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<div>#REDIRECT[[Oman]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOHAR_Port_and_Freezone&diff=562447SOHAR Port and Freezone2026-09-20T11:58:40Z<p>Adarshatva: Redirected page to Sohar Port and Freezone</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Sohar Port and Freezone]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sohar_Port_and_Freezone&diff=562446Sohar Port and Freezone2026-09-20T11:58:14Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Infobox Port | name = SOHAR Port and Freezone | pushpin_map = Oman | country = {{flag|Oman}} | location = Liwa, Al Batinah North Governorate | coordinates = {{Coord|24|30|15|N|56|36|37|E|type:landmark_region:OM|display=inline,title}} | opened = 2002 | operated = Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC) | owner = Sultanate of Oman & Port of Rotterdam | type = Seaport | sizewater = | sizeland = | size = | berths = | wharfs = | piers = | e..."</p>
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<div>{{Infobox Port<br />
| name = SOHAR Port and Freezone<br />
| pushpin_map = Oman<br />
| country = {{flag|Oman}}<br />
| location = [[Liwa, Oman|Liwa]], [[Al Batinah North Governorate]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|30|15|N|56|36|37|E|type:landmark_region:OM|display=inline,title}}<br />
| opened = 2002<br />
| operated = Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC)<br />
| owner = [[Sultanate of Oman]] & [[Port of Rotterdam]]<br />
| type = [[Seaport]]<br />
| sizewater = <br />
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| website = {{URL|http://www.soharportandfreezone.com}}<br />
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'''Sohar Port and Freezone''' ({{lang-ar| مِينَاء صُحَار والمنطقة الحرة}}) is an integrated deep-sea port and industrial free zone situated near the city of Sohar, in the [[Al Batinah North Governorate]] of the [[Sultanate of Oman]]. Lying on the [[Gulf of Oman]], outside the [[Strait of Hormuz]], roughly midway between [[Muscat]] and [[Dubai]], it is one of the fastest-growing port-and-industrial complexes in the world and handles the largest share of Oman's seaborne cargo. The port and the adjoining free zone are developed and managed together as a single economic ecosystem, hosting steel, petrochemical, logistics and food clusters spread over more than 6,700 hectares, with cumulative investment of around {{USD|link=yes}}30&nbsp;[[Indian Numbering System|arab]] as of 2024. The operator styles the name entirely in capitals ('''SOHAR Port and Freezone''')in its official logo, branding and communications; the capitalisation is purely a logotype convention and not an acronym, the name being simply that of the city of Sohar. This article, following standard encyclopedic practice, uses normal sentence case throughout.<br />
<br />
The complex is managed by the Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC), a 50:50 joint venture between the Omani state-owned ASYAD Group and the [[Port of Rotterdam]]. The port received its first vessel in 2004, and the Freezone was added in 2010. Sohar contributes over two per cent of Oman's gross domestic product and is a flagship project of the country's economic diversification programme under Oman Vision 2040. Since the entry into force of the India–Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in June 2026, and the disruption of shipping through the [[Strait of Hormuz]], Sohar has also emerged as a prominent gateway for Indian trade with the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) region.<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name of the port is taken from the city of Sohar ({{lang-ar| صُحَار|Ṣuḥār}}), which was historically known as Mazūn ({{lang-ar|مَزُوْن}}) in pre-Islamic times. The city is traditionally credited as the birthplace of the legendary sailor Sindbad of the Arabian Nights. Medieval Arab geographers described Sohar as "the gateway to China and the treasury of the East" on account of its far-reaching maritime commerce.<br />
== Read also ==<br />
* [[Oman Vision 2040]]<br />
* [[Port of Rotterdam]]<br />
* [[SOHAR Port and Freezone]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&diff=562445Oman2026-09-20T11:46:46Z<p>Adarshatva: /* See also */</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Country in West Asia}}<br />
<br />
{{About|the country|other uses}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Oman<br />
| common_name = Oman<br />
| native_name = {{native name|ar|سلطنة عُمان|italics=off}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|Salṭanat ʻUmān}}''<br />
| image_flag = Flag of Oman.svg<br />
| image_coat = National emblem of Oman.svg<br />
| symbol_type = Emblem<br />
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نشيد السلام السلطاني}}<br />"[[As-Salam as-Sultani|as-Salām as-Sultānī]]"<br />"Sultanic Salutation"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Peace to the Sultan (نشيد السلام السلطاني).ogg]]}}<br />
| image_map = File:Oman (better) (orthographic projection).svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Oman (dark green)<br />
| capital = [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|35|20|N|58|24|30|E|type:city}}<br />
| largest_city = capital<br />
| official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Statute of the State promulgated by Royal Decree 101/96 |url=https://mola.gov.om/eng/legislation/laws/details.aspx?id=1 |website=MINISTRY OF JUSTICE AND LEGAL AFFAIRS }}</ref><br />
| religion = {{tree list}}<br />
*88.9% [[Islam in Oman|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<br />
**47.2% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<br />
**35.2% [[Ibadi Islam|Ibadi]]<br />
**6.5% [[Shia Islam|Shia]]<br />
*5.5% [[Hinduism in Oman|Hinduism]] <br />
*3.6% [[Christianity in Oman|Christianity]]<br />
*2.0% others<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=171c | title=National Profiles }}</ref><br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
| religion_year = 2023<br />
| demonym = [[Omanis|Omani]]<br />
| government_type = Unitary Islamic [[absolute monarchy]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Haitham bin Tariq]]<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Crown Prince of Oman|Crown Prince]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Theyazin bin Haitham]]<br />
| legislature = [[Council of Oman]]<br />
| upper_house = [[Council of State of Oman|Council of State (Majlis al-Dawla)]]<br />
| lower_house = [[Consultative Assembly of Oman|Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura)]]<br />
| sovereignty_type = Establishment<br />
| established_event1 = [[Azd]] tribe migration<br />
| established_date1 = 130<br />
| established_event2 = Al-Julanda<br />
| established_date2 = 629<br />
| established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Imamate of Oman|Imamate]] established<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Oman|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561099_7/Oman.html|publisher=MSN Encarta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028154443/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561099_7/Oman.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|quote=In 751 Ibadi Muslims, established an imamate in Oman. Despite interruptions, the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century.|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
| established_date3 = 751<br />
| established_event4 = [[Nabhani dynasty]]<br />
| established_date4 = 1154<br />
| established_event5 = [[Portuguese Oman|Portuguese rule]]<br />
| established_date5 = 1507–1656<br />
| established_event6 = [[Yaruba dynasty]]<br />
| established_date6 = 1624<br />
| established_event7 = [[House of Al Said|Al Said]] dynasty<br />
| established_date7 = 1744<br />
| established_event8 = [[Muscat and Oman]]<br />
| established_date8 = 8 January 1856<br />
| established_event9 = Sultanate of Oman<br />
| established_date9 = 9 August 1970<br />
| established_event10 = [[Basic Statute of Oman|Basic Statute]]<br />
| established_date10 = 6 January 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Oman |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2010/07/15/oman-pub-41227 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date=31 December 2021 |date=15 July 2010}}</ref><br />
| area_km2 = 309,500<br />
| area_rank = 70th<br />
| area_sq_mi = 119,498 <!--Do not remove per [[BP:MOSNUM]]--><br />
| percent_water = negligible<br />
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Oman}}{{UN_Population|ref}}<br />
| population_census = 2,773,479<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsi.gov.om/documents/Census_2010.pdf |title=Final Results of Census 2010 |publisher=National Center for Statistics & Information |access-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518190005/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/documents/Census_2010.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><br />
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}<br />
| population_estimate_rank = 125th<br />
| population_census_year = 2010<br />
| population_density_km2 = 15<br />
| population_density_sq_mi = 40 <!--Do not remove per [[BP:MOSNUM]]--><br />
| population_density_rank = 177th<br />
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $200.295 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.OM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=449,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Oman) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref><br />
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br />
| GDP_PPP_rank = 78th<br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $39,336<ref name="IMFWEO.OM" /><br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 71st<br />
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $108.282 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.OM" /><br />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 66th<br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $21,265<ref name="IMFWEO.OM" /><br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 55th<br />
| Gini = 30.75 <!--number only--><br />
| Gini_year = 2018<br />
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.om/wnewgpb/income-expenditure-statistics?tsId=1059020 |title= Urban – Gini index – Omani – Total |publisher=The National Centre for Statistics and Information, Sultanate of Oman |access-date=20 May 2018 }}</ref><br />
| Gini_rank = <br />
| HDI = 0.816 <!--number only--><br />
| HDI_year = 2021 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI refers, not the publication year--><br />
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><br />
| HDI_rank = 54th<br />
| currency = [[Omani rial]]<br />
| currency_code = OMR<br />
| time_zone = [[Persian Gulf Standard Time|GST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +4<br />
| date_format = dd.mm.yyyy<br />
| drives_on = Right<br />
| calling_code = [[+968]]<br />
| cctld = [[.om]], [[عمان.]]<br />
| official_website = [http://www.oman.om www.oman.om]<br />
}}<br />
'''Oman''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Oman.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|m|ɑː|n}} {{respell|oh|MAHN}}; {{lang-ar|عُمَان}}, {{IPA-ar|ʕʊˈmaːn|}}), officially the '''Sultanate of Oman''' ({{lang-ar|سلْطنةُ عُمان}} {{transliteration|ar|''Salṭanat(u) ʻUmān''}}), is a country located in [[West Asia]]. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], and spans the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]]. It shares land borders with [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]], while sharing [[Maritime boundary|maritime borders]] with [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. The capital and largest city is [[Muscat]]. Oman has a population of 5,492,196 and is ranked the [[Countries with highest population|120th most populous country]]. The coast is formed by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the southeast, and the [[Gulf of Oman]] on the northeast. The [[Madha]] and [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]] [[exclaves]] are surrounded by United Arab Emirates on their land borders, with the [[Strait of Hormuz]] (which it shares with Iran) and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. <br />
<br />
From the 17th century, the Omani Sultanate was [[Omani Empire|an empire]], vying with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[British Empire|British]] Empires for influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence and control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as [[Zanzibar]].<ref name="etn.sagepub.com">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1468796811432681| title = The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman| journal = Ethnicities| volume = 12| issue = 3| pages = 335–353| year = 2012| last1 = Kharusi | first1 = N. S.| s2cid = 145808915}}</ref> In the 20th century, the sultanate came under the influence of the [[United Kingdom]]. For over 300 years, the relations built between the two empires were based on mutual benefit. The UK recognized Oman's geographical importance as a trading hub that secured their trading lanes in the [[Persian Gulf]] and Indian Ocean and protected their empire in the Indian sub-continent. Oman is an [[absolute monarchy]] led by a [[Sultan]], with power passed down through the male line. [[Qaboos bin Said]] was the Sultan from 1970 until his death on 10 January 2020.<ref name="rule"/> Qaboos, who died childless, had named his cousin, [[Haitham bin Tariq]], as his successor in a letter, and the family confirmed him as the Sultan of Oman.<ref name="ALJAZEERA2">{{cite news|date=12 January 2020|title=Haitham bin Tariq sworn in as Oman's new sultan|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/haitham-bin-tariq-named-successor-oman-sultan-qaboos-200111060309444.html|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111074932/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/haitham-bin-tariq-named-successor-oman-sultan-qaboos-200111060309444.html|archive-date=11 January 2020}}</ref><br />
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Formerly a maritime empire, Oman is the oldest continuously independent state in the Arab world.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654150 |title=Oman profile – Overview |work=BBC News |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312141232/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654150|archive-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>[[Royal Air Force Museum London|Royal Air Force Museum]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119092207/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/a-history-of-oman.aspx A History of Oman]. Retrieved 19 November 2020</ref> It is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Arab League]], the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. It has oil reserves ranked 22nd globally.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/private-sector-gets-omanisation-targets-1.761024 |title=Private sector gets Omanisation targets |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=13 February 2011 |access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110635/https://gulfnews.com/business/private-sector-gets-omanisation-targets-1.761024|archive-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> In 2010, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/news/announcements/title,21573,en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205813/http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/news/announcements/title,21573,en.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |title=Five Arab states among top leaders in long-term development gains |publisher=Hdr.undp.org |date=4 November 2010 |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref> A portion of its economy involves [[Tourism in Oman|tourism]] and trading fish, [[Date palm|dates]] and other agricultural produce. Oman is categorized as a [[high-income economy]] and, {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, ranks as the 64th most peaceful country in the world according to the [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/GPI-2021-web-1.pdf |title=Global Peace Index: 2021 |website=visionofhumanity.org |page=9 |publisher=[[Global Peace Index]] and [[Institute for Economics and Peace]] |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The oldest written mention about Oman was found from a tomb located in the Mleiha Archeological Center in the United Arab Emirates.<br />
"Bilingual South-Arabian / Aramaic funerary inscription discovered inside the burial chamber of tomb FA-5, Mleiha, Sharjah, UAE. (Overlaet 2018:14 Figure 9, Catalog No. 1). Central panel in south Arabian script, text along the rim in Aramaic. Text reads "Memorial and tomb of Amud son of Gurr son of Ali, inspector of the king of Oman, [...]" <ref>https://saa.shj.ae/en/age-exc/pre-islamic/</ref><br />
The origin of Oman's name seems to be some centuries older than the mention by [[Pliny the Elder]]'s Omana<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', VI.149.</ref> and [[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s Omanon ({{lang|grc|Ὄμανον ἐμπόριον}} in [[Greek language|Greek]]),<ref>[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy, Claudius]]. ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''. VI.7.36.</ref> both probably the ancient [[Sohar]].<ref name="EJoman">''Encyclopedia of Islam''. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9JQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA976 Oman]". E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1913.</ref> The city or region is typically etymologized in Arabic from ''aamen'' or ''amoun'' ("settled" people, as opposed to the [[Bedouin]]).<ref name="EJoman"/> Although a number of eponymous founders have been proposed (Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil, Oman bin Siba' bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim, Oman bin Qahtan), others derive it from the name of a valley in Yemen at [[Ma'rib]] presumed to have been the origin of the city's founders, the [[Azd]], a tribe migrating from Yemen.<ref name="Tarbaby">''Tarikh fi Uman'' [''Oman in History''].</ref><br />
Undoubtedly, the word “Oman” is of Persian origin.<ref>(https://hii.alzahra.ac.ir/article_671.html, p. 90; also see http://old.ido.ir/a.aspx?a=1391072401 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005020/http://old.ido.ir/a.aspx?a=1391072401 |date=1 December 2018 }}, pp. 59-61)</ref> The Iranians referred to him as « Mozon ; مزون ».<ref>Rouzbeh Zarrinkoob, “Iranian Letters of the Southern Seas of Iran”, in Islamic History and Iran, vol. 22, Issue 13, Spring, 2012, pp. 103-120 (https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2013.671)</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of Oman}}<br />
<br />
===Prehistory and ancient history===<br />
[[File:Lia sites.JPG|thumb|upright=2|[[Late Iron Age]] sites in Oman]]<br />
At Aybut Al Auwal, in the [[Dhofar Governorate]] of Oman, a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools, belonging to a regionally specific African [[lithic industry]]—the late [[Nubia]]n Complex—known previously only from the northeast and [[Horn of Africa]]. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old. This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0028239| pmid = 22140561| title = The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 6| issue = 11| pages = e28239| year = 2011| last1 = Rose | first1 = J. I. | last2 = Usik | first2 = V. I. | last3 = Marks | first3 = A. E. | last4 = Hilbert | first4 = Y. H. | last5 = Galletti | first5 = C. S. | last6 = Parton | first6 = A. | last7 = Geiling | first7 = J. M. | last8 = Černý | first8 = V. | last9 = Morley | first9 = M. W. | last10 = Roberts | first10 = R. G. | pmc=3227647| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...628239R| doi-access = free}}</ref><br />
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In recent years surveys have uncovered Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites on the eastern coast. Main Palaeolithic sites include Saiwan-Ghunaim in the Barr al-Hikman.<ref>Jeffrey I. Rose et al., South Punjab, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia, Plos 30 November 2011 {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0028239}}</ref> Archaeological remains are particularly numerous for the Bronze Age [[Umm an-Nar]] and [[Wadi Suq culture|Wadi Suq]] periods. Sites such as [[Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn|Bat]] show professional wheel-turned pottery, excellent hand-made stone vessels, a metals industry and monumental architecture.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bronze Age Towers at Bat, Sultanate of Oman…2007–12|author1=Thornton, Christopher |author2=Cable, Charlotte |author3=Possehl, Gregory |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum |year=2016 |isbn=9781934536063}}</ref><br />
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There is considerable agreement in sources that [[frankincense]] was used by traders in 1500 BCE. The [[Land of Frankincense]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage site]], dramatically illustrates that the incense constituted testimony to [[South Arabia]]n civilizations.<br />
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During the 8th century BCE, it is believed that the Yaarub, the descendant of [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]], ruled the entire region of Yemen, including Oman. Wathil bin Himyar bin [[Sheba|Abd-Shams (Saba)]] bin Yashjub ([[Yemen|Yaman]]) bin Yarub bin [[Joktan|Qahtan]] later ruled Oman.<ref name=YWTATss/> It is thus believed that the Yaarubah were the first settlers in Oman from Yemen.<ref name=MIIDN/><br />
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In the 1970s and 1980s, scholars like [[John C. Wilkinson]]<ref>{{cite book|title= Water and Tribal Settlement in South East Arabia – A Study of the Aflaj of Oman|author=Wilkinson, John|publisher=Clarendon Press|year= 1977|pages=76, 85, 122, 126–130, 132|isbn=0198232179}}</ref> believed by virtue of oral history that in the 6th century BCE, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]] exerted control over the Omani peninsula, most likely ruling from a coastal centre such as [[Suhar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Cross-roads Early and Late Iron Age South-Eastern Arabia |author=Yule, Paul |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|year= 2014|pages=15–18|isbn=9783447101271}}</ref> Central Oman has its own indigenous Samad Late Iron Age cultural assemblage named eponymously from [[Samad al-Shan]]. In the northern part of the Oman Peninsula the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Recent Pre-Islamic Period]] begins in the 3rd century BCE and extends into the 3rd century CE. Whether or not Persians brought south-eastern Arabia under their control is a moot point, since the lack of Persian finds speak against this belief. [[Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval|M. Caussin de Percevel]] suggests that Shammir bin Wathil bin Himyar recognized the authority of [[Cyrus the Great]] over Oman in 536 BCE.<ref name=YWTATss>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000028 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân] History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. British National Archive. Page 39. QDL.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:World Heritage Grave Al Ayn Oman.JPG|thumb|The [[Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn]] in [[Ad Dhahirah Governorate|Ad Dhahirah]], built in the 3rd Millennium [[BCE]], are [[UNESCO World Heritage]].]]<br />
[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] tablets referred to Oman as "[[Magan (civilization)|Magan]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/magan.html |title=Digging in the Land of Magan – Archaeology Magazine Archive |publisher=Archive.archaeology.org |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198303/oman-the.lost.land.htm |title=Oman: The Lost Land |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |date=March 1983 |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085542/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198303/oman-the.lost.land.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in the [[Akkadian language]] "Makan",<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198303/oman-a.history.htm |title=Oman: A History |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |date= March 1983|access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNlsRZh3rwgC&pg=PA119 |title=The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India |author1=Feuerstein, Georg |author2=Kak, Subhash |author3=Frawley, David |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|year= 2005|page=119|isbn=8120820371}}</ref> a name which links Oman's ancient copper resources.<ref>[[Gerd Weisgerber]], Mehr als Kupfer in Oman, ''Anschnitt'' 5-6, 1981, 180–181 [[Archaeology of Oman]]</ref> Mazoon, a Persian name used to refer to Oman's region, which was part of the [[Sasanian Empire]].<br />
<br />
===Arab settlement===<br />
Over centuries tribes from western Arabia settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, farming, herding or stock breeding, and many present day Omani families trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia. Arab migration to Oman started from northern-western and south-western Arabia and those who chose to settle had to compete with the indigenous population for the best arable land. When Arab tribes started to migrate to Oman, there were two distinct groups. One group, a segment of the [[Azd]] tribe migrated from [[Yemen]] in A.D. 120<ref name=YWTAT/>/200 following the collapse of [[Marib Dam]], while the other group migrated a few centuries before the birth of Islam from [[Nejd]] (present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]), named [[Nizar ibn Ma'ad|Nizari]]. Other historians believe that the Yaarubah from Qahtan which belong to an older branch, were the first settlers of Oman from Yemen, and then came the Azd.<ref name=MIIDN/> <br />
[[File:Ruins6.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Ruins of [[Khor Rori]], built between 100 [[Before Common Era|BCE]] & 100 [[Common Era|CE]]]]<br />
The Azd settlers in Oman are descendants of Nasr bin Azd and were later known as "the Al-Azd of Oman".<ref name=YWTAT/> Seventy years after the first Azd migration, another branch of [[Azd|Alazdi]] under Malik bin Fahm, the founder of Kingdom of [[Tanukhids|Tanukhites]] on the west of [[Euphrates]], is believed to have settled in Oman.<ref name=YWTAT>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000029 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân (40/612)] History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. British National Archive. QDL.</ref> According to Al-Kalbi, Malik bin Fahm was the first settler of Alazd.<ref name=MFFSOO>Annals of 'Omān. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023925085.0x000015 British National Archive: Annals of 'Omān' &#91;3&#93; (20/112).] British National Archive. Page 20. QDL.</ref> He is said to have first settled in [[Qalhat]]. By this account, Malik, with an armed force of more than 6000 men and horses, fought against the [[Marzban]], who served an ambiguously named Persian king in the battle of Salut in Oman and eventually defeated the Persian forces.<ref name=MIIDN/><ref name=HOM>{{Cite journal|title=The Azd migrations reconsidered: narratives of ʿAmr Muzayqiya and Mālik b. Fahm in historiographic context by Brian Ulrich (21 July 2007)|journal = Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume = 38|pages = 311–318|publisher=JSTOR|jstor = 41223958|last1 = Ulrich|first1 = Brian|year = 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Maisel|Shoup|2009|p=193}}<ref name=TIM>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz3WCgAAQBAJ|title=Oman Since 1856 (1967)|author=Robert Geran Landen|publisher=Princeton Legacy Library|isbn=9781400878277|date=8 December 2015}}</ref> This account is, however, semi-legendary and seems to condense multiple centuries of migration and conflict as well as an amalgamation of various traditions from not only the Arab tribes but also the region's original inhabitants.<ref name="HOM" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hopwood|first=Derek|title=The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics|publisher=Routledge|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hawley|first=Donald|title=Oman and Its Renaissance|publisher=Humanities Press|year=1984|pages=18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 7th century CE, Omanis came in contact with and accepted [[Islam]].<ref name="History of OMAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad54|title=History of OMAN|publisher=Historyworld.net|access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="us-state-dept">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35834.htm |title=Oman |date=31 March 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=9 July 2010 |quote=Oman adopted [[Islam]] in the seventh century A.D., during the lifetime of Muhammad.}}</ref> The conversion of Omanis to Islam is ascribed to [[Amr ibn al-As]], who was sent by the prophet [[Muhammad]] during the [[Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)]]. Amer was dispatched to meet with Jaifer and Abd, the sons of Julanda who ruled Oman. They appear to have readily embraced Islam.<ref name=INOE>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00002d British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (44/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 44. QDL.</ref><br />
<br />
===Imamate of Oman===<br />
Omani [[Azd]] used to travel to [[Basra]] for trade, which was a centre of Islam, during the [[Umayyad]] empire. Omani Azd were granted a section of Basra, where they could settle and attend to their needs. Many of the Omani Azd who settled in Basra became wealthy merchants and, under their leader [[Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra|Muhallab bin Abi Sufrah]], started to expand their influence of power eastwards towards [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. [[Ibadhi]] Islam originated in Basra through its founder, [[Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh|Abdullah ibn Ibadh]], around the year 650 CE; the Omani Azd in Iraq would subsequently adopt this as their predominant faith. Later, [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Al-hajjaj]], the governor of Iraq, came into conflict with the Ibadhis, which forced them back to Oman. Among those who returned was the scholar [[Jābir ibn Zayd|Jaber bin Zaid]]. His return (and the return of many other scholars) greatly enhanced the Ibadhi movement in Oman.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/> Alhajjaj also made an attempt to subjugate Oman, then ruled by Suleiman and Said (the sons of Abbad bin Julanda). Alhajjaj dispatched Mujjaah bin Shiwah, who was confronted by Said bin Abbad. This confrontation devastated Said's army, after which he and his forces retreated to the [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdar]] (mountains). Mujjaah and his forces went after Said, successfully flushing them out from hiding in Wadi Mastall. Mujjaah later moved towards the coast, where he confronted Suleiman bin Abbad. The battle was won by Suleiman's forces. Alhajjaj, however, sent another force (under Abdulrahman bin Suleiman); he eventually won the war, taking over the governance of Oman.<ref name=HRIS>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a5 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (164/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 164. QDL.</ref><ref name=HRIS1>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a6 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (165/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 165. QDL.</ref><ref name=HRIS2>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a7 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (166/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 166. QDL.</ref><br />
[[File:Bahla Fort-109699.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Bahla Fort]], a UNESCO World Heritage site, was built between 12th and 15th c. by the [[Nabhani dynasty]].]]<br />
The first elective [[Imamate of Oman]] is believed to have been established shortly after the fall of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Dynasty]] in 750/755 AD, when Janaħ bin ʕibadah Alħinnawi was elected.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/><ref name=FEIH>Hans kruse. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/002088176500700404 Notes and Memoranda of Oman ''Hans kruse''.] Disturbances in Oman: Notes and Memoranda of Oman. Sage Journals. 1 October 1965.</ref> Other scholars claim that Janaħ bin Ibadah served as a [[Wāli]] (governor) under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] dynasty (and later ratified the Imamate), and that Julanda bin Masud was the first elected Imam of Oman, in A.D. 751.<ref name=TFIMOOS>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00002f British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (46/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 46. QDL.</ref><ref name=FROI>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a9 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (168/612)] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 168. QDL.</ref> The first Imamate reached its peak power in the ninth century A.D.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/> The Imamate established a maritime empire whose fleet controlled the Gulf, during a time when trade with the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Dynasty]], the Far East, and Africa flourished.<ref name=OQ>J. C. Wilkinson. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797273?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A6b134b0a9b7cd25d12a24320dde2af3e&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia.] The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia. Pages 361–371. The Geographical Journal. JSTOR. 1971.</ref> The authority of the Imams started to decline due to power struggles, the constant interventions of Abbasid, and the rise of the [[Seljuk Empire]].<ref name=OBG/><ref name=TFIMOOS/><br />
<br />
===Nabhani dynasty===<br />
{{further|Nabhani dynasty}}<br />
During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Omani coast was in the sphere of influence of the [[Seljuk Empire]]. They were expelled in 1154, when the Nabhani dynasty came to power.<ref name=OBG>Uzi Rabi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3rgOk3d8hhoC&pg=PA6 Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur.] Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur.</ref> The Nabhanis ruled as ''muluk'', or kings, while the Imams were reduced to largely symbolic significance. The capital of the dynasty was [[Bahla]].<ref name=RAN>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtSAeuMq-VgC&pg=PA24|title=Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur, 1932–1970|first=Uzi|last=Rabi|date=11 March 2011|publisher=Apollo Books|isbn=9781845194734|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Banu Nabhan controlled the trade in frankincense on the overland route via [[Sohar]] to the Yabrin oasis, and then north to Bahrain, Baghdad and Damascus.<ref name=NABH>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNXdeDu6h9gC&pg=PA78|title=Arab/American: Landscape, Culture, and Cuisine in Two Great Deserts|first=Gary Paul|last=Nabhan|date=11 March 2008|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=9780816526581|via=Google Books}}</ref> The mango-tree was introduced to Oman during the time of Nabhani dynasty, by ElFellah bin Muhsin.<ref name=MIIDN>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000037 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân ''(54/612)''.] History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. British National Archive. Page 54. QDL.</ref><ref name=MIIDN1>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697836.0x000003 British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân ''(202/612)''.] History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. British National Archive. Page 202. QDL.</ref> The Nabhani dynasty started to deteriorate in 1507 when Portuguese colonisers captured the coastal city of [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], and gradually extended their control along the coast up to [[Sohar]] in the north and down to [[Sur, Oman|Sur]] in the southeast.<ref name=THIMAS>Gavin Thomas. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222 The Rough Guide to Oman .] The Rough Guide to Oman.</ref> Other historians argue that the Nabhani dynasty ended earlier in A.D. 1435 when conflicts between the dynasty and Alhinawis arose, which led to the restoration of the elective Imamate.<ref name=MIIDN/><br />
<br />
===Portuguese era===<br />
{{further|Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)|Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)|Battle of the Gulf of Oman}}<br />
[[File:Seydi Ali-Ambush.png|thumb|The [[Portuguese Empire]] ruled [[Muscat|Oman]] for 143 years (1507–1650).]]<br />
<br />
A decade after [[Vasco da Gama]]'s successful voyage around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and to India in 1497–98, the Portuguese arrived in Oman and occupied [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650. In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes, the Portuguese built up and fortified the city, where remnants of their Portuguese architectural style still exist. Later, several more Omani cities were colonized in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, to control the entrances of the [[Persian Gulf]] and trade in the region as part of a web of fortresses in the region, from [[Basra]] to [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]].<br />
<br />
However, in 1552 an [[Ottoman Navy|Ottoman fleet]] briefly [[Capture of Muscat (1552)|captured the fort in Muscat]], during their fight for control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, but soon departed after destroying the surroundings of the fortress.<ref>Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977) ''The Cambridge history of Islam'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0521291364}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Later in the 17th century, using its bases in Oman, Portugal engaged in the [[Battle off Hormuz (1625)|largest naval battle ever fought in the Persian Gulf]]. The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] force fought against a combined armada of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) and [[English East India Company]] support by the Safavid empire. The result of the battle was a draw but it resulted in the loss of Portuguese influence in the Gulf.<ref name=WF>Willem Floor, "Dutch Relations with the Persian Gulf", in Lawrence G. Potter (ed.), ''The Persian Gulf in History'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 240.</ref><br />
<br />
===Yaruba dynasty (1624–1744)===<br />
{{further|Omani Empire}}<br />
[[File:Areas under Omani influence 18th-19th century.svg|thumb|Following the expulsion of the [[Portuguese Empire]], Oman became one of the powers in the western Indian Ocean from 1698 onwards.<ref name=OQCP>Oman Country Profile. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/country-profile-oman Oman Country Profile.] British Library Partnership. Qatar Digital Library. 2014.</ref>]]<br />
The [[Ottoman Empire]] temporarily captured Muscat from the Portuguese again in 1581 and held it until 1588. During the 17th century, the Omanis were reunited by the [[Yaruba dynasty|Yaruba Imams]]. Nasir bin Murshid became the first Yaarubah Imam in 1624, when he was elected in Rustaq.<ref name=ETENT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000039|title='History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856; translated from the original Arabic, and edited with notes, appendices, and an introduction, continuing the history down to 1870, by George Percy Badger, F.R.G.S., late chaplain in the Presidency of Bombay.' [23] (56/612)|date=22 October 2014|website=Qatar Digital Library}}</ref> Imam Nasir and his successor succeeded in the 1650s in expelling the Portuguese from their coastal domains in Oman.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy>Majid Alkhalili. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UAKrCQAAQBAJ&dq=ghaleb+al+hinai&pg=PA23 Majid Alkhalili: ''Oman's Foreign Policy''.] Oman's Foreign Policy: Foundation and Practice. 19 May 2009. Praeger.</ref> The Omanis over time established a maritime empire that pursued the Portuguese and expelled them from all their possessions in East Africa, which were then incorporated into the Omani domains. To capture Zanzibar [[Saif bin Sultan]], the [[Imam]] of Oman, pressed down the [[Swahili Coast]]. A major obstacle to his progress was [[Fort Jesus]], housing the garrison of a Portuguese settlement at [[Mombasa]]. After a two-year siege, the fort fell to Imam Saif bin Sultan in 1698. Saif bin Sultan occupied Bahrain in 1700. The rivalry within the house of Yaruba over power after the death of Imam Sultan in 1718 weakened the dynasty. With the power of the Yaruba Dynasty dwindling, Imam Saif bin Sultan II eventually asked for help against his rivals from [[Nader Shah]] of Persia. A Persian force arrived in March 1737 to aid Saif. From their base at Julfar, the Persian forces eventually rebelled against the Yaruba in 1743. The Persian empire then tried to take possession of the coast of Oman until 1747.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/><ref name=ASOD>Stefan Siebert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222 The Rough Guide to Oman.] The Rough Guide to Oman. 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
===18th and 19th centuries===<br />
[[File:Sultan's Palace, Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Palace Museum, Zanzibar|Sultan's Palace]] in [[Zanzibar]], which was once Oman's capital and residence of its sultans]]<br />
After the Omanis expelled the [[Persians]], Ahmed bin Sa'id Albusaidi became the elected Imam of Oman in 1749, with [[Rustaq]] serving as the capital. Since the revival of the Imamate with the Yaruba dynasty, the Omanis continued with the elective system but, provided that the person is deemed qualified, gave preference to a member of the ruling family.<ref name=HTSHC>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000054 History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (83/612) ''British National Archive''.] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 83. QDL.</ref> Following Imam Ahmed's death in 1783, his son, Said bin Ahmed became the elected Imam. His son, Seyyid Hamed bin Said, overthrew the representative of his father the Imam in Muscat and obtained the possession of Muscat fortress. Hamed ruled as "Seyyid". Afterwards, Seyyid Sultan bin Ahmed, the uncle of Seyyid Hamed, took over power. Seyyid [[Said bin Sultan]] succeeded Sultan bin Ahmed.<ref name=HTSHC1>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000057 History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (86/612).] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 86. QDL.</ref><ref name=HTSHC3>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00005d History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (92/612) ''British National Archive''.] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 92. QDL.</ref> During the entire 19th century, in addition to Imam Said bin Ahmed who retained the title until he died in 1803, [[Azzan bin Qais]] was the only elected Imam of Oman. His rule started in 1868. However, the British refused to accept Imam Azzan as a ruler, as he was viewed as inimical to their interests. This view played an instrumental role in supporting the deposition of Imam Azzan in 1871 by his cousin, Sayyid Turki, a son of the late Sayyid Said bin Sultan, and brother of Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar, who Britain deemed to be more acceptable.<ref name=ABQOLR>Robert Geran Landen. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598849?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents Oman Since 1856: Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society.] Oman Since 1856: Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Pages 581–583. JSTOR. 1970. Vol. 90, No. 4.</ref><br />
<br />
Oman's Imam Sultan, defeated ruler of Muscat, was granted sovereignty over [[Gwadar]], an area of modern-day Pakistan.<ref group=note>In 1783, when Seyyid Said succeeded to the "masnad" of Muscat and Oman (an independent state founded in 1749), he fell out with his brother Imam Sultan, who fled to safety in Makran and entered into communication with Nasir Khan of Kalat. Said was granted the Kalat share of the revenues of Gwadar and lived there until 1797 when he came to rule over Muscat and Oman.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com.pk/weekly/cowas/20050911.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609072245/http://www.dawn.com.pk/weekly/cowas/20050911.htm |archive-date=9 June 2010|title=DAWN – Cowasjee Corner; September 11, 2005 |first=Ardeshir |last=Cowasjee |date=11 September 2005 |publisher=DAWN Group of Newspapers |access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref> After regaining control of Muscat, this sovereignty was continued via an appointed ''[[Wali (administrative title)|wali]]'' ("governor").<br />
<br />
====British de facto colonisation====<br />
The [[British empire]] was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to stifle the growing power of other European states and to curb the Omani maritime power that grew during the 17th century.<ref name=BOR/><ref name=OQ/> The British empire over time, starting from the late 18th century, began to establish a series of treaties with the sultans with the objective of advancing British political and economic interest in Muscat, while granting the sultans military protection.<ref name=OQ/><ref name=BOR>{{cite news|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750|title=A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750|author=Dr Francis Owtram|publisher=QDL|date=11 December 2014}} 2014.</ref> In 1798, the first treaty between the British [[East India Company]] and the Albusaidi dynasty was signed by Sayyid Sultan bin Ahmed. The treaty aimed to block commercial competition of the French and the Dutch as well as obtain a concession to build a British factory at [[Bandar Abbas]].<ref name=HOIOO>Joseph A. Kechichian. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qBVP9IywwCcC&pg=PA29 Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy] Oman and the World: the Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy. RAND. 1995.</ref><ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/><ref name=HTSHC2>Salîl-ibn-Razîk. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00005a History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (89/612)] History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 89. QDL.</ref> A second treaty was signed in 1800, which stipulated that a British representative shall reside at the port of Muscat and manage all external affairs with other states.<ref name=HTSHC2/> As the Omani Empire weakened, the British influence over Muscat grew throughout the nineteenth century.<ref name=OQCP/> <br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 220<br />
| image1 = Muscat Squadron.png<br />
| caption1 = A [[Royal Navy|British naval squadron]] in [[Muscat]]<ref name=BNSIM>Muscat and the Monsoon. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/muscat-and-monsoon British National Archive: Muscat and the Monsoon] British National Archive. QDL.</ref><br />
}}<br />
In 1854, a deed of cession of the Omani [[Kuria Muria]] islands to Britain was signed by the sultan of Muscat and the British government.<ref name=KMITTB>A Collection of Treaties and Engagements. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x000037 British National Archives: ''A Collection of Treaties and Engagements relating to the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in force up to the End of 1953' &#91;26v&#93; (54/92)''.] British National Archives. Page 54. QDL.</ref> The British government achieved predominating control over Muscat, which, for the most part, impeded competition from other nations.<ref name=BPCOM>Historical Summary of Events. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000be British National Archive: Historical Summary of Events 189/222] British National Archive. Page 189. QDL.</ref> Between 1862 and 1892, the Political Residents, [[Lewis Pelly]] and Edward Ross, played an instrumental role in securing British supremacy over the Persian Gulf and Muscat by a system of indirect governance.<ref name=ABQOLR/> By the end of the 19th century, and with the loss of its African dominions and its revenues, British influence increased to the point that the sultans became heavily dependent on British loans and signed declarations to consult the British government on all important matters.<ref name=BOR/><ref name=QDLM>Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000c0 British National Archive: Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History] British National Archive. Page 191. QDL.</ref><ref name=GR/><ref name=HLBB>The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur.[https://www.qdl.qa/en/financial-troubles-said-bin-taimur British National Archive: The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur] British National Archive. QDL.</ref> The Sultanate thus came ''de facto'' under the British sphere.<ref name=GR/><ref name=QoO/><br />
<br />
Zanzibar was a valuable property as the main [[Indian Ocean slave trade|slave market]] of the Swahili Coast as well as being a major producer of cloves, and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire, a fact reflected by the decision of the Sayyid [[Sa'id ibn Sultan|Sa'id bin Sultan]], to make it the capital of the empire in 1837. In 1856, under British arbitration, Zanzibar and Muscat became two different sultanates.<ref name=YDAASD>'E. C. B. MacLaurin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20694640?read-now=1&seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents Oman and the Trucial Coast.] Oman and the Trucial Coast. Pages 65–76. The Australian Quarterly. JSTOR. 1958.</ref><br />
<br />
====Treaty of Seeb====<br />
[[File:Maskat & Oman map.png|thumb|left|The split between the interior region (orange) and the coastal region (red) of Oman and Muscat]]<br />
The [[Hajar Mountains]], of which the [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdar]] is a part, separate the country into two distinct regions: the interior, and the coastal area dominated by the capital, Muscat.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The British imperial development over Muscat and Oman during the 19th century led to the renewed revival of the cause of the Imamate in the interior of Oman, which has appeared in cycles for more than 1,200 years in Oman.<ref name=OQ/> The British Political Agent, who resided in Muscat, owed the alienation of the interior of Oman to the vast influence of the British government over Muscat, which he described as being completely self-interested and without any regard to the social and political conditions of the locals.<ref name=Conditions>Muscat State Affairs. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000015 British National Archive: File 8/67 Muscat State Affairs: Muscat– Oman Treaty] British National Archive. File 8/67. Page 20. QDL.</ref> In 1913, Imam Salim Alkharusi instigated an anti-Muscat rebellion that lasted until 1920 when the Sultanate established peace with the Imamate by signing the [[Treaty of Seeb]]. The treaty was brokered by Britain, which had no economic interest in the interior of Oman during that point of time. The treaty granted autonomous rule to the Imamate in the interior of Oman and recognized the sovereignty of the coast of Oman, the [[Muscat and Oman|Sultanate of Muscat]].<ref name=BOR/><ref name="smallwars">{{cite web|title=Jebel Akhdar |publisher=Britain's Small Wars |access-date=10 April 2012 |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/SAS/JebelAkhdar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917071704/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/SAS/JebelAkhdar.html |archive-date=17 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name=TOSNT>Muscat Rising. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000033 British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920] British National Archive. QDL.</ref><ref name=OAOI>Oman profile – Timeline. {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14654492|title=BBC Middle East: Oman profile – Timeline (25 April 2018)|work=BBC News|date=25 April 2018}} 25 April 2018.</ref> In 1920, Imam Salim Alkharusi died and Muhammad Alkhalili was elected.<ref name=OmanForeignPolicy/><br />
<br />
On 10 January 1923, an agreement between the Sultanate and the British government was signed in which the Sultanate had to consult with the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] residing in Muscat and obtain the approval of the [[British Raj|High Government of India]] to extract oil in the Sultanate.<ref name=agreement>Undertaking by Sultan Taimur Regarding Oil. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x00003d ''Undertaking by Sultan Taimur Regarding Oil''.] British National Archives. Page 60. QDL.</ref> On 31 July 1928, the [[Red Line Agreement]] was signed between Anglo-Persian Company (later renamed British Petroleum), Royal Dutch/Shell, Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later renamed Total), Near East Development Corporation (later renamed ExxonMobil) and Calouste Gulbenkian (an Armenian businessman) to collectively produce oil in the post-[[Ottoman Empire]] region, which included the Arabian peninsula, with each of the four major companies holding 23.75 percent of the shares while [[Calouste Gulbenkian]] held the remaining 5 percent shares. The agreement stipulated that none of the signatories was allowed to pursue the establishment of oil concessions within the agreed on area without including all other stakeholders. In 1929, the members of the agreement established [[Iraq Petroleum Company]] (IPC).<ref name=RLA>The 1928 Red Line Agreement. [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line United States Office of the Historian: The 1928 Red Line Agreement] United States Office of the Historian.</ref> On 13 November 1931, Sultan Taimur bin Faisal abdicated.<ref name=AOST>Muscat Rising. [http://qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000bf British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920] British National Archive. Page 190. QDL.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970) ===<br />
[[File:Said bin Taimur (cropped).png|thumb|right|upright|Sultan [[Said bin Taimur]] ruled from 1932 to 1970.]]<br />
Said bin Taimur became the sultan of Muscat officially on 10 February 1932. The rule of sultan [[Said bin Taimur]], a very complex character, was backed by the British government, and has been characterised as being [[feudal]], [[reactionary]] and isolationist.<ref name=OAOI/><ref name=OQ/><ref name=GR/><ref name=BA/> The British government maintained vast administrative control over the Sultanate as the defence secretary and chief of intelligence, chief adviser to the sultan and all ministers except for two were British.<ref name=GR>Ian Cobain. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman The Guardian: Britain's secret wars] Britain's Secret Wars. ''The Guardian''. 8 September 2016.</ref><ref name=Halliday>Fred Halliday. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYhBQAAQBAJ&dq=Fred%20Halliday%20arabia&pg=PT19 Arabia by Fred Halliday] Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula. Saqi Books. University of California. published 1974.</ref> In 1937, an agreement between the sultan and [[Iraq Petroleum Company]] (IPC), a consortium of oil companies that was 23.75% British owned, was signed to grant oil concessions to IPC. After failing to discover oil in the Sultanate, IPC was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near [[Fahud]], an area located within the Imamate. IPC offered financial support to the sultan to raise an armed force against any potential resistance by the Imamate.<ref name=OmansInsurgencies>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=moff+oman&pg=PT59|title=Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy|first=J. E.|last=Peterson|date=2 January 2013|publisher=Saqi|access-date=29 April 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780863567025}}</ref><ref name=FTWAO>Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf. {{cite web|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415996.0x000009|title=British National Archive: Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf (208/222)|publisher=QDL|date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723150646/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415996.0x000009|archive-date=23 July 2019}} British National Archive. Page 208.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1955, the [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] coastal [[Makran]] strip acceded to Pakistan and was made a district of its [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan province]], while [[Gwadar]] remained in Oman. On 8 September 1958, Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for [[United States dollar|US$]]3&nbsp;million.<ref group=note>Gwadar remained an Omani possession as part of the Sultanate until September 1958</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm |title=International trade networks: The Omani Enclave of Gwadar – Conference on German and International Research on Oman, Bonn 1998: abstracts |author=Nicolin, Beatrice |date=25 May 1998 |publisher=Conference on German and International Research on Oman |location=Bonn |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104031644/http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm |archive-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> Gwadar then became a [[tehsil]] in the Makran district.<br />
<br />
====Jebel Akhdar War====<br />
{{further|Jebel Akhdar War}}<br />
[[File:British RAF attacking Nizwa Fort.png|thumb|left|[[Nizwa Fort]] attacked by [[British Royal Air Force]] strike aircraft during [[Jebel Akhdar War]]]]<br />
Sultan Said bin Taimur expressed his interest in occupying the Imamate right after the death of Imam Alkhalili, thus taking advantage of any potential instability that might occur within the Imamate when elections were due, to the British government.<ref name=Planning>Muscat State Affairs. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x000046 A.C.Gallowey: ''File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman' &#91;35r&#93; (69/296)''.] Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman. British National Archive. Page 69. QDL.</ref> The British political agent in Muscat believed that the only method of gaining access to the oil reserves in the interior was by assisting the sultan in taking over the Imamate.<ref name=idea2>Muscat State Affairs. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x00009a British Consulate Muscat: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman.] British National Archive. File 8/62. Page 153. 25 May 1946. QDL.</ref> In 1946, the British government offered arms and ammunition, auxiliary supplies and officers to prepare the sultan to attack the interior of Oman.<ref name=RAFint>Muscat State Affairs. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776092.0x00005c The Foreign Office London: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman &#91;146r&#93; (291/296).] British National Archive. Page 291. QDL.</ref> In May 1954, Imam Alkhalili died and [[Ghalib Alhinai]] was elected Imam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=John E.|title=Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA182|publisher=Croom Helm|page=182|isbn=9780856646294|year=1978}}</ref> Relations between the Sultan Said bin Taimur, and Imam Ghalib Alhinai frayed over their dispute about oil concessions.<br />
<br />
In December 1955, Sultan Said bin Taimur sent troops of the Muscat and Oman Field Force to occupy the main centres in Oman, including [[Nizwa]], the capital of the Imamate of Oman, and [[Ibri]].<ref name="smallwars"/><ref name=owaosa>Liquid Oman: oil, water, and causality in Southern Arabia. [https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9655.12398 Liquid Oman: oil, water, and causality in Southern Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117111638/https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9655.12398 |date=17 January 2023 }} Royal Anthropological Institute. P. 147–162. 2016. City University of New York.</ref> The Omanis in the interior led by Imam Ghalib Alhinai, Talib Alhinai, the brother of the Imam and the Wali (governor) of Rustaq, and Suleiman bin Hamyar, who was the Wali (governor) of Jebel Akhdar, defended the Imamate in the [[Jebel Akhdar War]] against British-backed attacks by the Sultanate. In July 1957, the Sultan's forces were withdrawing, but they were repeatedly ambushed, sustaining heavy casualties.<ref name="smallwars"/> Sultan Said, however, with the intervention of British infantry (two companies of the [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|Cameronians]]), armoured car detachments from the British Army and [[RAF]] aircraft, was able to suppress the rebellion.<ref name=secretops>{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Mike|title=Secret Operations of the Sas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8fiduMeiYAC&pg=PA68|publisher=Zenith Imprint|pages=68–70|year=2003|isbn=9780760314142}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Imamate's forces retreated to the inaccessible [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdar]].<ref name=secretops/><ref name=OmansInsurgencies/><br />
<br />
Colonel [[David Smiley]], who had been seconded to organise the Sultan's Armed Forces, managed to isolate the mountain in autumn 1958 and found a route to the plateau from Wadi Bani Kharus.<ref name=modernhistoryowtram/> On 4 August 1957, the British Foreign Secretary gave the approval to carry out air strikes without prior warning to the locals residing in the interior of Oman.<ref name=BA/> Between July and December 1958, the British RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman targeting insurgents, mountain top villages, water channels and crops.<ref name=GR/><ref name=BA>Mark Curtis. [http://markcurtis.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pro.Oman-1957-9.-Declassified.pdf British National Archives.] Oman 1957-9. British National Archives. 2017.</ref> On 27 January 1959, the Sultanate's forces occupied the mountain in a surprise operation.<ref name=modernhistoryowtram/> Imam Ghalib, his brother Talib and Sulaiman managed to escape to [[Saudi Arabia]], where the Imamate's cause was promoted until the 1970s.<ref name=modernhistoryowtram>{{cite book|last=Owtram|first=Francis|title=A Modern History of Oman: Formation of the State since 1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41h0bXfVtfYC&pg=PA106|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=106|year=2004|isbn=9781860646171}}</ref> The exiled partisans of the now abolished Imamate of Oman presented the case of Oman to the [[Arab League]] and the United Nations.<ref name=LastImam>The Last Imam of Oman. [http://archive.arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/12/1/imam.oman/index.html CNN Arabic: وفاة آخر أئمة عُمان في منفاه السياسي بالسعودية] CNN Arabic News. 1 December 2009. Muscat, Oman.</ref><ref name=theNYTimes>10 Arab States Ask U.N. Debate On Oman. [https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/01/archives/10-arab-states-ask-un-debate-on-oman.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FOman The New York Times. 01 October 1960.] ''The New York Times''.</ref> On 11 December 1963, the UN General Assembly decided to establish an Ad-Hoc Committee on Oman to study the 'Question of Oman' and report back to the General Assembly.<ref name=Ad-Hoc>Question of Oman. [https://search.archives.un.org/uploads/r/united-nations-archives/0/9/5/0958bfcb1caaade73cd80426845d3d2743e4225cf8a9476b5783f22427ca28ec/S-0884-0014-13-00001.pdf United Nations Archives.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818110603/https://search.archives.un.org/uploads/r/united-nations-archives/0/9/5/0958bfcb1caaade73cd80426845d3d2743e4225cf8a9476b5783f22427ca28ec/S-0884-0014-13-00001.pdf |date=18 August 2021 }} United Nations Archives.</ref> The UN General Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all repressive action against the locals, end British control over Oman and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to self-determination and independence.<ref name=firstResAd>20th Session Adopted Resolutions. [https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/20 United Nations: ''20th Session Adopted Resolutions''.] United Nations. 20 September – 20 December 1965.</ref><ref name=firstresolutiondetails>2073 Question of Oman. [https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2073(XX) United Nations: ''2073 Question of Oman''.] United Nations. 17 December 1965.</ref><ref name=QoO>2302 Question of Oman. [https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2302(XXII) United Nations: ''2302 Question of Oman''.] United Nations. 12 December 1967.</ref><ref name=ResAd>22nd Session Adopted Resolutions. [https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/22 United Nations: ''22nd Session Adopted Resolutions''.] United Nations. 19 September – 19 December 1967.</ref><ref name=UN1966>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1966/112.pdf|title=UN 2238 Question of Oman Resolution (1966)|author=UN General Assembly|publisher=worldlii}}</ref><ref name=UN1966resolutions>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1966/|title=UN Adopted Resolutions (1966)|author=UN General Assembly|publisher=worldlii}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Dhofar Rebellion====<br />
{{further|Dhofar Rebellion}}<br />
Oil reserves in [[Dhofar]] were discovered in 1964 and extraction began in 1967. In the [[Dhofar Rebellion]], which began in 1965, pro-Soviet forces were pitted against government troops. As the rebellion threatened the Sultan's control of Dhofar, Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a [[1970 Omani coup d'état|bloodless coup (1970)]] by his son [[Qaboos bin Said]], who expanded the [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces]], modernised the state's administration and introduced social reforms. The uprising was finally put down in 1975 with the help of forces from Jordan, Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=الجيش العربي يساهم بإخماد ثورة ظفار في سلطنة عمان |url=http://jnk9c.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=61 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=jnk9c.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iran, Pakistan and the British [[Royal Air Force]], army and [[Special Air Service]].<br />
<br />
===Modern history (1970&ndash;present)===<br />
[[File:Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said]], whose reign saw a rise in living standards and development, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution]]<br />
After deposing his father in 1970, [[Sultan Qaboos]] opened up the country, embarked on economic reforms, and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health, education and welfare.<ref name=econhrot>{{cite news|title=Happy and rich in an Omani toytown|url=http://www.economist.com/node/354276?zid=308&ah=e21d923f9b263c5548d5615da3d30f4d|newspaper=The Economist|date=31 August 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121042946/https://www.economist.com/international/2000/08/31/happy-and-rich-in-an-omani-toytown?zid=308&ah=e21d923f9b263c5548d5615da3d30f4d|archive-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> Saudi Arabia invested in the development of the Omani education system, sending Saudi teachers on its own expense.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الفالح |first=عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله |title=كنت طالبا في عمان |publisher=دار الثلوثية |year=2021 |isbn=9786030362981 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بعد 38 عاماً.. طلاب من سلطنة عمان يزورون معلمهم في السعودية |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170116/ln57.htm |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Indian Ocean slave trade|Slavery]], once a cornerstone of the country's trade and development, was outlawed in 1970.<ref name="plackett">{{cite web | url= http://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2017/03/omani-music-masks-unpleasant-past/ | title=Omani Music Masks A Slave Trading Past|author = Benjamin Plackett |date = 30 March 2017 | publisher = Al-Fanar Media| access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1981, Oman became a founding member of the six-nation [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]. Political reforms were eventually introduced. In 1997, a royal decree was issued granting women the right to vote, and stand for election to the Majlis al-Shura, the [[Consultative Assembly of Oman]]. Two women were duly elected to the body. In 2002, voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 21, and the first elections to the Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2003. In 2004, the Sultan appointed Oman's first female minister with portfolio, [[Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel|Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al-Sayabiyah]], to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2818553.stm|title=Oman appoints first female minister|website=BBC News|date=4 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917115643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2818553.stm|archive-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> Despite these changes, there was little change to the actual political makeup of the government. The Sultan continued to rule by decree. Nearly 100 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2005 and 31 people were convicted of trying to overthrow the government. They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><br />
<br />
Inspired by the [[Arab Spring]] uprisings that were taking place throughout the region, [[2011 Omani protests|protests occurred in Oman]] during the early months of 2011. While they did not call for the ousting of the regime, demonstrators demanded political reforms, improved living conditions and the creation of more jobs. They were dispersed by riot police in February 2011. Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits. In October 2011, elections were held to the Consultative Assembly, to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers. The following year, the government began a crackdown on internet criticism. In September 2012, trials began of 'activists' accused of posting "abusive and provocative" criticism of the government online. Six were given jail terms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654492 |title=Oman profile – Timeline |work=BBC News |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510071946/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654492|archive-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Qaboos, the Arab world's longest-serving ruler, died on 10 January 2020.<ref name = BBC>{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476|title= Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79|date = 11 January 2020|access-date = 10 January 2020|work = [[BBC News]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200405082103/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476|archive-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref> On 11 January 2020, Qaboos was succeeded by his first cousin Sultan [[Haitham bin Tariq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1611351/middle-east|title=Haitham bin Tariq appointed new ruler of Oman|website=Arab News|date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113223453/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1611351/middle-east|archive-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Oman}}[[File:Wadi Shab (6).jpg|upright|thumb|left|Wadi Shab]]<br />
Oman lies between latitudes [[16th parallel north|16°]] and [[28th parallel north|28°&nbsp;N]], and longitudes [[52nd meridian east|52°]] and [[60th meridian east|60°&nbsp;E]]. A gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman, with mountain ranges along the north ([[Hajar Mountains|Al-Hajar]]) and southeast coast ([[Dhofar Mountains|Qara or Dhofar Mountains]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.kpn.nl/~lilian_schreurs/GeologyOman/Geography.htm|title=Oman Geography 2007|website=home.kpn.nl|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925214427/http://home.kpn.nl/~lilian_schreurs/GeologyOman/Geography.htm|archive-date=25 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenextchallenge.org/dhofar-mountains-oman/|title=Expedition Report: Dhofar Mountains Oman|date=30 April 2011|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010160746/http://thenextchallenge.org/dhofar-mountains-oman/|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> where the country's main cities are located: the capital city [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sohar]] and [[Sur, Oman|Sur]] in the north, and [[Salalah]] in the south and Musandam. Oman's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast.<br />
[[File:Oman-Oasis.jpg|thumb|An [[oasis]] in Oman]]<br />
<br />
The peninsula of [[Musandam Peninsula|Musandam]] (Musandem), strategically located on the [[Strait of Hormuz]], is an [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] separated from the rest of Oman by [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="jkrogh">{{cite web|first=Jan S.|last=Krogh|title=Oman|url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/oman.htm|publisher=jankrogh.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504144207/http://geosite.jankrogh.com/oman.htm|archive-date=4 May 2019}}</ref> The series of towns known collectively as [[Dibba]] are the gateway to the Musandam peninsula on land and the fishing villages of Musandam by sea.<br />
[[File:SurOman.jpg|thumb|The coast of [[Sur, Oman]]]]<br />
[[Madha]], another exclave, is an enclave within UAE territory located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the main body of Oman.<ref name="jkrogh"/> Madha, part of the Musandam governorate, covers approximately {{convert|75|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. Madha's boundary was settled in 1969, with the north-east corner of Madha barely {{convert|10|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} from the [[Fujairah]] road. Within the Madha exclave is a UAE [[enclave and exclave|enclave]] called [[Nahwa]], belonging to the [[Emirate of Sharjah]], situated about {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the town of New Madha, and consisting of about forty houses with a clinic and telephone exchange.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/nahwa.htm|title=Nahwa – United Arab Emirates|website=geosite.jankrogh.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509075149/http://geosite.jankrogh.com/nahwa.htm|archive-date=9 May 2019}}</ref><br />
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The central desert of Oman is a source of [[meteorites]] for scientific analysis.<ref>4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern 2006. Meteorite accumulation surfaces in Oman: Main results of. Omani-Swiss meteorite search campaigns, 2001–2006. by Beda Hofmann et al.</ref><br />
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===Climate===<br />
{{main|Climate of Oman}}<br />
Like the rest of the Persian Gulf, Oman generally has one of the hottest climates in the world—with summer temperatures in Muscat and northern Oman averaging {{convert|30|to|40|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-muscat-seeb-oman-asia/|title=Muscat (Seeb) Climate – Climate of Muscat (Seeb) Oman {{!}} World Climates|website=www.world-climates.com|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407184445/http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-muscat-seeb-oman-asia/|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Oman receives [[Geography of Oman|little rainfall]], with annual rainfall in Muscat averaging {{convert|100|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, occurring mostly in January. In the south, the [[Dhofar]] Mountains area near Salalah has a tropical-like climate and receives seasonal rainfall from late June to late September as a result of monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean, leaving the summer air saturated with cool moisture and heavy fog.<ref name=faopasture>{{cite web|title=Oman—Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/oman/oman.htm|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=28 January 2013|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103114/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/oman/oman.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Summer temperatures in [[Salalah]] range from {{convert|20|to|30|°C|°F|1}}—relatively cool compared to northern Oman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-salalah-oman-asia/|title=Salalah Climate – Climate of Salalah Oman {{!}} World Climates|website=www.world-climates.com|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809022402/http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-salalah-oman-asia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The mountain areas receive more rainfall, and annual rainfall on the higher parts of the [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jabal Akhdar]] probably exceeds {{convert|400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=bbcweather>{{cite news|title=Weather—Oman|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/hi/country_guides/newsid_9384000/9384206.stm|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Low temperatures in the mountainous areas leads to snow cover once every few years.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/snow-blankets-oman-s-mountains-as-temperatures-drop-1.1291760 Snow blankets Oman's mountains as temperatures drop]. ''Gulf News'' (16 February 2014). Retrieved 20 April 2014.</ref> Some parts of the coast, particularly near the island of [[Masirah]], sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year. The climate is generally very hot, with temperatures reaching around {{convert|54|°C|°F|1|abbr=}} (peak) in the hot season, from May to September.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Philip's encyclopedia|publisher=Philip's|year=2008|location=London, UK|via=Credo Reference}}</ref> Drought and limited rainfall contribute to shortages in the nation's water supply. Maintaining an adequate supply of water for agricultural and domestic use is one of Oman's most pressing environmental problems, with limited renewable [[water resources]].<br />
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On 26 June 2018 the city of [[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] set the record for highest minimum temperature in a 24-hour period, 42.6&nbsp;°C (108.7&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/hottest-low-temperature-quriyat-oman-wxc/index.html|title=Quriyat in Oman breaks world temperature record|publisher=CNN|year=2018}}</ref><br />
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In terms of climate action, major challenges remain to be solved, per the United Nations Sustainable Development 2019 index. The {{CO2}} emissions from energy (t{{CO2}}/capita) and {{CO2}} emissions embodied in fossil fuel exports (kg per capita) rates are very high, while imported {{CO2}} emissions (t{{CO2}}/capita) and people affected by climate-related disasters (per 100,000 people) rates are low.<ref name=UNSD3/><br />
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===Biodiversity{{anchor|Flora_and_fauna}}===<br />
{{see also|Wildlife of Oman}}<br />
[[File:Nakhalfarms.jpg|thumb|Nakhal palm tree farms in Oman's [[Al Batinah Region|Batina Region]]]]<br />
[[File:The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif|thumb|Non-migratory Arabian Sea [[humpback whales]] off [[Dhofar]]]]<br />
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[[Desert shrub]] and desert grass, common to southern Arabia, are found in Oman, but vegetation is sparse in the interior plateau, which is largely [[gravel]] desert. The greater monsoon rainfall in Dhofar and the mountains makes the growth there more luxuriant during summer; [[coconut palm]]s grow plentifully on the coastal plains of Dhofar and [[frankincense]] is produced in the hills, with abundant [[oleander]] and varieties of [[acacia]]. The Hajar Mountains are a distinct [[ecoregion]], the highest points in eastern Arabia with [[wildlife]] including the [[Arabian tahr]].<br />
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[[Indigenous (ecology)|Indigenous]] [[mammal]]s include the [[leopard]], [[hyena]], [[fox]], [[wolf]], [[hare]], [[oryx]] and [[ibex]]. Birds include the vulture, eagle, stork, bustard, [[Arabian partridge]], [[Bee-eater|bee eater]], falcon and sunbird. In 2001, Oman had nine endangered species of mammals, five endangered types of birds,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/results?cty=160&hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&rec=N&rlEN=Y&vag=N&so=rl|access-date=11 August 2021|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> and nineteen threatened [[plant species]]. [[Decree]]<nowiki/>s have been passed to protect endangered species, including the [[Arabian leopard]], [[Arabian oryx]], [[mountain gazelle]], [[goitered gazelle]], [[Arabian tahr]], [[green sea turtle]], [[hawksbill turtle]] and [[olive ridley turtle]]. However, the [[Arabian Oryx Sanctuary]] is the first site ever to be deleted from [[UNESCO]]'s World Heritage List, following the government's 2007 decision to reduce the site's area by 90% to clear the way for oil prospectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/362 |title=UNESCO World Heritage Center – Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref><br />
[[File:Osprey yiti.jpg|thumb|upright|Osprey in Yiti Beach, Oman]]<br />
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Local and national entities have noted unethical treatment of animals in Oman. In particular, stray dogs (and to a lesser extent, stray cats) are often the victims of torture, abuse or neglect.<ref>[http://www.y-oman.com/2013/06/animal-tragedy Animal Tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091646/https://www.y-oman.com/2013/06/animal-tragedy/ |date=29 May 2016 }}. y-oman.com. 27 June 2013.</ref> The only approved method of decreasing the stray dog population is shooting by police officers. The Oman government has refused to implement a spay and neuter programme or create any animal shelters in the country. Cats, while seen as more acceptable than dogs, are viewed as pests and frequently die of starvation or illness.<ref>Macdonald, Sarah (22 March 2014) [http://www.timesofoman.com/News/31423/Article-Strays-on-streets-a-growing-issue-for-Oman Strays on streets a growing issue for Oman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112124040/http://www.timesofoman.com/News/31423/Article-Strays-on-streets-a-growing-issue-for-Oman |date=12 January 2015 }}. ''Times of Oman''</ref><ref>[https://www.y-oman.com/2013/11/captive-creatures/ Captive Creatures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630003504/https://www.y-oman.com/2013/11/captive-creatures/ |date=30 June 2016 }}. y-oman.com. 21 November 2013</ref><br />
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In recent years, Oman has become one of the newer hot spots for [[whale watching]], highlighting the critically endangered Arabian [[humpback whale]], [[sperm whale]]s and [[pygmy blue whale]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/whales/oman-whales_dolphins.html#cr|title=Whales and dolphins of Oman – Dolphins, Humpbacks and Blue whales!|first=Powell|last=Ettinger}}</ref><br />
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== Politics ==<br />
{{main|Politics of Oman|Human rights in Oman}}<br />
[[File:Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG|thumb|left|The Sultan's [[Al Alam Palace]] in Old Muscat]]<br />
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Oman is a [[unitary state]] and an [[absolute monarchy]],<ref name=Oman-abs>{{cite news|title=Q&A: Elections to Oman's Consultative Council|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15288960|work=BBC News}}</ref> in which all legislative, executive and judiciary power ultimately rests in the hands of the hereditary Sultan. Consequently, [[Freedom House]] has routinely rated the country "Not Free".<ref>{{cite web|title=Oman|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/country/oman|work=Freedom House|access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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The sultan is the head of state and directly controls the foreign affairs and defence portfolios.<ref>{{cite web|title=OMAN Majles A'Shura (Consultative Council)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2378_E.htm|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> He has absolute power and issues [[Rule by decree|laws by decree]].<ref name=fh12>{{cite web|title=Oman|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/oman|work=Freedom in the World 2012|publisher=Freedom House|date=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=econwut>{{cite news|title=Waking up too|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21557354|newspaper=The Economist|date=23 June 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Legal system===<br />
Oman is an [[absolute monarchy]], with the Sultan's word having the force of law. The judiciary branch is subordinate to the Sultan. According to Oman's constitution, [[Sharia law]] is one of the sources of legislation. Sharia court departments within the civil court system are responsible for family-law matters, such as divorce and inheritance.<br />
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While ultimate power is concentrated in the Sultan,<ref name="rule" /> and Oman does not have an official [[separation of powers]]<ref name=rule>{{cite web|title=Country Report: Oman|url=http://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/OMN/|year=2016|publisher=BTI Project|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312141230/https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/OMN/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the late Sultan Qaboos declined to grant the full title Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance to the ministers exercising those responsibilities, preferring to keep them within the Royal Domain. The current Sultan Haitham has granted the ministers responsible of those portfolios the full titles, whilst elevating the defense portfolio to that of a deputy prime minister.<ref name="rule"/> Since 1970 all legislation has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law.<ref name="rule"/> The Sultan appoints the ministers, the judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences.<ref name="rule"/> The Sultan's authority is inviolable and the Sultan expects total subordination to his will.<ref name="rule"/><br />
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The administration of justice is highly personalized, with limited due process protections, especially in political and security-related cases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stork|first=Joe|title=Human rights in the smaller Persian Gulf states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and UAE|date=19 December 2012|url=http://www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Middle-East-and-North-Africa/The-Gulf/Publications/Human-rights-in-the-smaller-Gulf-states-Bahrain-Kuwait-Oman-Qatar-and-UAE|work=NOREF|access-date=18 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308194615/http://www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Middle-East-and-North-Africa/The-Gulf/Publications/Human-rights-in-the-smaller-Gulf-states-Bahrain-Kuwait-Oman-Qatar-and-UAE|archive-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> The [[Basic Statute of Oman|Basic Statute of the State]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Statute of the State |url=http://mola.gov.om/Nen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723131521/http://mola.gov.om/Nen.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Royal Decree 101/96 |publisher=[[Ministry of Legal Affairs]] |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> is supposedly the cornerstone of the Omani legal system and it operates as a constitution for the country. The Basic Statute was issued in 1996 and thus far has only been amended twice: in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amendment to Some of the Provisions of the Basic Statute of the State |url=http://www.mola.gov.om/maraseem/948/99-2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012153/http://www.mola.gov.om/maraseem/948/99-2011.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2013 |work=Royal Decree 99/2011 |publisher=Ministry of Legal Affairs}}</ref> in response to [[2011 Omani protests|protests]]; and in 2021, to create the position of [[Crown Prince of Oman]].<br />
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Though Oman's legal code theoretically protects civil liberties and personal freedoms, both are regularly ignored by the regime.<ref name="rule"/> Women and children face legal discrimination in many areas.<ref name="rule"/> Women are excluded from certain state benefits, such as housing loans, and are refused equal rights under the personal status law.<ref name="rule"/> Women also experience restrictions on their self-determination in respect to health and reproductive rights.<ref name="rule"/><br />
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The Omani legislature is the bicameral [[Council of Oman]], consisting of an upper chamber, the [[Council of State (Oman)|Council of State]] (Majlis ad-Dawlah) and a lower chamber, the [[Consultative Assembly of Oman|Consultative Council]] (Majlis ash-Shoura).<ref name=arparl/> Political parties are banned, as are any affiliations based on religion.<ref name=econwut/> The upper chamber has 71 members, appointed by the Sultan from among prominent Omanis; it has only advisory powers.<ref name=cialegbr>{{cite web|title=Legislative Branch|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2101.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003906/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2101.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|work=The World Factbook}}</ref> The 84 members of the Consultative Council are elected by universal suffrage to serve four-year terms.<ref name=cialegbr/> The members are appointed for three-year terms, which may be renewed once.<ref name=arparl>{{cite web|title=Country Profiles (Legislature) – Oman|url=http://www.arabparliaments.org/countries/country.aspx?cid=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605011017/http://www.arabparliaments.org/countries/country.aspx?cid=13|archive-date=5 June 2012|publisher=Arab Parliaments}}</ref> The last elections were held on [[2019 Omani general election|27 October 2019]], and the next is due in October 2023. Oman's national anthem, ''[[As-Salam as-Sultani]]'' is dedicated to former Sultan Qaboos.<br />
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===Foreign policy===<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of Oman}}<br />
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757).jpg|thumb|Sultan [[Haitham bin Tariq]] with US secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]], February 2020]]<br />
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Since 1970, Oman has pursued a moderate foreign policy, and has expanded its diplomatic relations dramatically. Oman is among the very few Arab countries that have maintained friendly ties with [[Iran]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/ |title=Oman|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB2501/index1.html |title=Oman: A Unique Foreign Policy |publisher=RAND |access-date=29 October 2011|year=1995 |last1=Kechichian |first1=Joseph A. }}</ref> [[Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah]] is the Sultanate's Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs.<br />
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Oman allowed the British [[Royal Navy]] and [[Indian Navy]] access to the port facilities of [[Al Duqm Port & Drydock]].<ref name="ie">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-gets-access-to-strategic-oman-port-for-military-use-chabahar-gwadar-in-sight-5061573/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |title=India gets access to strategic Oman port Duqm for military use, Chabahar-Gwadar in sight |first=Shubhajit |last=Roy |date=13 February 2018}}</ref><br />
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=== Military ===<br />
{{main|Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces}}<br />
[[File:Portsmouth korvet Al-Shamikh Oman 18-10-2011 15-15-51.png|thumb|[[Royal Navy of Oman]] [[Khareef-class corvette]], Al-Shamikh]]<br />
[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]]'s estimation of Oman's military and security expenditure as a percentage of GDP in 2020 was 11 percent, making it the world's highest rate in that year, higher than [[Saudi Arabia]] (8.4 percent).<ref>[https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex According to SIPRI] | [https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRI-Milex-data-1949-2020_0.xlsx Excel Spreadsheet]</ref> Oman's on-average military spending as a percentage of GDP between 2016 and 2018 was around 10 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 2.2 percent.<ref name=WBMS>Oman's Military Expenditures. [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=OM-1W Oman's military expenditures WB] The World Bank. Retrieved 2019.</ref><br />
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Oman's military manpower totalled 44,100 in 2006, including 25,000 men in the army, 4,200 sailors in the navy, and an air force with 4,100 personnel. The [[Royal Household]] maintained 5,000 Guards, 1,000 in Special Forces, 150 sailors in the Royal Yacht fleet, and 250 pilots and ground personnel in the Royal Flight squadrons. Oman also maintains a modestly sized paramilitary force of 4,400 men.<ref name=cordesman>{{cite web|title=The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060728_gulf_oman.pdf|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|author1=Anthony H. Cordesman|author2=Khalid R. Al-Rodhan|date=28 June 2006|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517100443/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060728_gulf_oman.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The [[Royal Army of Oman]] had 25,000 active personnel in 2006, plus a small contingent of Royal Household troops. Despite a comparative large military spending, it has been relatively slow to modernise its forces. Oman has a relatively limited number of tanks, including 6 [[M60A1]], 73 [[M60A3]] and 38 [[Challenger 2]] main battle tanks, as well as 37 aging [[FV101 Scorpion|Scorpion]] light tanks.<ref name=cordesman/><br />
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The [[Royal Air Force of Oman]] has approximately 4,100 men, with 36 combat aircraft and no armed helicopters. Combat aircraft include 20 aging [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]], 12 [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk]] Mk 203s, 4 Hawk Mk 103s and 12 [[PC-9]] turboprop trainers with a limited combat capability. It has one squadron of 12 [[F-16]]C/D aircraft. Oman also has 4 [[FFA AS-202 Bravo|A202-18 Bravos]] and 8 [[PAC MFI-17 Mushshak|MFI-17B Mushshaqs]].<ref name=cordesman/><br />
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The [[Royal Navy of Oman]] had 4,200 men in 2000, and is headquartered at [[Seeb]]. It has bases at Ahwi, Ghanam Island, [[Mussandam]] and [[Salalah]]. In 2006, Oman had ten surface combat vessels. These included two 1,450-ton [[Qahir-class corvette|''Qahir'' class]] [[corvette]]s, and eight ocean-going [[patrol boat]]s. The Omani Navy had one 2,500-ton [[Nasr al Bahr (L2)|''Nasr al Bahr'' class]] LSL (240 troops, 7 tanks) with a helicopter deck. Oman also had at least four [[landing craft]].<ref name=cordesman/> Oman ordered three [[Khareef-class corvette|''Khareef'' class]] corvettes from the [[VT Group]] for £400&nbsp;million in 2007. They were built at [[Portsmouth]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Testing times for corvette|url=http://www.maritimephotographic.co.uk/blog/testing-times-for-corvette/|publisher=Maritime Photographic|date=15 March 2012|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013091037/http://www.maritimephotographic.co.uk/blog/testing-times-for-corvette/|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010 Oman spent US$4.074&nbsp;billion on military expenditures, 8.5% [[List of countries by military expenditure share of GDP|of the gross domestic product]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://milexdata.sipri.org |title=The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328072123/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> The sultanate has a long history of association with the British military and defence industry.<ref>{{cite news|title=A balancing act|url=http://www.economist.com/node/14442346?zid=308&ah=e21d923f9b263c5548d5615da3d30f4d|newspaper=The Economist|date=15 September 2009}}</ref> According to [[SIPRI]], Oman was the 23rd largest arms importer from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php|title=TOP LIST TIV TABLES|work=SIPRI}}</ref><br />
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===Human rights===<br />
{{Main|Human rights in Oman}}<br />
{{See also|LGBT rights in Oman}}<br />
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Torture methods in use in Oman include [[mock execution]], beating, [[hooding]], solitary confinement, subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise, abuse and humiliation.<ref name="torture">{{cite web|url = http://www.gc4hr.org/report/view/20|title = Torture in Oman|year = 2014|publisher = Gulf Center for Human Rights|access-date = 29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=prev>{{cite web|url=http://www.gc4hr.org/news/view/579|title=Torture in Oman|quote=The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state's knee jerk reaction to independent political expression, the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) says in a report published today|year=2014|publisher=Gulf Center for Human Rights|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and detainees.<ref name=bti>{{cite web|url=http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc|title=BTI 2014 – Oman Country Report|year=2014|publisher=BTI Project|access-date=29 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228234844/http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc|archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> Several prisoners detained in 2012 complained of sleep deprivation, extreme temperatures and solitary confinement.<ref name="report"/> [[LGBT rights in Oman|Homosexuality]] is criminalised within Oman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020202330/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Mohammed Al-fazari.jpeg|thumb|upright|Mohammed Alfazari, an exiled Omani writer and journalist now living in the UK, is an author whose [[Book censorship|books are banned]] in Oman. He is also the founder and EIC of Muwatin.<ref name="omanhrw">{{cite book |title=Oman: Events of 2018 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/oman |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=17 December 2018 }}</ref>]]<br />
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The Omani government decides who can or cannot be a journalist and this permission can be withdrawn at any time.<ref name=qaboos>{{cite web|author=Whitaker, Brian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/04/oman-sultan-qaboos-despot|title=Oman's Sultan Qaboos: a classy despot|year=2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 December 2014|author-link=Brian Whitaker}}</ref> Censorship and [[self-censorship]] are a constant factor.<ref name="qaboos"/> Omanis have limited access to political information through the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_Oman.pdf|title=Country Report: Oman|year=2016|publisher=BTI Project|page=12|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808043953/https://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_Oman.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access to news and information can be problematic: journalists have to be content with news compiled by the official news agency on some issues.<ref name="qaboos"/> Through a decree by the Sultan, the government has now extended its control over the media to blogs and other websites.<ref name="qaboos"/> Omanis cannot hold a public meeting without the government's approval.<ref name="qaboos"/> Omanis who want to set up a non-governmental organisation of any kind need a licence.<ref name="qaboos"/> The Omani government does not permit the formation of independent [[civil society]] associations.<ref name="bti"/> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued in 2016, that an Omani court sentenced three journalists to prison and ordered the permanent closure of their newspaper, over an article that alleged corruption in the judiciary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/03/oman-journalists-sentenced-over-articles-alleging-corruption|title=Oman: Journalists Sentenced Over Articles Alleging Corruption|date=3 October 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The law prohibits criticism of the Sultan and government in any form or medium.<ref name="qaboos"/> Oman's police do not need [[search warrants]] to enter people's homes.<ref name="qaboos"/> The law does not provide citizens with the right to change their government.<ref name="qaboos"/> The Sultan retains ultimate authority on all foreign and domestic issues.<ref name="qaboos"/> Government officials are not subject to financial disclosure laws.<ref name="qaboos"/> [[Liberalism|Liberal laws]] and concerns for national security have been used to suppress criticism of government figures and politically objectionable views.<ref name="qaboos"/> Publication of books is limited and the government restricts their importation and distribution, as with other media products.<ref name="qaboos"/><br />
<br />
Omani citizens need government permission to marry foreigners.<ref name=report>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/nea/220371.htm|title=2013 Human Rights Reports: Oman|year=2014|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> According to HRW, women in Oman face discrimination.<ref name="omanhrw"/><br />
<br />
The plight of [[domestic workers]] in Oman is a taboo subject.<ref>{{cite web|author=Susan Al Shahri|url=http://mideastposts.com/showcase/a-taboo-subject-the-desperate-plight-of-domestic-workers-in-oman/|title=A Taboo Subject: The Desperate Plight of Domestic Workers in Oman|year=2012|publisher=Mideast Posts|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=taboo>{{cite web|author=Susan Mubarak|url=http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Stories-Files/Things-We-Don-t-Talk-About|title=Things We Don't Talk About|year=2012|work=[[Muscat Daily]]|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228173933/http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Stories-Files/Things-We-Don-t-Talk-About|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Philippines]] government determined that out of all the countries in the Middle East, only Oman and Israel qualify as safe for Filipino migrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrant-rights.org/research/is-any-country-in-the-middle-east-safe-for-migrant-workers/|title=Is Any Country in The Middle East Safe for Migrant Workers?|year=2011|publisher=migrantrights.org|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=taboo/> Migrant workers remained insufficiently protected against exploitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/oman/report-oman/ |access-date=15 April 2022 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Administrative divisions===<br />
[[File:Oman, administrative divisions 2011 - de - colored.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Governorates of Oman]]<br />
{{main|Regions and governorates of Oman}}<br />
<br />
The Sultanate is administratively divided into eleven governorates. Governorates are, in turn, divided into 60 [[wilayat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Oman|url=http://www.ncsi.gov.om/oman.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182110/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/oman.aspx|archive-date=31 July 2013|publisher=National Center for Statistics & Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Governorates of Sultanate Of Oman |url=http://www.omanet.om/english/regions/oman.asp?cat=reg |publisher=Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208143606/http://www.omanet.om/english/regions/oman.asp?cat=reg |archive-date=8 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
* [[Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate|Ad Dakhiliyah]]<br />
* [[Ad Dhahirah Governorate|Ad Dhahirah]]<br />
* [[Al Batinah North Governorate|Al Batinah North]]<br />
* [[Al Batinah South Governorate|Al Batinah South]]<br />
* [[Al Buraimi Governorate|Al Buraimi]]<br />
* [[Al Wusta Governorate (Oman)|Al Wusta]]<br />
* [[Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate|Ash Sharqiyah North]]<br />
* [[Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate|Ash Sharqiyah South]]<br />
* [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]]<br />
* [[Muscat Governorate|Muscat]]<br />
* [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]]<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{main|Economy of Oman}}<br />
[[File:GDP per capita development in Oman.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Historical development of real GDP per capita in Oman]]<br />
Oman's Basic Statute of the State expresses in Article 11 that the "national economy is based on justice and the principles of a [[Market economy|free economy]]."<ref name=molabs /> By regional standards, Oman has a relatively diversified economy, but remains dependent on oil exports. In terms of monetary value, mineral fuels accounted for 82.2 percent of total product exports in 2018.<ref name=wteio>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/omans-top-10-exports/|title=Oman's Top 10 Exports|date=10 July 2019|website=World's Top Exports}}</ref> Tourism is the fastest-growing industry in Oman. Other sources of income, agriculture and industry, are small in comparison and account for less than 1% of the country's exports, but diversification is seen as a priority by the government. Agriculture, often [[subsistence]] in its character, produces [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]], [[Lime (fruit)|limes]], [[Cereal|grains]] and vegetables, but with less than 1% of the country under [[Tillage|cultivation]], Oman is likely to remain a net importer of food.<br />
<br />
Oman's socio-economic structure is described as being hyper-centralized [[Rentier state|rentier]] welfare state.<ref name=bti1/> The largest 10 percent of corporations in Oman are the employers of almost 80 percent of Omani nationals in the private sector. Half of the private sector jobs are classified as elementary. One third of employed Omanis are in the private sector, while the remaining majority are in the public sector.<ref name=RSIO>Elusive Employment: Development Planning and Labour Market Trends in Oman. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275830095_Elusive_Employment_Development_Planning_and_Labour_Market_Trends_in_Oman Development Planning and Labour Market Trends in Oman 2014] Researchgate. September 2014.</ref> A hyper-centralized structure produces a monopoly-like economy, which hinders having a healthy competitive environment between businesses.<ref name=bti1/><br />
[[File:MSM Main.JPG|thumb|left|[[Muscat Securities Market]]]]<br />
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Since a slump in oil prices in 1998, Oman has made active plans to diversify its economy and is placing a greater emphasis on other areas of industry, namely tourism and infrastructure. Oman had a 2020 Vision to diversify the economy established in 1995, which targeted a decrease in oil's share to less than 10 percent of GDP by 2020, but it was rendered obsolete in 2011. Oman then established 2040 Vision.<ref name=bti1>Oman Country Report. [https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/OMN/ Oman Country Report 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312141230/https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/OMN/ |date=12 March 2020 }} Transformation Index BTI. 2018.</ref> A [[Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement|free-trade agreement with the United States]] took effect 1 January 2009, eliminated tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products, and also provided strong protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman.<ref>[[Chemical & Engineering News]], 5 January 2009, "U.S.-Oman pact expands Free Trade", p. 18</ref> [[Tourism in Oman|Tourism]], another source of Oman's revenue, is on the rise.<ref name="englishplacenames"/><br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption=Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Oman by country as of 2017<ref name=eoopaon/><br />
| other = yes<br />
| label1 = United Kingdom<br />
| value1 = 48| color1 = silver<br />
| label2 = United Arab Emirates<br />
| value2 = 10.8 | color2 = #008<br />
| label3 = Kuwait<br />
| value3 = 4.6 | color3 = #08f<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Oman's [[Migrant workers in the Gulf region|foreign workers]] send an estimated US$10&nbsp;billion annually to their home states in Asia and Africa, more than half of them earning a monthly wage of less than US$400.<ref name="wsws.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/oct2005/oman-o28.shtml |title=Indian migrant workers in Oman speak to the WSWS |date=28 October 2005 |publisher=Wsws.org |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref> The largest foreign community is from the Indian states of [[Kerala]], Tamil Nadu, [[Karnataka]], Maharashtra, [[Gujarat]] and the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/antony-meets-indian-diaspora-in-omam_100365941.html |title=Antony meets Indian diaspora in Oman |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=18 May 2010 |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612025351/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/antony-meets-indian-diaspora-in-omam_100365941.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> representing more than half of entire workforce in Oman. Salaries for overseas workers are known to be less than for Omani nationals, though still from two to five times higher than for the equivalent job in India.<ref name="wsws.org"/><br />
<br />
In terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), total investments in 2017 exceeded US$24billion. The highest share of FDI went to the oil and gas sector, which represented around US$13billion (54.2 percent), followed by [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], which represented US$3.66billion (15.3 percent). FDI is dominated by the United Kingdom with an estimated value of US$11.56billion (48 percent), followed by the UAE USD 2.6billion (10.8 percent), followed by Kuwait USD 1.1billion (4.6 percent).<ref name=eoopaon/><br />
<br />
Oman, in 2018 had a budget deficit of 32 percent of total revenue and a government debt to GDP of 47.5 percent.<ref name=KPMG/><ref name=OmanCEIC>Oman Government Debt to GDP 2018. [https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/oman/government-debt--of-nominal-gdp CEIC report: Oman Government Debt to GDP 2018] ceicdata.com. 2018.</ref> Oman's military spending to GDP between 2016 and 2018 averaged 10 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 2.2 percent.<ref name=OMSB6a8>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=OM-1W|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Oman, World &#124; Data|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Oman's health spending to GDP between 2015 and 2016 averaged 4.3 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 10 percent.<ref name=HSIOTW>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=1W-OM|title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – World, Oman &#124; Data|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Oman's research and development spending between 2016 and 2017 averaged 0.24 percent, which is significantly lower than the world's average (2.2 percent) during the same period.<ref name=HSRDIO>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=1W-OM|title=Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) – World, Oman &#124; Data|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Oman's government spending on education to GDP in 2016 was 6.11 percent, while the world's average was 4.8 percent (2015).<ref name=OMSB6a81>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=OM-1W|title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Oman, World &#124; Data|publisher=World Bank}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Bar chart<br />
| title = Oman's Spending in 2016 <br />
| label_type = Type<br />
| data_type = Spending (% of GDP)<ref name=OE1>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?end=2017&locations=OM&start=1986&view=chart|title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref><ref name=OE2>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/oman/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP)|publisher=indexmundi}}</ref><ref name=OE3>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=OM|title=Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref><ref name=OE4>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=OM|title=health expenditure (% of GDP)|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref><br />
| bar_width = 35<br />
| width_units = em<br />
| data_max = 30<br />
| label1 = military spending<br />
| data1 = 13.73<br />
| label2 = education spending<br />
| data2 = 6.11<br />
| label3 = health spending<br />
| data3 = 4.30<br />
| label4 = research & development spending<br />
| data4 = 0.26<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Oil and gas===<br />
[[File:Sohar flickr01.jpg|thumb|Petrochemical tanks in [[Sohar]]]]<br />
