rail-bridge-will-bring-down-transport-cost-by-50-analysis/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
During a two day visit of [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] Ranil Wickramasinghe to India in July 2023, both nations agreed to conduct a thorough feasibility study for a proposed bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Adluri Subramanyam |title=Bridge that could boost India and Sri Lanka ties |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-insight/international-affairs/bridge-that-could-boost-india-and-sri-lanka-ties-101720425419763.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=en |date=2024-07-08}}</ref> That study was initiated by India in January 2024, and will evaluate technical, economic, and environmental aspects to determine the project's viability.<ref>{{cite web |title=India looks to build 'Hanuman' bridge from Tamil Nadu to Tamil Eelam |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/india-looks-build-hanuman-bridge-tamil-nadu-tamil-eelam |website=Tamil Guardian |access-date=26 August 2024 |date=2024-01-24}}</ref> The bridge aims to enhance trade, tourism, and overall connectivity between the two countries, and foster closer ties and cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land bridge planned between India and Sri Lanka |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210723/land-bridge-planned-between-india-and-sri-lanka.html}}</ref> In July 2024, the Sri Lankan President said that the feasibility study on the proposed bridge is in its final stages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=Feasibility study on proposal to establish land connectivity with India in final stages, says Sri Lankan President |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-sri-lanka-land-connectivity-feasibility-study-on-proposal-in-final-stages-sri-lankan-president-9395903/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025 President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] stated that Sri Lanka was not ready for a land connection with India yet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka not ready for connectivity with India by land |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/Sri-Lanka-not-ready-for-connectivity-with-India-by-land/155-306796# |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=www.dailymirror.lk |language=en |last=Bandara |first=Kelum |date=18 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Opposition ==<br />
There is some longstanding opposition to the project in Sri Lanka, with concerns around customs and immigration enforcement, tourism capacity, and the undermining of their independence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Sudha |title=Sri Lankans oppose sea bridge with India |url=https://asiatimes.com/2015/12/sri-lankans-oppose-bridge-with-india/ |website=Asia Times |language=en |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Don |first1=Manu |title=Road link between Lanka and India, a bridge too far |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/230730/columns/road-link-between-lanka-and-india-a-bridge-too-far-526672.html |website=The Sunday Times |access-date=26 August 2024 |date=2023-07-30}}</ref> In 2015, Sri Lanka's Minister of Highways, [[Lakshman Kiriella]], explicitly rejected the proposal, stating "We are against it because people of Sri Lanka are opposed to it. We cannot let India build a bridge".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2015-12-23 |title=Sri Lankans oppose sea bridge with India |url=http://asiatimes.com/2015/12/sri-lankans-oppose-bridge-with-india/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Sri Lankan nationalists worry that the bridge would facilitate illegal immigration from the neighboring Indian state of Tamil Nadu, as poor workers arrive in search of better-paying jobs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balachandran |first1=P. K. |title=No Plan to Build India-Sri Lanka Bridge, Says Lankan Minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2016/Aug/06/no-plan-to-build-india-sri-lanka-bridge-says-lankan-minister-1506204.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=2016-08-06}}</ref> Some argue the bridge could erode Sri Lanka's ethnic and cultural distinctiveness, intensifying fears of demographic transformation and loss of identity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-10 |title=Proposed bridge across Palk Straits: Adverse impact on bio-diversity and ethnic identity |url=https://www.spur.asn.au/proposed-bridge-across-palk-straits-adverse-impact-on-bio-diversity-and-ethnic-identity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730131350/https://www.spur.asn.au/proposed-bridge-across-palk-straits-adverse-impact-on-bio-diversity-and-ethnic-identity/ |archive-date=2021-07-30 |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=SPUR |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Asian Highway Network]]<br />
* [[Borders of India]]<br />
* [[India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements]]<br />
* [[Pamban Bridge]]<br />
* [[Adam's Bridge]]<br />
* [[Extreme points of Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|9.1465|N|79.5293|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Palk Strait]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Mannar District]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed bridges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Anant_Maydeo&diff=457974Indira Anant Maydeo2026-02-27T21:35:30Z<p>Addie15A4298: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian parliamentarian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Indira Anant Maydeo<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| office = Member of the [[1st Lok Sabha]] for [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune South]]<br />
| term_start = 1951<br />
| term_end = 1957<br />
| predecessor = ''New constituency''<br />
| successor = [[Narayan Ganesh Gore]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1903|9|7}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Indira Anant Maydeo''' was an Indian parliamentarian who represented [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune South]] in the [[1st Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Born on 7 September 1903, Maydeo attended the [[Fergusson College]], from where she received her B.Sc. degree.<ref name="LS">{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile: Maydeo, Shrimati Indira Anant|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/844.htm|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Maydeo was actively involved in the [[Indian independence movement]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). In 1933, she joined the Maharashtra division of [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref name="LS" /> She was the most prominent women member of the party in Pune (then in [[Bombay State]]) and when the [[Indian general election, 1951–52|first general elections]] of independent India were held, the INC made her its official candidate for [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune South]] constituency. Maydeo obtained roughly 64% of the votes cast and defeated the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] candidate Shridhar Limaye to become the first women representative of Pune in the house.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=1951: When Pune elected a woman — Indirabai Maydeo — to first Lok Sabha|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/1951-when-pune-elected-a-woman-indirabai-maydeo-to-first-lok-sabha/|accessdate=20 November 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=D.G.|first=Supriya|title=Vinita Deshmukh: From Journalism to Politics|url=http://www.nripulse.com/vinita-deshmukh-from-journalism-to-politics/|publisher=NRI Pulse|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> She still holds this record.<ref name="IE" /> As a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], she brought a bill in the Lok Sabha concerning divorce but it was not discussed and eventually lapsed.<ref name="Chopra1993">{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Joginder Kumar|title=Women in the Indian Parliament: A Critical Study of Their Role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjQ7zgQK9qcC&pg=PA35|year=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-513-5|page=56}}</ref> Maydeo became the president of [[National Students' Union of India]] in 1952.<ref name="LS" /><br />
[[File:ABMP.jpg|thumb|333x333px|All India Women's Conference Meeting 1953. L-R: Mrs Indira Anant Maydeo (Secretary), Mrs Renuka Ray (President), Mrs Meherbeen Zhabwala (Treasurer)]]<br />
She then served as the secretary of the All India Women's Conference from 1953-1954. <br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Indira married Anant Govind Maydeo in 1927, from whom she had one son and three daughters.<ref name="LS" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maydeo, Indira Anant}}<br />
[[Category:1903 births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Gorkha_Rifles&diff=4508644th Gorkha Rifles2026-02-24T16:21:34Z<p>Addie15A4298: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Infantry regiment of the Indian Army}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = 4th Gorkha Rifles<br />
| image = 4th Gorkha Rifles Logo.svg<br />
| caption = Regimental insignia<br />
| dates = 1857–present<br />
| country = {{flag|British India}} 1857–1947<br>{{flag|India}} 1947–Present<br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}} 1857–1947<br>[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]] 1947–Present<br />
| type = Rifles<br />
| role = Light Infantry<br />
| size = Five battalions<br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = Bakloh, Dharamshala, [[Chakrata]]. Presently, Subathu, [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre<br />
| equipment = <br />
| equipment_label = Theatre Honours<br />
| nickname = 4 GR<br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = ''Kayar Hunu Bhanda Marnu Ramro (Better to die than live like a coward)''<br />
| colors = [[Variations of green#Rifle green|Rifle Green]]; faced black and Red<br />
| colors_label = <br />
| march = 'Barde Jaun' (Onwards.. Advance.. Sons of Balla Bhadra)<br> War Cry – ''Jai Maha Kali, Ayo Gorkhali'' (''Hail, Goddess Kali, The Gorkhas are here'')<br />
| mascot = <br />
| battle = <br />
| anniversaries = Regimental Day (11 March)<br />
| decorations = '''1858–1946''':[[Victoria Cross]]1, [[Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] 1, [[Distinguished Service Order]] 10, [[Order of the British Empire]] 1, Bar to DSO 1, [[Military Cross]] 24, 1 Bar to MC, 1 [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]], 1 French [[Legion of Honour]], 96 [[Mention in Despatches]], 9 [[Order of British India]], 15 [[Indian Order of Merit]], 6 IDM, 42 [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]], 1 [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix De Guerre]], 11 [[Médaille militaire]], 1 [[Bronze Medal for Military Valour]], 1 [[Medal of Saint George]], 2 [[Star of Nepal]]<br />
<br />
'''1947–present'''<br />
3 [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], 3 [[Maha Vir Chakra]], 1 [[Kirti Chakra]], 3 [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|Ati Vishishtha Seva Medal]], 5 [[Vir Chakra]], 2 [[Shaurya Chakra]], 1 [[Yudh Seva Medal]], 24 [[Sena Medal]]s, 6 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, 9 [[Mention in Dispatches]], 40 [[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Commendation Cards]].<br />
| battle_honours = '''1866–1914''':[[Ali Masjid]], [[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment|Kabul 1879]] and [[Kandahar 1880]], [[Second Afghan War|Afghanistan 1878–80]], [[Chitral Expedition|Chitral Campaign]], [[Waziristan Campaign 1895]], [[Tirah Campaign]], [[Punjab Frontier]], [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Rebellion, China 1900]]<ref name="Parker2013, p 386-87">{{cite book|author =John Parker|title=The Gurkhas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtxeUvi--fkC|access-date=13 June 2013|date=28 February 2013|publisher=Headline|isbn=978-1-4722-0260-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''World War I''':<ref name="Parker2013, p 386-87"/><br />
[[Battle of Givenchy|Givenchy 1914]],<br />
[[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]],<br />
[[Second Battle of Ypres|Ypres 1915]],<br />
[[Battle of St. Julien|St. Julien]],<br />
[[Battle of Aubers|Aubers]],<br />
[[Battle of Festubert|Festubert (1915)]],<br />
[[Western Front (WWI)|France and Flanders 1914–15]],<br />
[[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli 1915]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01MUGNE2A/ref=sr_1_1 |title=Gallipoli Diaries: Gurkhas at Gallipoli 1915 |date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Great War Diaries Ltd |access-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref><br />
[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt 1916]],<br />
[[Tigris|Tigris 1916]],<br />
[[Siege of Kut|Battle of Kut]] 1917,<br />
[[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]]<br />
[[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia 1916–18]],<br />
[[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|N.W. Frontier India 1917]],<br />
[[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan 1918]].<br />
<br />
'''1919–39''': [[Third Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]].<br />
'''World War II'''<ref name="Parker2013, p 386-87"/><br />
[[Anglo–Iraqi War|Iraq 1941]],<br />
[[Syria-Lebanon campaign|Syria 1941]],<br />
[[First Battle of El Alamein|The Cauldron]],<br />
[[North African Campaign|North Africa 1940–43]],<br />
[[Trestina]],<br />
Monte Cedrone,<br />
[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1943–45]]<br />
[[Burma Campaign|Burma 1942–45]], [[Pegu|Pegu 1942]],<br />
[[Operation Thursday|Chindits 1944]],<br />
[[Bishenpur]],<br />
[[Shwebo]],<br />
[[Mandalay]].<br />
<br />
'''1947–present''':<br />
<br />
Punch, Gurais and Bilafond La<br />
'''Theatre Honours''': [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Punjab 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Jammu and Kashmir 1971]]<br />
<!-- Commanders -->| current_commander = <br />
| current_commander_label = <br />
| ceremonial_chief = <br />
| ceremonial_chief_label = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Major General Balbir Singh<br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = <br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = A pair of crossed [[Khukri]]s with the Roman numeral IV below, and Ashoka on top.<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = [http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/Government.gif Government (1st Bn pipers plaids and pipe bags)]<br />[http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/MackenzieHLI.gif Mackenzie HLI (2nd Bn pipers plaids and pipe bags)]<br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = Tartan<br />
}}<br />
The '''4th Gorkha Rifles''' or the '''Fourth Gorkha Rifles''', abbreviated as 4 GR, is an infantry regiment of the [[Indian Army]] comprising [[Gurkha]] soldiers of Indian Gorkha or [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]] nationality, especially Magars and Gurungs hill tribes of Nepal. The Fourth Gorkha Rifles has five infantry battalions. The regiment was raised in 1857 as part of the [[British Indian Army]]. In 1947, after India's independence, the Fourth Gurkha Rifles became part of the Indian Army as the Fourth Gorkha Rifles.<br />
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The regiment has seen action in wars in Africa, Europe and Asia, including the [[Second Afghan War]], the [[Boxer Rebellion]] ([[China]]), [[World War I]], and [[World War II]]. Since Independence, in 1947, the regiment has seen action in the India-Pakistan Wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947–48]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], [[Bilafond La|1987]], and [[Kargil War|1999]], and [[Sino-Indian War|the Chinese aggression in 1962]]. The regiment has also participated in UN peace-keeping missions.<ref name="Kesava Menon">{{cite news|last=Kesava Menon|first=Kesava|title=Gorkhas stand tall even here|newspaper=Hindu|date=December 20, 2000}}</ref><br />
[[File:4th Gurkha Rifles. Rearguard Action, 1909.jpg|thumb|right|4th Gurkha Rifles 'Rearguard Action', by A.C. Lovett (1909)]]<br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:4th Prince of Wales' Own (PWO) Gurkha Rifles logo.svg|150px|thumb|left|4th Prince of Wales' Own (PWO) Gurkha Rifles insignia]]<br />
[[File:4th Gorkha Rifles Logo.svg|150px|thumb|left|4th Gorkha Rifles insignia]]<br />
In the wake of the 1857 rebellion, an '''Extra Goorkha Regiment''', was raised later that year as part of the [[East Indian Company Army]], and was briefly known as '''19th Regiment of [[Bengal Native Infantry]]'''.<ref name=regts/> Following the decision in 1861, to number the ''Goorkha Regiments'' sequentially, in order of raising,<ref>Bullock 2005, p. 279</ref> the regiment was designated as the '''4th Goorkha Regiment'''. In 1924, the regiment was honored with a ''Royal'' connection and redesignated as the '''4th Prince of Wales' Own (PWO) Gurkha Rifles'''<ref name=regts/> and Edward Albert, the Prince of Wales, later the lovelorn [[King Edward VIII]], was appointed as [[Colonel-in-Chief]].{{Cn|date=December 2020}} In 1950, after India become a republic, the appellation PWO was discarded.<ref name=regts>{{cite web |url= http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/04GR.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103165525/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/04GR.htm |archive-date=3 January 2006 |access-date=19 December 2020|title=4th Gurkha Rifles |work=Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and the Commonwealth }}</ref><br />
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In 1866, [[Bakloh]] was acquired as ''Goorkha Cantonment'' for the ''4th Goorkha Regiment'' and Balun, [[Dalhousie Cantonment]], as cantonment for British troops, along with a sliver of territory to connect the two cantonments, from the Raja of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] for a sum of Rupees 5000. Bakloh, a [[hill station]], remained the ''home'', and the Regimental Center and Depot, of the 4th Gurkha Rifles, for 82 years, from 1866 to 1948.<ref name="Hutchison1998">{{cite book|author =Rose Hutchison|title=Gazetteer of the Chamba State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfzTddoP-vQC|access-date=20 January 2013|date=1 March 1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-041-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cbbakloh.org.in/ | title=Cantonment Board Bakloh – Ministry of Defence, Govt of India | access-date=2013-06-14 | archive-date=2012-04-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402175446/http://cbbakloh.org.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===1857–1914===<br />
Between 1857 and 1914, the regiment saw action in ''small wars'', in India's North East, in the [[Lushai hills|Lushai Hills]], present day [[Mizoram]], and along India's [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], including during the [[Second Afghan War]]. In 1900 the Regiment formed part of the Expeditionary Force deployed to China in response to the [[Boxer Rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=22 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36905}}</ref><br />
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In 1903, in [[Somaliland|Somalia]], during the [[Somaliland Campaign|Third Somaliland Campaign]], Captain [[William George Walker]], a Regimental officer, on deputation with [[Somaliland Camel Corps|Somali Camel Corps]], became the first person from the regiment to be awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], for risking his life to save the life of another officer.<ref>Parker 2005, p. 392.</ref><br />
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===World War I===<br />
[[File:1-4th Gurkhas at kit inspection showing kukris (Photo 24-98).jpg|thumb|World War I: 1/4th GR at kit and [[kukris]] inspection, 24 Jul 1915, in France.]]<br />
[[File:The Gallipoli Campaign, April 1915-January 1916 - IWM Q 81651.jpg|thumb|Two soldiers of the 1/4th GR in a trench at Gallipoli, 1915]]<br />
Soon after the start of [[World War I]], the 1st Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles (1/4 GR), was deployed to France, as part of [[9th (Sirhind) Brigade]], the [[3rd (Lahore) Division]], [[Indian Corps]], to form part of [[Indian Expeditionary Force A]], to reinforce [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in [[France]]. The orbat of Sirhind Brigade included one British infantry battalion (1st Battalion, [[Highland Light Infantry]]), one Indian ([[125th Napier's Rifles]]) and two Gurkha (1/[[1st Gurkha Rifles]] and 1/4th). The battalion arrived at Marseilles from Egypt on 30 November, and was hurriedly deployed to the front in December 1914.<ref>Edmonds, ''1914'', Vol II, Appendix 1.</ref><ref>F.W. Perry & A.F. Becke, ''Orders of Battle''.</ref> As a part of the Sirhind brigade, 1/4 GR GR saw action in the battles of [[Givenchy]], [[Neuve Chapelle]] and [[Ypres]], in [[France]]. The battalion was sent to Gallipoli, disembarked on 1 September 1915 and departed on 19 December 1915. In April 1916 the 3rd (Lahore) Division was deployed to Mesopotamia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mespot.htm | title=Home | access-date=2015-03-22 | archive-date=2012-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026231234/http://www.1914-1918.net/mespot.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The 2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles (2/4) saw service in [[Mesopotamia]], present day Iraq.<ref>Smith 1998, pp. 64–65</ref><br />
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3rd Battalion, 4th Gurkha Rifles (3/4 GR), was ordered to be raised during the war; but due to a clerical error the 4th Battalion, [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]] (4/3) was raised. 3/4 GR was eventual raised in World War II, in Bakloh, on 1 October 1940.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8MDAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2013|year=1952|publisher=W. Blackwood}}</ref><br />
<br />
===World War I war diaries ===<br />
Transcripts of [[War Diary|War Diaries]] of Indian army units and formations that participated in World War I, including 1st Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles (1/4 GR), 3rd (Lahore) Division, are now available on line, as part of "Operation War Diary", a [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|Zooniverse]], [[crowdsourced]] project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1914.org/news/operation-war-diary-first-world-war-unit-diaries-go-online-to-mark-centenary/ |title=Operation War Diary: First World War Unit Diaries go online to mark centenary {{!}} First World War Centenary<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317063747/http://www.1914.org/news/operation-war-diary-first-world-war-unit-diaries-go-online-to-mark-centenary/ |archive-date=2016-03-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The transcripts of 1/4 GR war diaries, which provide interesting insights into day-to-day activities, movements of the unit and subunits, and individual experiences of officers and soldiers are now available on Zooniverse web site.<ref name=Zoonverse>{{cite web|title=Diaries|url=http://www.operationwardiary.org/|website=Operation War Diary|publisher=Zooniverse|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609035034/http://www.operationwardiary.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== World War II ===<br />
During [[World War II]], the third and fourth battalions (3/4 GR and 4/4 GR) were raised in Bakloh, on 15 November 1940 and on 15 March 1941 respectively.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thapal|first=Lt Col BK| title=Unforgettable Memories – Regimental home Bakloh Part 1| magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter | year=2013| volume=36| pages=87–90}}</ref> The battalions of the regiment saw action in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], in the [[Middle East]], [[Egypt]], in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], [[Cyprus]], in the [[Mediterranean]], [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]], in Europe, India's border areas in [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Mizoram]], and the [[South-East Asian theater of World War II|Far East]].<ref>Chappell 1993, pp. 17</ref><br />
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====Burma Campaign====<br />
During the [[Burma Campaign]] the first battalion (1/4 GR) formed part of [[48th Indian Infantry Brigade|48 Infantry Brigade]], which in turn was part of the [[17th Indian Infantry Division]]. It took part in the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] in February 1942, and the retreat into India. During this period the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel [[Walter Lentaigne|"Joe" Lentaigne]]. In 1944 the battalion participated in the [[Battle of Imphal]].<ref>Bullock 2009, p. 137; Smith 1998, p. 107</ref><br />
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Soon after it was raised in October 1940, the third battalion (3/4 GR) was assigned to the [[111th Indian Infantry Brigade]]. This brigade was part of the [[Chindits]] and was commanded by "Joe" Lentaigne, who had been promoted to Brigadier. It took part in the second Chindit expedition, [[Operation Thursday]], in 1944. When Major General [[Orde Wingate]], the overall commander of the Chindits, was killed in an air crash, Brigadier Lentaigne succeeded him. Major [[John Masters]] took command of the main body of 111 Brigade.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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The fourth Battalion (4/4 GR) distinguished itself in the storming of [[Mandalay Hill]] in Burma, in 1945.<ref>Bullock 2009, p. 163</ref><br />
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====Iraq, Syria, and Italy====<br />
2/4 GR was the only Battalion of the 4 Gorkha Rifles that served in the Middle East and Europe. In the wake of the growing threats to Iraq following the [[Battle of France|fall of France]], the battalion embarked from [[Karachi]] in May 1941. It disembarked in [[Shatt al-Arab|Shatt-Al-Arab]], on 5 May 1941. In Iraq it formed part of 10 Indian Infantry Division, commanded by Maj Gen Bill Slim, later [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Field Marshal Slim]]. Except for the Commanding Officer and few [[field officers]], all officers were Emergency Commissioned Officers. On 24 May 1941, it participated in the operations to secure [[Basra]], and areas north of Basra, along the west bank of [[River Euphrates]], in a combined all arms, night assault. On 25 May 1941, the battalion was air lifted to reinforce and secure [[Habbaniyah Air Base|Habbaniyanh]], a RAF base, under threat from Iraqi ground troops and German aerial attacks from [[Luftwaffe]], based in [[Mosul]], and [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Col Mackay |first1=JN |editor1-last=Borrowman|editor1-first=CG|title=History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1938–1948, vol III|date=1952|publisher=William Blackwood|location=London|pages=22–31|edition=29–43|chapter=II|quote=350 copies issued}}</ref><br />
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In June 1941, after a successful campaign in Iraq, including securing of [[Haditha]], the battalion was deployed in Syria, against the [[Vichy France|Vichy French army]], and along the Syria _Turkish border. In Syria, it participated in operation to capture [[Deir ez-Zor]], and the occupation of [[Raqqa]], which has lately gained prominence as [[Syrian Civil War|the epi-centre of ISIL]] or [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] activities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Col Mackay |first1=JN |editor1-last=Borrowman |editor1-first=CG|title=History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1938–1948, vol III|date=1952|publisher=William Blackwood|location=London|pages=32–45|edition=29–43|chapter=III|quote=350 copies issued}}</ref><br />
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After the successful campaigns Iraq, Syria, along the Persian border, the battalion left Iraq by road for [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], to participate in the war in [[North Africa]] where it was overrun by two [[Bersaglieri]] battalions of the Italian [[102 Motorised Division Trento|Trento Division]] storming the fortress of [[Mersa Matruh]] on 29 June 1942. It was later rebuilt and deployed to [[Cyprus]] and subsequently fought in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Col Mackay |first1=JN |editor1-last=Borrowman |editor1-first=CG |title=History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1938–1948, vol IV|date=1952|publisher=William Blackwood|location=London|pages=46–70|edition=29–43|chapter=II|quote=350 copies issued}}</ref><br />
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===Regiment in books===<br />
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A prominent figure who joined the 4th Gurkha Rifles as a regular officer during the thirties, was the author [[John Masters]], who participated in operations on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]], in [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraq]] (where he served as battalion [[adjutant]]), the Second Chindit Operation, the capture of [[Mandalay]] and at one point commanded the 3rd Battalion of the regiment. His autobiographical books ''Bugles and a Tiger'', ''The Road past Mandalay'', and ''Pilgrim's Son'' portray life in the Indian Army and the 4th Gurkha Rifles during this period.<ref name="Masters2002">{{cite book|author =John Masters|title=Bugles and a Tiger: My Life in the Gurkhas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija6NwAACAAJ|access-date=20 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Cassell & Company|isbn=978-0-304-36156-4}}</ref> Masters won a [[Military Cross]] (MC), and [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO), in [[Burma]], and after the war become a celebrated writer.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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== Customs, traditions, and regimental arcana ==<br />
The regiment drills and standards are similar to [[History of British light infantry|British 'Greenjackets']]. It marches 'quickstep' at 180 paces a minute on parade, the same former pace as the other Indian Army rifle regiments, in its own ceremonies, while doing the same 120 paces if marching with other units. Commanders in 4th Gorkha Rifles, unlike other regiments in the Indian Army, but like the many former rifle regiments of the British Army (and now the sole regiment [[The Rifles]]), wear (a plain Black) Lanyard attached to a whistle over the Jersey. The intention of this arrangement is to facilitate use of the whistle with the left hand, while leaving the right hand free to use the sword. The uniform and insignia are Spartan; the regiment prides itself on its simplicity and disregard for pomp and ceremony. '4 GR', in black metal, is worn as regimental signage on the shoulder straps by all ranks.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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The official, and correct, spelling of 'gorkha', since February 1949, is Gorkha, and not Gurkha, as the British still choose to spell it.<ref name="Praval1990">{{cite book|author =K. C. Praval|title=Indian army after independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDAsAAAAIAAJ|access-date=31 January 2013|year=1990|publisher=Lancer International|page=97|isbn=978-81-7062-014-3}}</ref><br />
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== Uniform ==<br />
The first uniforms obtained for the regiment, during the chaotic period of 1857–58, were makeshift whites dyed [[khaki]]-drab in the bazaar. Dark rifle-green uniforms with black cuff [[facings]] were subsequently adopted to be worn with the round peakless Kilmarnock cap common to all Gurkha regiments.<ref>W. Y. Carman, pages 204–205 "Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgan-Grampian: London 1969</ref> Together with black metal buttons and insignia these items were to remain features of the dress uniforms of the regiment until the present day. Khaki drill was worn for active service and hot-weather dress from 1873 on. John Masters records that after World War I the historic rifle-green was retained only for the [[mess uniform]]s of officers and the [[full dress]] uniforms of pipers and mess order.<ref>John Masters, page 79 "Bugles and a Tiger", The New English Library Limited 1962</ref><br />
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== Regimental Centre ==<br />
The Regimental Center was formed on 15 November 1940 in Bakloh. The first commandant was Colonel TDC Owens, MC, who commanded the centre for five years during World War II.<ref name="volume 3"/>{{rp|369}}<br />
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=== Transition 1947–48===<br />
In 1947, just before independence, all Gorkha Regiments, including the 4th Gorkha Rifles (GR), received orders from the Commander in Chief of the Indian army, that Gorkha regiments which opt to remain with the Indian army, were to be transferred 'intact', including mess property and regimental funds. British officers of many Gorkha Regiments, including 5 RGR (FF) and 9 GR, did not comply with these instructions and transferred funds and properties to England before 15 August 1947.<ref name=Farwell,1990>{{cite book|last1=Farwell|first1=Byron|title=The Gurkhas.|year=1990|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company.|location=New York|pages=257–58}}</ref> 4 GR too managed to transfer part of the regiment funds before independence to England. These regimental funds were used to fund a corpus for a war memorial, for publishing volume 3 of the regimental history, and Rupees 8000, was used to transfer and install the memorial tablet in the St Oswald Church in Bakloh to England.<ref name="Farwell,1990"/><br />
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The last British commandant of the centre was Colonel RAN Davidson, formerly 2/4 GR, a bachelor who had spent much of World War II as a Japanese POW. He took over the centre for three months on 1 January 1948. He handed over the centre on 18 January 1948 to Lt Colonel Rajbir Chopra, formerly of the Rajput Regiment, who became the first Indian commandant of the 4GRRC. Colonel Ran Davidson, however, continued as adviser till 27 March 1948. Colonel RAN Davidson in his short tenure managed to gain the affection and respect of the young officers. The Subedar Major of the 4GRRC in 1948 was SM Sher Jung, the previous SM Agam Gurung having been promoted as officer.<ref name=Sodhi,31>{{cite magazine|last=Sodhi |first=Harinder |title=The old order Changeth: From British to Indian Officer|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |volume=31|year=2008|pages=55–59|editor1-first=RPS |editor1-last=Negi, Brigadier |publisher=14 GTC|location=Sabathu}}</ref> The regiment was allowed to promote thirteen Gorkha Officers as commissioned officers.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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In 1948 out of total of 50 officers posted to Gorkha Regiments from [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), Dehradun, to make up for the departing British officers, 9 young officers were posted to 4GRRC, Bakloh. Of these 9 young officers (YOs), 6 remained with the regiment, the rest were posted to other regiments after a short stay at Bakloh. The YOs traveled to Bakloh on 4 January 1948, on the same day, as Colonel RAN Davidson, the new commandant of 4GRRC.<ref name="Sodhi,31"/><br />
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===Move from Bakloh===<br />
In the wake of the [[Partition of India]], in 1947, the 4th Gorkha Rifles (GR) Regimental Center and Depot, was shifted from [[Bakloh]] to [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], the Centre of the [[1 Gorkha Rifles]], then to [[Chakrata]], and Clement Town, in Dehradun, and finally to [[Sabathu]], [[Shimla|Shimla Hills]], HP in April 1960. In Sabathu the 4th Gorkha Rifles Centre was merged with the 1 Gorkha Rifles Centre to form the First and Fourth Gorkha Training Centre (14 GTC).<ref name=Sodhi>{{cite magazine|last=Sodhi |first=Harinder |title=Bakloh-New Look – Comments and Views|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |volume=34|year=2011|pages=105–06|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |publisher=14 GTC|location=Sabathu}}</ref><ref name=Sodhi,35>{{cite magazine|last=Sodhi |first=Harinder |title=At Bakloh on Commissioning|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |volume=35|year=2012|pages=128–34|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |publisher=14 GTC|location=Sabathu}}</ref><br />
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==Battalions of the regiment==<br />
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===1/4 GR===<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159066 - First Battalion The Fourth Gorkha Rifles.jpeg|thumb|right|2007 Postal Stamp on ''150 years of First Battalion, The Fourth Gorkha Rifles'']]<br />
The 1st Battalion, 4th Gorkha Rifles (1/4 GR), JETHI Paltan, was raised in [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttaranchal]], in 1857. In 2002, it was awarded the COAS Unit Citation, for its performance in counter terrorism operations in [[Kupwara district]], [[Kashmir]]. The battalion was commended for neutralizing 94 Foreign Terrorists, in Tangdhar, Panzgam and Lolab. The battalion suffered two fatal casualties, Capt Anirban Bandhyopadhyay and Nb Sub Deb Bahadur Thapa. They were posthumously awarded the Sena Medal and the Kirti Chakra respectively.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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===2/4 GR===<br />
The 2nd Battalion, 4th Gorkha Rifles (2/4 GR), Maili Paltan, was raised in Bakloh, in 22 Apr 1886. 1st Bn Cdr Major JM Herman, Bn Sub Maj Kulpati Gurung 2/4 GR 1st World War Iraq Mesopotamia Campaign into entry Baghdad 08 march Lunching for Attaking tps Objt Capture [ first Light 11 march 1917 Baghdad city British Victory] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947–48 war]], [[Operation Eraze]], the spring offensive by [[Major General]] [[Kodendera Subayya Thimayya|K S Thimayya]], GOC [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19 Infantry Division]], in June–July, 1948, 2/4 GR and 1 Grenadiers, secured and drove the enemy out from areas [[Gurais]] and Kanzalwan, thus ending the threat to [[Srinagar]], J and K, from the north.<ref name=rohit,48>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rohit|title=Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48|journal=CLAWS Journal |publisher=Center For Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) |date=Autumn 2012|pages=130–158|url=http://claws.in/SW/SW%20i-10.10.2012.150-178.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123030527/http://claws.in/SW/SW%20i-10.10.2012.150-178.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-23|access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> In 1998–99, 2/4 GR Battalion Group commanded by Col G S Batabyal, was deployed in support of the UN peace keeping mission, in [[South Lebanon]], as part of [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNFIL]], in area [[Ibl al-Saqi]] [Mahatma Gandhi Park Inauguration by Indian Ambassador Mr Ajay Choudhry 14 Oct 1999 Ebel-Es-Saqi] along the [[Israel]]–Lebanon border in the [[Golan Heights]].<ref name="Kesava Menon"/> 2/4 GR celebrated its 125th anniversary, or the [[Quasquicentennial]] anniversary, in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], over the period 21–24 April 2011. The anniversary was attended among others by Major General BD Kale, former commanding officer of the battalion, and the President of the 4 GR Officer's Association. The unit is presently located in Andaman & Nicobar island as the part the newly raised [[Tri-service commands of the Indian Armed Forces|Tri-service commands.]] It was also awarded the COAS citation on 15 January 2026 by the Chief of Army Staff on the occasion of army day.<br />
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===3/4 GR===<br />
The 3rd Battalion, 4th Gorkha Rifles (3/4 GR), Chindits, Sainli Paltan, was raised in the Leslie Lines, [[Bakloh]], on 1 October 1940. The nucleus of the new battalion was formed by drafts of 3 officers and 200 men each from the 1st and 2nd Battalions. The remainder of the battalion was formed from recruits and 'recruit boys'. Soon after the raising the battalion moved into Tytler lines after the First battalion moved to [[Ambala]]. The Leslie lines were turned over for raising the Regimental Centre. The battalion held its first attestation parade on 15 March 1941. Soon after it was moved to [[Chaman]], [[Baluchistan]], now in [[Pakistan]], to form part of the [[Khojak]] [[Brigade]]. It occupied defensive positions between [[Chitral]] and Duzdhap, on the India-Iran border, to meet threats from either [[Nazi Germany]] or [[USSR]]. In March 1944 the battalion was called to provide nucleus for the raising of the 4th Battalion.<ref name="volume 3"/>{{rp|p 214–18 }} On 16 June the battalion was ordered to form part of 111 Independent Brigade, under Brigadier Joe Lentaigne, as part of the Chindit, which was being concentrated in the area of Saugor for training.<ref name="volume 3"/>{{rp|p 214–18 }}<br />
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The 3rd Battalion has an enviable war record. Over the period 20–24 September 1987, during [[Operation Meghdoot]] Saichen, 3/4 GR, while relieving 8 [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] in [[Bilafond La]], in [[Siachen conflict|Siachen]], at heights of nearly {{convert|20000|ft|m}}, participated in the defence of Bilafond La beating back repeated Pakistan army attacks, which ended on 24 September morning in failure and retreat. In the battle of Bilafond La, from 20 to 24 September, the 3/4 GR lost 13 killed and 23 wounded. The defenders for their courage, steadfastness, and resolution against heavy odds, were awarded 3 [[Maha Vir Chakra]](MVC), 5 [[Vir Chakra]]s (Vr C), 2 Sena Medals (SM), 1 Chief of Army Staff's Commendation card, and 3 Army Commanders Commendation Cards. MVC, India's second highest award for valor, was awarded to Major Krishna Gopal Chatterjee, L Havildar Nar Bahadur Ale ([[Posthumous award|Posthumous]]), and Naik Prem Bahadur Gurung (Posthumous). VrC, equivalent to [[Military Cross]], was awarded to 2/Lt AK Sharma, AOC, Second in Command Charlie Company, Naib Subedar Bhim Bahadur Thapa, [[Platoon commander]], C company, Lance Naik Hira Bahadur Thapa ( Posthumous), [[Medium Machine Gun]] (MMG) Detachment commander, Rifleman Sanjeev Gurung (Posthumous), and [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Hom Bahadur Thapa, MMG Detachment Commander. The Third Battalion remains one of the most decorated units the Indian army.<ref name="3/4 GR">{{cite magazine |title=The Highest Battle field in the World|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |date=1998}}</ref>{{rp|p 32}}<br />
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===4/4 GR===<br />
The 4th Battalion, 4th Gorkha Rifles (4/4 GR), the Kainli Paltan, also called Phor Phor, was first raised on 15 March 1941 in [[Bakloh]]. It like the 3rd Battalion was provided by drafts by the 1st and 2nd Battalions. It composition on raising was half Gurung-Magar and half Limbu Rai. After six months in Bakloh, it was ordered to move to [[Ahmednagar]] to form part of 62 Brigade. During this period the battalion had no vehicles; it lacked even weapons and was far from ready for operational duties.<ref name="volume 3"/>{{rp|p 276–78}} In World war it saw action in [[Burma]]; participating in the battle of [[Mandalay]]. After [[World War II]] it was demobilised in [[Dalhousie Cantonment]] (Tikka barracks), with a final farewell parade in the Regimental Centre, Bakloh, on 18 October 1946. In the nine and a half month-long campaign in Burma, 97 ( 4 Gurkha Officers and 93 other ranks) lost their lives and 298 were wounded ( 7 British officers, 5 Gurkha officers, and 286 other ranks).<ref name="volume 3">{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=JN|title=A history of the 4th Prince of Wales's own Gurkha Rifles, Volume III, 1938–1948|date=1963|publisher=Army Press, Dehra Dun, India|pages=264–65}}</ref> It was re-raised in November 1962, in [[Bakloh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], following the Chinese Aggression in 1962. It celebrated its [[Golden Jubilee]] at [[Dera Baba Nanak]] (DBN), [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], on 22–25 November 2011.<ref>Singh, Major, Abhishek (2012). "Fourth Bn celebrates its [[Golden Jubilee]]". In Negi, Brig (Retd), RPS. Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officer's Association, Newsletter, India (in English, Hindi, and Nepali) 35: 29–35.</ref><br />
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===5/4 GR===<br />
The [[The Fifth Battalion the Fourth Gorkha Rifles|5th Battalion, 4th Gorkha]] Rifles, 5/4 GR, the Kannchi Paltan, was raised on 1 January 1963, in the wake of the Chinese Invasion, by Lt Colonel Ranjit Singh Chandel, formerly of 1/4 GR, at [[Ambala Cantonment]], [[Haryana]], the 5/4 GR Engagements Bajra Garhi Sugarcane Anula victory Punjab Pak Theatre 08 Sep 1965, the sprawling cantonment town, north of [[Delhi]]. In 1988, 5/4 GR celebrated its [[Silver Jubilee]] in Naraina, [[Delhi Cantonment]]. On 19–21 October 2012, the battalion celebrated its Golden Jubilee, in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]. The Golden Jubilee program included Wreath Laying, Guard of Honor, Sainik Sammelan and Barakhana. Over 200 Bhu Puus (bhut purva or former Ex Servicemen, in Nepalese), attended the jubilee with their wives, children, and grandchildren.<ref>Mehta, Gp Capt. "Raising Day Golden Gorkhas". Sainik Samachar (New Delhi-110 011: Directorate of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence)</ref><br />
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== Regimental reunions ==<br />
In addition to the Jubilee celebration and reunions, the 4th Gorkha Rifles organizes a Regimental Reunion every four years, usually at Sabathu, the Regimental Centre of the First and 4th Gorkha Rifles.{{Cn|date=December 2020}} <br />
<!--Decrease in size & cut out unencyclopaedic material<br />
===Centenary celebrations and Reunion, 1957===<br />
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In 1957, the centenary celebrations and reunion, was held in Bakloh. Recalling the occasion John Masters, wrote "This union of the past and present became a palpable reality... in which strangers recognized each as old friend.... We who had thought we were returning to Bakloh, found that in fact we had never left."<ref name="John masters 1957">{{cite magazine|last1=Masters|first1=John|editor1-last=Gupta|editor1-first=P K|title=The Regiment's and the First Battalion's Centenary 1957-1957|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter|year=1998|publisher=4 GR}}</ref><ref>Negi, Brig (Retd), RPS, ed. (2012). "4 GR Reunion". Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officer's Association, Newsletter, India (in English, Hindi, and Nepali) 35: 38–49</ref><br />
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=== Reunion, 1977 ===<br />
<br />
In 1977, the regimental reunion was held in [[Bakloh]], at the initiative of late Major General GS Gill, the then Colonel of 4 GR. The first News letter of the 4 GR association was released during the reunion. It was hosted by 5/4 GR. The reunion was attended by large number of officers, [[Junior commissioned officer]]s (JCOs) and men, including many Indian and British officers who had served in Bakloh, before the 4 GR Centre was shifted to Sabathu.<ref name=Bowyer,34>{{cite magazine|title=none|last=Bowyer |first=Tony|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2012|volume=34|pages=50–58}}</ref><br />
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===Reunion, 1998===<br />
<br />
In 1998, the regimental reunion was held in [[Sabathu]] from 19–21 November 1998, to coincide with the [[Poonch|Poonch link Up]] in 1948 by the 1st Battalion. The reunion programme included: 18 November, commandant's dinner, at gorkh house; 19 November: Guard of Honor and group photograph, wreath laying, sainik sammelan, release of first day cover, Lunch in JCO's mess, Football match, Band display, and dinner; 20 November: Pagal Gymkhana and lunch, at the Salaria statium, and Barakhana (including battle presentations); 21 November, Mundir function, at the Regimental [[mandir]]; Baseball match and lunch at the Salaria Stadium; band concert and reunion dinner in the Officer's and JCO's messes; 22 November, dispersal. 5/4 Gorkha Rifles football team, which scored an overall six points, played the finals against 14 GTC team. The reunion was attended by large number of officers, [[Junior commissioned officer]]s (JCOs) and men, including many Indian and British officers.<ref name="Number 21">{{cite magazine|title=Notice|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |date=October 1997|volume=21}}</ref><br />
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===Reunion, 2007===<br />
The regiment celebrated its Sesquicentenary, the seventh regimental reunion, which coincided with the sesquicentennial celebrations of 1/4 GR, on 29 November – 2 December 2007, in Subathu, HP.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
<br />
=== Reunion, 2011 ===<br />
The preparation and planning for Reunion, 2011, started in November 2010, a year before it was held on 27–29 November 2011. The planners of Reunion, 2011, had projected an attendance of 250–300, based on attendance at previous regimental reunions. Eventually Reunion, 2011, was attended by 773 all ranks, including 107 from Nepal, and 10 from the UK (including dependents).<ref name="Newsletter 35, reunion">{{cite magazine|title= 4GR Reunion 2011|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2012|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |pages= 44|language=hi, ne}}</ref>{{rp|p 44}}<br />
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The program for Reunion, 2011, included informal lunch, 'Reception' dinner, a sit down ''continental Reunion Dinner'', [[Subedar Major]]'s dinner for [[Junior commissioned officer|Junior Commissioned Officer]]'s and families, Guard of Honor, wreath laying at the regimental war memorial, ''Sainik Sammelan'', display by the pipes and drums, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] in the 14 GTC [[Mandir]], Pagal Gymkhana, release of first day cover, book release, toasts to the Regiment, group photograph outside ''Kennedy House'', reminiscence, regimental gossip, and speeches.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
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Among those who made speeches were [[Major general|Major General]] PS Paul, the [[Colonel of the Regiment]], Maj General, (Retd) BD Kale, President of the Officers Association, [[Brigadier]] Arvind G Kundalkar, [[Sena Medal|SM]], Centre Commandant, and Geoffery Lloyd, representative of the British Officers Association.<ref name="Newsletter 35, reunion"/>{{rp|p 44}}<br />
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During the release of the book ''Regimental customs, and traditions'', Lt General (Retd) Vijay Madan, an authority on regimental arcana, and former Colonel of the Regiment, spotted errors of fact in the book. The offending error of fact was on page 114 of the book. The author of the ''Regimental Song'' was shown as [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527211651/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/BANDSTAND/profiles/nhussain.html Major (Retd) Nasir Hussain] VSM, Officer in Charge of [[Military bands]], in the Military Training Directorate of India, instead of Captain Babar Singh Thapa of 1/4 GR, the Battalion Madan had commanded. Major Nasir, the Madan pointed out, was not the author of the regimental song, but the music for the Regimental song, which makes the song and music such compelling [[march (music)|march]]. The ''Regimental Song'', was first rendered by Mr Karan Sundaram, an accomplished [[Carnatic music|Karnāṭaka]] vocalist, and musician, at the Regimental Centenary, organized by 3/4 GR in [[Calcutta]], in 1957.<ref name="Newsletter 35, reunion"/>{{rp|p 246}}<br />