Oman's proved reserves of petroleum total about 5.5&nbsp;billion barrels, 25th largest in the world.<ref name="pop"/> Oil is extracted and processed by [[Petroleum Development Oman]] (PDO), with proven oil reserves holding approximately steady, although oil production has been declining.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/oman/oil_proved_reserves.html |title=Oman: proven oil reserves |publisher=Indexmundi.com |access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oman: Energy data |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration|EIA]] |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Oman/Oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302093656/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Oman/Oil.html |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Oman)|Ministry of Energy and Minerals]] is responsible for all oil and gas infrastructure and projects in Oman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.mog.gov.om/english/tabid/54/Default.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Energy and Minerals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811004242/http://mog.gov.om/english/tabid/54/Default.aspx|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Following the [[1970s energy crisis]], Oman doubled their oil output between 1979 and 1985.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lessons from the 1986 Oil Price Collapse |first=Dermot |last=Gately |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |issue=2 |year=1986 |page=239 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Projects/BPEA/1986-2/1986b_bpea_gately_adelman_griffin.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509062905/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Projects/BPEA/1986-2/1986b_bpea_gately_adelman_griffin.PDF |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, oil and gas represented 71 percent of the government's revenues.<ref name=KPMG>Oman budget 2019 KPMG Insights. [https://home.kpmg/om/en/home/insights/2019/01/2019omanbudget.html KPMG: Oman budget 2019 KPMG Insights] KPMG. 2019.</ref> In 2016, oil and gas share of the government's revenue represented 72 percent.<ref name=KPMG1>Oman's 2017 budget: An analysis. [https://home.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/01/tnf-oman-jan18-2017.pdf KPMG: Oman's 2017 budget: An analysis] KPMG. 2017.</ref> The government's reliance on oil and gas as a source of income dropped by 1 percent from 2016 to 2018. Oil and gas sector represented 30.1 percent of the nominal GDP in 2017.<ref name=ooag>{{cite web| url = https://cbo.gov.om/sites/assets/Documents/English/Publications/AnnualReports/AnnualReport2017eng.pdf| title = Central Bank of Oman Annual Report 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Between 2000 and 2007, production fell by more than 26%, from 972,000 to 714,800 [[barrels per day]].<ref name=tnock>{{cite web|title=Oman the comeback kid of oil|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/energy/oman-the-comeback-kid-of-oil|work=The National|date=9 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231031303/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/energy/oman-the-comeback-kid-of-oil|archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref> Production has recovered to 816,000 barrels in 2009, and 930,000 barrels per day in 2012.<ref name=tnock/> Oman's natural gas reserves are estimated at 849.5&nbsp;billion cubic metres, ranking 28th in the world, and production in 2008 was about 24&nbsp;billion cubic metres per year.<ref name="pop"/><br />
<br />
In September 2019, Oman was confirmed to become the first Middle Eastern country to host the [[International Gas Union]] Research Conference (IGRC 2020). This 16th iteration of the event will be held between 24 and 26 February 2020, in collaboration with [[Oman LNG]], under the auspices of the [[Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Oman)|Ministry of Energy and Minerals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessliveme.com/economy/energy-news/oilgas/oman-to-host-international-gas-union-research-conference-in-2020/|title=Oman to host International Gas Union Research Conference in 2020|access-date=5 September 2019|website=Business Live Middle East|date=5 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tourism===<br />
{{main|Tourism in Oman}}<br />
[[File:Bustan-palace.jpg|thumb|left|Al-Bustan Palace Hotel]]<br />
Tourism in Oman has grown considerably recently, and it is expected to be one of the largest industries in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketresearch.com/Business-Monitor-International-v304/Oman-Tourism-Q2-6205512/ |title=Travel & Leisure Market Research Reports and Industry Analysis |publisher=Marketresearch.com |access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> The World Travel & Tourism Council stated that Oman is the fastest growing tourism destination in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oman Eyes Lucrative Business Tourism Market|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/oman-eyes-lucrative-business-tourism-market/|website=Forbesmiddleeast|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626074014/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/oman-eyes-lucrative-business-tourism-market/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tourism contributed 2.8 percent to the Omani GDP in 2016. It grew from RO 505 million (US$1.3&nbsp;billion) in 2009 to RO 719&nbsp;million (US$1.8&nbsp;billion) in 2017 (+42.3 percent growth). Citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), including Omanis who are residing outside of Oman, represent the highest ratio of all tourists visiting Oman, estimated to be 48 percent. The second highest number of visitors come from other Asian countries, who account for 17 percent of the total number of visitors.<ref name=OFIAA>National Green Export Review of Oman: Tourism, Dates and Fish. [https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2018d13_en.pdf National Green Export Review of Oman: Tourism, Dates and Fish (United Nations-CTAD 2018 report)] United Nations. 2018.</ref> A challenge to tourism development in Oman is the reliance on the government-owned firm, Omran, as a key actor to develop the tourism sector, which potentially creates a market [[barrier to entry|barrier-to-entry]] of private-sector actors and a [[Crowding out (economics)|crowding out]] effect. Another key issue to the tourism sector is deepening the understanding of the ecosystem and biodiversity in Oman to guarantee their protection and preservation.<ref name=unedp/><br />
[[File:Wahiba Sands (33).jpg|thumb|upright|Wahiba Sands]]<br />
Oman has one of the most diverse environments in the Middle East with various tourist attractions and is particularly well known for adventure and [[cultural tourism]].<ref name="englishplacenames">{{cite journal|author=Kharusi, N. S. |author2= Salman, A. |title= The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230721784|journal= Journal of Academic and Applied Studies |volume= 1|issue=3|date=September 2011|pages=1–27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas, Babu |url=http://www.omanet.om/english/tourism/culture.asp?cat=tour |title=Culture in Oman, Tourism |publisher=Omanet.om |access-date=9 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625131221/http://www.omanet.om/english/tourism/culture.asp?cat=tour |archive-date=25 June 2013 }}</ref> [[Muscat]], the capital of Oman, was named the second best city to visit in the world in 2012 by the travel guide publisher [[Lonely Planet]].<ref>{{cite web|author=I'Anson, Richard |date=7 June 2012 |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012 – travel tips and articles |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Muscat also was chosen as the Capital of Arab Tourism of 2012.<ref>[http://www.gulfinthemedia.com/index.php?m=opinions&id=577331&lang=en Postings of opinions published in the Gulf and international newspapers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230014015/http://www.gulfinthemedia.com/index.php?m=opinions&id=577331&lang=en |date=30 December 2014 }}. gulfinthemedia.com</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2019, Oman made the rule of [[Travel visa|visa]] on arrival an exception and introduced the concept of e-visa for tourists from all nationalities. Under the new laws, visitors were required to apply for the visa in advance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iheartuae.com/2019/11/11/visitors-to-oman-now-need-to-apply-for-a-visa-in-advance/|title=VISITORS TO OMAN NOW NEED TO APPLY FOR A VISA IN ADVANCE|access-date=11 November 2019|website=Heart 107.1|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112092306/https://iheartuae.com/2019/11/11/visitors-to-oman-now-need-to-apply-for-a-visa-in-advance/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Industry, innovation and infrastructure===<br />
In industry, innovation and infrastructure, Oman is still faced with "significant challenges", as per United Nations Sustainable Development Goals index, as of 2019. Oman has scored high on the rates of internet use, mobile broadband subscriptions, logistics performance and on the average of top 3 university rankings. Meanwhile, Oman scored low on the rate of scientific and technical publications and on research & development spending.<ref name=UNSD3/> Oman's manufacturing value added to GDP rate in 2016 was 8.4 percent, which is lower than the average in the Arab world (9.8 percent) and world average (15.6 percent). In terms of research & development expenditures to GDP, Oman's share was on average 0.20 percent between 2011 and 2015, while the world's average during the same period was 2.11 percent.<ref name=UNSD4>Sustainable Development: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. [https://sdg-tracker.org/infrastructure-industrialization Sustainable Development: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure] United Nations. 2019.</ref> The majority of firms in Oman operate in the oil and gas, construction and trade sectors.<ref name=unedp/> <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Non-hydrocarbon GDP growth!! 2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018<br />
|-<br />
| Value (%)<ref name=IMFReport>2019 Article IV Consultation with Oman. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/07/03/pr19266-imf-executive-board-concludes-2019-article-iv-consultation-with-oman IMF Executive Board Concludes 2019 Article IV Consultation with Oman] IMF. 3 July 2019.</ref> || 4.8|| 6.2 || 0.5|| 1.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Oman is refurbishing and expanding the ports infrastructure in Muscat, Duqm, Sohar and Salalah to expand tourism, local production and export shares. Oman is also expanding its downstream operations by constructing a refinery and petrochemical plant in Duqm with a 230,000 barrels per day capacity projected for completion by 2021.<ref name=eoopaon>Oman – Market Overview. [https://www.export.gov/article?id=Oman-Market-Overview Oman – Market Overview (US Export.gov) 2018] export.gov. 2018.</ref> The majority of industrial activity in Oman takes place in 8 industrial states and 4 free-zones. The industrial activity is mainly focused on mining-and-services, petrochemicals and construction materials.<ref name=unedp/> The largest employers in the private-sector are the construction, wholesale-and-retail and manufacturing sectors, respectively. Construction accounts for nearly 48 percent of the total labour force, followed by wholesale-and-retail, which accounts for around 15 percent of total employment and manufacturing, which accounts for around 12 percent of employment in the private sector. The percentage of Omanis employed in the construction and manufacturing sectors is nevertheless low, as of 2011 statistics.<ref name=RSIO/><br />
<br />
Oman, as per [[Global Innovation Index]] (2019) report, scores "below expectations" in innovation relative to countries classified under high income.<ref name=OBEII>[https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home Global Innovation Index Organization 2019] Global Innovation Index Organization. 2019.</ref> Oman in 2019 ranked 80 out of 129 countries in innovation index, which takes into consideration factors, such as, political environment, education, infrastructure and business sophistication.<ref name=romigi>[http://statisticstimes.com/ranking/global-innovation-index.php 2019 Global Innovation Index Rankings] Global Innovation Index Rankings. 2019.</ref> Innovation, technology-based growth and economic diversification are hindered by an economic growth that relies on infrastructure expansion, which heavily depends on a high percentage of 'low-skilled' and 'low-wage' foreign labour. Another challenge to innovation is the [[dutch disease]] phenomenon, which creates an oil and gas investment lock-in, while relying heavily on imported products and services in other sectors. Such a locked-in system hinders local business growth and global competitiveness in other sectors, and thus impedes economic diversification.<ref name=unedp/> The inefficiences and bottlenecks in business operations that are a result of heavy dependence on natural resources and 'addiction' to imports in Oman suggest a 'factor-driven economy'.<ref name=RSIO/> A third hindrance to innovation in Oman is an economic structure that is heavily dependent on few large firms, while granting few opportunities for SMEs to enter the market, which impedes healthy market-share competition between firms.<ref name=unedp>Science, Technology and Innovation 2014 Review. [https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/dtlstict2014d1_en.pdf United Nations Science, Technology and Innovation 2014 Review] United Nations. 2014.</ref> The ratio of patent applications per million people was 0.35 in 2016 and the [[MENA]] region average was 1.50, while the 'high-income' countries' average was approximately 48.0 during the same year.<ref name=WorldBankPatents>PCT patents. [https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/entrp.pct?country=OMN&indicator=3441&viz=bar_chart&years=2016 PCT patents, applications/million population] The World Bank. 2016.</ref> Oman was ranked 76th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=United Nations|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture and fishing===<br />
Oman's fishing industry contributed 0.78 percent to the GDP in 2016. Fish exports between 2000 and 2016 grew from US$144&nbsp;million to US$172&nbsp;million (+19.4 percent). The main importer of Omani fish in 2016 was Vietnam, which imported almost US$80&nbsp;million (46.5 percent) in value, and the second biggest importer was the United Arab Emirates, which imported around US$26&nbsp;million (15 percent). The other main importers are Saudi Arabia, Brazil and China. Oman's consumption of fish is almost two times the world's average. The ratio of exported fish to total fish captured in tons fluctuated between 49 and 61 percent between 2006 and 2016. Omani strengths in the fishing industry comes from having a good market system, a long coastline (3,165&nbsp;km) and wide water area. Oman, on the other hand, lacks sufficient infrastructure, research and development, quality and safety monitoring, together with a limited contribution by the fishing industry to GDP.<ref name=OFIAA/><br />
<br />
[[Date (fruit)|Dates]] represent 80 percent of all fruit crop production. Further, date farms employ 50 percent of the total agricultural area in the country. Oman's estimated production of dates in 2016 is 350,000 tons, making it the 9th largest producer of dates. Oman's total export of dates was US$12.6&nbsp;million in 2016, almost equivalent to Oman's total imported value of dates, which was US$11.3&nbsp;million in 2016. The main importer is India (around 60 percent of all imports). Oman's date exports remained steady between 2006 and 2016. Oman is considered to have good infrastructure for date production and support provision to cultivation and marketing, but lacks innovation in farming and cultivation, industrial coordination in the supply chain and encounter high losses of unused dates.<ref name=OFIAA/><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{main|Demographics of Oman}}{{Historical populations|percentages=pagr|1950|457,000|1960|537,000|1970|671,000|1980|1,017,000|1990|1,805,000|2000|2,344,000|2010|2,882,000|2015|4,192,000|2020|4,543,000|align=right|footnote=source:{{UN_Population|ref}}|2023|4644384}}By 2020, Oman's population exceeded 4.5 million<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofoman.com/article/117268-omans-population-crosses-45-million-2 | title=Oman's population crosses 4.5 million }}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] in 2020 was estimated to be 2.8 children born per woman; this rate has been rapidly decreasing in recent years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=OM | title=Fertility rate, total (Births per woman) - Oman &#124; Data }}</ref> About half of the population lives in [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and the [[Batinah]] coastal plain northwest of the capital. [[Omanis]] are predominantly of [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Omani Baloch|Baluchi]] and [[Afro-Omanis|African]] origins.<ref name="pop"/> Around 20% of Omanis are of Baloch descent whose ancestors migrated to Oman centuries ago, and are now considered native.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&dq=omani+baloch&pg=PA129 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=2015-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Omani society is largely [[tribal]]<ref name=inequal>{{cite book|year=2013|author=Khalid M. Al-Azri|title=Social and Gender Inequality in Oman: The Power of Religious and Political Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eb6Pgy1Q0vQC&pg=PA40|page=40|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138816794}}</ref><ref name=fa>{{cite journal|author=Judith Miller|title=Creating Modern Oman: An Interview with Sultan Qabus|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53039/judith-miller/creating-modern-oman-an-interview-with-sultan-qabus|year=1997|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|issue=May/June 1997 |access-date=29 December 2014|author-link=Judith Miller}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghbC-V8YKyEC&pg=PA196|year=2013|title=Democracy and Youth in the Middle East: Islam, Tribalism and the Rentier State in Oman|pages=170–197|author=Sulaiman al-Farsi|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1780760902}}</ref> and encompasses three major identities:<ref name=inequal/> that of the tribe, the Ibadi faith and maritime trade.<ref name=inequal/> The first two identities are closely tied to tradition and are especially prevalent in the interior of the country, owing to lengthy periods of isolation.<ref name=inequal/> The third identity pertains mostly to Muscat and the coastal areas of Oman, and is reflected by business, trade,<ref name=inequal/> and the diverse origins of many Omanis, who trace their roots to Baloch, [[Al-Lawatia]], [[Persian people|Persia]] and historical Omani [[Zanzibar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=al Shaibany|first1=Saleh|title=Omanis flocking to Zanzibar, their ancestral home|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/omanis-flocking-to-zanzibar-their-ancestral-home|access-date=30 June 2014|work=The National|date=4 August 2010}}</ref> Gwadar, a region of Balochistan, was a Colony of Oman for more than a century and in the 1960s, Pakistan took over the land. Many people in this area are Omani and Pakistani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1489531/world|title = Arab legacy lingers as Pakistan's Gwadar grows from tiny fishing town into port city|date = 29 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
{{main|Islam in Oman|Religion in Oman}}<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = [[Religion in Oman]] (2020)<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/|title= Middle East OMAN|date= 21 December 2021|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Islam in Oman|Islam]]<br />
|value1 = 85.9<br />
|color1 = Green<br />
|label3 = [[Christianity in Oman|Christianity]]<br />
|value3 = 6.4<br />
|color3 = DodgerBlue<br />
|label2 = [[Hinduism in Oman|Hinduism]]<br />
|value2 = 5.7<br />
|color2 = Orange<br />
|label4 = [[Religion in Oman|others]]<br />
|value4 = 2.0<br />
|color4 = Grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Even though the Oman government does not keep statistics on religious affiliation, statistics from the US's Central Intelligence Agency state that adherents of [[Islam in Oman|Islam]] are in the majority at 85.9%, while 6.4% are [[Christianity in Oman|Christians]], 5.7% [[Hinduism in Oman|Hindus]], 0.8% [[Buddhism in the Middle East|Buddhists]], and fewer than 0.1% are [[History of the Jews in Oman|Jews]]; members of other religious affiliations comprise 1% and the unaffiliated 0.2%.<br />
<br />
Most Omanis are [[Muslims]]; these predominantly follow the [[Ibadi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse|website=[[The Independent]] | quote=Oman is unusual because its Sunni and Shia residents are outnumbered by a third sect, the Ibadis, who constitute more than half the population. |first=Paul|last=Vallely|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> [[Islamic schools and branches|school]] of Islam, followed by the [[Twelver]] school of [[Shia Islam]], and the [[Shafi`i]] school of [[Sunni Islam]].<br />
Virtually all non-Muslims in Oman are foreign workers. Non-Muslim religious communities include various groups of [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism in the Middle East|Buddhists]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[History of the Jews in Oman|Jews]], [[Hinduism in Oman|Hindus]] and [[Christianity in Oman|Christians]]. Christian communities are centred in the major urban areas of [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sohar]] and [[Salalah]]. These include [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and various [[Protestant]] congregations, organising along linguistic and ethnic lines. More than 50 different Christian groups, fellowships and assemblies are active in the Muscat metropolitan area, formed by migrant workers from Southeast Asia.<br />
<br />
There are also communities of ethnic Indian [[Hinduism in Oman|Hindus]] and [[Christianity in Oman|Christians]]. There are also small [[Sikh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/oman-to-allow-temple-gurdwara-news-national-klytaydgdgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129023102/http://sify.com/news/oman-to-allow-temple-gurdwara-news-national-klytaydgdgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2010 |title=Oman to allow temple, gurdwara |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> and Jewish<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/906/|title=Jewish Cemetery at Sohar, Oman &#124; Archive &#124; Diarna.org|website=archive.diarna.org}}</ref> communities.<br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
[[File:Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Arabic and English road sign in Oman]]<br />
[[Arabic]] is the official language of Oman. It belongs to the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] family.<ref name=molabs>{{cite web|title=Basic Statute of the State|url=http://mola.gov.om/basic_statute.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626055226/http://mola.gov.om/basic_statute.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2012|publisher=Ministry Of Legal Affairs}}</ref> There are several [[dialects of Arabic]] spoken, all part of the [[Peninsular Arabic]] family: [[Dhofari Arabic]] (also known as Dhofari, Zofari) is spoken in [[Salalah]] and the surrounding coastal regions (the [[Dhofar Governorate]]);{{Infobox language/ref|e18|lc1=ell|ld1=Dhofari Arabic|refname=}} [[Gulf Arabic]] is spoken in parts bordering the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]; whereas [[Omani Arabic]], distinct from the Gulf Arabic of eastern Arabia and Bahrain, is spoken in Central Oman, although with recent oil wealth and mobility has spread over other parts of the Sultanate.<br />
<br />
According to the CIA, besides Arabic, English, Baluchi (Southern Baluchi), [[Urdu]], Bengali (spoken by Indians and Bangladeshis), Hindi, Malayalam, Tulu and various other Indian languages are the main languages spoken in Oman.<ref name="pop"/> English is widely spoken in the business community and is taught at school from an early age. Almost all signs and writings appear in both Arabic and English at tourist sites.<ref name="englishplacenames"/> Baluchi is the mother tongue of the [[Baloch people]] from [[Balochistan]] in western Pakistan, eastern [[Iran]] and southern [[Afghanistan]]. It is also used by some descendants of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] sailors.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sound System of Lawatiyya|url=http://www.jourlib.org/paper/2843775|journal=Journal of Academic and Applied Studies|volume=2|issue=5|author=Salman, Amel|author2=Kharusi, Nafla S.|pages=36–44|date=May 2012|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023244/http://www.jourlib.org/paper/2843775|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengali is widely spoken due to a large Bangladeshi expatriate population. A significant number of residents also speak [[Urdu language|Urdu]], due to the influx of Pakistani migrants during the late 1980s and 1990s. Additionally, [[Swahili language|Swahili]] is widely spoken in the country due to the historical relations between Oman and [[Zanzibar]].<ref name="etn.sagepub.com"/><br />
<br />
Today the [[Mehri language]] is limited in its distribution to the area around [[Salalah]], in [[Zafar, Yemen|Zafar]] and westward into the Yemen. But until the 18th or 19th century it was spoken further north, perhaps into Central Oman.<ref>[[Paul Alan Yule|Paul Yule]], Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, in: M. Hoffmann-Ruf–A. al-Salami (eds.), ''Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas'', vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33, {{ISBN|9783487147987}}</ref> [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]] ([[Southern Baluchi language|Southern Baluchi]]) is widely spoken in Oman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Basic Information on Oman|url=http://www.omannews.gov.om/ona/english/Basic_Information_on_Oman.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205155257/http://www.omannews.gov.om/ona/english/Basic_Information_on_Oman.jsp|archive-date=5 December 2013|agency=Oman News Agency}}</ref> Endangered indigenous languages in Oman include [[Kumzari language|Kumzari]], [[Bathari language|Bathari]], [[Harsusi language|Harsusi]], [[Hobyot language|Hobyot]], [[Jibbali language|Jibbali]] and [[Mehri language|Mehri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php|publisher=UNESCO}}<br />Khojki and Zidjali were also reported, but [[Khojki]] is an alphabet, not a language, and Zidjali AKA Makrani is a dialect of Southern Baluchi</ref> [[Omani Sign Language]] is the language of the deaf community. Oman was also the first [[Arab States of the Arabic Gulf|Arab country in the Persian Gulf]] to have German taught as a second language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oman first Gulf state to have German taught as second language|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/06/247981.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115130313/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/06/247981.html|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
{{main|Education in Oman}}<br />
[[File:Dhofar University.jpg|thumb|Dhofar University in Salalah]]<br />
Oman scored high as of 2019 on the percentage of students who complete lower secondary school and on the literacy rate between the age of 15 and 24, 99.7 percent and 98.7 percent, respectively. However, Oman's net primary school enrollment rate in 2019, which is 94.1 percent, is rated as "challenges remain" by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG) standard. Oman's overall evaluation in quality of education, according to UNSDG, is 94.8 ("challenges remain") as of 2019.<ref name=UNSD3>Sustainable Development Report Dashboards 2019 Oman. [https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/#/OMN Sustainable Development Report Dashboards 2019 Oman] SDG Index. 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Oman's higher education produces a surplus in humanities and liberal arts, while it produces an insufficient number in technical and scientific fields and required skill-sets to meet the market demand.<ref name=unedp/> Further, sufficient human capital creates a business environment that can compete with, partner or attract foreign firms. Accreditation standards and mechanisms with a quality control that focuses on input assessments, rather than output, are areas of improvement in Oman, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2014 report.<ref name=unedp/> The transformation Index BTI 2018 report on Oman recommends that the education curriculum should focus more on the "promotion of personal initiative and critical perspective".<ref name=bti1/> Oman was ranked 84th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2020, down from 80th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 86.9%.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}</ref> Before 1970, only three formal schools existed in the entire country, with fewer than 1,000 students. Since Sultan Qaboos' ascension to power in 1970, the government has given high priority to education to develop a domestic work force. Today, there are over 1,000 state schools and about 650,000 students.<br />
<br />
Oman's first university, [[Sultan Qaboos University]], opened in 1986. The [[University of Nizwa]] is one of the fastest growing universities in Oman. Other post-secondary institutions in Oman include the [[Higher College of Technology]], six colleges of applied sciences (including a teachers' training college), a college of banking and financial studies, an institute of Sharia sciences, and several nursing institutes. Some 200 scholarships are awarded each year for study abroad.<br />
<br />
According to the [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities]], the top-ranking universities in the country are [[Sultan Qaboos University]] (1678th worldwide), Dhofar University (6011th) and the [[University of Nizwa]] (6093rd).<ref>{{cite web|title=Oman |url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Oman |publisher=Ranking Web of Universities |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221185619/http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Oman |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Health ===<br />
{{main|Healthcare in Oman}}<br />
Since 2003, Oman's undernourished share of the population has dropped from 11.7 percent to 5.4 percent in 2016, but the rate remains high : double the level of high-income economies (2.7 percent) in 2016.<ref name=ourworld2>Share of the Population that is Undernourished. [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart&country=OMN+High%20income Our World in Data: Share of the population that is undernourished] Our World in Data. Retrieved 2019.</ref> The UNSDG targets zero hunger by 2030.<ref name=UNSD1>Prevalence of Undernourishment. [https://sdg-tracker.org/zero-hunger UNSDG: Prevalence of undernourishment] Sustainable Development Goals Tracker. Retrieved 2019.</ref> Oman's coverage of essential health services in 2015 was 77 percent, which is relatively higher than the world's average of approximately 54 percent during the same year, but lower than high-income economies' level (83 percent) in 2015.<ref name=ourworldreport>Healthcare Access and Quality Index. [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/healthcare-access-and-quality-index?tab=chart&time=1990..2015&country=OMN+High-income Our World in Data: Healthcare Access and Quality Index] Our World in Data. Retrieved 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Since 1995, the percentage of Omani children who receive key vaccines has consistently been very high (above 99 percent). As for road incident death rates, Oman's rate has been decreasing since 1990, from 98.9 per 100,000 individuals to 47.1 per 100,000 in 2017, however, the rate remains significantly above average, which was 15.8 per 100,000 in 2017.<ref name=UNSD2>Good Health. [https://sdg-tracker.org/good-health UNSDG: good health] United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved 2019.</ref> Oman's health spending to GDP between 2015 and 2016 averaged 4.3 percent, while the world's average during the same period averaged 10 percent.<ref name=HSIOTW/><br />
<br />
As for mortality due to air pollution (household and ambient air pollution), Oman's rate was 53.9 per 100,000 population as of 2016.<ref name=WHOREPORT>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf?ua=1|title=World Health Organization: "Monitoring Health for SDGs" 2018 report}}</ref><br />
In 2019, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) ranked Oman as the least polluted country in the [[Arab world]], with a score of 37.7 in the [[Air Pollution Index|pollution index]]. The country ranked 112th in Asia among the list of highest polluted countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omanobserver.om/oman-among-least-polluted-countries-in-asia/|title=Oman among least polluted countries in Asia|access-date=24 November 2019|website=Oman Observer|date=24 November 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Life expectancy at birth in Oman was estimated to be 76.1 years in 2010.<ref name=mesi>{{cite web|title=Major Economic & Social Indicators|url=http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website/book/mb/Dec2012/T1.pdf|publisher=National Center for Statistics & Information|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514092309/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website/book/mb/Dec2012/T1.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, there were an estimated 2.1 physicians and 2.1 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<ref name=mesi/> In 1993, 89% of the population had access to health care services. In 2000, 99% of the population had access to health care services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alshishtawy |first=Moeness M |title=Four Decades of Progress |journal=Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal |year=2010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 |issn=2075-051X |pmc=3074664 |pmid=21509077}}</ref> In 2000, Oman's health system was ranked number 8 by the World Health Organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Largest cities===<br />
{{main list|List of cities in Oman}}<br />
{{Largest cities<br />
| country = Oman<br />
| stat_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.geonames.org/OM/largest-cities-in-oman.html |title=Oman – 10 Largest Cities |website=geonames.org |access-date=20 August 2021 }}<br />
| div_link = Governorates of Oman{{!}}Governorate / Region<br />
<br />
|city_1 = Muscat, Oman{{!}}Muscat<br />
|div_1 = Muscat Governorate{{!}}Muscat<br />
|pop_1 = 797,000<br />
|img_1 = Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG<br />
<br />
|city_2 = Seeb, Oman{{!}}Seeb<br />
|div_2 = Muscat Governorate {{!}}Muscat<br />
|pop_2 = 237,816<br />
|img_2 = Seeb highway-Oman.jpg<br />
<br />
|city_3 = Salalah<br />
|div_3 = Dhofar Governorate{{!}}Dhofar<br />
|pop_3 = 163,140<br />
|img_3 = View from Hamilton Plaza Hotel - panoramio.jpg<br />
<br />
|city_4 = Bawshar<br />
|div_4 = Muscat Governorate{{!}}Muscat<br />
|pop_4 = 159,487<br />
|img_4 = The Ministry of Legal Affairs.jpg<br />
<br />
|city_5 = Sohar<br />
|div_5 = Al Batinah Region{{!}}Al Batinah<br />
|pop_5 = 108,274<br />
<br />
|city_6 = Suwayq<br />
|div_6 = Al Batinah Region{{!}}Al Batinah<br />
|pop_6 = 107,143<br />
<br />
|city_7 = Ibri<br />
|div_7 = Az Zahirah{{!}}Az Zahirah<br />
|pop_7 = 101,640<br />
<br />
|city_8 = Saham<br />
|div_8 = Al Batinah Region{{!}}Al Batinah<br />
|pop_8 = 89,327<br />
<br />
|city_9 = Barka, Oman{{!}}Barka<br />
|div_9 = Al Batinah Region{{!}}Al Batinah<br />
|pop_9 = 81,647<br />
<br />
|city_10 = Rustaq<br />
|div_10 = Al Batinah Region{{!}}Al Batinah<br />
|pop_10 = 79,383<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{main|Culture of Oman}}<br />
[[File:DhowMuscat.jpg|thumb|The traditional [[dhow]], an enduring symbol of Oman<ref name=coosoo>{{cite web|title=Culture of Oman<br />
|url=http://www.omansultanate.com/culture.htm|publisher=Sultanate of Oman}}</ref>]]<br />
Outwardly, Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours, particularly those in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]].<ref name=kcom/> Despite these similarities, important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East.<ref name=kcom/> These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics.<ref name=kcom>{{cite web|last=Common|first=Richard K.|title=Barriers To Developing 'Leadership' In The Sultanate Of Oman|url=http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol6iss2/3_Common_pp215-229_jm.pdf|publisher=International Journal of Leadership Studies}}</ref> The relatively recent and artificial nature of the [[state (polity)|state]] in Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture;<ref name=kcom/> however, sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf.<ref name=kcom/> Oman's cultural diversity is greater than that of its Arab neighbours, given its historical expansion to the Swahili Coast and the Indian Ocean.<ref name=kcom/><br />
<br />
Oman has a long tradition of shipbuilding, as maritime travel played a major role in the Omanis' ability to stay in contact with the civilisations of the ancient world. [[Sur, Oman|Sur]] was one of the most famous shipbuilding cities of the Indian Ocean. The Al Ghanja ship takes one whole year to build. Other types of Omani ship include As Sunbouq and Al Badan.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ship Building Industry|url=http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/detailsp/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3j_oMBgNz9XEwODED9zA09PE3MTLxdjYzcnE_2CbEdFANHQ-q8!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/mot_english_lib/mot/experience/culture/crafts/ship+building|publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Sultanate of Oman|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301092624/https://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/detailsp/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3j_oMBgNz9XEwODED9zA09PE3MTLxdjYzcnE_2CbEdFANHQ-q8!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/mot_english_lib/mot/experience/culture/crafts/ship+building|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dress===<br />
[[File:Khanjar.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[khanjar]], the traditional [[dagger]] of Oman ({{circa|1924}})]]<br />
<br />
The male [[national dress]] in Oman consists of the ''[[dishdasha]]'', a simple, ankle-length, collarless gown with long sleeves.<ref name=cgso/> Most frequently white in colour, the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours. Its main adornment, a [[tassel]] (''furakha'') sewn into the neckline, can be impregnated with perfume.<ref name=ossc>{{cite web|title=Culture|url=http://www.omanistudents.org/oman/culture/|publisher=Omani Students Society|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623075110/http://www.omanistudents.org/oman/culture/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Underneath the dishdasha, men wear a plain, wide strip of cloth wrapped around the body from the waist down. The most noted regional differences in dishdasha designs are the style with which they are embroidered, which varies according to age group.<ref name=cgso/> On formal occasions a black or beige cloak called a [[Bisht (clothing)|''bisht'']] may cover the dishdasha. The embroidery edging the cloak is often in silver or gold thread and it is intricate in detail.<ref name=ossc/><br />
<br />
Omani men wear two types of headdress:<br />
* the ''ghutra'', also called "Musar" a square piece of woven wool or cotton fabric of a single colour, decorated with various embroidered patterns. <br />
* the ''kummah'', a cap that is the head dress worn during leisure hours.<ref name=cgso/><br />
<br />
Some men carry the ''assa'', a stick, which can have practical uses or is simply used as an accessory during formal events. Omani men, on the whole, wear sandals on their feet.<ref name=ossc/><br />
<br />
The ''[[khanjar]]'' (dagger) forms part of the national dress and men wear the khanjar on all formal public occasions and festivals.<ref name=cgso/> It is traditionally worn at the waist. Sheaths may vary from simple covers to ornate silver or gold-decorated pieces.<ref name=ossc/> A depiction of a khanjar appears on the national flag.<ref name="cgso">{{cite web|title = Human rights| date=2 August 2015 |url = https://www.amnesty.org/ar/documents/mde20/2192/2015/en|publisher = Amnesty International}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Omani women wear eye-catching national costumes, with distinctive regional variations. All costumes incorporate vivid colours and vibrant embroidery and decorations. The Omani women's traditional costume comprises several garments: the ''kandoorah'', which is a long tunic whose sleeves or ''radoon'' are adorned with hand-stitched embroidery of various designs. The ''dishdasha'' is worn over a pair of loose-fitting trousers, tight at the ankles, known as a ''[[sirwal]]''. Women also wear a head shawl most commonly referred to as the ''lihaf''.<ref name=ocde/><br />
<br />
{{As of | 2014}} women reserve wearing their traditional dress for special occasions, and instead wear a loose black cloak called an ''[[abaya]]'' over their personal choice of clothing, whilst in some regions, particularly amongst the Bedouin, the ''[[burqa]]'' is still worn.<ref name=ocde><br />
{{cite web|title=Women's Traditional Clothing<br />
|url=http://www.omanculturaldays.com.au/exhibtion7.html<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409220427/http://www.omanculturaldays.com.au/exhibtion7.html<br />
|archive-date=9 April 2013<br />
|publisher=Oman Cultural Days Exhibition}}<br />
</ref> Women wear ''[[hijab]]'', and though some women cover their faces and hands, most do not. The Sultan has forbidden the covering of faces in public office.<ref name=coosoo /><br />
<br />
===Music and cinema===<br />
[[Music of Oman]] is extremely diverse due to Oman's imperial legacy. There are over 130 different forms of traditional Omani songs and dances. The Oman Centre for Traditional Music was established in 1984 to preserve them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://www.octm-folk.gov.om/meng/introduction.asp|publisher=Oman Centre for Traditional Music|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315191325/http://www.octm-folk.gov.om/meng/introduction.asp|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1985, Sultan Qaboos founded the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra. Instead of engaging foreign musicians, he decided to establish an orchestra made up of Omanis.<ref><br />
{{cite web|title=The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra<br />
|url=http://www.oman-tours.com/about-oman/culture-overview-crafts-architecture-music-arts/musicdance/royal-symphony-orchestra-oman/<br />
|publisher=Oman Tours}}<br />
</ref> On 1 July 1987 at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel's Oman Auditorium the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert.<ref><br />
{{cite web|title=The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra<br />
|url=http://main.omanobserver.om/node/29415|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507102754/http://main.omanobserver.om/node/29415|archive-date=7 May 2013|work=Oman Observer|date=9 November 2010}}<br />
</ref> In popular music, a seven-minute music video about Oman went viral, achieving 500,000 views on YouTube within 10 days of being released on YouTube in November 2015. The a cappella production features three of the region's most popular talents: Kahliji musician Al Wasmi, Omani poet Mazin Al-Haddabi and actress Buthaina Al Raisi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://omanobserver.om/loveoman-video-goes-viral-with-500-000-views/|title=#LoveOman video goes viral with 500, 000 views – Oman Observer|date=13 November 2015|website=Oman Observer|access-date=19 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827031258/http://omanobserver.om/loveoman-video-goes-viral-with-500-000-views/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref><br />
[[File:Sur-Cinema (3).JPG|thumb|left|Cinema in Sur]]<br />
The [[cinema of Oman]] is very small, there being only one Omani film ''Al-Boom'' (2006) {{as of | 2007 | lc = on}}. Oman Arab Cinema Company LLC is the single largest motion picture exhibitor chain in Oman.<ref>City Cinema.( 2014 ).About Us. Retrieved 4 March 2016, from {{cite web |url=http://citycinemaoman.net/about_us.html |title=City Cinema Oman &#124; Cinema Theatres in Oman &#124; Book Movie Tickets Online in Oman &#124; Movie theatres in Oman &#124; Oman Movie Theatre Tickets Online Booking |access-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213140651/http://citycinemaoman.net/about_us.html |archive-date=13 February 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Media===<br />
{{main|Mass media in Oman}}<br />
The government has continuously held a monopoly on television in Oman. [[Sultanate of Oman Television|Oman TV]] is the only state-owned national television channel broadcaster in Oman. Oman TV broadcasts four HD channels, including Oman TV General, Oman TV Sport, Oman TV Live and Oman TV Cultural.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://part.gov.om/part/english/|title=Public Authority for Radio and Tv|website=part.gov.om|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035303/http://part.gov.om/part/english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although private ownership of radio and television stations is permitted, Oman has only one privately owned television channel.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14654265|title=Oman profile – Media|date=13 January 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Majan TV is the first private TV channel in Oman. It began broadcasting in January 2009. However, Majan TV's official channel website was last updated in early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.majan-tv.com/majan.htm|title=مجان|website=majan-tv.com|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093002/http://www.majan-tv.com/majan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The public has access to foreign broadcasts since the use of satellite receivers is allowed.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katzman|first=Kenneth|date=9 November 2018|title=Oman: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21534.pdf|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oman Radio is the first and only state-owned radio channel.<ref name=":02"/> It began broadcasting on 30 July 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://part.gov.om/omanradio/index.jsp|title=إذاعــة سلـطنة عمان ~ الإذاعة العامة|website=part.gov.om|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202035839/http://part.gov.om/omanradio/index.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> It operates both Arabic and English networks. Other private channels include Hala FM, Hi FM, Al-Wisal, Virgin Radio Oman FM and Merge. In early 2018, Muscat Media Group (MMG) launched a new private radio station.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/127318|title=New radio stations T FM and Shabiba FM have officially launched in Oman|date=31 January 2018|work=Times of Oman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediate-oman.com/listings/muscat-media-group/|title=Muscat Media Group Profile|website=Mediate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/oman|title=Oman|date=23 April 2015|website=Freedom House|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070519/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/oman|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oman has nine main newspapers, five in Arabic and four in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediate-oman.com/media-list/|title=The Media List|website=Mediate}}</ref><br />
<br />
The media landscape in Oman has been continuously described as restrictive, censored, and subdued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/oman|title=Oman|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=27 November 2018|date=23 April 2015|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070519/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/oman|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Ministry of Information censors politically, culturally, or sexually offensive material in domestic or foreign media. The press freedom group [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranked the country 127th out of 180 countries on its 2018 World Press Freedom Index. In 2016, the government drew international criticism for suspending the newspaper ''[[Azamn]]'' and arresting three journalists after a report on corruption in the country's judiciary. [[Azamn]] was not allowed to reopen in 2017 although an appeal court ruled in late 2016 that the paper can resume operating.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking|title=2018 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders|publisher=Reports Without Borders|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Art ===<br />
Traditional art in Oman stems from its long heritage of material culture. Art movements in the 20th century reveal that the art scene in Oman began with early practices that included a range of tribal handicrafts and self-portraiture in painting since the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazin|first=Aisha|date=16 June 2016|title=Contemporary Art in Oman: Spaces And Places|url=https://journal.collectionair.com/city-guides/contemporary-art-oman-spaces-places/|journal=The Collectionair's Journal|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806002419/https://journal.collectionair.com/city-guides/contemporary-art-oman-spaces-places/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, since the inclusion of several Omani artists in international collections, art exhibitions, and events, such Alia Al Farsi, the first Omani artist to show at the last [[Venice Biennale]] and Radhika Khimji, the first Omani artist to exhibit at both the [[Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale|Marrakesh]] and [[Ghetto Biennale|Haiti Ghetto biennale]], Oman's position as a newcomer to the contemporary art scene in recent years has been more important for Oman's international exposure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Choudhry|first=Sudipta|year=2017|title=Oman|journal=ArtAsiaPacific|volume=12|id={{ProQuest|1853304328}}}}</ref><br />
[[File:Aflaj Gallery in The National Museum Oman,.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ancient irrigation system and water channels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/121104|title=Oman National Museum a showcase of Sultanate's heritage and values|work=Times of Oman|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Aflaj Gallery, The National Museum of Oman.]]<br />
Bait Muzna Gallery is the first art gallery in Oman. Established in 2000 by Sayyida Susan Al Said, Bait Muzna has served as a platform for emerging Omani artists to showcase their talent and place themselves on the wider art scene. In 2016, Bait Muzna opened a second space in [[Salalah]] to branch out and support [[art film]] and the [[digital art]] scene. The gallery has been primarily active as an art consultancy.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baitmuznagallery.com/our-story|title=baitmuzna {{!}} Our Story|website=baitmuzna|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823224526/https://www.baitmuznagallery.com/our-story|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Omani Society for Fine Arts, established in 1993, offers educational programmes, workshops and artist grants for practitioners across varied disciplines.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
The Sultanate's flagship cultural institution, the [[National Museum (Oman)|National Museum of Oman]], opened on 30 July 2016 with 14 permanent galleries. It showcases national heritage from the earliest human settlement in Oman two million years ago through to the present day. The museum takes a further step by presenting information on the material in [[Arabic Braille]] script for the visually impaired, the first museum to do this in the Gulf region.<ref name=":1" /> [[Bait Al Zubair|Bait Al- Zubair Museum]] is a private, family-funded museum that opened its doors to the public in 1998. In 1999, the museum received [[Qaboos bin Said al Said|Sultan Qaboos]]’ Award for Architectural Excellence. Bait Al Zubair displays the family's collection of Omani artifacts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baitalzubair.com/?page_id=107&lang=en|title=Bait Al Zubair {{!}} Bait Al Zubair|website=www.baitalzubair.com|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Food===<br />
{{main|Omani cuisine}}<br />
[[File:Traditional Omani Food.jpg|thumb|Traditional Omani food]]<br />
Omani cuisine is diverse and has been influenced by many cultures. Omanis usually eat their main daily meal at midday, while the evening meal is lighter. During [[Ramadan]], dinner is typically served after the [[Taraweeh]] prayers, sometimes as late as 11&nbsp;pm.<br />
<br />
Arsia, a festival meal served during celebrations, consists of mashed rice and meat (sometimes chicken). Another popular festival meal, shuwa, consists of meat cooked very slowly (sometimes for up to 2 days) in an underground clay oven. Fish is often used in main dishes too, and the [[Giant trevally|kingfish]] is a popular ingredient. Mashuai is a meal consisting of a whole spit-roasted kingfish served with lemon rice. Rukhal bread is a thin, round bread eaten at any meal, typically served with Omani honey for breakfast or crumbled over curry for dinner. The Omani [[Halva|halwa]] is a very popular sweet, consisting of cooked raw sugar with nuts. There are many different flavors, the most popular ones being black halwa (original) and saffron halwa. Halwa is considered a symbol of Omani hospitality, traditionally served with coffee. As is the case with most [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], alcohol is only available over the counter to non-Muslims.<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
{{Main|Sport in Oman}}<br />
[[File:MuscatGulfCup2.jpg|thumb|left|Oman hosted and won the [[19th Arabian Gulf Cup]].]]<br />
<br />
In October 2004, the Omani government set up a Ministry of Sports Affairs to replace the General Organisation for Youth, Sports and Cultural Affairs. The [[19th Arabian Gulf Cup]] took place in [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], from 4 to 17 January 2009 and was won by the [[Oman national football team|Omani national football team]]. The [[23rd Arabian Gulf Cup]] that took place in [[Kuwait]], from 22 December 2017 until 5 January 2018 with [[Oman national football team|Oman]] winning their second title, defeating the [[United Arab Emirates national football team|United Arab Emirates]] in the final.<br />
<br />
Oman's traditional sports are [[dhow]] racing, [[horse racing]], [[camel racing]], [[bull fighting]] and [[falconry]].<ref name="Your Middle East">Nazneen Akbari [http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/features/traditional-sports-in-oman-relics-of-the-rich-arabian-history_11539 Traditional sports in Oman – relics of the rich Arabian history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522043521/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/features/traditional-sports-in-oman-relics-of-the-rich-arabian-history_11539 |date=22 May 2018 }}, ''Your Middle East'', 29 April 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</ref> Association football, [[basketball]], [[waterskiing]] and [[sandboarding]]<ref name="Sandboarding">Surf The Sand [https://sand-boarding.com/sandboarding/#Where_can_you_practice_sandboarding Where can you practice sandboarding?], ''Sand-boarding.com'', 29 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> are among the sports that have emerged quickly and gained popularity among the younger generation.<ref name="Your Middle East"/> Oman, along with [[Fujairah]] in the [[UAE]], are the only regions in the Middle East that have a variant of [[bullfighting]], known as 'bull-butting', organised within their territories.<ref name=rg_bull>{{cite web|title=Bullfighting à la Batinah|url=http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/middle-east/oman/al-batinah-al-dhahirah/bullfighting-%C3%A0-la-batinah/|website=Rough Guides|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010153353/https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/middle-east/oman/al-batinah-al-dhahirah/bullfighting-%c3%a0-la-batinah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Al-Batena area in Oman is specifically prominent for such events. <br />
<br />
[[File:Flickr - tpower1978 - World Cup Qualifiers (7).jpg|thumb|2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Round 3 match between [[Oman national football team|Oman]] and [[Japan national football team|Japan]] at the Royal Oman Police Stadium on 7 June 2008 in Muscat, Oman]]<br />
The [[Oman Olympic Committee]] played a major part in organising the highly successful 2003 Olympic Days, which were of great benefit to the sports associations, clubs, and young participants. The [[Association football|football]] association took part, along with the [[handball]], [[basketball]], [[rugby union]], [[field hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], swimming and [[tennis]] associations. In 2010 Muscat hosted the [[2010 Asian Beach Games]]. Oman featured a men's national team in [[beach volleyball]] that competed at the [[2018–2020 AVC Beach Volleyball Continental Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oman also hosts tennis tournaments each year. The [[Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex]] stadium contains a 50-meter swimming pool which is used for international tournaments. The Tour of Oman, a professional cycling 6-day stage race, takes place in February. Oman hosted the Asian [[2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification (AFC)|2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers]], where 11 teams competed for three spots at the [[FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|FIFA World Cup]]. Oman hosted the Men's and Women's [[2012 Beach Handball World Championships]] at the Millennium Resort in Mussanah, from 8 to 13 July.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.muscatmutterings.com/2012/07/beach-handball-2012-world-championships.html<br />
|title=The Beach Handball 2012 World Championships |date=8 July 2012<br />
|access-date=24 September 2012}}<br />
</ref> The first "[[El Clásico|El Clasico]]" to be played outside of Spain, was played on 14 March 2014, at the [[Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legends Cup promises to be true battle for honours - 'a la clasico'|url=https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20140312/282166469117894|access-date=9 November 2020|via=PressReader}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oman has competed repeatedly for a position in the [[FIFA World Cup]], but have not yet qualified to compete in the tournament. In [[cricket]], Oman qualified for the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and the 2021 T20 Cricket World Cup. On 25 June 2021, it was confirmed that Oman will co-host the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] edition of the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] alongside the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Acharya|first=Shayan|title=T20 World Cup: Oman to host 'minimum six' games|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/t20-world-cup-oman-to-host-minimum-six-matches-bcci-icc-sourav-ganguly-jay-shah/article35370648.ece|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Sportstar|date=16 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<gallery caption="Muscat, Oman" widths="180px" heights="120px" ><br />
File:001027-Muscat-IMG 6483-2.jpg|A mosque in [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:Fort Mutrah in Muscat, Oman.jpg|Mutrah Fort, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:001026-Muscat-IMG 6286-2.jpg|Al Ameen Mosque, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque in Muscat, Oman.jpg|Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:001025-Muscat-IMG 5662-2.jpg|Sultan's Ship, Mutrah, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg|Al Amarat Hills, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:001027-Muscat-IMG 6501-2.jpg|Al Azaiba Beach, [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
File:001026-Muscat-IMG 6183-2.jpg|Library of [[Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque]], [[Muscat]], Oman<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Omanis]]<br />
* [[Outline of Oman]]<br />
* [[Index of Oman-related articles]]<br />
* [[Sohar Port and Freezone]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group="note"}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.omantourism.gov.om/ Ministry of Tourism] (official government website)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010124752/http://www.omanet.om/ Ministry of Information] (official government website) (archived 10 October 2007)<br />
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428217/Oman "Oman"] – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<br />
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/ Oman]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<br />
* {{GovPubs|oman}}<br />
* {{curlie|Regional/Middle_East/Oman}}<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654150 Oman] from the [[BBC News]].<br />
*[https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/the-sultanate-of-oman/ The Sultanate of Oman] at RAF Museum<br />
* {{Wikiatlas|Oman}}<br />
<br />
{{Oman topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Oman| ]]<br />
[[Category:750s establishments]]<br />
[[Category:751 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:Arabian Peninsula]]<br />
[[Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language]]<br />
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic states]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Arab League]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Middle Eastern countries]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in the 750s]]<br />
[[Category:Sultanates]]<br />
[[Category:West Asian countries]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_BRICS_summit&diff=56204318th BRICS summit2026-09-14T05:34:38Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Key speeches */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 international summit in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox summit meeting<br />
|name = 2026 BRICS Summit<br />
|other_titles = 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|image =<br />
|logo = 18ª BRICS Summit 2026, New Delhi, India.png<br />
|logo_size = 250px<br />
|alt = BRICS 2026 Indian Presidency logo<br />
|caption = Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|date = 12–13 September 2026<br />
|motto = ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''<ref name="BRICS2026official">{{cite web |title=BRICS India 2026 |url=https://www.brics2026.gov.in/ |website=BRICS India 2026 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
|venues = [[Bharat Mandapam]]<br />
|cities = [[New Delhi]]<br />
|participants = {{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{EGY}}<br/>{{ETH}}<br/>{{IND}}<br/>{{IDN}}<br/>{{IRN}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{RSA}}<br/>{{UAE}}<br />
|chairperson = [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
|follows = [[17th BRICS summit|17th]]<br />
|precedes = [[19th BRICS summit|19th]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://brics2026.gov.in}}<br />
|compactnav = yes<br />
|keypoints = Adoption of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''; global-governance reform; Middle East de-escalation; trade, payments and development cooperation<br />
}}<br />
The '''18th BRICS Summit''' is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]] in [[New Delhi]], India from 12–13 September 2026 under India's 2026 [[BRICS]] chairship.<ref name="PIBoverview">{{cite web |title=BRICS: Evolution, Cooperation and India's Leadership |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2308611&lang=1&reg=3 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> It brings together delegations from the BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and several international organisations. The summit is chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and is organised under the theme ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
The leaders' summit was preceded on 11 September by the BRICS Business Forum, also held at Bharat Mandapam, while the two-day leaders' programme comprises a closed meeting of BRICS members, an expanded open session with partner countries and outreach participants, a visit to the Bharat Innovates exposition, bilateral meetings and ceremonial events.<ref name="schedule">{{cite news |title=18th BRICS Summit 2026: Check full schedule of leaders’ meetings, key sessions at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-2026-check-full-schedule-of-leaders-meetings-key-sessions-at-bharat-mandapam-554289-2026-09-09 |work=Business Today |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration''', a 140-paragraph consensus document covering global-governance reform, international conflicts, trade and finance, energy and climate policy, technology, health, agriculture and people-to-people cooperation.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration">{{cite web |title=BRICS New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability |url=https://ebs.publicnow.com/view/322C608779C3EE82D80D8869B7D797096FDC352E |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India |via=Public Technologies |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersDeclaration">{{cite news |title=BRICS adopts joint declaration, urges 'maximum restraint' in Mideast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/brics-adopts-joint-declaration-urges-maximum-restraint-mideast-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
BRICS was formalised through meetings of Brazil, Russia, India and China in 2006 and held its first leaders' summit in 2009. South Africa joined in 2010 and first participated in a summit in 2011. The grouping expanded substantially in 2024 and 2025. By 2026, official BRICS and Indian government sources listed eleven members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, [[Saudi Arabia]], South Africa and the United Arab Emirates, as well as ten partner countries: [[Belarus]], [[Bolivia]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Thailand]], [[Uganda]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Indian presidency ===<br />
India assumed the BRICS presidency on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.<ref name="PIBoverview"/> India framed its presidency around four priorities represented by the acronym of its summit theme: resilience, innovation, cooperation and sustainability. According to the Indian government, the presidency sought to strengthen institutional effectiveness, advance the interests of the [[Global South]], and promote practical cooperation in development, technology, trade and sustainability.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Logo and official website ===<br />
The Government of India launched the official logo and website for the BRICS 2026 presidency, on 13 January 2026, marking the formal commencement of preparations for the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=‘Weathering global shocks’: Jaishankar lays out India’s BRICS strategy amid dual-tariff pressure from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaishankar-india-brics-strategy-tariff-us-10471039/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Venue ==<br />
[[File:Bharat Mandapam Morning View.jpg|thumb|[[Bharat Mandapam]] at [[Pragati Maidan]], venue of the summit]]<br />
The summit is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], the International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre at [[Pragati Maidan]] in New Delhi.<ref name="venueSummit">{{cite web |title=Convention Centre - BMCC |url=https://www.itpo.gov.in/explore-venues/convention-centers |publisher=[[India Trade Promotion Organisation]] |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The complex was inaugurated in July 2023 and was subsequently the venue of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre - ‘Bharat Mandapam’ |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1943070&lang=2&reg=48 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G20 Summit, New Delhi |url=https://www.g20.in/en/g20-india-2023/new-delhi-summit/new-delhi-summit.html |website=G20 India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The convention centre can accommodate up to 7,000 delegates in a single configuration and contains plenary, multipurpose and meeting halls as well as dedicated VIP facilities.<ref name="venueSummit"/><br />
== Participants ==<br />
According to the Ministry of External Affairs, the leaders of the member countries, partner countries and outreach invitees listed below attended the summit.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= 13 September 2026|title= BRICS Summit 2026 September 13 highlights: Modi’s bilateral meetings on BRICS sidelines put defence, security cooperation in focus<br />
|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brics-summit-2026-india-live-updates-narendra-modi-world-leaders-new-delhi-declaration-key-agenda-september-13-2026/article71462451.ece<br />
|website= <br />
|location= <br />
|publisher= <br />
|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following leaders attended the summit, according to the Ministry of External Affairs.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country / Organisation !! Representative !! Status<br />
|-<br />
| '''India''' (host) || '''Narendra Modi''', Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Russia || Vladimir Putin, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| China || Xi Jinping, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Iran || Masoud Pezeshkian, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| South Africa || Cyril Ramaphosa, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Egypt || Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Ethiopia || Abiy Ahmed Ali, Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Indonesia || Prabowo Subianto, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| United Arab Emirates || Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil || Mauro Vieira, Foreign Minister <small>(President Lula da Silva did not attend)</small> || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Saudi Arabia || Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, Foreign Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Kazakhstan || Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Malaysia || Anwar Ibrahim, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Vietnam || Le Minh Hung, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Uganda || Jessica Alupo, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Nigeria || Kashim Shettima, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Cuba || Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Belarus || Maxim Ryzhenkov, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Thailand || Anutin Charnvirakul, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| United Nations || António Guterres, Secretary-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| New Development Bank || Dilma Rousseff, President || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Health Organisation || Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Trade Organisation || Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| Others || Leaders and ministers from outreach countries, including the Philippines, Burundi, Bahrain and Uruguay || Invitee<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Programme ==<br />
=== BRICS Business Forum ===<br />
The BRICS Business Forum was held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], New Delhi on 11 September, on the eve of the leaders' summit. It brought together representatives of governments, businesses, financial institutions, startups, the BRICS Business Council and the BRICS Women's Business Alliance from member and partner countries.<ref name="businessforum">{{cite web |title=BRICS Business Forum |url=https://www.bricsbusiness.ru/en/brics-india-2026/business-forum/ |website=BRICS Business Council |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in India for the 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-india-for-the18th-brics-summit/ |publisher=Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The forum's programme consisted of five sectoral panels followed by a leaders' session.<ref name="businessforum"/><br />
<br />
At the leaders' session, Indian PM Modi called for the BRICS business community to identify major barriers to intra-BRICS trade, support the international expansion of startups and create additional cross-border business partnerships. He also highlighted initiatives developed under India's chairship, including a BRICS Incubator Network, a BRICS MSME Portal and a BRICS [[Startup]] Innovation Fund, and stressed the importance of secure [[sea lanes]] and supply routes for global trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM’s address at the BRICS Business Forum 2026 |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-the-brics-business-forum-2026/ |website=Prime Minister of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bharat Innovates exposition ===<br />
The BRICS Bharat Innovates Exposition is being held on 11–12 September alongside the Business Forum and the leaders' summit. Organised by India's [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] in coordination with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], it showcases 37 Indian deep-technology startups and ventures and is intended to connect startups, research institutions and laboratories with investors, corporations and other international partners.<ref name="BharatInnovates">{{cite news |title=BRICS 2026: 37 Indian deep-tech innovators showcase technologies at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/brics-2026-37-indian-deep-tech-innovators-showcase-technologies-at-bharat-mandapam/ |work=DD India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The exposition forms part of India's education-track priority on research, innovation and startup ecosystems. BRICS leaders visited the exhibition during the first day of the summit.<ref name="schedule"/><br />
<br />
=== Leaders' programme ===<br />
The formal leaders' programme takes place over 12 and 13 September. The first day is centred on a closed plenary restricted to BRICS members, while the second-day open plenary expands participation to partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations.<ref name="summitItinerary">{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Dates, venue, timings and complete itinerary |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/brics-summit-2026-dates-venue-timings-and-complete-itinerary-11788941919316.html |work=Mint |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date<br />
! Event<br />
! Participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | 12 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of BRICS leaders<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| '''Closed plenary:''' ''Inclusive Global Governance and Strengthening Multilateralism''<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| Visit to the [[#Bharat Innovates exposition|Bharat Innovates exposition]]<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Gala dinner hosted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| Summit participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 13 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of partner countries and outreach delegations<br />
| BRICS partner countries and invitees<br />
|-<br />
|Family photograph and '''Open plenary:''' ''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''<br />
| BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations<br />
|}<br />
<br />
During the closed plenary on 12 September, the leaders discussed reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, economic cooperation and major international and regional developments. The session culminated in the adoption by consensus of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''.<ref><!-- Add official New Delhi Declaration citation here --></ref><br />
<br />
Following the plenary, the leaders visited the Bharat Innovates exposition and participated in the official family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony before attending a gala dinner hosted by Modi.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
The open plenary on 13 September brings together BRICS members with partner countries, invitees and international organisations. Its theme, '''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''', reflects the four priorities of India's 2026 BRICS presidency.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
== Agenda ==<br />
The summit agenda includes reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, trade and investment, food and energy security, public health, disaster resilience and the resilience of critical supply chains.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics summit in Delhi on September 12-13: Agenda, schedule and other details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/brics-summit-in-delhi-on-september-12-13-agenda-schedule-and-other-details/articleshow/133973488.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Leaders also discussed geopolitical conflicts, disruptions to maritime commerce and energy routes, and measures to expand economic cooperation among BRICS states.<ref name="ReutersSummit">{{cite news |title=India hosts BRICS summit as Iran war tests bloc unity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-hosts-brics-summit-iran-war-tests-bloc-unity-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Economic discussions included improving interoperability between payment systems, expanding the use of national and central-bank digital currencies in cross-border payments, and developing new cooperation frameworks for startups and logistics.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to push BRICS digital currency link despite hurdles, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-push-brics-digital-currency-link-despite-hurdles-sources-say-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Initiatives considered by leaders included a BRICS Incubator Network, a Startup Innovation Fund and a Logistics Supply-Chain Cooperation Framework.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaders set to fine-tune incubator network, startup fund, supply chain cooperation framework |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/leaders-set-to-fine-tune-incubator-network-startup-fund-supply-chain-cooperation-framework-10872693/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The summit takes place amid the continuing war involving Iran, Israel and the United States, the war in Ukraine, high energy prices and trade tensions. Differences among some BRICS members, particularly Iran and the United Arab Emirates, had been identified before the summit as a challenge to achieving consensus on geopolitical language; the members nevertheless unanimously adopted the New Delhi Declaration on 12 September.<ref name="ReutersSummit"/><br />
== Key speeches ==<br />
At the opening session, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] said BRICS had "come of age" and presented a ten-point proposal for a BRICS Reform Roadmap on global governance, to be finalised by the next summit, focusing on representation, responsiveness and rule-making. He repeated India's demand that reform of the [[UN Security Council]] "cannot be postponed any longer" and asked for negotiations with a definite time frame. He also proposed a BRICS continuity and implementation mechanism under the Troika arrangement, a secure digital repository to track every decision, and a Seafarers' Emergency Support Network for mariners facing risks from regional conflicts. Clarifying the grouping's character, Modi said, “We are not against anyone; rather, we strive to move forward with the approach of taking everyone along.”<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|text= Today, the Global South stands in the front row of global crises but in the back row of decision-making. We must transform this '''pyramid of privilege''' into a '''platform of partnership''' — one where every nation has a voice, every member has a stake, and the development of humanity lies at the heart of every effort.<br />
|author= [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], at the opening session, 12 September 2026<ref> {{cite web <br />
|last= H. Laskar<br />
|first= Rezaul<br />
|date= 13 September 2026<br />
|title= 'Transform into rule-shapers': At BRICS 2026, PM Modi pushes for Global South as decision makers<br />
|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-2026-pm-modi-pushes-for-global-south-as-decision-makers-india-russia-indonesia-vietnam-101789261192294.html<br />
|website= Hindustantimes.com<br />
|location= <br />
|publisher= Hindustan Times<br />
|access-date= 14 September 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
President [[Xi Jinping]] said BRICS countries should "firmly stand on the right side of history" by steering the international order towards greater fairness, and announced that China would take the BRICS chairship in 2027 and host the 19th summit. At the second session on 13 September, Xi put forward five initiatives for cooperation — on artificial intelligence (including an open-source and inclusive AI effort), trade and investment facilitation with a BRICS special economic zone partnership, a BRICS digital ecosystem cloud platform, intelligent manufacturing, and science and technology talent development, including a BRICS engineer cultivation alliance and a youth exchange programme. He also called for the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.<ref> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/world-expects-concrete-results-pm-modi-extends-best-wishes-as-brics-chairship-passes-to-china/articleshow/134194292.cms</ref><br />
<br />
President Putin argued for greater representation of [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]] on the [[UN Security Council]] and accused some countries, in his words, of using tariffs, sanctions and "brute force" against emerging competitors.<ref>https://new.intellinews.com/articles/brics-gets-its-declaration-and-putin-gets-the-summit-he-wanted-467443</ref> President Pezeshkian of Iran said shortly before the summit that the [[Middle East]] did not need the United States as a "regional policeman".<ref>https://www.afp.com/en/china-russia-iran-leaders-gather-india-brics-nations-seek-common-ground</ref> President Ramaphosa of [[South Africa]], briefing the media at the conclusion, said the grouping stood for a multilateral system "where there is no dominance of one player or country over others".<ref> https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/brics-summit-concludes-adoption-new-delhi-declaration-0</ref><br />
<br />
== New Delhi Declaration ==<br />
On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'''.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The declaration contains 140 numbered paragraphs and reaffirms the grouping's three broad pillars of political and security cooperation, economic and financial cooperation, and cultural and people-to-people exchanges. It also records more than 400 meetings and engagements held in 30 Indian cities during India's 2026 chairship.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
=== Global governance and international conflicts ===<br />
The declaration called for a more representative multilateral system and greater participation by emerging and developing countries in international institutions. It reiterated support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform]] of the [[United Nations]] and other global bodies and argued that the international system should better reflect contemporary economic and political realities.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
On the conflict in the Middle East, the members expressed "deep concern" over the escalation of tensions and called for "maximum restraint", protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and a long-term settlement through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The document reiterated support for humanitarian access in Gaza and for [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> On the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|war in and around Ukraine]], the declaration recalled the members' differing national positions and welcomed mediation and good-offices proposals aimed at a peaceful resolution through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summit Resolutions |url=https://www.bricsri.co.za/summit-resolutions/ |publisher=BRICS Research Institute |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The declaration specifically condemned the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] and reiterated "zero tolerance" for terrorism, including terrorist financing, safe havens and cross-border movement of terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS declaration condemns Pahalgam terror attack, calls for zero tolerance for terrorism, action against safe havens |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brics-declaration-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-zero-tolerance-terrorism-action-10875478/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Trade, finance and development ===<br />
The members criticised the increasing use of unilateral tariff and non-tariff measures and reaffirmed support for a rules-based multilateral trading system centred on the [[World Trade Organization]], while calling for reforms that give developing economies greater influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS unanimously condemns unilateral tariffs, pushes for WTO reform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-unilateral-tariffs-wto-reform-10875347/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The declaration also opposed unilateral coercive measures not authorised by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On financial cooperation, the declaration backed continued work by the BRICS Payment Task Force on interoperability between national payment and financial-messaging systems and on settlement and investment in local currencies. It did not establish a common BRICS currency.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="IEtakeaways">{{cite news |title=Main takeaways from the BRICS declaration: Tariffs, terrorism, West Asia war, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/brics-new-delhi-summit-declaration-key-takeaways-10875050/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The members encouraged the [[New Development Bank]] to expand local-currency financing and continued discussion of a proposed New Investment Platform and other mechanisms for development finance.<ref name="IEtakeaways"/><br />
<br />
=== Energy, climate, technology and social cooperation ===<br />
The declaration described energy security as a foundation of development, called for stable energy markets and resilient infrastructure, and stated that fossil fuels would continue to play an important role in the energy mix of emerging and developing economies. At the same time, it reaffirmed support for a "just, orderly, equitable and inclusive" energy transition and for implementation of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Need 'orderly & inclusive' energy transition, fossil fuels will continue playing key role: BRICS declaration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-summit-new-delhi-declaration-fossil-fuels-energy-transition-critical-minerals-10875456/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In technology policy, the members endorsed continued cooperation on [[artificial intelligence]], digital public infrastructure, quantum technologies, research networks and start-up ecosystems. The declaration welcomed a BRICS Incubator Network and further consideration of a BRICS Startup Innovation Fund, as well as a proposed repository for digital public-infrastructure solutions.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> In health, it endorsed a BRICS Mission for Healthy Lifestyle and a 2026–2029 roadmap on healthy-lifestyle promotion, and supported a network of centres of excellence on mental health coordinated by India's [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
In agriculture, the declaration supported further work on the proposed BRICS Grain Exchange and cooperation on food security, agricultural inputs and climate-resilient farming.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
The declaration expressed support for [[China]]'s BRICS chairship in 2027 and the holding of the [[19th BRICS summit]] in China.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
== Bilateral diplomacy ==<br />
A number of bilateral meetings took place before and during the summit. Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] met Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 11 September, with discussions covering trade, energy, defence and the [[Russo-Ukraine war|wars in Ukraine]] and the [[Middle East]]; the two sides reiterated a goal of increasing [[India-Russia relations|bilateral trade]] to US$100 billion by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi, Putin seek stronger ties as Russia calls for BRICS to counter West |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/modi-putin-hold-talks-new-delhi-trade-defence-2026-09-11/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 September, Indian PM Narendra Modi and Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] met on the summit sidelines during Xi's first visit to India in seven years. The two leaders discussed border stability, trade imbalances, market access, transport links and broader economic ties, in what was widely interpreted as a cautious attempt to stabilise [[China–India relations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Modi and China's Xi push business links, border peace as ties revive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-lands-delhi-brics-summit-indian-tv-channels-report-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Iranian president [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] and UAE representative [[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]] also held talks on 12 September, described by Reuters as the highest-level Iran–UAE meeting since the outbreak of the 2026 war. The meeting focused on regional stability and peace efforts and took place as negotiators sought consensus on the declaration's Middle East language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran and UAE back joint BRICS statement urging restraint in war |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/brics-agrees-joint-declaration-before-new-delhi-summit-sources-say-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Participating delegations ==<br />
=== BRICS members ===<br />
{{See also|Member states of BRICS}}<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Mauro Vieira em 2023.jpeg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''<br>[[Mauro Vieira]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping (November 2024) 02.jpg|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[China]]'''<br>[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of China|President]]{{efn|Xi is also [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman of the Central Military Commission]].}}<br />
File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2) - 2023.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Egypt]]'''<br>[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President of Egypt|President]]<br />
File:Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed Ali (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} '''[[Ethiopia]]'''<br>[[Abiy Ahmed]], [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''<br>[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] '''(Host)'''<br />
File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''<br>[[Prabowo Subianto]], [[President of Indonesia|President]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Iran]]'''<br>[[Masoud Pezeshkian]], [[President of Iran|President]]<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res) 2.jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''<br>[[Vladimir Putin]], [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
File:President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''[[South Africa]]'''<br>[[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[President of South Africa|President]]<br />
File:Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan.jpg|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[United Arab Emirates]]'''<br>[[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]], [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]]{{efn|Khaled is also Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and chairman of the [[Abu Dhabi Executive Council]].}}<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
Saudi Arabia is listed as a BRICS member by official BRICS and Indian government sources, although Riyadh has not publicly confirmed formal accession and its status has continued to be described as ambiguous in independent reporting. In the New Delhi Summit, while the Saudi delegation was represented, Saudi Arabia didn't participate as a full member.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia sits on fence over BRICS with eye on vital ties with US |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-sits-fence-over-brics-with-eye-vital-ties-with-us-2025-05-08/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== BRICS partner countries ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Maxim Ryzhenkov.jpg|{{flagicon|Belarus}} '''[[Belarus]]'''<br>[[Maxim Ryzhenkov]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} '''[[Bolivia]]'''<br>Arlette Gabriela Bustamante García, chargé d'affaires of the Bolivian embassy in India<br />
File:Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.jpg|{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Cuba]]'''<br>[[Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (2020-02-01).jpg|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} '''[[Kazakhstan]]'''<br>[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]], [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]<br><small>also representing the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]</small><br />
File:Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''<br>[[Anwar Ibrahim]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:Kashim Shettima office portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Nigeria]]'''<br>[[Kashim Shettima]], [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]]<br />
File:Sihasak Phuangketkeow 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Thailand]]'''<br>[[Sihasak Phuangketkeow]], Deputy Prime Minister and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Alupo Jessica Rose Epel.jpg|{{flagicon|Uganda}} '''[[Uganda]]'''<br>[[Jessica Alupo]], [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice President]]<br />
File:Jamshid Kuchkarov.jpg|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} '''[[Uzbekistan]]'''<br>Jamshid Kuchkarov, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance<br />
File:Le_Minh_Hung_20260502.jpg|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} '''[[Vietnam]]'''<br>[[Lê Minh Hưng]], [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Invitees ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani.jpg|{{flagicon|Bahrain}} '''[[Bahrain]]'''<br>[[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]</small><br />
File:Évariste Ndayishimiye.png|{{flagicon|Burundi}} '''[[Burundi]]'''<br>[[Évariste Ndayishimiye]], [[President of Burundi|President]]<br><small>representing the [[African Union]]</small><br />
File:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 2025 SONA Portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Philippines]]'''<br>[[Bongbong Marcos]], [[President of the Philippines|President]]<br><small>representing [[ASEAN]]</small><br />
File:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud - 2021 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Saudi Arabia]]'''<br>[[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Foreign Minister]] {{efn|name=SaudiStatus|Saudi Arabia's status within BRICS remains ambiguous. The Government of India and official BRICS-related material issued during India's 2026 chairship list Saudi Arabia among the grouping's eleven members. However, Saudi Arabia has not consistently or publicly confirmed that it completed formal accession after receiving an invitation to join BRICS in 2023, and independent reporting, including Reuters, has continued to describe the kingdom as having not formally joined. At the 2026 New Delhi summit, Saudi Arabia was represented by Foreign Minister [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], but he participated in the summit with the status of invitee.}}<br />
File:Mario Lubetkin (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} '''[[Uruguay]]'''<br>[[Mario Lubetkin]], [[Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
India invited the chairs of several regional organisations to the summit's outreach session. Kazakhstan's President Tokayev participates both as the leader of a BRICS partner country and as a representative of the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name=participants>{{cite news |title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Bangladesh's Prime Minister [[Tarique Rahman]] had been invited in his capacity as chair of [[BIMSTEC]], but Bangladesh announced on 10 September that it would not send a government representative to the summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=No scope for Bangladesh to join BRICS Summit, PM wasn’t invited: Humaiun Kobir |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/no-scope-bangladesh-join-brics-summit-pm-wasnt-invited-humaiun-kobir-4269451 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International organisations ===<br />
Several international organisations are represented at the summit.<ref name="participants"/><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html<br />
|work=Moneycontrol<br />
|date=11 September 2026<br />
|access-date=12 September 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres (3x4 cropped b).jpg|'''[[United Nations]]'''<br>[[António Guterres]], [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]<br />
File:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 2024.jpg|'''[[World Health Organization]]'''<br>[[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]], [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2008 portrait).jpg|'''[[World Trade Organization]]'''<br>[[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:04-06-2024 Reunião com a Presidente do Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento Dilma Rousseff (53769684843) (cropped).jpg|'''[[New Development Bank]]'''<br>[[Dilma Rousseff]], President<br />
File:Zou Jiayi (2022).jpg|'''[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]'''<br>[[Zou Jiayi]], President and Chair of the Board of Directors<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
The [[International Solar Alliance]] is represented by its Director-General, Ashish Khanna, while the [[Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure]] is represented by its Director-General, Amit Prothi.<ref name="participants"/><br />
<br />
<br />
== Reception and analysis ==<br />
International coverage focused on the significance of reaching a consensus declaration despite divisions within the expanded grouping. Reuters noted that agreement had been expected to be a "particularly challenging task for host New Delhi", because BRICS includes both Iran and the United Arab Emirates, whose positions had sharply diverged during the 2026 Middle East conflict.<ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The agreement contrasted with the BRICS foreign ministers' meeting in New Delhi in May, which ended without a joint communiqué because of differences over the war, leaving India to issue a chair's statement instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS talks end without joint statement, exposing divisions over war in Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-issues-chair-statement-after-brics-meeting-amid-differences-over-gulf-2026-05-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 May 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Associated Press]] interpreted the summit as demonstrating both BRICS' continuing opposition to what many members regard as Western dominance of international institutions and India's effort to balance that agenda with its relations with Western countries, Russia, Iran and the Gulf states.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' highlighted a "push for Gulf peace" but noted that India–China strategic competition continued to limit cohesion and that proposals for a sharper move away from the US dollar were avoided.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics push for Gulf peace as war worries mount |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f32bef26-d2b8-47a6-b938-3dcd5e870685 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an analysis for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', C. Raja Mohan characterised India's approach under the headline "No fire & brimstone", arguing that New Delhi had resisted attempts to turn BRICS into a confrontational geopolitical bloc and instead emphasised practical cooperation on supply chains, health, digital infrastructure, development finance and other areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=No fire & brimstone: Delhi pushes back against making BRICS a geopolitical bloc |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-brics-geopolitical-bloc-xi-jinping-summit-gaza-10875522/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' similarly contrasted Beijing's view of BRICS as a counterweight to the United States with India's preference for a bridging role between the West and developing countries, while highlighting Xi's visit as part of a tentative thaw in India–China relations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi Jinping gets red carpet at Brics summit amid thaw in India-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/12/xi-jinping-brics-summit-delhi-india-china-relations |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bloomberg News described the summit as one in which several governments at odds with the United States "found common ground", noting that the declaration criticised unilateral war, tariffs and sanctions without naming the United States directly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump’s Foes Find Common Ground at Modi’s New Delhi Summit |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/international-trade/trumps-foes-find-common-ground-at-modis-new-delhi-summit |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Security and logistics ==<br />
Indian authorities mounted a large security operation across New Delhi for the summit, with approximately 30,000 personnel from the Delhi Police and other agencies deployed around the venue, airports, delegation hotels and major routes. Security arrangements included layered cordons, anti-drone systems, surveillance cameras and traffic restrictions around central Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=China, Russia presidents arrive for BRICS summit; Delhi Police deploys personnel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-russia-presidents-arrive-brics-summit-delhi-police-deploys-personnel-10871057/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS summit: traffic routes, hotels and police arrangements in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/brics-summit-traffic-routes-hotels-police-10869880/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delegations were accommodated across multiple hotels in New Delhi. Road diversions and temporary restrictions were introduced around Bharat Mandapam, diplomatic areas, airports and hotels during high-level movements, while authorities encouraged residents to use the Delhi Metro where possible.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Delhi security, four-layer cordon for Putin, heightened cover for Xi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-delhi-security-four-layer-cordon-for-putin-heightened-cover-for-xi-2991847-2026-09-10 |work=India Today |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
Schools across [[Delhi]] were closed on 11 September to pave the way for the foreign officials.<ref name="w702">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Anjali | title=Delhi school holiday today: Schools shut on September 11 ahead of BRICS Summit | publisher=mint | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-school-holiday-today-schools-shut-on-september-11-ahead-of-brics-summit/amp-11789096008505.html | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> Offices and the Supreme Court were also ordered to remain closed for the day. A former Indian intelligence official noted that the shut down was, "causing great discomfort to the common people".<ref name="t055">{{cite web | author=The Wire Analysis | title=Shutdown Capital for Road Traffic, Offices and Schools, is Fear of 'Flash Mob' Protests Driving Paranoia Over BRICS Arrangements? | publisher=The Wire | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/shutdown-capital-for-road-traffic-offices-and-schools-is-fear-of-flash-mob-protests-driving-paranoia-over-brics-arrangements/amp | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of the summit, the opposition [[Aam Aadmi Party]] criticised the central government after curtains and screens were placed along routes near some low-income settlements in Delhi, accusing authorities of attempting to conceal poverty rather than address it.<ref>{{cite news |title='Like calling 2.6% GDP growth 7.8%': AAP targets Centre over 'hiding' Delhi slums ahead of Brics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/like-calling-2-6-gdp-growth-7-8-aap-targets-centre-over-hiding-delhi-slums-ahead-of-brics/articleshow/134074443.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Residents of the Coolie Camp settlement in Vasant Vihar, where screening had also been used during the 2023 G20 summit, told ''Brut'' that they felt they were being hidden from visiting delegations.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are curtains hiding from the BRICS leaders and why? |url=https://www.brut.media/in/videos/india/society/what-are-curtains-hiding-from-the-brics-leaders-and-why |website=Brut |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:BRICS summits]]<br />
[[Category:2026 diplomatic conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_BRICS_summit&diff=56204218th BRICS summit2026-09-14T05:29:55Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Agenda */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 international summit in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox summit meeting<br />
|name = 2026 BRICS Summit<br />
|other_titles = 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|image =<br />
|logo = 18ª BRICS Summit 2026, New Delhi, India.png<br />
|logo_size = 250px<br />
|alt = BRICS 2026 Indian Presidency logo<br />
|caption = Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|date = 12–13 September 2026<br />
|motto = ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''<ref name="BRICS2026official">{{cite web |title=BRICS India 2026 |url=https://www.brics2026.gov.in/ |website=BRICS India 2026 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
|venues = [[Bharat Mandapam]]<br />
|cities = [[New Delhi]]<br />
|participants = {{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{EGY}}<br/>{{ETH}}<br/>{{IND}}<br/>{{IDN}}<br/>{{IRN}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{RSA}}<br/>{{UAE}}<br />
|chairperson = [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
|follows = [[17th BRICS summit|17th]]<br />
|precedes = [[19th BRICS summit|19th]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://brics2026.gov.in}}<br />
|compactnav = yes<br />
|keypoints = Adoption of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''; global-governance reform; Middle East de-escalation; trade, payments and development cooperation<br />
}}<br />
The '''18th BRICS Summit''' is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]] in [[New Delhi]], India from 12–13 September 2026 under India's 2026 [[BRICS]] chairship.<ref name="PIBoverview">{{cite web |title=BRICS: Evolution, Cooperation and India's Leadership |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2308611&lang=1&reg=3 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> It brings together delegations from the BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and several international organisations. The summit is chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and is organised under the theme ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
The leaders' summit was preceded on 11 September by the BRICS Business Forum, also held at Bharat Mandapam, while the two-day leaders' programme comprises a closed meeting of BRICS members, an expanded open session with partner countries and outreach participants, a visit to the Bharat Innovates exposition, bilateral meetings and ceremonial events.<ref name="schedule">{{cite news |title=18th BRICS Summit 2026: Check full schedule of leaders’ meetings, key sessions at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-2026-check-full-schedule-of-leaders-meetings-key-sessions-at-bharat-mandapam-554289-2026-09-09 |work=Business Today |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration''', a 140-paragraph consensus document covering global-governance reform, international conflicts, trade and finance, energy and climate policy, technology, health, agriculture and people-to-people cooperation.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration">{{cite web |title=BRICS New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability |url=https://ebs.publicnow.com/view/322C608779C3EE82D80D8869B7D797096FDC352E |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India |via=Public Technologies |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersDeclaration">{{cite news |title=BRICS adopts joint declaration, urges 'maximum restraint' in Mideast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/brics-adopts-joint-declaration-urges-maximum-restraint-mideast-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
BRICS was formalised through meetings of Brazil, Russia, India and China in 2006 and held its first leaders' summit in 2009. South Africa joined in 2010 and first participated in a summit in 2011. The grouping expanded substantially in 2024 and 2025. By 2026, official BRICS and Indian government sources listed eleven members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, [[Saudi Arabia]], South Africa and the United Arab Emirates, as well as ten partner countries: [[Belarus]], [[Bolivia]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Thailand]], [[Uganda]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Indian presidency ===<br />
India assumed the BRICS presidency on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.<ref name="PIBoverview"/> India framed its presidency around four priorities represented by the acronym of its summit theme: resilience, innovation, cooperation and sustainability. According to the Indian government, the presidency sought to strengthen institutional effectiveness, advance the interests of the [[Global South]], and promote practical cooperation in development, technology, trade and sustainability.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Logo and official website ===<br />
The Government of India launched the official logo and website for the BRICS 2026 presidency, on 13 January 2026, marking the formal commencement of preparations for the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=‘Weathering global shocks’: Jaishankar lays out India’s BRICS strategy amid dual-tariff pressure from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaishankar-india-brics-strategy-tariff-us-10471039/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Venue ==<br />
[[File:Bharat Mandapam Morning View.jpg|thumb|[[Bharat Mandapam]] at [[Pragati Maidan]], venue of the summit]]<br />
The summit is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], the International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre at [[Pragati Maidan]] in New Delhi.<ref name="venueSummit">{{cite web |title=Convention Centre - BMCC |url=https://www.itpo.gov.in/explore-venues/convention-centers |publisher=[[India Trade Promotion Organisation]] |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The complex was inaugurated in July 2023 and was subsequently the venue of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre - ‘Bharat Mandapam’ |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1943070&lang=2&reg=48 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G20 Summit, New Delhi |url=https://www.g20.in/en/g20-india-2023/new-delhi-summit/new-delhi-summit.html |website=G20 India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The convention centre can accommodate up to 7,000 delegates in a single configuration and contains plenary, multipurpose and meeting halls as well as dedicated VIP facilities.<ref name="venueSummit"/><br />
== Participants ==<br />
According to the Ministry of External Affairs, the leaders of the member countries, partner countries and outreach invitees listed below attended the summit.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= 13 September 2026|title= BRICS Summit 2026 September 13 highlights: Modi’s bilateral meetings on BRICS sidelines put defence, security cooperation in focus<br />
|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brics-summit-2026-india-live-updates-narendra-modi-world-leaders-new-delhi-declaration-key-agenda-september-13-2026/article71462451.ece<br />
|website= <br />
|location= <br />
|publisher= <br />
|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following leaders attended the summit, according to the Ministry of External Affairs.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country / Organisation !! Representative !! Status<br />
|-<br />
| '''India''' (host) || '''Narendra Modi''', Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Russia || Vladimir Putin, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| China || Xi Jinping, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Iran || Masoud Pezeshkian, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| South Africa || Cyril Ramaphosa, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Egypt || Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Ethiopia || Abiy Ahmed Ali, Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Indonesia || Prabowo Subianto, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| United Arab Emirates || Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil || Mauro Vieira, Foreign Minister <small>(President Lula da Silva did not attend)</small> || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Saudi Arabia || Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, Foreign Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Kazakhstan || Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Malaysia || Anwar Ibrahim, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Vietnam || Le Minh Hung, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Uganda || Jessica Alupo, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Nigeria || Kashim Shettima, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Cuba || Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Belarus || Maxim Ryzhenkov, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Thailand || Anutin Charnvirakul, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| United Nations || António Guterres, Secretary-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| New Development Bank || Dilma Rousseff, President || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Health Organisation || Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Trade Organisation || Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| Others || Leaders and ministers from outreach countries, including the Philippines, Burundi, Bahrain and Uruguay || Invitee<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Programme ==<br />
=== BRICS Business Forum ===<br />