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The reunion was big success, "every event" as one participant in the Reunion noted, "was Superb", "especially Symphony and Picnic!" Possibly because the reunion was so 'superb', it was expensive. The 14 GTC, the chief organizer and host of Reunion, 2011, hope to defray expenses for the next reunion by seeking contribution from sponsors (and, maybe, from those who attend).<ref name="Newsletter 35, reunion"/>{{rp|p 49}}<br />
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=== Reunion, 2015===<br />
Regimental Reunion was scheduled to be held in the 14 GTC, Subathu, HP, from 8–10 October 2015.{{Cn|date=December 2020}}<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Regimental Day==<br />
The Regimental day of the 4th Gorkha Rifles is 11 March. It commemorates the 1st Battalion's action in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in France and the 2nd Battalion's Mesopotamia Campaign and 2/4GR entry into Baghdad 8 March Lunching for Attaking tps British Victory Baghdad city 11 March 1917 ww-I (albeit in different years), during World War I. On the occasion of the regimental day officers and men of the regiment exchange greeting, and meet over lunch or dinner. The main regimental day lunch for serving and retired officers is usually held at an officers mess, or the Infantry Mess and Hostel in [[Delhi cantonment]]. The lunch is usually scheduled on the first holiday in the week of the regimental day(11 March). In 2015 it was held on 15 March, a Sunday. The Regimental day event is in addition to the annual luncheons hosted by the 14 Gorkha Training Centre, in October, for all 1 GR and 4 GR officers, and by the Gorkha Brigade, for officers of all the Gorkha Regiments, in February, in Delhi Cantonment. A report on the event is usually carried in the Newsletter.<ref name="Negi, Brig 2011">Negi, Brig (Retd), RPS, ed. (2011). "Pot Pourri". Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officer's Association, Newsletter, India (in English, Hindi, and Nepali) 34: 165.</ref><br />
In 2011, the main regimental day lunch was held in [[Noida]], the burgeoning city East of Delhi, across the river Yamuna, in Uttar Pradesh, which has large concentration of senior 4 GR retired officers. Regimental day luncheons, on a smaller scale, are also organized in Pune, Mhow, and other towns.<ref name="Negi, Brig 2011"/> In 2012, the combined 1 GR and 4GR lunch was held in Delhi Cantonment. It was attended by 85 officers and their families. During the event, the Colonel of the two regiments, presented an account of the activities of the two regiments.<ref name="Negi, Brig 2013">Negi, Brig (Retd), RPS, ed. (2011). "Pot Pourri". Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officer's Association, Newsletter, India (in English, Hindi, and Nepali) 36: 164.</ref><br />
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== Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association ==<br />
The Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association, is an association of serving and retired officers of the 4th Gorkha Rifles (4 GR), an [[infantry]] regiment of the [[Indian Army]]. The 4 GR has two Officers Associations: one in the [[India]], and another in the [[United Kingdom]] (UK). The two officers associations have had, and continue to have, close relations.<ref name="NL 34, Bowyer">{{cite magazine|title= Return to Bakloh|last=Bowyer |first=Tony|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2011|volume=34|pages=50–58|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |quote=Reminiscence of former British officer of 4/4 GR of pre-independence Bakloh, and of the Reunion hosted by 5/4 GR, in Bakloh, in February 1977}}</ref><ref name="NL 35, Lloyd"/><br />
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=== 4 GR Officers Association, UK ===<br />
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The officers association in the UK, known as the 4th [[Prince of Wales]]' (PWO) Gurkha Rifles Officers' Association, is an association of former [[British people|British]] Officers of the 4GR, formed on 13 June 1947, on the initiative of the late Major General Arthur Mill, who is fondly referred to as Uncle Arthur. The aim of the association, Sir Arthur Mills in a letter to Colonel Hamish Mackay, the centre commandant, in Bakloh, said was "until the end of the century to keep alive the history and traditions of the Regiment".<ref name="bill tee">{{cite magazine|last1=Tee|first1=Bill|title=Golden Jubilee Remembrance Day 1997|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |date=1997|volume=21|pages=31–40}}</ref> The 4 GR officers Association, UK, in memory of its association with the 4 GR maintains the Gurkha Memorial Gardens, near the St Giles Church, in [[Stoke Poges]], [[South Buckinghamshire]] district of [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]].<ref name="NL 35, Negi, stoke park club">{{cite magazine|title= The memorial Plaque and the Tej Sapru Khukri at Stoke Park Club|last=Negi |first=RPS|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2011|volume=34|pages=64–66|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi }}</ref> The UK association is smaller than the main association in India; and is fast dwindling on account of age and attrition. The head of the British 4 GR officers Association is Dicky Day.<ref name="NL 35, Negi, stoke park club"/> The UK association celebrated its golden jubilee on 13 June 1997, with a large gathering, church service, exchange of messages, speeches, a sit down lunch for 132, at the stoke Park Golf club, and toasts to the Regiment, the Queen, the President of India, and the King of Nepal. The Golden Jubilee was covered by a TV crew from BBC, and the pipe and drums from [[Royal Gurkha Rifles|1st Battalion Royal Gurkha Rifles]] was in attendance to make ' a Figure of Eight, showing Spy Roll and slow to quick followed by three Sets and Retreat'. The Indian contingent at the Golden jubilee get together included 4 serving, and two retired officers, including the Colonel of the Regiment, Lt General Baldev Singh, and COs of 1/4, 2/4, and 3/4 Gorkha Rifles, and their wives.<ref name="bill tee"/>{{rp|p31–40}}<br />
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=== 4 GR Officers Association, India ===<br />
The Officers Association of 4 GR, in India, of which all serving and retired 4 GR officers are members, is called the ''Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association''. It was formed at the initiative of late Major General GS Gill, former Colonel of 4 GR. The head of the Indian and the UK associations, known as the president of the Fourth Gorkha Rifles Association, is usually a senior retired officer of the regiment, and often a former [[Colonel of the Regiment]]. He serves as a link between the British and the India 4 GR Associations.<ref name="Newsletter 35, President's Message" /> The current President of the 4GR Officers association is [[Major General]] (Retired) B D Kale, formerly of 2/4 GR.<ref name="Newsletter 35, President's Message" /><br />
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=== Relations between the Indian and British officers' associations ===<br />
The relations between the Indian and the UK 4 GR Officers associations have been, and remain, close and active. They exchange visits, letters, mementos, and memories. Indian officers on visit to the UK often visit Stoke Poges, meet old officers, and attend 'Remembrance day'. British officers, in turn, are often guest of the 4 Gorkha Rifles Officers Association, in India, and are invariably invited to attend Reunion and Jubilee celebrations.<ref name="NL 34, Bowyer"/>{{rp|p50–58}}<ref name="NL 35, Negi"><!-- this title-missing reference was inserted in revision of 00:13, 14 December 2013 (UTC) by [[User:Rajsirocco|Rajsirocco]], who as of January 2025 hasn't edited Wikipedia since April 2021. -->{{cite magazine|title=none|last=Negi |first=RPS|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2012|volume=35|pages=8–9|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |quote=Notes on the regimental reunion in 4/4 GR}}</ref> In 2011, Maj Geoffery Loyd, formerly 1/4 GR, attended the 125 year anniversary celebration of the 2/4 GR, in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], in April 2011, and the Reunion, 2011, 27–29 November 2011, in [[Sabathu]], HP, along with a 10 British dependent 'members'. During the reunion Major Lloyd, laid wreath at the war memorial, made a speech, and presented 357 pounds to the '4GR welfare fund', on behalf of the British contingent, and before leaving told the President of the 4 GR Association that because of his age this would be his last visit to India.<ref name="NL 35, Lloyd">{{cite magazine|title= Second to None|last=Lloyd |first=Geoffery|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2012|volume=35|pages=51–52|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |quote= Former British officer of 1/4 GR }}</ref><ref name="Newsletter 35, President's Message">{{cite magazine|last=Kale |first=BD|title=President's Message|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2012| volume=35|pages=1–2|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |language=hi, ne}}</ref><br />
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== Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletters ==<br />
The Officers Association of Fourth Gorkha Rifles publishes an annual Newsletter (NL). The NL has been in print since 1977. The first NL was brought out by Lt Colonel Vijay Madan, VSM, during the Regimental reunion in February 1977, the second reunion held after 1957 reunion.<ref name=Sarpotdar>{{cite magazine|last1=Sarpotdar|first1=SP|title=Coming of Age Indian NL|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |date=1998|volume=21|pages=134–140}}</ref> In 1997 it was decided that the NL, starting with NL 22, will also have a Nepali section. Each battalion was expected to submit at least two articles in Nepalese for the NL. The NL operates on shoe string budget. The charges for bringing out NL 21, in 1997, was a mere Rupees 14,539. It is published with the assistance of 14 Gorkha Rifles Training Centre, [[Sabathu]] [[Cantonment]].<ref name="Sarpotdar"/>{{rp|p10, 14}}<br />
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=== Editor and publisher ===<br />
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The editor of the NL is chosen by consensus from among volunteer retired officers of the regiment and is appointed by the President of the 4 GR Association. Past NL editors have included Lt Colonel Vijay Madan (1977–1980), Brigadier Hem Tiwari (1981–84), Brigadier NK Gurung (1985–86), [[Brigadier]] HS Sodhi, formerly of 4/4 GR (1987–93), and Brigadier, (Retired), Prem K Gupta, formerly [[The Fifth Battalion the Fourth Gorkha Rifles|5/4 GR]]. The current editor of the NL is Brigadier RPS Negi, Retired, formerly 2/4 GR. The editor of the NL is assisted by an editorial team, which includes a serving officer of the regiment usually posted at 14 Gorkha Training Centre, Sabathu.<ref name="Newsletter 34"/><br />
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=== Contents ===<br />
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The NL which started as an English-language journal, since 1999, has had two sections: an English section, which is approximately 150–180 pages, and a Hindi- and the Nepali-language sections, which is about 30–40 pages.<ref name=Sarpotdar/><ref name="Newsletter 34"><!-- this title-missing reference was inserted in revision of 14:16, 21 June 2013 (UTC) by [[User:Rajsirocco|Rajsirocco]], who as of January 2025 hasn't edited Wikipedia since April 2021. -->{{cite magazine|title=none|magazine=Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officers' Association Newsletter |year=2011|volume=34|page=10|editor1-first=RPS|editor1-last=Negi |language=hi, ne}}</ref> It has a standard layout and content list. It includes a 'President's Message', 'Colonel's Page', Editor's page, 'Secretary's note' News of veterans, 4 GR Battalions (1/4 GR, 2/4 GR, 3/4 GR, 4/4 GR, 5/4 GR and 15 RR), Gorkha Sabhas in [[Bakloh]], and [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], reminiscences by retired and serving officers, obituaries, and articles by retired British officers of the 4GR.<ref name="Newsletter 34"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bakloh]]<br />
*[[Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army]]<br />
*[[The Fifth Battalion the Fourth Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bullock |first1=Christopher |title=Britain's Gurkhas |date=2009 |publisher=Third Millennium Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-906507-27-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Chappell |first1=Mike |title=The Gurkhas |date=1993 |publisher=Osprey |location=London |isbn=1-85532-357-5}}<br />
*Macdonell, Ronald & Marcus Macauley, compilers. ''History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857–1937'', 1&2 vol. Illustrations by Lieutenant Colonel CG Borrowman. 1857–1948 Edinburgh and London: William. Blackwood, 1940. [250 copies issued].<br />
*Mackay, Col, JN, compilers. ''History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1938–1948, vol III''. Edited and Illustrated by Lieutenant Colonel CG Borrowman. London: William Blackwood, 1952. [350 copies issued]. These are sentimental Raj regimental histories. Despite the motivated historicity of the three volume History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, these remain an excellent source on the history of Bakloh, the battalions of the Regiment, and on regimental life in the 4 Gorkha Rifles, from 1857 till 1948.<br />
* Parker, John. (2005). ''The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers''. Headline Book Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7553-1415-7}}.<br />
*Smith, E. D. (1988). ''Valour: A History of the Gurkhas''. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press {{ISBN|0-87951-817-0}}<br />
*Sodhi, H S, Brig (Retd) (1985). Gupta, Prem K, Brig (Retd). ''History of the 4th Gorkha Rifles (Vol IV), 1947–1971''. Delhi.<br />
<br />
=== Journals and newsletters ===<br />
<br />
*Negi, Brig (Retd), RPS. ed. '''Fourth Gorkha Rifles Officer's Association, Newsletter, India. Number 1-35''', (in English, Hindi, and Nepali).<br />
The ''Fourth Gorkha Officers Association, Newsletters'', is published annually. It includes articles, reports, and news on the activities and achievements of the Regimental Centre, units of the Regiment, 4 GR pensioners, and the Gorkha Sabha, the representative body of 4GR and other army pensioners, in Bakloh, and Dharamshala.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/gurkha/4thgurkhas.htm 4th Gurkha Rifles on 'www.britishempire.co.uk'.]<br />
{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]<br />
[[Category:Gurkhas]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1857]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Rifle regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]<br />
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-Mart_Retail&diff=543024V-Mart Retail2026-02-15T08:50:09Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up the details from scratch</p>
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{{Notability|Companies|date=October 2022}}<br />
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| website = {{URL|https://www.vmart.co.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''V-Mart Retail Limited''' is Indian retail company which operates a chain of small-size hypermarkets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=V-Mart Retail Ltd. |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/v-mart-retail-34162/information/company-history |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=V Mart Retail Share Price - V Mart Retail Share Price Live NSE/BSE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/v-mart-retail-ltd/stocks/companyid-44030.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debjyoti |date=2022-10-17 |title=V-Mart signs pact to acquire LimeRoad |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/vmart-retail-acquire-tiger-global-backed-limeroad-11666014987266.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2002 Lalit Agarwal<ref>{{Cite web |title=How V-Mart Retail's Lalit Agarwal took work from home to working from 6 locations in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/how-v-mart-retails-lalit-agarwal-went-from-working-at-his-centre-table-to-working-from-6-locations-across-india/2213331/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Financialexpress |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inflation Could Impact Demand {{!}} Lalit Agarwal, V-Mart |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/et-now/markets/inflation-could-impact-demand-lalit-agarwal-v-mart-video-90534169 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=TimesNow |date=30 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> founded this company. Previously it was incorporated as Varin Commercial Private Limited in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LimeRoad से उपलब्ध होंगे अनलिमिटेड और V-Mart Retail के सभी प्रोडक्ट्सः ललित अग्रवाल |url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/company/all-products-of-unlimited-and-v-mart-retail-will-be-available-from-limeroad-lalit-agarwal-837101.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=hindi.moneycontrol.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL New Delhi |date=2022-10-17 |title=V-Mart set to acquire fashion marketplace LimeRoad; to invest ₹150 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/v-mart-set-to-acquire-fashion-marketplace-limeroad-to-invest-150-crore/article66021859.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudra |first=Tapanjana |date=2022-10-17 |title=V-Mart To Acquire Fashion Marketplace LimeRoad In A Distress Sale |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/v-mart-retail-to-acquire-fashion-marketplace-limeroad-for-inr-31-12-cr/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Supermarkets of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-company-stub}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Faiz_Ali_Khan&diff=518783Muhammad Faiz Ali Khan2026-02-13T01:58:51Z<p>Addie15A4298: started new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
'''[[Nawab]] [[Sir]] Muhammad Faiz Ali Khan [[Khan Bahadur|Bahadur]]''', KCSI (26 August 1821 – 5 August 1894) was the [[Nawab of Pahasu]], also a politician and administrator, who served as Prime Minister of [[Jaipur State]].<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography By C. E. Buckland|page=326|isbn=9788170208976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_dA0RAwd4oC&pg=PA326 |last1=Buckland|first1=C. E.|year=1999|publisher=COSMO Publications }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the ... By Sir Roper Lethbridge|pages=335–36|isbn=9788187879541|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&pg=PA335 |last1=Lethbridge|first1=Sir Roper|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Nawab Sir Muhammad Faiz Ali Khan Khan KCSI, was a scion of the [[Muslim Rajput]] community of [[Lalkhani]] ([[Badgujar|Badgujar Rajput]]) lineage. He was born to Murad Ali Khan.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><br />
<br />
==Relations with the British==<br />
He and his father both served in the Jaipur Armed Forces and served the British well in the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]]. He was rewarded for his loyalty with a large estate and the title of [[Khan Bahadur]].<ref name=a/><br />
<br />
==Prime Minister of Jaipur State==<br />
He served as Prime Minister of [[Jaipur State]] in 1863 during the reign of [[Ram Singh II|Sawai Ram Singh II]] and was also given a [[jagir]] in Jaipur State for his services.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><br />
<br />
==Positions==<br />
He was an active member in public life and was:<ref name=a/><br />
* Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces<br />
* Member of Governors General's Legislative Council<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
*1871: [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] and later elevated to<br />
*1876: [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]].<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><br />
*He was also given the titles of Khan Badaur<ref name=a/> and Mumtaz-ud-Daula.<ref name=b/><br />
<br />
==Estate==<br />
He was the [[jagirdar]] of [[Pahasu]] with the title of [[Nawab of Pahasu]]. Also held [[jagir]] in Jaipur State located at Tazami. He also held one village in the [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad Estate]].<ref>Report on the Settlement of the Muttra District, North-Western Provinces by R. S. Whiteway: pp 36.</ref><br />
<br />
==Successor==<br />
He was succeeded by his able son [[Muhammad Faiyaz Ali Khan|Sir Muhammad Faiyaz Ali Khan]], as Nawab of Pahasu.<ref name=a/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1821 births]]<br />
[[Category:1894 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]<br />
[[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian knights]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupali_Repale&diff=531097Rupali Repale2026-02-10T03:09:44Z<p>Addie15A4298: started new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian swimmer and triathlete}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rupali Repale<br />
| image = File:Rupali Repale receiving National Adventure Award.jpg{{!}}border<!-- Please do not change to a different image unless a very specific reason is given for doing so and consensus has been achieved in the talk page. Such image additions will be reverted --><br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = A woman receiving an award<br />
| caption = Repale receiving [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|National Adventure Award]] at the hands of Hon. [[Uma Bharti]], New Delhi 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pg0699/pg9ju99/0906994.html|title=Untitled Page}}</ref><br />
| occupation = {{flat list|<br />
*[[Swimmer]]<br />
*[[Triathlete]]<br />
*[[Entrepreneurship|Entrepreneur]], Chairperson of [[Rupali Industries]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rupaliaqua.com/ |title=Home |website=rupaliaqua.com}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1982|2|3}}<br />
| honorific_prefix = Sagar Kanya<ref name="auto1">[http://mcomments.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=205437 Unknown]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| parents = <br />
| relations = Vishal Hinge (Spouse), Swaraj Hinge (Son), Hindavi Hinge (daughter)<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.rupaliaqua.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rupali Ramdas Repale''' (born 3 February 1982 in Mumbai), is an [[Indian people|Indian]] open-water long-distance swimmer and triathlete. She swam the English Channel in the solo swim category on 15 August 1994 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelswimmingassociation.com/swim/2942/rupali-ramdas-repale/|title = Rupali Ramdas Repale 1994 &#124; Channel Swimming Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=English Channel swim by Rupali Ramdas Repale on 15 August 1994 {{!}} Dover.UK.com | url=https://www.dover.uk.com/channel-swimming/swims/1994-08-15/rupali-ramdas-repale | access-date=2025-02-20 | website=www.dover.uk.com}}</ref> in a time span of 16 hours and 7 minutes, making her the youngest successful swimmer (12 years old) to cross the English Channel for the year 1994.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelswimmingassociation.com/awards/?award=43&year=1994|title = CSA Awards &#124; Channel Swimming Association}}</ref> She swam a total of seven straits during the course of her swimming career, [[Gibraltar Strait]], [[Palk Strait]], [[Bass Strait]], [[Cook Strait]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cookstraitswim.org.nz/history-and-facts.php |title=Cook Strait Swim - History |accessdate=2015-11-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125301/http://www.cookstraitswim.org.nz/history-and-facts.php |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Robben Island|Robben Island Channel]] and [[Dharamtar|Mumbai-Dharamtar Channel]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/25/stories/0725100c.htm Unknown]{{dead link|date=April 2021| fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/water-nymph/205437|title = Water Nymph &#124; Outlook India Magazine|date = 6 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and background==<br />
Rupali Repale was born in [[Mumbai]], the daughter of Ramdas Repale and Rekha Repale, who were small-scale business owners from a modest financial background. Born in rural [[Pune]], both the parents moved to Mumbai city in 1970s shortly before their marriage and settled in [[Bhandup]], a suburb of Mumbai. Rupali completed her schooling at Bright High School & Junior College Bhandup-(west) and went on to graduate with a degree in sociology from [[Mumbai University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050504/asp/careergraph/story_4694804.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Careergraph |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703135918/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050504/asp/careergraph/story_4694804.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br />
Rupali started swimming at an early age and soon developed a penchant for it. She showed remarkable stamina even at an early age and could swim for hours at a stretch. Noticed by her coaches and later backed by her father, she soon started training for long-distance events and later in the open waters. Apart from swimming, she also participates in [[Triathlon]] events and has achieved many accolades in it as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/I-win-them-all/articleshow/332795370.cms|title = 'I win them all' &#124; Pune News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=8 April 2000 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Swimming career==<br />
* 1994: [[English Channel]], [[England]] to [[France]], 34 kilometers in 16 hours and 7 minutes. Youngest Swimmer for the year 1994.<ref name="auto"/><br />
* 1994: [[Gibraltar Strait]], [[Spain]] to [[Morocco]], 28 kilometers in 5 hours and 5 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acneg.com/acneg%20ingles/One%20way.html |title=Cruce a Nado Ida Reglamentario |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015073652/http://www.acneg.com/acneg%20ingles/One%20way.html |archivedate=15 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* 1995: [[Mumbai]] to [[Dharamtar]] two-way [[Gateway of India]] swim, 72 kilometers in 21 hours and 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iegDAAAAMBAJ&q=rupali+repale+dharamtar&pg=PA449 | title=Competition Science Vision| last1=Darpan| first1=Pratiyogita| date=June 2000}}</ref><br />
* 1995: [[Sri Lanka]] to [[India]], 40 kilometers in 11 hours and 5 minutes.<br />
* 1996: [[Bass Strait]], [[Phillip Bay]] to [[Melbourne]], 65 kilometers in 17 hours, required swimming within the confines of a cage due to the shark-infested nature of the strait.<br />
* 1998: [[Cook Strait]], [[Arapaoa Island|Pegano Head]] to [[Waipiro Bay]] ([[New Zealand]]), 80 kilometers in 19 hours 44 minutes, record for the longest successful swim in first attempt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/364994/Cook-Strait-swimming-record-smashed|title = Cook Strait swimming record smashed|date = 31 January 2009}}</ref><br />
* 2000: [[Three Anchor Bay]] to [[Robben Island]] ([[South Africa]]) two-way. 30 kilometers in 7 hrs.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.capeswim.com/#records | title=ape Long Distance | access-date=19 February 2016 | archive-date=6 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122036/http://capeswim.com/#records | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
* '''[[National Youth Festival (India)|National Youth Award]]''' awarded by then [[President of India]] late Hon. [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], Bhopal 1995.<br />
* '''[[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]''' awarded by then [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)]] Hon. [[Uma Bharti]], New Delhi 1999.<ref name="t1996">{{cite press release |title=National Adventure Awards, Indira Gandhi NSS Awards to be presented |date=4 June 1999 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, India |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0699/r040699.html#7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130144606/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0699/r040699.html#7 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref><br />
* '''HIMA Foundation Award''' awarded by then [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] late Hon. [[P C Alexander|Dr. P C Alexander]], Mumbai 1995.<br />
* '''Sagar Kanya''' title conferred upon by the Government of Maharashtra.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
* '''Dolphin Queen''' title conferred upon by the Government of New Zealand.<br />
<br />
==Present activities==<br />
Rupali is the founder and director of Rupali Industries,<ref name="auto2"/> a water purification based home appliance company. In her spare time she likes to coach young talent at local swimming pools.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Books on Rupali==<br />
* Biographical book '''Jal Akramile''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) written by Sumedh Vadavala and published by [[List of publishers of books in Marathi|Rajhans Prakashans]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marathiboli.com/jal-akramile |title=Jal Akramile-जल आक्रमिले |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010044746/http://marathiboli.com/jal-akramile |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Excerpt from Rupali's book is included in the Maharashtra state school curriculum to encourage youth involvement in sports.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cart.ebalbharati.in/BalBooks/pdfs/701010001.pdf | title=Marathi Balbharti| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407070914/http://cart.ebalbharati.in/BalBooks/pdfs/701010001.pdf | archive-date=7 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
*[http://www.rupalirepale.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316212012/https://www.rupalirepale.com/ |date=16 March 2023 }}<br />
*[[Junnar taluka|Junnar Taluka]]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Repale, Rupali}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:English Channel swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Strait of Gibraltar]]<br />
[[Category:Palk Strait]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]<br />
[[Category:Female long-distance swimmers]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Swimmers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female triathletes]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallavi_Dey&diff=523955Pallavi Dey2026-02-09T06:02:48Z<p>Addie15A4298: started info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (1997–2022)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pallavi Dey<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| other_names = Mishtuu<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1997|2|23|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Howrah, West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|5|15|1997|2|23|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_cause = Suicide by hanging <br />
| partner = Sagnik Chakrabarty<br />
| known_for = [[Ami Sirajer Begum]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br/>Model<br />
| years_active = 2017–2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pallavi Dey''' (23 February 1997 – 15 May 2022), also known as '''Pallabi Dey''', was an Indian actress, who worked in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]]. She started her career with the Bengali serial ''[[Tobu Mone Rekho]]''. She is best known for the serial ''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]''.<ref name="bengali.indianexpress-20Jun19" /><ref name="timesofindia-28May19" /><ref name="timesofindia-20May20" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Pallavi started her career with the serial ''Resham Jhanpi''. In 2018, she was given the role of Lutfa in the serial ''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]''. Other work by Dey included ''[[Kunjochaya]]'', ''[[Saraswatir Prem]]'', and ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pallavi Dey death mystery: শটের ফাঁকে মাঝে মাঝে অন্যমনস্ক হয়ে পড়ত পল্লবী, দাবি সহ-অভিনেতা জয়জিতের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pallabi-dey-was-often-distracted-during-shooting-time-claimed-joyjit-banerjee-dgtl/cid/1344512 |trans-title=Pallavi Dey death mystery: Pallavi sometimes gets distracted in between shots, claims co-actor Jayjit |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pallavi Dey and Samm starrer 'Mon Mane Na' set for its premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-dey-and-samm-starrer-mon-mane-na-set-up-for-its-premiere-soon/articleshow/85234075.cms |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Dey died on 15 May 2022. According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', she was found hanging from a ceiling fan and rushed to Bangur Hospital, where she was declared dead. She committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Mon Mane Na' actress Pallavi Dey dies by suicide; co-star says "We spoke two days back, didn't realise anything" |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/mon-mane-na-actress-pallavi-dey-dies-by-suicide-co-star-says-we-spoke-two-days-back-didnt-realise-anything/articleshow/91575232.cms |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia-16May22">{{Cite news |title=Bengali TV Actress Pallavi Dey Discovered Dead At Her Kolkata Home |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pallavi-dey-a-bengali-tv-actress-was-discovered-dead-at-her-kolkata-home-and-her-live-in-partner-is-being-investigated-news-196972 |date=16 May 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref> Dey lived with her partner Sagnik Chakroborty,<ref name="outlookindia-16May22"/> and he informed the police that she had died.<ref name="indiatoday-17May22"/><ref name="indianexpress-16May22"/> Dey's father, Nilu Dey, told the police that he believed that Chakroborty and another woman had murdered Dey.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/father-of-pallavi-dey-lodges-murder-complaint-against-her-live-in-partner/cid/1865391 |title=Father of Pallavi Dey lodges murder complaint against her live-in partner |date=17 May 2022 |work=My Kolkata [[The Telegraph (India)]] }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday-17May22"/><ref name="indianexpress-16May22">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengali-tv-actor-pallavi-dey-dead-kolkata-7918467/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |title=Bengali TV actor Pallavi Dey found dead in Kolkata flat, family suspects murder |first1=Sweety |last1=Kumari |date=16 May 2022}}</ref> Garfa Police arrested Chakroborty on 17 May 2022 after a long interrogation.<ref name="indiatoday-17May22">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengali-actor-pallavi-dey-death-live-in-partner-arrested-1950634-2022-05-17 |work=[[India Today]] |title=Bengali actor Pallavi Dey's live-in partner arrested in connection with her death |date=17 May 2022 |first1=Anupam |last1=Mishra}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-17May22">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/pallavi-dey-death-live-in-partner-arrested-7922403/ |title=Kolkata: Cops arrest live-in partner Sagnik Chakraborty 2 days after TV actor Pallavi Dey's death |date=17 May 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref name="siasat-18May22">{{cite news |url=https://www.siasat.com/deceased-bengal-tv-actress-pallabi-deys-live-in-partner-arrested-2329313/ |title=Deceased Bengal TV actress Pallabi Dey's live-in partner arrested |date=18 May 2022 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |first1=Rasti |last1=Amena }}</ref><br />
<br />
Chakroborty is married, but had filed a petition for divorce, and had been living with Dey since then.<ref name="siasat-18May22"/><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
!scope="col"| Character<br />
!Channels<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
!scope="col"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
| ''[[Tobu Mone Rekho]]''<br />
| Piya <br />
|[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Side Role<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017–2018<br />
| ''Resham Jhanpi''<br />
| Madhu / Bulbuli<br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018– 2019<br />
| ''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]''<br />
| [[Lutfunnisa Begum]] (Lutfa)<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | Lead Role<br />
| <ref name="timesofindia-28May19">{{Cite news |title='Ami Sirajer Begum' actress Pallavi Dey enjoys her holiday in Dooars |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ami-sirajer-begum-actress-pallavi-dey-enjoys-her-holiday-in-dooars/articleshow/69542563.cms |date=28 May 2019 |access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019–2020<br />
| ''[[Kunjochaya]]''<br />
| Shalik<br />
| <ref name="bengali.indianexpress-20Jun19">{{Cite news |title=মাস্টারদাদুর নাতনি হয়ে ফিরছেন সিরাজের বেগম |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pallavi-dey-of-ami-sirajer-begum-fame-bagged-the-lead-of-kunjochaya-122952/ |trans-title=Begum of Siraj is returning as granddaughter of Master Dadu |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020–2021<br />
| ''[[Saraswatir Prem]]''<br />
| Saraswati Sen<br />
|[[Sun Bangla]]<br />
| <ref name="timesofindia-20May20">{{Cite news |title=Actress Pallavi Dey bags the lead role in 'Saraswatir Prem' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-pallavi-dey-bags-the-lead-role-in-saraswatir-prem/articleshow/78993478.cms |date=2 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021–2022<br />
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]''<br />
| Gauri Burman<br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Pallavi Dey-Samm Bhattacharya starrer 'Mon Mane Na' to feature a big twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-dey-samm-bhattacharya-starrer-mon-mane-na-to-feature-a-big-twist/articleshow/91558111.cms |date=14 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Bikram Betal''<br />
|Rajkumari Pushpabati<br />
|[[Star Jalsha]]<br />
|Episodic Role<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm10611346}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Pallavi}}<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Howrah]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Female suicides]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayni_Air_Base&diff=472798Ayni Air Base2026-02-06T10:38:22Z<p>Addie15A4298: correct references for accuracy and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Ayni Air Force Base]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from alternative name}}<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Rani_Romeo&diff=528337Raja Rani Romeo2026-02-05T18:13:25Z<p>Addie15A4298: started info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{orphan|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{orphan|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Raja Rani Romeo.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Joydip Banerjee<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| genre = [[Romance (love)|Romance]] & [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = Joydip Banerjee, Partha Pratim Banerjee<br />
| starring = Joyjit Banerjee, Arpan Ghoshal, Swikriti Majumder, Jeet Sundor, Ratasree Dutta, Jit Das<br />
| music = <br />
| editor = Koustav Sarkar<br />
| cinematography = Anir<br />
| company = Films and Frames<br />
| released = {{Start date|2023|12|29|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 5<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| network = <br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raja Rani Romeo''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[web series]] written and directed by Joydip Banerjee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Web Series Raja Rani Romeo Shooting in Palamu |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/palamu/web-series-raja-rani-romeo-shooting-going-on-in-palamu-glimpse-of-durga-puja-will-be-seen-unk |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi |date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Rani Romeo: 'মৌঝর' জুটির মাখো-মাখো প্রেমে তৃতীয় ব্যক্তি কে? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/joydip-banerjees-new-series-raja-rani-romeo_498969.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |language=bn |date=8 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='মেয়েবেলা' জুটি এবার সিরিজে, রোম্যান্টিক থ্রিলার নিয়ে আসছেন অর্পণ-স্বীকৃতি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/bengali-web-series-arpan-ghoshal-and-swikriti-majumdar-will-be-pair-for-a-new-romantic-thriller-named-raja-rani-romio-1029761 |website=bengali.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP News]] |language=bn |date=8 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='লবির লোক না হলে…', ওটিটি-তে প্রথম কাজ রাজা রাণী রোমিও, অভিজ্ঞতা কেমন জয়জিতের? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/joyjit-banerjee-shares-his-experience-in-web-series-raja-rani-romeo-with-director-joydeep-31702113078735.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723124454/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/joyjit-banerjee-shares-his-experience-in-web-series-raja-rani-romeo-with-director-joydeep-31702113078735.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2024 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn |date=9 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series starring Joyjit Banerjee, Arpan Ghoshal, Swikriti Majumder, Jeet Sundor, Ratasree Dutta, Jit Das are in the main cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=In pics: Raja Rani Romeo's premiere |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2024/Jan/11/in-pics-raja-rani-romeos-premiere-1955.html |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Rani Romeo: প্রিমিয়ারে হাজির রাজা রানি রোমিও, প্রশংসা সবার মুখে, আপনি দেখেছেন এখনও? |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/raja-rani-romeo-in-klikk-ott-series-joydip-banerjee-premiere-and-special-screening-ss-1446797.html |website=bengali.news18.com |date=8 January 2024 |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=প্রেমিকার ছড়াছড়ি! গোপন কথা আড়ালেই রাখতে চান জয়জিৎ, স্ত্রী জানেন তো? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/joyjit-banerjee-said-not-gonna-tell-how-many-girlfriend-he-have-709269/ |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cinematography is done by Anir. Series was released on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Rani Romeo |url=https://www.klikk.tv/video/4549/raja-rani-romeo/ |website=KLiKK |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*Joyjit Banerjee as Bishnu Adhikary<br />
*Arpan Ghoshal as Mithun Das<br />
*Swikriti Majumder as Rani <br />
*Jeet Sundor as Guddu<br />
*Ratasree Dutta <br />
*Jit Das as Debu<br />
*[[Koushani Mukherjee]]<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
A petty ex-con's ordinary existence is abruptly disrupted when he becomes infatuated with an unsuitable woman. He must navigate the intricate web of affection, deception, and treachery to uncover the truth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |title=ওয়েব সিরিজে জুটি বাঁধলেন 'মেয়েবেলা'র অর্পণ-স্বীকৃতি, আসছে রোম্যান্টিক থ্রিলার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raja-rani-romeo-new-web-series-starred-by-swikriti-majumder-and-arpan-ghoshal-31702024949830.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812005017/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raja-rani-romeo-new-web-series-starred-by-swikriti-majumder-and-arpan-ghoshal-31702024949830.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2024 |website=Hindustantimes |language=bn |date=8 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=A petty ex-con's ordinary existence is abruptly disrupted when he becomes infatuated with an unsuitable woman |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Jekhane Bagh Er Voy<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Imran disregards reason and prudence to pursue his affection for Gayatri.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Norok<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Imran and Gayatri devise a great plot to elope, which ultimately fails catastrophically.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Rakkhos Bodh<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Bishnu's startling narrative reveals his sorrowful history and his ambitious plan for a more promising future.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Idur<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Imran is evading capture as the police probe intensifies.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Two In One<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Rani recounts her sorrowful narrative and presents an alternative solution.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Kurukkhetro<br />
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Rani's strategy succeeds on this occasion. Jamal perishes, Bishnu is apprehended. Imran believes the difficult times have concluded, yet they persist.<br />
|LineColor = 000<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The singers of the series are Alaap Bose, Kankana Trivedi, Pranjal Das, Shrestha D and Diptarka Bose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Rani Romeo |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7uww1PLrgbrbdgjq5mehcH |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en |date=3 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Meghbalika || Alaap Bose || 4:36<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Parodeshi Megh || Kankana Trivedi || 4:35<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Shantir Chele || Pranjal Das || 2:36<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Submarine (Female) || Shrestha D || 4:18<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Submarine (Male) || Diptarka Bose || 5:21<br />
|-<br />
| || || Total Length || 21:26<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt30784174}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian web series]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_Sapne&diff=517924Mission Sapne2026-02-04T21:13:50Z<p>Addie15A4298: started stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 20<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/mission-sapne-season-2/mission-sapne2-full-episode-9-march-12th-2016-10124255.html|title=Mission Sapne episodes|publisher=Mission Sapne|date= 14 November 2014|accessdate= 15 November 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| location = [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]]<br />
| company = SBF<br />
| producer = SBF<br />
| presenter = [[Sonali Bendre]]<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-happy-to-play-narrator-in-mission-sapne/article1-1182490.aspx Sonali Bendre happy to play narrator in The Show Mission Sapne - Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101815/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-happy-to-play-narrator-in-mission-sapne/article1-1182490.aspx |date=7 April 2014 }}</ref><br />
| starring = [[Drashti Dhami]]<br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 45 minutes<br />
| network = [[Colors TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|4|27}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|3|20}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mission Sapne''' ({{Translation|''Mission Dreams''}}) is an Indian television reality show, the show is created by SBF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-07 |title=Mission Sapne to be launched by Colors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/mission-sapne-to-be-launched-by-colors/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which airs on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy that Salman Khan is doing `Mission Sapne`: Aamir Khan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/happy-that-salman-khan-is-doing-mission-sapne-aamir-khan_152075.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The first actor to appear on the show was [[Ranbir Kapoor]]. The first season ended on 27 April 2014.<br />
<br />
Second season premiered on 17 January 2016 featuring [[Vidya Balan]]. The second season ended on 20 March 2016 with [[Alia Bhatt]] featuring in the final episode.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The show is about upbringing people who have struggled in their life but never left their spirit to achieve something. The show will help these people to achieve dreams which they've dreamed of. The show will financially help these people by inviting Celebrities who will do the same daily job which these people do like driving auto rickshaw or selling something. The amount which the celebrity will earn will be multiplied by 100.<br />
<br />
==Guests==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! S. No.<br />
! Guest<br />
! Date<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Ranbir Kapoor]]<ref name=":0">[https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/ranbir-kapoor-joins-salman-siddharth-mission-sapne-sells-vada-pav-131848.html Ranbir Kapoor Joins Salman, Siddharth, Sells Vada Pav For Mission Sapne]</ref>|| 27 April 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Mika Singh]] || 4 May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Varun Dhawan]] || 11 May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Ram Kapoor]] || 18 May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Drashti Dhami]] || 25 May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Karan Johar]] || 1 June 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Salman Khan]]<ref name=":0" />|| 8 June 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || [[Ronit Roy]] || 15 June 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 22 June 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Siddharth Malhotra]]<ref name=":0" />|| 29 June 2014<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[Vidya Balan]] || 17 January 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || [[Akshay Kumar]] || 24 January 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || [[Jimmy Shergill]] || 31 January 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || [[Sania Mirza]] || 7 February 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || [[Manish Paul]] || 14 February 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || [[Parineeti Chopra]] || 21 February 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 28 February 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || [[Sonakshi Sinha]] || 6 March 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Arjun Kapoor]] || 13 March 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || [[Alia Bhatt]] || 20 March 2016<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://colors.in.com/in/shows/mission-sapne-3644.html}}<br />
*[http://news91.in/mission-sapne-season-2-tv-show/2069/ Mission Sapne 2]<br />
<br />
{{Colors Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Joseph_Engineering_College&diff=537280St Joseph Engineering College2026-02-03T04:20:00Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up some post from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = St Joseph Engineering College<br />
| image = St Joseph's Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Karnataka (far view).jpg<br />
| city = Vamanjoor<br />
| county = [[Mangaluru]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9103|N|74.8983|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| type = Private Engineering College<br />
| established = 2002<br />
| director = Rev. Fr. Wilfred Prakash D’Souza<br />
| principal = Dr Rio D'Souza<br />
| website = http://www.sjec.ac.in<br />
| picture = ST. JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MANGALURU.jpg<br />
| picture_caption = Administrative Block<br />
| picture2 = St.Joseph Engineering college Vamanjoor.jpg<br />
| picture_caption2 = Electronics and Communication Dept.<br />
| principal1 = Rev. Fr Kenneth Rayner Crasta<br />
| principal_label1 = Asst Director<br />
| other_grade_label_1 = Under-graduates<br />