The BRICS Business Forum was held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], New Delhi on 11 September, on the eve of the leaders' summit. It brought together representatives of governments, businesses, financial institutions, startups, the BRICS Business Council and the BRICS Women's Business Alliance from member and partner countries.<ref name="businessforum">{{cite web |title=BRICS Business Forum |url=https://www.bricsbusiness.ru/en/brics-india-2026/business-forum/ |website=BRICS Business Council |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in India for the 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-india-for-the18th-brics-summit/ |publisher=Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The forum's programme consisted of five sectoral panels followed by a leaders' session.<ref name="businessforum"/><br />
<br />
At the leaders' session, Indian PM Modi called for the BRICS business community to identify major barriers to intra-BRICS trade, support the international expansion of startups and create additional cross-border business partnerships. He also highlighted initiatives developed under India's chairship, including a BRICS Incubator Network, a BRICS MSME Portal and a BRICS [[Startup]] Innovation Fund, and stressed the importance of secure [[sea lanes]] and supply routes for global trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM’s address at the BRICS Business Forum 2026 |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-the-brics-business-forum-2026/ |website=Prime Minister of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bharat Innovates exposition ===<br />
The BRICS Bharat Innovates Exposition is being held on 11–12 September alongside the Business Forum and the leaders' summit. Organised by India's [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] in coordination with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], it showcases 37 Indian deep-technology startups and ventures and is intended to connect startups, research institutions and laboratories with investors, corporations and other international partners.<ref name="BharatInnovates">{{cite news |title=BRICS 2026: 37 Indian deep-tech innovators showcase technologies at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/brics-2026-37-indian-deep-tech-innovators-showcase-technologies-at-bharat-mandapam/ |work=DD India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The exposition forms part of India's education-track priority on research, innovation and startup ecosystems. BRICS leaders visited the exhibition during the first day of the summit.<ref name="schedule"/><br />
<br />
=== Leaders' programme ===<br />
The formal leaders' programme takes place over 12 and 13 September. The first day is centred on a closed plenary restricted to BRICS members, while the second-day open plenary expands participation to partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations.<ref name="summitItinerary">{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Dates, venue, timings and complete itinerary |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/brics-summit-2026-dates-venue-timings-and-complete-itinerary-11788941919316.html |work=Mint |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date<br />
! Event<br />
! Participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | 12 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of BRICS leaders<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| '''Closed plenary:''' ''Inclusive Global Governance and Strengthening Multilateralism''<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| Visit to the [[#Bharat Innovates exposition|Bharat Innovates exposition]]<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Gala dinner hosted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| Summit participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 13 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of partner countries and outreach delegations<br />
| BRICS partner countries and invitees<br />
|-<br />
|Family photograph and '''Open plenary:''' ''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''<br />
| BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations<br />
|}<br />
<br />
During the closed plenary on 12 September, the leaders discussed reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, economic cooperation and major international and regional developments. The session culminated in the adoption by consensus of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''.<ref><!-- Add official New Delhi Declaration citation here --></ref><br />
<br />
Following the plenary, the leaders visited the Bharat Innovates exposition and participated in the official family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony before attending a gala dinner hosted by Modi.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
The open plenary on 13 September brings together BRICS members with partner countries, invitees and international organisations. Its theme, '''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''', reflects the four priorities of India's 2026 BRICS presidency.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
== Agenda ==<br />
The summit agenda includes reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, trade and investment, food and energy security, public health, disaster resilience and the resilience of critical supply chains.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics summit in Delhi on September 12-13: Agenda, schedule and other details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/brics-summit-in-delhi-on-september-12-13-agenda-schedule-and-other-details/articleshow/133973488.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Leaders also discussed geopolitical conflicts, disruptions to maritime commerce and energy routes, and measures to expand economic cooperation among BRICS states.<ref name="ReutersSummit">{{cite news |title=India hosts BRICS summit as Iran war tests bloc unity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-hosts-brics-summit-iran-war-tests-bloc-unity-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Economic discussions included improving interoperability between payment systems, expanding the use of national and central-bank digital currencies in cross-border payments, and developing new cooperation frameworks for startups and logistics.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to push BRICS digital currency link despite hurdles, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-push-brics-digital-currency-link-despite-hurdles-sources-say-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Initiatives considered by leaders included a BRICS Incubator Network, a Startup Innovation Fund and a Logistics Supply-Chain Cooperation Framework.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaders set to fine-tune incubator network, startup fund, supply chain cooperation framework |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/leaders-set-to-fine-tune-incubator-network-startup-fund-supply-chain-cooperation-framework-10872693/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The summit takes place amid the continuing war involving Iran, Israel and the United States, the war in Ukraine, high energy prices and trade tensions. Differences among some BRICS members, particularly Iran and the United Arab Emirates, had been identified before the summit as a challenge to achieving consensus on geopolitical language; the members nevertheless unanimously adopted the New Delhi Declaration on 12 September.<ref name="ReutersSummit"/><br />
== Key speeches ==<br />
At the opening session, Prime Minister Modi said BRICS had "come of age" and presented a ten-point proposal for a BRICS Reform Roadmap on global governance, to be finalised by the next summit, focusing on representation, responsiveness and rule-making. He repeated India's demand that reform of the UN Security Council "cannot be postponed any longer" and asked for negotiations with a definite time frame. He also proposed a BRICS continuity and implementation mechanism under the Troika arrangement, a secure digital repository to track every decision, and a Seafarers' Emergency Support Network for mariners facing risks from regional conflicts. Clarifying the grouping's character, Modi said, “We are not against anyone; rather, we strive to move forward with the approach of taking everyone along.”<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|text= Today, the Global South stands in the front row of global crises but in the back row of decision-making. We must transform this '''pyramid of privilege''' into a '''platform of partnership''' — one where every nation has a voice, every member has a stake, and the development of humanity lies at the heart of every effort.<br />
|author= [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], at the opening session, 12 September 2026<ref> {{cite web <br />
|last= H. Laskar<br />
|first= Rezaul<br />
|date= 13 September 2026<br />
|title= 'Transform into rule-shapers': At BRICS 2026, PM Modi pushes for Global South as decision makers<br />
|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-2026-pm-modi-pushes-for-global-south-as-decision-makers-india-russia-indonesia-vietnam-101789261192294.html<br />
|website= Hindustantimes.com<br />
|location= <br />
|publisher= Hindustan Times<br />
|access-date= 14 September 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
President [[Xi Jinping]] said BRICS countries should "firmly stand on the right side of history" by steering the international order towards greater fairness, and announced that China would take the BRICS chairship in 2027 and host the 19th summit. At the second session on 13 September, Xi put forward five initiatives for cooperation — on artificial intelligence (including an open-source and inclusive AI effort), trade and investment facilitation with a BRICS special economic zone partnership, a BRICS digital ecosystem cloud platform, intelligent manufacturing, and science and technology talent development, including a BRICS engineer cultivation alliance and a youth exchange programme. He also called for the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.<br />
<br />
President Putin argued for greater representation of [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]] on the [[UN Security Council]] and accused some countries, in his words, of using tariffs, sanctions and "brute force" against emerging competitors. President Pezeshkian of Iran said shortly before the summit that the [[Middle East]] did not need the United States as a "regional policeman". President Ramaphosa of [[South Africa]], briefing the media at the conclusion, said the grouping stood for a multilateral system "where there is no dominance of one player or country over others".<br />
<br />
== New Delhi Declaration ==<br />
On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'''.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The declaration contains 140 numbered paragraphs and reaffirms the grouping's three broad pillars of political and security cooperation, economic and financial cooperation, and cultural and people-to-people exchanges. It also records more than 400 meetings and engagements held in 30 Indian cities during India's 2026 chairship.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
=== Global governance and international conflicts ===<br />
The declaration called for a more representative multilateral system and greater participation by emerging and developing countries in international institutions. It reiterated support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform]] of the [[United Nations]] and other global bodies and argued that the international system should better reflect contemporary economic and political realities.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
On the conflict in the Middle East, the members expressed "deep concern" over the escalation of tensions and called for "maximum restraint", protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and a long-term settlement through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The document reiterated support for humanitarian access in Gaza and for [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> On the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|war in and around Ukraine]], the declaration recalled the members' differing national positions and welcomed mediation and good-offices proposals aimed at a peaceful resolution through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summit Resolutions |url=https://www.bricsri.co.za/summit-resolutions/ |publisher=BRICS Research Institute |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The declaration specifically condemned the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] and reiterated "zero tolerance" for terrorism, including terrorist financing, safe havens and cross-border movement of terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS declaration condemns Pahalgam terror attack, calls for zero tolerance for terrorism, action against safe havens |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brics-declaration-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-zero-tolerance-terrorism-action-10875478/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Trade, finance and development ===<br />
The members criticised the increasing use of unilateral tariff and non-tariff measures and reaffirmed support for a rules-based multilateral trading system centred on the [[World Trade Organization]], while calling for reforms that give developing economies greater influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS unanimously condemns unilateral tariffs, pushes for WTO reform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-unilateral-tariffs-wto-reform-10875347/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The declaration also opposed unilateral coercive measures not authorised by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On financial cooperation, the declaration backed continued work by the BRICS Payment Task Force on interoperability between national payment and financial-messaging systems and on settlement and investment in local currencies. It did not establish a common BRICS currency.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="IEtakeaways">{{cite news |title=Main takeaways from the BRICS declaration: Tariffs, terrorism, West Asia war, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/brics-new-delhi-summit-declaration-key-takeaways-10875050/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The members encouraged the [[New Development Bank]] to expand local-currency financing and continued discussion of a proposed New Investment Platform and other mechanisms for development finance.<ref name="IEtakeaways"/><br />
<br />
=== Energy, climate, technology and social cooperation ===<br />
The declaration described energy security as a foundation of development, called for stable energy markets and resilient infrastructure, and stated that fossil fuels would continue to play an important role in the energy mix of emerging and developing economies. At the same time, it reaffirmed support for a "just, orderly, equitable and inclusive" energy transition and for implementation of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Need 'orderly & inclusive' energy transition, fossil fuels will continue playing key role: BRICS declaration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-summit-new-delhi-declaration-fossil-fuels-energy-transition-critical-minerals-10875456/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In technology policy, the members endorsed continued cooperation on [[artificial intelligence]], digital public infrastructure, quantum technologies, research networks and start-up ecosystems. The declaration welcomed a BRICS Incubator Network and further consideration of a BRICS Startup Innovation Fund, as well as a proposed repository for digital public-infrastructure solutions.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> In health, it endorsed a BRICS Mission for Healthy Lifestyle and a 2026–2029 roadmap on healthy-lifestyle promotion, and supported a network of centres of excellence on mental health coordinated by India's [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
In agriculture, the declaration supported further work on the proposed BRICS Grain Exchange and cooperation on food security, agricultural inputs and climate-resilient farming.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
The declaration expressed support for [[China]]'s BRICS chairship in 2027 and the holding of the [[19th BRICS summit]] in China.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
== Bilateral diplomacy ==<br />
A number of bilateral meetings took place before and during the summit. Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] met Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 11 September, with discussions covering trade, energy, defence and the [[Russo-Ukraine war|wars in Ukraine]] and the [[Middle East]]; the two sides reiterated a goal of increasing [[India-Russia relations|bilateral trade]] to US$100 billion by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi, Putin seek stronger ties as Russia calls for BRICS to counter West |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/modi-putin-hold-talks-new-delhi-trade-defence-2026-09-11/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 September, Indian PM Narendra Modi and Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] met on the summit sidelines during Xi's first visit to India in seven years. The two leaders discussed border stability, trade imbalances, market access, transport links and broader economic ties, in what was widely interpreted as a cautious attempt to stabilise [[China–India relations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Modi and China's Xi push business links, border peace as ties revive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-lands-delhi-brics-summit-indian-tv-channels-report-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Iranian president [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] and UAE representative [[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]] also held talks on 12 September, described by Reuters as the highest-level Iran–UAE meeting since the outbreak of the 2026 war. The meeting focused on regional stability and peace efforts and took place as negotiators sought consensus on the declaration's Middle East language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran and UAE back joint BRICS statement urging restraint in war |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/brics-agrees-joint-declaration-before-new-delhi-summit-sources-say-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Participating delegations ==<br />
=== BRICS members ===<br />
{{See also|Member states of BRICS}}<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Mauro Vieira em 2023.jpeg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''<br>[[Mauro Vieira]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping (November 2024) 02.jpg|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[China]]'''<br>[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of China|President]]{{efn|Xi is also [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman of the Central Military Commission]].}}<br />
File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2) - 2023.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Egypt]]'''<br>[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President of Egypt|President]]<br />
File:Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed Ali (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} '''[[Ethiopia]]'''<br>[[Abiy Ahmed]], [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''<br>[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] '''(Host)'''<br />
File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''<br>[[Prabowo Subianto]], [[President of Indonesia|President]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Iran]]'''<br>[[Masoud Pezeshkian]], [[President of Iran|President]]<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res) 2.jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''<br>[[Vladimir Putin]], [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
File:President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''[[South Africa]]'''<br>[[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[President of South Africa|President]]<br />
File:Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan.jpg|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[United Arab Emirates]]'''<br>[[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]], [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]]{{efn|Khaled is also Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and chairman of the [[Abu Dhabi Executive Council]].}}<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
Saudi Arabia is listed as a BRICS member by official BRICS and Indian government sources, although Riyadh has not publicly confirmed formal accession and its status has continued to be described as ambiguous in independent reporting. In the New Delhi Summit, while the Saudi delegation was represented, Saudi Arabia didn't participate as a full member.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia sits on fence over BRICS with eye on vital ties with US |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-sits-fence-over-brics-with-eye-vital-ties-with-us-2025-05-08/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== BRICS partner countries ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Maxim Ryzhenkov.jpg|{{flagicon|Belarus}} '''[[Belarus]]'''<br>[[Maxim Ryzhenkov]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} '''[[Bolivia]]'''<br>Arlette Gabriela Bustamante García, chargé d'affaires of the Bolivian embassy in India<br />
File:Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.jpg|{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Cuba]]'''<br>[[Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (2020-02-01).jpg|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} '''[[Kazakhstan]]'''<br>[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]], [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]<br><small>also representing the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]</small><br />
File:Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''<br>[[Anwar Ibrahim]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:Kashim Shettima office portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Nigeria]]'''<br>[[Kashim Shettima]], [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]]<br />
File:Sihasak Phuangketkeow 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Thailand]]'''<br>[[Sihasak Phuangketkeow]], Deputy Prime Minister and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Alupo Jessica Rose Epel.jpg|{{flagicon|Uganda}} '''[[Uganda]]'''<br>[[Jessica Alupo]], [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice President]]<br />
File:Jamshid Kuchkarov.jpg|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} '''[[Uzbekistan]]'''<br>Jamshid Kuchkarov, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance<br />
File:Le_Minh_Hung_20260502.jpg|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} '''[[Vietnam]]'''<br>[[Lê Minh Hưng]], [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Invitees ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani.jpg|{{flagicon|Bahrain}} '''[[Bahrain]]'''<br>[[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]</small><br />
File:Évariste Ndayishimiye.png|{{flagicon|Burundi}} '''[[Burundi]]'''<br>[[Évariste Ndayishimiye]], [[President of Burundi|President]]<br><small>representing the [[African Union]]</small><br />
File:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 2025 SONA Portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Philippines]]'''<br>[[Bongbong Marcos]], [[President of the Philippines|President]]<br><small>representing [[ASEAN]]</small><br />
File:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud - 2021 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Saudi Arabia]]'''<br>[[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Foreign Minister]] {{efn|name=SaudiStatus|Saudi Arabia's status within BRICS remains ambiguous. The Government of India and official BRICS-related material issued during India's 2026 chairship list Saudi Arabia among the grouping's eleven members. However, Saudi Arabia has not consistently or publicly confirmed that it completed formal accession after receiving an invitation to join BRICS in 2023, and independent reporting, including Reuters, has continued to describe the kingdom as having not formally joined. At the 2026 New Delhi summit, Saudi Arabia was represented by Foreign Minister [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], but he participated in the summit with the status of invitee.}}<br />
File:Mario Lubetkin (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} '''[[Uruguay]]'''<br>[[Mario Lubetkin]], [[Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
India invited the chairs of several regional organisations to the summit's outreach session. Kazakhstan's President Tokayev participates both as the leader of a BRICS partner country and as a representative of the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name=participants>{{cite news |title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Bangladesh's Prime Minister [[Tarique Rahman]] had been invited in his capacity as chair of [[BIMSTEC]], but Bangladesh announced on 10 September that it would not send a government representative to the summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=No scope for Bangladesh to join BRICS Summit, PM wasn’t invited: Humaiun Kobir |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/no-scope-bangladesh-join-brics-summit-pm-wasnt-invited-humaiun-kobir-4269451 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International organisations ===<br />
Several international organisations are represented at the summit.<ref name="participants"/><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html<br />
|work=Moneycontrol<br />
|date=11 September 2026<br />
|access-date=12 September 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres (3x4 cropped b).jpg|'''[[United Nations]]'''<br>[[António Guterres]], [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]<br />
File:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 2024.jpg|'''[[World Health Organization]]'''<br>[[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]], [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2008 portrait).jpg|'''[[World Trade Organization]]'''<br>[[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:04-06-2024 Reunião com a Presidente do Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento Dilma Rousseff (53769684843) (cropped).jpg|'''[[New Development Bank]]'''<br>[[Dilma Rousseff]], President<br />
File:Zou Jiayi (2022).jpg|'''[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]'''<br>[[Zou Jiayi]], President and Chair of the Board of Directors<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
The [[International Solar Alliance]] is represented by its Director-General, Ashish Khanna, while the [[Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure]] is represented by its Director-General, Amit Prothi.<ref name="participants"/><br />
<br />
<br />
== Reception and analysis ==<br />
International coverage focused on the significance of reaching a consensus declaration despite divisions within the expanded grouping. Reuters noted that agreement had been expected to be a "particularly challenging task for host New Delhi", because BRICS includes both Iran and the United Arab Emirates, whose positions had sharply diverged during the 2026 Middle East conflict.<ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The agreement contrasted with the BRICS foreign ministers' meeting in New Delhi in May, which ended without a joint communiqué because of differences over the war, leaving India to issue a chair's statement instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS talks end without joint statement, exposing divisions over war in Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-issues-chair-statement-after-brics-meeting-amid-differences-over-gulf-2026-05-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 May 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Associated Press]] interpreted the summit as demonstrating both BRICS' continuing opposition to what many members regard as Western dominance of international institutions and India's effort to balance that agenda with its relations with Western countries, Russia, Iran and the Gulf states.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' highlighted a "push for Gulf peace" but noted that India–China strategic competition continued to limit cohesion and that proposals for a sharper move away from the US dollar were avoided.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics push for Gulf peace as war worries mount |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f32bef26-d2b8-47a6-b938-3dcd5e870685 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an analysis for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', C. Raja Mohan characterised India's approach under the headline "No fire & brimstone", arguing that New Delhi had resisted attempts to turn BRICS into a confrontational geopolitical bloc and instead emphasised practical cooperation on supply chains, health, digital infrastructure, development finance and other areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=No fire & brimstone: Delhi pushes back against making BRICS a geopolitical bloc |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-brics-geopolitical-bloc-xi-jinping-summit-gaza-10875522/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' similarly contrasted Beijing's view of BRICS as a counterweight to the United States with India's preference for a bridging role between the West and developing countries, while highlighting Xi's visit as part of a tentative thaw in India–China relations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi Jinping gets red carpet at Brics summit amid thaw in India-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/12/xi-jinping-brics-summit-delhi-india-china-relations |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bloomberg News described the summit as one in which several governments at odds with the United States "found common ground", noting that the declaration criticised unilateral war, tariffs and sanctions without naming the United States directly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump’s Foes Find Common Ground at Modi’s New Delhi Summit |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/international-trade/trumps-foes-find-common-ground-at-modis-new-delhi-summit |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Security and logistics ==<br />
Indian authorities mounted a large security operation across New Delhi for the summit, with approximately 30,000 personnel from the Delhi Police and other agencies deployed around the venue, airports, delegation hotels and major routes. Security arrangements included layered cordons, anti-drone systems, surveillance cameras and traffic restrictions around central Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=China, Russia presidents arrive for BRICS summit; Delhi Police deploys personnel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-russia-presidents-arrive-brics-summit-delhi-police-deploys-personnel-10871057/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS summit: traffic routes, hotels and police arrangements in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/brics-summit-traffic-routes-hotels-police-10869880/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delegations were accommodated across multiple hotels in New Delhi. Road diversions and temporary restrictions were introduced around Bharat Mandapam, diplomatic areas, airports and hotels during high-level movements, while authorities encouraged residents to use the Delhi Metro where possible.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Delhi security, four-layer cordon for Putin, heightened cover for Xi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-delhi-security-four-layer-cordon-for-putin-heightened-cover-for-xi-2991847-2026-09-10 |work=India Today |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
Schools across [[Delhi]] were closed on 11 September to pave the way for the foreign officials.<ref name="w702">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Anjali | title=Delhi school holiday today: Schools shut on September 11 ahead of BRICS Summit | publisher=mint | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-school-holiday-today-schools-shut-on-september-11-ahead-of-brics-summit/amp-11789096008505.html | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> Offices and the Supreme Court were also ordered to remain closed for the day. A former Indian intelligence official noted that the shut down was, "causing great discomfort to the common people".<ref name="t055">{{cite web | author=The Wire Analysis | title=Shutdown Capital for Road Traffic, Offices and Schools, is Fear of 'Flash Mob' Protests Driving Paranoia Over BRICS Arrangements? | publisher=The Wire | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/shutdown-capital-for-road-traffic-offices-and-schools-is-fear-of-flash-mob-protests-driving-paranoia-over-brics-arrangements/amp | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of the summit, the opposition [[Aam Aadmi Party]] criticised the central government after curtains and screens were placed along routes near some low-income settlements in Delhi, accusing authorities of attempting to conceal poverty rather than address it.<ref>{{cite news |title='Like calling 2.6% GDP growth 7.8%': AAP targets Centre over 'hiding' Delhi slums ahead of Brics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/like-calling-2-6-gdp-growth-7-8-aap-targets-centre-over-hiding-delhi-slums-ahead-of-brics/articleshow/134074443.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Residents of the Coolie Camp settlement in Vasant Vihar, where screening had also been used during the 2023 G20 summit, told ''Brut'' that they felt they were being hidden from visiting delegations.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are curtains hiding from the BRICS leaders and why? |url=https://www.brut.media/in/videos/india/society/what-are-curtains-hiding-from-the-brics-leaders-and-why |website=Brut |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:BRICS summits]]<br />
[[Category:2026 diplomatic conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_BRICS_summit&diff=56204118th BRICS summit2026-09-14T05:04:14Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Venue */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 international summit in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox summit meeting<br />
|name = 2026 BRICS Summit<br />
|other_titles = 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|image =<br />
|logo = 18ª BRICS Summit 2026, New Delhi, India.png<br />
|logo_size = 250px<br />
|alt = BRICS 2026 Indian Presidency logo<br />
|caption = Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|date = 12–13 September 2026<br />
|motto = ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''<ref name="BRICS2026official">{{cite web |title=BRICS India 2026 |url=https://www.brics2026.gov.in/ |website=BRICS India 2026 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
|venues = [[Bharat Mandapam]]<br />
|cities = [[New Delhi]]<br />
|participants = {{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{EGY}}<br/>{{ETH}}<br/>{{IND}}<br/>{{IDN}}<br/>{{IRN}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{RSA}}<br/>{{UAE}}<br />
|chairperson = [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
|follows = [[17th BRICS summit|17th]]<br />
|precedes = [[19th BRICS summit|19th]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://brics2026.gov.in}}<br />
|compactnav = yes<br />
|keypoints = Adoption of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''; global-governance reform; Middle East de-escalation; trade, payments and development cooperation<br />
}}<br />
The '''18th BRICS Summit''' is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]] in [[New Delhi]], India from 12–13 September 2026 under India's 2026 [[BRICS]] chairship.<ref name="PIBoverview">{{cite web |title=BRICS: Evolution, Cooperation and India's Leadership |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2308611&lang=1&reg=3 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> It brings together delegations from the BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and several international organisations. The summit is chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and is organised under the theme ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
The leaders' summit was preceded on 11 September by the BRICS Business Forum, also held at Bharat Mandapam, while the two-day leaders' programme comprises a closed meeting of BRICS members, an expanded open session with partner countries and outreach participants, a visit to the Bharat Innovates exposition, bilateral meetings and ceremonial events.<ref name="schedule">{{cite news |title=18th BRICS Summit 2026: Check full schedule of leaders’ meetings, key sessions at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-2026-check-full-schedule-of-leaders-meetings-key-sessions-at-bharat-mandapam-554289-2026-09-09 |work=Business Today |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration''', a 140-paragraph consensus document covering global-governance reform, international conflicts, trade and finance, energy and climate policy, technology, health, agriculture and people-to-people cooperation.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration">{{cite web |title=BRICS New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability |url=https://ebs.publicnow.com/view/322C608779C3EE82D80D8869B7D797096FDC352E |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India |via=Public Technologies |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ReutersDeclaration">{{cite news |title=BRICS adopts joint declaration, urges 'maximum restraint' in Mideast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/brics-adopts-joint-declaration-urges-maximum-restraint-mideast-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
BRICS was formalised through meetings of Brazil, Russia, India and China in 2006 and held its first leaders' summit in 2009. South Africa joined in 2010 and first participated in a summit in 2011. The grouping expanded substantially in 2024 and 2025. By 2026, official BRICS and Indian government sources listed eleven members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, [[Saudi Arabia]], South Africa and the United Arab Emirates, as well as ten partner countries: [[Belarus]], [[Bolivia]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Thailand]], [[Uganda]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Indian presidency ===<br />
India assumed the BRICS presidency on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.<ref name="PIBoverview"/> India framed its presidency around four priorities represented by the acronym of its summit theme: resilience, innovation, cooperation and sustainability. According to the Indian government, the presidency sought to strengthen institutional effectiveness, advance the interests of the [[Global South]], and promote practical cooperation in development, technology, trade and sustainability.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><br />
<br />
=== Logo and official website ===<br />
The Government of India launched the official logo and website for the BRICS 2026 presidency, on 13 January 2026, marking the formal commencement of preparations for the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=‘Weathering global shocks’: Jaishankar lays out India’s BRICS strategy amid dual-tariff pressure from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaishankar-india-brics-strategy-tariff-us-10471039/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Venue ==<br />
[[File:Bharat Mandapam Morning View.jpg|thumb|[[Bharat Mandapam]] at [[Pragati Maidan]], venue of the summit]]<br />
The summit is being held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], the International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre at [[Pragati Maidan]] in New Delhi.<ref name="venueSummit">{{cite web |title=Convention Centre - BMCC |url=https://www.itpo.gov.in/explore-venues/convention-centers |publisher=[[India Trade Promotion Organisation]] |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The complex was inaugurated in July 2023 and was subsequently the venue of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre - ‘Bharat Mandapam’ |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1943070&lang=2&reg=48 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G20 Summit, New Delhi |url=https://www.g20.in/en/g20-india-2023/new-delhi-summit/new-delhi-summit.html |website=G20 India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The convention centre can accommodate up to 7,000 delegates in a single configuration and contains plenary, multipurpose and meeting halls as well as dedicated VIP facilities.<ref name="venueSummit"/><br />
== Participants ==<br />
According to the Ministry of External Affairs, the leaders of the member countries, partner countries and outreach invitees listed below attended the summit.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= 13 September 2026|title= BRICS Summit 2026 September 13 highlights: Modi’s bilateral meetings on BRICS sidelines put defence, security cooperation in focus<br />
|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brics-summit-2026-india-live-updates-narendra-modi-world-leaders-new-delhi-declaration-key-agenda-september-13-2026/article71462451.ece<br />
|website= <br />
|location= <br />
|publisher= <br />
|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following leaders attended the summit, according to the Ministry of External Affairs.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country / Organisation !! Representative !! Status<br />
|-<br />
| '''India''' (host) || '''Narendra Modi''', Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Russia || Vladimir Putin, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| China || Xi Jinping, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Iran || Masoud Pezeshkian, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| South Africa || Cyril Ramaphosa, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Egypt || Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Ethiopia || Abiy Ahmed Ali, Prime Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Indonesia || Prabowo Subianto, President || Member<br />
|-<br />
| United Arab Emirates || Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil || Mauro Vieira, Foreign Minister <small>(President Lula da Silva did not attend)</small> || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Saudi Arabia || Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, Foreign Minister || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Kazakhstan || Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Malaysia || Anwar Ibrahim, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Vietnam || Le Minh Hung, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Uganda || Jessica Alupo, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Nigeria || Kashim Shettima, Vice President || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Cuba || Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Belarus || Maxim Ryzhenkov, Foreign Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| Thailand || Anutin Charnvirakul, Prime Minister || Partner country<br />
|-<br />
| United Nations || António Guterres, Secretary-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| New Development Bank || Dilma Rousseff, President || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Health Organisation || Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| World Trade Organisation || Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General || Invitee<br />
|-<br />
| Others || Leaders and ministers from outreach countries, including the Philippines, Burundi, Bahrain and Uruguay || Invitee<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Programme ==<br />
=== BRICS Business Forum ===<br />
The BRICS Business Forum was held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], New Delhi on 11 September, on the eve of the leaders' summit. It brought together representatives of governments, businesses, financial institutions, startups, the BRICS Business Council and the BRICS Women's Business Alliance from member and partner countries.<ref name="businessforum">{{cite web |title=BRICS Business Forum |url=https://www.bricsbusiness.ru/en/brics-india-2026/business-forum/ |website=BRICS Business Council |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in India for the 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-india-for-the18th-brics-summit/ |publisher=Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The forum's programme consisted of five sectoral panels followed by a leaders' session.<ref name="businessforum"/><br />
<br />
At the leaders' session, Indian PM Modi called for the BRICS business community to identify major barriers to intra-BRICS trade, support the international expansion of startups and create additional cross-border business partnerships. He also highlighted initiatives developed under India's chairship, including a BRICS Incubator Network, a BRICS MSME Portal and a BRICS [[Startup]] Innovation Fund, and stressed the importance of secure [[sea lanes]] and supply routes for global trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM’s address at the BRICS Business Forum 2026 |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-the-brics-business-forum-2026/ |website=Prime Minister of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bharat Innovates exposition ===<br />
The BRICS Bharat Innovates Exposition is being held on 11–12 September alongside the Business Forum and the leaders' summit. Organised by India's [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] in coordination with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], it showcases 37 Indian deep-technology startups and ventures and is intended to connect startups, research institutions and laboratories with investors, corporations and other international partners.<ref name="BharatInnovates">{{cite news |title=BRICS 2026: 37 Indian deep-tech innovators showcase technologies at Bharat Mandapam |url=https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/brics-2026-37-indian-deep-tech-innovators-showcase-technologies-at-bharat-mandapam/ |work=DD India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The exposition forms part of India's education-track priority on research, innovation and startup ecosystems. BRICS leaders visited the exhibition during the first day of the summit.<ref name="schedule"/><br />
<br />
=== Leaders' programme ===<br />
The formal leaders' programme takes place over 12 and 13 September. The first day is centred on a closed plenary restricted to BRICS members, while the second-day open plenary expands participation to partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations.<ref name="summitItinerary">{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Dates, venue, timings and complete itinerary |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/brics-summit-2026-dates-venue-timings-and-complete-itinerary-11788941919316.html |work=Mint |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date<br />
! Event<br />
! Participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | 12 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of BRICS leaders<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| '''Closed plenary:''' ''Inclusive Global Governance and Strengthening Multilateralism''<br />
| BRICS members<br />
|-<br />
| Visit to the [[#Bharat Innovates exposition|Bharat Innovates exposition]]<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony<br />
| Leaders of BRICS member countries<br />
|-<br />
| Gala dinner hosted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| Summit participants<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 13 September<br />
| Arrival and official welcome of partner countries and outreach delegations<br />
| BRICS partner countries and invitees<br />
|-<br />
|Family photograph and '''Open plenary:''' ''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''<br />
| BRICS members, partner countries, invitees and representatives of international organisations<br />
|}<br />
<br />
During the closed plenary on 12 September, the leaders discussed reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, economic cooperation and major international and regional developments. The session culminated in the adoption by consensus of the '''New Delhi Declaration'''.<ref><!-- Add official New Delhi Declaration citation here --></ref><br />
<br />
Following the plenary, the leaders visited the Bharat Innovates exposition and participated in the official family photograph and joint tree-planting ceremony before attending a gala dinner hosted by Modi.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
The open plenary on 13 September brings together BRICS members with partner countries, invitees and international organisations. Its theme, '''Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability: Shaping the Future for Inclusive Global Growth''', reflects the four priorities of India's 2026 BRICS presidency.<ref name="summitItinerary"/><br />
<br />
== Agenda ==<br />
The summit agenda includes reform of global governance and multilateral institutions, trade and investment, food and energy security, public health, disaster resilience and the resilience of critical supply chains.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics summit in Delhi on September 12-13: Agenda, schedule and other details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/brics-summit-in-delhi-on-september-12-13-agenda-schedule-and-other-details/articleshow/133973488.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Leaders also discussed geopolitical conflicts, disruptions to maritime commerce and energy routes, and measures to expand economic cooperation among BRICS states.<ref name="ReutersSummit">{{cite news |title=India hosts BRICS summit as Iran war tests bloc unity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-hosts-brics-summit-iran-war-tests-bloc-unity-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Economic discussions included improving interoperability between payment systems, expanding the use of national and central-bank digital currencies in cross-border payments, and developing new cooperation frameworks for startups and logistics.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to push BRICS digital currency link despite hurdles, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-push-brics-digital-currency-link-despite-hurdles-sources-say-2026-09-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Initiatives considered by leaders included a BRICS Incubator Network, a Startup Innovation Fund and a Logistics Supply-Chain Cooperation Framework.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaders set to fine-tune incubator network, startup fund, supply chain cooperation framework |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/leaders-set-to-fine-tune-incubator-network-startup-fund-supply-chain-cooperation-framework-10872693/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The summit takes place amid the continuing war involving Iran, Israel and the United States, the war in Ukraine, high energy prices and trade tensions. Differences among some BRICS members, particularly Iran and the United Arab Emirates, had been identified before the summit as a challenge to achieving consensus on geopolitical language; the members nevertheless unanimously adopted the New Delhi Declaration on 12 September.<ref name="ReutersSummit"/><br />
<br />
<br />
== New Delhi Declaration ==<br />
On 12 September, the BRICS members unanimously adopted the '''New Delhi Declaration: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'''.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The declaration contains 140 numbered paragraphs and reaffirms the grouping's three broad pillars of political and security cooperation, economic and financial cooperation, and cultural and people-to-people exchanges. It also records more than 400 meetings and engagements held in 30 Indian cities during India's 2026 chairship.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
=== Global governance and international conflicts ===<br />
The declaration called for a more representative multilateral system and greater participation by emerging and developing countries in international institutions. It reiterated support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform]] of the [[United Nations]] and other global bodies and argued that the international system should better reflect contemporary economic and political realities.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
On the conflict in the Middle East, the members expressed "deep concern" over the escalation of tensions and called for "maximum restraint", protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and a long-term settlement through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The document reiterated support for humanitarian access in Gaza and for [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> On the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|war in and around Ukraine]], the declaration recalled the members' differing national positions and welcomed mediation and good-offices proposals aimed at a peaceful resolution through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summit Resolutions |url=https://www.bricsri.co.za/summit-resolutions/ |publisher=BRICS Research Institute |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The declaration specifically condemned the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] and reiterated "zero tolerance" for terrorism, including terrorist financing, safe havens and cross-border movement of terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS declaration condemns Pahalgam terror attack, calls for zero tolerance for terrorism, action against safe havens |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brics-declaration-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-zero-tolerance-terrorism-action-10875478/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Trade, finance and development ===<br />
The members criticised the increasing use of unilateral tariff and non-tariff measures and reaffirmed support for a rules-based multilateral trading system centred on the [[World Trade Organization]], while calling for reforms that give developing economies greater influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS unanimously condemns unilateral tariffs, pushes for WTO reform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-unilateral-tariffs-wto-reform-10875347/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The declaration also opposed unilateral coercive measures not authorised by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On financial cooperation, the declaration backed continued work by the BRICS Payment Task Force on interoperability between national payment and financial-messaging systems and on settlement and investment in local currencies. It did not establish a common BRICS currency.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><ref name="IEtakeaways">{{cite news |title=Main takeaways from the BRICS declaration: Tariffs, terrorism, West Asia war, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/brics-new-delhi-summit-declaration-key-takeaways-10875050/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The members encouraged the [[New Development Bank]] to expand local-currency financing and continued discussion of a proposed New Investment Platform and other mechanisms for development finance.<ref name="IEtakeaways"/><br />
<br />
=== Energy, climate, technology and social cooperation ===<br />
The declaration described energy security as a foundation of development, called for stable energy markets and resilient infrastructure, and stated that fossil fuels would continue to play an important role in the energy mix of emerging and developing economies. At the same time, it reaffirmed support for a "just, orderly, equitable and inclusive" energy transition and for implementation of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Need 'orderly & inclusive' energy transition, fossil fuels will continue playing key role: BRICS declaration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/brics-summit-new-delhi-declaration-fossil-fuels-energy-transition-critical-minerals-10875456/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In technology policy, the members endorsed continued cooperation on [[artificial intelligence]], digital public infrastructure, quantum technologies, research networks and start-up ecosystems. The declaration welcomed a BRICS Incubator Network and further consideration of a BRICS Startup Innovation Fund, as well as a proposed repository for digital public-infrastructure solutions.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/> In health, it endorsed a BRICS Mission for Healthy Lifestyle and a 2026–2029 roadmap on healthy-lifestyle promotion, and supported a network of centres of excellence on mental health coordinated by India's [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]].<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
In agriculture, the declaration supported further work on the proposed BRICS Grain Exchange and cooperation on food security, agricultural inputs and climate-resilient farming.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
The declaration expressed support for [[China]]'s BRICS chairship in 2027 and the holding of the [[19th BRICS summit]] in China.<ref name="DelhiDeclaration"/><br />
<br />
== Bilateral diplomacy ==<br />
A number of bilateral meetings took place before and during the summit. Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] met Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 11 September, with discussions covering trade, energy, defence and the [[Russo-Ukraine war|wars in Ukraine]] and the [[Middle East]]; the two sides reiterated a goal of increasing [[India-Russia relations|bilateral trade]] to US$100 billion by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi, Putin seek stronger ties as Russia calls for BRICS to counter West |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/modi-putin-hold-talks-new-delhi-trade-defence-2026-09-11/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 September, Indian PM Narendra Modi and Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] met on the summit sidelines during Xi's first visit to India in seven years. The two leaders discussed border stability, trade imbalances, market access, transport links and broader economic ties, in what was widely interpreted as a cautious attempt to stabilise [[China–India relations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Modi and China's Xi push business links, border peace as ties revive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-lands-delhi-brics-summit-indian-tv-channels-report-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Iranian president [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] and UAE representative [[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]] also held talks on 12 September, described by Reuters as the highest-level Iran–UAE meeting since the outbreak of the 2026 war. The meeting focused on regional stability and peace efforts and took place as negotiators sought consensus on the declaration's Middle East language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran and UAE back joint BRICS statement urging restraint in war |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/brics-agrees-joint-declaration-before-new-delhi-summit-sources-say-2026-09-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Participating delegations ==<br />
=== BRICS members ===<br />
{{See also|Member states of BRICS}}<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Mauro Vieira em 2023.jpeg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''<br>[[Mauro Vieira]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping (November 2024) 02.jpg|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[China]]'''<br>[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of China|President]]{{efn|Xi is also [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman of the Central Military Commission]].}}<br />
File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2) - 2023.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Egypt]]'''<br>[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], [[President of Egypt|President]]<br />
File:Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed Ali (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} '''[[Ethiopia]]'''<br>[[Abiy Ahmed]], [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''<br>[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] '''(Host)'''<br />
File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''<br>[[Prabowo Subianto]], [[President of Indonesia|President]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Iran]]'''<br>[[Masoud Pezeshkian]], [[President of Iran|President]]<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res) 2.jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''<br>[[Vladimir Putin]], [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
File:President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''[[South Africa]]'''<br>[[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[President of South Africa|President]]<br />
File:Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan.jpg|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[United Arab Emirates]]'''<br>[[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]], [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]]{{efn|Khaled is also Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and chairman of the [[Abu Dhabi Executive Council]].}}<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
Saudi Arabia is listed as a BRICS member by official BRICS and Indian government sources, although Riyadh has not publicly confirmed formal accession and its status has continued to be described as ambiguous in independent reporting. In the New Delhi Summit, while the Saudi delegation was represented, Saudi Arabia didn't participate as a full member.<ref name="PIBoverview"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia sits on fence over BRICS with eye on vital ties with US |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-sits-fence-over-brics-with-eye-vital-ties-with-us-2025-05-08/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== BRICS partner countries ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Maxim Ryzhenkov.jpg|{{flagicon|Belarus}} '''[[Belarus]]'''<br>[[Maxim Ryzhenkov]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} '''[[Bolivia]]'''<br>Arlette Gabriela Bustamante García, chargé d'affaires of the Bolivian embassy in India<br />
File:Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.jpg|{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Cuba]]'''<br>[[Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (2020-02-01).jpg|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} '''[[Kazakhstan]]'''<br>[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]], [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]<br><small>also representing the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]</small><br />
File:Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''<br>[[Anwar Ibrahim]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]<br />
File:Kashim Shettima office portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Nigeria]]'''<br>[[Kashim Shettima]], [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]]<br />
File:Sihasak Phuangketkeow 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Thailand]]'''<br>[[Sihasak Phuangketkeow]], Deputy Prime Minister and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Foreign Minister]]<br />
File:Alupo Jessica Rose Epel.jpg|{{flagicon|Uganda}} '''[[Uganda]]'''<br>[[Jessica Alupo]], [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice President]]<br />
File:Jamshid Kuchkarov.jpg|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} '''[[Uzbekistan]]'''<br>Jamshid Kuchkarov, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance<br />
File:Le_Minh_Hung_20260502.jpg|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} '''[[Vietnam]]'''<br>[[Lê Minh Hưng]], [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Invitees ===<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani.jpg|{{flagicon|Bahrain}} '''[[Bahrain]]'''<br>[[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]</small><br />
File:Évariste Ndayishimiye.png|{{flagicon|Burundi}} '''[[Burundi]]'''<br>[[Évariste Ndayishimiye]], [[President of Burundi|President]]<br><small>representing the [[African Union]]</small><br />
File:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 2025 SONA Portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Philippines]]'''<br>[[Bongbong Marcos]], [[President of the Philippines|President]]<br><small>representing [[ASEAN]]</small><br />
File:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud - 2021 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Saudi Arabia]]'''<br>[[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Foreign Minister]] {{efn|name=SaudiStatus|Saudi Arabia's status within BRICS remains ambiguous. The Government of India and official BRICS-related material issued during India's 2026 chairship list Saudi Arabia among the grouping's eleven members. However, Saudi Arabia has not consistently or publicly confirmed that it completed formal accession after receiving an invitation to join BRICS in 2023, and independent reporting, including Reuters, has continued to describe the kingdom as having not formally joined. At the 2026 New Delhi summit, Saudi Arabia was represented by Foreign Minister [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], but he participated in the summit with the status of invitee.}}<br />
File:Mario Lubetkin (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} '''[[Uruguay]]'''<br>[[Mario Lubetkin]], [[Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)|Foreign Minister]]<br><small>representing the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
India invited the chairs of several regional organisations to the summit's outreach session. Kazakhstan's President Tokayev participates both as the leader of a BRICS partner country and as a representative of the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name=participants>{{cite news |title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Bangladesh's Prime Minister [[Tarique Rahman]] had been invited in his capacity as chair of [[BIMSTEC]], but Bangladesh announced on 10 September that it would not send a government representative to the summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=No scope for Bangladesh to join BRICS Summit, PM wasn’t invited: Humaiun Kobir |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/no-scope-bangladesh-join-brics-summit-pm-wasnt-invited-humaiun-kobir-4269451 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International organisations ===<br />
Several international organisations are represented at the summit.<ref name="participants"/><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Xi, Putin, UN chief Guterres among global heavyweights in Delhi for 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/xi-putin-among-global-heavyweights-heading-to-delhi-for-18th-brics-summit-14027646.html<br />
|work=Moneycontrol<br />
|date=11 September 2026<br />
|access-date=12 September 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="90"><br />
File:U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres (3x4 cropped b).jpg|'''[[United Nations]]'''<br>[[António Guterres]], [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]<br />
File:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 2024.jpg|'''[[World Health Organization]]'''<br>[[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]], [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2008 portrait).jpg|'''[[World Trade Organization]]'''<br>[[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]]<br />
File:04-06-2024 Reunião com a Presidente do Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento Dilma Rousseff (53769684843) (cropped).jpg|'''[[New Development Bank]]'''<br>[[Dilma Rousseff]], President<br />
File:Zou Jiayi (2022).jpg|'''[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]'''<br>[[Zou Jiayi]], President and Chair of the Board of Directors<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
The [[International Solar Alliance]] is represented by its Director-General, Ashish Khanna, while the [[Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure]] is represented by its Director-General, Amit Prothi.<ref name="participants"/><br />
<br />
<br />
== Reception and analysis ==<br />
International coverage focused on the significance of reaching a consensus declaration despite divisions within the expanded grouping. Reuters noted that agreement had been expected to be a "particularly challenging task for host New Delhi", because BRICS includes both Iran and the United Arab Emirates, whose positions had sharply diverged during the 2026 Middle East conflict.<ref name="ReutersDeclaration"/> The agreement contrasted with the BRICS foreign ministers' meeting in New Delhi in May, which ended without a joint communiqué because of differences over the war, leaving India to issue a chair's statement instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS talks end without joint statement, exposing divisions over war in Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-issues-chair-statement-after-brics-meeting-amid-differences-over-gulf-2026-05-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 May 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Associated Press]] interpreted the summit as demonstrating both BRICS' continuing opposition to what many members regard as Western dominance of international institutions and India's effort to balance that agenda with its relations with Western countries, Russia, Iran and the Gulf states.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS leaders voice concern over Middle East, condemn unilateral sanctions at India summit |url=https://apnews.com/article/5393274f87a16461b195d13f324e747a |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' highlighted a "push for Gulf peace" but noted that India–China strategic competition continued to limit cohesion and that proposals for a sharper move away from the US dollar were avoided.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brics push for Gulf peace as war worries mount |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f32bef26-d2b8-47a6-b938-3dcd5e870685 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an analysis for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', C. Raja Mohan characterised India's approach under the headline "No fire & brimstone", arguing that New Delhi had resisted attempts to turn BRICS into a confrontational geopolitical bloc and instead emphasised practical cooperation on supply chains, health, digital infrastructure, development finance and other areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=No fire & brimstone: Delhi pushes back against making BRICS a geopolitical bloc |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-brics-geopolitical-bloc-xi-jinping-summit-gaza-10875522/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' similarly contrasted Beijing's view of BRICS as a counterweight to the United States with India's preference for a bridging role between the West and developing countries, while highlighting Xi's visit as part of a tentative thaw in India–China relations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi Jinping gets red carpet at Brics summit amid thaw in India-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/12/xi-jinping-brics-summit-delhi-india-china-relations |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bloomberg News described the summit as one in which several governments at odds with the United States "found common ground", noting that the declaration criticised unilateral war, tariffs and sanctions without naming the United States directly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump’s Foes Find Common Ground at Modi’s New Delhi Summit |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/international-trade/trumps-foes-find-common-ground-at-modis-new-delhi-summit |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=12 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Security and logistics ==<br />
Indian authorities mounted a large security operation across New Delhi for the summit, with approximately 30,000 personnel from the Delhi Police and other agencies deployed around the venue, airports, delegation hotels and major routes. Security arrangements included layered cordons, anti-drone systems, surveillance cameras and traffic restrictions around central Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=China, Russia presidents arrive for BRICS summit; Delhi Police deploys personnel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-russia-presidents-arrive-brics-summit-delhi-police-deploys-personnel-10871057/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS summit: traffic routes, hotels and police arrangements in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/brics-summit-traffic-routes-hotels-police-10869880/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delegations were accommodated across multiple hotels in New Delhi. Road diversions and temporary restrictions were introduced around Bharat Mandapam, diplomatic areas, airports and hotels during high-level movements, while authorities encouraged residents to use the Delhi Metro where possible.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRICS Summit 2026: Delhi security, four-layer cordon for Putin, heightened cover for Xi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brics-summit-delhi-security-four-layer-cordon-for-putin-heightened-cover-for-xi-2991847-2026-09-10 |work=India Today |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
Schools across [[Delhi]] were closed on 11 September to pave the way for the foreign officials.<ref name="w702">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Anjali | title=Delhi school holiday today: Schools shut on September 11 ahead of BRICS Summit | publisher=mint | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-school-holiday-today-schools-shut-on-september-11-ahead-of-brics-summit/amp-11789096008505.html | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> Offices and the Supreme Court were also ordered to remain closed for the day. A former Indian intelligence official noted that the shut down was, "causing great discomfort to the common people".<ref name="t055">{{cite web | author=The Wire Analysis | title=Shutdown Capital for Road Traffic, Offices and Schools, is Fear of 'Flash Mob' Protests Driving Paranoia Over BRICS Arrangements? | publisher=The Wire | date=2026-09-11 | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/shutdown-capital-for-road-traffic-offices-and-schools-is-fear-of-flash-mob-protests-driving-paranoia-over-brics-arrangements/amp | access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of the summit, the opposition [[Aam Aadmi Party]] criticised the central government after curtains and screens were placed along routes near some low-income settlements in Delhi, accusing authorities of attempting to conceal poverty rather than address it.<ref>{{cite news |title='Like calling 2.6% GDP growth 7.8%': AAP targets Centre over 'hiding' Delhi slums ahead of Brics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/like-calling-2-6-gdp-growth-7-8-aap-targets-centre-over-hiding-delhi-slums-ahead-of-brics/articleshow/134074443.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Residents of the Coolie Camp settlement in Vasant Vihar, where screening had also been used during the 2023 G20 summit, told ''Brut'' that they felt they were being hidden from visiting delegations.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are curtains hiding from the BRICS leaders and why? |url=https://www.brut.media/in/videos/india/society/what-are-curtains-hiding-from-the-brics-leaders-and-why |website=Brut |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:BRICS summits]]<br />
[[Category:2026 diplomatic conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation&diff=562040Shanghai Cooperation Organisation2026-09-14T04:43:51Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Eurasian multilateral security organisation}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation<br />
| native name = {{lang-zh|s=上海合作组织}}<br />{{langx|ru|Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества}}<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| logo = SCO logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| map = Shanghai Cooperation Organization (orthographic projection).svg<br />
| msize = <br />
| map_caption = {{legend2|#316730|Members}} {{legend2|#309d9b|Partners}} {{legend2|#00FF00|Disputed territories}}<br />
| abbreviation = SCO<br />
| motto = <br />
| predecessor = Shanghai Five<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|2001|06|15|df=yes}}<br />
| extinction = <br />
| type = Mutual security, political, and economic cooperation<br />
| status = Regional cooperation forum<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lars Erslev Andersen |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/shanghai-cooperation-organisation#:~:text=The%20Shanghai%20Cooperation%20Organisation%20has%20been%20described%20in,forum%20for%20cooperation%20that%20includes%20security%20policy%20issues. |publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies |access-date=4 November 2022 |quote=However, it is not an alliance but rather a forum for cooperation that includes security policy issues.}}</ref><br />
| purpose = <br />
| headquarters = [[Beijing]], China (Secretariat)<br />[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (RATS Executive Committee)<br />
| location = <br />
| membership = {{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Member states<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|{{flag|China}}<br />
|{{flag|India}}<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle =text-align:left;font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = SCO partners<br />
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{efn|Inactive since September 2021 following the aftermath of the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan]].}}| <br />
|{{flag|Armenia}}<br />
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
|{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
|{{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
|{{flag|Egypt}}<br />
|{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
|{{flag|Laos}}<br />
|{{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|{{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
|{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|{{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|{{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkiye}}<br />
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Guest attendees<br />
|{{flag|ASEAN}}<br />
|{{flag|CIS}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|{{flag|UN}}}}<br />
| language = {{hlist|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="about-sco" />}}<br />
| leader_title = Secretary-General<br />
| leader_name = [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
| leader_title2 = Deputy Secretaries-General<br />
| leader_name2 = {{ubl|Ahmad Saidmurodzoda|{{ill|Batir Tursunov|uz|Botir Tursunov}}|Oleg Kopylov|{{ill|Piao Yangfan|zh|朴扬帆}}|Shri Janesh Kain|Sohail Khan}}<br />
| leader_title3 = RATS<br />Executive Committee Director<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecrats.org/en/about/management/ |title=ABOUT SCO RATS - MANAGEMENT |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref><br />
| main_organ = <br />
| parent_organization = <br />
| affiliations = <br />
| budget = <br />
| staff = <br />
| staff_year = <br />
| volunteers = <br />
| volunteers_year = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://eng.sectsco.org/}}<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Shanghai Cooperation Organisation''' ('''SCO''') is a [[Eurasia]]n [[politics|political]], [[economy|economic]] and [[international security]] organisation of ten member states. It focuses on political, economic, security and counter-terrorism cooperation.<br />
<br />
It is the world's largest [[regional organisation]] in terms of [[geography|geographic scope]] and [[world population|population]], covering at least 24% of the world's total area (65% of Eurasia)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | doi=10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | title=The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | journal=Strategic Comments | date=2018 | volume=24 | issue=5 | pages=vii-ix | s2cid=219696506 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 42% of the world population. As of 2024, its combined nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] accounts for around 23%, while its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] based on [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] comprises approximately 36% of the world's total.<br />
<br />
The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]]. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and [[Uzbekistan]] met in [[Shanghai]] to announce the SCO, a new organisation with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. [[Iran]] joined the group in July 2023, and [[Belarus]] in July 2024. Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners. Its most recent meeting was held in [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|September 2025]] in [[Tianjin, China]].<br />
<br />
The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year. The organisation also contains the [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS).<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
=== The Shanghai Five ===<br />
The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Eleanor |date=14 October 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032848/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in [[Moscow]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Qahtani|first=Mutlaq|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Law of International Organizations|journal=Chinese Journal of International Law|year=2006|volume=5|issue=1|page=130|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=1540-1650|doi=10.1093/chinesejil/jml012}}</ref> On 20 May 1997, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Jiang Zemin]] signed a declaration on a "[[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar world]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|title=Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order|website=United Nations General Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154322/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan in 1998, in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to "oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the reason of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Bates |date=30 November 2001 |title=Shanghai Five: An Attempt to Counter U.S. Influence in Asia? |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503173641/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Brookings}}</ref> The Shanghai Five structure helped speed up the members' resolution of border disputes, agree on military deployments in border areas, and address security threats.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Proń |first=Elżbieta |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021 |doi=10.4324/9781003352587-11 |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Developing institutional forms ===<br />
<br />
In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai and the group was institutionalised.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} The five member nations first admitted [[Uzbekistan]] in the Shanghai Five mechanism.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} On 15 June 2001, all six heads of state signed the ''Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation.<ref name="about-sco" /> From 2001 to 2008, the SCO developed rapidly, establishing a number of permanent bodies and ''ad hoc'' initiatives dealing with economic and security matters.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia and signed the ''SCO Charter'' which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and forms of operation. It entered into force on 19 September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat. |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705162001/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2003, a Council of Heads of State, a Council of Heads of Government and a Council of Foreign Ministers, as well as a permanent Secretariat based in Beijing was formed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=China and Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict and Concord |date=2023 |isbn=978-0300166651 |location=New Haven}}</ref>{{Rp|page=500}}<br />
<br />
In July 2005, at the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, with representatives of India, Iran, [[Mongolia]] and Pakistan attending an SCO summit for the first time, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the president of the Kazakhstan, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context: "The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".<ref>Kazinform, 5 July 2005.</ref> By 2007, the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural, banking, and other officials from its member states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agostinis|first1=Giovanni|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|date=20 October 2021|title=The Nexus between Authoritarian and Environmental Regionalism: An Analysis of China's Driving Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=69 |issue=4–5 |pages=330–344|doi=10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|s2cid=239486136|issn=1075-8216|hdl=11585/909383|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2015, in [[Ufa]], Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. In June 2016 in [[Tashkent]], both signed the memorandum of obligations, thereby starting the process of joining the SCO.<ref name=IndPakMemo>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|title=India, Pakistan edge closer to joining SCO security bloc|date=24 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|via=[[The Express Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625124459/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, at a summit in Kazakhstan, India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=9 June 2017 |title=India, Pakistan become full members of SCO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-become-full-members-of-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco/article62067467.ece |access-date=11 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=9 June 2017 |url=https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistans-membership-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2004, the SCO established relations with the [[United Nations]] (where it is an observer in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]]), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in 2005, the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2005, the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] in 2007, the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] in 2007, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] in 2011, the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]] (CICA) in 2014, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|title=External communication|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605174306/http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|archive-date=5 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2018, SCO [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) has established relations with the [[African Union]]'s African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/12-Dec-2018/au-sco-anti-terror-organs-sign-cooperation-deal-on-fighting-terrorism|title=AU, SCO anti-terror organs sign cooperation deal on fighting terrorism|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=16 December 2018|date=12 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Organisational structure ==<br />
[[File:Structure of the SCO.png|center|550px]]<br />
<br />
As of 2020, the Council of Heads of State was the top decision-making body in the SCO, meeting at the annual SCO summits in one of the member states' capital cities. Because of their government structure, the prime ministers of the parliamentary democracies of India and Pakistan attend the SCO Council of Heads of State summits, as their responsibilities are similar to the presidents of other SCO nations.<ref name="thehindu28nov20">{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasani |title=India to host SCO Heads of Government meet; Modi, Imran to skip |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-pms-to-attend-sco-heads-of-government-summit-hosted-by-india/article33201037.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of the 1 September 2025 meeting, the Council of Heads of State consists of:<br />
* [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Xi Jinping]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India)<br />
* [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] (Iran)<br />
* [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Sadyr Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan)<br />
* [[Vladimir Putin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Emomali Rahmon]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation and approves the organisation's budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of the 1 November 2022 meeting, Council of Heads of Government consists of:<ref>{{cite web |title=21st SCO Heads of Government Council meeting |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Aleksandr Turchin]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Li Qiang]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India) (usually sends a deputy, such as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|EAM]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] at the 2021 summit)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/eam-s-jaishankar-to-represent-india-at-sco-heads-of-govt-meeting-121112401424_1.html | title=EAM S Jaishankar to represent India at SCO heads of govt meeting | date=25 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Alihan Smaiylov]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Akylbek Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan) (usually sends a deputy, such as Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Andleeb Abbas]] at the 2020 summit)<ref name="thehindu28nov20" /><br />
* [[Mikhail Mishustin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Kokhir Rasulzoda|Qohir Rasulzoda]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Abdulla Aripov]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
As of 2007, the Council of Foreign Ministers also held regular meetings, where they discussed the current international situation and interaction with other international organisations.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | title = Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers from Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia | location = Kuala Lumpur | date = 9 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208154821/http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | archive-date = 8 February 2012}}</ref> As of 2021, the Council of National Coordinators coordinated the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |title=The First SCO Council of National Coordinators Meeting Chaired by Tajikistan |url=https://mfa.tj/en/islamabad/view/7076/the-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-chaired-by-tajikistan |website=mfa.tj |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; margin-top:0"<br />
|+ Directors of SCO RATS Executive Committee<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| 15 June 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Vyacheslav Kasymov<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Myrzakan Subanov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Xinfeng]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Russia}} Yevgeniy Sysoev<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} Jumakhon Giyosov<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Ruslan Mirzaev<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:none; margin-left:1em"<br />
|+ Heads of SCO Secretariat<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Executive Secretary'''<br />
|-<br />
| 15 January 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Deguang]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Secretaries-General'''<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Bolat Nurgaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Muratbek Imanaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dmitry Mezentsev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Rashid Alimov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Vladimir Norov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Ming]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in [[Beijing]], China, is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. The SCO secretary-general is elected to a three-year term.<ref name="FreshMCQs">{{Cite web |author1=Freshmcqs |title=Who is the current Secretary General SCO? |url=https://freshmcqs.com/secretary-general-sco/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Fresh MCQs|date=11 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]] of Kazakhstan became the current secretary-general on 1 January 2025.<br />
<br />
The [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) Executive Committee, headquartered in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the [[three evils]] of [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. The Director of SCO RATS Executive Committee is elected to a three-year term. [[Ularbek Sharsheev]] of Kyrgyzstan became the current Director on 1 January 2025. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | title = Information on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211154326/http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | archive-date = 11 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The official languages of the SCO are [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="about-sco"/><br />
<br />
The SCO has a youth group, which is entitled the '''Score Foundation'''.<ref name="ig1">{{cite news |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCUHCy2Iaug/?api=毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐服务v信8764603▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐全套特殊服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上门服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐联系方式▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上课约服务.ghkj&hl=kn | title=Instagram }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Membership ==<br />
{{Main|Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}<br />
{{Horizontal timeline<br />
|from=1994<br />
|to=2026<br />
|inc=2<br />
|axis-nudge=-0.5em<br />
|axis-1994=&nbsp;<br />
|axis-marker-1994=&nbsp; <br />
<br />
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<br />
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<br />
|row1=note<br />
|row1-1-at=1996.32<br />
|row1-1-text=Establishment of S5<br />
<br />
|row1-2-at=2001.45<br />
|row1-2-text=Establishment of SCO<br />
<br />
|row2=timeline<br />
|row2-style=styleDefault<br />
|row2-1-text=China<br />
|row2-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row2-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row2-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row2-3-to=2026<br />
|row2-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row3=timeline<br />
|row3-style=styleDefault<br />
|row3-1-text=Kazakhstan<br />
|row3-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row3-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row3-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row3-3-to=2026<br />
|row3-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row4=timeline<br />
|row4-style=styleDefault<br />
|row4-1-text=Kyrgyzstan<br />
|row4-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row4-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row4-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row4-3-to=2026<br />
|row4-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row5=timeline<br />
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|row5-1-text=Russia<br />
|row5-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row5-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row5-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row5-3-to=2026<br />
|row5-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row6=timeline<br />
|row6-style=styleDefault<br />
|row6-1-text=Tajikistan<br />
|row6-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row6-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row6-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row6-3-to=2026<br />
|row6-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row7=timeline<br />
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|row7-1-text=Uzbekistan<br />
|row7-1-to=2001.45<br />
|row7-2-to=2026<br />
|row7-2-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row8=timeline<br />
|row8-style=styleDefault<br />
|row8-1-text=India<br />
|row8-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row8-2-to=2017.44<br />
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|row8-3-to=2026<br />
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<br />
|row9=timeline<br />
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|row9-1-text=Pakistan<br />
|row9-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row9-2-to=2017.44<br />
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|row9-3-to=2026<br />
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<br />
|row10=timeline<br />
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|row10-1-text=Iran<br />
|row10-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row10-2-to=2023.6<br />
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|row10-3-to=2026<br />
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<br />
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|row11-1-to=2010.32<br />
|row11-2-to=2015.52<br />
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|row11-3-to=2024.51<br />
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<br />
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|row12-1-text=Mongolia<br />
|row12-1-to=2004.54<br />
|row12-2-to=2026<br />
|row12-2-style=styleObserver<br />
<br />
|row13=timeline<br />
|row13-style=styleDefault<br />
|row13-1-text=Sri Lanka<br />
|row13-1-to=2010.35<br />
|row13-2-to=2026<br />
|row13-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row14=timeline<br />
|row14-style=styleDefault<br />
|row14-1-text=Turkey<br />
|row14-1-to=2013.32<br />
|row14-2-to=2026<br />
|row14-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row15=timeline<br />
|row15-style=styleDefault<br />
|row15-1-text=Cambodia<br />
|row15-1-to=2015.73<br />
|row15-2-to=2026<br />
|row15-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row16=timeline<br />
|row16-style=styleDefault<br />
|row16-1-text=Azerbaijan<br />
|row16-1-to=2016.20<br />
|row16-2-to=2026<br />
|row16-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row17=timeline<br />
|row17-style=styleDefault<br />
|row17-1-text=Nepal<br />
|row17-1-to=2016.22<br />
|row17-2-to=2026<br />
|row17-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row18=timeline<br />
|row18-style=styleDefault<br />
|row18-1-text=Armenia<br />
|row18-1-to=2016.29<br />
|row18-2-to=2026<br />
|row18-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row19=timeline<br />
|row19-style=styleDefault<br />
|row19-1-text=Egypt<br />
|row19-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row19-2-to=2026<br />
|row19-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row20=timeline<br />
|row20-style=styleDefault<br />
|row20-1-text=Qatar<br />
|row20-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row20-2-to=2026<br />
|row20-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row21=timeline<br />
|row21-style=styleDefault<br />
|row21-1-text=Saudi Arabia<br />
|row21-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row21-2-to=2026<br />
|row21-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row22=timeline<br />
|row22-style=styleDefault<br />
|row22-1-text=Kuwait<br />
|row22-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row22-2-to=2026<br />
|row22-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row23=timeline<br />
|row23-style=styleDefault<br />
|row23-1-text=Maldives<br />
|row23-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row23-2-to=2026<br />
|row23-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row24=timeline<br />
|row24-style=styleDefault<br />
|row24-1-text=Myanmar<br />
|row24-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row24-2-to=2026<br />
|row24-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row25=timeline<br />
|row25-style=styleDefault<br />
|row25-1-text=UAE<br />
|row25-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row25-2-to=2026<br />
|row25-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row26=timeline<br />
|row26-style=styleDefault<br />
|row26-1-text=Bahrain<br />
|row26-1-to=2023.55<br />
|row26-2-to=2026<br />
|row26-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row27=timeline<br />
|row27-style=styleDefault<br />
|row27-1-text=Laos<br />
|row27-1-to=2025.67<br />
|row27-2-to=2026<br />
|row27-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row28=timeline<br />
|row28-style=styleDefault<br />
|row28-1-text=Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)<br />
|row28-1-to=2012.43<br />
|row28-2-to=2021.62<br />
|row28-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row28-3-to=2026<br />
|row28-3-style=styleDefault<br />
<br />
|row29=scale<br />
|caption={{small|{{legend inline|#346733|Member}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#00FF00|Observer}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#FFFF00|Dialogue partner}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Member states ===<br />
{{Supranational Asian Bodies|align=right|size=380px}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Accession started !! Member since<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|China}} || rowspan=6 | — || rowspan=6 | 15 June 2001{{efn|China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five mechanism since 26 April 1996. Uzbekistan was included in the Shanghai Five mechanism on 14 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/3404 |script-title=ru:Совместное заявление глав государств Республики Казахстан, Китайской Народной Республики, Кыргызской Республики, Российской Федерации, Республики Таджикистан, Республики Узбекистан |trans-title=Joint statement of heads of state of Republic of Kazakhstan, People's Republic of China, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Uzbekistan |date=14 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref> The six states then signed a declaration establishing the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on 15 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41570 |script-title=ru:Главы государств «Шанхайского форума» приняли Декларацию о создании нового объединения – Шанхайской организации сотрудничества |trans-title="Shanghai Forum" heads of state have adopted the Declaration on creation of a new association – the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=15 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Russia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=2 | 10 June 2015 || rowspan=2 | 9 June 2017<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|17 September 2021<br />
|4 July 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-04/iran-joins-sco-the-china-founded-regional-security-grouping|title=Iran Joins SCO, the China-Founded Regional Security Grouping|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|16 September 2022<br />
| 4 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btimesonline.com/articles/167333/20240703/china-and-russia-lead-efforts-to-expand-influence-with-belarus-addition-to-sco.htm|title=China and Russia Lead Efforts to Expand Influence with Belarus' Addition to SCO|first=Larry|last=Lee|date=3 July 2024|website=Business Times}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== SCO partners ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Former status !! Date of older status !! Date of new status<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2004<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 6 May 2010<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 7 June 2012<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 26 April 2013<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 24 September 2015<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 22 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 16 April 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 15 July 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former observer states ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status granted<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=70 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan|}}{{efn|Since the overthrow of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and the reinstatement of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021, [[Taliban]] representatives have not been participating in SCO meetings.<ref name="Taliban">{{cite web |first=Eva |last=Seiwert |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-will-not-fill-any-vacuum-in-afghanistan/ |website=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=30 September 2021 |quote=So far, the SCO has not officially recognized the Taliban regime and did not invite its representatives to the summit in Dushanbe in mid-September.}}</ref>}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR" /> (inactive September 2021–1 September 2025)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Former observers'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=3 | 5 July 2005<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 2015<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former dialogue partners ===<br />
The status of dialogue partner was created in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |title=Regulations on the Status of Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214203708/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status approved !! Status granted{{efn|A country officially becomes a SCO dialogue partner after its minister of foreign affairs and SCO Secretary-General sign a memorandum granting the status.}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 15 or 16 June 2009<ref name="defence.lk">{{cite news |url=http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |title=Sri Lanka gains partnership in SCO members welcome end to terror in country |date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083026/http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref name="IANS1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |title=Sri Lanka turns to Pakistan, China for military needs |date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Urdustan.com Network |work=IANS |access-date=2 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604170848/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |archive-date=4 June 2007}}</ref> || 6 May 2010<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/250874 |title=Russian MFA Spokesman Andrei Nesterenko Response to Media Question about the Signing of a Memorandum Granting the Status of SCO Dialogue Partner to Sri Lanka |date=12 May 2010 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |title=SCO accepts Afghanistan as observer, Turkey dialogue partner |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |via=''People's Daily'' |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073821/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 26 April 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-123_-26-april_-2013_-press-release-concerning-the-signing-of-a-memorandum-with-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization.en.mfa |title=No: 123, 26 April 2013, Press Release Concerning the Signing of a Memorandum with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=26 April 2013 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || rowspan=4 | 10 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=10 July 2015|title=SCO Summit Provides Few Concrete Results, But More Ambitious Goals|url=https://eurasianet.org/sco-summit-provides-few-concrete-results-but-more-ambitious-goals|access-date=16 October 2021|website=[[Eurasianet]]}}</ref>|| 24 September 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/economy/823294 |title=Cambodia becomes dialogue partner in SCO |date=24 September 2015 |work=TASS}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 14 March 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/xarici-isler-naziri-elmar-memmedyarov-cin-xalq-respublikasina-isguzar-seferi-cercivesinde-sanxay-emekdasliq-teskilatinin-bas-katibi-resid-alimov-ile-gorusub |title=Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov met with Rashid Alimov, Secretary General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization within his working visit to the People's Republic of China |date=14 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}} || 22 March 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |title=Press Release issued by Embassy of Nepal, Beijing on Nepal officially joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a dialogue partner. |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Government of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804103547/https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |ref=44}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 16 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2016/04/16/sco-dial-part/6038 |title=Armenia was granted a status of dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=16 April 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}} || rowspan=3 | 16 September 2021 || rowspan=3 | 14 September 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=SCO member states signed memorandums on granting SCO dialogue partner status to the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Qatar |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929072943/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Xi2022Meeting"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}|| rowspan=5 | 16 September 2022<ref name="Xi2022Meeting">{{cite web |title=President Xi Jinping Attends the 22nd Meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State and Delivers Important Remarks|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202209/t20220916_10767162.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" | 5 May 2023<ref name="New SCO dialogue partners">{{cite web|title=New SCO dialogue partners|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162243/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{nowrap|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}} ||15 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx|title=Bahrain granted the status of SCO dialogue partner|website=www.bna.bh}}{{dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | title=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation &#124; SCO | access-date=23 August 2023 | archive-date=16 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191931/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}|| | 1 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/laos-accepted-as-dialogue-partner-of-the-sco/article69999119.ece|title=Laos accepted as dialogue partner of the SCO|publisher=The Hindu Bureau|date=1 September 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 |'''Former dialogue partners'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 15 or 16 June 2009 || 28 April 2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Guest attendees ===<br />
{{Expand section|dates of first meeting attended of all organisations/countries in lists below|date=September 2025}}<br />
Multiple international organisations and one country are guest attendances to SCO summits.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Organisation guest attendees<br />
!Organisation<br />
!Organisation Type<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|1 September 2025<ref>[https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Overview-of-ASEAN-SCO-as-of-Jan-2024.pdf Overview of ASEAN-SCO Relations]. ''[[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]'' (January 2024). Accessed 20 September 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Secretary-General of ASEAN participates in the SCO Plus Meeting 2025 in Tianjin, China |url=https://asean.org/secretary-general-of-asean-participates-in-the-sco-plus-meeting-2025-in-tianjin-china/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]<br />
|[[Military alliance]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eurasian Economic Union]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Economic Cooperation Organization]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]]<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]<br />
|[[International banking|International bank]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Country guest attendees<br />
!Country<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
[[Turkmenistan]] has previously declared itself a permanently [[neutral country]], which was recognised by a resolution adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1995,<ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/50/80 |body=A |session=90 |type=R |resolution_number=50/80 |title=Maintenance of international security |date=12 December 1995 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> thus ostensibly precluding its membership in the SCO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|title=SCO Summit 2018: Why Turkmenistan is not part of the Eurasia security bloc|last=Shubham|date=7 June 2018|website=oneindia.com|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002956/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Turkmenistan is a member of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] since 1992 and an observer of the [[Organization of Turkic States]] since 2021. Turkmenistan's head of state has been attending SCO summits since 2007 as a guest attendee.<br />
<br />
=== Future membership possibilities ===<br />
Suspected fears about new members weaking the organisation have stalled the addition of members over its existence. Instead, countries are added to various categories{{Em dash}}observers, guests, and dialogue partners{{Em dash}}to allow them to participate at summits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosco |first=David |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's expansion dilemma |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802090821/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== List of potential observers, guests, or dialogue partners ====<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status applied for !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2012<ref name="AzeriDaily">{{cite web |url=http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |title=Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia |work=Azeri Daily |date=15 September 2012 |author=Moskovskij Komsomolets |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222201738/http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Why the Shanghai Cooperation Organization matters |url=https://arab.news/5c83v |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <!--Not with that flag-->Syria<br />