| other_grade_enrollment_1 = 540<br />
| other_grade_label_2 = Post-graduates<br />
| other_grade_enrollment_2 = 174<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''St Joseph Engineering College''' ('''SJEC''') is an engineering college in Vamanjoor, [[Mangaluru]], India. Being a unit of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]], it is the only [[Catholic]] engineering institute in Mangalore. It was established in 2002.<br />
<br />
An autonomous institute under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka State, SJEC is recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. It offers five NBA Accredited B.E. Programs viz. Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Civil Engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=174868|publisher=Daijiworld|title=SJEC - A decade of excellence in engineering young minds|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Engineering, Masters in Business Administration and Masters in Computer Applications.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The college was established in the year 2002 as St Joseph Engineering College by Diocese of Mangalore under the guidance of bishop [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza]] by Fr Valerian D'Souza .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjec.ac.in/about-sjec-mangalore.php|publisher=sjec.in|title=about us}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
[[File:St Joseph Engineering college.jpg|thumb|The Main Entrance]]<br />
St Joseph Engineering College campus is located at Vamanjoor {{convert|10|km|0}} to the east of Mangalore City centre, which is well connected by train, road and air. City and service buses run every five minutes from the city centre to the college campus along the National Highway towards [[Moodbidri]] via [[Kulshekar]]. There are three academic blocks in the college, which house all the departments.<br />
<br />
===Hostels===<br />
There are separate male and female hostels on the campus.<br />
<br />
==Governing board and management==<br />
* President - Most Rev. Dr [[Peter Paul Saldanha]] - Bishop of Mangalore.<br />
* Vice President - Rt. Rev. Msgr Maxim Noronha - Vicar General of Diocese of Mangalore.<br />
* Director - Rev. Fr Wilfred Prakash D’Souza<br />
* Assistant Director - Rev. Fr Alwyn Richard D'Souza.<br />
* Principal - Dr Rio D'Souza<br />
[[File:St Joseph engineering college.jpg|thumb|Basketball Court,Academic Block-II and Under construction (Academic Block-III]]<br />
<br />
==Academic profile==<br />
{{Promotional tone|date=July 2023}}<br />
The following BE courses are Accredited by the National Board of Accreditation, Delhi: Computer Science Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the Year 2016-2019.<br />
<br />
===Departments and courses===<br />
;Undergraduate<br />
These departments offer four-year undergraduate courses in engineering<br />
<br />
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]<br />
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]<br />
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]<br />
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]<br />
* Computer Science and Business Studies.<br />
* Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.<br />
* [[Civil Engineering]]<br />
<br />
;Postgraduate<br />
* Masters in Business Administration (MBA)<br />
* Masters in Computer Applications (MCA)<br />
* Masters in Technology in Mechanical Engineering (MTech-CAMS)<br />
* Masters in Technology in Electrical Engineering (MTech-PE)<br />
* Masters in Computer Science and Engineering (MTech-CSE)<br />
* M.Sc. (Engg.) by Research in Mechanical Engineering<br />
* M.Sc. (Engg.) by Research in Computer Science & Engineering<br />
* M.Sc (Engg. ) by Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering<br />
* Ph.D. in Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Business Administration.<br />
<br />
==Distribution of seats==<br />
{{Advert|date=July 2023}}<br />
The distribution of seats are as follows:-<br />
* Mechanical Engineering, 120 seats <br />
* Electronics and Communication Engineering, 120 seats<br />
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 60 seats<br />
* Computer Science and Engineering, 120 seats<br />
* Civil Engineering, 60 seats<br />
* Masters in Business Administration, 60 seats<br />
* Masters in Computer Applications, 60 seats<br />
* Masters in Technology in Computer Science and Engineering, 18 seats<br />
* Masters in Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, 18 seats<br />
* Masters in Technology in Electrical Engineering, 18 seats<br />
<br />
==Student activities==<br />
<br />
===Technical fest===<br />
* The Annual National Level Technical fest of SJEC is called TIARA held in the Month of February<br />
* College Day Celebrations - February<br />
* Annual Sports Day - February<br />
* Foundation Day Lecture - February<br />
* Yuvalakshya - National Level UG Fest - February<br />
* ZEPHYR - National Level Management Fest - April<br />
* TechPrints - National Level Technical Paper Presentation - MCA - April<br />
* eTIME - National Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering - August<br />
* NCACSP - National Conference on Advances in Communication and Signal Processing - August<br />
* Joshiana - National Level IT Fest - (September - October)<br />
* Milan- Cultural festival celebration - September <br />
* Rendition - September <br />
* Graduation Day - November<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
The following sports facilities are available:<br />
* Athletics – 200 m track<br />
* Basketball court<br />
* Four outdoor shuttle badminton courts<br />
* Football ground / hockey ground / handball court<br />
* Cricket field<br />
* Volleyball court / throw ball court<br />
* Multi-gym facility for men and women<br />
* Indoor: carrom, chess, table tennis<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Commons category|St. Joseph Engineering College}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]<br />
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adavinainar_Dam&diff=484543Adavinainar Dam2026-01-29T16:51:10Z<p>Addie15A4298: started a entry from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dam in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Adavinainar Dam<br />
| name_official = <br />
| image = அடவிநயினார்_அணை1_தமிழ்நாடு.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| location_map = Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| location_map_size = <br />
| location_map_caption = Location of the Adavinainar Dam in Tamil Nadu<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|04|00|N|77|14|16|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| location = Mekkarai Village, [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| purpose = 1992 flood in west gates before built the dam[[Irrigation]]<br />
| status = Completed<br />
| construction_began = 1996<br />
| opening = 2002<br />
| demolished = <br />
| cost = <br />
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| dam_type = <br />
| dam_height = {{Convert|51.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| dam_height_thalweg = <br />
| dam_height_foundation = <br />
| dam_length = {{Convert|670|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| dam_width_crest = <br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| dam_volume = <br />
| dam_elevation_crest = <br />
| dam_crosses = <br />
| spillway_count = <br />
| spillway_type = <br />
| spillway_capacity = <br />
| res_name = <br />
| res_capacity_total = <br />
| res_capacity_active = <br />
| res_capacity_inactive = <br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = <br />
| res_elevation = <br />
| res_max_depth = <br />
| res_max_length = <br />
| res_max_width = <br />
| res_tidal_range = <br />
| plant_operator = <br />
| plant_commission = <br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| plant_type = <br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Adavinainar Dam''' is located at the foothills of [[Western Ghats]] and border of Kerala, built across the Hanumanadhi River in Mekkarai village in the [[Tenkasi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Southern India]]. The lands in Tenkasi District receiving canal and tank irrigation through Mettukkaal canel, Karisalkulam Pond, Panpolikulam Pond, Vallakkulam Pond, Ilathurkulam Pond, Nainagaram canel, Kilangadu Pond, Kambilikulam Pond, Pungan canel, Sambavar Vadakarai canel and Erattaikulam Pond.<br />
<br />
==Construction==<br />
The dam construction was started in 1996. It was completed and opened in 2002.<br />
<br />
==Dimensions and capacity==<br />
* Maximum height of the dam is 51.5 m<br />
* Effective capacity of the dam at FRL is 4.927 Mcum<br />
* Length of masonry dam is 670 m<br />
* Length of uncontrolled weir is 100 M<br />
* Catchment area is 15.54&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/features_dams.html |title=Dams and Features |website=www.nellai.tn.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026160928/http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/features_dams.html |archive-date=2013-10-26}} </ref><br />
<br />
==Basin==<br />
East flowing rivers between Pennar and [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dams_in_Tamil_Nadu |title=Dams in Tamil Nadu - |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220348/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dams_in_Tamil_Nadu |archive-date=2017-08-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Maintenance==<br />
This Dam is maintained by Water Resources Department which in turn is managed by the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department]].<br />
<br />
==Tourist attraction==<br />
Mekkarai is a Tourist village having enough rainfall throughout the year. So Adavinainar Dam has enough water in the rainfed forest. This dam has a medium size park near its downstream. Over 2&nbsp;km along the side of the dam is a fall. Due to an order by the district collector people are prohibited from this area and have therefore no entry to the dam. The natural falls in Mekkarai village attracts tourists.<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
<br />
'''By road:''' The dam is situated in Mekkarai village and have the distance of 15&nbsp;km from Kadayanallur, 85&nbsp;km from [[Tirunelveli]], 15 km from [[Tenkasi]], 12&nbsp;km from [[Sengottai]], 7&nbsp;km from Vadakarai<br />
<br />
'''By train:''' The nearest railway station is [[sengottai railway station]]. Sengottai station is well connected with [[Kollam]] and [[Chennai]]. <br />
<br />
'''By air:''' The nearest airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International airport]](TRV) which is 117&nbsp;km away from the Dam. International Air connectivity is available from Thiruvananthapuram<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Dams completed in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tenkasi district]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedda_Elikicherla&diff=525033Pedda Elikicherla2026-01-22T17:14:51Z<p>Addie15A4298: started details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pedda Elikicherla<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Gram panchayat<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Telangana--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 4,246<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu, Urdu, [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 509207<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 91-08548<br />
| registration_plate = Ts07<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pedda Elikicherla''' is a village and [[Gram panchayat]] in [[Chowderguda]] mandal of [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Telangana]], India.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Pedda Yelkicherla is as follows:<ref>[https://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=8412 Pedda Yelkicherla at Our Village India.org]</ref><br />
* Total Population: 4,246 in 761 Households.<br />
* Male Population: 2,110 and Female Population: 2,136<br />
* Children Under 6-years of age: 837 (Boys - 425 and Girls - 412)<br />
* Total Literates: 1,273<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ranga Reddy district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]<br />
<br />
{{Ranga-Reddy-geo-stub}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiva_(disambiguation)&diff=535090Shiva (disambiguation)2026-01-21T07:25:03Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up some stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wiktionary|Shiva|shiva|Shiv|Siva|शिव}}<br />
'''[[Shiva]]''' or '''Shiv''' or '''Sivan''' or '''Shivan''' is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. <br />
<br />
'''Shiva''', '''Sheeva''', or '''Siva''' may also refer to:<br />
<br />
{{TOC right}}<br />
==Religion==<br />
* [[Shiva (Judaism)]], the Jewish ritual of mourning for seven ("shiva") days after the burial of an immediate relative<br />
* Shiva, the supreme soul of [[Brahma Kumaris]] religion<br />
* Shivā (ending with long 'a'), another name of [[Parvati]], Shiva's consort<br />
<br />
==Places==<br />
* [[Shiva, Iran]], a village in Gilan Province, Iran<br />
* [[Shiva crater]], an apparent impact crater in the Indian Ocean, possibly associated with the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event<br />
* [[Shiva Temple (Grand Canyon)]], a summit in Arizona, US<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
* [[Shiva (actor)]] (born 1983), Tamil actor<br />
* [[Shiva (rapper)]] (born 1999), Italian rapper<br />
* [[Vandana Shiva]] (born 1952), physicist, philosopher, ecofeminist, environmental activist, and writer<br />
* [[Cosma Shiva Hagen]] (born 1981), German actress<br />
* [[Shiva Ahmadi]] (born 1975), Iranian-born American visual artist<br />
* [[Shiva Amini]] (born 1988 or 1989), women's futsal player<br />
* [[Shiva Ayyadurai]] (born 1963), Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur<br />
* [[Shiva Raichandani]] (born 1993), British dancer<br />
* [[Shiva Rose]] (born 1969), American actress<br />
<br />
==Arts, entertainment, and media==<br />
===Fictional entities===<br />
*[[Shiva (Āstraverse)]], main protagonist of an Indian film franchise, portrayed by Ranbir Kapoor<br />
*[[Sheeva]], a ''Mortal Kombat'' character<br />
*[[Shiva (Final Fantasy)|Shiva (''Final Fantasy'')]], a summonable ice elemental in the ''Final Fantasy'' franchise<br />
*[[Shiva (Streets of Rage character)|Shiva (''Streets of Rage'' character)]], a character in the ''Streets of Rage'' video game series<br />
*Shiva, a fictitious strain of Ebola virus from Tom Clancy's novel ''[[Rainbow Six (novel)|Rainbow Six]]'' <br />
*Shiva, a Bengal tiger cared for and befriended by [[King Ezekiel]] in ''The Walking Dead'' franchise<br />
*Shivans, the main antagonistic race in the ''[[Freespace]]'' series<br />
*[[Lady Shiva]], a DC Comics character<br />
*Neosapien General [[Neosapien Commonwealth#Shiva|Shiva]], a character from the cartoon TV series ''Exosquad''<br />
*[[Shiva (Marvel Comics)]], a robotic Weapon X enforcer in Marvel Comics<br />
*[[The Shiva]], the award given to the league winners on the television series ''The League''<br />
*Shiva, the main character of Japanese manga series ''[[The Girl from the Other Side: Siúil, a Rún]]''<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
* [[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|''Siva'' (1989 Tamil film)]], a film starring Rajinikanth<br />
* [[Shiva (1989 Telugu film)|''Shiva'' (1989 Telugu film)]], a film by director Ram Gopal Varma<br />
* [[Shiva (1990 film)|''Shiva'' (1990 film)]], a remake of the Telugu film in Hindi by director Ram Gopal Varma<br />
* [[Shiva (2006 film)|''Shiva'' (2006 film)]], another Hindi remake by Ram Gopal Varma<br />
* [[Shiva (2008 film)|''Shiva'' (2008 film)]], by siblings Ronit and Shlomi Elkabetz<br />
* [[Shiva (2012 film)|''Shiva'' (2012 film)]], a Kannada film starring Shivrajkumar<br />
* ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'', a 2022 Indian fantasy film, first in the Āstraverse<br />
<br />
===Literature===<br />
* Shiva trilogy, by [[Amish Tripathi]], comprises: ''The Immortals of Meluha'', ''The Secret of the Nagas,'' and ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''<br />
*''Shiva'', a book by [[A. B. Yehoshua]]<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* [[Shiva (Fear the Walking Dead)|Shiva (''Fear the Walking Dead'')]], season 2, episode 7 – and the midseason finale episode of – ''Fear the Walking Dead''<br />
* [[Shiva (NCIS)|"Shiva" (''NCIS'')]], a season 10 episode of ''NCIS''<br />
* [[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|''Shiva'' (Marathi TV series)]], an Indian Marathi language television series aired on Zee Marathi.<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
* [[Siva (song)|"Siva" (song)]], by Smashing Pumpkins<br />
* "Shiva", a song by JID and EarthGang from ''[[Spilligion]]''<br />
* [[Shiva (British band)]], a British dance band featuring vocalist Louise Dean<br />
* "(Shiva)", an instrumental by Kasabian from the album ''[[48:13]]''<br />
<br />
==Computing==<br />
* [[SheevaPlug]], a small form factor computer<br />
* [[Shiva Corporation]], a manufacturer of computer network products<br />
<br />
==Science==<br />
* [[Shiva Hypothesis]], scientific theory concerning impact events<br />
* [[Shiva laser]], built at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the late 1970s<br />
* [[Shiva Star]], a high-powered plasma weapon research<br />
<br />
==Other uses==<br />
* [[Shiva (horse)]] (born 1995), a Thoroughbred racehorse<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Siva (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shiv (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shivam (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Sivan (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shiwa (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Siwa (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shiba (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shib (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shiver (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Sieve (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Shivaji (disambiguation)]] (1630–1680), Indian king, founder of the Maratha Empire<br />
* [[1170 Siva]], an asteroid<br />
* [[Yeshiva]], Jewish schools for religious study<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation|hndis|surname}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shriram_Bharatiya_Kala_Kendra&diff=453188Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra2025-12-27T16:32:35Z<p>Addie15A4298: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cultural institution}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra<br />
| image = Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra.jpg<br />
| image_border = <br />
| size = <br />
| alt = Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra, Delhi.<br />
| caption = Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra, Delhi.<br />
| map = <br />
| mapframe-coordinates = {{!}} coordinates = {{coord|28.62332|77.23115|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| msize = <br />
| malt = <br />
| mcaption = <br />
| abbreviation = SBKK<br />
| motto = <br />
| formation = 1952<br />
| extinction = <br />
| type = <br />
| status = <br />
| purpose = music and performing arts education, theatre<br />
| headquarters = 1 Copernicus Marg, [[New Delhi]] - 110 001<br />
| location = <br />
| region_served = <br />
| membership = <br />
| language = <br />
| leader_title = Director<br />
| leader_name = Shobha Deepak Singh<br />
| main_organ = <br />
| parent_organization = <br />
| affiliations = <br />
| num_staff = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| budget = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.sbkk.in/}}<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
''' Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra''' (SBKK) <ref>(English: Shriram Bhartiya Centre for Arts)</ref> is an Indian cultural institution which runs a school for [[music]], [[dance]] and [[performing arts]] in [[New Delhi]]. It was founded by [[Sumitra Charat Ram]] in 1952, and imparts training in [[Indian classical dance]] styles and music, including [[Kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi dance|Odissi]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Hindustani Classical music]], both Vocal and Instrumental. Its associated organisation is the [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]] at Safdar Hasmi Marg, in the Mandi House area, the cultural hub of Delhi,<ref name=tt>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Mandi-House-Thodi-si-facelift-kara-de/articleshow/23283504.cms|title=Mandi House|date=25 September 2002|work=The Times of India}}</ref> the centre includes a theater for the performing arts, a theatre repertory company and an acting school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Shriram-Bharatiya-Kala-Kendra-60950.htm|title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra|publisher=India9|date=7 June 2005|accessdate=21 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Often referred as '''Bharatiya Kala Kendra''', Its current director is [[Shobha Deepak Singh]], daughter of its founder, [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]. Today, it is known for its annual ''[[Ramlila]],'' the enactment of the life of [[Rama]] which takes place during the 10-day [[Navratri|Dussehra]] festival. First begun at the center in 1957, the ''Ramlila'' has, over the years, used different choreographers and style to include both folk and Indian classical dance to produce fresh choreographies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/289260/RAM-IN-SPECIAL-EFFECTS.html|title=Ram in Special Effects|date=8 November 2010|work=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref name="ar">{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna |title=Arts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Shriram+Bharatiya+Kala+Kendra&pg=RA4-PA85|year=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=8170172098|page=85}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra finds its origin in a ''Jhankar'', a society founded in 1947 for an appreciation of [[Indian classical music]] and dance, gradually it started offering training in music and dance and came to be known as Bharatiya Kala Kendra. Eventually it moved to Copernicus Marg where it was renamed Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, later it was registered under the same name in 1952, under the Societies' Registration Act XXI of 1860. It now has two sections, the College of Music and Dance, and the Performing Arts Section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melody masters: Visiting the best Indian classical music schools in town to see the guru-shishya parampara at work |author=S.Sahaya Ranjit |date=11 September 2006 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20060911-indian-classical-music-schools-in-delhi-782436-2006-09-10 |publisher=Living Media India Limited}}</ref> Noted classical singer Nilina Ripjit Singh, later known as [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]] was its director.<ref name="Khokar1998">{{cite book|author=Ashish Khokar|title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: a history : Sumitra Charat Ram reminisces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_9kAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 June 2013|page=52|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-043-4}}</ref><ref name=tele12>{{cite news |title=A Tale Of Two Women: In search of their own songs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005248/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 11 March 2012 |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Noted musicians, singer and dance guru of the era worked at the Kendra, including [[Siddheshwari Devi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Savita|author2=Vibha Singh Chauhan |title=Maa-- Siddheshwari|year=2000|publisher=Lotus Collection|isbn=81-7436-121-9|page=90}}</ref>[[Shambhu Maharaj]], [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Munna Shukla]] and [[Leela Samson]]. [[Kathak Kendra]] was originally established as the Kathak wing of the Shriram Bharitya Kala Kendra, in 1955, through the efforts of Nirmala Joshi, the first secretary of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], under the patronage of Sumitra Charat Ram, wife of industrialist, Lala Charat Ram of Shriram Group. here noted Kathak guru, [[Shambhu Maharaj]], taught and his nephew [[Birju Maharaj]]. It was later taken over by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and shifted to nearby Mandi House to become the [[National Institute of Kathak Dance]].<ref>[[#Ma|Massey, p. 29]]</ref> Founder Director, Sumitra Charat Ram was later awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]] in 1966, while her daughter and present Director, Shobha Deepak Singh in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Kendra had its own puppet troupe for many years, which was run by Rahi and Keshav Kothari, while the Puppet Section of the Kendra staged several important productions over the years, including ''Dhola Maru'', ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' and ''Prithiviraj-Sanjukta'', which even won the first at Puppet festival in Udaipur. This played an important role in establishing modern puppetry in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Sampa |author2=Utpal Kumar Banerjee |title=Indian puppets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy6_TtXCZjMC&dq=Shriram+Bharatiya+Kala+Kendra&pg=RA1-PA105|year=2006|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-435-X}}</ref> The Kendra also houses an art gallery at the ground level and its library has a large and rare collection of books, audio and visual recordings and extensive archives.<br />
<br />
Founder Sumitra Charat Ram died on 8 August 2011 in New Delhi, at the age of 96.<ref name="times11">{{Cite web | title = Sumitra Charat Ram passes away| url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/delhi/29868341_1_ravi-shankar-jhankar-birju-maharaj | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130620210919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/delhi/29868341_1_ravi-shankar-jhankar-birju-maharaj | url-status =dead | archive-date =20 June 2013 | date =9 August 2011 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]| accessdate = 11 June 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Courses==<br />