| Dialogue partner{{efn|Syria has initially applied for observer status, but "it was explained that first it is necessary to become a dialogue partner of the organization".<ref name="Interfax" />}}<br />
| 2015<ref name="Interfax">{{cite news|date=23 June 2016 |url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |title=Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity – president's special envoy |agency=[[Interfax]] |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144553/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|title=Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide|date=6 July 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|agency=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820191812/http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Israel}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2016<ref name="Interfax" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iraq}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2019<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title='SCO family' widening? Many candidates share 'Shanghai spirit', but expansion not a goal |url=https://tass.com/world/1076750 |work=[[TASS]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906165359/https://tass.com/world/1076750 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Algeria}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| July 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Algeria Submits an Application to Join the SCO |work=Echorouk |url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/algeria-submits-an-application-to-join-the-sco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=L'Algérie veut intégrer le capital de la banque des BRICS et l'organisation de Shanghai |work=L'Algérie Audjourd'hui |url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/lalgerie-veut-integrer-le-capital-de-la-banque-des-brics-et-lorganisation-de-shanghai/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Countries showing interest in joining the SCO ====<br />
<br />
===== Turkey =====<br />
In 2010, the SCO approved a procedure for admitting new members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201006/t20100625_679309.html|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China|title=Declaration of the 10th Meeting of The Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States Tashkent, 10-11 June 2010|date=11 June 2010|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> In 2011, [[Turkey]] applied for dialogue partner status,<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vietnam bids to join SCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vietnam-bids-to-join-sco/article2681358.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Moscow |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> which it obtained in 2013. At the same time, Turkey is a [[NATO]] member and the [[European Union]] candidate country. Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has stated that he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's candidacy of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession to the]] [[European Union]] in return for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels |title = Turkey between Shanghai and Brussels|date = 14 May 2013|website = The New Turkey|last=Dalay|first= Galip|translator-last=Öz|translator-first=Handan|access-date = 1 July 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085447/http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels/|archive-date = 6 February 2016}}</ref> This was reinforced again on 21 November 2016, after the [[European Parliament]] voted unanimously to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| title = Fed up with EU, Erdogan says Turkey could join Shanghai Group| date = 21 November 2016| work = Reuters| last = Butler| first = Daren| access-date = 21 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032937/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| archive-date = 21 June 2017| url-status = live}}</ref> Two days later, on 23 November 2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of SCO energy club for the 2017 period. That made Turkey the first country to chair a club in the organisation without full membership status. In 2022, at the 22nd summit of the SCO, the Turkish president said that Turkey would seek full SCO membership status.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies?srnd=fixed-income |access-date=17 September 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> On 11 July 2024, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated in a statement to the U.S. ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Vietnam =====<br />
In 2011, [[Vietnam]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status (but has not applied for it).<ref name="TheHindu" /> Vietnamese PM Pham Minh Chinh attended the largest-ever Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in history in Tianjian from August 31 to September 1, 2025.<ref name="VietnamNews" /><br />
<br />
===== Ukraine =====<br />
In 2012, [[Ukraine]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status. However, since the deposition of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|increased tensions with Russia]], no application has been submitted and there are no current plans to incorporate Ukraine into the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2012 |title=Yanukovych Tells Putin Kyiv Wants SCO Observer Status |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/yanukovych-tells-putin-kyiv-wants-sco-observer-status/24687868.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoshos.ru/en/?idn=10558 |title=Why Ukraine wants to become SCO's partner |last=Grigoryan |first=Gurgen |date=8 October 2012 |website=InfoSCO |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Azerbaijan =====<br />
[[Azerbaijan]] expects to receive observer status according to Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aykhan Hajizada. Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said during his meeting with President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on 3 July 2024 in Astana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104014/|title=Azerbaijan expects to become SCO observer - Foreign Ministry|website=interfax.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/kazakh-president-azerbaijan-will-probably-become-a-full-member-of-the-sco-in-a-little-while-441777 | title=Kazakh President: Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while }}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Myanmar =====<br />
During [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] met [[State Security and Peace Commission|Burmese military ruler]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]] to express his support to promote [[Myanmar]] to be a full member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Xi Offers Backing for Myanmar's SCO Membership Bid |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2025-08-30 |last=Kyaw |first=Khine Lin |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250830172613/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
===Cooperation on security===<br />
As of 2023, the SCO is primarily centred on security-related concerns, describing the main threats it confronts as being [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. It has addressed regional [[human trafficking]] and [[Arms trafficking|weapons trafficking]] and created terrorist blacklists.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
At SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 16–17 June 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | title = SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes | date = 22 April 2006 | location = Beijing | editor-last= Luan |editor-first=Shanglin | agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date = 11 June 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211539/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | title = Security alliances led by Russia, China link up | date = 6 October 2007 | work = Business Recorder | location = Dushanbe | access-date = 4 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170100/http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | archive-date = 4 August 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2010, the organisation was opposing [[cyberwarfare]], saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". An accord adopted in 2009 defined "[[information warfare|information war]]", in part, as an effort by a state to undermine another's "political, economic, and social systems".<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| title=Seeing The Internet As An 'Information Weapon'<br />
| work=National Public Radio<br />
| first=Tom<br />
| last=Gjelten<br />
| date=23 September 2010<br />
| access-date=23 September 2010<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924110725/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| archive-date=24 September 2010<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' reported in 2017 that SCO has foiled 600 terror plots and extradited 500 terrorists through RATS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Suyash|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|title=India's SCO Challenge|work=The Diplomat|date=5 December 2017|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230817/https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 36th meeting of the Council of the RATS decided to hold a joint anti-terror exercise, Pabbi-Antiterror-2021, in Pakistan in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=PTI|date=21 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan, China to participate in SCO joint anti-terrorism exercise|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-china-to-participate-in-sco-joint-anti-terrorism-exercise/625869/|access-date=27 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, in July 2024, the SCO called for the creation of a fair, multipolar world order based on the key role of the United Nations, international law and the aspiration of sovereign states towards a mutually beneficial partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin: Treba stvoriti multipolarni svjetski poredak |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2579497 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Military activities===<br />
[[File:Putin and Hu JintaoPeace Mission 2007.jpg|thumb|left|SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007. [[Hu Jintao]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Islam Karimov]]]]<br />
<br />
As of 2009, the organisation's activities expanded to include increased military cooperation, [[intelligence sharing]], and [[counterterrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|last=Scheineson|first=Andrew |date=24 March 2009|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511042105/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> At the same time, leaders of SCO states repeatedly stated that the SCO was not a military alliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tugsbilguun |first=Tumurkhuleg |date=2008–2009 |title=Does the Shanghai Cooperation Represent an Example of a Military Alliance? |url=https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/MJIA/article/download/32/32 |journal=The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs |volume=15–16 |pages=59–107 |access-date=6 August 2022 |quote=In contrast, the political leaders and most analysts in the SCO member states, especially those in its two most influential members, Russia and China, have repeatedly emphasized that the SCO is not a military alliance, since it is not directed against a third party and is only interested in combating threats posed by terrorism, separatism and extremism.}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2023, the SCO had not provided military support in any actual conflicts.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=100}} However, as of 2017, military exercises have regularly been conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.<ref name="about-sco">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Since then China and Russia have teamed up for large-scale war games in [[Peace Mission 2005]], Peace Mission 2007 and Peace Mission 2009, under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in Peace Mission 2007, which took place in [[Chelyabinsk]], Russia near the [[Ural Mountains]], as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO defence ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hutzler|first=Charles|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904133349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=China, Russia, Others to Hold Joint Drills|agency=Associated Press|date=26 April 2006|access-date=12 June 2015|url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yu|first=Bin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|title=Common exercise, different goals|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 October 2007|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172225/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Russian defence minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] said that the exercises would be transparent and open to media and the public. Following the war games' successful completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role. Peace Mission 2010, conducted 9–25 September at Kazakhstan's Matybulak training area, saw over 5,000 personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan conduct joint planning and operational maneuvers.<ref>{{citation | last = Boland | first = Julie | url = http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | title = Learning From The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's 'Peace Mission-2010' Exercise" | publisher = [[The Brookings Institution]] | date = 29 October 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628085252/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | archive-date = 28 June 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. During the 2007 war games in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]], Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience. Russian strategic bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the [[Cold War]]. "Starting today, such tours of duty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale", Putin said. "Our pilots have been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia to revive long-range bomber patrols |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129114325/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia To Resume Long-Range Bomber Patrols |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807105608/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]. However, as of late 2022, in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, many SCO and even CSTO members had distanced themselves from military cooperation with Russia.<ref name="alj">{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Maximilian |date=9 October 2022 |title=Putin is fighting alone |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/9/putin-is-increasingly-fighting-alone |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Economic cooperation===<br />
In September 2003, a Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states. At the same meeting the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier of China]], [[Wen Jiabao]], proposed a long-term objective to establish a [[free trade area]] in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3A+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | title = LEAD: Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone. | date = 23 September 2003 | location = Beijing | author = Kyodo News | publisher = Kyodo News International, Inc. | access-date = 21 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150717215118/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3a+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | archive-date = 17 July 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |title= China Intensifies Regional Trade Talks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121832/http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }} International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)</ref> A follow-up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on 23 September 2004.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | title = Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States | date = 23 September 2004 | author = China Foreign Ministry | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330053454/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | archive-date = 30 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO would prioritise joint energy projects; including in the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new [[hydrocarbon]] reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of the [[SCO Interbank Consortium]] was also agreed upon in order to fund future joint projects. In February 2006, the first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic, Security Cooperation | work = Eurasia Daily Monitor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | date = 31 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101021114/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |title=SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent |publisher=National Bank of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171922/http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> In November 2006, at ''The SCO: Results and Perspectives'', an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] announced that Russia was developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | title = Russia's Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO Energy Club | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency | date = 1 December 2006 | location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan | access-date = 3 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075148/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | archive-date = 7 October 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> in November 2007, Moscow reiterated the need for this "energy club" at an SCO summit. Other SCO members, however, did not commit themselves to the idea.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | title = Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club | work = Eurasianet | date = 6 November 2007 | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063714/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the capital flowing, ensuring food and [[energy security]] have been gaining special significance".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | title = Chronicle of Main Events of 'Shanghai Five' and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014132514/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | archive-date = 14 October 2008}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}<br />
<br />
At the 2007 SCO summit, Iranian vice president [[Parviz Davoodi]] addressed an initiative that had been garnering greater interest when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systems".<ref>Mehr News Agency, 31 October 2008.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
President Putin included these comments:<br />
<blockquote><br />
We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness. To solve the current problem Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it will be able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and to ensure progress.<br />
<br /><br />
The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different [[geo-political]] situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence.<br />
<br /><br />
We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparable notions.<ref>''Russia Today'', 30 October 2008</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:SCO Summit Ekaterinburg 2009.jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the SCO summit in [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia in 2009]]<br />
<br />
In June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to other SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members affected by the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | title=China to provide 10-billion-dollar loan to SCO members | editor-last=Deng |editor-first=Shasha | date=16 June 2009 | location=[[Yekaterinburg, Russia]] | agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date=21 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> The summit was held together with the [[1st BRIC summit|first BRIC summit]], and the China–Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |editor=Yan |title=China, Russia sign five-point joint statement |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |quote=They also said that a new round of the IMF quota formula review and the reform schemes of the World Bank should be completed on time and that the emerging markets and developing countries should have a bigger say and broader representation in the international financial institutions. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620111314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was founded in which Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are members.<br />
<br />
During the 2019 Bishkek summit, [[Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] suggested taking steps to trade in local currencies instead of U.S. dollars and setting up financial institutions including an SCO bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit kicks off in Bishkek|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929213418/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2022, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Economic Diplomacy Mehdi Safari suggested creating a single SCO currency to facilitate trade and financial transactions among SCO members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1122205 |language=fa |script-title=fa:پیشنهاد ایران به سازمان شانگهای برای ایجاد پول واحد<br />
|trans-title=Iran's proposal to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to create a single currency |date=2 June 2022 |website=TABNAK |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of the SCO's economic agenda, it has established a relatively successful student exchange program called the SCO University.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Cultural cooperation ===<br />
Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 April 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |title = Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing |date = 13 April 2002 |newspaper = People's Daily |publisher = People's Daily Online |access-date = 11 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426094709/http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |title = SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency |date = 17 April 2006 |location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418125956/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |archive-date = 18 April 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan suggested an SCO [[folk dance]] festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |title = Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties |work = KazInform |agency = [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|KazInform]] International News Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195124/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===SCO+===<br />
The SCO+ forum format was initiated by the [[United Russia]] party in October 2020. This format includes inter-party interaction not only of the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (members, observers, candidates) but also of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and [[BRICS]] countries.<br />
<br />
It was first used during the SCO+ international inter-party forum "Economy for People" on 22–23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iiip.online/shos.html |title=Официальный сайт форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Official website of the SCO+ forum |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161140/https://iiip.online/shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The forum was attended by speakers from 25 countries, including the chairman of the United Russia party, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], ministers of the SCO countries, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and ambassadors and diplomats of the CIS and BRICS countries. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] sent greetings to the forum participants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |title=Путин направил приветствие участникам межпартийного форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Putin sent a greeting to the participants of the SCO+ inter-party forum |website=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=22 October 2020 |accessdate=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101113858/https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==RATS Military exercises==<br />
In December 2025 for the first time ever Iran held its first military excerises with 6 other member states nations on Iranian soil post-war of Israel-Iran dubbed Sahand 2025 drills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's First SCO Military Exercise Solidifies Ties with China and Russia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=تهران زیر چتر پکن و مسکو؛ تحلیل نشریه ژاپنی از حضور نظامیان چینی و روسی در ایران |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://parsi.euronews.com/2025/12/19/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summits==<br />
According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |title=Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224811/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref> The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.<ref name=charter/><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| align = center<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| total_width = 720<br />
| image1 = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Bishkek 2007.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Summit of [[Bishkek]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]) in 2007<br />
| image2 = SCO summit (2018-06-10) 1.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Heads of state of member states at the 2018 summit in [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], China<br />
| image3 = Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 01.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the 2019 summit<br />
| image4 = SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg<br />
| caption4 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the [[2022 SCO summit|2022 summit]] in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===List of summits===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of state<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2001 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 June 2002 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 May 2003 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 17 June 2004 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 July 2005 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 June 2006 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16 August 2007 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 28 August 2008 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15–16 June 2009 || {{RUS}} || [[Yekaterinburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10–11 June 2010 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref name="yekat">{{Cite web |title=Joint Communiqué of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710232015/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2011 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2010 |title=SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers, dialogue partners |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan |editor-last=Tang |editor-first=Danlu |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106123408/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2012 Beijing SCO summit|6–7 June 2012]] || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 13 September 2013 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2014 Dushanbe SCO summit|11–12 September 2014]] || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 9–10 July 2015 || {{RUS}} || [[Ufa]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23–24 June 2016 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Song Miou |date=10 July 2015 |title=Uzbekistan to host 16th SCO summit in 2016 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Ufa]], Russia |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2017 Astana SCO summit|8–9 June 2017]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2018 Qingdao SCO summit|9–10 June 2018]]|| {{CHN}} || [[Qingdao]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2019 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2019 |title=Kyrgyzstan to host SCO summit in June 2019 |publisher=AKIpress News Agency |url=https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424151843/https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10 November 2020 || {{RUS}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заседание Совета глав государств – членов ШОС |date=10 November 2020 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64385 |website=kremlin.ru |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16–17 September 2021 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=PM to attend SCO head of states meeting in Dushanbe |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40115796 |website=Business Recorder }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2022 Samarkand SCO summit|15–16 September 2022]]|| {{UZB}} || [[Samarkand]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 4 July 2023 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Indian Ministry of External Affairs |type=press release |date=30 May 2023 |title=SCO Summit under India's Chairmanship |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36622/SCO_Summit_under_Indias_Chairmanship |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=english}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last1=Pierson |first1=David |last2=Kurmanaev |first2=Anatoly |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin, Xi and Modi Meet on Camera, but With No Signs of Greater Unity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705021029/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |archive-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Astana SCO summit|3–4 July 2024]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|31 August – 1 September 2025]] || {{CHN}} || [[Tianjin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Wang: China to help SCO embark on a new journey |url=https://en.tj.gov.cn/Updates/News/202503/t20250307_6876940.html |website=Tianjin Municipal People's Government}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;" |2027 || {{PAK}} || [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCO Summit Highlights: PM Modi Returns To Delhi After Concluding Summit In China |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pm-modi-sco-summit-2025-live-updates-narendra-modi-china-visit-today-xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-tianjin-trump-tariffs-india-latest-news-liveblog-9540313.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of government<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 September 2001 || {{KAZ}} || [[Almaty]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2003 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2004 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 26 October 2005 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 September 2006 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2 November 2007 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 October 2008 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 October 2009 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Stephanie |date=14 October 2009 |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Concludes in Beijing |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=Beijing |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026210050/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2010 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Wen arrives in Tajikistan for SCO meeting |work=[[China Daily]] |agency=Xinhua News Agency |location=Dushanbe, Tajikistan |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200114/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 November 2011 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 December 2012 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=SCO Meeting Expected to Boost Cooperation Among Members |work=The Gazette of Central Asia |publisher=Satrapia |url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/sco-meeting-expected-to-boost-cooperation-among-members/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 November 2013 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2014 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2015 || {{CHN}} || [[Zhengzhou]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2–3 November 2016 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2017 || {{RUS}} || [[Sochi]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 11–12 October 2018 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 1–2 November 2019 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2020 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2021 || {{KAZ}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 1 November 2022 || {{CHN}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 26 Oсtober 2023 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Islamabad SCO summit|15–16 October 2024]]|| {{PAK}}|| [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Baqir |date=5 July 2024 |title=Pakistan to host SCO leaders in October |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1843888/pakistan-to-host-sco-leaders-in-october |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Dawn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 18 November 2025 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{TJK}}||TBD<ref>{{cite web | title=On the Meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States | date=18 November 2025 | url=https://eng.sectsco.org/20251118/2057714.html }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{clear left}}<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
===Relations with the West===<br />
<br />
The [[United States]] applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | title = Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world | first = Dilip | last = Hiro | date = 16 June 2006 | website = The Guardian | access-date = 19 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140923025607/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | archive-date = 23 September 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan requested the U.S. leave the [[Karshi-Khanabad Air Base|K2 air base]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | title = Central Asia: China and Russia up the ante | first = Siddharth | last = Varadarajan | date = 8 July 2005 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529184633/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | archive-date = 29 May 2009 | website = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A report in 2007 noted that the SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region; however, some indirect statements at the past summits have been viewed by Western media outlets as "thinly veiled swipes at Washington".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia | website = Eurasianet | date = 19 August 2007 | first = Joshua | last = Kucera | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083232/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
From 2001 to 2008, the Western reaction to the SCO was generally skepticism of the organisation's goals.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} By the 2010s, however, the West increasingly began to view the SCO as a potential contributor to stability in the region, particularly with regards to Afghanistan.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
In September 2023, the [[United Nations]] approved United Nations resolution A/77/L.107, titled "Cooperation between the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." The result of the vote was 80 in favour to 2 against with 47 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12523.doc.htm | title=General Assembly Adopts 5 Resolutions, 3 Decisions, including Text Urging States to Consider Need for Woman Secretary-General &#124; UN Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | title=General Assembly: 99th Plenary Meeting, 77th session &#124; UN Web TV | date=September 2023 | access-date=2 September 2023 | archive-date=2 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902184815/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States and Israel were the only countries to vote against the resolution.<br />
<br />
Although the [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] dubbed the SCO an "anti NATO alliance" in 2022,<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |last1=Aydıntaşbaş |first1=Aslı |last2=Dumoulin |first2=Marie |last3=Geranmayeh |first3=Ellie |last4=Oertel |first4=Janka |date=16 September 2022 |title=Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/rogue-nato-the-new-face-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> apparent inconsistencies among its member states have prevented it from becoming an effective geopolitical alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Is No 'New Warsaw' or 'Eastern NATO' |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/shanghai-cooperation-organization-no-%E2%80%98new-warsaw%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98eastern-nato%E2%80%99-196138 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> As of July 2023, India and Central Asian countries maintained friendly cooperation with both the West and Russia, India has had fierce conflicts with Pakistan and its ally China at the same time, which has been limiting the possibility of China and Russia forming the group into an anti-Western bloc.<ref name="nikkei">{{Cite news |last1=SHARMA |first1=KIRAN |last2=TAN |first2=CK |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin claims unity, Xi slams decoupling at India-hosted SCO talks |language=en-GB |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Putin-claims-unity-Xi-slams-decoupling-at-India-hosted-SCO-talks |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> Academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that although SCO has sometimes been compared to NATO, unlike NATO, SCO does not create a collective security alliance.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=167 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Geopolitical aspects===<br />
[[File:2015 Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization 05.jpg|thumb|SCO summit in [[Ufa]], Russia in 2015]]<br />
[[File:SCO and NATO.svg|thumb|right|SCO and NATO Member States]]<br />
<br />
At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the SCO which said: "The heads of the member states point out that, against the backdrop of a contradictory process of [[Globalization|globalisation]], multilateral cooperation, which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual respect, non-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states, non-confrontational way of thinking and consecutive movement towards democratisation of international relations, contributes to overall peace and security, and call upon the international community, irrespective of its differences in ideology and social structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=13 July 2005 |url=http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804191808/http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] reiterated that the "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world order" and that "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration".<ref>UzReport, 28 November 2005</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, Matthew Brummer tracked the implications of SCO expansion into the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Journal of International Affairs. 2007. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran: A Power-full Union. Matthew Brummer</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 2008, one aim of SCO was to ensure that [[liberal democracy]] could not gain ground in these countries, according to political scientist [[Thomas Ambrosio]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2008|title=Catching the 'Shanghai Spirit': How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=60|issue=8|last1=Ambrosio|pages=1321–1344| doi=10.1080/09668130802292143|s2cid=153557248}}</ref> In 2016, political scientist Thomas Fingar wrote that China took the lead in establishing the Shanghai Five primarily to limit Russia's ability to reassert its influence in Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fingar |first=Thomas |url= |title=The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=41 |chapter=China's Goals in South Asia |oclc=939553543 |author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 Russo-Georgian war]], China opposed Russia's infringement on Georgia's sovereignty.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=347}} Citing principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and global order, China used its influence in the SCO to prevent the organisation from supporting Russia.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=347}}<br />
<br />
In 2008, Iranian writer [[Hamid Golpira]] had this to say on the topic: "According to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]'s theory, control of the [[Eurasia]]n landmass is the key to global domination and control of [[Central Asia]] is the key to control of the Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and the rest of the [[NATO]] alliance in [[Central Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |title=Iraq smoke screen |last=Golpira |first=Hamid |date=20 November 2008 |work=Tehran Times |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804105127/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the ''[[People's Daily]]'' wrote: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on Western countries to leave Central Asia. That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the world".<ref>{{citation | url = http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | title = Opinion: SCO sends strong signals for West to leave Central Asia | work = People's Daily | date = 8 July 2008 | author = People's Daily Online | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809060939/http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | archive-date = 9 August 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
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In January 2023, India as SCO chair, invited Pakistan's Foreign Affairs Minister and Chief justice to attend a meeting in Goa in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=India invites Pak FM Bilawal Bhutto, Chief Justice for SCO meet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-invites-pak-fm-bilawal-bhutto-chief-justice-for-sco-meet-101674629291592.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2023, [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]] continued to spar over terrorism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India sends Pakistan a message, Russia slams West at SCO meeting |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-sends-Pakistan-a-message-Russia-slams-West-at-SCO-meeting |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> while Central Asian members [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes|Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have erupted in armed conflict]] over border disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash erupts between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border guards |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/14/clash-erupts-between-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan-border-guards |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Al jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The SCO was not a platform for resolving bilateral issues, and its members were also reluctant to mediate disputes multilaterally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Limited Role In Easing Tensions Between China and India |language=en-US |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-limited-role-in-easing-tensions-between-china-and-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexei |first=Kupriyanov |date=8 December 2020 |title=The SCO and the conflict between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sco-conflict-between-india-pakistan/?amp |publisher=ORF}}</ref> Due to the widely divergent agendas among member states, Indian commentators even called it the "Shanghai Contradiction Organisation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Shanghai Contradiction Organisation – Let's call it what it is |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/opinion/sco-shanghai-contradiction-organisation-lets-call-it-what-it-is-10913571.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
<br />
Members of the SCO remained neutral in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], they also strengthened cooperation with the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Krzysztof Strachota |author2=Katarzyna Chawryło |author3=Michał Bogusz |author4=Marek Menkiszak |title=Against the backdrop of war. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Samarkand |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-09-20/against-backdrop-war-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-summit |publisher=Centre for Eastern Studies |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> Analysis in 2024 points out that the SCO has generally facilitated amicable [[China–Russia relations|China-Russia relations]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}<br />
<br />
In June 2025, India refused to endorse a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) defence ministers’ meeting in [[Qingdao]], China, citing concerns that it did not reflect its position on terrorism. India objected to the omission of the 22 April [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], in which 26 Indian tourists were killed, while the statement referenced militant activity in Balochistan. Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] argued that the statement aligned with Pakistan's narrative and urged the SCO to hold accountable those who use “cross-border terrorism as an instrument of policy.” India maintained that such omissions made the statement unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=SCO: India refuses to sign joint statement at the summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxe48njkxwo |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India refuses to sign SCO statement over claims of pro-Pakistan bias |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/26/india-rejects-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-statement-over-claims-it-favoured-pakistan |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India rejects signing Shanghai Cooperation Organization statement seen as pro-Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-india-meeting-statement-refusal-67bfc09a329e93b9c721029c36e31176 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> India's foreign ministry spokesman [[Randhir Jaiswal]] expressed that India wanted “concerns on terrorism to be reflected in the SCO document, which was not acceptable to one particular country, and therefore the statement was not adopted.”<ref name=":2" /> Subsequently, at the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 15 July 2025, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] described the Pahalgam attack as a deliberate attempt to undermine Jammu and Kashmir's tourism and incite religious division. He emphasised the need for the SCO to uphold its founding principles by maintaining an uncompromising stance against terrorism, separatism, and extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Jaishankar's Sharp Message On Terrorism In First China Visit In 5 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-attack-deliberate-s-jaishankar-at-key-sco-meet-8879173 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2025, Minister Jaishankar also raised concerns over China's construction of the [[Medog Hydropower Station]] on the Yarlung Tsangpo River. He emphasised the potential downstream impacts on water security and ecological stability, and called for greater transparency, meaningful consultation with affected countries, and the resumption of suspended hydrological data sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=India voices concern over China's mega dam project on Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-voices-concern-over-chinas-mega-dam-project-on-yarlung-tsangpo-in-tibet-13923209.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other analysis ===<br />
A 2015 [[European Parliamentary Research Service]] paper concludes, "The SCO's main achievement thus far is to have offered its members a cooperative forum to balance their conflicting interests and to ease bilateral tensions. It has built up joint capabilities and has agreed on common approaches in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, major shortcomings, such as institutional weaknesses, a lack of common financial funds for the implementation of joint projects and conflicting national interests have prevented the SCO from achieving a higher level of regional cooperation in other areas."<ref>{{cite web |last=Grieger |first=Gisela |date=26 June 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103951/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=14 January 2018 |website=European Parliament Think Tank |page=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery of heads of state (members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Лукашенко - 08 (14-03-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Alexander Lukashenko]]<br />[[President of Belarus]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]]<br />[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[President of China]]{{efn|name="chinaleader"|The ''de jure'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]]. The [[President of the People's Republic of China|president of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]] and has no real power in China's [[Politics of China|political system]]. However, the [[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in China|transition]], and the [[paramount leader]] is [[Xi Jinping]].}}<br />
File:Droupadi Murmu POI official portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />[[President of India]]<br />
File:Mojtaba Khamenei 2024.jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Mojtaba Khamenei]]<br />[[Supreme Leader of Iran]]<br />
File:WIPO Director General Meets President of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]<br />[[President of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Official Photo of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic H.E. Mr. Sadyr Zhaparov.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Sadyr Japarov]]<br />[[President of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Asif Ali Zardari - 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br /> [[President of Pakistan]]|alt=Islamic Republic of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari President of Pakistan<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Vladimir Putin]]<br />[[President of Russia]]<br />
File:Vladimir Putin and Emomali Rahmon made statements for the press (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Emomali Rahmon]]<br />[[President of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br />[[President of Uzbekistan]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Gallery of Heads of Government members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Турчин (07-04-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Aleksandr Turchin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Belarus]]<br />
File:Li Qiang meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Li Qiang]]<br />[[Premier of China|Premier]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Narendra Modi]]<br />[[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br />[[President of Iran]]<br />
File:Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Oljas Bektenov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Adylbek Kasymaliev (2024-14-05).jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Adylbek Kasymaliev]]<br />[[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Shehbaz Sharif in 2024.jpg|alt=IslamicRepublicofPakistanShehbaz SharifPrime Minister of Pakistan|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Shehbaz Sharif]] <br /> [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br />
File:Mikhail Mishustin (2026-02-25).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Russia]]<br />
File:Кохир Расулзада (17-05-2023).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Kokhir Rasulzoda]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Abdulla Aripov (2021) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Abdulla Aripov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Politics|Asia|Europe}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia Cooperation Dialogue}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia–Europe Meeting}}<br />
* {{anl|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
* {{anl|Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation}}<br />
* {{anl|Belt and Road Initiative}}<br />
* {{anl|Collective Security Treaty Organization}}<br />
* {{anl|Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia}}<br />
* {{anl|Continental union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasian Economic Union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasianism}}<br />
* {{anl|Global East}}<br />
* {{anl|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2006). "Greater Eurasia Project". Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''Turkey–China Relations since the Ottoman Period''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Dream of Turkey''. Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Strateji.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). [http://www.barisadibelli.com/ ''The Eurasia Strategy of China'']. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2008). ''The Great Game in Eurasian Geopolitics''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2019), La coopération de Shanghai : conceptualiser la nouvelle Asie, Presses de l'Université de Liège, 308 p; 2019 – [https://pressesuniversitairesdeliege.be/produit/la-cooperation-de-shanghai/ La coopération de Shanghai] <br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205211755/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/90256/datasheet_574297.pdf L'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai et la construction de "la nouvelle Asie"], Brussels: Peter Lang, 492 p.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205210548/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/89167/datasheet_574277.pdf Concurrences Interrégionales Europe-Asie au 21ème siècle], Brussels: Peter Lang, 388 p.<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (18 July 2001). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100307024438/http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg1459.cfm "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia?"]}}. [[The Heritage Foundation]].<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (24 October 2005). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100302231849/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/hl901.cfm "Competition over Eurasia: Are the U.S. and Russia on a Collision Course?"]}}. The Heritage Foundation.<br />
* Colson, Charles. (5 August 2003). [http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut"]. ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]''.<br />
* Daly, John. (19 July 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtsm/jtsm010719_1_n.shtml "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals"]. ''[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] Terrorism & Security Monitor''.<br />
* Douglas, John Keefer; Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; {{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212004708/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title="Fueling the Dragon's Flame: How China's Energy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle East".}}&nbsp;{{small|(162&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2006.<br />
* Fels, Enrico (2009), ''Assessing Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', Winkler Verlag: Bochum. {{ISBN|978-1-5292-4692-6}}<br />
* Gill, Bates and Oresman, Matthew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129202941/http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,15/ "China's New Journey to the West: Report on China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests"], CSIS Press, August 2003<br />
* Kalra, Prajakti and Saxena, Siddharth [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174240/http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2007-02-centraleurasia/TPQ2007-2-kalra%2Bsaxena.pdf "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in Eurasia Region"] Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol 6. No. 2, 2007<br />
* Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew (2014). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11392 ''Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization'']. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.<br />
* Oresman, Matthew, {{cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326123906/http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2010 |title=Beyond the Battle of Talas: China's Re-emergence in Central Asia}}&nbsp;{{small|(4.74&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, National Defence University Press, August 2004<br />
* Seiwert, Eva (2025). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and China’s Vision of International Relations''. Bristol: Bristol University Press, ISBN 978-1-5292-4692-6.<br />
* Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615224847/http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/004/5367.pdf "China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy"], [[University of California Press]], May 2006<br />
* Yom, Sean L. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053738/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/129/5 "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"]. ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' '''6''' (4) 48–54.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:India–Uzbekistan relations]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation&diff=562039Shanghai Cooperation Organisation2026-09-14T04:42:30Z<p>Adarshatva: Undo revision 562038 by Adarshatva (talk)</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Eurasian multilateral security organization}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Shanghai Cooperation Organization<br />
| native name = {{lang-zh|s=上海合作组织}}<br />{{langx|ru|Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества}}<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| logo = SCO logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| map = Shanghai Cooperation Organization (orthographic projection).svg<br />
| msize = <br />
| map_caption = {{legend2|#316730|Members}} {{legend2|#309d9b|Partners}} {{legend2|#00FF00|Disputed territories}}<br />
| abbreviation = SCO<br />
| motto = <br />
| predecessor = Shanghai Five<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|2001|06|15|df=yes}}<br />
| extinction = <br />
| type = Mutual security, political, and economic cooperation<br />
| status = Regional cooperation forum<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lars Erslev Andersen |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/shanghai-cooperation-organisation#:~:text=The%20Shanghai%20Cooperation%20Organisation%20has%20been%20described%20in,forum%20for%20cooperation%20that%20includes%20security%20policy%20issues. |publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies |access-date=4 November 2022 |quote=However, it is not an alliance but rather a forum for cooperation that includes security policy issues.}}</ref><br />
| purpose = <br />
| headquarters = [[Beijing]], China (Secretariat)<br />[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (RATS Executive Committee)<br />
| location = <br />
| membership = {{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Member states<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|{{flag|China}}<br />
|{{flag|India}}<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle =text-align:left;font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = SCO partners<br />
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{efn|Inactive since September 2021 following the aftermath of the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan]].}}| <br />
|{{flag|Armenia}}<br />
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
|{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
|{{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
|{{flag|Egypt}}<br />
|{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
|{{flag|Laos}}<br />
|{{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|{{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
|{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|{{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|{{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkiye}}<br />
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Guest attendees<br />
|{{flag|ASEAN}}<br />
|{{flag|CIS}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|{{flag|UN}}}}<br />
| language = {{hlist|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="about-sco" />}}<br />
| leader_title = Secretary-General<br />
| leader_name = [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
| leader_title2 = Deputy Secretaries-General<br />
| leader_name2 = {{ubl|Ahmad Saidmurodzoda|{{ill|Batir Tursunov|uz|Botir Tursunov}}|Oleg Kopylov|{{ill|Piao Yangfan|zh|朴扬帆}}|Shri Janesh Kain|Sohail Khan}}<br />
| leader_title3 = RATS<br />Executive Committee Director<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecrats.org/en/about/management/ |title=ABOUT SCO RATS - MANAGEMENT |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref><br />
| main_organ = <br />
| parent_organization = <br />
| affiliations = <br />
| budget = <br />
| staff = <br />
| staff_year = <br />
| volunteers = <br />
| volunteers_year = <br />
| website = {{official URL}}<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Shanghai Cooperation Organization''' ('''SCO''') is a [[Eurasia]]n [[politics|political]], [[economy|economic]] and [[international security]] organisation of ten member states. It focuses on political, economic, security and counter-terrorism cooperation.<br />
<br />
It is the world's largest [[regional organization|regional organisation]] in terms of [[geography|geographic scope]] and [[world population|population]], covering at least 24% of the world's total area (65% of Eurasia)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | doi=10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | title=The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | journal=Strategic Comments | date=2018 | volume=24 | issue=5 | pages=vii-ix | s2cid=219696506 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 42% of the world population. As of 2024, its combined nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] accounts for around 23%, while its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] based on [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] comprises approximately 36% of the world's total.<br />
<br />
The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]]. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and [[Uzbekistan]] met in [[Shanghai]] to announce the SCO, a new organisation with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. [[Iran]] joined the group in July 2023, and [[Belarus]] in July 2024. Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners. Its most recent meeting was held in [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|September 2025]] in [[Tianjin, China]].<br />
<br />
The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year. The organisation also contains the [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS).<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
=== The Shanghai Five ===<br />
The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Eleanor |date=14 October 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032848/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in [[Moscow]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Qahtani|first=Mutlaq|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Law of International Organizations|journal=Chinese Journal of International Law|year=2006|volume=5|issue=1|page=130|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=1540-1650|doi=10.1093/chinesejil/jml012}}</ref> On 20 May 1997, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Jiang Zemin]] signed a declaration on a "[[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar world]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|title=Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order|website=United Nations General Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154322/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan in 1998, in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to "oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the reason of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Bates |date=30 November 2001 |title=Shanghai Five: An Attempt to Counter U.S. Influence in Asia? |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503173641/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Brookings}}</ref> The Shanghai Five structure helped speed up the members' resolution of border disputes, agree on military deployments in border areas, and address security threats.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Proń |first=Elżbieta |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021 |doi=10.4324/9781003352587-11 |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Developing institutional forms ===<br />
<br />
In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai and the group was institutionalised.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} The five member nations first admitted [[Uzbekistan]] in the Shanghai Five mechanism.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} On 15 June 2001, all six heads of state signed the ''Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation.<ref name="about-sco" /> From 2001 to 2008, the SCO developed rapidly, establishing a number of permanent bodies and ''ad hoc'' initiatives dealing with economic and security matters.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia and signed the ''SCO Charter'' which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and forms of operation. It entered into force on 19 September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat. |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705162001/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2003, a Council of Heads of State, a Council of Heads of Government and a Council of Foreign Ministers, as well as a permanent Secretariat based in Beijing was formed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=China and Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict and Concord |date=2023 |isbn=978-0300166651 |location=New Haven}}</ref>{{Rp|page=500}}<br />
<br />
In July 2005, at the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, with representatives of India, Iran, [[Mongolia]] and Pakistan attending an SCO summit for the first time, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the president of the Kazakhstan, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context: "The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".<ref>Kazinform, 5 July 2005.</ref> By 2007, the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural, banking, and other officials from its member states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agostinis|first1=Giovanni|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|date=20 October 2021|title=The Nexus between Authoritarian and Environmental Regionalism: An Analysis of China's Driving Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=69 |issue=4–5 |pages=330–344|doi=10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|s2cid=239486136|issn=1075-8216|hdl=11585/909383|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2015, in [[Ufa]], Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. In June 2016 in [[Tashkent]], both signed the memorandum of obligations, thereby starting the process of joining the SCO.<ref name=IndPakMemo>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|title=India, Pakistan edge closer to joining SCO security bloc|date=24 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|via=[[The Express Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625124459/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, at a summit in Kazakhstan, India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=9 June 2017 |title=India, Pakistan become full members of SCO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-become-full-members-of-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco/article62067467.ece |access-date=11 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=9 June 2017 |url=https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistans-membership-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2004, the SCO established relations with the [[United Nations]] (where it is an observer in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]]), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in 2005, the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2005, the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] in 2007, the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] in 2007, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] in 2011, the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]] (CICA) in 2014, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|title=External communication|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605174306/http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|archive-date=5 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2018, SCO [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) has established relations with the [[African Union]]'s African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/12-Dec-2018/au-sco-anti-terror-organs-sign-cooperation-deal-on-fighting-terrorism|title=AU, SCO anti-terror organs sign cooperation deal on fighting terrorism|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=16 December 2018|date=12 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Organisational structure ==<br />
[[File:Structure of the SCO.png|center|550px]]<br />
<br />
As of 2020, the Council of Heads of State was the top decision-making body in the SCO, meeting at the annual SCO summits in one of the member states' capital cities. Because of their government structure, the prime ministers of the parliamentary democracies of India and Pakistan attend the SCO Council of Heads of State summits, as their responsibilities are similar to the presidents of other SCO nations.<ref name="thehindu28nov20">{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasani |title=India to host SCO Heads of Government meet; Modi, Imran to skip |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-pms-to-attend-sco-heads-of-government-summit-hosted-by-india/article33201037.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of the 1 September 2025 meeting, the Council of Heads of State consists of:<br />
* [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Xi Jinping]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India)<br />
* [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] (Iran)<br />
* [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Sadyr Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan)<br />
* [[Vladimir Putin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Emomali Rahmon]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation and approves the organisation's budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of the 1 November 2022 meeting, Council of Heads of Government consists of:<ref>{{cite web |title=21st SCO Heads of Government Council meeting |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Aleksandr Turchin]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Li Qiang]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India) (usually sends a deputy, such as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|EAM]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] at the 2021 summit)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/eam-s-jaishankar-to-represent-india-at-sco-heads-of-govt-meeting-121112401424_1.html | title=EAM S Jaishankar to represent India at SCO heads of govt meeting | date=25 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Alihan Smaiylov]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Akylbek Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan) (usually sends a deputy, such as Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Andleeb Abbas]] at the 2020 summit)<ref name="thehindu28nov20" /><br />
* [[Mikhail Mishustin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Kokhir Rasulzoda|Qohir Rasulzoda]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Abdulla Aripov]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
As of 2007, the Council of Foreign Ministers also held regular meetings, where they discussed the current international situation and interaction with other international organisations.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | title = Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers from Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia | location = Kuala Lumpur | date = 9 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208154821/http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | archive-date = 8 February 2012}}</ref> As of 2021, the Council of National Coordinators coordinated the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |title=The First SCO Council of National Coordinators Meeting Chaired by Tajikistan |url=https://mfa.tj/en/islamabad/view/7076/the-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-chaired-by-tajikistan |website=mfa.tj |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; margin-top:0"<br />
|+ Directors of SCO RATS Executive Committee<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| 15 June 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Vyacheslav Kasymov<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Myrzakan Subanov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Xinfeng]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Russia}} Yevgeniy Sysoev<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} Jumakhon Giyosov<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Ruslan Mirzaev<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:none; margin-left:1em"<br />
|+ Heads of SCO Secretariat<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Executive Secretary'''<br />
|-<br />
| 15 January 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Deguang]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Secretaries-General'''<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Bolat Nurgaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Muratbek Imanaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dmitry Mezentsev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Rashid Alimov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Vladimir Norov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Ming]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in [[Beijing]], China, is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. The SCO secretary-general is elected to a three-year term.<ref name="FreshMCQs">{{Cite web |author1=Freshmcqs |title=Who is the current Secretary General SCO? |url=https://freshmcqs.com/secretary-general-sco/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Fresh MCQs|date=11 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]] of Kazakhstan became the current secretary-general on 1 January 2025.<br />
<br />
The [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) Executive Committee, headquartered in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the [[three evils]] of [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. The Director of SCO RATS Executive Committee is elected to a three-year term. [[Ularbek Sharsheev]] of Kyrgyzstan became the current Director on 1 January 2025. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | title = Information on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211154326/http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | archive-date = 11 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The official languages of the SCO are [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="about-sco"/><br />
<br />
The SCO has a youth group, which is entitled the '''Score Foundation'''.<ref name="ig1">{{cite news |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCUHCy2Iaug/?api=毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐服务v信8764603▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐全套特殊服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上门服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐联系方式▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上课约服务.ghkj&hl=kn | title=Instagram }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Membership ==<br />
{{Main|Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}<br />
{{Horizontal timeline<br />
|from=1994<br />
|to=2026<br />
|inc=2<br />
|axis-nudge=-0.5em<br />
|axis-1994=&nbsp;<br />
|axis-marker-1994=&nbsp; <br />
<br />
|styleDefault-fontsize=0.8em<br />
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|styleDefault-2-border=none;<br />
|styleDefault-3-border=none;<br />
|styleDefault-4-border=none;<br />
<br />
|styleMemberShanghaiFive-boxcolour=#CCCCCC<br />
|styleMember-boxcolour=#346733<br />
|styleObserver-boxcolour=#00FF00<br />
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<br />
|row1=note<br />
|row1-1-at=1996.32<br />
|row1-1-text=Establishment of S5<br />
<br />
|row1-2-at=2001.45<br />
|row1-2-text=Establishment of SCO<br />
<br />
|row2=timeline<br />
|row2-style=styleDefault<br />
|row2-1-text=China<br />
|row2-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row2-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row2-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row2-3-to=2026<br />
|row2-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row3=timeline<br />
|row3-style=styleDefault<br />
|row3-1-text=Kazakhstan<br />
|row3-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row3-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row3-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row3-3-to=2026<br />
|row3-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row4=timeline<br />
|row4-style=styleDefault<br />
|row4-1-text=Kyrgyzstan<br />
|row4-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row4-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row4-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row4-3-to=2026<br />
|row4-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row5=timeline<br />
|row5-style=styleDefault<br />
|row5-1-text=Russia<br />
|row5-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row5-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row5-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row5-3-to=2026<br />
|row5-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row6=timeline<br />
|row6-style=styleDefault<br />
|row6-1-text=Tajikistan<br />
|row6-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row6-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row6-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row6-3-to=2026<br />
|row6-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row7=timeline<br />
|row7-style=styleDefault<br />
|row7-1-text=Uzbekistan<br />
|row7-1-to=2001.45<br />
|row7-2-to=2026<br />
|row7-2-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row8=timeline<br />
|row8-style=styleDefault<br />
|row8-1-text=India<br />
|row8-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row8-2-to=2017.44<br />
|row8-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row8-3-to=2026<br />
|row8-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row9=timeline<br />
|row9-style=styleDefault<br />
|row9-1-text=Pakistan<br />
|row9-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row9-2-to=2017.44<br />
|row9-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row9-3-to=2026<br />
|row9-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row10=timeline<br />
|row10-style=styleDefault<br />
|row10-1-text=Iran<br />
|row10-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row10-2-to=2023.6<br />
|row10-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row10-3-to=2026<br />
|row10-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row11=timeline<br />
|row11-style=styleDefault<br />
|row11-1-text=Belarus<br />
|row11-1-to=2010.32<br />
|row11-2-to=2015.52<br />
|row11-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
|row11-3-to=2024.51<br />
|row11-3-style=styleObserver<br />
|row11-4-to=2026<br />
|row11-4-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row12=timeline<br />
|row12-style=styleDefault<br />
|row12-1-text=Mongolia<br />
|row12-1-to=2004.54<br />
|row12-2-to=2026<br />
|row12-2-style=styleObserver<br />
<br />
|row13=timeline<br />
|row13-style=styleDefault<br />
|row13-1-text=Sri Lanka<br />
|row13-1-to=2010.35<br />
|row13-2-to=2026<br />
|row13-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row14=timeline<br />
|row14-style=styleDefault<br />
|row14-1-text=Turkey<br />
|row14-1-to=2013.32<br />
|row14-2-to=2026<br />
|row14-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row15=timeline<br />
|row15-style=styleDefault<br />
|row15-1-text=Cambodia<br />
|row15-1-to=2015.73<br />
|row15-2-to=2026<br />
|row15-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row16=timeline<br />
|row16-style=styleDefault<br />
|row16-1-text=Azerbaijan<br />
|row16-1-to=2016.20<br />
|row16-2-to=2026<br />
|row16-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row17=timeline<br />
|row17-style=styleDefault<br />
|row17-1-text=Nepal<br />
|row17-1-to=2016.22<br />
|row17-2-to=2026<br />
|row17-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row18=timeline<br />
|row18-style=styleDefault<br />
|row18-1-text=Armenia<br />
|row18-1-to=2016.29<br />
|row18-2-to=2026<br />
|row18-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row19=timeline<br />
|row19-style=styleDefault<br />
|row19-1-text=Egypt<br />
|row19-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row19-2-to=2026<br />
|row19-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row20=timeline<br />
|row20-style=styleDefault<br />
|row20-1-text=Qatar<br />
|row20-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row20-2-to=2026<br />
|row20-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row21=timeline<br />
|row21-style=styleDefault<br />
|row21-1-text=Saudi Arabia<br />
|row21-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row21-2-to=2026<br />
|row21-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row22=timeline<br />
|row22-style=styleDefault<br />
|row22-1-text=Kuwait<br />
|row22-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row22-2-to=2026<br />
|row22-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row23=timeline<br />
|row23-style=styleDefault<br />
|row23-1-text=Maldives<br />
|row23-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row23-2-to=2026<br />
|row23-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row24=timeline<br />
|row24-style=styleDefault<br />
|row24-1-text=Myanmar<br />
|row24-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row24-2-to=2026<br />
|row24-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row25=timeline<br />
|row25-style=styleDefault<br />
|row25-1-text=UAE<br />
|row25-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row25-2-to=2026<br />
|row25-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row26=timeline<br />
|row26-style=styleDefault<br />
|row26-1-text=Bahrain<br />
|row26-1-to=2023.55<br />
|row26-2-to=2026<br />
|row26-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row27=timeline<br />
|row27-style=styleDefault<br />
|row27-1-text=Laos<br />
|row27-1-to=2025.67<br />
|row27-2-to=2026<br />
|row27-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row28=timeline<br />
|row28-style=styleDefault<br />
|row28-1-text=Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)<br />
|row28-1-to=2012.43<br />
|row28-2-to=2021.62<br />
|row28-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row28-3-to=2026<br />
|row28-3-style=styleDefault<br />
<br />
|row29=scale<br />
|caption={{small|{{legend inline|#346733|Member}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#00FF00|Observer}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#FFFF00|Dialogue partner}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Member states ===<br />
{{Supranational Asian Bodies|align=right|size=380px}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Accession started !! Member since<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|China}} || rowspan=6 | — || rowspan=6 | 15 June 2001{{efn|China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five mechanism since 26 April 1996. Uzbekistan was included in the Shanghai Five mechanism on 14 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/3404 |script-title=ru:Совместное заявление глав государств Республики Казахстан, Китайской Народной Республики, Кыргызской Республики, Российской Федерации, Республики Таджикистан, Республики Узбекистан |trans-title=Joint statement of heads of state of Republic of Kazakhstan, People's Republic of China, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Uzbekistan |date=14 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref> The six states then signed a declaration establishing the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on 15 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41570 |script-title=ru:Главы государств «Шанхайского форума» приняли Декларацию о создании нового объединения – Шанхайской организации сотрудничества |trans-title="Shanghai Forum" heads of state have adopted the Declaration on creation of a new association – the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=15 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Russia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=2 | 10 June 2015 || rowspan=2 | 9 June 2017<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|17 September 2021<br />
|4 July 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-04/iran-joins-sco-the-china-founded-regional-security-grouping|title=Iran Joins SCO, the China-Founded Regional Security Grouping|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|16 September 2022<br />
| 4 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btimesonline.com/articles/167333/20240703/china-and-russia-lead-efforts-to-expand-influence-with-belarus-addition-to-sco.htm|title=China and Russia Lead Efforts to Expand Influence with Belarus' Addition to SCO|first=Larry|last=Lee|date=3 July 2024|website=Business Times}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== SCO partners ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Former status !! Date of older status !! Date of new status<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2004<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 6 May 2010<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 7 June 2012<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 26 April 2013<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 24 September 2015<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 22 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 16 April 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 15 July 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former observer states ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status granted<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=70 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan|}}{{efn|Since the overthrow of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and the reinstatement of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021, [[Taliban]] representatives have not been participating in SCO meetings.<ref name="Taliban">{{cite web |first=Eva |last=Seiwert |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-will-not-fill-any-vacuum-in-afghanistan/ |website=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=30 September 2021 |quote=So far, the SCO has not officially recognized the Taliban regime and did not invite its representatives to the summit in Dushanbe in mid-September.}}</ref>}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR" /> (inactive September 2021–1 September 2025)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Former observers'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=3 | 5 July 2005<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 2015<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former dialogue partners ===<br />
The status of dialogue partner was created in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |title=Regulations on the Status of Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214203708/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status approved !! Status granted{{efn|A country officially becomes a SCO dialogue partner after its minister of foreign affairs and SCO Secretary-General sign a memorandum granting the status.}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 15 or 16 June 2009<ref name="defence.lk">{{cite news |url=http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |title=Sri Lanka gains partnership in SCO members welcome end to terror in country |date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083026/http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref name="IANS1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |title=Sri Lanka turns to Pakistan, China for military needs |date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Urdustan.com Network |work=IANS |access-date=2 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604170848/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |archive-date=4 June 2007}}</ref> || 6 May 2010<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/250874 |title=Russian MFA Spokesman Andrei Nesterenko Response to Media Question about the Signing of a Memorandum Granting the Status of SCO Dialogue Partner to Sri Lanka |date=12 May 2010 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |title=SCO accepts Afghanistan as observer, Turkey dialogue partner |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |via=''People's Daily'' |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073821/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 26 April 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-123_-26-april_-2013_-press-release-concerning-the-signing-of-a-memorandum-with-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization.en.mfa |title=No: 123, 26 April 2013, Press Release Concerning the Signing of a Memorandum with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=26 April 2013 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || rowspan=4 | 10 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=10 July 2015|title=SCO Summit Provides Few Concrete Results, But More Ambitious Goals|url=https://eurasianet.org/sco-summit-provides-few-concrete-results-but-more-ambitious-goals|access-date=16 October 2021|website=[[Eurasianet]]}}</ref>|| 24 September 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/economy/823294 |title=Cambodia becomes dialogue partner in SCO |date=24 September 2015 |work=TASS}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 14 March 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/xarici-isler-naziri-elmar-memmedyarov-cin-xalq-respublikasina-isguzar-seferi-cercivesinde-sanxay-emekdasliq-teskilatinin-bas-katibi-resid-alimov-ile-gorusub |title=Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov met with Rashid Alimov, Secretary General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization within his working visit to the People's Republic of China |date=14 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}} || 22 March 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |title=Press Release issued by Embassy of Nepal, Beijing on Nepal officially joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a dialogue partner. |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Government of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804103547/https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |ref=44}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 16 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2016/04/16/sco-dial-part/6038 |title=Armenia was granted a status of dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=16 April 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}} || rowspan=3 | 16 September 2021 || rowspan=3 | 14 September 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=SCO member states signed memorandums on granting SCO dialogue partner status to the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Qatar |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929072943/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Xi2022Meeting"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}|| rowspan=5 | 16 September 2022<ref name="Xi2022Meeting">{{cite web |title=President Xi Jinping Attends the 22nd Meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State and Delivers Important Remarks|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202209/t20220916_10767162.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" | 5 May 2023<ref name="New SCO dialogue partners">{{cite web|title=New SCO dialogue partners|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162243/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{nowrap|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}} ||15 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx|title=Bahrain granted the status of SCO dialogue partner|website=www.bna.bh}}{{dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | title=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation &#124; SCO | access-date=23 August 2023 | archive-date=16 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191931/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}|| | 1 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/laos-accepted-as-dialogue-partner-of-the-sco/article69999119.ece|title=Laos accepted as dialogue partner of the SCO|publisher=The Hindu Bureau|date=1 September 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 |'''Former dialogue partners'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 15 or 16 June 2009 || 28 April 2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Guest attendees ===<br />
{{Expand section|dates of first meeting attended of all organisations/countries in lists below|date=September 2025}}<br />
Multiple international organisations and one country are guest attendances to SCO summits.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Organisation guest attendees<br />
!Organisation<br />
!Organisation Type<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|1 September 2025<ref>[https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Overview-of-ASEAN-SCO-as-of-Jan-2024.pdf Overview of ASEAN-SCO Relations]. ''[[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]'' (January 2024). Accessed 20 September 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Secretary-General of ASEAN participates in the SCO Plus Meeting 2025 in Tianjin, China |url=https://asean.org/secretary-general-of-asean-participates-in-the-sco-plus-meeting-2025-in-tianjin-china/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]<br />
|[[Military alliance]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eurasian Economic Union]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Economic Cooperation Organization]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]]<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]<br />
|[[International banking|International bank]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Country guest attendees<br />
!Country<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
[[Turkmenistan]] has previously declared itself a permanently [[neutral country]], which was recognised by a resolution adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1995,<ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/50/80 |body=A |session=90 |type=R |resolution_number=50/80 |title=Maintenance of international security |date=12 December 1995 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> thus ostensibly precluding its membership in the SCO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|title=SCO Summit 2018: Why Turkmenistan is not part of the Eurasia security bloc|last=Shubham|date=7 June 2018|website=oneindia.com|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002956/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Turkmenistan is a member of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] since 1992 and an observer of the [[Organization of Turkic States]] since 2021. Turkmenistan's head of state has been attending SCO summits since 2007 as a guest attendee.<br />
<br />
=== Future membership possibilities ===<br />
Suspected fears about new members weaking the organisation have stalled the addition of members over its existence. Instead, countries are added to various categories{{Em dash}}observers, guests, and dialogue partners{{Em dash}}to allow them to participate at summits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosco |first=David |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's expansion dilemma |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802090821/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== List of potential observers, guests, or dialogue partners ====<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status applied for !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2012<ref name="AzeriDaily">{{cite web |url=http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |title=Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia |work=Azeri Daily |date=15 September 2012 |author=Moskovskij Komsomolets |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222201738/http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Why the Shanghai Cooperation Organization matters |url=https://arab.news/5c83v |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <!--Not with that flag-->Syria<br />
| Dialogue partner{{efn|Syria has initially applied for observer status, but "it was explained that first it is necessary to become a dialogue partner of the organization".<ref name="Interfax" />}}<br />
| 2015<ref name="Interfax">{{cite news|date=23 June 2016 |url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |title=Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity – president's special envoy |agency=[[Interfax]] |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144553/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|title=Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide|date=6 July 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|agency=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820191812/http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Israel}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2016<ref name="Interfax" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iraq}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2019<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title='SCO family' widening? Many candidates share 'Shanghai spirit', but expansion not a goal |url=https://tass.com/world/1076750 |work=[[TASS]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906165359/https://tass.com/world/1076750 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Algeria}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| July 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Algeria Submits an Application to Join the SCO |work=Echorouk |url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/algeria-submits-an-application-to-join-the-sco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=L'Algérie veut intégrer le capital de la banque des BRICS et l'organisation de Shanghai |work=L'Algérie Audjourd'hui |url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/lalgerie-veut-integrer-le-capital-de-la-banque-des-brics-et-lorganisation-de-shanghai/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Countries showing interest in joining the SCO ====<br />
<br />
===== Turkey =====<br />
In 2010, the SCO approved a procedure for admitting new members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201006/t20100625_679309.html|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China|title=Declaration of the 10th Meeting of The Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States Tashkent, 10-11 June 2010|date=11 June 2010|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> In 2011, [[Turkey]] applied for dialogue partner status,<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vietnam bids to join SCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vietnam-bids-to-join-sco/article2681358.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Moscow |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> which it obtained in 2013. At the same time, Turkey is a [[NATO]] member and the [[European Union]] candidate country. Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has stated that he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's candidacy of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession to the]] [[European Union]] in return for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels |title = Turkey between Shanghai and Brussels|date = 14 May 2013|website = The New Turkey|last=Dalay|first= Galip|translator-last=Öz|translator-first=Handan|access-date = 1 July 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085447/http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels/|archive-date = 6 February 2016}}</ref> This was reinforced again on 21 November 2016, after the [[European Parliament]] voted unanimously to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| title = Fed up with EU, Erdogan says Turkey could join Shanghai Group| date = 21 November 2016| work = Reuters| last = Butler| first = Daren| access-date = 21 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032937/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| archive-date = 21 June 2017| url-status = live}}</ref> Two days later, on 23 November 2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of SCO energy club for the 2017 period. That made Turkey the first country to chair a club in the organisation without full membership status. In 2022, at the 22nd summit of the SCO, the Turkish president said that Turkey would seek full SCO membership status.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies?srnd=fixed-income |access-date=17 September 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> On 11 July 2024, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated in a statement to the U.S. ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Vietnam =====<br />
In 2011, [[Vietnam]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status (but has not applied for it).<ref name="TheHindu" /> Vietnamese PM Pham Minh Chinh attended the largest-ever Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in history in Tianjian from August 31 to September 1, 2025.<ref name="VietnamNews" /><br />
<br />
===== Ukraine =====<br />
In 2012, [[Ukraine]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status. However, since the deposition of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|increased tensions with Russia]], no application has been submitted and there are no current plans to incorporate Ukraine into the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2012 |title=Yanukovych Tells Putin Kyiv Wants SCO Observer Status |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/yanukovych-tells-putin-kyiv-wants-sco-observer-status/24687868.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoshos.ru/en/?idn=10558 |title=Why Ukraine wants to become SCO's partner |last=Grigoryan |first=Gurgen |date=8 October 2012 |website=InfoSCO |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Azerbaijan =====<br />
[[Azerbaijan]] expects to receive observer status according to Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aykhan Hajizada. Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said during his meeting with President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on 3 July 2024 in Astana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104014/|title=Azerbaijan expects to become SCO observer - Foreign Ministry|website=interfax.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/kazakh-president-azerbaijan-will-probably-become-a-full-member-of-the-sco-in-a-little-while-441777 | title=Kazakh President: Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while }}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Myanmar =====<br />
During [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] met [[State Security and Peace Commission|Burmese military ruler]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]] to express his support to promote [[Myanmar]] to be a full member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Xi Offers Backing for Myanmar's SCO Membership Bid |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2025-08-30 |last=Kyaw |first=Khine Lin |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250830172613/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
===Cooperation on security===<br />
As of 2023, the SCO is primarily centred on security-related concerns, describing the main threats it confronts as being [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. It has addressed regional [[human trafficking]] and [[Arms trafficking|weapons trafficking]] and created terrorist blacklists.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
At SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 16–17 June 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | title = SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes | date = 22 April 2006 | location = Beijing | editor-last= Luan |editor-first=Shanglin | agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date = 11 June 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211539/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | title = Security alliances led by Russia, China link up | date = 6 October 2007 | work = Business Recorder | location = Dushanbe | access-date = 4 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170100/http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | archive-date = 4 August 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2010, the organisation was opposing [[cyberwarfare]], saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". An accord adopted in 2009 defined "[[information warfare|information war]]", in part, as an effort by a state to undermine another's "political, economic, and social systems".<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| title=Seeing The Internet As An 'Information Weapon'<br />
| work=National Public Radio<br />
| first=Tom<br />
| last=Gjelten<br />
| date=23 September 2010<br />
| access-date=23 September 2010<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924110725/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| archive-date=24 September 2010<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' reported in 2017 that SCO has foiled 600 terror plots and extradited 500 terrorists through RATS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Suyash|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|title=India's SCO Challenge|work=The Diplomat|date=5 December 2017|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230817/https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 36th meeting of the Council of the RATS decided to hold a joint anti-terror exercise, Pabbi-Antiterror-2021, in Pakistan in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=PTI|date=21 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan, China to participate in SCO joint anti-terrorism exercise|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-china-to-participate-in-sco-joint-anti-terrorism-exercise/625869/|access-date=27 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, in July 2024, the SCO called for the creation of a fair, multipolar world order based on the key role of the United Nations, international law and the aspiration of sovereign states towards a mutually beneficial partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin: Treba stvoriti multipolarni svjetski poredak |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2579497 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Military activities===<br />
[[File:Putin and Hu JintaoPeace Mission 2007.jpg|thumb|left|SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007. [[Hu Jintao]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Islam Karimov]]]]<br />
<br />
As of 2009, the organisation's activities expanded to include increased military cooperation, [[intelligence sharing]], and [[counterterrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|last=Scheineson|first=Andrew |date=24 March 2009|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511042105/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> At the same time, leaders of SCO states repeatedly stated that the SCO was not a military alliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tugsbilguun |first=Tumurkhuleg |date=2008–2009 |title=Does the Shanghai Cooperation Represent an Example of a Military Alliance? |url=https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/MJIA/article/download/32/32 |journal=The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs |volume=15–16 |pages=59–107 |access-date=6 August 2022 |quote=In contrast, the political leaders and most analysts in the SCO member states, especially those in its two most influential members, Russia and China, have repeatedly emphasized that the SCO is not a military alliance, since it is not directed against a third party and is only interested in combating threats posed by terrorism, separatism and extremism.}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2023, the SCO had not provided military support in any actual conflicts.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=100}} However, as of 2017, military exercises have regularly been conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.<ref name="about-sco">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Since then China and Russia have teamed up for large-scale war games in [[Peace Mission 2005]], Peace Mission 2007 and Peace Mission 2009, under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in Peace Mission 2007, which took place in [[Chelyabinsk]], Russia near the [[Ural Mountains]], as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO defence ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hutzler|first=Charles|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904133349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=China, Russia, Others to Hold Joint Drills|agency=Associated Press|date=26 April 2006|access-date=12 June 2015|url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yu|first=Bin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|title=Common exercise, different goals|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 October 2007|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172225/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Russian defence minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] said that the exercises would be transparent and open to media and the public. Following the war games' successful completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role. Peace Mission 2010, conducted 9–25 September at Kazakhstan's Matybulak training area, saw over 5,000 personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan conduct joint planning and operational maneuvers.<ref>{{citation | last = Boland | first = Julie | url = http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | title = Learning From The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's 'Peace Mission-2010' Exercise" | publisher = [[The Brookings Institution]] | date = 29 October 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628085252/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | archive-date = 28 June 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. During the 2007 war games in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]], Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience. Russian strategic bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the [[Cold War]]. "Starting today, such tours of duty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale", Putin said. "Our pilots have been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia to revive long-range bomber patrols |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129114325/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia To Resume Long-Range Bomber Patrols |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807105608/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]. However, as of late 2022, in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, many SCO and even CSTO members had distanced themselves from military cooperation with Russia.<ref name="alj">{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Maximilian |date=9 October 2022 |title=Putin is fighting alone |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/9/putin-is-increasingly-fighting-alone |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Economic cooperation===<br />