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra has two wings, College of Music and Dance, and the Performing Arts Section.<br />
<br />
===College of Music and Dance===<br />
* [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical Vocal]]<br />
* Light Classical Vocal<br />
* Hindustani classical instruments: [[Tabla]], [[Sitar]] and [[Sarod]]<br />
* [[Kathak]]<br />
* [[Bharatanatyam]]<br />
* [[Odissi dance]]<br />
* [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] – [[Mayurbhanj]]<br />
* Ballet / Contemporary Dance <ref name="sb">{{cite web|url=http://www.thekendra.com/prospectus.html|title=Prospectus|publisher=SBKK|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604205823/http://www.thekendra.com/prospectus.html|archivedate=2011-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Performing Arts Wing==<br />
The Performing Arts Section of the Kendra put up productions of dance dramas all over the country, including the annual "Ramlila" production.<br />
<br />
==The Ramlila==<br />
The Annual "Ramlila" production, a dance drama based on the life of [[Rama]], at the Kendra has become an institution by itself. The first production took place in 1957 by Shobha Deepak Singh, ideas from Nirmala Joshi, the first secretary of the Sangeet Natak Akademi. The script was written by Hindi poet, [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], while [[Tapas Sen]], and Inder Razdan designed the set and the lights. Narendra Sharma and Jayanti Sharma were principal actors and it was inaugurated by then PM Jawaharlal Nehru. It was one of the first dance dramas to be shot and relayed by Delhi [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/102252/countrys-oldest-official-ramlila-stick.html|title=Country's oldest official Ramlila will stick to tradition New Delhi|date=5 October 2010|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Ramlia also weaves contemporary socio-political issues into the storyline of the epic of ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090922/delhi.htm#9|title=Kala Kendra 'Ramlila' now with contemporary face|date=22 September 2009|work=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement==<br />
In February 2011, the first 'Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement' established by Shri Ram Bhartiya Kala Kendra was award to Pandit [[Birju Maharaj]],<ref name="Times11">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-25/music-events/28633768_1_kathak-lifetime-achievement-felicitated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215064215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-25/music-events/28633768_1_kathak-lifetime-achievement-felicitated |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2013 |title=Pt. Birju Maharaj felicitated |date=25 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-06-11}}</ref> in the following year, the award was given to [[Kishori Amonkar]].<br />
<br />
== Festivals==<br />
*Shriram Shankarlal Music Festival<br />
*Kendra Dance Festival<br />
*Holi Festival<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra is on the Copernicus Marg, a radial of the [[India Gate]], and in the Mandi House area, Delhi's cultural hub.<ref name=tt/> It stands next to its sister body the "[[Kamani Auditorium]]" and Delhi's premier auditorium opened in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamaniauditorium.org/|title=Kamani}}</ref> On the other side is Rabindra Bhawan, which houses a host of apex government bodies for arts and culture, including, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], while [[Doordarshan]] Directorate is across the road. Also close by are [[Kathak Kendra]], [[National School of Drama]], [[Triveni Kala Sangam]] and Little Theatre Group.<br />
<br />
Its nearest [[Delhi Metro]] station is the [[Mandi House (Delhi Metro)|Mandi House station]].<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Khokar|first=Ashish|author2=Sumitra Charat Ram |title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: a history : Sumitra Charat Ram reminisces|year=1998|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=8174360433}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Massey|first=Reginald |title=India's kathak dance, past present, future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC&dq=Kathak+Kendra&pg=RA1-PA29|year=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=8170173744|ref=Ma}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sbkk.in/ Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, Official website]<br />
*[http://www.shriramcenterart.org/ Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts, website]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dance schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Drama schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]<br />
[[Category:Music schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Schools of the performing arts]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Dance education in India]]<br />
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandra_Colony_metro_station&diff=489526Bandra Colony metro station2025-12-25T19:32:14Z<p>Addie15A4298: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = {{white|Bandra Colony}}<br />
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|वांद्रे कॉलनी}}}}<br />
| style = Mumbai Metro<br />
| style2 = Aqua<br />
| image = Bandra Colony metro station entrance B2.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.3<br />
| image_caption = Bandra Colony metro station entrance B2<br />
| address = F Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400051<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.0699627|N|72.8493601|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Underground<br />
| platform = 1 [[island platform]]<br />
| owned = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.<br />
| operator = {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC wins contract to operate Mumbai Metro's Line 3: Officials |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/dmrc-wins-contract-to-operate-mumbai-metros-line-3-officials/99462230 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| depth = <br />
| connections = <br />
| parking =<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = {{start date and age|2024|10|5|df=yes}}<br />
| opening = <br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| accessible = {{URL|1=https://mmrcl.com/station/VIDN|2=Yes}}<br />
| status = Staffed, operational<br />
| code = VIDN<br />
| wifi = <br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = Vidhyanagari<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=3|left=Bandra Kurla Complex|right=Santacruz}}<br />
| route_map = {{Routemap<br />
|inline=1<br />
|legend=track<br />
|map=<br />
utSTR!~MFADEg\utSTR!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Santacruz}}<br />
numN325\utSTRg\utSTRf\~~ ~~ ~~<br />
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*2__align=bl\utdSTR<br />
cd!~utPSTR(L)\c!~dPLT\utPSTR(R)<br />
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*1__align=br\utdSTR<br />
utSTRg\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~<br />
utSTR!~MFADEf\utSTR!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bandra - Kurla Complex}}<br />
}}<br />
| map_state = expanded<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Aqua Line}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bandra Colony''' is an underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. It was opened to public on 7 October 2024.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 2024, the Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation renamed several stations along Metro Aqua Line 3 (Colaba–Bandra–SEEPZ) to better reflect the local geography and cultural context. As part of this initiative, the station initially named Vidyanagari was officially renamed to Bandra Colony. The change was approved by the Union Government ahead of the partial commencement of operations on the Aqua Line in October 2024. The renaming aimed to align station names with the surrounding localities and improve commuter clarity, especially in areas with overlapping transit infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Government renames 11 station names on Metro Line 3 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/government-renames-11-station-names-on-metro-line-3-101727032719652.html |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Station layout==<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2<br>Platforms'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|3}}>'''Platform 2'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|right}} <small>({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Santacruz}})</small> →<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|3}}>'''Platform 1'''</span><br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |← Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|left}} <small>({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bandra Kurla Complex}})</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Entry/exit==<br />
*'''A1''' - Government Colony Bandra, I. E. S Junior College<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Bandra Colony Station Details |url=https://mmrcl.com/station/VIDN |website=MMRCL |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><br />
*'''A2''' - [[University of Mumbai]] (Kalina University), Ascend International School<ref name=map/><br />
*'''B1''' - [[Western Express Highway]], Teacher's Colony<ref name=map/><br />
*'''B2''' - University of Mumbai (Kalina University), Uttar Bhartiya Sangh {{access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Mumbai]]<br />
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]<br />
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
*[[List of Metro Systems]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://mmrcl.com/en/ Official site of Mumbai Metro]<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net UrbanRail.Net] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 3=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]<br />
[[Category:2024 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Bandra]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiyang_hiren&diff=502997Hiyang hiren2025-12-23T16:17:52Z<p>Addie15A4298: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian boat}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The_tableau_of_Manipur_passes_through_the_Raj_path_during_the_61st_Republic_Day_Parade-2010,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2010.jpg|thumb]]<br />
[[File:ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯍꯤꯔꯦꯟ.jpg|thumb]]<br />
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯍꯤꯔꯦꯟ.jpg|thumb]]<br />
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯍꯤꯔꯦꯟ ꯲.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Hiyang hiren''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯍꯤꯔꯦꯟ}}||large race boat}}) is a traditional royal race boat, used at the [[Hiyang Tannaba]] ceremony in the religious festival of [[Lai Haraoba]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=hiyang+hiren&pg=PA69|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|first=Raj Kumar Somorjit|last=Sana|date=November 10, 2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|isbn=9788184652109|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ&q=hiyang+hiren|title=Manipur, a Tourist Paradise|first=E. Ishwarjit|last=Singh|date=November 10, 2005|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788176465069|via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
The boat is regarded as invested with spiritual powers and is associated with religious rites.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSduAAAAMAAJ&q=hiyang+hiren|title=Travel India: A Complete Guide to Tourist|first=Chitra|last=Garg|date=November 10, 2007|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=9788183820844|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Meitei people]] believe that the worship of the boat will bring protection from the evils.<ref name="auto"/><br />
The Hiyangloi Hanchapa is responsible for making the Hiyang hiren, which is decorated with the stern (hirubak) the head of the [[Sangai]] deer.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
The boat is around 54 feet long, and its racing ceremony is held annually for two days.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=hiyang+hiren&pg=PT95|title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India|first=Priyanka|last=Rastogi|date=May 13, 2019|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781543705232|via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Boat races in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-festival-stub}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goregaon_West_metro_station&diff=500960Goregaon West metro station2025-12-18T13:34:38Z<p>Addie15A4298: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A terminal metro station}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Goregaon (West)<br />
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|गोरेगाव (पश्चिम)}}}}<br />
| style = Mumbai Metro<br />
| style2 = Yellow<br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = 1.3<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = New Link Rd, Best Nagar, Goregaon West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400104<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1530241|N|72.8356664|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]]<br />
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]<br />
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]<br />
| operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.<br />
| depth = <br />
| tracks = <br />
| parking = No<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = <br />
| accessible = <br />
<!-- Other information --><br />
| code = '''<span style="background-color:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|2A}}; color:#000">214</span>'''<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = 2023<br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Bangur Nagar|left=Oshiwara}}<br />
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Goregaon West''' is the elevated metro station serving the Patliputra neighbourhood of [[Goregaon]] on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418015654/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418021157/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''<span style=background-color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}>Platform 1</span>'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Bangur Nagar metro station|Bangur Nagar]])}} → <br />
|-<br />
| height=45|<span style=background-color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}>'''Platform 2'''</span><br />
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Oshiwara metro station|Oshiwara]])}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''<br />
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine<br />
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Power and signaling system ===<br />
Like all other stations and railways of the [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Andheri West station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_Abdul_Jabbar_Khan&diff=451930Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan2025-11-17T13:01:30Z<p>Addie15A4298: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pashtun activist against British Raj and Pakistani politician (1883–1958)}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dr. Khan Sahib<br />
| office = Chief Minister of West Pakistan<br />
| order = 1st<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = Drkhansahib.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| governor-general = [[Iskander Mirza]]<br />
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />
| predecessor = ''Position established''<br />
| president = [[Iskander Mirza]]<br />
| successor = [[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]<br />
| governor = [[Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani]]<br />
| office2 = 2nd and 4th [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]]<br />
| term_start2 = 7 September 1937<br />
| term_end2 = 10 November 1939<br />
| monarch2 = <br />
| president2 = <br />
| governor_general2 = <br />
| governor2 = [[George Cunningham (civil servant)|George Cunningham]]<br />
| majority2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]]<br />
| successor2 = ''Governor rule''<br />
| term_start3 = 16 March 1945<br />
| term_end3 = 22 August 1947<br />
| governor3 = [[George Cunningham (civil servant)|George Cunningham]]<br />[[Olaf Caroe]]<br />
| predecessor3 = Sardar Aurangzeb Khan<br />
| successor3 = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]]<br />
| birth_date = 1883<ref name=storyofpakistan/><br />
| birth_place = [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/>{{small| (Now, [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1958|5|9|1883}}<ref name=storyofpakistan/><br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Pakistan]], [[Pakistan]]<br/>{{small| (Now, [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}<br />
| term_start = 14 October 1955<br />
| term_end = 27 August 1957<br />
| parents = [[Khan Abdul Bahram Khan]]<br />
| relations = [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (brother)<br>Mariam Khan (daughter)<br>[[Kanwar Jaswant Singh|Jaswant Singh]] (son-in-law)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTtQrRVNKAC&pg=PA133&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB8fvEnvmQAxVBNvsDHdFyBFAQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306519-7 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
| partner = Mary Khan<br />
| party = [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Abdul Jabbar Khan''' ({{langx|ps|خان عبدالجبار خان}}) (born 1883, [[Utmanzai, Charsadda]] – 9 May 1958, [[Lahore]]), popularly known as '''Dr. Khan Sahib''' ({{lang|ps|ډاکټر خان صاحب}}), was a pioneer in the [[Indian Independence Movement]] and later, a [[Pakistani]] politician.<ref name="Larres2021">{{cite book |last1=Larres |first1=Klaus |title=Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics |date=31 October 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-46760-4 |language=en |quote=Founded in 1951, the Khan Market was named after Muslim Indian independence activist Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan.}}</ref> He was the elder brother of the Pashtun activist [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], both of whom [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Hamdani2011">{{cite web |last1=Hamdani |first1=Yasser Latif |title=Mr Jinnah's Muslim opponents |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/12/21/mr-jinnahs-muslim-opponents/ |publisher=Pakistan Today (newspaper)|access-date=14 April 2023 |language=English |date=21 December 2013}}</ref> Upon independence, he pledged his allegiance to [[Pakistan]] and later served as the First [[West Pakistan|Chief Minister of West Pakistan]].<br />
<br />
As the [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]], Dr Khan Sahib along with his brother Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s boycotted the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|July 1947 NWFP referendum]] about the province joining India or Pakistan after the [[partition of India]], citing that the referendum did not have the options of the NWFP becoming [[Pashtunistan|independent]] or joining Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken |date= 5 August 2008|isbn=9780786724819 |accessdate=14 April 2023|last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. |publisher=PublicAffairs }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/|title=Was Jinnah democratic? — II|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|date=25 December 2011|author=Yasser Latif Hamdani|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Upon independence and establishment of Pakistan, Khan Sahib joined the national politics and was later elected the first Chief Minister of West Pakistan.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was born in the village of [[Utmanzai, Charsadda]], in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) of [[British India]] (now in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan) to a [[Muhammadzai (Hashtnagar)|Muhammadzai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family. His father, Bahram Khan was a local landlord. He was eight years older than his brother, [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (Bacha Khan).<ref name=storyofpakistan/><br />
<br />
After matriculating from the Edwards Mission High School in Peshawar, Khan Sahib studied at [[Grant Medical College]], [[Bombay]]. He subsequently completed his training from [[St Thomas' Hospital]] in London. During the [[First World War]], he served in France. During his stay in France, he met a Scottish girl Mary. They fell in love and soon they got married, though his younger brother Bacha Khan was against this marriage. After the war, he joined the [[Indian Medical Service]] and was posted in [[Mardan]] with the ''Guides regiment''. He resigned his commission in 1921, after refusing to be posted in [[Waziristan]], where the [[British Indian Army]] was launching [[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)|operations]] against his fellow [[Pashtun tribes]] (1919–20).<ref name=storyofpakistan/><br />
<br />
==Contribution to the Indian independence movement==<br />
In 1935, Khan Sahib was elected alongside Peer Shahenshah of Jungle Khel Kohat as representatives of the North-West Frontier Province to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in New Delhi.<br />
<br />
Along with his brother [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] and the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], Jabbar Khan strongly [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], favouring a united country.<ref name="Hamdani2011"/><br />
<br />
With the grant of limited self-government and announcement of [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], Dr. Khan Sahib led his party to a comprehensive victory. The Frontier National Congress, an affiliate of the [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the single largest party in the Provincial Assembly.<br />
<br />
In the 1940s, a Sikh family was killed in the [[Hazara District]] of colonial India, with their daughter Basanti being married off to a Muslim man.<ref name="Ashraf2018"/> Basanti asked to be sent to her Sikh relatives and Jabbar Khan agreed with this.<ref name="Ashraf2018"/> The All India Muslim League, however, agitated against Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan's decision, "and made the woman’s return to Islam the principal demand of its civil disobedience movement in the Frontier Province."<ref name="Ashraf2018">{{cite web |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=On Frontier Gandhi's death anniversary, a reminder of how the Indian subcontinent has lost its way |url=https://scroll.in/article/865696/on-frontier-gandhis-death-anniversary-a-reminder-of-how-the-indian-subcontinent-has-lost-its-way |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |language=English |date=20 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the same district, Jabbar Khan fined the villages of the Hazara District for riots that targeted Hindus and Sikhs.<ref name="Ashraf2018"/> When a crowd of pro-separatist Muslim League supporters arrived at his residence, Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan stated that he did what he considered his rightful duty.<ref name="Ashraf2018"/><br />
<br />
==Politics in Pakistan 1947 – 1954==<br />
At the time of the [[creation of Pakistan]] in 1947, he was appointed the Chief Executive of the province in [[British India]].<ref name="Dawn">[https://www.dawn.com/news/62608 Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan on Dawn newspaper website], Published 20 October 2002, Retrieved 14 April 2023</ref> Later he was jailed by [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]]'s government. After Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri's appointment to the central government and the personal efforts of the Chief Minister of the NWFP [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]], he along with his brother [[Bacha Khan]] and many other activists were released.<br />
<br />
==Back in government==<br />
He joined the Central Cabinet of [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] as Minister for Communications in 1954. This decision to join the government led to his split with his brother [[Bacha Khan]].<ref>Victoria Schofield<br />
Afghan (2004) Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia. Tauris Parke Paperbacks,</ref><br />
<br />
In October 1955, he became the first [[Chief Minister]] of [[West Pakistan]] following the consolidation of the provinces and princely states under the [[One Unit]] Scheme.<ref name=storyofpakistan/> However, after differences with the ruling [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] over the issue of Joint versus Separate Electorates, in the same month he created the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]] with the help of then [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] [[Iskander Mirza]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-decline-and-bureaucratic-ascendancy#ref990383 Dr Khan Sahib (Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan) on Encyclopedia Britannica website] Retrieved 14 April 2023</ref><br />
<br />
He resigned in March 1957 after the provincial budget was rejected by the assembly. In June, he was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] representing the constituency of [[Quetta]], the capital of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]].<br />
<br />
==Assassination==<br />