In September 2003, a Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states. At the same meeting the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier of China]], [[Wen Jiabao]], proposed a long-term objective to establish a [[free trade area]] in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3A+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | title = LEAD: Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone. | date = 23 September 2003 | location = Beijing | author = Kyodo News | publisher = Kyodo News International, Inc. | access-date = 21 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150717215118/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3a+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | archive-date = 17 July 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |title= China Intensifies Regional Trade Talks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121832/http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }} International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)</ref> A follow-up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on 23 September 2004.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | title = Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States | date = 23 September 2004 | author = China Foreign Ministry | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330053454/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | archive-date = 30 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO would prioritise joint energy projects; including in the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new [[hydrocarbon]] reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of the [[SCO Interbank Consortium]] was also agreed upon in order to fund future joint projects. In February 2006, the first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic, Security Cooperation | work = Eurasia Daily Monitor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | date = 31 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101021114/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |title=SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent |publisher=National Bank of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171922/http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> In November 2006, at ''The SCO: Results and Perspectives'', an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] announced that Russia was developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | title = Russia's Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO Energy Club | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency | date = 1 December 2006 | location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan | access-date = 3 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075148/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | archive-date = 7 October 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> in November 2007, Moscow reiterated the need for this "energy club" at an SCO summit. Other SCO members, however, did not commit themselves to the idea.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | title = Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club | work = Eurasianet | date = 6 November 2007 | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063714/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the capital flowing, ensuring food and [[energy security]] have been gaining special significance".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | title = Chronicle of Main Events of 'Shanghai Five' and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014132514/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | archive-date = 14 October 2008}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}<br />
<br />
At the 2007 SCO summit, Iranian vice president [[Parviz Davoodi]] addressed an initiative that had been garnering greater interest when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systems".<ref>Mehr News Agency, 31 October 2008.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
President Putin included these comments:<br />
<blockquote><br />
We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness. To solve the current problem Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it will be able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and to ensure progress.<br />
<br /><br />
The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different [[geo-political]] situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence.<br />
<br /><br />
We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparable notions.<ref>''Russia Today'', 30 October 2008</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:SCO Summit Ekaterinburg 2009.jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the SCO summit in [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia in 2009]]<br />
<br />
In June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to other SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members affected by the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | title=China to provide 10-billion-dollar loan to SCO members | editor-last=Deng |editor-first=Shasha | date=16 June 2009 | location=[[Yekaterinburg, Russia]] | agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date=21 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> The summit was held together with the [[1st BRIC summit|first BRIC summit]], and the China–Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |editor=Yan |title=China, Russia sign five-point joint statement |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |quote=They also said that a new round of the IMF quota formula review and the reform schemes of the World Bank should be completed on time and that the emerging markets and developing countries should have a bigger say and broader representation in the international financial institutions. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620111314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was founded in which Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are members.<br />
<br />
During the 2019 Bishkek summit, [[Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] suggested taking steps to trade in local currencies instead of U.S. dollars and setting up financial institutions including an SCO bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit kicks off in Bishkek|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929213418/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2022, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Economic Diplomacy Mehdi Safari suggested creating a single SCO currency to facilitate trade and financial transactions among SCO members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1122205 |language=fa |script-title=fa:پیشنهاد ایران به سازمان شانگهای برای ایجاد پول واحد<br />
|trans-title=Iran's proposal to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to create a single currency |date=2 June 2022 |website=TABNAK |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of the SCO's economic agenda, it has established a relatively successful student exchange program called the SCO University.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Cultural cooperation ===<br />
Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 April 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |title = Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing |date = 13 April 2002 |newspaper = People's Daily |publisher = People's Daily Online |access-date = 11 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426094709/http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |title = SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency |date = 17 April 2006 |location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418125956/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |archive-date = 18 April 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan suggested an SCO [[folk dance]] festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |title = Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties |work = KazInform |agency = [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|KazInform]] International News Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195124/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===SCO+===<br />
The SCO+ forum format was initiated by the [[United Russia]] party in October 2020. This format includes inter-party interaction not only of the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (members, observers, candidates) but also of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and [[BRICS]] countries.<br />
<br />
It was first used during the SCO+ international inter-party forum "Economy for People" on 22–23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iiip.online/shos.html |title=Официальный сайт форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Official website of the SCO+ forum |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161140/https://iiip.online/shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The forum was attended by speakers from 25 countries, including the chairman of the United Russia party, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], ministers of the SCO countries, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and ambassadors and diplomats of the CIS and BRICS countries. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] sent greetings to the forum participants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |title=Путин направил приветствие участникам межпартийного форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Putin sent a greeting to the participants of the SCO+ inter-party forum |website=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=22 October 2020 |accessdate=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101113858/https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==RATS Military exercises==<br />
In December 2025 for the first time ever Iran held its first military excerises with 6 other member states nations on Iranian soil post-war of Israel-Iran dubbed Sahand 2025 drills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's First SCO Military Exercise Solidifies Ties with China and Russia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=تهران زیر چتر پکن و مسکو؛ تحلیل نشریه ژاپنی از حضور نظامیان چینی و روسی در ایران |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://parsi.euronews.com/2025/12/19/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summits==<br />
According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |title=Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224811/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref> The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.<ref name=charter/><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| align = center<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| total_width = 720<br />
| image1 = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Bishkek 2007.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Summit of [[Bishkek]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]) in 2007<br />
| image2 = SCO summit (2018-06-10) 1.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Heads of state of member states at the 2018 summit in [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], China<br />
| image3 = Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 01.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the 2019 summit<br />
| image4 = SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg<br />
| caption4 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the [[2022 SCO summit|2022 summit]] in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===List of summits===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of state<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2001 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 June 2002 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 May 2003 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 17 June 2004 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 July 2005 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 June 2006 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16 August 2007 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 28 August 2008 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15–16 June 2009 || {{RUS}} || [[Yekaterinburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10–11 June 2010 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref name="yekat">{{Cite web |title=Joint Communiqué of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710232015/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2011 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2010 |title=SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers, dialogue partners |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan |editor-last=Tang |editor-first=Danlu |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106123408/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2012 Beijing SCO summit|6–7 June 2012]] || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 13 September 2013 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2014 Dushanbe SCO summit|11–12 September 2014]] || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 9–10 July 2015 || {{RUS}} || [[Ufa]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23–24 June 2016 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Song Miou |date=10 July 2015 |title=Uzbekistan to host 16th SCO summit in 2016 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Ufa]], Russia |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2017 Astana SCO summit|8–9 June 2017]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2018 Qingdao SCO summit|9–10 June 2018]]|| {{CHN}} || [[Qingdao]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2019 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2019 |title=Kyrgyzstan to host SCO summit in June 2019 |publisher=AKIpress News Agency |url=https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424151843/https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10 November 2020 || {{RUS}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заседание Совета глав государств – членов ШОС |date=10 November 2020 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64385 |website=kremlin.ru |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16–17 September 2021 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=PM to attend SCO head of states meeting in Dushanbe |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40115796 |website=Business Recorder }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2022 Samarkand SCO summit|15–16 September 2022]]|| {{UZB}} || [[Samarkand]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 4 July 2023 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Indian Ministry of External Affairs |type=press release |date=30 May 2023 |title=SCO Summit under India's Chairmanship |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36622/SCO_Summit_under_Indias_Chairmanship |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=english}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last1=Pierson |first1=David |last2=Kurmanaev |first2=Anatoly |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin, Xi and Modi Meet on Camera, but With No Signs of Greater Unity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705021029/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |archive-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Astana SCO summit|3–4 July 2024]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|31 August – 1 September 2025]] || {{CHN}} || [[Tianjin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Wang: China to help SCO embark on a new journey |url=https://en.tj.gov.cn/Updates/News/202503/t20250307_6876940.html |website=Tianjin Municipal People's Government}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;" |2027 || {{PAK}} || [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCO Summit Highlights: PM Modi Returns To Delhi After Concluding Summit In China |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pm-modi-sco-summit-2025-live-updates-narendra-modi-china-visit-today-xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-tianjin-trump-tariffs-india-latest-news-liveblog-9540313.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of government<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 September 2001 || {{KAZ}} || [[Almaty]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2003 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2004 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 26 October 2005 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 September 2006 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2 November 2007 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 October 2008 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 October 2009 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Stephanie |date=14 October 2009 |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Concludes in Beijing |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=Beijing |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026210050/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2010 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Wen arrives in Tajikistan for SCO meeting |work=[[China Daily]] |agency=Xinhua News Agency |location=Dushanbe, Tajikistan |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200114/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 November 2011 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 December 2012 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=SCO Meeting Expected to Boost Cooperation Among Members |work=The Gazette of Central Asia |publisher=Satrapia |url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/sco-meeting-expected-to-boost-cooperation-among-members/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 November 2013 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2014 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2015 || {{CHN}} || [[Zhengzhou]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2–3 November 2016 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2017 || {{RUS}} || [[Sochi]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 11–12 October 2018 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 1–2 November 2019 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2020 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2021 || {{KAZ}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 1 November 2022 || {{CHN}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 26 Oсtober 2023 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Islamabad SCO summit|15–16 October 2024]]|| {{PAK}}|| [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Baqir |date=5 July 2024 |title=Pakistan to host SCO leaders in October |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1843888/pakistan-to-host-sco-leaders-in-october |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Dawn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 18 November 2025 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{TJK}}||TBD<ref>{{cite web | title=On the Meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States | date=18 November 2025 | url=https://eng.sectsco.org/20251118/2057714.html }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{clear left}}<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
===Relations with the West===<br />
<br />
The [[United States]] applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | title = Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world | first = Dilip | last = Hiro | date = 16 June 2006 | website = The Guardian | access-date = 19 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140923025607/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | archive-date = 23 September 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan requested the U.S. leave the [[Karshi-Khanabad Air Base|K2 air base]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | title = Central Asia: China and Russia up the ante | first = Siddharth | last = Varadarajan | date = 8 July 2005 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529184633/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | archive-date = 29 May 2009 | website = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A report in 2007 noted that the SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region; however, some indirect statements at the past summits have been viewed by Western media outlets as "thinly veiled swipes at Washington".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia | website = Eurasianet | date = 19 August 2007 | first = Joshua | last = Kucera | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083232/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
From 2001 to 2008, the Western reaction to the SCO was generally skepticism of the organisation's goals.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} By the 2010s, however, the West increasingly began to view the SCO as a potential contributor to stability in the region, particularly with regards to Afghanistan.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
In September 2023, the [[United Nations]] approved United Nations resolution A/77/L.107, titled "Cooperation between the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." The result of the vote was 80 in favour to 2 against with 47 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12523.doc.htm | title=General Assembly Adopts 5 Resolutions, 3 Decisions, including Text Urging States to Consider Need for Woman Secretary-General &#124; UN Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | title=General Assembly: 99th Plenary Meeting, 77th session &#124; UN Web TV | date=September 2023 | access-date=2 September 2023 | archive-date=2 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902184815/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States and Israel were the only countries to vote against the resolution.<br />
<br />
Although the [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] dubbed the SCO an "anti NATO alliance" in 2022,<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |last1=Aydıntaşbaş |first1=Aslı |last2=Dumoulin |first2=Marie |last3=Geranmayeh |first3=Ellie |last4=Oertel |first4=Janka |date=16 September 2022 |title=Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/rogue-nato-the-new-face-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> apparent inconsistencies among its member states have prevented it from becoming an effective geopolitical alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Is No 'New Warsaw' or 'Eastern NATO' |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/shanghai-cooperation-organization-no-%E2%80%98new-warsaw%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98eastern-nato%E2%80%99-196138 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> As of July 2023, India and Central Asian countries maintained friendly cooperation with both the West and Russia, India has had fierce conflicts with Pakistan and its ally China at the same time, which has been limiting the possibility of China and Russia forming the group into an anti-Western bloc.<ref name="nikkei">{{Cite news |last1=SHARMA |first1=KIRAN |last2=TAN |first2=CK |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin claims unity, Xi slams decoupling at India-hosted SCO talks |language=en-GB |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Putin-claims-unity-Xi-slams-decoupling-at-India-hosted-SCO-talks |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> Academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that although SCO has sometimes been compared to NATO, unlike NATO, SCO does not create a collective security alliance.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=167 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Geopolitical aspects===<br />
[[File:2015 Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization 05.jpg|thumb|SCO summit in [[Ufa]], Russia in 2015]]<br />
[[File:SCO and NATO.svg|thumb|right|SCO and NATO Member States]]<br />
<br />
At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the SCO which said: "The heads of the member states point out that, against the backdrop of a contradictory process of [[Globalization|globalisation]], multilateral cooperation, which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual respect, non-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states, non-confrontational way of thinking and consecutive movement towards democratisation of international relations, contributes to overall peace and security, and call upon the international community, irrespective of its differences in ideology and social structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=13 July 2005 |url=http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804191808/http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] reiterated that the "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world order" and that "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration".<ref>UzReport, 28 November 2005</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, Matthew Brummer tracked the implications of SCO expansion into the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Journal of International Affairs. 2007. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran: A Power-full Union. Matthew Brummer</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 2008, one aim of SCO was to ensure that [[liberal democracy]] could not gain ground in these countries, according to political scientist [[Thomas Ambrosio]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2008|title=Catching the 'Shanghai Spirit': How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=60|issue=8|last1=Ambrosio|pages=1321–1344| doi=10.1080/09668130802292143|s2cid=153557248}}</ref> In 2016, political scientist Thomas Fingar wrote that China took the lead in establishing the Shanghai Five primarily to limit Russia's ability to reassert its influence in Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fingar |first=Thomas |url= |title=The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=41 |chapter=China's Goals in South Asia |oclc=939553543 |author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref><br />
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During the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 Russo-Georgian war]], China opposed Russia's infringement on Georgia's sovereignty.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=347}} Citing principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and global order, China used its influence in the SCO to prevent the organisation from supporting Russia.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=347}}<br />
<br />
In 2008, Iranian writer [[Hamid Golpira]] had this to say on the topic: "According to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]'s theory, control of the [[Eurasia]]n landmass is the key to global domination and control of [[Central Asia]] is the key to control of the Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and the rest of the [[NATO]] alliance in [[Central Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |title=Iraq smoke screen |last=Golpira |first=Hamid |date=20 November 2008 |work=Tehran Times |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804105127/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the ''[[People's Daily]]'' wrote: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on Western countries to leave Central Asia. That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the world".<ref>{{citation | url = http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | title = Opinion: SCO sends strong signals for West to leave Central Asia | work = People's Daily | date = 8 July 2008 | author = People's Daily Online | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809060939/http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | archive-date = 9 August 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2023, India as SCO chair, invited Pakistan's Foreign Affairs Minister and Chief justice to attend a meeting in Goa in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=India invites Pak FM Bilawal Bhutto, Chief Justice for SCO meet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-invites-pak-fm-bilawal-bhutto-chief-justice-for-sco-meet-101674629291592.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2023, [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]] continued to spar over terrorism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India sends Pakistan a message, Russia slams West at SCO meeting |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-sends-Pakistan-a-message-Russia-slams-West-at-SCO-meeting |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> while Central Asian members [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes|Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have erupted in armed conflict]] over border disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash erupts between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border guards |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/14/clash-erupts-between-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan-border-guards |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Al jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The SCO was not a platform for resolving bilateral issues, and its members were also reluctant to mediate disputes multilaterally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Limited Role In Easing Tensions Between China and India |language=en-US |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-limited-role-in-easing-tensions-between-china-and-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexei |first=Kupriyanov |date=8 December 2020 |title=The SCO and the conflict between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sco-conflict-between-india-pakistan/?amp |publisher=ORF}}</ref> Due to the widely divergent agendas among member states, Indian commentators even called it the "Shanghai Contradiction Organisation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Shanghai Contradiction Organisation – Let's call it what it is |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/opinion/sco-shanghai-contradiction-organisation-lets-call-it-what-it-is-10913571.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
<br />
Members of the SCO remained neutral in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], they also strengthened cooperation with the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Krzysztof Strachota |author2=Katarzyna Chawryło |author3=Michał Bogusz |author4=Marek Menkiszak |title=Against the backdrop of war. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Samarkand |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-09-20/against-backdrop-war-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-summit |publisher=Centre for Eastern Studies |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> Analysis in 2024 points out that the SCO has generally facilitated amicable [[China–Russia relations|China-Russia relations]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}<br />
<br />
In June 2025, India refused to endorse a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) defence ministers’ meeting in [[Qingdao]], China, citing concerns that it did not reflect its position on terrorism. India objected to the omission of the 22 April [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], in which 26 Indian tourists were killed, while the statement referenced militant activity in Balochistan. Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] argued that the statement aligned with Pakistan's narrative and urged the SCO to hold accountable those who use “cross-border terrorism as an instrument of policy.” India maintained that such omissions made the statement unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=SCO: India refuses to sign joint statement at the summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxe48njkxwo |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India refuses to sign SCO statement over claims of pro-Pakistan bias |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/26/india-rejects-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-statement-over-claims-it-favoured-pakistan |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India rejects signing Shanghai Cooperation Organization statement seen as pro-Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-india-meeting-statement-refusal-67bfc09a329e93b9c721029c36e31176 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> India's foreign ministry spokesman [[Randhir Jaiswal]] expressed that India wanted “concerns on terrorism to be reflected in the SCO document, which was not acceptable to one particular country, and therefore the statement was not adopted.”<ref name=":2" /> Subsequently, at the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 15 July 2025, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] described the Pahalgam attack as a deliberate attempt to undermine Jammu and Kashmir's tourism and incite religious division. He emphasised the need for the SCO to uphold its founding principles by maintaining an uncompromising stance against terrorism, separatism, and extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Jaishankar's Sharp Message On Terrorism In First China Visit In 5 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-attack-deliberate-s-jaishankar-at-key-sco-meet-8879173 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2025, Minister Jaishankar also raised concerns over China's construction of the [[Medog Hydropower Station]] on the Yarlung Tsangpo River. He emphasised the potential downstream impacts on water security and ecological stability, and called for greater transparency, meaningful consultation with affected countries, and the resumption of suspended hydrological data sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=India voices concern over China's mega dam project on Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-voices-concern-over-chinas-mega-dam-project-on-yarlung-tsangpo-in-tibet-13923209.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other analysis ===<br />
A 2015 [[European Parliamentary Research Service]] paper concludes, "The SCO's main achievement thus far is to have offered its members a cooperative forum to balance their conflicting interests and to ease bilateral tensions. It has built up joint capabilities and has agreed on common approaches in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, major shortcomings, such as institutional weaknesses, a lack of common financial funds for the implementation of joint projects and conflicting national interests have prevented the SCO from achieving a higher level of regional cooperation in other areas."<ref>{{cite web |last=Grieger |first=Gisela |date=26 June 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103951/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=14 January 2018 |website=European Parliament Think Tank |page=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery of heads of state (members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Лукашенко - 08 (14-03-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Alexander Lukashenko]]<br />[[President of Belarus]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]]<br />[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[President of China]]{{efn|name="chinaleader"|The ''de jure'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]]. The [[President of the People's Republic of China|president of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]] and has no real power in China's [[Politics of China|political system]]. However, the [[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in China|transition]], and the [[paramount leader]] is [[Xi Jinping]].}}<br />
File:Droupadi Murmu POI official portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />[[President of India]]<br />
File:Mojtaba Khamenei 2024.jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Mojtaba Khamenei]]<br />[[Supreme Leader of Iran]]<br />
File:WIPO Director General Meets President of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]<br />[[President of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Official Photo of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic H.E. Mr. Sadyr Zhaparov.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Sadyr Japarov]]<br />[[President of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Asif Ali Zardari - 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br /> [[President of Pakistan]]|alt=Islamic Republic of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari President of Pakistan<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Vladimir Putin]]<br />[[President of Russia]]<br />
File:Vladimir Putin and Emomali Rahmon made statements for the press (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Emomali Rahmon]]<br />[[President of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br />[[President of Uzbekistan]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Gallery of Heads of Government members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Турчин (07-04-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Aleksandr Turchin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Belarus]]<br />
File:Li Qiang meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Li Qiang]]<br />[[Premier of China|Premier]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Narendra Modi]]<br />[[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br />[[President of Iran]]<br />
File:Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Oljas Bektenov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Adylbek Kasymaliev (2024-14-05).jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Adylbek Kasymaliev]]<br />[[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Shehbaz Sharif in 2024.jpg|alt=IslamicRepublicofPakistanShehbaz SharifPrime Minister of Pakistan|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Shehbaz Sharif]] <br /> [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br />
File:Mikhail Mishustin (2026-02-25).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Russia]]<br />
File:Кохир Расулзада (17-05-2023).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Kokhir Rasulzoda]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Abdulla Aripov (2021) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Abdulla Aripov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Politics|Asia|Europe}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia Cooperation Dialogue}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia–Europe Meeting}}<br />
* {{anl|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
* {{anl|Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation}}<br />
* {{anl|Belt and Road Initiative}}<br />
* {{anl|Collective Security Treaty Organization}}<br />
* {{anl|Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia}}<br />
* {{anl|Continental union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasian Economic Union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasianism}}<br />
* {{anl|Global East}}<br />
* {{anl|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2006). "Greater Eurasia Project". Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''Turkey–China Relations since the Ottoman Period''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Dream of Turkey''. Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Strateji.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). [http://www.barisadibelli.com/ ''The Eurasia Strategy of China'']. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2008). ''The Great Game in Eurasian Geopolitics''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2019), La coopération de Shanghai : conceptualiser la nouvelle Asie, Presses de l'Université de Liège, 308 p; 2019 – [https://pressesuniversitairesdeliege.be/produit/la-cooperation-de-shanghai/ La coopération de Shanghai] <br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205211755/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/90256/datasheet_574297.pdf L'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai et la construction de "la nouvelle Asie"], Brussels: Peter Lang, 492 p.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205210548/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/89167/datasheet_574277.pdf Concurrences Interrégionales Europe-Asie au 21ème siècle], Brussels: Peter Lang, 388 p.<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (18 July 2001). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100307024438/http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg1459.cfm "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia?"]}}. [[The Heritage Foundation]].<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (24 October 2005). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100302231849/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/hl901.cfm "Competition over Eurasia: Are the U.S. and Russia on a Collision Course?"]}}. The Heritage Foundation.<br />
* Colson, Charles. (5 August 2003). [http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut"]. ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]''.<br />
* Daly, John. (19 July 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtsm/jtsm010719_1_n.shtml "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals"]. ''[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] Terrorism & Security Monitor''.<br />
* Douglas, John Keefer; Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; {{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212004708/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title="Fueling the Dragon's Flame: How China's Energy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle East".}}&nbsp;{{small|(162&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2006.<br />
* Fels, Enrico (2009), ''Assessing Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', Winkler Verlag: Bochum. {{ISBN|978-1-5292-4692-6}}<br />
* Gill, Bates and Oresman, Matthew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129202941/http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,15/ "China's New Journey to the West: Report on China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests"], CSIS Press, August 2003<br />
* Kalra, Prajakti and Saxena, Siddharth [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174240/http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2007-02-centraleurasia/TPQ2007-2-kalra%2Bsaxena.pdf "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in Eurasia Region"] Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol 6. No. 2, 2007<br />
* Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew (2014). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11392 ''Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization'']. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.<br />
* Oresman, Matthew, {{cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326123906/http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2010 |title=Beyond the Battle of Talas: China's Re-emergence in Central Asia}}&nbsp;{{small|(4.74&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, National Defence University Press, August 2004<br />
* Seiwert, Eva (2025). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and China’s Vision of International Relations''. Bristol: Bristol University Press, ISBN 978-1-5292-4692-6.<br />
* Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615224847/http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/004/5367.pdf "China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy"], [[University of California Press]], May 2006<br />
* Yom, Sean L. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053738/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/129/5 "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"]. ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' '''6''' (4) 48–54.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:India–Uzbekistan relations]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation&diff=562038Shanghai Cooperation Organisation2026-09-14T04:38:53Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Eurasian multilateral security organisation}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Shanghai Cooperation Organization<br />
| native name = {{lang-zh|s=上海合作组织}}<br />{{langx|ru|Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества}}<br />
{{<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| logo = SCO logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| map = Shanghai Cooperation Organization (orthographic projection).svg<br />
| msize = <br />
| map_caption = {{legend2|#316730|Members}} {{legend2|#309d9b|Partners}} {{legend2|#00FF00|Disputed territories}}<br />
| abbreviation = SCO<br />
| motto = <br />
| predecessor = Shanghai Five<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|2001|06|15|df=yes}}<br />
| extinction = <br />
| type = Mutual security, political, and economic cooperation<br />
| status = Regional cooperation forum<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lars Erslev Andersen |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/shanghai-cooperation-organisation#:~:text=The%20Shanghai%20Cooperation%20Organisation%20has%20been%20described%20in,forum%20for%20cooperation%20that%20includes%20security%20policy%20issues. |publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies |access-date=4 November 2022 |quote=However, it is not an alliance but rather a forum for cooperation that includes security policy issues.}}</ref><br />
| purpose = <br />
| headquarters = [[Beijing]], China (Secretariat)<br />[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (RATS Executive Committee)<br />
| location = <br />
| membership = {{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Member states<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|{{flag|China}}<br />
|{{flag|India}}<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle =text-align:left;font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = SCO partners<br />
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{efn|Inactive since September 2021 following the aftermath of the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan]].}}| <br />
|{{flag|Armenia}}<br />
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
|{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
|{{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
|{{flag|Egypt}}<br />
|{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
|{{flag|Laos}}<br />
|{{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|{{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
|{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|{{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|{{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkiye}}<br />
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;<br />
|title = Guest attendees<br />
|{{flag|ASEAN}}<br />
|{{flag|CIS}}<br />
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|{{flag|UN}}}}<br />
| language = {{hlist|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="about-sco" />}}<br />
| leader_title = Secretary-General<br />
| leader_name = [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
| leader_title2 = Deputy Secretaries-General<br />
| leader_name2 = {{ubl|Ahmad Saidmurodzoda|{{ill|Batir Tursunov|uz|Botir Tursunov}}|Oleg Kopylov|{{ill|Piao Yangfan|zh|朴扬帆}}|Shri Janesh Kain|Sohail Khan}}<br />
| leader_title3 = RATS<br />Executive Committee Director<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecrats.org/en/about/management/ |title=ABOUT SCO RATS - MANAGEMENT |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref><br />
| main_organ = <br />
| parent_organization = <br />
| affiliations = <br />
| budget = <br />
| staff = <br />
| staff_year = <br />
| volunteers = <br />
| volunteers_year = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://eng.sectsco.org/}}<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Shanghai Cooperation Organisation''' ('''SCO''') is a [[Eurasia]]n [[politics|political]], [[economy|economic]] and [[international security]] organisation of ten member states. It focuses on political, economic, security and counter-terrorism cooperation.<br />
<br />
It is the world's largest [[regional organisation]] in terms of [[geography|geographic scope]] and [[world population|population]], covering at least 24% of the world's total area (65% of Eurasia)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | doi=10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | title=The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | journal=Strategic Comments | date=2018 | volume=24 | issue=5 | pages=vii-ix | s2cid=219696506 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 42% of the world population. As of 2024, its combined nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] accounts for around 23%, while its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] based on [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] comprises approximately 36% of the world's total.<br />
<br />
The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]]. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and [[Uzbekistan]] met in [[Shanghai]] to announce the SCO, a new organisation with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. [[Iran]] joined the group in July 2023, and [[Belarus]] in July 2024. Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners. Its most recent meeting was held in [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|September 2025]] in [[Tianjin, China]].<br />
<br />
The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year. The organisation also contains the [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS).<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
=== The Shanghai Five ===<br />
The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Eleanor |date=14 October 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032848/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in [[Moscow]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Qahtani|first=Mutlaq|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Law of International Organizations|journal=Chinese Journal of International Law|year=2006|volume=5|issue=1|page=130|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=1540-1650|doi=10.1093/chinesejil/jml012}}</ref> On 20 May 1997, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Jiang Zemin]] signed a declaration on a "[[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar world]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|title=Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order|website=United Nations General Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154322/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan in 1998, in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to "oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the reason of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Bates |date=30 November 2001 |title=Shanghai Five: An Attempt to Counter U.S. Influence in Asia? |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503173641/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Brookings}}</ref> The Shanghai Five structure helped speed up the members' resolution of border disputes, agree on military deployments in border areas, and address security threats.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Proń |first=Elżbieta |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021 |doi=10.4324/9781003352587-11 |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Developing institutional forms ===<br />
<br />
In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai and the group was institutionalised.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} The five member nations first admitted [[Uzbekistan]] in the Shanghai Five mechanism.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} On 15 June 2001, all six heads of state signed the ''Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation.<ref name="about-sco" /> From 2001 to 2008, the SCO developed rapidly, establishing a number of permanent bodies and ''ad hoc'' initiatives dealing with economic and security matters.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia and signed the ''SCO Charter'' which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and forms of operation. It entered into force on 19 September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat. |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705162001/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2003, a Council of Heads of State, a Council of Heads of Government and a Council of Foreign Ministers, as well as a permanent Secretariat based in Beijing was formed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=China and Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict and Concord |date=2023 |isbn=978-0300166651 |location=New Haven}}</ref>{{Rp|page=500}}<br />
<br />
In July 2005, at the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, with representatives of India, Iran, [[Mongolia]] and Pakistan attending an SCO summit for the first time, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the president of the Kazakhstan, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context: "The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".<ref>Kazinform, 5 July 2005.</ref> By 2007, the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural, banking, and other officials from its member states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agostinis|first1=Giovanni|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|date=20 October 2021|title=The Nexus between Authoritarian and Environmental Regionalism: An Analysis of China's Driving Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=69 |issue=4–5 |pages=330–344|doi=10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|s2cid=239486136|issn=1075-8216|hdl=11585/909383|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2015, in [[Ufa]], Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. In June 2016 in [[Tashkent]], both signed the memorandum of obligations, thereby starting the process of joining the SCO.<ref name=IndPakMemo>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|title=India, Pakistan edge closer to joining SCO security bloc|date=24 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|via=[[The Express Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625124459/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, at a summit in Kazakhstan, India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=9 June 2017 |title=India, Pakistan become full members of SCO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-become-full-members-of-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco/article62067467.ece |access-date=11 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=9 June 2017 |url=https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistans-membership-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2004, the SCO established relations with the [[United Nations]] (where it is an observer in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]]), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in 2005, the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2005, the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] in 2007, the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] in 2007, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] in 2011, the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]] (CICA) in 2014, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|title=External communication|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605174306/http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|archive-date=5 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2018, SCO [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) has established relations with the [[African Union]]'s African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/12-Dec-2018/au-sco-anti-terror-organs-sign-cooperation-deal-on-fighting-terrorism|title=AU, SCO anti-terror organs sign cooperation deal on fighting terrorism|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=16 December 2018|date=12 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Organisational structure ==<br />
[[File:Structure of the SCO.png|center|550px]]<br />
<br />
As of 2020, the Council of Heads of State was the top decision-making body in the SCO, meeting at the annual SCO summits in one of the member states' capital cities. Because of their government structure, the prime ministers of the parliamentary democracies of India and Pakistan attend the SCO Council of Heads of State summits, as their responsibilities are similar to the presidents of other SCO nations.<ref name="thehindu28nov20">{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasani |title=India to host SCO Heads of Government meet; Modi, Imran to skip |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-pms-to-attend-sco-heads-of-government-summit-hosted-by-india/article33201037.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of the 1 September 2025 meeting, the Council of Heads of State consists of:<br />
* [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Xi Jinping]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India)<br />
* [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] (Iran)<br />
* [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Sadyr Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan)<br />
* [[Vladimir Putin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Emomali Rahmon]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation and approves the organisation's budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of the 1 November 2022 meeting, Council of Heads of Government consists of:<ref>{{cite web |title=21st SCO Heads of Government Council meeting |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Aleksandr Turchin]] (Belarus)<br />
* [[Li Qiang]] (China)<br />
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India) (usually sends a deputy, such as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|EAM]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] at the 2021 summit)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/eam-s-jaishankar-to-represent-india-at-sco-heads-of-govt-meeting-121112401424_1.html | title=EAM S Jaishankar to represent India at SCO heads of govt meeting | date=25 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Alihan Smaiylov]] (Kazakhstan)<br />
* [[Akylbek Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)<br />
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan) (usually sends a deputy, such as Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Andleeb Abbas]] at the 2020 summit)<ref name="thehindu28nov20" /><br />
* [[Mikhail Mishustin]] (Russia)<br />
* [[Kokhir Rasulzoda|Qohir Rasulzoda]] (Tajikistan)<br />
* [[Abdulla Aripov]] (Uzbekistan)<br />
<br />
As of 2007, the Council of Foreign Ministers also held regular meetings, where they discussed the current international situation and interaction with other international organisations.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | title = Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers from Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia | location = Kuala Lumpur | date = 9 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208154821/http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | archive-date = 8 February 2012}}</ref> As of 2021, the Council of National Coordinators coordinated the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |title=The First SCO Council of National Coordinators Meeting Chaired by Tajikistan |url=https://mfa.tj/en/islamabad/view/7076/the-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-chaired-by-tajikistan |website=mfa.tj |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; margin-top:0"<br />
|+ Directors of SCO RATS Executive Committee<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| 15 June 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Vyacheslav Kasymov<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Myrzakan Subanov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Xinfeng]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Russia}} Yevgeniy Sysoev<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} Jumakhon Giyosov<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Ruslan Mirzaev<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:none; margin-left:1em"<br />
|+ Heads of SCO Secretariat<br />
! Years in office !! Name<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Executive Secretary'''<br />
|-<br />
| 15 January 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Deguang]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 | '''Secretaries-General'''<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Bolat Nurgaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Muratbek Imanaliyev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dmitry Mezentsev]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Rashid Alimov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Vladimir Norov]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Ming]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in [[Beijing]], China, is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. The SCO secretary-general is elected to a three-year term.<ref name="FreshMCQs">{{Cite web |author1=Freshmcqs |title=Who is the current Secretary General SCO? |url=https://freshmcqs.com/secretary-general-sco/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Fresh MCQs|date=11 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]] of Kazakhstan became the current secretary-general on 1 January 2025.<br />
<br />
The [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) Executive Committee, headquartered in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the [[three evils]] of [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. The Director of SCO RATS Executive Committee is elected to a three-year term. [[Ularbek Sharsheev]] of Kyrgyzstan became the current Director on 1 January 2025. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | title = Information on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211154326/http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | archive-date = 11 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The official languages of the SCO are [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="about-sco"/><br />
<br />
The SCO has a youth group, which is entitled the '''Score Foundation'''.<ref name="ig1">{{cite news |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCUHCy2Iaug/?api=毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐服务v信8764603▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐全套特殊服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上门服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐联系方式▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上课约服务.ghkj&hl=kn | title=Instagram }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Membership ==<br />
{{Main|Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}<br />
{{Horizontal timeline<br />
|from=1994<br />
|to=2026<br />
|inc=2<br />
|axis-nudge=-0.5em<br />
|axis-1994=&nbsp;<br />
|axis-marker-1994=&nbsp; <br />
<br />
|styleDefault-fontsize=0.8em<br />
|styleDefault-height=1em<br />
|styleDefault-borderbottom=2px solid transparent<br />
|styleDefault-1-border=none;text-align:right<br />
|styleDefault-1-texttop=-0.1em;right:0.4em;<br />
|styleDefault-2-border=none;<br />
|styleDefault-3-border=none;<br />
|styleDefault-4-border=none;<br />
<br />
|styleMemberShanghaiFive-boxcolour=#CCCCCC<br />
|styleMember-boxcolour=#346733<br />
|styleObserver-boxcolour=#00FF00<br />
|styleDialoguePartner-boxcolour=#FFFF00<br />
<br />
|row1=note<br />
|row1-1-at=1996.32<br />
|row1-1-text=Establishment of S5<br />
<br />
|row1-2-at=2001.45<br />
|row1-2-text=Establishment of SCO<br />
<br />
|row2=timeline<br />
|row2-style=styleDefault<br />
|row2-1-text=China<br />
|row2-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row2-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row2-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row2-3-to=2026<br />
|row2-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row3=timeline<br />
|row3-style=styleDefault<br />
|row3-1-text=Kazakhstan<br />
|row3-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row3-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row3-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row3-3-to=2026<br />
|row3-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row4=timeline<br />
|row4-style=styleDefault<br />
|row4-1-text=Kyrgyzstan<br />
|row4-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row4-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row4-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row4-3-to=2026<br />
|row4-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row5=timeline<br />
|row5-style=styleDefault<br />
|row5-1-text=Russia<br />
|row5-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row5-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row5-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row5-3-to=2026<br />
|row5-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row6=timeline<br />
|row6-style=styleDefault<br />
|row6-1-text=Tajikistan<br />
|row6-1-to=1996.32<br />
|row6-2-to=2001.45<br />
|row6-2-style=styleMemberShanghaiFive<br />
|row6-3-to=2026<br />
|row6-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row7=timeline<br />
|row7-style=styleDefault<br />
|row7-1-text=Uzbekistan<br />
|row7-1-to=2001.45<br />
|row7-2-to=2026<br />
|row7-2-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row8=timeline<br />
|row8-style=styleDefault<br />
|row8-1-text=India<br />
|row8-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row8-2-to=2017.44<br />
|row8-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row8-3-to=2026<br />
|row8-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row9=timeline<br />
|row9-style=styleDefault<br />
|row9-1-text=Pakistan<br />
|row9-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row9-2-to=2017.44<br />
|row9-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row9-3-to=2026<br />
|row9-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row10=timeline<br />
|row10-style=styleDefault<br />
|row10-1-text=Iran<br />
|row10-1-to=2005.51<br />
|row10-2-to=2023.6<br />
|row10-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row10-3-to=2026<br />
|row10-3-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row11=timeline<br />
|row11-style=styleDefault<br />
|row11-1-text=Belarus<br />
|row11-1-to=2010.32<br />
|row11-2-to=2015.52<br />
|row11-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
|row11-3-to=2024.51<br />
|row11-3-style=styleObserver<br />
|row11-4-to=2026<br />
|row11-4-style=styleMember<br />
<br />
|row12=timeline<br />
|row12-style=styleDefault<br />
|row12-1-text=Mongolia<br />
|row12-1-to=2004.54<br />
|row12-2-to=2026<br />
|row12-2-style=styleObserver<br />
<br />
|row13=timeline<br />
|row13-style=styleDefault<br />
|row13-1-text=Sri Lanka<br />
|row13-1-to=2010.35<br />
|row13-2-to=2026<br />
|row13-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row14=timeline<br />
|row14-style=styleDefault<br />
|row14-1-text=Turkey<br />
|row14-1-to=2013.32<br />
|row14-2-to=2026<br />
|row14-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row15=timeline<br />
|row15-style=styleDefault<br />
|row15-1-text=Cambodia<br />
|row15-1-to=2015.73<br />
|row15-2-to=2026<br />
|row15-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row16=timeline<br />
|row16-style=styleDefault<br />
|row16-1-text=Azerbaijan<br />
|row16-1-to=2016.20<br />
|row16-2-to=2026<br />
|row16-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row17=timeline<br />
|row17-style=styleDefault<br />
|row17-1-text=Nepal<br />
|row17-1-to=2016.22<br />
|row17-2-to=2026<br />
|row17-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row18=timeline<br />
|row18-style=styleDefault<br />
|row18-1-text=Armenia<br />
|row18-1-to=2016.29<br />
|row18-2-to=2026<br />
|row18-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row19=timeline<br />
|row19-style=styleDefault<br />
|row19-1-text=Egypt<br />
|row19-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row19-2-to=2026<br />
|row19-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row20=timeline<br />
|row20-style=styleDefault<br />
|row20-1-text=Qatar<br />
|row20-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row20-2-to=2026<br />
|row20-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row21=timeline<br />
|row21-style=styleDefault<br />
|row21-1-text=Saudi Arabia<br />
|row21-1-to=2022.70<br />
|row21-2-to=2026<br />
|row21-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row22=timeline<br />
|row22-style=styleDefault<br />
|row22-1-text=Kuwait<br />
|row22-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row22-2-to=2026<br />
|row22-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row23=timeline<br />
|row23-style=styleDefault<br />
|row23-1-text=Maldives<br />
|row23-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row23-2-to=2026<br />
|row23-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row24=timeline<br />
|row24-style=styleDefault<br />
|row24-1-text=Myanmar<br />
|row24-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row24-2-to=2026<br />
|row24-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row25=timeline<br />
|row25-style=styleDefault<br />
|row25-1-text=UAE<br />
|row25-1-to=2023.40<br />
|row25-2-to=2026<br />
|row25-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row26=timeline<br />
|row26-style=styleDefault<br />
|row26-1-text=Bahrain<br />
|row26-1-to=2023.55<br />
|row26-2-to=2026<br />
|row26-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row27=timeline<br />
|row27-style=styleDefault<br />
|row27-1-text=Laos<br />
|row27-1-to=2025.67<br />
|row27-2-to=2026<br />
|row27-2-style=styleDialoguePartner<br />
<br />
|row28=timeline<br />
|row28-style=styleDefault<br />
|row28-1-text=Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)<br />
|row28-1-to=2012.43<br />
|row28-2-to=2021.62<br />
|row28-2-style=styleObserver<br />
|row28-3-to=2026<br />
|row28-3-style=styleDefault<br />
<br />
|row29=scale<br />
|caption={{small|{{legend inline|#346733|Member}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#00FF00|Observer}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#FFFF00|Dialogue partner}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Member states ===<br />
{{Supranational Asian Bodies|align=right|size=380px}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Accession started !! Member since<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|China}} || rowspan=6 | — || rowspan=6 | 15 June 2001{{efn|China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five mechanism since 26 April 1996. Uzbekistan was included in the Shanghai Five mechanism on 14 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/3404 |script-title=ru:Совместное заявление глав государств Республики Казахстан, Китайской Народной Республики, Кыргызской Республики, Российской Федерации, Республики Таджикистан, Республики Узбекистан |trans-title=Joint statement of heads of state of Republic of Kazakhstan, People's Republic of China, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Uzbekistan |date=14 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref> The six states then signed a declaration establishing the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on 15 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41570 |script-title=ru:Главы государств «Шанхайского форума» приняли Декларацию о создании нового объединения – Шанхайской организации сотрудничества |trans-title="Shanghai Forum" heads of state have adopted the Declaration on creation of a new association – the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=15 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Russia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=2 | 10 June 2015 || rowspan=2 | 9 June 2017<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Iran}}<br />
|17 September 2021<br />
|4 July 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-04/iran-joins-sco-the-china-founded-regional-security-grouping|title=Iran Joins SCO, the China-Founded Regional Security Grouping|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
|16 September 2022<br />
| 4 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btimesonline.com/articles/167333/20240703/china-and-russia-lead-efforts-to-expand-influence-with-belarus-addition-to-sco.htm|title=China and Russia Lead Efforts to Expand Influence with Belarus' Addition to SCO|first=Larry|last=Lee|date=3 July 2024|website=Business Times}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== SCO partners ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Former status !! Date of older status !! Date of new status<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2004<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 6 May 2010<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 7 June 2012<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 26 April 2013<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 24 September 2015<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 22 March 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 16 April 2016<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 5 May 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 15 July 2023<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}<br />
| Dialogue Partner<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
| 1 September 2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former observer states ===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status granted<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=70 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan|}}{{efn|Since the overthrow of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and the reinstatement of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021, [[Taliban]] representatives have not been participating in SCO meetings.<ref name="Taliban">{{cite web |first=Eva |last=Seiwert |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-will-not-fill-any-vacuum-in-afghanistan/ |website=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=30 September 2021 |quote=So far, the SCO has not officially recognized the Taliban regime and did not invite its representatives to the summit in Dushanbe in mid-September.}}</ref>}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR" /> (inactive September 2021–1 September 2025)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Former observers'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=3 | 5 July 2005<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 2015<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Current and former dialogue partners ===<br />
The status of dialogue partner was created in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |title=Regulations on the Status of Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214203708/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status approved !! Status granted{{efn|A country officially becomes a SCO dialogue partner after its minister of foreign affairs and SCO Secretary-General sign a memorandum granting the status.}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 15 or 16 June 2009<ref name="defence.lk">{{cite news |url=http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |title=Sri Lanka gains partnership in SCO members welcome end to terror in country |date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083026/http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref name="IANS1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |title=Sri Lanka turns to Pakistan, China for military needs |date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Urdustan.com Network |work=IANS |access-date=2 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604170848/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |archive-date=4 June 2007}}</ref> || 6 May 2010<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/250874 |title=Russian MFA Spokesman Andrei Nesterenko Response to Media Question about the Signing of a Memorandum Granting the Status of SCO Dialogue Partner to Sri Lanka |date=12 May 2010 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |title=SCO accepts Afghanistan as observer, Turkey dialogue partner |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |via=''People's Daily'' |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073821/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 26 April 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-123_-26-april_-2013_-press-release-concerning-the-signing-of-a-memorandum-with-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization.en.mfa |title=No: 123, 26 April 2013, Press Release Concerning the Signing of a Memorandum with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=26 April 2013 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || rowspan=4 | 10 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=10 July 2015|title=SCO Summit Provides Few Concrete Results, But More Ambitious Goals|url=https://eurasianet.org/sco-summit-provides-few-concrete-results-but-more-ambitious-goals|access-date=16 October 2021|website=[[Eurasianet]]}}</ref>|| 24 September 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/economy/823294 |title=Cambodia becomes dialogue partner in SCO |date=24 September 2015 |work=TASS}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 14 March 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/xarici-isler-naziri-elmar-memmedyarov-cin-xalq-respublikasina-isguzar-seferi-cercivesinde-sanxay-emekdasliq-teskilatinin-bas-katibi-resid-alimov-ile-gorusub |title=Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov met with Rashid Alimov, Secretary General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization within his working visit to the People's Republic of China |date=14 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nepal}} || 22 March 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |title=Press Release issued by Embassy of Nepal, Beijing on Nepal officially joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a dialogue partner. |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Government of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804103547/https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |ref=44}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 16 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2016/04/16/sco-dial-part/6038 |title=Armenia was granted a status of dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=16 April 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Egypt}} || rowspan=3 | 16 September 2021 || rowspan=3 | 14 September 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=SCO member states signed memorandums on granting SCO dialogue partner status to the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Qatar |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929072943/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Xi2022Meeting"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}|| rowspan=5 | 16 September 2022<ref name="Xi2022Meeting">{{cite web |title=President Xi Jinping Attends the 22nd Meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State and Delivers Important Remarks|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202209/t20220916_10767162.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" | 5 May 2023<ref name="New SCO dialogue partners">{{cite web|title=New SCO dialogue partners|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162243/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{nowrap|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bahrain}} ||15 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx|title=Bahrain granted the status of SCO dialogue partner|website=www.bna.bh}}{{dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | title=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation &#124; SCO | access-date=23 August 2023 | archive-date=16 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191931/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}|| | 1 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/laos-accepted-as-dialogue-partner-of-the-sco/article69999119.ece|title=Laos accepted as dialogue partner of the SCO|publisher=The Hindu Bureau|date=1 September 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 |'''Former dialogue partners'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 15 or 16 June 2009 || 28 April 2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Guest attendees ===<br />
{{Expand section|dates of first meeting attended of all organisations/countries in lists below|date=September 2025}}<br />
Multiple international organisations and one country are guest attendances to SCO summits.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Organisation guest attendees<br />
!Organisation<br />
!Organisation Type<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|1 September 2025<ref>[https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Overview-of-ASEAN-SCO-as-of-Jan-2024.pdf Overview of ASEAN-SCO Relations]. ''[[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]'' (January 2024). Accessed 20 September 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Secretary-General of ASEAN participates in the SCO Plus Meeting 2025 in Tianjin, China |url=https://asean.org/secretary-general-of-asean-participates-in-the-sco-plus-meeting-2025-in-tianjin-china/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Nations}}<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]<br />
|[[Military alliance]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eurasian Economic Union]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Economic Cooperation Organization]]<br />
|[[Economic union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]]<br />
|[[International organization|International union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]<br />
|[[International banking|International bank]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Country guest attendees<br />
!Country<br />
!First Meeting Attended<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
[[Turkmenistan]] has previously declared itself a permanently [[neutral country]], which was recognised by a resolution adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1995,<ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/50/80 |body=A |session=90 |type=R |resolution_number=50/80 |title=Maintenance of international security |date=12 December 1995 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> thus ostensibly precluding its membership in the SCO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|title=SCO Summit 2018: Why Turkmenistan is not part of the Eurasia security bloc|last=Shubham|date=7 June 2018|website=oneindia.com|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002956/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Turkmenistan is a member of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] since 1992 and an observer of the [[Organization of Turkic States]] since 2021. Turkmenistan's head of state has been attending SCO summits since 2007 as a guest attendee.<br />
<br />
=== Future membership possibilities ===<br />
Suspected fears about new members weaking the organisation have stalled the addition of members over its existence. Instead, countries are added to various categories{{Em dash}}observers, guests, and dialogue partners{{Em dash}}to allow them to participate at summits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosco |first=David |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's expansion dilemma |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802090821/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== List of potential observers, guests, or dialogue partners ====<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Country !! Status applied for !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| 2012<ref name="AzeriDaily">{{cite web |url=http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |title=Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia |work=Azeri Daily |date=15 September 2012 |author=Moskovskij Komsomolets |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222201738/http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Why the Shanghai Cooperation Organization matters |url=https://arab.news/5c83v |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <!--Not with that flag-->Syria<br />
| Dialogue partner{{efn|Syria has initially applied for observer status, but "it was explained that first it is necessary to become a dialogue partner of the organization".<ref name="Interfax" />}}<br />
| 2015<ref name="Interfax">{{cite news|date=23 June 2016 |url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |title=Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity – president's special envoy |agency=[[Interfax]] |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144553/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|title=Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide|date=6 July 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|agency=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820191812/http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Israel}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2016<ref name="Interfax" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iraq}}<br />
| Dialogue partner<br />
| 2019<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title='SCO family' widening? Many candidates share 'Shanghai spirit', but expansion not a goal |url=https://tass.com/world/1076750 |work=[[TASS]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906165359/https://tass.com/world/1076750 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Algeria}}<br />
| Observer<br />
| July 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Algeria Submits an Application to Join the SCO |work=Echorouk |url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/algeria-submits-an-application-to-join-the-sco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=L'Algérie veut intégrer le capital de la banque des BRICS et l'organisation de Shanghai |work=L'Algérie Audjourd'hui |url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/lalgerie-veut-integrer-le-capital-de-la-banque-des-brics-et-lorganisation-de-shanghai/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Countries showing interest in joining the SCO ====<br />
<br />
===== Turkey =====<br />
In 2010, the SCO approved a procedure for admitting new members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201006/t20100625_679309.html|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China|title=Declaration of the 10th Meeting of The Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States Tashkent, 10-11 June 2010|date=11 June 2010|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> In 2011, [[Turkey]] applied for dialogue partner status,<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vietnam bids to join SCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vietnam-bids-to-join-sco/article2681358.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Moscow |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> which it obtained in 2013. At the same time, Turkey is a [[NATO]] member and the [[European Union]] candidate country. Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has stated that he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's candidacy of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession to the]] [[European Union]] in return for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels |title = Turkey between Shanghai and Brussels|date = 14 May 2013|website = The New Turkey|last=Dalay|first= Galip|translator-last=Öz|translator-first=Handan|access-date = 1 July 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085447/http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels/|archive-date = 6 February 2016}}</ref> This was reinforced again on 21 November 2016, after the [[European Parliament]] voted unanimously to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| title = Fed up with EU, Erdogan says Turkey could join Shanghai Group| date = 21 November 2016| work = Reuters| last = Butler| first = Daren| access-date = 21 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032937/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| archive-date = 21 June 2017| url-status = live}}</ref> Two days later, on 23 November 2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of SCO energy club for the 2017 period. That made Turkey the first country to chair a club in the organisation without full membership status. In 2022, at the 22nd summit of the SCO, the Turkish president said that Turkey would seek full SCO membership status.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies?srnd=fixed-income |access-date=17 September 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> On 11 July 2024, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated in a statement to the U.S. ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Vietnam =====<br />
In 2011, [[Vietnam]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status (but has not applied for it).<ref name="TheHindu" /> Vietnamese PM Pham Minh Chinh attended the largest-ever Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in history in Tianjian from August 31 to September 1, 2025.<ref name="VietnamNews" /><br />
<br />
===== Ukraine =====<br />
In 2012, [[Ukraine]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status. However, since the deposition of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|increased tensions with Russia]], no application has been submitted and there are no current plans to incorporate Ukraine into the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2012 |title=Yanukovych Tells Putin Kyiv Wants SCO Observer Status |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/yanukovych-tells-putin-kyiv-wants-sco-observer-status/24687868.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoshos.ru/en/?idn=10558 |title=Why Ukraine wants to become SCO's partner |last=Grigoryan |first=Gurgen |date=8 October 2012 |website=InfoSCO |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Azerbaijan =====<br />
[[Azerbaijan]] expects to receive observer status according to Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aykhan Hajizada. Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said during his meeting with President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on 3 July 2024 in Astana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104014/|title=Azerbaijan expects to become SCO observer - Foreign Ministry|website=interfax.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/kazakh-president-azerbaijan-will-probably-become-a-full-member-of-the-sco-in-a-little-while-441777 | title=Kazakh President: Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while }}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Myanmar =====<br />
During [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] met [[State Security and Peace Commission|Burmese military ruler]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]] to express his support to promote [[Myanmar]] to be a full member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Xi Offers Backing for Myanmar's SCO Membership Bid |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2025-08-30 |last=Kyaw |first=Khine Lin |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250830172613/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
===Cooperation on security===<br />
As of 2023, the SCO is primarily centred on security-related concerns, describing the main threats it confronts as being [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. It has addressed regional [[human trafficking]] and [[Arms trafficking|weapons trafficking]] and created terrorist blacklists.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
At SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 16–17 June 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | title = SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes | date = 22 April 2006 | location = Beijing | editor-last= Luan |editor-first=Shanglin | agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date = 11 June 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211539/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | title = Security alliances led by Russia, China link up | date = 6 October 2007 | work = Business Recorder | location = Dushanbe | access-date = 4 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170100/http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | archive-date = 4 August 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2010, the organisation was opposing [[cyberwarfare]], saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". An accord adopted in 2009 defined "[[information warfare|information war]]", in part, as an effort by a state to undermine another's "political, economic, and social systems".<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| title=Seeing The Internet As An 'Information Weapon'<br />
| work=National Public Radio<br />
| first=Tom<br />
| last=Gjelten<br />
| date=23 September 2010<br />
| access-date=23 September 2010<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924110725/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701<br />
| archive-date=24 September 2010<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' reported in 2017 that SCO has foiled 600 terror plots and extradited 500 terrorists through RATS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Suyash|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|title=India's SCO Challenge|work=The Diplomat|date=5 December 2017|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230817/https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 36th meeting of the Council of the RATS decided to hold a joint anti-terror exercise, Pabbi-Antiterror-2021, in Pakistan in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=PTI|date=21 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan, China to participate in SCO joint anti-terrorism exercise|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-china-to-participate-in-sco-joint-anti-terrorism-exercise/625869/|access-date=27 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, in July 2024, the SCO called for the creation of a fair, multipolar world order based on the key role of the United Nations, international law and the aspiration of sovereign states towards a mutually beneficial partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin: Treba stvoriti multipolarni svjetski poredak |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2579497 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Military activities===<br />
[[File:Putin and Hu JintaoPeace Mission 2007.jpg|thumb|left|SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007. [[Hu Jintao]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Islam Karimov]]]]<br />
<br />
As of 2009, the organisation's activities expanded to include increased military cooperation, [[intelligence sharing]], and [[counterterrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|last=Scheineson|first=Andrew |date=24 March 2009|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511042105/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> At the same time, leaders of SCO states repeatedly stated that the SCO was not a military alliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tugsbilguun |first=Tumurkhuleg |date=2008–2009 |title=Does the Shanghai Cooperation Represent an Example of a Military Alliance? |url=https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/MJIA/article/download/32/32 |journal=The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs |volume=15–16 |pages=59–107 |access-date=6 August 2022 |quote=In contrast, the political leaders and most analysts in the SCO member states, especially those in its two most influential members, Russia and China, have repeatedly emphasized that the SCO is not a military alliance, since it is not directed against a third party and is only interested in combating threats posed by terrorism, separatism and extremism.}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2023, the SCO had not provided military support in any actual conflicts.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=100}} However, as of 2017, military exercises have regularly been conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.<ref name="about-sco">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Since then China and Russia have teamed up for large-scale war games in [[Peace Mission 2005]], Peace Mission 2007 and Peace Mission 2009, under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in Peace Mission 2007, which took place in [[Chelyabinsk]], Russia near the [[Ural Mountains]], as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO defence ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hutzler|first=Charles|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904133349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=China, Russia, Others to Hold Joint Drills|agency=Associated Press|date=26 April 2006|access-date=12 June 2015|url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yu|first=Bin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|title=Common exercise, different goals|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 October 2007|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172225/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Russian defence minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] said that the exercises would be transparent and open to media and the public. Following the war games' successful completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role. Peace Mission 2010, conducted 9–25 September at Kazakhstan's Matybulak training area, saw over 5,000 personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan conduct joint planning and operational maneuvers.<ref>{{citation | last = Boland | first = Julie | url = http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | title = Learning From The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's 'Peace Mission-2010' Exercise" | publisher = [[The Brookings Institution]] | date = 29 October 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628085252/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | archive-date = 28 June 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. During the 2007 war games in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]], Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience. Russian strategic bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the [[Cold War]]. "Starting today, such tours of duty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale", Putin said. "Our pilots have been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia to revive long-range bomber patrols |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129114325/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia To Resume Long-Range Bomber Patrols |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807105608/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]. However, as of late 2022, in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, many SCO and even CSTO members had distanced themselves from military cooperation with Russia.<ref name="alj">{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Maximilian |date=9 October 2022 |title=Putin is fighting alone |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/9/putin-is-increasingly-fighting-alone |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Economic cooperation===<br />
In September 2003, a Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states. At the same meeting the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier of China]], [[Wen Jiabao]], proposed a long-term objective to establish a [[free trade area]] in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3A+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | title = LEAD: Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone. | date = 23 September 2003 | location = Beijing | author = Kyodo News | publisher = Kyodo News International, Inc. | access-date = 21 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150717215118/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3a+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | archive-date = 17 July 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |title= China Intensifies Regional Trade Talks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121832/http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }} International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)</ref> A follow-up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on 23 September 2004.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | title = Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States | date = 23 September 2004 | author = China Foreign Ministry | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330053454/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | archive-date = 30 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO would prioritise joint energy projects; including in the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new [[hydrocarbon]] reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of the [[SCO Interbank Consortium]] was also agreed upon in order to fund future joint projects. In February 2006, the first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic, Security Cooperation | work = Eurasia Daily Monitor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | date = 31 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101021114/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |title=SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent |publisher=National Bank of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171922/http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> In November 2006, at ''The SCO: Results and Perspectives'', an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] announced that Russia was developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | title = Russia's Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO Energy Club | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency | date = 1 December 2006 | location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan | access-date = 3 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075148/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | archive-date = 7 October 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> in November 2007, Moscow reiterated the need for this "energy club" at an SCO summit. Other SCO members, however, did not commit themselves to the idea.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | title = Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club | work = Eurasianet | date = 6 November 2007 | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063714/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the capital flowing, ensuring food and [[energy security]] have been gaining special significance".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | title = Chronicle of Main Events of 'Shanghai Five' and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014132514/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | archive-date = 14 October 2008}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}<br />
<br />
At the 2007 SCO summit, Iranian vice president [[Parviz Davoodi]] addressed an initiative that had been garnering greater interest when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systems".<ref>Mehr News Agency, 31 October 2008.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
President Putin included these comments:<br />
<blockquote><br />
We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness. To solve the current problem Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it will be able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and to ensure progress.<br />
<br /><br />
The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different [[geo-political]] situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence.<br />
<br /><br />
We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparable notions.<ref>''Russia Today'', 30 October 2008</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:SCO Summit Ekaterinburg 2009.jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the SCO summit in [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia in 2009]]<br />
<br />
In June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to other SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members affected by the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | title=China to provide 10-billion-dollar loan to SCO members | editor-last=Deng |editor-first=Shasha | date=16 June 2009 | location=[[Yekaterinburg, Russia]] | agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date=21 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> The summit was held together with the [[1st BRIC summit|first BRIC summit]], and the China–Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |editor=Yan |title=China, Russia sign five-point joint statement |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |quote=They also said that a new round of the IMF quota formula review and the reform schemes of the World Bank should be completed on time and that the emerging markets and developing countries should have a bigger say and broader representation in the international financial institutions. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620111314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was founded in which Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are members.<br />
<br />
During the 2019 Bishkek summit, [[Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] suggested taking steps to trade in local currencies instead of U.S. dollars and setting up financial institutions including an SCO bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit kicks off in Bishkek|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929213418/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2022, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Economic Diplomacy Mehdi Safari suggested creating a single SCO currency to facilitate trade and financial transactions among SCO members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1122205 |language=fa |script-title=fa:پیشنهاد ایران به سازمان شانگهای برای ایجاد پول واحد<br />
|trans-title=Iran's proposal to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to create a single currency |date=2 June 2022 |website=TABNAK |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of the SCO's economic agenda, it has established a relatively successful student exchange program called the SCO University.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}<br />
<br />
=== Cultural cooperation ===<br />
Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 April 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |title = Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing |date = 13 April 2002 |newspaper = People's Daily |publisher = People's Daily Online |access-date = 11 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426094709/http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |title = SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency |date = 17 April 2006 |location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418125956/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |archive-date = 18 April 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan suggested an SCO [[folk dance]] festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |title = Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties |work = KazInform |agency = [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|KazInform]] International News Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195124/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===SCO+===<br />
The SCO+ forum format was initiated by the [[United Russia]] party in October 2020. This format includes inter-party interaction not only of the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (members, observers, candidates) but also of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and [[BRICS]] countries.<br />
<br />
It was first used during the SCO+ international inter-party forum "Economy for People" on 22–23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iiip.online/shos.html |title=Официальный сайт форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Official website of the SCO+ forum |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161140/https://iiip.online/shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The forum was attended by speakers from 25 countries, including the chairman of the United Russia party, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], ministers of the SCO countries, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and ambassadors and diplomats of the CIS and BRICS countries. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] sent greetings to the forum participants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |title=Путин направил приветствие участникам межпартийного форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Putin sent a greeting to the participants of the SCO+ inter-party forum |website=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=22 October 2020 |accessdate=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101113858/https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==RATS Military exercises==<br />
In December 2025 for the first time ever Iran held its first military excerises with 6 other member states nations on Iranian soil post-war of Israel-Iran dubbed Sahand 2025 drills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's First SCO Military Exercise Solidifies Ties with China and Russia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=تهران زیر چتر پکن و مسکو؛ تحلیل نشریه ژاپنی از حضور نظامیان چینی و روسی در ایران |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://parsi.euronews.com/2025/12/19/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summits==<br />
According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |title=Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224811/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref> The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.<ref name=charter/><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| align = center<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| total_width = 720<br />
| image1 = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Bishkek 2007.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Summit of [[Bishkek]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]) in 2007<br />
| image2 = SCO summit (2018-06-10) 1.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Heads of state of member states at the 2018 summit in [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], China<br />
| image3 = Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 01.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the 2019 summit<br />
| image4 = SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg<br />
| caption4 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the [[2022 SCO summit|2022 summit]] in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===List of summits===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of state<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2001 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 June 2002 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 May 2003 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 17 June 2004 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 July 2005 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 June 2006 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16 August 2007 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 28 August 2008 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15–16 June 2009 || {{RUS}} || [[Yekaterinburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10–11 June 2010 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref name="yekat">{{Cite web |title=Joint Communiqué of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710232015/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2011 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2010 |title=SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers, dialogue partners |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan |editor-last=Tang |editor-first=Danlu |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106123408/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2012 Beijing SCO summit|6–7 June 2012]] || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 13 September 2013 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2014 Dushanbe SCO summit|11–12 September 2014]] || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 9–10 July 2015 || {{RUS}} || [[Ufa]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23–24 June 2016 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Song Miou |date=10 July 2015 |title=Uzbekistan to host 16th SCO summit in 2016 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Ufa]], Russia |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2017 Astana SCO summit|8–9 June 2017]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2018 Qingdao SCO summit|9–10 June 2018]]|| {{CHN}} || [[Qingdao]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2019 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2019 |title=Kyrgyzstan to host SCO summit in June 2019 |publisher=AKIpress News Agency |url=https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424151843/https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 10 November 2020 || {{RUS}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заседание Совета глав государств – членов ШОС |date=10 November 2020 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64385 |website=kremlin.ru |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 16–17 September 2021 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=PM to attend SCO head of states meeting in Dushanbe |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40115796 |website=Business Recorder }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2022 Samarkand SCO summit|15–16 September 2022]]|| {{UZB}} || [[Samarkand]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 4 July 2023 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Indian Ministry of External Affairs |type=press release |date=30 May 2023 |title=SCO Summit under India's Chairmanship |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36622/SCO_Summit_under_Indias_Chairmanship |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=english}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last1=Pierson |first1=David |last2=Kurmanaev |first2=Anatoly |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin, Xi and Modi Meet on Camera, but With No Signs of Greater Unity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705021029/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |archive-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Astana SCO summit|3–4 July 2024]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|31 August – 1 September 2025]] || {{CHN}} || [[Tianjin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Wang: China to help SCO embark on a new journey |url=https://en.tj.gov.cn/Updates/News/202503/t20250307_6876940.html |website=Tianjin Municipal People's Government}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;" |2027 || {{PAK}} || [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCO Summit Highlights: PM Modi Returns To Delhi After Concluding Summit In China |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pm-modi-sco-summit-2025-live-updates-narendra-modi-china-visit-today-xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-tianjin-trump-tariffs-india-latest-news-liveblog-9540313.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left"<br />
|+ Summits of heads of government<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 September 2001 || {{KAZ}} || [[Almaty]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2003 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2004 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 26 October 2005 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 15 September 2006 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2 November 2007 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 October 2008 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14 October 2009 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Stephanie |date=14 October 2009 |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Concludes in Beijing |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=Beijing |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026210050/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2010 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Wen arrives in Tajikistan for SCO meeting |work=[[China Daily]] |agency=Xinhua News Agency |location=Dushanbe, Tajikistan |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200114/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 7 November 2011 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 5 December 2012 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=SCO Meeting Expected to Boost Cooperation Among Members |work=The Gazette of Central Asia |publisher=Satrapia |url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/sco-meeting-expected-to-boost-cooperation-among-members/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 29 November 2013 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2014 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2015 || {{CHN}} || [[Zhengzhou]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 2–3 November 2016 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2017 || {{RUS}} || [[Sochi]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 11–12 October 2018 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:right" | 1–2 November 2019 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2020 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2021 || {{KAZ}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 1 November 2022 || {{CHN}} || ''Video conference''<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 26 Oсtober 2023 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Islamabad SCO summit|15–16 October 2024]]|| {{PAK}}|| [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Baqir |date=5 July 2024 |title=Pakistan to host SCO leaders in October |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1843888/pakistan-to-host-sco-leaders-in-october |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Dawn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 18 November 2025 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{TJK}}||TBD<ref>{{cite web | title=On the Meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States | date=18 November 2025 | url=https://eng.sectsco.org/20251118/2057714.html }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{clear left}}<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
===Relations with the West===<br />
<br />
The [[United States]] applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | title = Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world | first = Dilip | last = Hiro | date = 16 June 2006 | website = The Guardian | access-date = 19 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140923025607/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | archive-date = 23 September 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan requested the U.S. leave the [[Karshi-Khanabad Air Base|K2 air base]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | title = Central Asia: China and Russia up the ante | first = Siddharth | last = Varadarajan | date = 8 July 2005 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529184633/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | archive-date = 29 May 2009 | website = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A report in 2007 noted that the SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region; however, some indirect statements at the past summits have been viewed by Western media outlets as "thinly veiled swipes at Washington".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia | website = Eurasianet | date = 19 August 2007 | first = Joshua | last = Kucera | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083232/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
From 2001 to 2008, the Western reaction to the SCO was generally skepticism of the organisation's goals.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} By the 2010s, however, the West increasingly began to view the SCO as a potential contributor to stability in the region, particularly with regards to Afghanistan.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}<br />
<br />
In September 2023, the [[United Nations]] approved United Nations resolution A/77/L.107, titled "Cooperation between the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." The result of the vote was 80 in favour to 2 against with 47 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12523.doc.htm | title=General Assembly Adopts 5 Resolutions, 3 Decisions, including Text Urging States to Consider Need for Woman Secretary-General &#124; UN Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | title=General Assembly: 99th Plenary Meeting, 77th session &#124; UN Web TV | date=September 2023 | access-date=2 September 2023 | archive-date=2 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902184815/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States and Israel were the only countries to vote against the resolution.<br />
<br />
Although the [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] dubbed the SCO an "anti NATO alliance" in 2022,<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |last1=Aydıntaşbaş |first1=Aslı |last2=Dumoulin |first2=Marie |last3=Geranmayeh |first3=Ellie |last4=Oertel |first4=Janka |date=16 September 2022 |title=Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/rogue-nato-the-new-face-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> apparent inconsistencies among its member states have prevented it from becoming an effective geopolitical alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Is No 'New Warsaw' or 'Eastern NATO' |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/shanghai-cooperation-organization-no-%E2%80%98new-warsaw%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98eastern-nato%E2%80%99-196138 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> As of July 2023, India and Central Asian countries maintained friendly cooperation with both the West and Russia, India has had fierce conflicts with Pakistan and its ally China at the same time, which has been limiting the possibility of China and Russia forming the group into an anti-Western bloc.<ref name="nikkei">{{Cite news |last1=SHARMA |first1=KIRAN |last2=TAN |first2=CK |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin claims unity, Xi slams decoupling at India-hosted SCO talks |language=en-GB |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Putin-claims-unity-Xi-slams-decoupling-at-India-hosted-SCO-talks |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> Academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that although SCO has sometimes been compared to NATO, unlike NATO, SCO does not create a collective security alliance.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=167 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Geopolitical aspects===<br />
[[File:2015 Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization 05.jpg|thumb|SCO summit in [[Ufa]], Russia in 2015]]<br />
[[File:SCO and NATO.svg|thumb|right|SCO and NATO Member States]]<br />
<br />
At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the SCO which said: "The heads of the member states point out that, against the backdrop of a contradictory process of [[Globalization|globalisation]], multilateral cooperation, which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual respect, non-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states, non-confrontational way of thinking and consecutive movement towards democratisation of international relations, contributes to overall peace and security, and call upon the international community, irrespective of its differences in ideology and social structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=13 July 2005 |url=http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804191808/http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] reiterated that the "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world order" and that "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration".<ref>UzReport, 28 November 2005</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, Matthew Brummer tracked the implications of SCO expansion into the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Journal of International Affairs. 2007. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran: A Power-full Union. Matthew Brummer</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 2008, one aim of SCO was to ensure that [[liberal democracy]] could not gain ground in these countries, according to political scientist [[Thomas Ambrosio]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2008|title=Catching the 'Shanghai Spirit': How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=60|issue=8|last1=Ambrosio|pages=1321–1344| doi=10.1080/09668130802292143|s2cid=153557248}}</ref> In 2016, political scientist Thomas Fingar wrote that China took the lead in establishing the Shanghai Five primarily to limit Russia's ability to reassert its influence in Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fingar |first=Thomas |url= |title=The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=41 |chapter=China's Goals in South Asia |oclc=939553543 |author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 Russo-Georgian war]], China opposed Russia's infringement on Georgia's sovereignty.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=347}} Citing principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and global order, China used its influence in the SCO to prevent the organisation from supporting Russia.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=347}}<br />
<br />
In 2008, Iranian writer [[Hamid Golpira]] had this to say on the topic: "According to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]'s theory, control of the [[Eurasia]]n landmass is the key to global domination and control of [[Central Asia]] is the key to control of the Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and the rest of the [[NATO]] alliance in [[Central Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |title=Iraq smoke screen |last=Golpira |first=Hamid |date=20 November 2008 |work=Tehran Times |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804105127/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the ''[[People's Daily]]'' wrote: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on Western countries to leave Central Asia. That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the world".<ref>{{citation | url = http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | title = Opinion: SCO sends strong signals for West to leave Central Asia | work = People's Daily | date = 8 July 2008 | author = People's Daily Online | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809060939/http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | archive-date = 9 August 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2023, India as SCO chair, invited Pakistan's Foreign Affairs Minister and Chief justice to attend a meeting in Goa in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=India invites Pak FM Bilawal Bhutto, Chief Justice for SCO meet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-invites-pak-fm-bilawal-bhutto-chief-justice-for-sco-meet-101674629291592.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2023, [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]] continued to spar over terrorism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India sends Pakistan a message, Russia slams West at SCO meeting |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-sends-Pakistan-a-message-Russia-slams-West-at-SCO-meeting |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> while Central Asian members [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes|Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have erupted in armed conflict]] over border disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash erupts between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border guards |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/14/clash-erupts-between-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan-border-guards |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Al jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The SCO was not a platform for resolving bilateral issues, and its members were also reluctant to mediate disputes multilaterally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Limited Role In Easing Tensions Between China and India |language=en-US |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-limited-role-in-easing-tensions-between-china-and-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexei |first=Kupriyanov |date=8 December 2020 |title=The SCO and the conflict between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sco-conflict-between-india-pakistan/?amp |publisher=ORF}}</ref> Due to the widely divergent agendas among member states, Indian commentators even called it the "Shanghai Contradiction Organisation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Shanghai Contradiction Organisation – Let's call it what it is |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/opinion/sco-shanghai-contradiction-organisation-lets-call-it-what-it-is-10913571.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
<br />
Members of the SCO remained neutral in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], they also strengthened cooperation with the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Krzysztof Strachota |author2=Katarzyna Chawryło |author3=Michał Bogusz |author4=Marek Menkiszak |title=Against the backdrop of war. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Samarkand |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-09-20/against-backdrop-war-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-summit |publisher=Centre for Eastern Studies |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> Analysis in 2024 points out that the SCO has generally facilitated amicable [[China–Russia relations|China-Russia relations]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}<br />
<br />
In June 2025, India refused to endorse a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) defence ministers’ meeting in [[Qingdao]], China, citing concerns that it did not reflect its position on terrorism. India objected to the omission of the 22 April [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], in which 26 Indian tourists were killed, while the statement referenced militant activity in Balochistan. Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] argued that the statement aligned with Pakistan's narrative and urged the SCO to hold accountable those who use “cross-border terrorism as an instrument of policy.” India maintained that such omissions made the statement unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=SCO: India refuses to sign joint statement at the summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxe48njkxwo |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India refuses to sign SCO statement over claims of pro-Pakistan bias |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/26/india-rejects-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-statement-over-claims-it-favoured-pakistan |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India rejects signing Shanghai Cooperation Organization statement seen as pro-Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-india-meeting-statement-refusal-67bfc09a329e93b9c721029c36e31176 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> India's foreign ministry spokesman [[Randhir Jaiswal]] expressed that India wanted “concerns on terrorism to be reflected in the SCO document, which was not acceptable to one particular country, and therefore the statement was not adopted.”<ref name=":2" /> Subsequently, at the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 15 July 2025, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] described the Pahalgam attack as a deliberate attempt to undermine Jammu and Kashmir's tourism and incite religious division. He emphasised the need for the SCO to uphold its founding principles by maintaining an uncompromising stance against terrorism, separatism, and extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Jaishankar's Sharp Message On Terrorism In First China Visit In 5 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-attack-deliberate-s-jaishankar-at-key-sco-meet-8879173 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2025, Minister Jaishankar also raised concerns over China's construction of the [[Medog Hydropower Station]] on the Yarlung Tsangpo River. He emphasised the potential downstream impacts on water security and ecological stability, and called for greater transparency, meaningful consultation with affected countries, and the resumption of suspended hydrological data sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=India voices concern over China's mega dam project on Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-voices-concern-over-chinas-mega-dam-project-on-yarlung-tsangpo-in-tibet-13923209.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other analysis ===<br />
A 2015 [[European Parliamentary Research Service]] paper concludes, "The SCO's main achievement thus far is to have offered its members a cooperative forum to balance their conflicting interests and to ease bilateral tensions. It has built up joint capabilities and has agreed on common approaches in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, major shortcomings, such as institutional weaknesses, a lack of common financial funds for the implementation of joint projects and conflicting national interests have prevented the SCO from achieving a higher level of regional cooperation in other areas."<ref>{{cite web |last=Grieger |first=Gisela |date=26 June 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103951/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=14 January 2018 |website=European Parliament Think Tank |page=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery of heads of state (members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Лукашенко - 08 (14-03-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Alexander Lukashenko]]<br />[[President of Belarus]]<br />
File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]]<br />[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[President of China]]{{efn|name="chinaleader"|The ''de jure'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]]. The [[President of the People's Republic of China|president of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]] and has no real power in China's [[Politics of China|political system]]. However, the [[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in China|transition]], and the [[paramount leader]] is [[Xi Jinping]].}}<br />
File:Droupadi Murmu POI official portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />[[President of India]]<br />
File:Mojtaba Khamenei 2024.jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Mojtaba Khamenei]]<br />[[Supreme Leader of Iran]]<br />
File:WIPO Director General Meets President of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]<br />[[President of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Official Photo of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic H.E. Mr. Sadyr Zhaparov.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Sadyr Japarov]]<br />[[President of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Asif Ali Zardari - 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br /> [[President of Pakistan]]|alt=Islamic Republic of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari President of Pakistan<br />
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Vladimir Putin]]<br />[[President of Russia]]<br />
File:Vladimir Putin and Emomali Rahmon made statements for the press (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Emomali Rahmon]]<br />[[President of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br />[[President of Uzbekistan]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Gallery of Heads of Government members) ==<br />
<!--WARNING 1: Do not put successors of the current heads of states until he or she takes office.--><br />
<!--WARNING 2: This section lists THE LEADERS of the states, NOT THE HEADS of the states. For example, the head of state of India is the President of India; however, the leader of India is the Prime Minister of India. --><br />
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center"><br />
File:Александр Турчин (07-04-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]'''<br />[[Aleksandr Turchin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Belarus]]<br />
File:Li Qiang meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]'''<br />[[Li Qiang]]<br />[[Premier of China|Premier]]<br />
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]'''<br />[[Narendra Modi]]<br />[[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' <br />[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br />[[President of Iran]]<br />
File:Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]'''<br />[[Oljas Bektenov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]]<br />
File:Adylbek Kasymaliev (2024-14-05).jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]'''<br />[[Adylbek Kasymaliev]]<br />[[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
File:Shehbaz Sharif in 2024.jpg|alt=IslamicRepublicofPakistanShehbaz SharifPrime Minister of Pakistan|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' <br /> [[Shehbaz Sharif]] <br /> [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br />
File:Mikhail Mishustin (2026-02-25).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]'''<br />[[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Russia]]<br />
File:Кохир Расулзада (17-05-2023).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]'''<br />[[Kokhir Rasulzoda]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Tajikistan]]<br />
File:Abdulla Aripov (2021) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]'''<br />[[Abdulla Aripov]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]] <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Politics|Asia|Europe}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia Cooperation Dialogue}}<br />
* {{anl|Asia–Europe Meeting}}<br />
* {{anl|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}<br />
* {{anl|Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation}}<br />
* {{anl|Belt and Road Initiative}}<br />
* {{anl|Collective Security Treaty Organization}}<br />
* {{anl|Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia}}<br />
* {{anl|Continental union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasian Economic Union}}<br />
* {{anl|Eurasianism}}<br />
* {{anl|Global East}}<br />
* {{anl|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2006). "Greater Eurasia Project". Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''Turkey–China Relations since the Ottoman Period''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Dream of Turkey''. Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Strateji.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). [http://www.barisadibelli.com/ ''The Eurasia Strategy of China'']. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Adıbelli, Barış (2008). ''The Great Game in Eurasian Geopolitics''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2019), La coopération de Shanghai : conceptualiser la nouvelle Asie, Presses de l'Université de Liège, 308 p; 2019 – [https://pressesuniversitairesdeliege.be/produit/la-cooperation-de-shanghai/ La coopération de Shanghai] <br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205211755/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/90256/datasheet_574297.pdf L'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai et la construction de "la nouvelle Asie"], Brussels: Peter Lang, 492 p.<br />
* Chabal, Pierre (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205210548/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/89167/datasheet_574277.pdf Concurrences Interrégionales Europe-Asie au 21ème siècle], Brussels: Peter Lang, 388 p.<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (18 July 2001). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100307024438/http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg1459.cfm "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia?"]}}. [[The Heritage Foundation]].<br />
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (24 October 2005). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100302231849/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/hl901.cfm "Competition over Eurasia: Are the U.S. and Russia on a Collision Course?"]}}. The Heritage Foundation.<br />
* Colson, Charles. (5 August 2003). [http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut"]. ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]''.<br />
* Daly, John. (19 July 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtsm/jtsm010719_1_n.shtml "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals"]. ''[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] Terrorism & Security Monitor''.<br />
* Douglas, John Keefer; Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; {{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212004708/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title="Fueling the Dragon's Flame: How China's Energy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle East".}}&nbsp;{{small|(162&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2006.<br />
* Fels, Enrico (2009), ''Assessing Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', Winkler Verlag: Bochum. {{ISBN|978-1-5292-4692-6}}<br />
* Gill, Bates and Oresman, Matthew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129202941/http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,15/ "China's New Journey to the West: Report on China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests"], CSIS Press, August 2003<br />
* Kalra, Prajakti and Saxena, Siddharth [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174240/http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2007-02-centraleurasia/TPQ2007-2-kalra%2Bsaxena.pdf "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in Eurasia Region"] Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol 6. No. 2, 2007<br />
* Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew (2014). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11392 ''Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization'']. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.<br />
* Oresman, Matthew, {{cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326123906/http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2010 |title=Beyond the Battle of Talas: China's Re-emergence in Central Asia}}&nbsp;{{small|(4.74&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, National Defence University Press, August 2004<br />
* Seiwert, Eva (2025). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and China’s Vision of International Relations''. Bristol: Bristol University Press, ISBN 978-1-5292-4692-6.<br />
* Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615224847/http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/004/5367.pdf "China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy"], [[University of California Press]], May 2006<br />
* Yom, Sean L. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053738/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/129/5 "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"]. ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' '''6''' (4) 48–54.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:India–Uzbekistan relations]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Semiconductor_Mission&diff=553092India Semiconductor Mission2026-08-17T12:33:53Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox project<br />
| abbreviation = ISM<br />
| native_name = <br />
| logo = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = <br />
| type = <br />
| country = India<br />
| primeminister = Narendra Modi<br />
| ministry = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|MEITY]]<br />
| key_people = <br />
| key_contributors = <br />
| launched = {{Start date and age|2021|12|21|df=y}}<br />
| launch_place = <br />
| closed = <!-- {{End date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| budget = <br />
| website = {{URL|ism.gov.in}}<br />
| status = <br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''India Semiconductor Mission''' is a specialised nodal agency set up by the [[Government of India]] in December 2021 to build a robust domestic semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem, with the broader aim of positioning India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Operating under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] ('''MEITY'''), the agency is responsible for the efficient implementation of all fiscal-support schemes under the '''Modified SemiconIndia Programme'''.<ref>{{URL|ism.gov.in/about-ism}}</ref><ref>{{URL|ism.gov.in/about-semiconindia}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
Backed by an initial outlay of 76,000&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}} under Phase 1 and a further 1,27,500&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}} under Phase 2 (announced in 2026), '''ISM''' funds up to half the project cost of semiconductor fabs, display fabs, compound-semiconductor and ATMP/OSAT facilities, and chip-design startups through the Design Linked Incentive scheme.[1][3] As of December 2025, ten projects worth a combined 1.60&nbsp;lakh&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}} have been approved across six states.<br />
==Background==<br />
India imports nearly all of the semiconductors it consumes; a vulnerability exposed by the global chip shortage of 2020–22 that disrupted automotive, telecom, and consumer-electronics supply chains worldwide. Semiconductors sit at the heart of every modern digital system, from smartphones and EVs to defence radar and data-centre AI accelerators; ensuring a secure, domestic supply of chips became a matter of strategic autonomy.<br />
<br />
The Union Cabinet approved the comprehensive SemiconIndia programme on 21 December 2021 with a financial outlay of 76,000&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}} to develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem. The India Semiconductor Mission was created as the dedicated nodal agency to administer this programme, led by global experts drawn from the semiconductor and display ecosystem.<br />
<br />
The mission serves as the single point of contact for the coherent deployment of the Programme for Development of Semiconductor and Display Ecosystem, working in consultation with government ministries, industry, and academia. It also vets proposals, negotiates fiscal-support structures, and coordinates with state governments that may offer additional incentives.<br />
==ISM 1.0 — The Four Schemes==<br />
ISM 1.0 is structured around four fiscal-support schemes, each offering up to 50% of project cost on a pari-passu basis — meaning government support is released in proportion to the applicant's own investment. The schemes collectively cover the full semiconductor value chain: from wafer fabrication and display manufacturing to chip packaging, testing, and indigenous chip design.<br />
====Scheme 01 - Semiconductor Fabs====<br />
Supports setting up silicon CMOS-based wafer fabrication facilities for manufacturing logic, memory, digital ICs, analog ICs, mixed-signal ICs, and System-on-Chips (SoCs). Fiscal support tenure is six years.<br />
<br /><br />
'''Up to 50% of project cost'''<br />
====Scheme 02 - Display Fabs====<br />
Provides financial support for establishing AMOLED and LCD display fabrication units in India, reducing dependence on imported display panels used in smartphones, televisions, and laptops.<br />
<br /><br />
'''Up to 50% of project cost'''<br />
====Scheme 03 - Compound Semiconductors & ATMP/OSAT====<br />
Supports compound semiconductor, silicon photonics, sensors (including MEMS), and discrete semiconductor fabs, as well as assembly, testing, marking, and packaging (ATMP/OSAT) units — the critical back-end of chip manufacturing.<br />
<br /><br />
'''50% of capital expenditure'''<br />
==== Scheme 04 - Design Linked Incentive (DLI)====<br />
With an outlay of 1,000&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}}, this scheme nurtures domestic chip-design startups and MSMEs through R&D support and deployment-linked incentives. Implemented by C-DAC as nodal agency; runs over a five-year period.<br />
<br /><br />
'''Up to 15&nbsp;crore&nbsp;{{INR}} per company'''<br />
====Pari-passu explained====<br />
Under the pari-passu model, the government does not front-load its contribution. Fiscal support is released in tranches matching the applicant's own capital deployment, ensuring that public money follows private commitment and both parties share risk proportionally throughout the project lifecycle.<br />
<br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Semiconductor_Mission&diff=553091India Semiconductor Mission2026-08-17T12:15:44Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''India Semiconductor Mission''' is a specialised nodal agency set up by the [[Government of India]] in December 2021 to build a robust domestic semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem, with the broader aim of positioning India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Operating under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] ('''MEITY'''), the agency is responsible for the efficient implementation of all fiscal-support schemes under the '''Modified SemiconIndia Programme'''.<ref>ism.gov.in/about-ism</ref><ref>ism.gov.in/about-semiconindia</ref><br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Semiconductor_Mission&diff=553090India Semiconductor Mission2026-08-17T12:14:54Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "'''India Semiconductor Mission''' is a specialised nodal agency set up by the Government of India in December 2021 to build a robust domestic semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem, with the broader aim of positioning India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Operating under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ('''MEITY'''), the agency is responsible for the efficient implementation of all fiscal-support schemes..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''India Semiconductor Mission''' is a specialised nodal agency set up by the [[Government of India]] in December 2021 to build a robust domestic semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem, with the broader aim of positioning India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Operating under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] ('''MEITY'''), the agency is responsible for the efficient implementation of all fiscal-support schemes under the '''Modified SemiconIndia Programme'''.<ref>ism.gov.in/about-ism</ref><ref>ism.gov.in/about-semiconindia</ref></div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Modi&diff=552446Narendra Modi2026-07-28T05:08:49Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Prime Minister of India since 2014}}<br />
{{Hatnote group|<br />
1={{Redirect2|Modi|NaMo|other uses|Modi (disambiguation)|and|Namo (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{For|the 2019 film|PM Narendra Modi (film)}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Vandalism|vandalism]]|small=yes|vandalism}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <!-- Do not add any styles/titles here per [[WP:NCIN]] --><br />
| honorific-suffix = <!-- Do not add any styles/titles here per [[WP:NCIN]] --><br />
| image = The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg <!-- Do not change without leaving a talk in the Talk page --><br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2024<br />
| office = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />[[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| vicepresident = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]<br />[[Venkaiah Naidu]]<br />[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<br/>[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| term_start = 26 May 2014<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}<br />
| 1blankname1 = Ministry and Departments<br />
| 1namedata1 = * [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]<br />
* [[Department of Space]]<br />
* [[Department of Atomic Energy]]<br />
| term_start1 = 26 May 2014<br />
| term_end1 =<br />
| predecessor1 = Manmohan Singh<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
| office2 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]<br />[[Om Birla]]<br />
| deputy2 = [[Gopinath Munde]]<br />[[Sushma Swaraj]]<br />[[Rajnath Singh]]<br />
| term_start2 = 26 May 2014<br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br />
| office4 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]<br />
| governor4 = {{collapsible list|{{unbulleted list|[[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]<br />
|[[Kailashpati Mishra]]<br />
|[[Balram Jakhar]]<br />
|[[Nawal Kishore Sharma]]<br />
|[[S. C. Jamir]]<br />
|[[Kamla Beniwal]]}}}}<br />
| term_start4 = 7 October 2001<br />
| term_end4 = 22 May 2014<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Keshubhai Patel]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Anandiben Patel]]<br />
| office3 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start3 = 5 June 2014<br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| predecessor3 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<br />
| office5 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency5 = [[Maninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maninagar]]<br />
| term_start5 = 15 December 2002<br />
| term_end5 = 16 May 2014<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Kamlesh Patel (politician)|Kamlesh Patel]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Suresh Patel]]<br />
| constituency6 = [[Rajkot West|Rajkot II]]<br />
| term6 = {{Start and end dates|2002|02|24|2002|07|19|df=y}}<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Vajubhai Vala]]<br />
| successor6 = Vajubhai Vala<br />
| office7 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party|General Secretary (Organisation)]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| term_start7 = 5 January 1998<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/narendra-modi-fast-facts/index.html|title=Narendra Modi Fast Facts|date=6 September 2023|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><br />
| term_end7 = 7 October 2001<br />
| successor7 = [[Sanjay Joshi]]<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Kushabhau Thakre]]<br />
| birth_name = Narendra Damodardas Modi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|09|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Vadnagar]], [[Bombay State]], India<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br>(since 1985)<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jashodaben Modi]]|1968|1971|end=separated}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/jashodaben-named-by-narendra-modi-as-his-wife-prays-for-him-to-become-pm-557031?&tb_cb=1 |title = Jashodaben, named by Narendra Modi as his wife, prays for him to become PM|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=11 April 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200717104500/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/jashodaben-named-by-narendra-modi-as-his-wife-prays-for-him-to-become-pm-557031|archive-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><br />
| father = <!--Do not add non-notable relatives--><br />
| mother = <!--Do not add non-notable relatives--><br />
| residence = {{ubl|[[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]], [[New Delhi]]}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Gujarat University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}<br />
| awards = [[List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi|List of awards and honours]]<br />
| signature = Signature of Narendra Modi (Hindi).svg<br />
| website = {{bulletedlist|{{URL|narendramodi.in|Personal}}|{{URL|pmindia.gov.in|PM India official}}}}<br />
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Narendra Modi voice.ogg|title=Narendra Modi's voice|type=speech|description=Modi on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />Recorded 19 March 2020}}<br />
| order = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
| order1 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
| order2 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
}}<br />
{{Narendra Modi series}}<br />
'''Narendra Damodardas Modi'''{{efn|{{IPA|gu|ˈnəɾendɾə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː|pron}} {{audio|Narendra Modi pronouncing his name at swearing in 2014.ogg|listen}}; ''Narendra Modi'' was born ''Narendra Damodardas Modi'' on 17 September 1950. He uses ''Damodardas'' as his middle name—[[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] have a tradition of [[Patronymic|using the names of their fathers]] as their middle names—but he is widely known as ''Narendra Modi''.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=4–5}}}} (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who has served as the <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --> [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] since 2014. Modi was the [[chief minister of Gujarat]] from 2001 to 2014 and is the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP) for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] volunteer organisation. He is the longest-serving prime minister outside the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
Modi was born and raised in [[Vadnagar]], [[Bombay State]] (present-day [[Gujarat]]), where he completed his secondary education. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, becoming a full-time worker for the organisation in Gujarat in 1971. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he rose through the party hierarchy, becoming general secretary in 1998.{{efn|Sources stating that the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] had a deep impact on the political hierarchy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], especially in the case of Narendra Modi:<br />{{bulleted list<br />
|{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|website=[[NDTV]]|title=Narendra Modi's political journey from RSS worker to BJP's PM candidate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808041721/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|archive-date=8 August 2020|last=Asrar|first=Nadim|date=26 February 2014|access-date=15 August 2015}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|title=PM Modi turns 69: A timeline of his political career|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115073300/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|archive-date=15 January 2021|date=17 September 2019|access-date=13 January 2021}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Ravish|last=Tiwari|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20141208-rss-sangh-nda-bjp-l-k-advani-narendra-modi-cover-story-806098-2014-11-27|title=The low-profile RSS apparatchik is the newface of power in the NDA|website=[[India Today]]|date=27 November 2014|access-date=13 January 2021}}}}|name=|group=}} In 2001, Modi was appointed chief minister of Gujarat and elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration is considered complicit in the [[2002 Gujarat violence]]{{efn|Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence:<br />{{bulleted list<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |date=1 May 2012 |title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=657–672 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 |s2cid=154422056 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301151004/https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |url-status=live }}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|location=|pages=17–28, 50–51|jstor=27639120}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Shani|first1=Orrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|date=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68369-2|location=|pages=168–173|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|url-status=live}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|news|title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |s2cid=154404089 |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |access-date=29 August 2021}}}}}} and has been criticised for its management of the crisis. According to official records, a little over 1,000 people were killed, three-quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim, with many others raped, mutilated, or both.<ref>* {{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|translator-last=Schoch|translator-first=Cynthia|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|location=Princeton and Oxford|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-691-20680-6|pages=40–41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622222450/https://books.google.com/books?id=NbUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Shahani|first=Nishant|title=Pink Revolutions: Globalization, Hindutva, and Queer Triangles in Contemporary India|series=Critical Ethnic Studies Association series|location=Evanston, Illinois|isbn=978-0-8101-4363-0|year=2021|publisher=Northwestern University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB4uEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT316|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622222452/https://books.google.com/books?id=GB4uEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT316|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Dhattiwala|first=Raheel|title=Keeping the Peace: Spatial Differences in Hindu-Muslim Violence in Gujarat in 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-108-49759-6|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0qPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622222451/https://books.google.com/books?id=B0qPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Kinnvall|first=Catarina|title=Populism, ontological insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the masculinization of Indian politics|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|year=2019|volume=32|issue=3|pages=238–302, 295|doi=10.1080/09557571.2019.1588851|s2cid=164991567 |doi-access=free|issn = 0955-7571 }}</ref> A Special Investigation Team appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2012 found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against him, causing widespread anger and disbelief among the country's Muslim communities.{{efn|Sources:<br />{{bulleted list<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|title=India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174351/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|archive-date=20 December 2016}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221082846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}<br />
|{{Cite web |date=11 March 2012 |title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims |url=https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044116/https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}}}}} While his policies as chief minister were credited for encouraging economic growth, his administration was criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the state.{{efn|Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat:<br />{{bulleted list<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|news|title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |s2cid=154404089 |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |access-date=29 August 2021}}<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
In the [[2014 Indian general election]], Modi led the BJP to a [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] majority, the first for a party since [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]. His administration increased [[Foreign direct investment|direct foreign investment]] and reduced spending on healthcare, education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a [[Swachh Bharat Mission|high-profile sanitation campaign]] and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. His [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation of banknotes in 2016]] and introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in 2017 sparked controversy. Modi's administration launched the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] against an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan; the airstrike failed,<ref>{{citation|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|date=17 April 2019|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India — and the United States|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|access-date=27 January 2023|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Hall|first=Ian|title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume= 108|year=2019|issue=5|pages=507–519, 510|doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |hdl=10072/387751|hdl-access=free}}</ref> but the action had nationalist appeal.<ref>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-691-22309-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Modi's party won the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. In its second term, his administration [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] and introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], prompting [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|widespread protests]] and spurring the [[2020 Delhi riots]] in which Muslims were targeted by Hindu mobs.<ref>{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2=Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|date=6 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306202841/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Wamsley|first1=Laurel|last2=Frayer|first2=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304090353/https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions|date=5 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305231044/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Three controversial [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|farm laws]] led to [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|sit-ins]] by farmers across the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi oversaw India's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], during which, according to the [[World Health Organization]], 4.7 million Indians died.<ref name="Grimley">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO |first1=Naomi |last1=Grimley |first2=Jack |last2=Cornish |first3=Nassos |last3=Stylianou |work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513235736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Biswas">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-60981318 |title=Why India's real Covid toll may never be known |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=5 May 2022 |work=BBC |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821214838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-60981318 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], Modi's party lost its majority in the lower house of Parliament and formed a government leading the [[National Democratic Alliance]] coalition. Following a [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack]] in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, Modi presided over the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], which resulted in a ceasefire.<br />
<br />
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced [[democratic backsliding]], or the weakening of democratic institutions, [[individual rights]], and [[freedom of expression]].{{Efn|name=lo9|group=lower-alpha|Sources:<br />{{bulleted list<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Brunkert|first1=Lennart|last2=Kruse|first2=Stefan|last3=Welzel|first3=Christian|date=3 April 2019|title=A tale of culture-bound regime evolution: the centennial democratic trend and its recent reversal|url=http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|journal=Democratization|volume=26|issue=3|pages=422–443|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430|s2cid=148625260|issn=1351-0347|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010183922/http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|url-status=live}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Khaitan|first=Tarunabh|date=26 May 2020|title=Killing a Constitution with a Thousand Cuts: Executive Aggrandizement and Party-state Fusion in India|journal=Law & Ethics of Human Rights|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=49–95|doi=10.1515/lehr-2020-2009|s2cid=221083830|issn=2194-6531|doi-access=free|hdl=11343/241852|hdl-access=free}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India's Democracy Is Under Threat|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/indias-democracy-is-under-threat/|date=18 September 2020|access-date=27 November 2020|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204223518/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/indias-democracy-is-under-threat/|url-status=live}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|journal|date=2021|title=India: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|journal=[[Freedom House]]|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304054952/https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|url-status=live}}<br />
|{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Vindu|last1=Goel|first2=Jeffrey|last2=Gettleman|date=2 April 2020|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402132111/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2021|issn=0362-4331}}<br />
|{{cite web |title='Messianic spell': how Narendra Modi created a cult of personality |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/19/messianic-spell-how-narendra-modi-created-a-cult-personality |date=19 April 2024 |first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419152154/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/19/messianic-spell-how-narendra-modi-created-a-cult-personality |archive-date=19 April 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}<br />
}}}}<ref>{{citation|last1=Welzel|first1=Christian|last2=Inglehart|first2=Ronald|last3=Bernhangen|first3=Patrick|last4=Haerpfer|first4=Christian W.|editor1-last=Welzel |editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Inglehart|editor2-first=Ronald|editor3-last=Bernhangen|editor3-first=Patrick|editor4-last=Haerpfer |editor4-first=Christian W. |chapter=Introduction |title=Democratization |year=2019|pages=4, 7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IN8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873228-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Chidambaram|first=Soundarya|chapter=India's Inexorable Path to Autocratization: Looking beyond Modi and the populist lens |year=2022 |title=Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia|editor-last=Widmalm|editor-first=Sten|publisher=Routledge|pages=130–148|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNBUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|doi= 10.4324/9781003042211-11|s2cid=245210210|doi-access=free}}</ref> As prime minister, he has received [[Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership|consistently high approval ratings]].<ref name="Kaul">{{cite book|last1=Kaul |first1=Volker |title=Minorities and Populism – Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe |last2=Vajpeyi |first2=Ananya |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-34098-8 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Leader Approval Ratings |url=https://morningconsult.com/global-leader-approval/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Morning Consult]] |language=en-US |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023901/https://morningconsult.com/global-leader-approval/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi continues to be most popular global leader with approval rating of 74%: Survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-continues-to-be-most-popular-global-leader-with-approval-rating-of-74-survey/articleshow/93527036.cms |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909053544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-continues-to-be-most-popular-global-leader-with-approval-rating-of-74-survey/articleshow/93527036.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi has been described as engineering a political realignment towards [[right-wing politics]]. He remains a controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and handling of the Gujarat riots, which have been cited as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.{{efn|Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi:<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news|title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Visweswaran |first=Kamala |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=April 2011|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC|oclc=682895189|editor=Visweswaran, Kamala|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Stepan">{{cite journal|last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |s2cid=153861198 |title=India, Sri Lanka, and the Majoritarian Danger |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=26 |pages=128–140 |language=en |doi=10.1353/jod.2015.0006 |date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 April 2015|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073116/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|archive-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=India's Voters Torn Over Politician |first=Simon |last=Robinson |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023030008/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10&nbsp;hours at massacre inquiry |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |author-link=Jason Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909181320/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |archive-date=9 September 2013 }}</ref>|name=|group=}}<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family of [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) background and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] faith<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Messina |first=Karyne E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKN-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22modi%22+%22caste%22+%22obc%22+%22ghanchi%22&pg=PT78 |title=Resurgence of Global Populism: A Psychoanalytic Study of Projective Identification, Blame-Shifting and the Corruption of Democracy |date=21 September 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64640-5 |language=en |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408063906/https://books.google.com/books?id=fKN-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22modi%22+%22caste%22+%22obc%22+%22ghanchi%22&pg=PT78 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=27 April 2019 |title=Modi hits back on 'fake OBC' jibes, says he is 'most backward' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/modi-hits-back-on-fake-obc-jibes-says-he-is-most-backward/article61557945.ece |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825204014/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/modi-hits-back-on-fake-obc-jibes-says-he-is-most-backward/article61557945.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Vadnagar]], [[Mehsana district]], [[Bombay State]] (present-day [[Gujarat]]). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi ({{Circa|1915–1989}}) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=13, 15, 29–30, 74}}{{Efn|''Narendra Modi'' was born ''Narendra Damodardas Modi'' on 17 September 1950. He uses ''Damodardas'' as his middle name—[[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] have a tradition of [[Patronymic|using the names of their fathers]] as their middle names—but he is widely known as ''Narendra Modi''.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=4–5}}|name="foo"|group=}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Heeraben Modi: Indian PM Modi's mother dies aged 99 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-64073465 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=BBC |date=30 December 2022}}</ref> According to Modi and his neighbours, he worked infrequently in his father's tea stall in the [[Vadnagar railway station]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|editor1-last=Chatterji|editor1-first=Angana P.|editor2-last=Hansen|editor2-first=Thomas Blom|editor3-last=Jaffrelot|editor3-first=Christophe|chapter=Introduction|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|page=3|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|title=Superfast Primetime Ultimate Nation: The Relentless Invention of Modern India|publisher=Public Affairs|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61039-670-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tLuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT212}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|title=Special Report, India: Modi's many tasks|publisher=Economist|location=London|date=23 May 2015|url=https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20150523_india.pdf|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222022910/https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20150523_india.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Modi completed his [[Higher Secondary Examination|higher secondary education]] in Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers described him as an average student and a keen, gifted debater with an interest in theatre.<ref name="Jose">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|title=The Emperor Uncrowned: The Rise of Narendra Modi|last=Jose|first=Vinod K.|date=1 March 2012|work=[[The Caravan]]|pages=2–4|author-link=Vinod Jose|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220259/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> He preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=82}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Shilpa|last=Raina|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-24257.html |title=Modi's life dominates publishing space (Election Special) |work=newkerala.com |date=14 March 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315130016/http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-24257.html |archive-date=15 March 2014 }}</ref><br />
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When Modi was eight years old, he was introduced to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and began attending its local ''shakhas'' (training sessions). There, he met [[Lakshmanrao Inamdar]], who inducted Modi as a ''[[Swayamsevak (RSS)|balswayamsevak]]'' (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor.{{sfn|Marino|2014 |p=24}} While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] leaders who in 1980 helped found the BJP's Gujarat unit.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Pathak|first=Anil|date=2 October 2001|title=Modi's meteoric rise|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modis-meteoric-rise/articleshow/1459210533.cms?referral=PM|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> As a teenager, he was enrolled in the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=N.P. |first=Ullekh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWVABgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=War Room: The People, Tactics and Technology behind Narendra Modi's 2014 Win |date=26 January 2015 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-068-5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's [[Caste system in India|caste]], his family arranged a betrothal to [[Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi]], leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Annie|last=Gowen|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date= 25 January 2015|title=Abandoned as a child bride, wife of Narendra Modi hopes he calls|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/abandoned-as-a-child-bride-indias-first-lady-still-hopes-her-husband-will-call/2015/01/25/3509dac5-5ac1-49e3-8b44-7d92e027c9ec_story.html|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Schultz">{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Kai|last1=Schultz|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Narendra Modi's Estranged Wife Escapes Unhurt From Car Crash in India|date=7 February 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/world/asia/india-narendra-modi-wife.html|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> The marriage was never consummated, and Modi soon abandoned his wife,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Annie|last=Gowen|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date= 25 January 2015|title=Abandoned as a child bride, wife of Narendra Modi hopes he calls|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/abandoned-as-a-child-bride-indias-first-lady-still-hopes-her-husband-will-call/2015/01/25/3509dac5-5ac1-49e3-8b44-7d92e027c9ec_story.html|access-date= 31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |date=2014-04-10 |title=Revealed: Why Narendra Modi walked out of his marriage with Jashodaben |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/narendra-modi-marriage-jashodaben-188381-2014-04-10 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and left home. The couple never divorced but the marriage was not in his public pronouncements for many decades.<ref name="Schultz" /> In April 2014, shortly before the national election in which he gained power, Modi publicly affirmed he was married and that his spouse was Jashodaben.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title= Narendra Modi Fast Facts|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=12 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/narendra-modi-fast-facts/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913201412/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/narendra-modi-fast-facts/index.html|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> A Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the marriage a secret because he would not have been able to become a ''pracharak'' in the RSS, for which celibacy had once been a requirement.<ref name="India Today 2013-09-13">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-from-tea-vendor-to-pm-candidate/1/309693.html |title=Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050606/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-from-tea-vendor-to-pm-candidate/1/309693.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|loc=A time of difference}}<br />
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Modi spent the following two years travelling across northern and north-eastern India.{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=25}} In mid 1968, Modi reached [[Belur Math]] but was turned away, after which he visited [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]], stopping in [[Siliguri]] and [[Guwahati]]. He then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in [[Almora]], where he was again rejected, before returning to [[Gujarat]] via [[Delhi]] and [[Rajasthan]] in 1968 to 1969. In either late 1969 or early 1970, he returned to [[Vadnagar]] for a brief visit before leaving again for [[Ahmedabad]],{{Sfn|Marino|2014|pp=26-29}}{{Sfnm|1a1=Guha|1y=2007|1pp=491-492|2a1=Panda|2y=2016|2pp=96|3a1=Mahurkar|3y=2017|3pp=7-9}} where he lived with his uncle and worked in his uncle's [[Cafeteria|canteen]] at [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]].{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|pp=131, 138}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] has had a large influence in Modi's life.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=The tale of two Narendras: Narendra Modi and Swami Vivekananda|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/india/the-tale-of-two-narendras-narendra-modi-and-swami-vivekananda-152114.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=4 July 2016|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070819/http://www.thestatesman.com/india/the-tale-of-two-narendras-narendra-modi-and-swami-vivekananda-152114.html|archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref><br />
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In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-lakshmanrao-inamdar-rss/1/359926.html|website=[[India Today]]|location=Ahmedabad|date=19 May 2014|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521043822/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-lakshmanrao-inamdar-rss/1/359926.html|archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Nilanjan|title=Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/9NIOOTsZCFWnuFX5OO9XNL/Narendra-Modi-The-making-of-the-political-leader.html|date= 14 May 2014|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517072258/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/9NIOOTsZCFWnuFX5OO9XNL/Narendra-Modi-The-making-of-the-political-leader.html|archive-date=17 May 2014|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>{{sfn | Marino | 2014 |p=35}} Modi's first-known political activity as an adult was in 1971 when he joined a [[Jana Sangh]] Satyagraha in Delhi led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to enlist to fight in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Shubbhabrata|last=Sengupta|url=https://thewire.in/history/a-sataygrah-and-asatyagraha-narendra-modi-and-the-liberation-of-bangladesh|title=A Sataygrah [sic] and Asatyagraha: Narendra Modi and the Liberation of Bangladesh|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=27 March 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Ishadrita|last=Lahiri|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/was-modi-arrested-for-bangladesh-satyagraha-in-1971-here-is-what-we-know#read-more|title=Was Modi Arrested for Bangladesh Satyagraha? Here's What We Know|date=27 March 2021|access-date=31 August 2021|work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> The [[Indira Gandhi]]-led central government prohibited open support for the [[Mukti Bahini]]; according to Modi, he was briefly held in [[Tihar Jail]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=27 March 2021|title=Delhi confidential: The Satyagraha|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/narendra-modi-satyagraha-bangladesh-liberation-fighters-delhi-confidential-7247247/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Political slugfest over PM Modi's 'Satyagraha for Bangladesh' remarks|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/political-slugfest-over-pm-modis-satyagraha-for-bangladesh-remarks-230844|date=26 March 2021|access-date=22 June 2021|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Modi's satyagraha talk in Dhaka sparks online war|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modis-satyagraha-talk-in-dhaka-sparks-online-war/articleshow/81717548.cms|date=27 March 2021|access-date=22 June 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Modi left his uncle's employment and became a full-time ''[[pracharak]]'' (campaigner) for the RSS,{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=138}} working under Inamdar.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=35–40}} Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest in New Delhi against the Indian government, for which he was arrested; because of this arrest, Inamdar decided to mentor Modi.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=35–40}} According to Modi, he was part of a Satyagraha that led to a political war.<ref name="The Tribune" />{{efn|Applications were filed with the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI Act]] seeking details of his arrest. In reply, the PMO said it maintains official records on Modi only since he became the prime minister in 2014. Despite this claim, the official website of the PMO contains information about Modi from the 1950s.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=27 March 2021|title=RTI filed seeking info on Modi's claim of his arrest for supporting Bangladesh's independence|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/27/rti-filed-seeking-info-on-modi-s-claim-of-his-arrest-for-supporting-bangladesh-s-independence|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 June 2021|title=PMO cites a cut-off year of 2014 for recordkeeping on Modi|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-ministers-office-has-cited-a-cut-off-year-of-2014-for-recordkeeping-on-modi/cid/1819344|work=Telegraph India|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
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In 1978, Modi received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) degree in political science from the [[School of Open Learning]]<ref name="India Today 2017-03-14">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-degree-controversy-delhi-university-rti/1/903745.html |title=Narendra Modi degree row: DU college says it has no data of students passing out in 1978 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317223653/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-degree-controversy-delhi-university-rti/1/903745.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 }}</ref> at the [[Delhi University]].<ref name="India Today 2013-09-13" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article14311846.ece |title=Narendra Modi's degree 'authentic': Delhi University Registrar Tarun Das |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114130635/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article14311846.ece |archive-date=14 November 2017 }}</ref> In 1983, he received a [[Master of Arts]] (MA) degree in political science from [[Gujarat University]], graduating with a [[Academic grading in India|first class]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Avasthi|first=Yogesh|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/globetrotting-pm-modi-was-weakest-in-international-relations/articleshow/52200607.cms|title=Globetrotting PM Modi was weakest in 'International Relations'|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729123651/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/globetrotting-pm-modi-was-weakest-in-international-relations/articleshow/52200607.cms|archive-date=29 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=23 December 2007|title=Modi proves to be an astute strategist|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> as an external [[Distance education|distance learning]] student.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Degree row- PM Modi MA with first class: Gujarat University|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-scored-62-3-in-ma-from-gujarat-univerisity-vc-2779138/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093536/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-scored-62-3-in-ma-from-gujarat-univerisity-vc-2779138/|archive-date=29 July 2017|date=2 May 2016}}</ref> There is a controversy surrounding the authenticity of his BA and MA degrees.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 June 2018|title=The curious case of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's degree|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/the-curious-case-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-degree|work=National Herald|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=3 October 2020|title=The curious case of TOI's report on Modi's 'dear friend'|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/03/the-curious-case-of-tois-report-on-modis-dear-friend|work=Newslaundry|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>{{efn|Replying to an RTI query, the School of Open Learning said it did not have any data of students who received a BA degree in 1978.<ref name="India Today 2017-03-14" /> Jayantibhai Patel, a former political science professor of Gujarat University, said the subjects listed in Modi's MA degree were not offered by the university when Modi was studying there.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 May 2016|title=Huge discrepancy in Modi's MA degree, claims ex-Gujarat University professor|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/huge-discrepancy-in-pm-modis-ma-degree-claims-former-gujarat-university-professor-323174-2016-05-12|work=India Today|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 May 2016|title=Subjects listed in Narendra Modi's Gujarat University degree were not in syllabus, says ex-professor|url=https://scroll.in/latest/808057/subjects-named-in-narendra-modis-gujarat-university-ma-degree-were-not-in-syllabus-ex-professor|work=Scroll.in|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> In 2016, [[Delhi University]] deemed the BA degree to be authentic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=10 May 2016 |title=Narendra Modi's degree 'authentic': Delhi University Registrar Tarun Das |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article60504479.ece |access-date=29 May 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529064422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article60504479.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />
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== Early political career ==<br />
In June 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] in India that lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "the Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=493–494}}{{sfn|Kochanek|Hardgrave|2007|p=205}} Modi was appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=36–40}} Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest, once dressing as a monk and once as a [[Sikh]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marino|1y=2014|1pp=71-74|2a1=Natarajan and Pooja|2y=2019|2pp=98-101}} He became involved in the printing of pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=43}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=150}} He was also involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals who were wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists.{{Refn|{{harvnb|Marino|2014|p=65}}; {{harvnb|Natarajan and Pooja|2019|pp=98–99}}; {{harvnb|Sen|2016|pp=145–151}}; {{harvnb|Hall|2016|p=90}}; {{harvnb|Mukhopadhyay|2013|pp=56–57}}}} During this period, Modi wrote a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] book titled ''Sangharsh Ma Gujarat'' (''In the Struggles of Gujarat''), which describes events during the Emergency.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Patel |first=Aakar |title=The poetic side of Narendra Modi |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131222/commentary-columnists/commentary/poetic-side-narendra-modi |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 December 2013 |access-date=25 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524050207/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131222/commentary-columnists/commentary/poetic-side-narendra-modi |archive-date=24 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Harit|last=Mehta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-not-enamoured-by-poet-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/757261.cms|title=Gujarat not enamoured by poet Narendra Modi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2004|access-date=6 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023124625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-not-enamoured-by-poet-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/757261.cms|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> While in this role, Modi met trade unionist and socialist activist [[George Fernandes]] and several other national political figures.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=38–43, 46–50}}<br />
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Modi became an RSS ''sambhag pracharak'' (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing activities in [[Surat]] and [[Vadodara]], and in 1979, he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he researched and wrote the RSS's history of the Emergency. Shortly after, he returned to Gujarat and in 1985, the RSS assigned him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the party won comfortably; according to biographers, Modi's planning was responsible for the win.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Shekhar|first=Himanshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOJfCgAAQBAJ|title=Management Guru Narendra Modi|date=2015<!--An error currently displays the publication year of this book as '1901' on Google. According to amazon.in its publication year is '2015'.-->|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-2803-4|location=|page= 64|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=45-48, 54-59}} After [[L. K. Advani]] became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the party; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role. Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guha|1y=2007|1pp=|2a1=Marino|2y=2014|2pp=56|3a1=Panda|3y=2016|3pp=fontcover|4a1=Rao|4y=2020|4pp=228}}<br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi and Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi in October 12, 2001.jpg|left|thumb|Modi with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in {{Circa|2001}}]]<br />
<br />
Modi rose within the party and was named a member of its National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise Advani's [[Ram Rath Yatra]] in 1990 and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]'s 1991–1992 ''[[Ekta Yatra]]'' (Journey for Unity).<ref name="Jose" />{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=60–63}} Modi took a brief break from politics in 1992 to establish a school in Ahmedabad, and due to friction with [[Shankersinh Vaghela]], a BJP MP from Gujarat.{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=60–63}} Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani; as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995 state assembly election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Gujarat-CM candidates: Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012: Narendra Modi profile|work=[[Zee News]]|location=Gujarat|url=http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/gujarat-cm-candidates_69.html|url-status=live|date=11 December 2012|access-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420090836/http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/gujarat-cm-candidates_69.html|archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Jain|E|2018|pp=17–21}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Komireddi|2019|pp=67–69}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Kochanek|Hardgrave|2007|pp=44–49}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Marino|2014|p=49}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Panda|2016|p=95}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Kanrad|2018|pp=87–91}}.</ref> In November of that year, Modi was appointed BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Mehta|first=Harit|date=1 April 2014|title=Six-year banishment led to Narendra Modi's metamorphosis|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Six-year-banishment-led-to-Narendra-Modis-metamorphosis/articleshow/33040649.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401022501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Six-year-banishment-led-to-Narendra-Modis-metamorphosis/articleshow/33040649.cms|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref> The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the [[Indian National Congress]]{{Efn|The party is commonly referred to simply as 'Congress.'}} after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha election.<ref name="Jose" /> Modi, who was on the selection committee for the [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], favoured supporters of BJP leader [[Keshubhai Patel]] over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as central to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 election,<ref name="Venkatesan">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|author-link=V. Venkatram|date=26 October 2001|volume=18|issue=21|title=A pracharak as Chief Minister|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081524/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm|archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref> and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.{{Sfnm|1a1=Marino|1y=2014|1pp=78-79|2a1=Mukhopadhyay|2y=2013|2pp=78-95}}<br />
<br />
== Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014) ==<br />
{{Main|Chief ministership of Narendra Modi}}<br />
<br />
=== Taking office ===<br />
{{Main|2001 Gujarat earthquake}}<br />
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In 2001, [[Keshubhai Patel]]'s health was failing, and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in [[by-election]]s. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Bhuj in 2001]].<ref name="Venkatesan" /><ref name="Phadnis">{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA116 |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |pages=116–21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103043003/http://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA116 |archive-date=3 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm |title=A new oarsman |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=26 October 2001 |volume=18 |issue=21 |access-date=11 April 2013 |last=Bunsha |first=Dionne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021155658/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 }}</ref> The BJP national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.<ref name="Jose" /> Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of experience in government. Modi declined an offer to become Patel's [[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|deputy chief minister]], telling Advani and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001, Modi replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the upcoming December 2002 election.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Ritesh K.|last=Srivastava|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-%E2%80%93-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html|title=Narendra Modi – Leading the race to 7 RCR|work=[[Zee News]]|date=8 April 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824042517/http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-%E2%80%93-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html|archive-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> On 7 October, Modi was sworn in<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas|title=Modi sworn in Gujarat CM amidst fanfare|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/08/stories/02080001.htm|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 October 2001|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141011204504/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/08/stories/02080001.htm|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> and he entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24 February 2002 after winning a by-election in [[Rajkot West|Rajkot II]] constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC after [[Vajubhai Vala]] vacated his seat.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|title=A victory and many pointers|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244123.ece|volume=19|issue=5|date=15 March 2002|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1905/19050240.htm|archive-date=6 January 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2002 Gujarat violence ===<br />
{{Main|2002 Gujarat violence}}<br />
<br />
On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers [[Godhra train burning|burned near Godhra]], killing approximately 60 people.{{efn|The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the [[BBC]] says it was 59,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref> while ''[[The Guardian]]'' put the figure at 60.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |title=Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065143/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref>}}<ref name="Ghosh">Ghosh, Partha S. ([[Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi]]; formerly, [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|ICSSR]] National Fellow, and Professor of South Asian Studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]): [https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/2021/11/15/south-asia-s-leaders-have-failed-their-region OP-ED: South Asia's leaders have failed their region,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407154951/https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/2021/11/15/south-asia-s-leaders-have-failed-their-region |date=7 April 2022 }} opinion and historical analysis, 15 November 2021, ''[[Dhaka Tribune]],'' retrieved 15 November 2021</ref> The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims who were returning from [[Ayodhya]] after a religious ceremony at the site of the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished Babri Masjid]].<ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=July 2003|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127|url-status=live|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|volume=|pages=|doi=10.11588/heidok.00004127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607062723/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127/|archive-date=7 June 2007|access-date=17 February 2017|via=}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2005-05-11">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 May 2005|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> In a public statement, Modi said local Muslims were responsible for the incident.<ref name="Shani">{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Shani|first1=Orrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|date=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68369-2|location=|pages=168–173|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07" /><ref name="Murphy">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|editor-first1=Richard|editor-last1=Jackson|editor-first2=Eamon Murphy|editor-last2=Murphy|editor-first3=Scott|editor-last3=Poynting|encyclopedia=Contemporary State Terrorism|title='We have no orders to save you': state terrorism, politics and communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat, 2002|year=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York, New York, US|isbn=978-0-415-49801-2|pages=84–103}}</ref> The next day, the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] called for a ''[[bandh]]'' (general strike) across the state.<ref name="Desai">{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Bharat|last1=Desai|first2=Anil|last2=Pathak|date=1 March 2002|title=Mobs rule Ahmedabad streets|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-01/news/27355597_1_mobs-death-toll-ahmedabad|url-status=live|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104094217/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-01/news/27355597_1_mobs-death-toll-ahmedabad|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Manas|last=Dasgupta|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/03/01/stories/2002030103030100.htm |title=140 killed as Gujarat bandh turns violent |date=1 March 2002 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303163112/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/03/01/stories/2002030103030100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 March 2015 }}</ref> Riots began during the ''bandh'' and [[Anti-Muslim violence in India|anti-Muslim violence]] spread through Gujarat.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07" /><ref name="Desai" /><ref name="Dasgupta" /> The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/decision-to-bring-godhra-victims-bodies-taken-at-top-level/article2876244.ece |title=Decision to bring Godhra victims' bodies taken at top level |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2012 |access-date=12 April 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212181131/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/decision-to-bring-godhra-victims-bodies-taken-at-top-level/article2876244.ece |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> The state government later stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;<ref name="BBC 2005-05-11" /> independent sources put the death toll at over 2,000,<ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07" /><ref name="Ghosh" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=John |editor2-first=Chris |editor2-last=Seiple |editor3-first=Dennis R. |editor3-last=Hoover |editor4-first=Pauletta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Otis|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233}}</ref> the vast majority of them Muslims.<ref name="Ghosh" /> Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|author-link=Paul Brass|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|date=15 July 2005}}</ref> Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilation of women.<ref name="Nussbaum">{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|location=|pages=17–28, 50–51|jstor=27639120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|author-link=Dexter Filkins|date=2 December 2019|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|language=en|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422170919/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Scholars consider the [[Government of Gujarat]] to have been complicit in the riots,<ref name="Shani" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Santhosh |first=R. |title=Muslims in Contemporary India |date=11 August 2015 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317403586/chapters/10.4324/9781315682570-31 |work=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |page=393 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315682570-31 |isbn=978-1-315-68257-0 |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and it has received much criticism for its handling of the situation;<ref name="Sengupta">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120830124248/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |title=Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician |last=Sengupta|first=Somini|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 April 2009|archive-date=30 August 2012|access-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> some scholars explicitly blame Modi.<ref name="Nussbaum" /><ref>{{Citation |last1=Nielsen |first1=Kenneth Bo |title=Hindu nationalist statecraft and Modi's authoritarian populism |date=30 December 2021 |work=Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia |pages=92–100 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003042211-10 |isbn=978-1-00-304221-1 |last2=Nilsen |first2=Alf Gunvald|s2cid=245165294 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Republic |date=2016 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315628806-8/republic-hermann-kulke-dietmar-rothermund |work=A History of India |page=287 |edition=6 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315628806-8 |isbn=978-1-315-62880-6 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222200233/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315628806-8/republic-hermann-kulke-dietmar-rothermund |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets; these measures failed to prevent the violence from escalating.<ref name="Desai" /><ref name="Dasgupta" /> The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the ''bandh'' despite such actions being illegal at the time.<ref name="Shani" /> State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Hampton |first=Janie |title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey |year=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-85383-952-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/internallydispla0000unse_b0v3/page/116 116] |url=https://archive.org/details/internallydispla0000unse_b0v3/page/116 }}</ref> Muslim victims of the riots were subjected to further discrimination when the state government announced their compensation would be half that offered to Hindu victims; this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|year=2015|title=What 'Gujarat Model'?—Growth without Development— and with Socio-Political Polarisation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=4|pages=820–838|doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|issn=0085-6401|via=|s2cid=146854210|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185815/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456|url-status=live}}</ref> During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able.<ref name="Nussbaum" /><ref name="Murphy" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=25 February 2012|title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|volume=47|issue=8|pages=|via=|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141200/https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Several scholars have described the violence as a [[pogrom]] and others have called it an example of [[state terrorism]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|first=Chris|last=Ogden|s2cid=54615047|year=2012|title=A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Asia]]|volume=42|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00472336.2012.634639|pages=22–38}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|date=2006|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187 187–188]|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|url=https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9339/1/9780774819275.pdf|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908152739/https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9339/1/9780774819275.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Martha Nussbaum]], "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law".<ref name="Nussbaum" /><br />
<br />
Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, he said, "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction".<ref name="Nussbaum" /> Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/world/asia/wish-for-change-animates-voters-in-india-election.html|title=Wish for Change Animates Voters in India Election |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014 |author=Barry, Ellen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527224752/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/world/asia/wish-for-change-animates-voters-in-india-election.html?_r=0 |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> In March 2008, the [[Supreme Court of India]] reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]], and established a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to look into the issue.<ref name="Sengupta" /><ref name="Hindustan Times 2013-12-26" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. – Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 109/2003|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/10920034152009p.txt|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523113740/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/10920034152009p.txt|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> In response to a petition from [[Zakia Jafri]], the widow of [[Ehsan Jafri]], who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, in April 2009, the court also asked the SIT to investigate Modi's complicity in the killings.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2013-12-26">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-zakia-jafri-vs-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-case/article1-1166448.aspx|access-date=23 May 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319001910/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-zakia-jafri-vs-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-case/article1-1166448.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2013-12-26" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |first=Dhananjay |last=Mahapatra |title=SIT clears Narendra Modi of wilfully allowing post-Godhra riots |date=3 December 2010 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708044253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}</ref> In July 2011, the court-appointed ''[[amicus curiae]]'' [[Raju Ramachandran]] submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece?homepage=true |title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705174724/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=5 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3401728.ece?homepage=true |title=SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |location=Chennai, India |first=Manas |last=Dasgupta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705173155/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3401728.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> The Supreme Court sent the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding there was no evidence against Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Khan|first1=Saeed |last2=Kaushik|first2=Himanshu |title=2002 Gujarat riots: Clean chit to Modi, court rejects Zakia Jafri's plea |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2002-Gujarat-riots-Clean-chit-to-Modi-court-rejects-Zakia-Jafris-plea/articleshow/27968858.cms |access-date=4 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004001413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2002-Gujarat-riots-Clean-chit-to-Modi-court-rejects-Zakia-Jafris-plea/articleshow/27968858.cms |archive-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> In 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit given to Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no evidence against him was found.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |date=24 June 2022 |title='Appeal devoid of merit': SC junks Zakia Jafri plea, upholds clean chit given to Narendra Modi in Gujarat riots case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/appeal-devoid-of-merit-sc-junks-zakia-jafri-plea-upholds-clean-chit-given-to-narendra-modi-in-gujarat-riots-case-1120913.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625104718/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/appeal-devoid-of-merit-sc-junks-zakia-jafri-plea-upholds-clean-chit-given-to-narendra-modi-in-gujarat-riots-case-1120913.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Darpan |title=Gujarat riots clean chit to PM: Two decades of legal battle and what's next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-riots-clean-chit-pm-modi-sc-two-decades-legal-battle-1966358-2022-06-24 |access-date=25 June 2022 |magazine=India Today |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624223801/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-riots-clean-chit-pm-modi-sc-two-decades-legal-battle-1966358-2022-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=24 June 2022 |title=2002 Gujarat riots: Supreme Court rejects Zakia Jafri's charges against Narendra Modi, 60 officials |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-supreme-court-rejects-zakia-jafris-charges-against-narendra-modi-60-officials/article65560012.ece |access-date=25 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625012541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-supreme-court-rejects-zakia-jafris-charges-against-narendra-modi-60-officials/article65560012.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Later terms as chief minister ===<br />
{{Main|2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}<br />
<br />
Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief minister were made from politicians within and outside the state, including leaders of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]]—partners in the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] coalition—and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm |title=Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=17 November 2007 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106060953/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm |archive-date=6 January 2008 }}</ref> Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa but it was not accepted.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/12train.htm|title=BJP national exec rejects Modi's resignation|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 April 2002|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303153818/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/12train.htm|archive-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-04-06">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|s2cid=145758627|title=Narendra Modi and the Power of Television in Gujarat|journal=Television & New Media|year=2015|doi=10.1177/1527476415575499|volume=16|issue=4|pages=346–353}}</ref> In the election, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.<ref name="ECI 2002">{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2002/StatReport_GUJ2002.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 April 2013 |page=228 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117040227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatReport_GUJ2002.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Modi made significant use of [[anti-Muslim rhetoric]] during his campaign,<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Brasted|first=Howard V.|title=Islam in World Politics|year=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-32411-3|page=119|editor1-first=Nelly |editor1-last=Lahoud |editor2-first=A. H. |editor2-last=Johns}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Corbridge|first=Stuart|title=India Today: Economy, Politics and Society|year=2012|publisher=[[Polity Press]] |isbn=978-0-7456-6112-4|page=185|author2=John Harriss, Craig Jeffrey}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|pages=210–211 |title=Prospects For Peace in South Asia |editor1-first=Rafiq |editor1-last=Dossani |editor2-first=Henry S. |editor2-last=Rowen |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 |chapter=Hindu Nationalism and the BJP: Transforming Religion and Politics in India | first=Robert L. Jr. | last=Hardgrave}}</ref> and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among voters.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-04-06" /> Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride,<ref name="Bobbio">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |date=1 May 2012 |title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=657–672 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 |s2cid=154422056 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301151004/https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> a strategy that led to the BJP winning 127 of the 182<ref name="ECI 2002" /> seats—a two-thirds majority—in the state assembly.<ref name="Bobbio" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> He won [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar constituency]], defeating Congress candidate Yatin Oza.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi wins Maninagar seat by 75,333 votes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-wins-Maninagar-seat-by-75333-votes/articleshow/31344603.cms|access-date=16 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=15 December 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023123523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-wins-Maninagar-seat-by-75333-votes/articleshow/31344603.cms|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> On 22 December 2002, Modi was sworn in for a second term.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi sworn in as Gujarat CM|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2002/dec/22guj.htm|access-date=16 October 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=22 December 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123214/http://www.rediff.com/election/2002/dec/22guj.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
During Modi's second term, the government's rhetoric shifted from [[Hindutva]] to Gujarat's economic development.<ref name="Phadnis" /><ref name="Bobbio" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=9 May 2016|title=Narendra Modi Between Hindutva and Subnationalism: The Gujarati Asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/05/09/narendra-modi-between-hindutva-and-subnationalism-gujarati-asmita-of-hindu-hriday-samrat-pub-66446|journal=India Review|volume=15|issue=2|pages=196–217|doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557|via=|s2cid=156137272|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217075505/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/05/09/narendra-modi-between-hindutva-and-subnationalism-gujarati-asmita-of-hindu-hriday-samrat-pub-66446|url-status=live}}</ref> He curtailed the influence of [[Sangh Parivar]] organisations such as [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] (BKS) and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP).<ref name="Umat">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Umat|first=Ajay|date=9 February 2013|title=Once Hindutva twins, Narendra Modi and Pravin Togadia no longer conjoined|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Once-Hindutva-twins-Narendra-Modi-and-PravinTogadia-no-longer-conjoined/articleshow/18410549.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023123500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Once-Hindutva-twins-Narendra-Modi-and-PravinTogadia-no-longer-conjoined/articleshow/18410549.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration, Modi ordered the BKS's eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in [[Gandhinagar]] deepened the rift with the VHP.<ref name="Umat" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-religious-leaders-demand-rebuilding-of-temples-1209291 |title=Religious leaders demand rebuilding of temples |work=[[DNA India]] |date=25 November 2008 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232520/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-religious-leaders-demand-rebuilding-of-temples-1209291 |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. He wrote a foreword to a 2014 textbook by [[Dinanath Batra]], which made the unscientific claim that ancient India possessed technologies including [[test-tube babies]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Anuradha|last=Raman|title=Test-Tubes in Hastinapur |newspaper=[[Outlook India]] |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/TestTubes-In-Hastinapur/291554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003180314/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/TestTubes-In-Hastinapur/291554 |archive-date=3 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Manor" /><br />
<br />
Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the [[2004 Indian general election]], following which, Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Tellis|first1=Ashley J.|last2=Wills|first2=Michael|title=Domestic political change and grand strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNvb4RBmZQUC&pg=PA193|date=September 2007|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]|isbn=978-0-9713938-8-2|pages=193–4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNvb4RBmZQUC&pg=PA193|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Yogendra|first=Kanwar|date=13 June 2004|title=Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm|access-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Western nations also raised questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims: the US [[United States Department of State|State Department]] barred him from entering the United States in accordance with the recommendations of that country's [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|Commission on International Religious Freedom]],<ref name="Mann" /><ref name="Times of India 2005-03-18">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=18 March 2005|title=No entry for Modi into US: visa denied|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-entry-for-Modi-into-US-visa-denied/articleshow/1055543.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913024227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-entry-for-Modi-into-US-visa-denied/articleshow/1055543.cms|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> the only person to be [[List of people banned from entering the United States|denied a US visa]] under this law.<ref name="Mann">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mann|first1=James|title=Why Narendra Modi Was Banned From the U.S.|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303380004579520041301275638|date=2 May 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=3 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215181710/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303380004579520041301275638|archive-date=15 December 2014|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The UK and the [[European Union]] (EU) refused to admit Modi because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Burke|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Burke|date=22 October 2012|title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi|archive-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> and the EU<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=6 March 2013|title=Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues|work=|publisher=[[NDTV]]|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646|url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308142057/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646|archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister in 2014, the US lifted its ban and invited him to [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|title=Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216153654/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cassidy|first=John|title=What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070852/http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><br />
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[[File:The Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri Narendra Modi calls on the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on June 30, 2004.jpg|thumb|Modi meeting with then-[[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2004]]<br />
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During the run-up to the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] and the [[2009 Indian general election]], the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Naqvi|first=Saba|date=22 December 2008|title=When fear didn't enter the booth|pages=26–28|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042837/http://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Modi criticised Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp |title=Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata, India |date=19 July 2006 |access-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611064943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 }}</ref> In 2007, Modi wrote ''Karmayog'', a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, he said scavenging is a "spiritual experience" for [[Valmiki caste|Valmiks]], a sub-caste of [[Dalit]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Shah|first=Rajiv|author-link=Rajiv Shah|date=24 November 2007|title='Karmayogi' swears by caste order 'Scavenging A Spiritual Experience For Valmiks'|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA3LzExLzI0I0FyMDA3MDA%3D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208073404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDA3LzExLzI0I0FyMDA3MDA%3D|archive-date=8 February 2017|access-date=17 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=23 April 2014|title=Narendra Modi is 'anti-Dalit': Congress|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-is-anti-dalit-congress-1981434|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215205905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-is-anti-dalit-congress-1981434|archive-date=15 February 2017|access-date=17 February 2017|website=[[Zee News|DNA]]}}</ref> The book was not circulated at that time because of the [[Model Code of Conduct|election code of conduct]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gupta|first=Smita|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/modi-biased-against-dalits/article5913200.ece|title=Modi against dalits|date=15 April 2014|access-date=17 February 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607013306/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/modi-biased-against-dalits/article5913200.ece|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> After the November [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Gujarat government authorised the deployment of 30 high-speed boats for coastal surveillance.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 November 2008|title=Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723235701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms|archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=20 December 2012|title=Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-TopStories/Narendra-Modi-wins-Maninagar-by-70-000-votes/SP-Article10-976853.aspx|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012/chunk-ht-ui-gujaratassemblyelections2012-topstories/narendra-modi-wins-maninagar-by-70-000-votes/sp-article10-976853.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> The BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=14 September 2009|title=BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516141234/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf|archive-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><br />