He was assassinated by Atta Mohammad at approximately 8:30 am on 9 May 1958, according to some sources on the orders of [[Allama Mashraqi]], leader of the [[Khaksars]].<ref>Dr Ali Muhammad Khan, 'Allama Mashriqi, Khaksar Tehreek aur uss ki Qatilana Siyasat' (Urdu: Allama Mashriqi, the Khaksars and the Politics of Assassination') pub Lahore: Rang Mahal Publishers, 1978, pp 121-123</ref><br />
<br />
In ''Allama Mashriqi Narrowly Escapes the Gallows: Court Proceedings of an Unpardonable Crime Against the Man Who Led the Freedom of the Indian Subcontinent'', scholar and historian Nasim Yousaf, Mashriqi’s grandson, provides a day-by-day account of the court proceedings. <br />
<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Allama-Mashriqi-Narrowly-Escapes-Gallows-ebook/dp/B00P6OP0I2/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8|title = Allama Mashriqi Narrowly Escapes the Gallows: Court Proceedings of an Unpardonable Crime Against the Man Who Led the Freedom of the Indian Subcontinent|date = 2 November 2014| publisher=AMZ Publications |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
This tragic incident occurred while Dr. Khan Sahib was sitting in the garden of his son Sadullah Khan's house at 16 Aikman Road, GOR, Lahore.<ref>Khan, p 121</ref> He was waiting for Colonel Syed Abid Hussein of Jhang to accompany him to a meeting organised in connection with the scheduled February 1959 General Elections. The assailant was a "[[Patwari]]" (Land Revenue Clerk) from [[Mianwali]] who had been dismissed from service two years previously. Despite his appeal in court, the assailant had not been reinstated to his position as 'Patwari'.<ref name=storyofpakistan>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/dr-khan-sahib/ |title=Profile of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Dr. Khan Sahib)|date=22 October 2013|access-date=14 April 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702193351/http://storyofpakistan.com/dr-khan-sahib/ |archive-date=2 July 2014|website=Story of Pakistan website}}</ref><br />
"In his first public address after the assassination of his elder brother in Lahore, Abdul Ghaffar said on May 19 that he felt that Dr. Khan<br />
Sahib had been done to death by those people for whom he had forsaken his own people, discarded his party and thrown to the winds the position he held as a result of a glorious political career."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tendulkar |first1=D. G. |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle |date=1967 |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation |pages=506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdLcAQAACAAJ |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The body of Dr. Khan Sahib was taken to his village [[Utmanzai, Charsadda]] about 30 miles from Peshawar, where he was laid to rest by side of his European wife Mary Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/10/stories/2008051054290900.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118112208/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/10/stories/2008051054290900.htm |newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|title= Khan Sahib assassinated|date=10 May 1958|archive-date=18 November 2008|access-date=14 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Speaking of his passing, Pakistani President [[Iskander Mirza]] said, about him that he was "the greatest Pathan of his times, a great leader and a gallant gentleman whose life-long fight in the cause of freedom, his sufferings and sacrifices for the sake of his convictions and his passion to do good to the common man were the attributes of a really great man."<ref>Frontier Post, 27 May 2004 Dr Khan Sahib Remembered By Syed Afzaal Hussain Zaidi</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[File:New Delhi India ~Khan Market.jpg|thumb|right|[[Khan Market]] is a major high-end shopping district in [[New Delhi]]]]<br />
A major shopping district in [[New Delhi]], India, the [[Khan Market]], is named in his honour. The market was established in 1951 for refugees of the [[Partition of India]] from the [[North West Frontier Province]]. Dr. Khan who was the Chief Minister of NWFP during the partition had helped many families to escape without harm.<ref name=lakhani-indexpress-khan>{{cite web|last=Lakhani|first=Somya|title=Khan Market's humble beginnings: Meant for refugees, 'doomed to fail'|work=Indian Express|date=17 May 2019|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/khan-markets-humble-beginnings-meant-for-refugees-doomed-to-fail-5732031/|access-date=14 October 2021|quote= “This market was set up for those who had been displaced; refugees who had migrated from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) ...” said Sanjiv Mehra, president of Khan Market Traders’ Association and owner of Allied Toy Store.It was aptly named after popular NWFP leader Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan or Dr Khan Sahib, the elder brother of Pashtun Independence activist Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan or Frontier Gandhi.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bacha Khan]]<br />
* [[Khan Abdul Bahram Khan]]<br />
* [[Abdul Ghani Khan]]<br />
* [[Abdul Wali Khan]]<br />
* [[Nasim Wali Khan]]<br />
* [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]]<br />
* [[Aimal Wali Khan]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mahmud |first=Syed Hassan |title=A Nation is Born |year=1958 |location=Lahore |publisher=Feroz Printing Works |oclc=3399413}}<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]|<br />
years=1937–1939|<br />
before= [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]]| <br />
after=[[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan]]}}<br />
<br />
{{succession box |title=2nd term|<br />
years=1945–1946|<br />
before=[[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan]]|<br />
after=3rd term}}<br />
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{{succession box |title=3rd term|<br />
years=1946–1947|<br />
before=2nd term|<br />
after=[[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] Kashmiri}}<br />
<br />
{{succession box |title=Chief Minister of [[West Pakistan]]|<br />
years=1955–1957|<br />
before=Office created|<br />
after=[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]}}<br />
{{end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief Minister of West Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Khan Abdul Jabbar}}<br />
[[Category:1883 births]]<br />
[[Category:1958 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]<br />
[[Category:Pashtun people]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani republicans]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in Lahore]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Edwardes College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Bahram Khan family]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of West Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1950s]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani political party founders]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Uttar_Pradesh&diff=445543Culture of Uttar Pradesh2025-11-09T01:28:36Z<p>Addie15A4298: update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian culture with roots in Hindi and Urdu culture}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India edit3.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Taj Mahal]], a [[mausoleum]] in Uttar Pradesh, draws many visitors]]<br />
The '''culture of [[Uttar Pradesh]]''' has been shaped by its ancient [[Hindus|Hindu]] roots, medieval and early modern [[Muslims|Muslim]] empires, and its place in the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Modern Uttar Pradesh citizens are largely rural Hindu agriculturalists, with a large minority of Muslims concentrated in its cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/landscapes/indian-states/uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=MANAS |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Languages ==<br />
{{Main|Languages of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
A 2023 survey of the linguistic diversity of Uttar Pradesh found 101 different languages in the region out of the 122 languages found across India. [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are collectively spoken by 80% of the population, and [[Bhojpuri language|Bohjpuri]] is also widely spoken. Five varieties of Hindi are found in the region: [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] and [[Kannauji language|Kanauji]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/linguistic-survey-of-india---uttar-pradesh/ |title=Linguistic Survey of India - Uttar Pradesh |date=2023-07-01 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Hindi|Standard Hindi]] was declared the official language of Uttar Pradesh in 1968 and is widely spoken in the region today. As of 2025 legislators in Uttar Pradesh may also communicate in four of the widely-spoken native languages Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, and Braj Bhasha while in session.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UP Legislators Can Now Speak in Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundelkhandi, Braj. Why Not Urdu, Asks Opposition |url=https://thewire.in/government/up-assembly-four-regional-languages-english-opposition-urdu |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Widely spoken among the [[Muslims|Muslim]] population of Uttar Pradesh, [[Urdu]] was recognized as the second official language of the state in 1989, although the law limited its official use to specific contexts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&q=bhojpuri+second+language+uttar+pradesh |title=Amazing Uttar Pradesh - General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams |date=2020-07-01 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-90486-72-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
{{Main|Religion in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh is home to important Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist holy sites and associated pilgrimages, including the holy city of [[Varanasi]], the sacred [[Ganges]] river, and [[Mathura]], regarded in some traditions as the birthplace of [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]]. <br />
<br />
An estimated 400 million pilgrims arrived in [[Prayagraj]] (Allahabad) to take part in the 2025 [[Kumbh Mela|Maha Kumbha Mela]], making it the world's biggest religious gathering. The event takes place once every 12 years, but smaller gatherings occur more frequently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya S. |date=2025-01-13 |title=One of the world’s greatest religious spectacles is underway and the numbers are staggering |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/12/travel/india-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Another significant Hindu pilgrimage site, Varanasi, is strongly associated with death and reincarnation. Mourners bring the ashes of loved ones to be scattered here, and those near death make the pilgrimage in hopes of dying in what they regard as the home of Lord Shiva. Although a variety of funerary traditions take place in Varanasi, it's common to carry the dead down the [[Ghat|ghats]] to bathe in the Ganges prior to a funeral pyre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varanasi - Worship - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - WJEC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg4ymsg/revision/7 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Holi]] celebrations also draw visitors to Uttar Pradesh with unique local traditions like the [[Lathmar Holi]]. The Lathmar Holi celebrates a story of the courtship of Krishna and [[Radha]] in which Radha and her friend drove the god from [[Barsana]] with sticks. Today, the residents of Barsana recreate this event, as the women hurl sticks at the men participating in the ritual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Web |date=2016-03-21 |title=What is Lathmar Holi? Why is it celebrated? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-nandgaon-314276-2016-03-21 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
{{Main|Architecture of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
Uttar Pradesh is home to multiple [[World Heritage Site]]s celebrating the historical architecture of the region, including the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra Fort]] and the nearby [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |title=World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ |access-date= |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> <br />
<br />
* The Agra Fort (also called the Red Fort of Agra) was the imperial city of the 16th century Mughal rulers and contains several palaces, audience halls, and mosques.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Agra Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Fatehpur Sikri ("The City of Victory") was built in three years on the order of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] between 1571 and 1573 to serve as the new capital city of the Mughal empire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Fatehpur Sikri |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
* The Taj Mahal is a 17th century [[mausoleum]] built by Mughal [[Emperor Shah Jahan]] in memory of his beloved wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Taj Mahal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dance and Music==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}<br />
[[File:Namrata Rai Kathak Dancer.jpg|thumb|209x209px|Kathak]]<br />
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|200px| Clothing and dance indigenous to Uttar Pradesh.]] During the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and [[Harsha|Harsh Vardhan]] eras, Uttar Pradesh was a centre for musical innovation. [[Swami Haridas]] was a musician who championed [[Hindustani Classical Music]]. [[Tansen]], a musician in Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]'s court, was a disciple of [[Swami Haridas]].<br />
<br />
A popular form of classical dance in Northern India, [[Kathak]] originated in Uttar Pradesh in the 18th century as part of temple worship in [[Vrindavan]] and [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=Uttar Pradesh - Culture, Religion, Cuisine {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh/Cultural-life |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the last [[Nawab of Awadh]], was a patron and champion of Kathak. Today, the state is home to three prominent schools of this dance form, Lucknow [[Gharana]], Jaipur Gharana and Banaras [[Gharana]].<br />
<br />
Music personalities including [[Naushad Ali]], [[Talat Mehmood]], [[Begum Akhtar]], [[Anup Jalota]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Bismillah Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Kishan Maharaj]], [[Vikash Maharaj]], [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]], [[Gopal Shankar Misra]], [[Siddheshwari Devi]], [[Girija Devi]] and Sir [[Cliff Richard]] were originally from Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
The region's folk heritage includes songs called [[rasiya]] (especially popular in [[Braj]]), which celebrate the mythological love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. These songs are accompanied by large [[drum]]s known as [[bumb (drum)|bumb]] and are performed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms include [[Raslila]], [[Swang (dance drama)|Swang]], [[Ramlila]] (a dramatic enactment of the entire [[Ramayana]]), [[Nautanki]], [[Naqal]] (mimicry) and [[Qawwali]].<br />
<br />
The [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]] is situated in Lucknow.<br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh attracts large number of visitors, both national and international; with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003) and almost 25% of the All-India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh, it is one of the top tourist destinations in India. There are two regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go, the Hindu pilgrimage circuit and the Agra circuit.<br />
<br />
The pilgrimage circuit includes the most religiously prestigious of the cities considered holy in Hinduism on the banks of the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]], rivers which are also considered sacred: [[Varanasi]], [[Ayodhya]] ( the birthplace of [[Rama]]), [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] ( the birthplace of [[Krishna]]), [[Vrindavan]] (where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and Allahabad (Prayagraj) (the confluence or 'holy-sangam' of the Ganges-Yamuna rivers).{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
<br />
[[Dayal Bagh]] in Agra is a modern-day temple and tourist site with lifelike marble sculptures. <br />
<br />
[[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan]], is called the "temple of love."<br />
<br />
==Protected areas==<br />
Some of the main natural protected areas in Uttar Pradesh are:-<br />
<br />
* [[Dudhwa National Park]] is one of the best tiger reserves in the country.<br />
* [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]] – home to the Tiger Reserve.situated in district Pilibhit.<br />
* [[Sandi Bird Sanctuary]] – houses about 20,000 migratory birds annually.<br />
* [[Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]] – the most concentrated sanctuary in India with a large population of tigers as well as [[leopards]] – situated in [[Bahraich]] and bordering [[Nepal]] is also worth a visit.<br />
<br />
Some areas require a [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|special permit]] for non-Indians to visit.<br />
<br />
{{wide image|Panoramic vie of Fahpur Sikri Palace.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of a part of the<br />
[[Fatehpur Sikri]] Palace}}<br />
<br />
==Dress==<br />
The people of Uttar Pradesh wear a variety of native- and Western-style dress. Traditional styles of dress include colourful draped garments&nbsp;– such as [[sari]] and [[ghagra choli]] for women and [[dhoti]] or [[lungi]] for men&nbsp;– and tailored clothes such as [[salwar kameez]] for women and [[kurta]]-[[pajamas|pyjama]] for men. Men also often sport a headgear like [[topi]] or [[pagri]]. [[Sherwani]] is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with [[chooridar]] on festive occasions. European-style trousers and shirts are also common among men. Young adults are most commonly found in jeans and t-shirts.<br />
<br />
==Arts and crafts==<br />
[[File:PIETRA DURA - Agra - India.png|thumb|210px|A ''[[Pietra Dura]]'' marble table top ([[Agra]])]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh includes many historical and modern centres of artistic movements and crafts, and [[Allahabad]] (Prayagraj) is home to the National Institute of Art & Craft College.<br />
<br />
=== Textile arts ===<br />
[[Zardozi]] and [[chikankari]] are both traditions of embroidery that employ metal wire. <br />
<br />
[[Banarasi sari|Banarasi saris]] are similarly notable for their use of metal thread in weaving the brocade.<br />
<br />
[[Bhadohi]] produces carpets, a craft which dates back to the 16th century during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]]<ref name="te">{{cite web |date=31 January 2009 |title=Famous for its handmade carpet industry |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne310109worn_down.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925063702/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne310109worn_down.asp |archive-date=2011-09-25 |publisher=[[Tehelka]] Magazine |volume=6 |issue=4}}</ref> Bhadohi carpets received the [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2010,<ref name="to">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Binay |date=9 September 2010 |title=Famed Bhadohi carpet gets GI tag |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-09/varanasi/28226568_1_bhadohi-mirzapur-bhadohi-carpet-carpet-manufacturers-association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105034702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-09/varanasi/28226568_1_bhadohi-mirzapur-bhadohi-carpet-carpet-manufacturers-association |archive-date=5 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and it is one of the highest revenue-generating districts of UP.<br />
<br />
=== Pottery ===<br />
Introduced by an Afghan military campaign over 500 years ago, [[Khurja pottery]] is often confused with a similar tradition in Jaipur, but received its Geographic Indication tag recognizing its uniqueness in 2015. Its artisans closely guard the secret of its distinctive blue glaze.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-01 |title=GI certificate to preserve uniqueness of Khurja pottery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/GI-certificate-to-preserve-uniqueness-of-Khurja-pottery/articleshow/47498632.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gorakhpur]]'s animal sculptural tradition commonly depicts horses, elephants, camels, and oxen. It received its Geographic Indication tag in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=36#:~:text=Gorakhpur's%20terracotta%20art%20spans%20generations,camels,%20goats,%20and%20oxen. |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.nabard.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Characterized by its recognizing the metallic black finish and silvery etched designs inspired by medieval [[Bidriware]], the origins of the black pottery of [[Nizamabad Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]] remain unclear. Local folklore generally places its origin in the Mughal period and attributes it to Gujarat artisans who immigrated to the Uttar Pradesh. The tradition received its [[Geographical indication|Geographic Indication]] tag in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title=Forget the pot & kettle, black is the calling in Nizamabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/forget-the-pot-kettle-black-is-the-calling-in-nizamabad/articleshow/109557234.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Jewelry and metalwork ===<br />
The region is famous for its [[Jhumka (earring style)|Jhumka]] earrings and bangles from [[Firozabad]].<br />
<br />
=== Other traditions ===<br />
* [[Agra]], home since the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era to Mughal crafts, including the ''[[Pietra Dura]]'', still practised today.<br />
* [[Aligarh]] is known for its [[Manja (kite)|Manja]] and Surma ([[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kohl]]).<br />
* [[Firozabad]] is known for its glasswork.<br />
* [[Moradabad]] produces metal-ware, especially brass artefacts.<br />
* [[Pilibhit]] produces wooden footwear (locally called [[Paduka]] or [[Khadaon]]) and also flutes made of wooden pipes which are exported to Europe, America and other countries.<br />
* [[Saharanpur]] produces wood-carving items.<br />
At Sarnath are also the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], archaeological artefacts with national significance.{{explain|date = February 2022}} [[Ghazipur]], 80 km from Varanasi, has Ganges Ghats and the Tomb of British potentate [[Lord Cornwallis]], maintained by the [[Archaeologic survey of India]].<br />
<br />
== Gallery of tourist sites ==<br />
<gallery widths="160px" heights="120px"><br />
Image:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|[[Kumbh Mela]], at [[Prayagraj]] is the largest gathering anywhere in the world.<br />
Image:MadanMohanmandir.jpg|Madan Mohan temple in [[Vrindavan]].<br />
Image:JKTemple.JPG|[[JK Temple]] (RadhaKrishna Temple), [[Kanpur]]<br />
Image:Sarnath1.jpg|The [[Dhamekh Stupa]] is located in [[Sarnath]] where [[Gautama Buddha]] first taught the [[Dharma]]<br />
Image:Kushinara1.jpg|[[Kushinagar]] is a town where [[Gautama Buddha]] died<br />
Image:Sravasti-gandhakuti.jpg| Gandhakuti (Buddha's hut) in [[Jetavana]], [[Shravasti]].<br />
Image:Ancient Buddhist monasteries near Dhamekh Stupa Monument Site, Sarnath.jpg|Ancient Buddhist monasteries near [[Dhamekh Stupa]], [[Sarnath]].<br />
Image:mahaparinirvana.jpg|The ancient excavated Buddha inside the Parinirvana Temple, [[Kushinagar]].<br />
Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|[[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]]<br />
Image:AgraFort.jpg|[[Amar Singh Gate]] at [[Agra Fort]]<br />
Image:TombSalimChisti.jpg|The Tomb of [[Salim Chisti]]<br />
Image:Itmad.jpg|[[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb]] at [[Agra]]<br />
Image:The Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.jpg|The five-storey [[Panch Mahal Fatehpur Sikri|Panch Mahal]] at [[Fatehpur Sikri]]<br />
Image:Jaunpur Atala Masjid.jpg|The historical [[Atala Masjid]] built by 'Sultan Ibrahim', Sultan of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].<br />
Image:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img09.jpg|[[Buland Darwaza]] (Great Gate), [[Fatehpur Sikri]]<br />
Image:Roomi Darwaza 03.JPG|[[Roomi Darwaza]], [[Lucknow]]<br />
Image:View of Bahu Begum's Maqbara.JPG|Tomb [[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara|Queen Bride]] in [[Faizabad]].<br />
Image:GulabBari.jpg|Mausoleum of [[Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] in [[Faizabad]] [[Gulabbadi]].<br />
Image:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg|[[Tomb of Akbar the Great]], [[Agra]]<br />
Image:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG|Gateway to [[Bara Imambara]], [[Lucknow]]<br />
Image:Chhotaimambara.adnan.JPG|The [[Chhota Imambara]], [[Lucknow]]<br />
Image:Bhool Bhulaiya Front View.jpg| The Bhool Bhulaiyya Front View, [[Lucknow]]<br />
Image:Maqbara with palm trees.JPG|[[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara]], [[Faizabad]].<br />
Image:Ziarat Shareef.jpg |[[Kakrala]] is the town where Sufi Shah Sharafat Miyan was born.<br />
Image:Aligarh fort, Aligarh.jpg|[[Moat]] at the Aligarh Fort, [[Aligarh]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh| ]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushtiie&diff=527475Pushtiie2025-10-31T04:42:52Z<p>Addie15A4298: started new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{BLP sources |date=January 2013}}<br />
<br />