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Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's campaigns in [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections contained elements of Hindu nationalism. He attended only Hindu religious ceremonies and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign, Modi twice refused to wear [[Taqiyah (cap)|skullcap]] gifted by Muslim leaders.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> He did, however, maintain relations with [[Dawoodi Bohra]].<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> Modi's 2012 campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including [[Afzal Guru]] and the [[death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh]]. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the 2012 assembly election.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> While campaigning for the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other technologies, allowing him to reach a large number of people,<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-04-06" /> something he repeated in the 2014 general election. Modi won the constituency of Maninagar, defeating Shweta Bhatt of the INC.<ref name="NDTV 2012-12-20">{{#invoke:cite|news|publisher=[[NDTV]] |title=Big win for Narendra Modi, defeats Shweta Bhatt by huge margin |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=5 September 2021 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/assembly-polls/big-win-for-narendra-modi-defeats-shweta-bhatt-by-huge-margin-307772anan}}</ref> The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|page=198 |title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |first=Parvis |last=Ghassem-Fachandi |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15177-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC&pg=PA198 |archive-date=6 January 2016 }}</ref> After [[2014 Indian general election|his election as Prime Minister of India]], Modi resigned as the Gujarat chief minister and as MLA for Maninagar. [[Anandiben Patel]] succeeded Modi as chief minister.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-farewell-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/1/362827.html|title=Anandiben Patel named new Gujarat chief minister|work=[[India Today]]|date=21 May 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112948/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-farewell-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/1/362827.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><br />
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=== Development projects ===<br />
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb |The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] during a 2006 height increase]]<br />
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As chief minister, Modi favoured privatisation and [[small government]], which was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, which is usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. Modi's policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in Gujarat. He established financial and technology parks in the state and during the 2007 [[Vibrant Gujarat]] summit, real-estate investment deals worth {{INRConvert |6.6 |t |year=2007}} were signed.<ref name="Phadnis" /><br />
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The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of large scale groundwater-conservation projects, which commentators credited with helping about half of the [[tehsil]]s with depleted groundwater recharge their aquifers.{{efn|By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were [[check dam]]s, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.<ref name="Shah 2011">{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Shah |first=Tushaar |title=Business Standard India 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba0XAU9Q-A0C&pg=PA197 |year=2011 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-93-80740-04-1 |pages=195–199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba0XAU9Q-A0C&pg=PA197 |archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Sixty of the 112 [[tehsil]]s which had depleted the [[water table]] in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-green-rising/1/100211.html |title=A green rising |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=12 April 2013 |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411085152/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-green-rising/1/100211.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}</ref>}} As a result, the state's production of [[Bt cotton|genetically modified cotton]] increased to become the largest in India.<ref name="Shah 2011" /> The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/gujarat-maharashtra-record-highest-growth-in-farm-sector/article2221709.ece |title=Gujarat, Maharashtra record highest growth in farm sector |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801034125/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/gujarat-maharashtra-record-highest-growth-in-farm-sector/article2221709.ece |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}</ref> led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 per cent from 2001 to 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Shah |first1=Tushaar |last2=Gulati |first2=Ashok |last3=Hemant |first3=P. |last4=Shreedhar |first4=Ganga |last5=Jain |first5=R. C. |jstor=25663939 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/52/review-agriculture-review-issues-specials/secret-gujarats-agrarian-miracle-after |title=Secret of Gujarat's Agrarian Miracle after 2000 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=26 December 2009 |volume=44 |issue=52 |pages=45–55 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905144959/https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/52/review-agriculture-review-issues-specials/secret-gujarats-agrarian-miracle-after |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]], were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project irrigated only 4–6% of the area intended.<ref name="Shah 2011" /> In 2008, Modi offered land in Gujarat to [[Tata Motors]] to set up a plant manufacturing the [[Nano (car)|Nano]] car after popular agitation had forced the [[Tata Nano Singur controversy|company to move out of West Bengal]]. Following Tata, several other companies relocated to Gujarat.<ref name="Schöttli" /><br />
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The Modi government finished the process of taking electricity to every village in Gujarat its predecessor had almost completed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Mishra |first=Mayank |title=Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant? |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/did-narendra-modi-make-gujarat-vibrant-113072000740_1.html |access-date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420180153/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/did-narendra-modi-make-gujarat-vibrant-113072000740_1.html |archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the [[Jyotigram Yojana]] scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Early protests by farmers ended when those who benefitted found their electricity supply had stabilised<ref name="Shah 2011" /> but, according to an assessment study, corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Shah |first1=Tushaar |last2=Verma |first2=Shilp |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/07/special-articles/co-management-electricity-and-groundwater-assessment-gujarats |title=Co-Management of Electricity and Groundwater: An Assessment of Gujarat's Jyotirgram Scheme |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=16 February 2008 |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=59–66 |jstor=40277613 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150356/https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/07/special-articles/co-management-electricity-and-groundwater-assessment-gujarats |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Development debate ===<br />
A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development during Modi's tenure as chief minister.<ref name="Basu" /> The state's [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) growth rate averaged 10% during his tenure, similar to other highly industrialised states, and above that of the country.<ref name="Schöttli">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Schöttli |first1=Jivanta |last2=Pauli |first2=Markus |s2cid=155579981 |title=Modi-nomics and the politics of institutional change in the Indian economy |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |year=2016 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=154–169 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2016.1165332 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/24337/ |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225204014/http://doras.dcu.ie/24337/ }}</ref> Gujarat saw strong economic growth before Modi took office; some scholars state that growth did not accelerate during his tenure.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Ghatak |first1=Maitreesh |last2=Roy |first2=Sanchari |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/15/commentary/did-gujarats-growth-rate-accelerate-under-modi.html |title=Did Gujarat's Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi? |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=12 April 2014 |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=12–15 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150102/https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/15/commentary/did-gujarats-growth-rate-accelerate-under-modi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Modi, Gujarat performed well on measures of ease of doing business.{{efn|Under Modi, Gujarat topped the [[World Bank]]'s "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Gujarat tops ease of doing business ranking among states – The Economic Times on Mobile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/gujarat-tops-ease-of-doing-business-ranking-among-states/articleshow/48964454.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405025858/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/gujarat-tops-ease-of-doing-business-ranking-among-states/articleshow/48964454.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live |date=15 September 2015}}</ref> In 2013, a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights, and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states, ranked Gujarat first among Indian states for "economic freedom".<ref name="Schöttli" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Gujarat tops list of economically-free states |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-top-ranked-state-in-terms-of-economic-freedom-study/article1-1196878.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319072718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-top-ranked-state-in-terms-of-economic-freedom-study/article1-1196878.aspx |website=[[hindustantimes.com]] |date=19 March 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 }}</ref>}} Tax breaks and land for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states. Modi's policies of making Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of [[Special Economic Zones]] in which labour laws were greatly weakened.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-05-09" /> In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism.<ref name="Bobbio" /><br />
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Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. Gujarat was ranked poorly within the country on education, and was reported to have a poor record of [[immunisation]] of children.{{efn|In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in India with respect to rates of poverty, and 21st in education. Nearly 45 per cent of children under five were underweight and 23 per cent were undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the [[India State Hunger Index]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |s2cid=155022285 |title=Politics of Governance: A Study of Gujarat |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1177/2321023013482788}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Harriss" /> A study by [[UNICEF]] and the Indian government found Gujarat under Modi had a poor record in [[immunisation]] of children.<ref name="Economist 2015-06-27">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Sparing Mr Modi's blushes |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21656239-missing-data-should-embarrass-prime-minister-sparing-mr-modis-blushes |access-date=9 November 2016 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130055250/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21656239-missing-data-should-embarrass-prime-minister-sparing-mr-modis-blushes |archive-date=30 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>}} Under much of Modi's tenure Gujarat did not significantly change its rank among Indian states with respect to poverty, female literacy, or [[infant mortality]].{{efn|From 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16" /> It showed a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16" /> The quality of education in government schools in Gujarat ranked below that of many Indian states.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16" />}} The state government's social policies generally did not benefit Muslims, [[Dalit]]s and [[Adivasi]]s, and generally increased social inequalities.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16" /> Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas and those from lower castes were increasingly marginalised.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2013-06">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |s2cid=154404089 |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> Under Modi, the state government spent less than the national average on education and healthcare.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2016-01-16" /><br />
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== Premiership campaigns ==<br />
=== 2014 Indian general election ===<br />
{{Main|Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election}}<br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi hands over his resignation as Maninagar MLA to the Speaker of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi hands over his resignation as [[Maninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maninagar]] MLA to the Speaker of the [[Gujarat Vidhan Sabha]] Vajubhai Vala. Chief Minister of Gujarat Anandiben Patel also seen in image.]]<br />
{{external media |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgeKLJuJMp8 BJP announces Shri Narendra Modi as its Prime Ministerial candidate for Loksabha Elections.] Bharatiya Janata Party on [[YouTube]], 13 September 2013}}<br />
On 12 September 2013, Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead of the [[2014 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=India polls: Narendra Modi revealed as BJP's PM candidate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24080193 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=The rise and rise of Narendra Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/narendra-modi-modi-as-pm-bjp-gujarat-210885-2013-09-12 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chhibber" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-modi-as-prime-ministerial-candidate/article5124375.ece |title=BJP announces Modi as prime ministerial candidate |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 September 2013 |location=Chennai, India |first=B. Muralidhar |last=Reddy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133715/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-modi-as-prime-ministerial-candidate/article5124375.ece |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=26 August 2019 |title=Modi was BJP's PM choice because Rajnath Singh made sure of it |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/modi-was-bjps-pm-choice-because-rajnath-singh-made-sure-of-it/282075/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=12 September 2013 |title=Announcement of Shri Narendra Modi as BJP's Prime Minister candidate for upcoming Lok Sabha Election on September 12, 2013 |url=https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/announcement-shri-narendra-modi-bjps-prime-minister-candidate-upcoming-lok-sabha |website=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref> According to [[Ram Madhav]], Modi "enjoyed the support of the people who wanted change"<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Narendra Modi as PM candidate: RSS conveys its choice to BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/narendra-modi-as-pm-candidate-rss-conveys-its-choice-to-bjp/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several BJP leaders,<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Modi-centric BJP 2014 election campaign: new techniques and old tactics |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-modicentric-bjp-2014-election-campaign-new-techniques-and-old-tactics(04c598b8-4a4b-49ae-a08b-e4863265a717).html |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2015.1027662 |via= |s2cid=142912068 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016155141/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-modicentric-bjp-2014-election-campaign-new-techniques-and-old-tactics(04c598b8-4a4b-49ae-a08b-e4863265a717).html |url-status=live }}</ref> including BJP founding member L. K. Advani who cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas", expressed opposition to Modi's candidature.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-grabs-lifeline-meekly-withdraws-resignation/articleshow/20546245.cms?referral=PM |title=Advani grabs lifeline, meekly withdraws resignation |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013054344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-grabs-lifeline-meekly-withdraws-resignation/articleshow/20546245.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's 2009 general election campaign.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Srivastava |first1=Ritesh K. |title=Election 2009 dissected: How parties cut the vote pie |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/election-2009-dissected-how-parties-cut-the-vote-pie_532875.html |work=[[Zee News]] |date=30 August 2011 |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222425/http://zeenews.india.com/home/election-2009-dissected-how-parties-cut-the-vote-pie_532875.html |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Chakravartty" /> Although initially Swaraj endorsed Modi as prime minister, she later opposed declaring the candidature of Modi as it could be too early.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Amita |date=6 September 2013 |title=Don't declare Narendra Modi as PM immediately: Sushma Swaraj |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dont-declare-narendra-modi-as-pm-immediately-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/22350151.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> However, despite all the resistance, Rajnath Singh managed to pursue a lot of leaders and ensure that Modi becomes the official PM candidate of BJP.<ref name=":0" /> Several people who voted for the BJP stated they would have voted for another party if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate.<ref name="Chhibber">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Chhibber |first1=Pradeep K. |last2=Ostermann |first2=Susan L. |year=2014 |title=The BJP's Fragile Mandate: Modi and Vote Mobilizers in the 2014 General Elections |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2321023014551870 |journal=[[Studies in Indian Politics]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=137–151 |doi=10.1177/2321023014551870 |issn=0958-4935 |via= |s2cid=155080682 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019164442/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2321023014551870 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chacko" /><ref name="Srivastava">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Srivastava |first1=Sanjay |s2cid=145367170 |title=Modi-Masculinity: Media, Manhood, and "Traditions" in a Time of Consumerism |journal=Television & New Media |date=April 2015 |volume=16 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1527476415575498 |pages=331–338}}</ref> The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Narayan |first1=Badri |date=17 May 2014 |title=Modi's Modus Operandi in the 2014 Elections |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/20/commentary/modis-modus-operandi-2014-elections.html |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |volume=49 |issue=20 |pages=12–14 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160652/https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/20/commentary/modis-modus-operandi-2014-elections.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.<ref name="Basu">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Basu |first1=Dipankar |last2=Misra |first2=Kartik |date=June 2014 |title=BJP's Demographic Dividend in the 2014 General Elections: An Empirical Analysis |url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/105783 |journal=Economics Department Working Paper Series Via EconStor |volume= |pages= |via= |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016155141/https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/105783 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi meets his mother after winning the 2014 elections.jpg|thumb |Modi meets his mother after winning the [[2014 Indian general election]].]]<br />
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During the campaign, Modi focused on corruption scandals under the previous Congress government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /> He projected himself as a person who could bring about "development" without focusing on specific policies.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /> His message found support among young and middle-class people. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism.<ref name="Chakravartty" /> Prior to the election, Modi's media image had centred around his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots but during the campaign, the BJP focused on Modi's [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideology and the Gujarat model of development.<ref name="Chakravartty" /> The BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders who publicly opposed [[Hindu nationalism]], including [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Ram Manohar Lohia]].<ref name="Manor" /> Hindutva remained a part of the campaign; BJP leaders used Hindutva-based rhetoric in several states.<ref name="Palshikar">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Palshikar |first1=Suhas |s2cid=147143160 |title=The BJP and Hindu Nationalism: Centrist Politics and Majoritarian Impulses |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=719–735 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089460}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /><ref name="Chacko" /><ref name="Ganguly 2014-10">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |s2cid=154421269 |title=India's Watershed Vote: The Risks Ahead |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=October 2014 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=56–60 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0077 }}</ref> Communal tensions were played upon, especially in Uttar Pradesh and [[Northeast India]].<ref name="Palshikar" /> A proposal for the controversial [[Uniform Civil Code]] was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.<ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /><br />
The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media.<ref name="Harriss">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Harriss |first1=John |s2cid=147615034 |title=Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=711–718 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089826 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230188 |doi-access=free |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173823/https://zenodo.org/records/1230188 |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi's campaign blitz cost around {{INRConvert |50 |b}}<ref name="Basu" /> and the BJP received extensive financial support from corporate donors.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=BJP, top choice of corporate donors in 2014–15 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/bjp-top-choice-of-corporate-donors-in-2014-15/article62320031.ece |date=7 December 2015 |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303111543/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/bjp-top-choice-of-corporate-donors-in-2014-15/article62320031.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi made extensive use of social media<ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /> and addressed more than 1,000 rallies via hologram appearances.<ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /><br />
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The BJP won 31 per cent of the vote,<ref name="Stepan" /> and more-than-doubled its number of seats in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since [[1984 Indian general election|1984]].<ref name="Chakravartty">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Chakravartty |first1=Paula |last2=Roy |first2=Srirupa |year=2015 |title=Mr. Modi Goes to Delhi: Mediated Populism and the 2014 Indian Elections |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1527476415573957 |journal=Television & New Media |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=311–322 |doi=10.1177/1527476415573957 |via= |s2cid=145151089 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024105653/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1527476415573957 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chacko" /> Voter dissatisfaction with the Congress and with regional parties in North India, and support from the RSS were reasons for the BJP's success.<ref name="Chacko" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /> In states such as Uttar Pradesh, where the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus, and its Muslim vote increased to 10 per cent. The BJP performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Chacko" /> The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say the election constituted a political realignment away from [[progressivism|progressive parties]] towards the right-wing.<ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /><ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Chacko">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Chacko |first1=Priya |last2=Mayer |first2=Peter |title=The 'Modi lahar [wave]' in the 2014 Indian national election: A critical realignment? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10361146.2014.937392 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |year=2014 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=518–528 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2014.937392 |s2cid=154806289 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024082124/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10361146.2014.937392 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sridharan |first1=Eswaran |s2cid=154421269 |title=India's Watershed Vote: Behind Modi's Victory |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=October 2014 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0068 |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/indias-watershed-vote-behind-modis-victory/ |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905175242/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/indias-watershed-vote-behind-modis-victory/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Palshikar |first1=Suhas |last2=Suri |first2=K. C. |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/39/national-election-study-2014-special-issues/indias-2014-lok-sabha-elections.html |title=India's 2014 Lok Sabha elections: Critical shifts in the long term, caution in the short term |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2014 |volume=49 |pages=39–76 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905173504/https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/39/national-election-study-2014-special-issues/indias-2014-lok-sabha-elections.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Kaur |first1=Ravinder |s2cid=53451635 |title=Good Times, Brought to you by Brand Modi |journal=Television & New Media Via University of Copenhagen |year=2015 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1177/1527476415575492 |url=https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/137464936/Good_Times_Brand_Modi_TVNM.pdf |type=Submitted manuscript |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094607/https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/137464936/Good_Times_Brand_Modi_TVNM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi is the first Indian PM to be born after [[Independence Day (India)|the country's independence]] from the [[British Empire]] in 1947.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Lok-Sabha-Elections-2014/News/Narendra-Modi-appointed-Prime-Minister-swearing-in-on-May-26/articleshow/35388297.cms|title=Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26|date=20 May 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520183449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Narendra-Modi-appointed-Prime-Minister-swearing-in-on-May-26/articleshow/35388297.cms|archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref><br />
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Modi was a candidate for the Lok Sabha constituencies [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] and [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]].<ref name="NDTV 2014-04-09">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/narendra-modi-files-nomination-in-vadodara-after-grand-roadshow-506183 |title=Narendra Modi files nomination in Vadodara after grand roadshow |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=9 April 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416204113/http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/narendra-modi-files-nomination-in-vadodara-after-grand-roadshow-506183 |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> He won in both constituencies, defeating [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] in Varanasi by 371,784 votes and [[Madhusudan Mistry]] of the Congress in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/modi-s-vadodara-victory-margin-not-highest-ever-114051601712_1.html |title=Modi's Vadodara victory margin not highest-ever |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412130937/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/modi-s-vadodara-victory-margin-not-highest-ever-114051601712_1.html |archive-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> India's president appointed Modi, who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=President appoints Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, Oath taking ceremony on May 26 |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr200514.html |publisher=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] via [[National Informatics Centre]] |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032033/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr200514.html |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi appointed PM, swearing-in on May 26 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/swearing-in-of-modi-govt-on-may-26/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2014 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520152512/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/swearing-in-of-modi-govt-on-may-26/ |archive-date=20 May 2014 }}</ref> To comply with the law prohibiting MPs from representing more than one constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prime-minister-modi-resigns-as-vadodara-mp-to-retain-varanasi-seat/article1-1224002.aspx |title=Modi thanks Vadodara, looks forward to serve Ganga |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 May 2014 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prime-minister-modi-resigns-as-vadodara-mp-to-retain-varanasi-seat/article1-1224002.aspx |archive-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref><br />
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=== 2019 Indian general election ===<br />
{{Main|Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election}}<br />
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{{External media |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoORekBf6pE BJP announced manifesto and Shri Narendra Modi as prime minister candidate.] Bharatiya Janata Party on [[YouTube]], 8 April 2019.}}<br />
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On 13 October 2018, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi: It's all about Narendra Modi as India prepares for mammoth 2019 election |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/its-all-about-narendra-modi-as-india-prepares-for-mammoth-2019-election/articleshow/67070925.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106155250/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/its-all-about-narendra-modi-as-india-prepares-for-mammoth-2019-election/articleshow/67070925.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2021 |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=13 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP's chief campaigner was its president [[Amit Shah]]. Modi launched the party's ''[[Main Bhi Chowkidar]]'' ("I too am a watchman") campaign ahead of the general election, against the INC's campaign slogan ''[[Chowkidar Chor Hai]]'' ("The watchman is a thief").<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=16 March 2019 |title=PM Modi launches 'Main Bhi Chowkidar' campaign for 2019 elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-urges-people-to-be-a-proud-chowkidar-of-nation/articleshow/68435831.cms |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106155250/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/its-all-about-narendra-modi-as-india-prepares-for-mammoth-2019-election/articleshow/67070925.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the [[Telugu Desam Party]] split from the NDA over the campaign for special status for [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Arvind |last=Gunasekar |title=In Setback For Chandrababu Naidu, 4 Lawmakers Of His Party Join BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-of-6-telugu-desam-party-rajya-sabha-mps-say-they-are-joining-bjp-2056491 |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[NDTV.com]] |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108012950/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-of-6-telugu-desam-party-rajya-sabha-mps-say-they-are-joining-bjp-2056491 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Amit Shah]] launched the BJP's election campaign on 8 April 2019. In the campaign, the opposition targeted Modi on allegations of corruption over the [[Rafale deal]] with the [[Government of France]], highlighting the [[Rafale deal controversy|controversy surrounding the deal]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title='Chowkidar Narendra Modi': PM changes Twitter handle name to counter Rahul Gandhi's chor jibe |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chowkidar-narendra-modi-pm-changes-twitter-handle-name-to-counter-rahul-gandhis-chor-jibe/articleshow/68448053.cms |url-status=live |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417003757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chowkidar-narendra-modi-pm-changes-twitter-handle-name-to-counter-rahul-gandhis-chor-jibe/articleshow/68448053.cms |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> Modi's campaign focused on defence and national security, especially after the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] and the retaliatory [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot airstrike]], which was counted as an achievement of his administration.<ref name="BS 2019-11-30">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=30 November 2019 |title=Book review: How Pulwama made Modi's Balakot response his 1971 moment |work=[[Business Standard]] India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/book-review-how-pulwama-made-modi-s-balakot-response-his-1971-moment-119113000964_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528125841/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/book-review-how-pulwama-made-modi-s-balakot-response-his-1971-moment-119113000964_1.html |archive-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Singh |first=D. K. |date=27 February 2019 |title=5 ways Modi's Pakistan air strike 'bombed' opposition's election strategy |url=https://theprint.in/politics/5-ways-modis-pakistan-air-strike-bombed-oppositions-election-strategy/198460/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230215159/https://theprint.in/politics/5-ways-modis-pakistan-air-strike-bombed-oppositions-election-strategy/198460/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Other topics in the campaign were development and [[Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|good foreign relations]] in the first premiership.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Bommakanti |first=Kartik |title=Indian national security and defence in 2019: Modi ticks three boxes |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indian-national-security-defence-2019-modi-ticks-three-boxes-59563/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128034740/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indian-national-security-defence-2019-modi-ticks-three-boxes-59563/ |date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[Observer Research Foundation|ORF]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]; he won the seat by a margin of 479,505 votes, defeating Shalini Yadav of the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), who stood as a candidate for the SP-[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] alliance.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=23 May 2019 |title=Election Results 2019: PM Narendra Modi storms to victory in Varanasi |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-prime-minister-narendra-modi-varanasi-1532443-2019-05-23 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055802/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-prime-minister-narendra-modi-varanasi-1532443-2019-05-23 |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lok Sabha Election result 2019: Narendra Modi secures big lead in Varanasi; Congress' Ajay Rai trails |website=[[businesstoday.in]] |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-result-2019-narendra-modi-big-lead-in-varanasi-congress-ajay-rai-trails/story/349240.html |url-status=live |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029051752/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-result-2019-narendra-modi-big-lead-in-varanasi-congress-ajay-rai-trails/story/349240.html |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Modi was unanimously appointed prime minister for a second time by the [[National Democratic Alliance]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi to be sworn in as PM for 2nd term on May 30 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/narendra-modi-government-to-take-oath-on-may-30/articleshow/69506065.cms |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317195010/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/narendra-modi-government-to-take-oath-on-may-30/articleshow/69506065.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> after the alliance won the election for the second time with 353 seats in the Lok Sabha; the BJP alone won 303 seats.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Alliance Wise Election Live Results 2019: Lok Sabha Elections Result Live Alliance Wise, Party Wise |url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232305/https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=24 May 2019 |title=BJP wins 302 seats on its own in Lok Sabha election 2019, propels NDA alliance to a final tally of 353 seats in Lower House |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-wins-302-seats-on-its-own-in-lok-sabha-election-2019-propels-nda-alliance-to-a-final-tally-of-353-seats-in-lower-house-6693991.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029041632/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-wins-302-seats-on-its-own-in-lok-sabha-election-2019-propels-nda-alliance-to-a-final-tally-of-353-seats-in-lower-house-6693991.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
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=== 2024 Indian general election ===<br />
{{Main|Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election|2025 Indian electoral controversy}}<br />
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[[File:Shri Baboolal Mewra with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|Modi in an election campaign rally in [[Madhya Pradesh]] for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]]]]<br />
In November 2023, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=3 March 2024 |title=PM Modi, Amit Shah in BJP's 1st list for 195 LS seats, 20% sitting MPs not repeated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-amit-shah-in-bjps-1st-list-for-195-ls-seats-20-sitting-mps-not-repeated/articleshow/108168966.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309022913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-amit-shah-in-bjps-1st-list-for-195-ls-seats-20-sitting-mps-not-repeated/articleshow/108168966.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP's chief campaigner was its home minister [[Amit Shah]] and President [[J. P. Nadda]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=24 April 2024 |title=Modi, Shah, Yogi on BJP's star campaigners' list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/modi-shah-yogi-on-bjp-s-star-campaigners-list-101713903750858.html |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/modi-shah-yogi-on-bjp-s-star-campaigners-list-101713903750858.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi launched the party's "''Modi Ki Guarantee''" ("Modi's assurance")<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=3 February 2024 |title=PM Modi accentuates on 'Modi Guarantee' as a key campaign slogan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-accentuates-on-modi-guarantee-as-a-key-campaign-slogan/article67807851.ece |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528173001/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-accentuates-on-modi-guarantee-as-a-key-campaign-slogan/article67807851.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> campaign ahead of the general election, against the INC's guarantees campaigns, that led to the party's enormous victories in the assembly elections of [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]] and [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=17 April 2024 |title='Modi ki guarantee' vs Congress's 'Nyay': Campaign ends for first phase of Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-ki-guarantee-vs-congresss-nyay-campaign-ends-for-first-phase-of-lok-sabha-elections-101713362729066.html |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528172959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-ki-guarantee-vs-congresss-nyay-campaign-ends-for-first-phase-of-lok-sabha-elections-101713362729066.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] for the third consecutive time; he won the seat by a margin of 152,513 votes, defeating [[Ajay Rai]] of the INC, who contested as a candidate for the SP-INC alliance. His victory margin was the second lowest ever (in percentage points) for a sitting prime minister in India after [[Chandra Sekhar]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editors-pick/number-theory-why-was-modis-victory-margin-in-varanasi-lower-101717642096058.html|title=Number Theory: Why was Modi's victory margin in Varanasi lower?|work=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Hindustan Times ePaper, English News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online News Epaper |url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareImage?Pictureid=6693dab921 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240614134636/https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareImage?Pictureid=6693dab921 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> The [[National Democratic Alliance]] secured a total of 292 seats, 20 seats ahead of simple majority, and the BJP solely winning 240 seats.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=India election results 2024 live: Narendra Modi set for third term but opposition still to concede - BBC News |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-india-69072275/page/6 |access-date=5 June 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183125/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-india-69072275/page/6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-election-results-narendra-modi-rcna154839|title=India hands PM Modi a surprise setback, with his majority in doubt in the world's largest election|first1=Mithil|last1=Aggarwai|first2=Janis Mackey|last2=Frayer|publisher=NBC News|date=4 June 2024|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604151033/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-election-results-narendra-modi-rcna154839|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/india/india-election-2024-nanendra-modi-6179abad|title=India's Narendra Modi Struggles to Hold On to Majority, Early Election Results Show|first1=Krishna|last1=Poharel|first2=Tripti|last2=Lahiri|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=3 June 2024|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604115138/https://www.wsj.com/world/india/india-election-2024-nanendra-modi-6179abad|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi thanked the voters for reposing faith in his government for the 3rd consecutive time.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=4 June 2024 |title='People Have Placed Faith In...': PM Modi's First Reaction To Lok Sabha Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/people-have-placed-faith-in-pm-modi-thanks-voters-as-nda-looks-to-form-govt-for-the-third-time-article-110709244 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604155724/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/people-have-placed-faith-in-pm-modi-thanks-voters-as-nda-looks-to-form-govt-for-the-third-time-article-110709244 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In the [[2025 Indian electoral controversy]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha]], claimed widespread [[electoral fraud]] and accused the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) of collusion with the ruling BJP during the 2024 general election.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi says what we have found is an 'atom bomb'; there's 100% proof EC is doing 'vote chori' for BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-we-have-found-is-an-atom-bomb-theres-100-proof-ec-doing-vote-chori-for-bjp-congress-leader-rahul-gandhi/article69882114.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prime Minister of India (2014–present) ==<br />
{{Main|Premiership of Narendra Modi}}<br />
<br />
{{For timeline|Timeline of the premiership of Narendra Modi}}<br />
[[File:Shri Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister.jpg|thumb|Modi taking the oath of office as the [[prime minister of India]] for the [[First oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|first time]], with [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] administering the oath]]<br />
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind administering the oath of office of the Prime Minister to Shri Narendra Modi, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 30, 2019 (3).jpg|thumb|Modi taking the oath of office as the prime minister of India for the [[Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|second time]], with President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] administering the oath]]<br />
[[File:The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu administers the Oath of Office and Secrecy to the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi during the swearing-in ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024 (5).jpg|thumb|Modi taking the oath of office as the prime minister of India for the [[Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|third time]], with President [[Droupadi Murmu]] administering the oath]]<br />
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=== Governance and other initiatives ===<br />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2020 (2).jpg|thumb|Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th Independence Day from the ramparts of [[Red Fort]], in [[Delhi]] on 15 August 2020]]<br />
Modi's first year as PM saw significant centralisation of power.<ref name="Manor" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Wyatt |first1=Andrew |title=India in 2014: Decisive National Elections |journal=Asian Survey |year=2015 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=33–47 |doi=10.1525/AS.2015.55.1.33 |hdl=1983/e5eeb791-2072-45b8-94b5-fc003dbb5a24 |url=http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/34843877/FINAL_PDF_offprint_AS5501_04_Wyatt_India.pdf |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012256/https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/34843877/FINAL_PDF_offprint_AS5501_04_Wyatt_India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi, who initially lacked a majority in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian Parliament, passed a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further centralisation of power.<ref name="Sen">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sen |first1=Ronojoy |s2cid=147683722 |title=House Matters: The BJP, Modi and Parliament |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=776–790 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1091200}}</ref> His administration enacted a bill to increase its control over the appointment of judges and reducing that of the [[Judiciary of India|judiciary]].<ref name=Stepan /> In December 2014, he abolished the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], replacing it with the [[NITI Aayog|National Institution for Transforming India]] (NITI Aayog),<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-planningcommission-modi-idINKBN0KA1NA20150101 | work=[[Reuters]] | title=Modi replaces Planning Commission, aiming to boost growth | date=1 January 2015 | access-date=17 February 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023124648/http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/01/01/india-planningcommission-modi-idINKBN0KA1NA20150101 | archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Sengupta 2016-01-12">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sengupta |first1=Mitu |s2cid=156027018 |title=Modi Planning: What the NITI Aayog Suggests about the Aspirations and Practices of the Modi Government |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=791–806 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1088609}}</ref> concentrating the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the PM.<ref name="Sen" /><ref name="Ruparelia">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Ruparelia |first1=Sanjay |date=12 January 2016 |title='Minimum Government, Maximum Governance': The Restructuring of Power in Modi's India |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=755–775 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089974 |issn=0085-6401 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155182560}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Patnaik |first1=Prabhat |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/4/commentary/planning-commission-niti-aayog.html |title=From the Planning Commission to the NITI Aayog |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |date=24 January 2015 |volume=50 |issue=4 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023123743/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/4/commentary/planning-commission-niti-aayog.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Planning Commission had in previous years been criticised for creating inefficiency in the government and of not fulfilling its role of improving social welfare but since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation of the 1990s]], it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.<ref name="Sengupta 2016-01-12" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/1/18/as-pm-indias-modi-secretly-tried-to-massively-cut-state-funds|title=As PM, India's Modi secretly tried to massively cut state funds|first1=Shreegireesh|last1=Jalihal|first2=Nitin|last2=Sethi|website=Al Jazeera|date=18 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173821/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/1/18/as-pm-indias-modi-secretly-tried-to-massively-cut-state-funds|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
In its first year of administration, the Modi government launched investigations through the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] into numerous civil society organisations and foreign non-governmental organisations (NGOs) on the grounds these organisations were slowing economic growth. The investigations were criticised as a [[witch hunt]]. International humanitarian aid organisation [[Medecins Sans Frontieres]], and environmental nonprofit organisation [[Sierra Club]] and [[Avaaz]] were among the groups that were investigated.<ref name="Manor" /><ref name="Ruparelia" /> Cases of sedition and terrorism laws were filed against individuals who criticised the government.<ref name="Manor" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |title=How a terrorism law in India is being used to silence Modi's critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/10/how-terrorism-law-india-used-to-silence-modis-critics |access-date=25 May 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207234817/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/10/how-terrorism-law-india-used-to-silence-modis-critics |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to discontent within the BJP about his style of functioning and drew comparisons to the governing style of Indira Gandhi.<ref name="Manor" /><ref name="Sen" /><br />
<br />
Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; 1,301 such laws had been repealed by previous governments in the previous 64 years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Goodbye, old laws: Modi government scraps 1,200 redundant Acts, 1,824 more identified for repeal |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/narendra-modi-law-ministry-ravi-shankar-prasad/1/984539.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628215103/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/narendra-modi-law-ministry-ravi-shankar-prasad/1/984539.html |archive-date=28 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Vishwa |last=Mohan |title=1,159 obsolete laws scrapped by Modi govt; 1,301 junked in previous 64 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1159-obsolete-laws-scrapped-by-Modi-govt-1301-junked-in-previous-64-years/articleshow/52333875.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173802/https://plus.timesofindia.com/toi-feed/config/toiw/trans/master?fv=1100 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Report card: Two years later, here's how much Modi has delivered on his promises |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-two-years-of-modi-sarkar-what-was-promised-and-what-delivered-2216613 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=26 May 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124121024/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-two-years-of-modi-sarkar-what-was-promised-and-what-delivered-2216613 |archive-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> Modi launched the [[Digital India]] programme with the goal of ensuring government services are available electronically, build infrastructure to provide high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boost manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promote [[digital literacy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Saurabh |last1=Kumar |first2=Moulishree |last2=Srivastava |title=Govt launches 22 new schemes under Digital India programme |url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/QgFspv8UzykQP99AukcSjI/Govt-launches-22-new-schemes-under-Digital-India-programme.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=29 December 2015 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208074749/http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/QgFspv8UzykQP99AukcSjI/Govt-launches-22-new-schemes-under-Digital-India-programme.html |archive-date=8 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Leslie |last1=D'Monte |first2=Moulishree |last2=Srivastava |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/dzh7hnHafnvVI8hoIlNqPI/GST-to-take-care-of-many-of-ecommerce-firms-tax-issues-IT.html |title=GST to take care of many of e-commerce firms' tax issues: IT minister |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309213915/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/dzh7hnHafnvVI8hoIlNqPI/GST-to-take-care-of-many-of-ecommerce-firms-tax-issues-IT.html |archive-date=9 March 2017 }}</ref><br />
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In 2019, a law to reserve 10 per cent of educational admission and government jobs for economically disadvantaged individuals was passed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Bill on 10% reservation for upper caste poor passes Parliament test: 10 things to know |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/bill-on-10pc-reservation-for-upper-caste-poor-passes-parliament-test-10-things-to-know/1/308641.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518131513/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/bill-on-10pc-reservation-for-upper-caste-poor-passes-parliament-test-10-things-to-know/1/308641.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=10% quota Bill becomes law |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-quota-bill-becomes-law/article61552946.ece |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821115430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-quota-bill-becomes-law/article61552946.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Modi's administration launched the [[Ujjwala scheme]] to provide free [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) connections to rural households. The scheme led to an additional 24% of Indian households having access to LPG in 2019 as compared to 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Ujjwala scheme boosts India's LPG consumption to a record high in FY19 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ujjwala-scheme-boosts-india-s-lpg-consumption-to-a-record-high-in-fy19-119050300261_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> In 2022, the government eliminated LPG subsidies for all citizens except those covered by the Ujjwala programme.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=No LPG subsidy to households |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/no-lpg-subsidy-to-households-rs-200-lpg-dole-limited-to-ujjwala-beneficiaries/articleshow/91964500.cms |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=Economic Times |date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821120233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/no-lpg-subsidy-to-households-rs-200-lpg-dole-limited-to-ujjwala-beneficiaries/articleshow/91964500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2023, the Modi administration issued a notification constituting a high-level committee on [[One Nation, One Election]], a proposal aimed to synchronise all elections in the country either on a single day or within a specific time frame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Law and Justice |first=Legislative Department |date=2 September 2023 |title=Publication of Notification regarding Constitution of High Level Committee to examine the issue of simultaneous elections |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248519.pdf |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> In September 2024, the bill for One Nation, One Election was approved by the Modi Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=One Nation One Election: Modi Govt accepts Kovind Panel's recommendations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/one-nation-one-election-gets-modi-govts-nod/articleshow/113453807.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhukalya |first=Amrita |title='One Nation, One Election': Modi govt accepts Kovind panel's recommendations on simultaneous polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/one-nation-one-election-modi-govt-clears-kovind-panels-report-on-simultaneous-polls-3195667 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ONOE-HLC-Report |url=https://onoe.gov.in/HLC-Report-en#flipbook-df_manual_book/1/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=onoe.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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Since May 2023, ethnic tensions between some groups have resulted in [[2023 Manipur violence|violent clashes]] in [[Manipur]]. After 1 month of the violence, nearly 100 were killed and more than 36,000 people were displaced.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Parashar |first=Utpal |title=98 killed in Manipur clashes, 36k moved to relief camps, says govt |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 June 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ethnic-violence-in-manipur-leaves-98-dead-and-310-injured-144-guns-recovered-as-curfew-lifted-in-some-districts-101685731158828.html |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630040247/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ethnic-violence-in-manipur-leaves-98-dead-and-310-injured-144-guns-recovered-as-curfew-lifted-in-some-districts-101685731158828.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi has been criticised for his lack of reaction towards the violence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Manipur: PM's silence adds to anger, frustration amid violence, flare-up |website=The Federal |date=17 June 2023 |url=https://thefederal.com/states/north-east/manipur-pms-silence-adds-to-anger-frustration-amid-violence-flare-up/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630040248/https://thefederal.com/states/north-east/manipur-pms-silence-adds-to-anger-frustration-amid-violence-flare-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hindutva ===<br />
{{Further |Hindutva}}<br />
[[File:Prime Minister Modi at Tirupati Balaji Temple.jpg|thumb|Modi at [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]], Tirumala|left]]<br />
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The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope after Modi's appointment as prime minister, sometimes with the government's support.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/asia/modi-india-elections.html |title=Under Modi, a Hindu Nationalist Surge Has Further Divided India |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Schultz |first2=Kai |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari |date=11 April 2019 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829174347/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/asia/modi-india-elections.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Serhan |first=Yasmeen |title=The Hinduization of India Is Nearly Complete |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/05/narendra-modi-india-religion-hindu-nationalism/630169/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829174443/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/05/narendra-modi-india-religion-hindu-nationalism/630169/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These activities included a [[Ghar Wapsi|Hindu religious conversion programme]], a campaign against the supposed Islamic practice of "[[Love Jihad]]" (an [[Islamophobic]]{{refn |name=Islamophobia |<ref name="Farokhi" />{{rp |226–227 |q=The exponents of this conspiracy assert that innocent Hindu women are converted to Islam in order to increase the Muslim population, thereby waging jihad or holy war against Hindus (Gupta, 2009). By evoking demographic fears and anxiety, this campaign demonises Muslims and works to advance the patriarchal idea of saving Hindu girls from an imagined Muslim menace (Das, 2010).}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |chapter=Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |year=2019 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |s2cid=242173559 |quote=The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge." |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114814/https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sharma |first1=Ajita |title=Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad |journal=Jindal Global Law Review |date=1 April 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5 |publisher=Springer |s2cid=220512241 |quote=The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Upadhyay |first1=Nishant |title=Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India |journal=Interventions |date=18 May 2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=464–480 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=218822737 |via=Academia.edu |quote=Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right. |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328033737/https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Frydenlund |first1=Iselin |editor1-first=Asbjørn |editor1-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=David G. |editor2-last=Robertson |editor3-first=Egil |editor3-last=Asprem |chapter=Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |year=2018 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-38202-2 |s2cid=201409140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ |via=Academia.edu |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37554959}}</ref>{{rp |289 |q=The third trope concerns capitalism and market competition, while the latter three consider another aspect of global Islamophobic discourses, namely that there is a plot to spread Islam around the world through population growth, or so-called Demographic Jihad. This in turn can be divided into three subfields according to the means by which Muslims are claimed to use in their Demographic Jihad to eradicate Buddhism: 'Birth Jihad', 'Rape Jihad', and 'Love Jihad'.}}}} [[conspiracy theory]])<ref name="Farokhi">{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Farokhi |first=Zeinab |chapter=Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad" |editor-last=Boler |editor-first=Megan |pages=226–239 |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Elizabeth |title=Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-016917-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |chapter-url-access=limited |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506153834/https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp |226–227 |q=This chapter examines the conspiracy theory of "Love Jihad" across traditional and social media discourse in India as a way to show how affective strategies promoting Islamophobia are employed through logics of "digital governmentality" (Badouard et al., 2016). "Love Jihad" is a campaign started by right-wing Hindu nationalists in 2009 (Gökarıksel et al., 2019) alleging that Muslim men feign love to lure non-Muslim women to marry them in order to convert them to Islam (Rao, 2011).}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Strohl |first=David James |date=11 October 2018 |title=Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=Routledge |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209 |s2cid=149838857 |issn=0958-4935 }}</ref>{{rp |1–2 |q=Since at least 2009, a host of activists have used grassroots campaigns and mass-media to spread rumours throughout India of a vast conspiracy by the Muslim community to train young men to seduce, marry, and convert Hindu women. Some politicians and activists draw on these conspiracy theories to drum up support from Hindus in electoral campaigns and to fuel moralising crusades throughout the country aimed at saving women from these imagined threats.}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Nair |first1=Rashmi |last2=Vollhardt |first2=Johanna Ray |date=6 May 2019 |title=Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170 |journal=Political Psychology |publisher=Wiley |volume=40 |issue=5 |page=2 |doi=10.1111/pops.12593 |s2cid=164693982 |via=ResearchGate |quote=Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009). |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133532/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170_Intersectional_Consciousness_in_Collective_Victim_Beliefs_Perceived_Intragroup_Differences_Among_Disadvantaged_Groups |url-status=live }}</ref> and attempts to celebrate [[Nathuram Godse]], the assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], by members of the right-wing organisation [[Hindu Mahasabha]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=George |first=Varghese K. |date=9 May 2020 |title=Comment: Hindutva's extremist Twitterati now target Modi for Muslim appeasement |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-hindutvas-extremist-twitterati-now-target-modi-for-muslim-appeasement/article31545353.ece |access-date=15 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122074021/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-hindutvas-extremist-twitterati-now-target-modi-for-muslim-appeasement/article31545353.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/world/asia/india-gandhi-nathuram-godse.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204193004/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/world/asia/india-gandhi-nathuram-godse.html |archive-date=4 February 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Gandhi's Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before |first=Sameer |last=Yasir |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> Government officials, including the home minister, defended the conversion programmes.<ref name="Palshikar" /><br />
<br />
Links between the BJP and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) grew stronger under Modi. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns while the Modi administration appointed RSS-affiliated individuals to prominent government positions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=2 March 2019 |title=Narendra Modi and the struggle for India's soul |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301125100/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, [[Yellapragada Sudershan Rao]], who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR).<ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /> Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned Rao's credentials as a historian and stated the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.<ref name="Ganguly 2014-10" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Anita |last=Joshua |title=Choice of ICHR chief reignites saffronisation debate |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181112/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Akshaya |last=Mukul |title=Right-wingers question ICHR chief selection |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721002055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |archive-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> During its first term, the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favouring the RSS increased. According to scholars [[Nandini Sundar]] and Kiran Bhatty, many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.<ref name="Bhatty">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Bhatty |first1=Kiran |last2=Sundar |first2=Nandini |title=Sliding from majoritarianism toward fascism: Educating India under the Modi regime |journal=International Sociology |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=35 |issue=6 |date=17 September 2020 |issn=0268-5809 |doi=10.1177/0268580920937226 |pages=632–650 |s2cid=224896271 }}</ref> The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks that de-emphasised the role of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and glorified that of Modi while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, and without conflict and inequity.<ref name="Bhatty" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bhatty |first=Kiran |title=School education: Denials and delusions |editor-last1=Azad |editor-first1=Rohit |editor-last2=Chakraborty |editor-first2=Shouvik |editor-last3=Ramani |editor-first3=Srinivasan |editor-last4=Sinha |editor-first4=Dipa |encyclopedia=A quantum leap in the wrong direction? |date=2019 |isbn=978-93-5287-618-1 |oclc=1089418969 }}</ref><br />
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In 2019, the Modi administration passed a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] that provides a route to Indian citizenship for persecuted religious minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50670393 Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212192621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50670393 |date=12 December 2019 }}, BBC News, 11 December 2019.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195783 |title=Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216092712/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D195783 |url-status=live }}</ref> but does not grant eligibility to Muslims.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |title=India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims |first1=Helen |last1=Regan |first2=Swati |last2=Gupta |first3=Omar |last3=Khan |date=11 December 2019 |publisher=CNN |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224043/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |title=India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims |first1=Sam |last1=Gringlas |work=NPR |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215032601/https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Slater" /> This was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law; it attracted global criticism and prompted widespread [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] that were halted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Bhatty" /><ref name="Slater">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |title=Why protests are erupting over India's new citizenship law |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218215158/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jayal |first1=Niraja Gopal |title=Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=33–50 |issn=0085-6401 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 |s2cid=151037291|doi-access=free }}</ref> Counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the [[2020 Delhi riots]], caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.<ref>{{citation |title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots |last1=Ellis-Peterson |first1=Hannah |last2=Azizur Rahman |first2=Shaikh |location=Delhi |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023019/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria |title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse |date=1 March 2020 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fifty-three people were killed in the protests, two-thirds of whom were Muslim.<ref>{{citation |title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Sameer |last2=Yasir |first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj |first4=Hari |last4=Kumar |others=Photographs by Loke, Atul |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |archive-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313011029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Masih |first2=Niha |date=6 March 2020 |title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307070624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Masih |first2=Niha |date=2 March 2020 |title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303203132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=26 February 2020 |title=Modi slammed as death toll in New Delhi violence rises |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/modi-slammed-death-toll-delhi-violence-rises-200226192504695.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114013040/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/26/modi-slammed-as-death-toll-in-new-delhi-violence-rises |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=30 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Varadarajan |first=Siddharth |date=27 February 2020 |title=Narendra Modi's Reckless Politics Brings Mob Rule to New Delhi |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/narendra-modi-delhi-riots-mob-violence-bjp |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112145040/https://thewire.in/communalism/narendra-modi-delhi-riots-mob-violence-bjp |archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> On 5 August 2020, Modi visited [[Ayodhya]] after the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Supreme Court in 2019]] ordered [[Ayodhya dispute|contested land in Ayodhya]] to be handed to a trust to build a Hindu temple and ordered the government to give alternative {{Convert |5 |acre}} of land to the [[Sunni Waqf Board]] for the purpose of building a mosque.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=10 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125010541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Modi became the first PM to visit temples at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] and [[Hanuman Garhi]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi becomes first PM to visit Ram Janmabhoomi, Hanumangarhi temple in Ayodhya |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/modi-becomes-first-pm-to-visit-ram-janmabhoomi-hanumangarhi-temple-in-ayodhya/2046074/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129155011/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/modi-becomes-first-pm-to-visit-ram-janmabhoomi-hanumangarhi-temple-in-ayodhya/2046074/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi pays obeisance at Tirumala Temple, in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Modi pays obeisance at [[Tirumala Temple]] in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
Soon after Modi returned to power in 2019, he took three actions the RSS had long called for.<ref name="Bhatty" /> The practice of [[Triple talaq in India|Triple Talaq]] was made illegal and became a punishable act from 1 August 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-triple-talaq-bill-over-to-rajya-sabha-now/articleshow/70381627.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230128/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-triple-talaq-bill-over-to-rajya-sabha-now/articleshow/70381627.cms |title=Lok Sabha passes instant talaq bill; JDU walks out |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-1575309-2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730134908/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-1575309-2019-07-30 |title= Triple talaq bill passed in Rajya Sabha |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |date=30 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fresh-triple-talaq-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-oppositon-members-protest/articleshow/69891244.cms |title=Fresh triple talaq Bill introduced in Lok Sabha |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=31 July 2019 |date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823070952/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fresh-triple-talaq-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-oppositon-members-protest/articleshow/69891244.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The administration repealed [[Article 370]] of the Indian constitution that granted autonomy to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{citation |last1=Akhtar |first1=Rais |title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619220652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |last2=Kirk |first2=William |access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required)</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Osmańczyk |first1=Edmund Jan |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M |pages=1191– |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93922-5}}</ref> and also [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|abrogated its statehood]], reorganising it into the [[union territory|union territories]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Bhatty" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=5 August 2019 |title=Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The region was placed under [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|a lockdown]] and internet services were suspended and were not completely restored until February 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/as-4g-gets-restored-foriegn-envoys-expected-to-visit-jammu-and-kashmir-2341731.html |title=As 4G is restored in Jammu & Kashmir, Centre plans another trip for foreign envoys |work=Zee News |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905140239/https://zeenews.india.com/india/as-4g-gets-restored-foriegn-envoys-expected-to-visit-jammu-and-kashmir-2341731.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thousands of people, including hundreds of political leaders, were detained.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir |url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-date=21 August 2019 |magazine=Time |date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/kashmir-city-srinagar-india-lockdown-calls-protest-march |work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2019 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206185115/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/kashmir-city-srinagar-india-lockdown-calls-protest-march |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |work=BBC |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205015/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |work=Reuters |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231164928/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court of India did not hear constitutional challenges to the reorganisation or the Citizenship Amendment Act. According to Bhatty and Sundar, this is an example of the subversion of the Supreme Court and other major institutions, which were filled with appointees favouring the BJP.<ref name="Bhatty" /><br />
<br />
During his campaign for [[2024 Indian general election]], Modi referred to [[Indian Muslims|Muslims]] as infiltrators with many children who would take India's wealth, if his political opponents gained power.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|author1=Hannah Ellis-Petersen |title=Narendra Modi accused of stirring tensions as voting in India continues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/22/narendra-modi-accused-of-stirring-tensions-as-voting-in-india-continues |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|author1=Alex Travelli |author2=Suhasini Raj |title=Modi Calls Muslims 'Infiltrators' Who Would Take India's Wealth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/22/world/asia/modi-speech-muslims.html |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424001355/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/22/world/asia/modi-speech-muslims.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a later interview, Modi said that regardless of the social class, there are more children in neighbourhoods plagued by poverty. He said he made no mention of Muslim or Hindu in his campaign speech.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title="I Never Said Hindu Or Muslim, I Talked About...": PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/never-said-hindu-or-muslim-pm-narendra-modi-on-those-who-have-more-children-remark-5666246 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515042145/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/never-said-hindu-or-muslim-pm-narendra-modi-on-those-who-have-more-children-remark-5666246 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=15 May 2024 |title='I will not do Hindu-Muslim': PM Narendra Modi amid 'infiltrators' row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-will-not-do-hindu-muslim-pm-narendra-modi-amid-infiltrators-row-congress-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-2024-101715743369272.html |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515042308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-will-not-do-hindu-muslim-pm-narendra-modi-amid-infiltrators-row-congress-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-2024-101715743369272.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, factcheckers have refuted this claim of Modi and found numerous instances across his election campaign where he communally targeted the Muslims.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web| title=PM Modi denies Hindu-Muslim reference in election campaign speeches: Fact-check reveals otherwise | website=NORTHEAST NOW | date=15 May 2024 | url=https://nenow.in/lok-sabha-election-2024/pm-modi-denies-hindu-muslim-reference-in-election-campaign-speeches-fact-check-reveals-otherwise.html | access-date=18 May 2024 | archive-date=18 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518042754/https://nenow.in/lok-sabha-election-2024/pm-modi-denies-hindu-muslim-reference-in-election-campaign-speeches-fact-check-reveals-otherwise.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Majumder |first=Shinjinee |date=15 May 2024 |title=Did Modi target Muslims? Fact-checking PM's remarks in News 18 interview |url=https://www.altnews.in/did-modi-target-muslims-fact-checking-pms-remarks-in-news-18-interview/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520070739/https://www.altnews.in/did-modi-target-muslims-fact-checking-pms-remarks-in-news-18-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
{{Main|Economic policy of the Narendra Modi government}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Informal meeting of the BRICS during the 2019 G20 Osaka summit.jpg|thumb |[[BRICS]] leaders in 2019. Left to right: [[Xi Jinping|Xi]] (China), [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]] (Russia), [[Jair Bolsonaro|Bolsonaro]] (Brazil), Modi and [[Cyril Ramaphosa|Ramaphosa]] (South Africa) |left]]<br />
<br />
The Modi government's economic policies focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, and were based on a [[neoliberal]] framework.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><ref name="Shah 2015-10-10">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |last2=Lerche |first2=Jens |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |title=India's Democracy: Illusion of Inclusion |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |date=10 October 2015 |volume=50 |issue=41 |pages=33–36 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328113150/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi liberalised India's [[foreign direct investment]] policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including defence and railways.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Cabinet approves raising FDI cap in defence to 49 percent, opens up railways |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807044440/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |first=Raymond |last=Zhong |title=Modi Presses Reform for India—But Is it Enough? |date=20 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123224/http://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref> Other proposed reforms included making the forming of unions more difficult for workers, and making recruitment and dismissal easier for employers;<ref name="Shah 2015-10-10" /> some of these proposals were abandoned after protests.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi renews labour reforms push as jobs regain focus before polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |access-date=6 February 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions—including one affiliated with the BJP—struck.<ref name="Shah 2015-10-10" /> The [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (Indian Workers Union), a constituent of the [[Sangh Parivar]] (Family of the RSS), stated the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><br />
<br />
The funds dedicated to poverty-reduction programmes and social welfare measures were greatly reduced by Modi's administration.<ref name="Manor">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Manor |first1=James |s2cid=155472230 |title=A Precarious Enterprise? Multiple Antagonisms during Year One of the Modi Government |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=736–754 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1083644}}</ref> The money spent on social programmes declined from 14.6 per cent of GDP during the previous Congress government to 12.6 per cent during Modi's first year in office, and spending on health and family welfare declined by 15 per cent.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> The government lowered corporate taxes, abolished the [[Wealth Tax Act, 1957|wealth tax]], increased sales taxes, and reduced customs duties on gold and jewellery.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> In October 2014, the Modi government deregulated diesel prices.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-government-deregulates-diesel-prices-681104 |title=Narendra Modi Government Deregulates Diesel Prices |first=Rahul |last=Shrivastava |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129152524/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-government-deregulates-diesel-prices-681104 |archive-date=29 November 2016}}</ref> During Modi's first term, his government reduced spending on education as share of the budget: over five years, education spending dropped from 0.7 per cent of GDP to 0.5 per cent.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=How successive govts are flunking education budgets, NDA worse |website=India Today |date=31 January 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/how-successive-govts-flunking-education-budgets-nda-worse-1641826-2020-01-31 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100506/https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/how-successive-govts-flunking-education-budgets-nda-worse-1641826-2020-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Story in numbers: Spending on education in four years of Modi government |website=Business Standard News |date=4 February 2018 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/story-in-numbers-spending-on-education-in-four-years-of-modi-government-118020400653_1.html |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904102003/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/story-in-numbers-spending-on-education-in-four-years-of-modi-government-118020400653_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Chowdhury |first=Shreya Roy |title=The Modi Years: What have school children gained in the last five years? |website=Scroll.in |date=26 January 2019 |url=https://scroll.in/article/909667/the-modi-years-what-have-school-children-gained-in-the-last-five-years |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100501/https://scroll.in/article/909667/the-modi-years-what-have-school-children-gained-in-the-last-five-years |url-status=live }}</ref> The percentage of the budget spent on children's nutrition, education, health, and associated programmes was almost halved between 2014 and 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Children's Share in Budget Has Nearly Halved Since Modi Took Charge |website=The Wire |date=8 June 2021 |url=https://thewire.in/rights/modi-budget-share-for-children |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100726/https://thewire.in/rights/modi-budget-share-for-children |url-status=live }}</ref> Capital expenditure on transport infrastructure significantly rose, increasing from less than 0.4 per cent of GDP in 2014 to 1.7 per cent in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=13 March 2023 |title=India is getting an eye-wateringly big transport upgrade |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/13/india-is-getting-an-eye-wateringly-big-transport-upgrade |access-date=17 March 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316152432/https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/13/india-is-getting-an-eye-wateringly-big-transport-upgrade |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In September 2014, Modi introduced the [[Make in India]] initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Gaurav |last=Choudhury |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/live-coverage-launch-of-modi-s-make-in-india-campaign/article1-1268119.aspx |title=Look East, Link West, says PM Modi at Make in India launch |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817060606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/live-coverage-launch-of-modi-s-make-in-india-campaign/article1-1268119.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the initiative but critics said it would allow foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> Modi's administration passed a land-reform bill that allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Guha |first1=Abhijit |title=Dangers of Indian Reform of the Colonial Land Acquisition Law |journal=Global Journal of Human-Social Science |year=2015 |volume=15 |issue=1}}</ref> The bill was passed via an executive order after it faced opposition in Parliament but was eventually allowed to lapse.<ref name="Sen" /> Modi's government passed the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]], the biggest tax reform in the country since independence, subsuming around 17 taxes and became effective on 1 July 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=3 years of Modi govt: 6 economic policies that have made BJP stronger, harder to defeat |url=http://m.businesstoday.in/story/from-demonetisation-to-gst-heres-what-pm-modi-did-on-economic-reforms-in-last-3-years-in-office/1/252249.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030062641/http://m.businesstoday.in/story/from-demonetisation-to-gst-heres-what-pm-modi-did-on-economic-reforms-in-last-3-years-in-office/1/252249.html |archive-date=30 October 2017 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi launches Make in India.jpg|thumb |Modi at the launch of the [[Make in India]] programme]]<br />
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In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate [[black money]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SIT formed to unearth black money – Narendra Modi Cabinet's first decision |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-formed-to-unearth-black-money-Narendra-Modi-Cabinets-first-decision/articleshow/35636667.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222203013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-formed-to-unearth-black-money-Narendra-Modi-Cabinets-first-decision/articleshow/35636667.cms |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> On 9 November 2016, the government [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes]] with the intention of curbing corruption, black money, terrorism and the use of counterfeit currency.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 currency notes stand abolished from midnight: PM Modi |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-prime-minister-address-to-the-nation4364609 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004810/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-prime-minister-address-to-the-nation4364609/ |archive-date=15 February 2017 }}</ref> The move led to severe cash shortages,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/ |title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 November 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204213631/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/ |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html |title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110164223/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html |archive-date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece |title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend |date=12 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209124828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Queues-get-longer-at-banks-ATMs-on-weekend/article16443670.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and a steep decline in the Indian stock indices [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece |title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109070820/http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece |archive-date=9 November 2016 |date=9 November 2016 |last1=Rukhaiyar |first1=Ashish}}</ref> and sparked widespread protests throughout the country.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/11/28/world/asia/ap-as-india-currency-protest.html |title=Thousands Protest Across India Against Currency Policy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 November 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201114411/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/11/28/world/asia/ap-as-india-currency-protest.html?_r=0 |archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> It is estimated 1.5 million jobs were lost and that one per cent of the country's GDP was wiped out.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=30 August 2018 |title=Demonetisation drive that cost India 1.5m jobs fails to uncover 'black money' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/30/india-demonetisation-drive-fails-uncover-black-money |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813141814/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/30/india-demonetisation-drive-fails-uncover-black-money |url-status=live }}</ref> Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html |title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor |date=16 November 2016 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117012410/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Shivam |last=Vij |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/ |title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116020908/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/ |archive-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25 per cent and the number of digital transactions steeply increased.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PM Narendra Modi's demonetisation move pays off as income tax net widens |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/narendra-modi-demonetisation-income-tax-returns-arun-jaitley/story/257957.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=8 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815102938/http://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/narendra-modi-demonetisation-income-tax-returns-arun-jaitley/story/257957.html |archive-date=15 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Demonetisation effect: Digital payments India's new currency; debit card transactions surge to over 1 billion |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/digital-payments-indias-new-currency-debit-card-transactions-surge-to-over-1-billion/articleshow/58863652.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607055853/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/digital-payments-indias-new-currency-debit-card-transactions-surge-to-over-1-billion/articleshow/58863652.cms |archive-date=7 June 2017 |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik }}</ref><br />
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Modi's administration has observed a decline in GDP growth and increasing joblessness compared to the previous administration under [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web| last1=Inamdar | first1=Nikhil | last2=Alluri | first2=Aparna | title=India economy: Seven years of Modi in seven charts | website=BBC News | date=21 June 2021 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57437944 | access-date=30 June 2023 | archive-date=28 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173824/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57437944 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the first eight years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average rate of 5.5 per cent compared to the rate of 7.03 per cent under the previous government.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Tiwari |first=Amitabh |title=PM Narendra Modi's 8 Years: How He Has Performed Compared to Manmohan Singh |website=TheQuint |date=30 May 2022 |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/pm-narendra-modis-8-years-how-he-has-performed-compared-to-manmohan-singh |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630033944/https://www.thequint.com/opinion/pm-narendra-modis-8-years-how-he-has-performed-compared-to-manmohan-singh |url-status=live }}</ref> Income inequality increased.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=V. |first1=Harini |title=India's economy is booming. Now comes the hard part |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/15/india-economy-modi-faces-inequality-black-money-and-taxes.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065518/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/15/india-economy-modi-faces-inequality-black-money-and-taxes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An internal government report said in 2017, unemployment increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was attributed to the 2016 banknote demonetisation, and the effects of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |title=India's Leader Is Accused of Hiding Unemployment Data Before Vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/world/asia/india-unemployment-rate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131203108/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/world/asia/india-unemployment-rate.html |archive-date=31 January 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |last2=Ghoshal |first2=Devjyot |title=Indian jobless rate at multi-decade high, report says, in blow to Modi |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-india-economy-jobs/indian-jobless-rate-at-multi-decade-high-report-says-in-blow-to-modi-idINKCN1PP0FX |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209003057/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-india-economy-jobs/indian-jobless-rate-at-multi-decade-high-report-says-in-blow-to-modi-idINKCN1PP0FX |url-status=live }}</ref> GDP growth was 6.12 per cent in the 2018–19 [[financial year]], with an inflation rate of 3.4 per cent.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150157/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report |url-status=live }}</ref> In the year 2019–20, the [[GDP]] growth rate slowed to 4.18 per cent, while inflation increased to 4.7 per cent.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Beniwal |first=Vrishti |date=20 May 2019 |title=Lok sabha election: 2019 general elections: The winner gets an economy riddled with problems |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/2019-general-elections-the-winner-gets-an-economy-riddled-with-problems/articleshow/69406323.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220180312/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/2019-general-elections-the-winner-gets-an-economy-riddled-with-problems/articleshow/69406323.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=8 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian economy shrunk by 6.6 per cent during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21, and was estimated to grow at 8.2 per cent the following financial year.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sheel |first1=Alok |title=Assessing the Recent Indian Economic Growth |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |date=20 August 2022 |volume=57 |issue=34 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/34/commentary/assessing-recent-indian-economic-growth.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822024849/https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/34/commentary/assessing-recent-indian-economic-growth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, Modi's government announced reforms to the country's [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services tax]] and [[Indian labour law|labour laws]].<ref>https://www.economist.com/asia/2026/01/21/the-remarkable-recovery-of-narendra-modi</ref><br />
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=== Health and sanitation ===<br />
{{See also|Swachh Bharat Mission}}<br />
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In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the central government's healthcare spending.<ref name="Economist 2015-06-27"/> In January 2015, the Modi government launched its New Health Policy (NHP), which did not increase the government's spending on healthcare but emphasised the role of private healthcare organisations. This represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including a reduction in child and maternal mortality rates.<ref name="Sharma">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Sharma |first1=Dinesh C |s2cid=10544022 |title=India's BJP Government and health: 1 year on |journal=The Lancet |date=May 2015 |volume=385 |issue=9982 |pages=2031–2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60977-1 |pmid=26009217 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[National Health Mission]], which included public health programmes targeted at these indices, received nearly 20 per cent less funding<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Bagcchi |first1=Sanjeet |s2cid=206906898 |title=India cuts health budget by 20% |journal=[[The BMJ|BMJ]] |date=2 January 2015 |volume=350 |pages=h4 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=25556025 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h4}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Karla |first1=Aditya |title=Govt to cut health budget by nearly 20 per cent for 2014–15 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/govt-cuts-health-budget-spending-near-20-percent-for-fy15/story/213819.html |work=[[businesstoday.in]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=23 December 2014 |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011803/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/govt-cuts-health-budget-spending-near-20-percent-for-fy15/story/213819.html |archive-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> in 2015 than in the previous year. The Modi administration reduced the healthcare budget by a further 15% in its second year.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Adhil |last=Shetty |title=Budget 2015 disappointed healthcare sector |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/budget-2015-disappointed-healthcare-sector/articleshow/46572657.cms |access-date=21 April 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232430/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/budget-2015-disappointed-healthcare-sector/articleshow/46572657.cms |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%; private insurance providers positively viewed the budget but public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers and said it represented a shift away from public health facilities.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Mudur |first1=Ganapati |s2cid=40551136 |title=Rise in India's health budget is "disappointing," say experts |journal=[[The BMJ|BMJ]] |year=2016 |volume=352 |article-number=i1338 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/edba3e082ac91d49f9cbddd3f4964099/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2043523 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2018 |doi=10.1136/bmj.i1338 |pmid=26944481}}</ref> The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of {{INRConvert |20 |b}} for a [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana|government-funded health insurance programme]] and a decrease in the budget of the [[National Health Mission]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Devika |last1=Bhattacharya |first2=Shailaja |last2=Neelakantan |title=Budget 2018 boost for healthcare: Lessons for 'Modicare' from Obamacare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/budget-2018-boost-for-healthcare-lessons-for-modicare-from-obamacare/articleshow/62753639.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409064654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/budget-2018-boost-for-healthcare-lessons-for-modicare-from-obamacare/articleshow/62753639.cms |archive-date=9 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi interacting with the Chief Ministers via video conferencing to discuss the situation emerging post Unlock 1.0 and plan ahead for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic, in New Delhi on June 16, 2020.jpg|thumb|Modi discussing the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] with Chief Ministers via videoconferencing in June 2020]]<br />
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Modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health.<ref name="Sharma" /> On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] ("Clean India") campaign. The campaign's stated goals included the elimination of [[open defecation]] and [[manual scavenging]] within five years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Schmidt |first1=Charles W. |title=Beyond Malnutrition: The Role of Sanitation in Stunted Growth |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=November 2014 |volume=122 |issue=11 |pages=A298–303 |doi=10.1289/ehp.122-a298 |pmid=25360801 |pmc=4216152}}</ref><ref name="Jeffrey">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |s2cid=147169571 |title=Clean India! Symbols, Policies and Tensions |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2015 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=807–819 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1088504}}</ref> As part of the programme, the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them.<ref name=Lakshmi>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-is-building-millions-of-toilets-but-toilet-training-could-be-a-bigger-task/2015/06/03/09d1aa9e-095a-11e5-a7ad-b430fc1d3f5c_story.html |title=India is building millions of toilets, but that's the easy part |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=4 June 2015 |access-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004140239/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-is-building-millions-of-toilets-but-toilet-training-could-be-a-bigger-task/2015/06/03/09d1aa9e-095a-11e5-a7ad-b430fc1d3f5c_story.html |archive-date=4 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Gahlot>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/03/globalpost-india-toilet/25236383/ |work=[[USA Today]] |first1=Mandakini |last1=Gahlot |title=India steps up efforts to encourage use of toilets |date=3 April 2015 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194615/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/03/globalpost-india-toilet/25236383/ |archive-date=16 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21607837-fixing-dreadful-sanitation-india-requires-not-just-building-lavatories-also-changing |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |title=The Final Frontier |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206112403/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21607837-fixing-dreadful-sanitation-india-requires-not-just-building-lavatories-also-changing |archive-date=6 February 2017 }}</ref> The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-18/india-plans-1-3-billion-sewage-plants-in-towns-along-the-ganges |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |first=Archana |last=Chaudhary |title=India Plans 1.3-Billion Sewage Plants in Towns Along the Ganges |date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729185058/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-18/india-plans-1-3-billion-sewage-plants-in-towns-along-the-ganges |archive-date=29 July 2016 |access-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> and planned to construct 60&nbsp;million toilets by 2019. The construction projects faced allegations of corruption and severe difficulty in getting people to use the newly constructed toilets.<ref name="Jeffrey" /><ref name=Lakshmi /><ref name=Gahlot /> Sanitation cover in India increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018 but use of the new sanitary facilities was lower than the government's targets.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Swachh Bharat full marks for access, usage not upto the mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/swachh-bharat-full-marks-for-access-usage-not-up-to-the-mark/articleshow/66027457.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002170307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/swachh-bharat-full-marks-for-access-usage-not-up-to-the-mark/articleshow/66027457.cms |archive-date=2 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) stated at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths in rural India were averted after the launch of the sanitation effort.<ref>* {{#invoke:cite|web|first=Rhythma |last=Kaul |title=How Swachh Bharat transformed the way public hospitals function |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-swachh-bharat-transformed-the-way-public-hospitals-function/story-fPgFK331o3JLIPHGcc0GQN.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 September 2018 |access-date=30 September 2018}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|web|first=Sanchita |last=Sharma |title=How the Swachh Bharat mission has saved India's kids |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-the-swachh-bharat-mission-has-saved-india-s-kids/story-G1AjRvhTTTBrv6OUMYq2fO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref><br />