'''Pushtiie''' is an Indian actress best known for playing the lead role of Mahi Talwar in the comedy series ''[[Mahi Way]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Pushtie-is-busy-healing-patients/articleshow/8976648.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/tv/29698409_1_reiki-healing-patients | url-status=live | archive-date=February 16, 2013 | title=Pushtie is busy healing patients! | date=June 24, 2011 | access-date=January 4, 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Wadhwa, Akash}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
She is the sister of actor [[Vrajesh Hirjee]], famous for playing comedic roles in [[Bollywood]] films and shows.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Pushtiie appeared in the second season of ''[[Hum Paanch (sitcom)|Hum Paanch]]'', a famous comedy soap that ran on Zee TV in the late 1990s. She played the youngest daughter of Anand Mathur ([[Ashok Saraf]]), "Chotti" among the five daughters. This serial was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. Pushtiie had a role in [[Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin]], which was inspired by the Colombian [[telenovela]] [[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]. She played the character of Sanya's best friend in the soap ''Sanya'' that was aired on Hungama TV.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
* ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Sau Jhooth Ek Sach]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Koi Aap Sa]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Aloo Chaat (film)|Aloo Chaat]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Aao Wish Karein]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Luv Ka The End]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Qarib Qarib Single]]'' (2017)<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
<br />
* ''[[Aafat (TV series)|Aafat]]'' (2019) as Aditi Mahant<br />
* ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' (2022) as Alicia Martins<br />
<br />
=== Short films===<br />
<br />
* ''Let Stalk'' (2015)<br />
* ''The Corner Table''<br />
* ''It All Starts From Within'' (2019)<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]] ''<br />
* ''[[Kkusum]]''<br />
* ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''<br />
* ''[[Sanya (TV series)|Sanya]]''<br />
* ''[[Miilee]]''<br />
* ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''<br />
* ''[[Aati Rahengi Baharein]]''<br />
* ''[[Meri Biwi Wonderful]]''<br />
* ''[[Kareena Kareena]] '' (2004) as Pammi<br />
* ''[[Mahi Way]]'' (2010)<br />
* ''[[Hum Paanch (sitcom)|Hum Paanch season 2(2005)]]'' as Chotti Mathur <br />
* ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' as Maithili (Jassi's friend)<br />
* ''[[Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do]]'' as Niti Kiku Khurrana / Niti Hooda<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{imdbname|3059750}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakti, Pushtiie}}<br />
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
{{India-tv-actor-stub}}</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahun&diff=459338Bahun2025-10-23T13:48:07Z<p>Addie15A4298: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|Nepali Brahmins of Khas descent}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Khas Bahun<br />
| native_name = Bahun<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| pop1 = 3,292,373 (11.2% of Nepal's population) (2021)<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref><br />
| languages = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (Khas-Kura)<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] 99.56% (2011), [[Christianity]] 0.31% (2011)<ref>{{cite report |date=2014 |title=Population monograph of Nepal |volume=II |author=Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Government of Nepal |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf}}</ref><br />
| related = [[Chhetri]], [[Thakuri]] and other [[Khas people]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bahun''' ({{langx|ne|बाहुन}}), also known as '''Hill Brahmins''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oberst |first1=Robert |title=Government and Politics in South Asia, Student Economy Edition |date=27 April 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97340-6 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WptYDwAAQBAJ&dq=bahun+hill+brahmin&pg=PT284}}</ref> are a [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] among the [[Khas]] of [[Nepal]]. They are a sub-caste of the [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Declan Quigley |first=David Gellner |url=https://archive.org/details/ContestedHierarchiesACollaborativeEthnographyOfCasteAmongTheNewarsOfKathmanduEdi/page/n166/mode/1up?q=Bahun+Kanyakubja |title=Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste Among the Newars of Kathmandu. edited by David Gellner & Declan Quigley |page=199|date=2017 |publisher=Macmillan and Company limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shyam lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91ACAAAAMAAJ |title=In Fraternity with Nepal, An Account of the Activities Under the Auspices of the Wider Life Movement for the Furtherance and Consolidation of the Indo-Nepalese Cultural Fellowship |page=65|date=1945|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hachhethu |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe3DEAAAQBAJ |title=Nation-Building and Federalism in Nepal|page=40|date=2023|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-887291-7 |language=en}}</ref> while their origins are from [[Kannauj]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hachhethu |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe3DEAAAQBAJ |title=Nation-Building and Federalism in Nepal|page=40|date=2023|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-887291-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{disputed inline|date=September 2025}} and the Himalayan belt of South Asia. According to the [[2011 Nepal census]], Bahun is the second most populous group after [[Chhetri]].<ref name="cbs2">{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsD/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf|title=Nepal Census 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to 1854 [[Caste_system_in_Nepal#Muluki_Ain_(1854)|''Muluki Ain'']], the first Nepalese civil code, Bahuns were regarded as caste among [[Upanayana|sacred thread bearers]] ([[Tagadhari]]) and [[Dvija|twice-born]] Hindus.{{sfn|Sherchan|2001|p=14}}<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
{{see|Khas people}}<br />
Traditionally, Bahuns were members of the [[Khas community]] together [[Chhetri]]s.{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|pp=116-119}} Possibly due to political power of the [[Khasa Malla kingdom]], Khas Brahmins and Khas Kshatriyas{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|p=116}} had high social status in the present-day western Nepal.{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|pp=116-119}} Bahuns, regarded as upper class Khas group together with [[Chhetri]]s, were associated mostly with the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] and its [[Unification of Nepal|expansion]].{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=31}}{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=31}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal|title=Nepal -}}</ref><br />
<br />
There appears to be general agreement in historical records and family genealogy that Hill Brahmins (both Purbia and Kumai Bahuns) migrated from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plains]] to the western Himalayas then from there to the eastern Himalayas including Nepal. Nepali historians have claimed that Hill Brahmins entered the Himalayan region from [[Kannauj]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prakash Raj|title=Brahmins in Nepal|date=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ&q=kannauj+brahmins+nepal|page=14|publisher=Nabeen Publications |isbn=978-0-7855-7366-1 }}</ref><br />
According to Acharya Bamsavali, Bahuns have migrated from Kanyakubja to Jumla in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prakash Raj|title=Brahmins in Nepal|date=1996 |publisher=Nabeen Publications |isbn=978-0-7855-7366-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ&q=kanyakubja+jumla}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demography==<br />
According to the [[2011 Nepal census]], Bahuns (referred as Hill-Brahmin) are the second most populous group after Khas Chhetri with 12.2% of Nepal's population (or 3,226,903 people).<ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf|title=Nepal Census 2011|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bahun are the second largest [[Hindu]] group in Nepal with a population of 3,212,704 (99.6% of Bahuns).<ref name="cbs"/> Bahuns are the largest group in 15 districts in Nepal: [[Jhapa district|Jhapa]], [[Morang district|Morang]], [[Kathmandu district|Kathmandu]], [[Chitwan district|Chitwan]], [[Nawalparasi district|Nawalparasi]], [[Rupandehi district|Rupandehi]], [[Kaski district|Kaski]], [[Syangja district|Syangja]], [[Parbat district|Parbat]], [[Gulmi district|Gulmi]] and [[Arghakhanchi district|Arghakhanchi]]. Among these, Bahuns in [[Parbat district|Parbat]] (35.7%), [[Arghakhanchi district|Arghakhanchi]] (32.8%), [[Dhading district|Dhading]] (30.9%), [[Chitwan district|Chitwan]] (28.6%), [[Kaski district|Kaski]] (27.8%) and [[Gulmi district|Gulmi]] (25.2%) consist more than 25% of the district population. [[Kathmandu district|Kathmandu]] has largest Bahun population with 410,126 people (23.5%).<ref name="cbs"/><br />
<br />
Bahuns have the highest [[civil service]] representation with 39.2% of Nepal's bureaucracy while having only 12.1% of Nepal's total population. The civil service representation to population ratio is 3.2 times for Bahuns which is fourth in Nepal. Khas Chhetris represent 1.6 times in civil services to their percentage of population, which is the highest in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Amit|last=Dhakal|url=http://archive.setopati.com/raajneeti/12636/|title=निजामती सेवामा सबैभन्दा बढी प्रतिनिधित्व राजपूत, कायस्थ र तराई ब्राम्हण|date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Setopati|archive-date=26 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070646/http://archive.setopati.com/raajneeti/12636/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per the [[Public Service Commission (Nepal)|Public Service Commission]], Brahmins (33.3%) and Chhetris (20.01%) were two largest caste group to obtain governmental jobs in [[Fiscal year|F.Y.]] 2017-18 even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, indigenous and ethnic minorities, Madhesis, dalits, people with disability and those from the backward regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2018/10/16/brahmins-and-chhetris-land-most-government-jobs|title=Brahmins and Chhetris land most government jobs|website=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> Similarly, in the fiscal 2018–19, Bahuns (24.87%) and Chhetris (9.63%) maintained 35% of their proportion in civil service as per Public Service Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/11/12/brahmins-and-chhetris-continue-to-dominate-entry-into-civil-service|title=Brahmins and Chhetris continue to dominate entry into civil service|website=kathmandupost.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographic distribution==<br />
According to the [[2021 Nepal census]], 3,292,373 people (11.29%) of the population of Nepal are Bahun (Hill Brahmins).<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref> The frequency of Bahun (Hill Brahmins) by province was as follows:<br />
* [[Gandaki Province]] (21.5%)<br />
* [[Bagmati Province]] (18.3%)<br />
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (13.0%)<br />
* [[Lumbini Province]] (12.5%)<br />
* [[Koshi Province]] (12.1%)<br />
* [[Karnali Province]] (8.3%)<br />
* [[Madhesh Province]] (2.3%)<br />
<br />
The frequency of Bahun (Hill Brahmins) was higher than national average (12.2%) in the following districts:<br />
* [[Parbat District|Parbat]] (35.8%)<br />
* [[Arghakhanchi District|Arghakhanchi]] (32.8%)<br />
* [[Syangja District|Syangja]] (30.9%)<br />
* [[Chitwan District|Chitwan]] (28.7%)<br />
* [[Kaski District|Kaski]] (27.9%)<br />
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (23.8%)<br />
* [[Nawalpur District|Nawalpur]] (23.8%)<br />
* [[Kathmandu District|Kathmandu]] (23.7%) <br />
* [[Kavrepalanchok District|Kavrepalanchok]] (21.5%)<br />
* [[Gulmi District|Gulmi]] (21.3%)<br />
* [[Baglung District|Baglung]] (19.5%)<br />
* [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]] (19.0%)<br />
* [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]] (18.6%)<br />
* [[Palpa District|Palpa]] (17.5%)<br />
* [[Kalikot District|Kalikot]] (17.1%)<br />
* [[Darchula District|Darchula]] (16.7%)<br />
* [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]] (16.0%)<br />
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (15.9%)<br />
* [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]] (15.8%)<br />
* [[Gorkha District|Gorkha]] (15.2%)<br />
* [[Rasuwa District|Rasuwa]] (15.2%)<br />
* [[Dhading District|Dhading]] (15.0%)<br />
* [[Bhaktapur District|Bhaktapur]] (14.2%)<br />
* [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]] (14.1%)<br />
* [[Ilam District|Ilam]] (13.9%)<br />
* [[Terhathum District|Terhathum]] (13.3%)<br />
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (13.1%)<br />
* [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]] (13.0%)<br />
* [[Lamjung District|Lamjung]] (12.8%)<br />
* [[Kailali District|Kailali]] (12.4%)<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
<br />
=== Academics ===<br />
* [[Surya Subedi]], legal academic<br />
<br />
=== Artists ===<br />
* [[Ragini Upadhyaya]], fine artist and lyricist<br />
<br />
=== Athletes ===<br />
<br />
==== Cricketers ====<br />
* [[Basanta Regmi]]<br />
* [[Kanishka Chaugai]]<br />
* [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]<br />
* [[Kushal Bhurtel]]<br />
<br />
==== Footballers ====<br />
<br />
==== Swimmers ====<br />
<br />
==== Other athletes ====<br />
* [[Shyam Dhakal]], alpine skier<br />
<br />
=== Entertainment ===<br />
<br />
==== Actors/Filmmakers ====<br />
*[[Nabin K Bhattarai|Nabin k. Bhattarai]]<br />
*[[Neeta Dhungana]]<br />
*[[Aaryan Sigdel|Aryan Sigdel]] <br />
*[[Arunima Lamsal]]<br />
*[[Jiwan Luitel|Jeevan Luitel]] <br />
*[[Sitaram Kattel|Sitaram Kattel(dhurmus)]]<br />
*[[Kunjana Ghimire|Kunjana Ghimire(suntali)]] <br />
*[[Anup Baral]]<br />
*[[Jeetu Nepal]] <br />
*[[Kedar Ghimire]]<br />
*[[Keki Adhikari]] <br />
*[[Nisha Adhikari]]<br />
*[[Bijay Baral]] <br />
*[[Raj Ballav Koirala]] <br />
*[[Khagendra Lamichhane]]<br />
*[[Mariska Pokharel|Marishka Pokharel]] <br />
*[[Sunil Pokharel]] <br />
*[[Usha Poudel]] <br />
*[[Deepika Prasain]] <br />
*[[Hari Prasad Rimal]]<br />
*[[Aanchal Sharma]]<br />
*[[Anna Sharma]] <br />
*[[Pooja Sharma (Nepalese actress)|Pooza Sharma]]<br />
*[[Reecha Sharma]] <br />
*[[Mithila Sharma]] <br />
*[[Barsha Siwakoti]]<br />
*[[Hari Bansha Acharya]]<br />
*[[Dayaram Dahal]]<br />
* [[Subash Gajurel]]<br />
* [[Tulsi Ghimire]]<br />
* [[Manisha Koirala]]<br />
* [[Deepa Shree Niraula]]<br />
<br />
==== Singers ====<br />
* [[Tika Bhandari]]<br />
* [[Ram Prasad Khanal]]<br />
* [[Pramod Kharel]]<br />
* [[Nabin K Bhattarai]]<br />
* [[Bhakta Raj Acharya]]<br />
* [[Sugam Pokharel]]<br />
* [[Bednidhi Poudel]]<br />
* [[Pranil L Timalsena]]<br />
<br />
==== Other entertainers ====<br />
* [[Atul Gautam]], [[tabla]] player<br />
* [[Hom Nath Upadhyaya]], [[tabla]] player<br />
<br />
=== Entrepreneurs ===<br />
<br />
=== Humanitarians ===<br />
* [[Durga Ghimire]], founder of [[ABC Nepal]], an anti-sex trafficking organisation<br />
* [[Jagadish Ghimire]], political analyst, founder of Tamakoshi Sewa Samiti community development organisation<br />
* [[Anuradha Koirala]], founder of [[Maiti Nepal]], which supports victims of sex trafficking<br />
<br />
=== Mountaineers ===<br />
<br />
=== Politicians ===<br />
*[[Madhav Prasad Devkota]]<br />
*[[Rabi Lamichhane|Ravi Lamichhane]]<br />
*[[Chabilal Upadhyaya]]<ref>[[Chabilal Upadhyaya|Chabilal Upadhyaya - Bharatpedia]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}}<br />
*[[Ranga Nath Poudyal]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Raj |first=Prakash A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=sarbajit+rana+magar |title=Dancing Democracy: The power of a Third Eye |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |isbn=9788129109460}}</ref><br />
*[[Krishna Prasad Koirala]] and [[Koirala family]]<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |date=23 March 2010 |title=Girija Prasad Koirala: The architect of democracy in Nepal |newspaper=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/822354 |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Matrika Prasad Koirala]]<ref name="dawn" /><br />
*[[Tanka Prasad Acharya]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTg0ZTM8X4oC&pg=PA63 |title=Westminster legacies |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-86840-848-4 |access-date=15 May 2009}}</ref><br />
*[[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]]<ref name="dawn" /><br />
*[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]<ref name="dawn" /><br />
*[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]<ref name="myrepublica">{{cite news |date=7 March 2011 |title=Flight of a free bird |newspaper=My Republica |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/archive/54381/Flight-of-a-free-bird |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Man Mohan Adhikari]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |date=4 May 1999 |title=Man Mohan Adhikari |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/may/04/guardianobituaries.suzannegoldenberg |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[KP Sharma Oli]]<br />
*[[Prachanda|Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda)]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=CPN Maoist Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal elected as 39th Prime Minister of Nepal |publisher=Xinhuanet |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/03/c_135561309.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805025844/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/03/c_135561309.htm |archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prachanda elected Prime Minister of Nepal |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Prachanda-elected-Prime-Minister-of-Nepal/article15282412.ece |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Madhav Kumar Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=CPN-UML Comrades Apart |publisher=Spotlight Nepal Magazine |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2014/05/23/cpn-uml-comrades-apart/ |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Baburam Bhattarai]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2009 |title=Caste no bar |publisher=Nepali Times |url=http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=15581#.WoEo8YHA40M |access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Scientists ===<br />
* [[Bodhraj Acharya]], biochemist<br />
* [[Lujendra Ojha]], planetary scientist<br />
<br />
=== Writers ===<br />
* [[Khagendra Sangraula]] <br />
==== Poets ====<br />
* [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]<br />
* [[Geeta Tripathee]]<br />
* [[Gopal Prasad Rimal]]<br />
* [[Ishwar Ballav|Ishwar Ballav Bhattarai]]<br />
* [[Jagadish Ghimire]]<br />
* [[Krishnahari Baral]]<br />
* [[Kshetra Pratap Adhikary]]<br />
* [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]]<br />
* [[Lekh Nath Paudel]]<br />
* [[Mahananda Sapkota]]<br />
* [[Motiram Bhatta]]<br />
* [[Suman Pokhrel]]<br />
<br />
==== Journalists ====<br />
* [[Kanak Mani Dixit]]<br />
* [[Narayan Wagle]]<br />
* [[Naresh Bhattarai]]<br />
* [[Prashant Aryal]]<br />
* [[Rabi Lamichhane]]<br />
* [[Rabindra Mishra]]<br />
* [[Sudheer Sharma]]<br />
* [[Vijay Kumar Pandey]]<br />
<br />
==== Playwrights ====<br />
* [[Abhi Subedi]]<br />
* [[Krishna Dharabasi]]<br />
* [[Bhim Nidhi Tiwari]]<br />
* [[Gopal Prasad Rimal]]<br />
* [[Guru Prasad Mainali]]<br />
* [[Khagendra Lamichhane]]<br />
* [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]]<br />
* [[Suman Pokhrel]]<br />
<br />
==== Prose writers ====<br />
* [[Abhi Subedi]]<br />
* [[Amar Neupane]]<br />
* [[Arbind Rimal]]<br />
* [[Samrat Upadhyay]]<br />
* [[Sanu Sharma]]<br />
<br />
=== Other notables ===<br />
* [[Bhawana Ghimire]], CEO of [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] from 2014 to 2016<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Caste system in Nepal]]<br />
* [[Varna (Hinduism)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dor Bahadur Bista |author-link=Dor Bahadur Bista |title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&pg=PA48 |year=1991 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0188-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Dynamics of a hill society: Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas |last=Subba |first=Tanka Bahadur |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788173041143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yZuAAAAMAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=John T Hitchcock |contribution=An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System |editor=James F. Fisher |title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA113 |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-7700-7 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Richard Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748|s2cid=154584368 }}<br />
* {{Cite book| title = A History of Nepal| last1 = Whelpton | first1 = John| year = 2005 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0521804707 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WSo6PgAACAAJ}}<br />
*{{Cite book| title = Democracy, pluralism and Change: An Inquiry into Nepalese context| last1 = Sherchan | first1 = Sanjay | year = 2001 | publisher = Chhye Pahhuppe | isbn = 9789993354390 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-SyOAAAAMAAJ}}<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Journal of Nepalese Literature, Art and Culture|volume =4| author = Nepala Rajakiya Pragya Pratisthana| publisher =Royal Nepal Academy|year =2001|location= Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyxuAAAAMAAJ}}<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Toward a History of the Brahmins|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=113|year=1993|issue=2 |pages=264–268|doi=10.2307/603031 |jstor=603031|issn=0003-0279}}<br />
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}<br />
{{Brahmin communities}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bahun| ]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Khas people]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmins]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]<br />
[[Category:Gurkhas]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu communities]]</div>Addie15A4298https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayasagar&diff=495810Dayasagar2025-08-02T00:07:05Z<p>Addie15A4298: put up a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Television Series}}<br />
{{for|the film|Daya Sagar}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
<br />
During 1996 to 1998, a 50-episodes serial titled '''''Dayasagar''''', based on the 1978 film of the [[Daya Sagar|same name]] about [[Jesus Christ]], aired on [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Malone|title=Screen Jesus: Portrayals of Christ in Television and Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sIj6ak6Cc8C&pg=PA222|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8390-1|page=222}}</ref> The series was also dubbed into Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam and other languages for repeat telecasts.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}<br />
<br />
[[Vijayachander]] portrayed the role of Jesus in it. He was born Vijayachander Telidevara. He is an Indian film theater actor, method actor, director and producer, predominantly appearing in Telugu cinema and South Indian films. He made his acting debut in the film ''[[Sudigundalu]]'', which won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Feature Film in Telugu in 1967.<br />
<br />
He is known for portraying the roles of devotional characters like [[Jesus]] and [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] of Shirdi. He has acted in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam language films. In 2007, he has donated land for old film artists and [[Movie Artists Association]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*''[[Yeshu (TV series)|Yeshu]]'', another Indian TV series about Jesus<br />
*''[[Bible Ki Kahaniyan]]'', an Indian TV series based on the Old Testament<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:1990s Indian television series]]<br />
[[Category:1996 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:1998 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]<br />
[[Category:Religious historical television series]]<br />
[[Category:Christian mass media in India]]<br />
[[Category:Television series based on the Bible]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Palestine]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in ancient Egypt]]<br />
[[Category:Television series set in 1st-century Roman Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Television series about Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Portrayals of Jesus on television]]<br />
[[Category:Portrayals of Mary, mother of Jesus, on television]]<br />
[[Category:Portrayals of Mary Magdalene on television]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical Magi in television]]<br />
[[Category:Nativity of Jesus on television]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saint Joseph]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saint Peter]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Paul the Apostle]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John the Baptist]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Herod the Great]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of the Devil]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of the Passion of Jesus]]<br />
[[Category:DD National original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Depictions of Herod the Great on television]]</div>Addie15A4298