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In March 2020, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the Modi administration invoked the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]] and [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Awasthi |first=Prashasti |date=12 March 2020 |title=Centre invokes 'Epidemic Act' and 'Disaster Management Act' to prevent spread of coronavirus |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/centre-invokes-epidemic-act-and-disaster-management-act-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/article31049161.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=@businessline |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001617/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/centre-invokes-epidemic-act-and-disaster-management-act-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/article31049161.ece |archive-date=13 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Sharma |first=Ayan |date=18 March 2020 |title=How Indian states are gearing up to tackle the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/18/how-indian-states-are-gearing-up-to-tackle-the-coronavirus-pandemic |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=Newslaundry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319164411/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/18/how-indian-states-are-gearing-up-to-tackle-the-coronavirus-pandemic |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref> The same month, all commercial domestic and international flights were suspended.<ref name="Sanyal">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=12 March 2020 |editor-last=Sanyal |editor-first=Anindita |title=India Suspends All Tourist Visas Till April 15 Over Coronavirus: 10 Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-impact-visas-to-india-suspended-till-april-15-2193382 |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311221112/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-impact-visas-to-india-suspended-till-april-15-2193382 |archive-date=11 March 2020 }}</ref> Modi announced a 14-hour curfew on 22 March,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=20 March 2020 |title=PM Modi calls for 'Janata curfew' on March 22 from 7 AM-9 PM |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-janta-curfew-on-march-22-from-7-am-9-pm/article31110155.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=The Hindu @businessline |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319164201/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-janta-curfew-on-march-22-from-7-am-9-pm/article31110155.ece |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref> and followed with a three-week "total lockdown" two days later.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=29 March 2021 |title=India Covid-19: PM Modi 'did not consult' before lockdown |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56561095 |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Schultz |first2=Kai |date=24 March 2020 |title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Restrictions were gradually lifted beginning in April, and were completely revoked in November 2020.<ref name="Sanyal" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Ministry of Home Affairs Unlock 5.0 official guidelines on their official website |work=Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/MHAOrderDt_30092020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=29 October 2020 |title=Unlock 6.0 latest guidelines: What do they mean for schools, colleges, other educational institutions |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-unlock-6-read-here-what-the-government-s-latest-guidelines-for-schools-colleges-educational-institutions-mean-indiacom-report-2853033 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> A second wave of the pandemic that began in March 2021 was significantly more devastating than the first; some parts of India experienced shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, [[Gas cylinder|oxygen cylinders]] and other medical supplies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Michael |last=Safi |title=India's shocking surge in Covid cases follows baffling decline |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/21/india-shocking-surge-in-covid-cases-follows-baffling-decline |work=The Guardian |date=21 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> In late April India reported over 400,000 cases in a 24-hour period, the first country to do so.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=30 April 2021 |title=Coronavirus: India becomes first country in the world to report over 4 lakh new cases on 30 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-india-becomes-first-country-in-the-world-to-report-over-400000-new-cases-on-april-30-2021/article34453081.ece |access-date=2 May 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> India began its [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|vaccination programme]] in January 2021;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=#IndiaFightsCorona COVID-19 |url=https://www.mygov.in/covid-19 |website=MyGov.in |date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-covid-19-vaccination-doses?tab=chart&country=~IND Daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered – India], Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> in January 2022, India announced it had administered about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and that more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=United with India: Supporting India's COVID-19 vaccination drive |website=UNSDG |date=2 May 2022 |url=https://unsdg.un.org/latest/stories/united-india-supporting-indias-covid-19-vaccination-drive |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> In May 2022, the WHO estimated 4.7 million people had died of COVID-19 in India, mostly during the second wave in mid 2021—almost 10 times the Indian government's estimate. The Modi administration rejected the WHO's estimate.<ref name="Grimley" /><ref name="Biswas" /><br />
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=== Foreign policy ===<br />
{{Further|Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi}}<br />
[[File:TrumpModi.jpg|thumb|Modi with US president [[Donald Trump]] at [[Namaste Trump]] rally in [[Ahmedabad]], India]]<br />
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Foreign policy played a small role in Modi's election campaign and did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.<ref name="Hall">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Hall |first1=Ian |s2cid=154260676 |title=Is a 'Modi doctrine' emerging in Indian foreign policy? |journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/10357718.2014.1000263 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=247–252}}</ref> Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding Congress government, focused on improving economic ties, security and regional relations.<ref name="Hall" /> Modi continued Manmohan Singh's policy of "multi-alignment".<ref name="Hall" /> The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from several sources, especially East Asia, with the use of slogans such as "[[Make in India]]" and "[[Digital India]]". The government also tried to improve relations with [[Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Islamic nations in the Middle East]], such as [[Bahrain–India relations|Bahrain]], [[India–Iran relations|Iran]], [[India–Saudi Arabia relations|Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates India relations|United Arab Emirates]], as well as with [[India–Israel relations|Israel]].{{Efn |"The Narendra Modi led government completed two years in power in May 2016 and the prime minister has made his mark on both the domestic and foreign policy fronts. It is important to assess how successful his initiatives have been in the arena of foreign affairs in comparison to his predecessors. In this regard, this paper identifies and examines the key trends and issues in foreign policy under the Modi led administration and the measures needed to translate speeches and policies into action. Modi government has also taken a serious node of relations with middle-east nations, as well as Iran and Israel."{{Sfn |Hall |2016 |pp=278-281}} |name= |group=}}<br />
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[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu and the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the State Counsellor of Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, at the Ceremonial Reception, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb |Modi meeting [[Myanmar]]'s leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] in New Delhi in January 2018 |left]]<br />
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[[India-USA relations|India's relationship with the United States]] improved after Narendra Modi became PM.{{Sfnm |1a1=Hall |1y=2020 |1pp=283-285 |2a1=Gupta |2y=2019 |2pp=3-9 |3a1=Madan |3y=2020 |3pp=65}} During the run-up to the general election, there was wide-ranging scepticism about future of the strategic bilateral relationship under Modi's premiership; in 2005, while [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], Modi was denied a US visa during the [[presidency of George W. Bush]] for his poor human-rights record.<ref name="Mann" /><ref name="Times of India 2005-03-18" /> Sensing Modi's victory well before the election, [[United States Ambassador to India|US Ambassador]] to India [[Nancy Powell]] contacted Modi as part of greater ''[[rapprochement]]'' from the West. Following Modi's 2014 appointment as India's PM, [[Presidency of Barack Obama|President Obama]] congratulated him over the telephone and invited Modi to visit the US.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=16 May 2014 |title=Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201002320/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |language=en}}</ref> The Modi government enjoyed a positive relationship with the US during the presidencies of Barack Obama and his successor [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Sammon |first=Alexander |date=23 January 2020 |title=Barack Obama's Legacy Is Narendra Modi |url=https://prospect.org/api/content/85a58d7c-3d60-11ea-b621-1244d5f7c7c6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107210952/https://prospect.org/world/barack-obamas-legacy-is-narendra-modi/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=[[The American Prospect]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=1 December 2017 |title=Obama, in reply to question on friendship with Modi, ends up praising Manmohan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/barack-obama-pm-modi-manmohan-singh-indian-economy-1098222-2017-12-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109093240/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/barack-obama-pm-modi-manmohan-singh-indian-economy-1098222-2017-12-01 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi & President Of The Russian Federation Mr. Vladimir Putin At The Grand Kremlin Palace.jpg|thumb|Modi and Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, Russia, 9 July 2024]]<br />
During the first few months after his appointment as PM, Modi visited a number of countries in support of his policy, and attended the [[BRICS]], [[ASEAN]] and [[G20]] summits.<ref name="Hall" /> One of Modi's first visits as PM was to Nepal, during which he promised one billion US dollars in aid.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Mocko |first1=Anne |last2=Penjore |first2=Dorji |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 2014 |journal=Asian Survey |year=2015 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1525/AS.2015.55.1.75 |hdl=1885/13357|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Modi also made several visits to the US;<ref name="Pant">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Pant |first1=Harsh V. |s2cid=154940836 |title=Modi's Unexpected Boost to India-U.S. Relations |journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]] |date=Fall 2014 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=97–112 |doi=10.1080/0163660X.2014.978438}}</ref> this was described as an unexpected development because of the US's earlier denial of a US travel visa to Modi over his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots. The visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.<ref name="Pant" /><br />
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In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land-exchange deal with Bangladesh in the [[India–Bangladesh enclaves]], which the government of Manmohan Singh had initiated.<ref name="Sen" /> Modi's administration brought renewed attention to India's "Look East Policy", which was instituted in 1991. The policy, which was renamed the "Act East Policy", involved directing Indian foreign policy towards East Asia and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Downie">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Downie |first1=Edmund |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/manipur-and-indias-act-east-policy/ |title=Manipur and India's 'Act East' Policy |journal=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> The government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with [[Myanmar]] through the Indian state of [[Manipur]]; this represented a break with India's historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritised border security over trade.<ref name="Downie" /> [[China–India relations]] rapidly deteriorated following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi takes veiled dig at China on visit to disputed border area |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/3/modi-takes-veiled-dig-at-china-on-visit-to-disputed-border-area |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Modi pledged aid of $900 million to Afghanistan, which he visited twice and was honoured with Afghanistan's highest civilian honour in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=15 August 2019 |title=President Ashraf Ghani's Congratulatory Message on the Occasion of India's 73rd Independence Day |url=https://president.gov.af/en/message/1049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153927/https://president.gov.af/en/message/1049 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=[[President of Afghanistan]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Modi conferred Afghanistan's highest civilian honour |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-afghanistan-highest-civilian-award-amir-amanullah-khan-award-2834312/ |date=4 June 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231055730/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-afghanistan-highest-civilian-award-amir-amanullah-khan-award-2834312/ |archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> In September 2022, Modi appeared to have developed a strong personal relationship with Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Modi And His Friendship With World Leaders |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/pm-modi-and-his-friendship-with-world-leaders/popular-global-leader/slideshow/94266838.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Kugiel |first1=Patryk |title=What Modi and Putin's 'unbreakable friendship' means for the EU |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/156193 |work=[[EUobserver]] |date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |title=India's words are anti-war, but New Delhi's actions are propping up Putin's regime |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/03/india/india-russia-war-putin-modi-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=4 October 2022}}</ref><br />
[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and President of the People’s Republic of China Xi Jinping before the restricted-format meeting of the 2024 BRICS Summit.jpg|thumb|left| Modi with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] and Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]]]]<br />
India hosted the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]], during which the [[African Union]] joined the G20 as a permanent member.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=9 September 2023|title=African Union formally joins G20, PM Modi calls for 'trust and reliance'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/african-union-formally-joins-g20-pm-modi-calls-for-trust-and-reliance-101694237313601.html|access-date=10 September 2023|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister Modi expressed optimism about the G20 countries' evolving agenda under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of the [[Global South]], including addressing [[climate change]], [[debt restructuring]] through the G20's Common Framework for Debt, and a strategy for regulation of global [[cryptocurrencies]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Narendra Modi interview highlights: From G20 presidency to India as a manufacturing destination, PM lays out his expansive vision for the country |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828052845/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Exclusive: PM Modi calls for global framework on cryptocurrency. Here's what he said |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=26 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062356/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=26 August 2023 |title='G20 की अध्यक्षता कर पूरी दुनिया को नई राह दिखा रहा भारत', Exclusive इंटरव्यू में बोले पीएम मोदी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062357/https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi's government faced scrutiny in the lead-up to the G20 meeting as multiple news sources reported that Indian authorities demolished [[slum]] neighbourhoods in [[New Delhi]], displacing marginalised residents.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=India, advocate for the global poor, clears slums as G20 draw near|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/04/india/g20-summit-india-slum-home-demolitions-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|work=CNN|date=5 September 2023|language=en|access-date=5 September 2023|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905191512/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/04/india/g20-summit-india-slum-home-demolitions-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mehrotra|first1=Karishma|last2=Shih|first2=Gerry|title=As G-20 meetings come to India, Modi launches a public relations blitz|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/21/g20-india-modi-public-relations/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=20 March 2023|access-date=5 September 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322172652/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/21/g20-india-modi-public-relations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Many New Delhi slums disappear ahead of G20 summit|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/g20-summit-slum-idAFKBN30B0H0|work=Reuters|date=5 September 2023|access-date=5 September 2023|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905191513/https://news.yahoo.com/many-delhi-slums-disappear-ahead-124043677.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Defence ===<br />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu visiting the Technology Exhibition, at Tel Aviv, Israel on July 06, 2017 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]], the [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister of Israel]], and Modi visiting the Technology Exhibition, at [[Tel Aviv]], Israel in 2017|left]]<br />
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India's nominal military spending steadily increased under Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Manghat |first1=Sajeet |title=Budget 2019: A 10 Percent Hike in Defence Capital Outlay |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/union-budget-2019/budget-2019-a-10-percent-hike-in-defence-capital-outlay |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=[[BloombergQuint]] |date=1 February 2019}}</ref> During Modi's tenure, the military budget declined, both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation.<ref name="Rajagopalan">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Rajeswari Pillai |title=Why India's New Defense Budget Falls Short |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/why-indias-new-defense-budget-falls-short/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Economist 2018-03-28">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=India spends a fortune on defence and gets poor value for money |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/03/28/india-spends-a-fortune-on-defence-and-gets-poor-value-for-money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215220546/https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/03/28/india-spends-a-fortune-on-defence-and-gets-poor-value-for-money |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=8 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A substantial portion of the military budget was devoted to personnel costs. Commentators wrote the budget was constraining Indian military modernisation.<ref name="Rajagopalan" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Sharma |first1=Kiran |title=India's arms modernization hampered by populist budget |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/India-s-arms-modernization-hampered-by-populist-budget |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Economist 2018-03-28" /><br />
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Under Modi, India launched military modernisation initiative aimed at strengthening defence preparedness and streamlining defence acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=22 May 2024 |title=India's Military Modernization Efforts Under Prime Minister Modi • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2024/indias-military-modernization-efforts-under-prime-minister-modi/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Modi launched new policies under the "[[Atmanirbhar Bharat|Aatmanirbhar Bharat]]" campaign, promoting indigenous defence manufacturing with policies to procure key weapon systems domestically. The government has implemented several of the recommendations from the Shekatkar Committee to streamline defence procurement and rationalise spending. Efforts have been made to establish Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) to enhance jointness among the services, although challenges persist in their full operationalisation.<ref name="orf2023">{{Cite book |editor-first1=Anit |editor-last1=Mukherjee |editor-first2=Rajeswari Pillai |editor-last2=Rajagopalan |editor-first3=Nishant |editor-last3=Rajeev |date=18 July 2023 |title=Momentous Changes: Defence Reforms, Military Transformation, and India's New Strategic Posture |url=https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20231229195724.pdf |publisher=ORF: [[Observer Research Foundation]] / [[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]] |isbn=978-81-963864-0-5 }}</ref><br />
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Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign and repeatedly called Pakistan an [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|exporter of terrorism]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Reversing roles |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2016/10/06/reversing-roles?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163106/https://www.economist.com/asia/2016/10/06/reversing-roles?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |access-date=8 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM slams Pakistan on terror: 10 quotes from Narendra Modi's speech in Kozhikode |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-kozhikode-kerala-speech-bjp-pakistan-uri-attack-3048273 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119141653/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-kozhikode-kerala-speech-bjp-pakistan-uri-attack-3048273/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Shyam |last=Balasubramanian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-terrorism-PM-Narendra-Modi-G20-Summit-China/articleshow/54016423.cms |title=One nation in South Asia spreading terrorism: PM Modi at G20 Summit |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311060910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-terrorism-PM-Narendra-Modi-G20-Summit-China/articleshow/54016423.cms |archive-date=11 March 2017 }}</ref> On 29 September 2016, the Modi administration said the Indian Army had conducted a [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike]] on terror [[launch pad]]s in [[Azad Kashmir]]; the Indian media said up to 50 terrorists and Pakistani soldiers had been killed in the strike.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html |title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-avenged-35-40-terrorists-9-pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-indian-surgical-strikes-say-tv-reports/397625/ |date=29 September 2016 |title=Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes, say TV reports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035024/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-avenged-35-40-terrorists-9-pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-indian-surgical-strikes-say-tv-reports/397625/ |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Manjeet Singh |last=Negi |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok/1/776433.html |title=Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001032146/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok/1/776433.html |archive-date=1 October 2016 }}</ref> Independent analysts said India's statement about the scope of the strike and the number of casualties had been exaggerated.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khan | first=M Ilyas | title=India's 'surgical strikes' in Kashmir: Truth or illusion? | website=BBC News | date=22 October 2016 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37702790 | access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Reversing roles | newspaper=The Economist | date=6 October 2016 | url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2016/10/06/reversing-roles | access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sasikumar | first=Karthika | title=India's Surgical Strikes: Response to Strategic Imperatives | journal=The Round Table | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=108 | issue=2 | date=4 March 2019 | issn=0035-8533 | doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1591768 | pages=159–174| s2cid=159140220 | url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/context/pols_pub/article/1028/viewcontent/India_E2_80_99s_20Surgical_20Strikes_20__20Response_20to_20Strategic_20Imperatives.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Singh| first=Sandeep| title=India's Surgical Strikes: Walking Into Pakistan's Trap? | work=The Diplomat| date=5 October 2016 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/indias-surgical-strikes-walking-into-pakistans-trap/ | access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> Pakistan denied any surgical strikes to have taken place.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Ellen |last1=Barry |first2=Salman |last2=Masood |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan.html |title=India Claims 'Surgical Strikes' Across Line of Control in Kashmir |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002083642/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan.html?_r=0 |archive-date=2 October 2016 }}</ref> In February 2019, India carried out [[2019 Balakot airstrike|airstrikes]] against a supposed terrorist camp in Pakistan; open source satellite imagery suggested no targets of significance were hit.<ref>{{citation |last1=Lalwani |first1=Sameer |last2=Tallo |first2=Emily |date=17 April 2019 |title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India—and the United States |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Hall |first=Ian |title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen |journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs |volume= 108 |year=2019 |issue=5 |pages=507–519, 510 |doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |hdl=10072/387751 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)|Further military skirmishes]], including cross-border shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft, occurred.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Constable |first2=Pamela |author2-link=Pamela Constable |title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-says-it-has-shot-down-two-indian-jets-in-its-airspace/2019/02/27/054461a2-3a5b-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=3 March 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 February 2019 |title=Skirmishing between India and Pakistan could escalate |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/02/28/skirmishing-between-india-and-pakistan-could-escalate |access-date=3 March 2021 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=2 March 2019 |title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302195309/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Eight months after the incident, the Modi administration admitted that six Indian military personnel had been killed by [[friendly fire]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=India admits friendly fire downed Mi-17 helicopter in Kashmir|date=4 October 2019|location=Washington, DC|publisher=The Defense Post|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/10/04/india-mi-17-helicopter-kashmir-friendly-fire/ |quote=The Indian Air Force confirmed for the first time on Friday, October 4 that it shot down one of its own Mi-17 helicopters during clashes with Pakistan in February over Kashmir, killing all six on board.}}</ref><br />
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[[File:P20210924AS-1147-2 (51707173079).jpg|thumb |Modi along with [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] leaders in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 2021]]<br />
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In May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in aggressive skirmishes along the [[Sino-Indian border]], including near the disputed [[Pangong Lake]], [[Ladakh]], and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and near the border between [[Sikkim]] and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Additional clashes took place in eastern Ladakh along the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Deepak |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fsOEAAAQBAJ |title=India and China: Beyond the Binary of Friendship and Enmity |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-15-9500-4 |pages=11–14 |language=en |author-link=B. R. Deepak}}</ref> In 2020, there were high-profile [[2020 India-China skirmishes|skirmishes]] between the nations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Karackattu |first=Joe Thomas |date=26 May 2020 |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=[[Asian Affairs]] |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=590–604 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |issn=0306-8374 |s2cid=222093756}}</ref> A series of talks between India and China were held.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Banikinkar |last=Pattanayak |date=9 September 2020 |title=Border clash fails to dampen India-China trade |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/border-clash-fails-to-dampen-india-china-trade/2078240/ |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The first border clash reported in 2021 was on 20 January; this was referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Krishn |last=Kaushik |date=26 January 2021 |title=India, China troops clash in Sikkim; resolved, says Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-troops-clash-in-sikkim-resolved-says-army-7161620/ |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Modi was from late 2022 criticised for maintaining silence over the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes#India's territorial loss|ceding]] of about 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> land to China since June 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web| last=Hassan | first=Aakash | title=Indian government accused of ceding land in Himalayas to China | website=the Guardian | date=19 September 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/19/indian-people-living-near-border-accuse-government-of-ceding-land-to-china}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web| last=Siddiqui | first=Imran Ahmed | title='Subjugation and surrender': Military veterans slam Modi government's continuing silence on Galwan | website=Telegraph India | date=16 June 2023 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/subjugation-and-surrender-military-veterans-slam-modi-governments-continuing-silence-on-galwan/cid/1945450}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |title=Modi's silence on China's land grabs will not be India's last word |website=Nikkei Asia |date=19 December 2022 |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Modi-s-silence-on-China-s-land-grabs-will-not-be-India-s-last-word |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref><br />
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In December 2021, Modi signed an agreement with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] to extend military technical cooperation.<ref name="Siddiqui">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Siddiqui |first1=Sabrina |last2=Leary |first2=Alex |last3=Roy |first3=Rajesh |date=5 March 2022 |title=Russian Invasion of Ukraine Strains U.S.'s Strategic Ties With India |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-strains-u-s-s-strategic-ties-with-india-11646427835 |access-date=5 March 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The Modi government bought the [[S-400 missile system]], an anti-missile striking system, strengthening the relationship between the two nations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=18 November 2021 |title=Explained: S-400 purchase & implications |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/s-400-purchase-air-defence-system-india-us-relation-7626388/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> India refused to condemn the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and stayed neutral.<ref name="Siddiqui" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=2 May 2022 |title=Modi's Big Mistake |journal=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2022-04-27/modis-big-mistake |access-date=3 May 2022 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> The Indian government's [[Operation Ganga]] initiative sought to return Indians stranded in Ukraine during the war. More than 19,000 Indian nationals were evacuated,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=28 February 2022 |title=All you need to know Operation Ganga, launched to evacuate Indians from Ukraine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/russia-ukraine-crisis-india-evacuation-operation-ganga-7794534/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=31 Flights To Evacuate Over 6,300 Indians From Ukraine By March 8: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-ganga-ukraine-31-flights-to-evacuate-6300-indians-from-ukraine-by-march-8-report-2798420 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> including some from neighbouring countries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 February 2022 |title=PM Narendra Modi sends four Ministers to countries bordering Ukraine |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-union-ministers-to-travel-to-ukraines-neighbouring-countries-to-coordinate-evacuation-of-indians/article65092161.ece |access-date=2 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|April 2025 Pahalgam attack]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] by [[The Resistance Front]], an offshoot of the Pakistan-based militant organisation [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite |journal |last1=Chesterton |first1=Hannah |last2=Bacon |first2=Tricia |title=How We Assess Violent Non-State Actor Risk: Power Versus Threat |journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]] |date=2025 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |issn=1057-610X |quote=The Resistance Front conducted limited attacks in Kashmir until April 2025, when it killed 26 tourists in Pahalgam, an attack that resulted in India and Pakistan's conflict in May 2025.}}</ref> the Modi government accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism and suspended the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] and all bilateral trade. Pakistan rejected the accusation and in response suspended the [[Simla Agreement]] and all trade with India. On 7 May, India launched [[Operation Sindoor]]'','' against terror launch pads used by the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] in Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]].<ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar">{{#invoke:cite |web |last=Shahid |first=Kunwar Khuldune |date=31 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and the Latest Reincarnation of Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-and-the-latest-reincarnation-of-lashkar-e-taiba/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |quote=However, mosques and madrassas associated with the LeT, JeM, and HM, openly function, which include some of the buildings hit by Indian strikes this month. Masjid Abbas in Kotli and Masjid Bilal in Muzaffarabad are both affiliated with the JeM, while the LeT-linked Shawai Nalla camp was also targeted. ... The LeT's Shawai Nalla camp was one of the few sites dedicated to militant training in the region.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite |news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan vows retaliation after Indian strike over tourist deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/multiple-loud-explosions-heard-pakistani-kashmir-reuters-witness-2025-05-06/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> On 10 May, Pakistan retaliated by targeting Indian military sites along the border. Following a further increase in hostilities, the countries agreed to a ceasefire the same day and ended the conflict.<ref name="a616">{{#invoke:cite |web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><br />
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=== Environment ===<br />
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi at India Pavilion in Paris during COP21 (23193999974).jpg|thumb|Modi (right) at [[CoP21 Climate Conference]], in Paris, announcing the founding of an International [[Solar Alliance]] (ISA). November 2015.|244x244px]]<br />
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While naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the Ministry of Environment and Forests the "[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change]]", and reduced its budget allocation by more than half in his administration's first budget.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Shrivastava |first1=Kumar Sambhav |title=Too little in environment ministry's kitty |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/too-little-in-environment-ministrys-kitty-45226 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date = 11 July 2014 |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The new ministry removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental protection, and others related to industrial activity.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> The government also tried to reconstitute the [[National Board for Wildlife]] so it would no longer have representatives from NGOs but the [[Supreme Court of India]] blocked this move.<ref name="Kothari">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Kothari|first1=Ashish|date=27 September 2014|title=A Hundred Days Closer to Ecological and Social Suicide|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/39/commentary/hundred-days-closer-ecological-and-social-suicide.html|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|volume=49|issue=39|pages=|jstor=i24478692|via=}}</ref> Other changes included a reduction of ministry oversight on small mining projects and ending the requirement for approval from tribal councils for projects inside forested areas. Modi also lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in India's most-polluted areas.<ref name="Kothari" /> The changes were welcomed by businesspeople but criticised by environmentalists.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Barry (journalist)|last2=Bagri|first2=Neha Thirani|date=4 December 2014|title=Narendra Modi, Favoring Growth in India, Pares Back Environmental Rules|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/world/indian-leader-favoring-growth-sweeps-away-environmental-rules.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205061053/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/world/indian-leader-favoring-growth-sweeps-away-environmental-rules.html |archive-date=5 December 2014 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=4 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
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[[File:PM visit Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger Reserves, in Karnataka on April 9, 2023.jpg|thumb|Modi visiting the [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve|Bandipur]] and [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve]], in Karnataka in 2023]]<br />
Speaking with [[Assamese people|Assamese]] students in 2014, Modi downplayed [[climate change]], saying, "Climate has not changed. We have changed. Our habits have changed. Our habits have got spoiled. Due to that, we have destroyed our entire environment."<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=5 September 2014|title=Teachers Day speech: PM Modi says no climate change |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/teachers-day-speech-pm-modi-says-no-climate-change-207413-2014-09-05 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later in his administration, however, he has called for [[climate action]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=12 December 2020 |title=India set to exceed climate targets: Modi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-exceed-expectations-on-climate-pm/article33316533.ece |access-date=11 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Kukreti |first=Ishan |title=Explainer: What Modi promised at the COP26 climate change meet – and what that means for India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1009701/explainer-what-modi-promised-at-the-cop26-climate-change-meet-and-what-that-means-for-india |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=3 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> especially with the proliferation of [[clean energy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Narendra Modi to address Renewable Energy players on initiatives in energy resources |work=The Economic Times |date=3 March 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/pm-narendra-modi-to-address-renewable-energy-players-on-initiatives-in-energy-resources/articleshow/89971530.cms |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2 May 2022 |title=PM Modi says India, Germany ties an example of success; both ink $10.5 bn green deal |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/india-germany-ink-105-bn-green-development-deal-to-boost-clean-energy-use-332123-2022-05-02 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, Modi proposed the [[International Solar Alliance]] initiative to encourage investment in solar energy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=ISA General Assembly promises to achieve USD 1 trillion investment in solar energy by 2030 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 October 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/isa-general-assembly-promises-to-achieve-usd-1-trillion-investment-in-solar-energy-by-2030/articleshow/87190267.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> Holding developed countries responsible,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=30 November 2015 |title=Narendra Modi pulls up rich nations on climate change |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Narendra-Modi-pulls-up-rich-nations-on-climate-change/article60297100.ece |access-date=11 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Modi and his government have said India has had a negligible historical role in climate change. At the [[COP26]] conference, Modi announced India would target [[carbon neutrality]] by 2070 and expand its renewable energy capacity.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shrivastava |first1=Rahul |title=Push for renewable by 2030, net-zero emissions by 2070: PM Modi's 5 commitments at COP26 summit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-cop26-global-climate-change-summit-glasgow-net-zero-carbon-emissions-1872187-2021-11-01 |access-date=21 November 2021 |agency=India Today |date=1 November 2021}}</ref> Indian environmentalists and economists applauded the decision, describing it as bold climate action.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=India pledges net-zero emissions by 2070 — but also wants to expand coal mining |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/03/1051805674/modi-india-cop26-coal-renewable-energy?t=1636899927203 |work=NPR |date=3 November 2021}}</ref> India has become the only major economy to be on track to meet its [[Paris Agreement]] goals.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 October 2021 |title=India largely on track to meet its Paris Climate Agreement targets, says new report |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-largely-on-track-to-meet-its-paris-climate-agreement-targets-says-new-report/article37204707.ece |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Business Line |agency=PTI}}</ref> It has achieved 10 per cent of ethanol blending five months ahead of schedule.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=6 June 2022 |title=10% ethanol blending ahead of schedule: PM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/10-ethanol-blending-ahead-of-schedule-pm-101654454203532.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Democratic backsliding ===<br />
{{Main|Premiership of Narendra Modi#Democratic backsliding}}<br />
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{{See also|Democratic backsliding in India|Internet censorship in India|Godi media|Protests against Narendra Modi}}<br />
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced [[democratic backsliding]].{{Efn|name=lo9}} His rule is known for weakening of democratic institutions, [[individual rights]], and [[freedom of expression]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Welzel |first1=Christian |title=Democratization |pages=4, 7 |year=2019 |editor1-last=Welzel |editor1-first=Christian |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IN8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873228-0 |last2=Inglehart |first2=Ronald |last3=Bernhangen |first3=Patrick |last4=Haerpfer |first4=Christian W. |editor2-last=Inglehart |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Bernhangen |editor3-first=Patrick |editor4-last=Haerpfer |editor4-first=Christian W.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Chidambaram |first=Soundarya |title=Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia |pages=130–148 |year=2022 |editor-last=Widmalm |editor-first=Sten |chapter=India's Inexorable Path to Autocratization: Looking beyond Modi and the populist lens |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNBUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003042211-11 |s2cid=245210210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to one study, "The BJP government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account, either by ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political executive or were captured by party loyalists".<ref name="Khaitan">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Khaitan|first=Tarunabh|date=26 May 2020|title=Killing a Constitution with a Thousand Cuts: Executive Aggrandizement and Party-state Fusion in India|journal=Law & Ethics of Human Rights|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=49–95|doi=10.1515/lehr-2020-2009|s2cid=221083830|issn=2194-6531|doi-access=free|hdl=11343/241852|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Welzel|first=Christian Peter|date=2017|title=A Tale of Culture-Bound Regime Evolution|url=http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|journal=Democratization|language=en|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430|issn=1351-0347|s2cid=148625260}}</ref> The Modi government has used state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, undermining freedom of expression and alternative sources of information.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Lydia|last=Finzel|title=Democratic Backsliding in India, the World's Largest Democracy|url=https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/|date=24 February 2020|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.v-dem.net|publisher=[[V-Dem Institute]]|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182459/https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/}}</ref><ref name="Ganguly 2020-09">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India's Democracy Is Under Threat|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/indias-democracy-is-under-threat/|date=18 September 2020|access-date=27 November 2020|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204223518/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/indias-democracy-is-under-threat/|url-status=live}}</ref> His administration has been criticised for using a democratic mandate to undermine democratic processes, including focusing on Hindu-nationalist priorities rather than economic development. Modi's second term as PM, in particular, saw the erosion of civil rights and [[Freedom of the press in India|press freedom]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Ding|first1=Iza|last2=Slater|first2=Dan|date=2 January 2021|title=Democratic decoupling|journal=Democratization|volume=28|issue=1|pages=63–80|doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1842361|s2cid=231643689|issn=1351-0347}}</ref><br />
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== Public perception and image ==<br />
{{Main|Public image of Narendra Modi}}<br />
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{{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}<br />
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Modi is the longest-serving prime minister outside the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=The rise and journey of Narendra Modi as the leader reshaping India: timeline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/the-rise-and-journey-of-narendra-modi-timeline/article68245652.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628060552/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/the-rise-and-journey-of-narendra-modi-timeline/article68245652.ece |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and has received [[Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership|consistently high approval ratings]] during his premiership.<ref name="Kaul2">{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Kaul|first1=Volker|title=Minorities and Populism – Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe|last2=Vajpeyi|first2=Ananya|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-34098-8|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Global Leader Approval Ratings|url=https://morningconsult.com/global-leader-approval/|access-date=9 September 2022|website=[[Morning Consult]]|language=en-US|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023901/https://morningconsult.com/global-leader-approval/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Narendra Modi continues to be most popular global leader with approval rating of 74%: Survey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-continues-to-be-most-popular-global-leader-with-approval-rating-of-74-survey/articleshow/93527036.cms|access-date=9 September 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2022|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909053544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-continues-to-be-most-popular-global-leader-with-approval-rating-of-74-survey/articleshow/93527036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Image ===<br />
Modi is considered to be a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and a [[Teetotalism|teetotaller]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Raj|last=Singh|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/10-facts-to-know-about-narendra-modi-pm-india-6602.html?page=4|title=B'day Spl: 10 facts to know about Prime Minister Narendra Modi|date=17 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163307/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/10-facts-to-know-about-narendra-modi-pm-india-6602.html?page=4|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Luke|last=Harding|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/18/india.lukeharding|title=Profile: Narendra Modi|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 August 2003|access-date=17 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517022009/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/18/india.lukeharding|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> On 31 August 2012, he posted on [[Google Hangouts]], becoming the first Indian politician to interact with citizens on a live chat.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi on Google Hangout, Ajay Devgn to host event |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/social-media/Narendra-Modi-on-Google-Hangout-Ajay-Devgn-to-host-event/articleshow/16068578.cms?referral=PM|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2012|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=People ask, Narendra Modi answers on Google Plus Hangout|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/modi-answers-netizens-on-google-plus-hangout/287292-37.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=1 September 2012|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904041147/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/modi-answers-netizens-on-google-plus-hangout/287292-37.html|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Modi regularly wears an ironed, half-sleeved ''[[kurta]]'', and his suit has his name repeatedly embroidered in the pinstripes, which he wore during a state visit by US president [[Barack Obama]], which drew public and media attention, and criticism.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/06/heres-what-narendra-modis-fashion-says-about-his-politics/ |title=Here's what Narendra Modi's fashion says about his politics |first=Swati |last=Sharma |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 June 2014 |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025062736/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/06/heres-what-narendra-modis-fashion-says-about-his-politics/ |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/narendra-modi-a-leader-who-is-what-he-wears/?_r=0 |title=Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India: A Leader Who Is What He Wears |first=Vanessa |last=Friedman |work=[[The New York Times]]: On The Runway |date=3 June 2014 |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114450/http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/narendra-modi-a-leader-who-is-what-he-wears/?_r=0 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Price|first1=Lance|author-link1=Lance Price|title=The Modi Effect: Inside Narendra Modi's campaign to transform India|publisher=[[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus]]|isbn=978-1-62365-938-7|pages=179–180|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>{{clarification needed|reason=Specify criticism.|date=January 2025}} Scholars and biographers have described Modi's personality as energetic, eccentric, arrogant, and charismatic.<ref name="Stepan" />{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=60–70}}<br />
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The nomination of Modi for the prime-ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians".<ref name="Basu" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130702/jsp/nation/story_17071479.jsp|title=Boomerang warning in article on 'polarising' Modi|last=Ramaseshan|first=Radhika|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata|date=2 July 2013|access-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231449/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130702/jsp/nation/story_17071479.jsp|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-BlogPostsAshokMalik/Popular-but-polarising-can-Narendra-Modi-be-PM/SP-Article10-956550.aspx |title=Popular but polarising: can Narendra Modi be PM? |last=Malik |first=Ashok |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210144412/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-BlogPostsAshokMalik/Popular-but-polarising-can-Narendra-Modi-be-PM/SP-Article10-956550.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2013 }}</ref> During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader who would be able to take difficult decisions.<ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Chhibber" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /><ref name="Chacko" /><ref name="Srivastava" /> Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, an unusual tactic for the BJP and RSS.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /> Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and development.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| title=NaMo, Ram the new mantra on Dalal Street! | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/namo-ram-the-new-mantra-on-dalal-street/articleshow/22576714.cms | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=15 September 2013 | access-date=16 September 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111133246/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/namo-ram-the-new-mantra-on-dalal-street/articleshow/22576714.cms | archive-date=11 January 2015 }}</ref> Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy.<ref name="Buncombe2">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref> Modi's hardline Hindutva ideology and the policies adopted by his government continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.<ref name="Buncombe" /><ref name="Stepan" /><ref name="Manor" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2015-06" /><br />
<br />
=== Approval ratings ===<br />
{{Main|Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership}}<br />
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[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi interacting with the school children after addressing the Nation, on the occasion of 71st Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2017.jpg|thumb|Modi interacting with the school children after delivering his address on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in New Delhi, 15 August 2017]]<br />
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During his premiership, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a [[Pew Research]] poll, with 68% of respondents rating him "very favourably" and 93% approving of his government.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Indians adore Modi|last=Zainulbhai|first=Hani|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/17/indians-adore-modi/|date=17 September 2015|access-date=17 February 2017|website=[[Pew Research]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114103530/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/17/indians-adore-modi/|archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Modi's approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% during his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Modi's approval rating remains high 2 years into term: poll|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TkDwBkcX7kpm9VL80zTU4N/Narendra-Modis-approval-rating-remains-high-Poll.html|date=23 May 2016|access-date=28 May 2016|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526050459/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TkDwBkcX7kpm9VL80zTU4N/Narendra-Modis-approval-rating-remains-high-Poll.html|archive-date=26 May 2016|last1=Shashidhar|first1=Karthik}}</ref> At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very favourably".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Bruce|last=Stokes|title=India and Modi: The Honeymoon Continues|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/09/19/india-and-modi-the-honeymoon-continues/|date=19 September 2016|access-date=17 February 2017|website=[[Pew Research]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217154037/http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/09/19/india-and-modi-the-honeymoon-continues/|archive-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Nida |last=Najar |title=PM Narendra Modi retains broad support in India despite criticism, poll finds |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pm-narendra-modi-retains-broad-support-in-india-despite-criticism-poll-finds/articleshow/54418680.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116235640/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pm-narendra-modi-retains-broad-support-in-india-despite-criticism-poll-finds/articleshow/54418680.cms |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favourably".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Bruce|last1=Stokes|first2=Dorothy|last2=Manevich|first3=Hanyu|last3=Chwe|title=Three Years In, Modi Remains Very Popular|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/14093908/Pew-Research-Center_India-Modi-Report_2017.11.15.pdf|date=15 November 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|website=[[Pew Research]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115174444/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/14093908/Pew-Research-Center_India-Modi-Report_2017.11.15.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted by ''[[The Times of India]]'' in May 2017 showed 77% of respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi Govt gets high approval rating at three-year mark in TOI online poll|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/modi-government/news/modi-govt-gets-high-approval-rating-at-three-year-mark-in-toi-online-poll/articleshow/58808743.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=14 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821144103/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/modi-government/news/modi-govt-gets-high-approval-rating-at-three-year-mark-in-toi-online-poll/articleshow/58808743.cms|archive-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> In early 2017, a survey by Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian politics.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=PM Narendra Modi 'By Far' Most Popular Figure in Indian Politics: Pew Survey|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-by-far-most-popular-figure-in-indian-politics-says-survey-by-american-think-tank-pew-1776032|date=16 November 2017|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040218/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-by-far-most-popular-figure-in-indian-politics-says-survey-by-american-think-tank-pew-1776032|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a weekly analysis by [[Morning Consult]] called the Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as of 22 December 2020 of all government leaders in the 13 countries being tracked.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2 January 2021|title=Modi's high approval rating a matter of pride for all Indians: Nadda|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/12078819_Modi--s-high-approval-rating-a-matter-of-pride-for-all-Indians--Nadda|access-date=7 January 2021|website=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Global Leader Approval Tracker|url=https://morningconsult.com/form/global-leader-approval/|access-date=7 January 2021|website=[[Morning Consult]]|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== In popular culture ===<br />
{{See also|:Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi}}<br />
''Modi Kaka Ka Gaon'' (Modi uncle's town), a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film by Tushar Amrish Goel, is the first [[biopic]] about Modi. It stars Vikas Mahante in the titular role.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Modi Kaka Ka Gaon Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Modi Kaka Ka Gaon by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/modi-kaka-ka-gaon/movie-review/62314057.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 June 2021|last1=Noorani |first1=Reza }}.</ref> ''[[PM Narendra Modi]]'', a 2019 Hindi-language biographical drama film by [[Omung Kumar]], stars [[Vivek Oberoi]] in the titular role and covers Modi's rise to the premiership.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=20 March 2019|title=Does the Release of 'PM Narendra Modi' Violate Model Code of Conduct?|url=https://thewire.in/film/release-of-pm-narendra-modi-does-not-violate-model-code-of-conduct-say-ex-ec-chiefs|access-date=19 March 2021|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> An Indian web series called ''[[Modi: Journey of a Common Man]]'', which is based on the same premise, was released in May 2019 on the [[video streaming]] platform [[Eros Now]] with [[Ashish Sharma]] portraying Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Farooqui |first1=Maryam |title=With an eye on Lok Sabha polls, Eros Now to stream web series on PM Modi in April |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/with-an-eye-on-lok-sabha-polls-eros-now-to-stream-web-series-on-pm-modi-in-april-3704771.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=[[moneycontrol.com]]|date=27 March 2019}}</ref><br />
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[[7 RCR (TV series)|''7 RCR'']] (''[[7, Race Course Road]]''), a 2014 Indian [[docudrama]] political television series which charts the political careers of prominent Indian politicians, covered Modi's rise to the PM's office in the episodes "Story of Narendra Modi from 1950 to 2001", "Story of Narendra Modi in Controversial Years from 2001 to 2013", "Truth Behind Brand Modi", "Election Journey of Narendra Modi to 7 RCR", and "Masterplan of Narendra Modi's NDA Govt", with Sangam Rai in the role of Modi.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1nBPAfwVRA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/p1nBPAfwVRA| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=First episode of 7 RCR on Narendra Modi|date=12 January 2014|access-date=12 January 2014|publisher=[[ABP News]] via [[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[India: The Modi Question]], a 2023 [[BBC]] documentary, examines Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots and his record as Prime Minister of India. The Indian government banned the documentary, drawing widespread criticism.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=23 January 2023 |title=India invokes emergency laws to ban BBC Modi documentary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/india-emergency-laws-to-ban-bbc-narendra-modi-documentary |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lakshman |first=Sriram |date=25 January 2023 |title=BBC documentary: Second part of 'The Modi Question' airs in the U.K. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bbc-documentary-second-part-of-the-modi-question-airs-in-the-uk/article66429896.ece |access-date=25 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web| title=India's government scrambles to block a film about Modi's role in anti-Muslim riots | website=NPR | date=25 January 2023 | url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/25/1151359378/modi-question-bbc-documentary-india-censorship-2002-gujarat-riots | access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| title=As India Tries to Block a Modi Documentary, Students Fight to See It | first = Samir | last = Yasir | work=The New York Times | date=25 January 2023 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/world/asia/india-bbc-modi-documentary.html | access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><br />
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Other portrayals of Modi include those by [[Rajit Kapur]] in the film ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'' (2019) and [[Vikram Gokhale]] in the web-television series ''[[Avrodh: The Siege Within]]'' (2020), both of which are based on the [[2016 Uri attack]] and the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|subsequent Indian surgical strikes]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Uri: The Surgical Strike|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/watch-uri-the-surgical-strike-full-movie-online/0-0-33204|access-date=11 June 2021|website=[[ZEE5]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Watch Avrodh Web Series Online|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/avrodh-1700000236|access-date=22 June 2021|website=[[SonyLIV]]|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714025027/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/avrodh-1700000236}}</ref> Gokhale reprised the role in the sequel ''[[Avrodh: The Siege Within 2]]'' (2022)'','' which is based on the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Avrodh 2: The Siege Within' to release on June 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/avrodh-2-the-siege-within-to-release-on-june-24/articleshow/92076509.cms |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Pratap Singh played a character based on Modi in ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'' (2005) which is set against the backdrop of the Gujarat riots.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Salam|first1=Ziya Us|date=13 August 2004|archive-date=11 June 2021|title=Ideology shackled|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ideology-shackled/article28576898.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611095848/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ideology-shackled/article28576898.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=7 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Modi appeared in [[Man vs. Wild#Special India episodes|an episode]] of [[Discovery Channel India|Discovery Channel]]'s show ''[[Man vs. Wild]]'' with the host [[Bear Grylls]] in July 2019,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Man vs Wild with Bear Grylls and PM Modi|url=https://www.discoveryplus.in/show/man-vs-wild-with-bear-grylls-and-pm-modi|publisher=[[Discovery+]]|language=en|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PM Modi rows boat, makes weapon, goes on a wild adventure for Man vs Wild TV show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-bear-grylls-on-man-vs-wild-show-1574682-2019-07-29|website=[[India Today]]|date=29 July 2019|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> becoming the second world leader after Barack Obama to appear in the reality show.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Hemant|last=Singh|title=World leaders including PM Narendra Modi with Bear Grylls in Man vs Wild Program at Discovery India|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/world-leaders-with-bear-grylls-in-man-vs-wild-program-at-discovery-india-1564489280-1|website=[[Jagran Josh]]|access-date=14 August 2019|date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In the show, Modi treks through jungles, and talks about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Man Vs Wild: PM Modi walks in jungles of Jim Corbett with Bear Grylls, talks about conserving nature|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/man-vs-wild-pm-modi-walks-in-jungles-of-jim-corbett-with-bear-grylls-talks-about-conserving-nature/1/372196.html|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=13 August 2019|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> The episode was recorded in [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]], and was broadcast in India and 180 other countries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Taking Cue from PM's 'Man vs Wild' Episode, Tourism Ministry Makes 'Wildlife' Theme for Incredible India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/taking-cue-from-pms-man-vs-wild-episode-tourism-ministry-makes-wildlife-theme-for-incredible-india-2266653.html|website=[[News18]]|date=12 August 2019|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Modi hosts ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'', a monthly radio programme on [[All India Radio]], and has conducted the competition ''[[Pariksha Pe Charcha]]'', and discussions for students and the issues they face in examinations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Mann Ki Baat|url=https://pmonradio.nic.in/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=[[pmonradio.nic.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=5 April 2021|title=Pariksha Pe Charcha 2021|url=https://mygov.in/campaigns/ppc-2021/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=[[MyGov.in]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
{{Main|List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi|List of things named after Narendra Modi}}<br />
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In March 2012 and June 2014, Narendra Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'', becoming one of the few Indian politicians to have done so.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jyoti |last=Thottam |url=https://world.time.com/2012/03/16/why-narendra-modi-is-indias-most-loved-and-loathed-politician/ |title=Why Narendra Modi is India's Most Loved and Loathed Politician |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403122046/http://world.time.com/2012/03/16/why-narendra-modi-is-indias-most-loved-and-loathed-politician/ |archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/108674/june-2nd-2014-vol-183-no-21-asia-europe-middle-east-and-africa-south-pacific/ |title=Narendra Modi: The New Face of India |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=22 December 2020 |volume=183 |number=21 }}</ref> In 2014, ''[[CNN-News18]]'' (formally ''CNN-IBN'') news network awarded Modi [[CNN–News18 Indian of the Year|Indian of the Year]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-winners-of-indian-of-the-year-2014/534516-3.html |title=List of winners of Indian of the Year 2014 |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508145221/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-winners-of-indian-of-the-year-2014/534516-3.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, Modi was featured on the [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|cover of Time Magazine]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Nancy |last1=Gibbs |first2=Zoher |last2=Abdoolcarim |first3=Nikhil |last3=Kumar |url=https://time.com/3849492/narendra-modi-interview/ |title=Exclusive Interview With Narendra Modi: 'We Are Natural Allies' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=7 May 2015 |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2021, he was named one of Time magazine's [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/70845/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425010914/http://time.com/70845/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 }}<br />
* {{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3823155/narendra-modi-2015-time-100/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Barack |last=Obama |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214231710/http://time.com/3823155/narendra-modi-2015-time-100/ |archive-date=14 December 2016 }}<br />
* {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736335/narendra-modi/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Pankaj |last=Mishra |date=20 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425072553/http://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736335/narendra-modi/ |archive-date=25 April 2017 }}<br />
* {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888327/narendra-modi-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923090954/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888327/narendra-modi-india/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2020: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Karl |last=Vick |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 }}<br />
* {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096023/narendra-modi-leader/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2021: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> In its [[Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People|list of the world's most powerful people]], ''[[Forbes Magazine]]'' ranked Modi 15th in 2014 and 9th in 2015, 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/narendra-modi/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=November 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106101820/http://www.forbes.com/profile/narendra-modi/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|title=2014 Ranking Of The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/11/05/2014-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=61b961e04d93 |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|title=Russian President Vladimir Putin Tops Forbes' 2015 Ranking Of The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2015/11/04/russian-president-vladimir-putin-tops-forbes-2015-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=599c3a213548 |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=4 November 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/11/04/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2015/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=4 November 2015 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222020237/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/11/04/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2015/ |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2016 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214153005/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/#26ec03f2368d |archive-date=14 December 2016 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|title=Forbes Releases 2018 List Of The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2018/05/08/forbes-releases-2018-list-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=55fcee49719c |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 }}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2018 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222602/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/ |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Modi was ranked the [[50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)|13th Most Influential Person in the World]] by ''[[Bloomberg Markets]] Magazine''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |author=Dieterich, Robert S. |title=Bloomberg Markets 50 Most Influential |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-markets-most-influential/#intro |date=September 2015 |access-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006192842/http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-markets-most-influential |archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> In 2021, ''Time'' called Modi the third "pivotal leader" of independent India after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]], who "dominated the country's politics like no one since them".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=16 September 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi features in Time Magazine's list of 100 most influential people of 2021; 'dominating the country's politics', says report |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-features-in-time-magazines-list-of-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-dominating-the-countrys-politics-says-report/2331131/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PM Modi In TIME Magazine's '100 Most Influential People 2021' List; Mamata Banerjee, Adar Poonawalla Also Feature |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/time-magazine-lists-pm-modi-in-100-most-influential-people-2021-mamata-banerjee-adar-poonawalla-feature-too-7471231.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=Moneycontrol |date=15 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Modi was ranked fifth on ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune Magazine]]''{{'}}s first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/narendra-modi-5/ |title=World's Greatest Leaders 2015: Narendra Modi |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222212308/http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/narendra-modi-5/ |archive-date=22 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Narendra-Modi-and-Kailash-Satyarthi-are-worlds-greatest-leaders-says-Fortune-Magazine/articleshow/46715870.cms |title=Narendra Modi and Kailash Satyarthi are world's greatest leaders, says Fortune Magazine |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330220128/http://www.businessinsider.in/Narendra-Modi-and-Kailash-Satyarthi-are-worlds-greatest-leaders-says-Fortune-Magazine/articleshow/46715870.cms |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref> In 2017, [[Gallup International Association]] (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi third-top leader of the world.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/gia-poll-modi-ranks-third-after-merkel-macron-in-global-ratings-of-top-world-leaders-best-ever-rank-for-an-indian-pm-4298471.html |title=GIA poll: Modi ranks third after Merkel, Macron in global ratings of top world leaders; best ever rank for an Indian PM |website=firstpost.com |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Abhishek |last=Rana |url=https://www.newsfolo.com/india/gia-poll-2017-narendra-modi-ranks-third-highest-indian-prime-minister/134669/ |title=GIA Poll 2017: Narendra Modi ranks third, the highest for an Indian Prime Minister |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=www.newsfolo.com}}</ref> In 2016, a wax statue of Modi was unveiled at [[Madame Tussauds]] [[wax museum]] in [[London]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-wax-statue-madame-tussauds-musuem-london-2774822/ |title=London: PM Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121838/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-wax-statue-madame-tussauds-musuem-london-2774822/ |archive-date=25 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/narendra-modi-s-wax-statue-unveiled-at-madame-tussaud-s-musuem-116042801127_1.html |title=Narendra Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608192334/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/narendra-modi-s-wax-statue-unveiled-at-madame-tussaud-s-musuem-116042801127_1.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi figure at Madame Tussauds London (33783646132).jpg|thumb|upright|Narendra Modi's wax statue at [[Madame Tussauds]], London]]<br />
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In 2015, Modi was named one of ''Time''{{'}}s "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" because he was the [[List of most-followed Twitter accounts|second-most-followed politician]] on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-influential-people-on-the-internet/ |title=The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=5 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321233428/http://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-influential-people-on-the-internet/ |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, he was the third-most-followed world leader on Twitter and the [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts|most-followed world leader]] on [[Instagram]] and Facebook.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/narendra-modi-sushma-swaraj-twitter-5253685/|title=PM Modi third most followed world leader on Twitter, Sushma Swaraj most popular among women leaders|date=11 July 2018|access-date=20 October 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Surabhi |last=Agarwal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/with-41-7-million-followers-modi-becomes-most-followed-world-leader-on-facebook/articleshow/58863602.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |title=With 41.7 million followers, Modi becomes most followed world leader on Facebook |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/narendra-modi-most-followed-instagram-1403501-2018-12-06 |title=PM Narendra Modi most followed world leader on Instagram |work=[[India Today]] |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Modi received United Nations' highest environmental award, the [[Champions of the Earth]], for policy leadership by "pioneering work in championing" the [[International Solar Alliance]] and "new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/node/50 |title=Narendra Modi – Policy Leadership Award: Champions of the Earth |website=[[United Nations Environment Programme|web.unep.org]] |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-receives-uns-champions-of-the-earth-award/articleshow/66051710.cms?from=mdr |title=PM Narendra Modi receives UN's Champions of the Earth Award |date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> Modi was conferred the 2018 [[Seoul Peace Prize]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30532/Prime+Minister+Modi+Awarded+the+2018+Seoul+Peace+Prize |title=Prime Minister Modi Awarded the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513151012/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F30532%2FPrime+Minister+Modi+Awarded+the+2018+Seoul+Peace+Prize |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-receives-seoul-peace-prize-for-2018/articleshow/68108358.cms |title=PM Modi receives Seoul Peace Prize for 2018 |date=22 February 2019 |website=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210409/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-receives-seoul-peace-prize-for-2018/articleshow/68108358.cms |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><br />
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Following his [[Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|second oath of office ceremony]] as Prime Minister of India, a picture of Modi was displayed on the facade of the [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company]] (ADNOC) building in [[Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/adnoc-marks-modis-inauguration-as-prime-minister-of-india-12 |title=Video: ADNOC marks Modi's inauguration as Prime Minister of India |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> The Texas India Forum hosted a community event, ''[[Howdy Modi]]'', in honour of Modi on 22 September 2019 at [[NRG Stadium]] in [[Houston, Texas]]. The event was attended by over 50,000 people and several American politicians, including President [[Donald Trump]], making it the largest gathering for an invited [[List of diplomatic visits to the United States|foreign leader visiting the United States]] other than the [[Pope]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title='Howdy, Modi!': Trump hails Indian PM at 'historic' Texas rally |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49788492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923000151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49788492/ |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Texas India Forum – Howdy Modi |url=https://www.howdymodi.org/ |website=howdymodi.org |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> At the event, Modi was presented with the [[List of Keys to the City in the United States#Texas|Key to the City]] of Houston by Mayor [[Sylvester Turner]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title='Howdy Modi' in Houston: After Modi show, Trump tweets: 'The USA Loves India!' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/howdy-modi-event-in-houston-live-updates/article29481830.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 September 2019 |language=en-IN |date=22 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] awarded Modi the [[Goalkeepers (Gates Foundation)|Global Goalkeeper Award]] on 24 September 2019 in New York City, in recognition of the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] and "the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership".<ref>{{#invoke:cite tweet||main|author=Gates Foundation |author-link=Gates Foundation |user=gatesfoundation |number=1176654725229490176 |date=24 September 2019 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the Global Goalkeeper Award at tonight's Goalkeepers Global Goals Awards. This award recognizes the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership. https://t.co/QSMD4UqxiU |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Gwyn |last=D'Mello |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/bill-gates-foundation-gave-pm-narendra-modi-global-goalkeeper-award-for-swachh-bharat-impact-376502.html |title=Bill Gates' Foundation Gave PM Narendra Modi 'Global Goalkeeper' Award For Swachh Bharat Impact |work=[[indiatimes.com]] |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Narendra Modi: 'Global Goalkeeper' award for PM Modi for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-goalkeeper-award-for-pm-modi-for-swachch-bharat-abhiyan/articleshow/71285839.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2020, Modi was among eight world leaders who were awarded the parody [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in Medical Education "for using the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 viral pandemic]] to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Tanne |first1=Janice Hopkins |title=Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, and other leaders win Ig Nobel awards for teaching people about life and death |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3675 |access-date=19 September 2020 |journal=[[The BMJ|BMJ]] |date=18 September 2020 |volume=370 |article-number=m3675 |language=en |doi=10.1136/bmj.m3675 |pmid=32948527}}</ref> On 21 December 2020, US president Donald Trump awarded Modi the [[Legion of Merit]] for improving [[India–United States relations]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lakshman |first=Sriram |date=22 December 2020 |title=PM Modi awarded 'Legion of Merit' by Donald Trump |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/donald-trump-presents-legion-of-merit-to-pm-modi/article33390370.ece |access-date=22 December 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=22 December 2020 |title=Donald Trump awards PM Narendra Modi with Legion of Merit for elevating India-US ties |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/donald-trump-awards-pm-narendra-modi-with-legion-of-merit-for-elevating-india-us-ties/articleshow/79849619.cms |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Aiyappa |first=Vikash |date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |title=The message Trump sent out by awarding PM Modi the Legion of Merit |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/the-message-trump-sent-out-by-awarding-pm-modi-the-legion-of-merit-3192605.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222085346/https://www.oneindia.com/india/the-message-trump-sent-out-by-awarding-pm-modi-the-legion-of-merit-3192605.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=[[oneindia.com]] |language=en}}</ref> On 24 February 2021, [[Gujarat Cricket Association]] controversially renamed Motera Stadium in [[Ahmedabad]]—[[List of cricket grounds by capacity|the largest cricket stadium in the world]]—[[Narendra Modi Stadium]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Activists Urge PM to Rename Narendra Modi Stadium After Sardar Patel, Sign Letter in Blood |website=The Wire |date=26 February 2021 |url=https://thewire.in/rights/activists-urge-pm-to-rename-narendra-modi-stadium-after-sardar-patel-sign-letter-in-blood |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref><br />
[[File:PM Narendra Modi being conferred with the ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo’ - Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi being conferred with the [[Order of the Dragon King]], Bhutan's highest civilian decoration by the [[King of Bhutan]]]]<br />
In July 2024, during a visit to Russia, Modi was awarded the [[Order of St. Andrew]], Russia's highest civilian award, for his effort in the development of the bilateral ties between India and Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Vivek |last1=Kumar |editor1-first=Gaurav C |editor1-last=Sawant |date=10 July 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-receives-russias-highest-civilian-honour-during-moscow-trip-2564460-2024-07-09 |title=PM Modi receives Russia's highest civilian honour during Moscow trip |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> In March, the [[King of Bhutan]] conferred Modi with the [[Order of the Dragon King]], the highest decoration of Bhutan. It was the first such award to a non-Bhutanese head of government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why PM Modi became the first foreign head of govt to get Bhutan's top civilian award |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pm-narendra-modi-bhutan-highest-civilian-award-13751835.html |work=Firstpost |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later in November 2024, during a diplomatic visit to Nigeria, Modi was conferred the [[Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger]] by the Nigerian president. This is one of the country's highest honours, making him the second foreign dignitary to receive the award, after [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi Receives Nigeria's GCON Award: 2nd Foreign Dignitary after Queen Elizabeth |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pm-modi-receives-nigerias-gcon-award-2nd-foreign-dignitary-after-queen-elizabeth-7040499 |website=NDTV |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Usigbe, Leon |title=Tinubu Confers Nigeria's Second-Highest Honour on Prime Minister Modi |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tinubu-confers-nigerias-second-highest-honour-on-prime-minister-modi/ |website=Tribune Online |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> President [[Bola Tinubu]] stated that the award was presented in recognition of Nigeria's appreciation for the growing partnership between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=Angbulu, Stephen |title=Tinubu Confers National Honour of GCON on Indian PM Modi |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-confers-national-honour-of-gcon-on-indian-pm-modi/?amp |website=Punch Newspapers |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> Upon his arrival, Modi was presented with the symbolic "Key to the City" of [[Abuja]] by Minister [[Nyesom Wike]], a gesture symbolising trust and honour from the people of Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |author=Roushan, Anurag |title=PM Modi Gets Unique Welcome in Nigeria, Presented with 'Key to the City' of Abuja: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/pm-narendra-modi-visits-nigeria-presented-with-key-to-the-city-of-abuja-what-does-it-mean-2024-11-17-962011 |website=India TV News |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi Presented with 'Key to the City' of Abuja on Arrival in Nigeria |url=https://aninews.in/videos/national/pm-modi-presented-with-key-to-the-city-of-abuja-on-arrival-in-nigeria-pm-modi-on-3-nation-visit/ |website=ANI News |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, Modi was conferred the [[Order of Mubarak the Great]], the highest national honour of [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi awarded Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer: What is this Kuwaiti honour, its significance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/pm-modi-order-of-mubarak-al-kabeer-kuwait-significance-9739171/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=Indian Express |date=23 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=Modi gets Kuwait's highest honour 'The Order of Mubarak Al Kabeer', signs defence pact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kuwait-bestows-highest-honour-the-order-of-mubarak-al-kabeer-to-pm-modi/article69015471.ece |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Modi was named a [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean|Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key]], the highest honour conferred by [[Mauritius]], in March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Jai |title=PM Modi honoured with Mauritius' highest award, strengthening India-Mauritius ties |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/pm-modi-honoured-with-mauritius-highest-award-strengthening-india-mauritius-ties/ |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=Australia Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi Receives Mauritius' Highest National Award; See Pics Here |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/pm-modi-receives-mauritius-highest-national-award-see-pics-here |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> In April 2025, Modi was awarded the [[Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana]], the highest Sri Lankan award to a foreign leader, in Colombo by the Sri Lankan President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=PM honoured with Mithra Vibhushana medal by Sri Lanka for boosting bilateral ties |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-sri-lanka-pm-honoured-with-mithra-vibhushana-medal-by-sri-lanka-for-boosting-bilateral-ties-2704458-2025-04-05 |magazine=India Today |date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
{{Main|Electoral history of Narendra Modi}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align: center;"<br />
|+Election results<br />
!Year<br />
!Office<br />
!Constituency<br />
! colspan="1" |Party<br />
!Votes for Modi<br />
!%<br />
!Opponent<br />
! colspan="1" |Party<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Margin<br />
!Result<br />
!{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
|2002^<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|[[Rajkot II]]<br />
| rowspan="8" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|frameless|30px]]<br />
|45,298<br />
|57.32<br />
|Ashwinbhai Narbheshankar Mehta<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />[[File:Hand INC.svg|frameless|30px]]<br />
|30,570<br />
|38.68<br />
|{{yes2|14,728}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Uday|last1=Mahurkar|title=Rajkot II by-elections: Narendra Modi pushes his own image as a rising star of BJP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20020225-narendra-modi-pushes-his-own-image-as-a-rising-star-of-bjp-795944-2002-02-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715180705/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20020225-narendra-modi-pushes-his-own-image-as-a-rising-star-of-bjp-795944-2002-02-25|date=25 February 2002|archive-date=15 July 2020|access-date=15 January 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Maninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maninagar]]<br />
|113,589<br />
|73.29<br />
|[[Yatinbhai Oza]]<br />
|38,256<br />
|24.68<br />
|{{yes2|75,333}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|{{Sfnm|1a1=Marino|1y=2014|1pp=98|2a1=Bal Narendra|2y=2014|2pp=67-69}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|139,568<br />
|69.53<br />
|[[Dinsha Patel]]<br />
|52,407<br />
|26.11<br />
|{{yes2|87,161}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|date=27 November 2007|title=Union minister Dinsha Patel to take on Modi in Maninagar|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/27gujpoll1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035902/https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/27gujpoll1.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=15 January 2021|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|120,470<br />
|75.38<br />
|Shweta Sanjiv Bhat<br />
|34,097<br />
|21.34<br />
|{{yes2|86,373}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref name="NDTV 2012-12-20" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
|[[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]]<br />
|845,464<br />
|72.75<br />
|[[Madhusudan Mistry]]<br />
|275,336<br />
|23.69<br />
|{{yes2|570,128}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=General Election To Lok Sabha Trends & Result 2014|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|archive-date=17 May 2014|access-date=15 January 2021|website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]<br />
|581,022<br />
|56.37<br />
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />[[File:AAP Symbol.png|30px]]<br />
|209,238<br />
|20.30<br />
|{{yes2|371,784}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref name="NDTV 2014-04-09" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|674,664<br />
|63.62<br />
|Shalini Yadav<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|30px]]<br />
|195,159<br />
|18.40<br />
|{{yes2|479,505}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=23 May 2019|title=Varanasi Election Result 2019: PM Modi' Varanasi is the star constituency|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/constituency-watch/may-10-lok-sabha-2019-constituency-pm-modi-is-the-sitting-mp-from-ups-varanasi/story-AOwwWeUUmyrgpI90ChDYQP.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528121737/https://www.hindustantimes.com/constituency-watch/may-10-lok-sabha-2019-constituency-pm-modi-is-the-sitting-mp-from-ups-varanasi/story-AOwwWeUUmyrgpI90ChDYQP.html|archive-date=28 May 2020|access-date=15 January 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|612,970<br />
|54.24<br />
|[[Ajay Rai]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />[[File:Hand INC.svg|frameless|30px]]<br />
|460,457<br />
|40.74<br />
|{{yes2|152,513}}<br />
| style="background:#9EFF9E;color:#000;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme" |Won<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |work=Economic Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=4 June 2024 |title=Varanasi Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: PM Modi wins Varanasi seat for 3rd consecutive time, defeats Congress's Ajay Rai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/varanasi-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-ajai-rai-bjp-nda-congress-india-bloc-2548670-2024-06-04 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
^ = February 2002 by-poll<br />
<br />
== Writing career ==<br />
<br />
In 2008, Modi published a Gujarati book titled ''Jyotipunj'', which contains profiles of RSS leaders. The longest was of [[M. S. Golwalkar]], under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as ''Pujniya Shri Guruji'' ("Guru worthy of worship").<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel – Part 1 |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |work=[[The Caravan]] |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003500/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', Modi's intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers, and to reassure RSS members he remained ideologically aligned with them.<br />
<br />
After becoming the prime minister he also authored a book called [[Exam Warriors]], a guide for children to commendably face exams. Modi has written eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my leaders' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jyotipunj-narendra-modi-writes-on-my-organisation-my-leaders/articleshow/2936428.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621040809/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-09/news/27702974_1_rss-workers-pracharak-rss-leaders |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Modi has penned the lyrics of two Gujarati [[Garba (dance)|garba]] songs; ''Garbo'', sung by [[Dhvani Bhanushali]] and composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], and ''Maadi'', sung by [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] and composed by [[Meet Bros]]. The songs were released on the occasion of autumn [[Navratri]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi unveils new Garba song penned by him, Maadi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/navratri-2023-garbo-song-trends-lyrics-by-prime-minister-narendra-modi/article67419990.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2023 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi unveils new Garba song penned by him, Maadi|date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/pm-narendra-modi-unveils-new-garba-song-penned-by-him-maadi-101697345237635.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Abundance in Millets]]'', a song by [[Falu]] and Gaurav Shah that featured a speech given by Modi for the promotion of [[millet]], received a nomination in the [[Grammy Award for Best Global Music Performance|Best Global Music Performance]] category for the [[66th Annual Grammy Awards|2024 Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2024 Grammys: See The Full Winners & Nominees List|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list|access-date=1 July 2024|website=Grammy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Song Featuring PM Modi Nominated For Grammy Awards|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/song-featuring-pm-narendra-modi-nominated-for-grammy-awards-4565922|access-date=15 December 2023|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Main list|Bibliography of Narendra Modi<br />
}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Aapatkal Me Gujarat |date=2004 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |language=hi |isbn=81-7315-466-X |edition=Samskarana 1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=56367646|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Convenient Action: Gujarat's Response to Challenges of Climate Change |date=2011 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] India |isbn=978-0-230-33192-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=696558495 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=A Journey: Poems by Narendra Modi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsGeAwAAQBAJ |date=22 April 2014 |publisher=[[Rupa Publications]] |trans-title=Bhaav Yatra |translator-last=Mantha |translator-first=Ravi |isbn=978-81-291-3386-1 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Jyotipunj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2dtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |language=hi |isbn=978-93-5186-231-4 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Social Harmony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGNtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |isbn=978-93-5048-980-2|trans-title=Samajik Samarasta |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=India's Singapore Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDt1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |date=21 December 2015 |publisher=[[ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute]] |isbn=978-981-4695-73-2 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio |year=2017 |publisher=BlueKraft Digital Foundation |isbn=978-93-5035-990-7 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=[[Exam Warriors]] |date=3 February 2018 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=978-0-14-344150-2 |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=President Pranab Mukherjee: A Statesman |publisher=The Statesman |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-929255-5-4 |location= |pages= |translator-last=Joshi |translator-first=Varun |author-mask=7 |orig-date=2017|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1_RoAEACAAJ |title=Abode of Love |publisher=Rajpal Publishers |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5064-238-2 |location= |pages= |trans-title=Premtirth |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Modi |first=Narendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbXlDwAAQBAJ |title=Letters to Mother |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-5357-632-5 |location= |pages= |trans-title=Sakshi Bhaav |author-mask=7|ref=none}}<br />
<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]<br />
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]<br />
* [[Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{Refbegin|2}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otDdrQEACAAJ |title=Bal Narendra: Childhood Stories of Narendra Modi |date=2014 |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |isbn=978-93-83923-78-6 |location= |pages= |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|Bal Narendra|2014}}}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=Natarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3axDwAAQBAJ |title=Bridgital Nation (Solving Technology's People Problem) |last2=Purushottam |first2=Roopa |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5305-636-0 |location=Mumbai, India |oclc=1124852952 |ref={{SfnRef|Natarajan and Pooja|2019}} |author-link=Natarajan Chandrasekaran}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB49up3Z0TkC&q=India+After+Gandhi:+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Democracy |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |year=2007 |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper Perennial]] |isbn=978-0-06-095858-9 |location= |pages=}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Gupta |first1=Surupa |last2=Mullen |first2=Rani D |last3=Basrur |first3=Rajesh |last4=Hall |first4=Ian |last5=Blarel |first5=Nicolas |last6=Pardesi |first6=Manjeet S |last7=Ganguly |first7=Sumit |title=Indian Foreign Policy under Modi: A New Brand or Just Repackaging? |journal=International Studies Perspectives |date=1 February 2019 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–45 |ref={{sfnref|Gupta|2019}} |doi=10.1093/isp/eky008 |hdl=10072/386057 |hdl-access=free}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358533.2016.1180760?journalCode=ctrt20 |last1=Hall |first1=Ian |year=2016 |title=Multialignment and Indian Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi |journal=[[The Round Table (journal)|The Round Table]] |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=271–286 |doi=10.1080/00358533.2016.1180760 |s2cid=156737878}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Hall |first=Ian |title=Modi and the Reinvention of Indian Foreign Policy |journal=Strategic Analysis |year=2020 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=282–284 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2020.1784679 |via= |s2cid=222003451 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700161.2020.1784679?journalCode=rsan20}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jain |first1=Varsha |last2=E |first2=Ganesh B |date=2018<!--this is the "received date" on the source--> |title=Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi |journal=Journal of Political Marketing |volume=19 |issue=1–2 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222 |s2cid=202247610 |issn=1537-7857}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Kanrad|first=Bharat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoxmDwAAQBAJ|title=Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and India's Global Ambition|publisher=[[Viking (publisher)|Viking Publishers]]|year=2018|isbn=978-93-5305-195-2|location=|pages=2–541}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Kochanek |first1=Stanley A. |last2=Hardgrave |first2=Robert L. |title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-495-00749-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Komireddi|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAulDwAAQBAJ&q=Books+on+premiership+of+Narendra+Modi|title=Malevolent Republic: A Short History of the New India|date= 2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-78738-294-7|location=|pages=|language=en}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Madan |first=Tanvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmrLDwAAQBAJ&q=Books+on+premiership+of+Narendra+Modi |title=Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold War |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-756-5 |location= |pages= |language=en}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Marino |first=Andy |author-link=Andy Marino (British writer) |title=Narendra Modi: A Political Biography |year=2014 |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]] |isbn=978-93-5136-218-0 |location= |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/narendramodipoli0000mari|url-access=limited|via=Internet Archive}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Nilanjan |title=Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times |year=2013 |location= |publisher=[[Amazon India|Westland]] |isbn=9-789-383-26048-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_3rQEACAAJ&q=Narendra+Modi:+The+Man,+The+Times |oclc=837527591}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ4kDwAAQBAJ&q=doi+on+premiership+of+Narendra+Modi |title=Marching with a Billion: Analysing Narendra Modi's Government at Midterm |date= 2017 |publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-93-86495-84-6 |location= |pages= |language=en |author-link=Uday Mahurkar}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Panda |first=Jaganath P. |date=2016 |title=Narendra Modi and his mode of governance |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2016.1165444 |s2cid=155201252 |issn=1751-6234 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Rao |first=Shakuntala |date=2 July 2020 |title=Narendra Modi's social media election campaign and India's delegative democracy |journal=[[The Communication Review]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=223–241 |doi=10.1080/10714421.2020.1829306 |s2cid=224981212 |issn=1071-4421}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Sen|first=Ronojoy|date=3 May 2016|title=Narendra Modi's makeover and the politics of symbolism|journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy|volume=9|issue=2|pages=98–111|doi=10.1080/17516234.2016.1165248|s2cid=155130008|issn=1751-6234}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFMarino2014|CITEREFMukhopadhyay2013|CITEREFGuha2007|CITEREFPanda2016|CITEREFMahurkar2017|CITEREFGuha2007|CITEREFKochanekHardgrave2007|CITEREFNatarajan_and_Pooja2019|CITEREFRao2020|CITEREFKanrad2018|CITEREFHall2016|CITEREFHall2020|CITEREFSen2016|CITEREFJainE2018|CITEREFKomireddi2019|CITEREFGupta2019|CITEREFMadan2020|CITEREFBal_Narendra2014}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Ankita|date=1 September 2020|title=Humour in Narendra Modi memes on new media|journal=South Asian Popular Culture|volume=18|issue=3|pages=227–245|doi=10.1080/14746689.2020.1815450|s2cid=222214793|issn=1474-6689}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Gokhale|first=Nitin A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pZADwAAQBAJ&q=narendra+modi|title=Securing India The Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More|year=2017|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-86643-88-9|language=en}}<br />
* Hall, Ian. ''Modi and the reinvention of Indian foreign policy'' (Bristol University Press, 2019) 221pp.<br />
* Jaffrelot, Christophe. "Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism: the Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat." ''India Review'' 15.2 (2016): 196–217.<br />
* Jaffrelot, Christophe. ''Modi's India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy'' (Princeton University Press, 2019)<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Jain|first1=Varsha|last2=B. E.|first2=Ganesh|date=2018<!--this is the "received date" on the source-->|title=Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi|journal=Journal of Political Marketing|volume=19|issue=1–2|pages=15–33|doi=10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222|s2cid=202247610|issn=1537-7857}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Kamath|first1=M. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkHjngEACAAJ|title=The Man of the Moment: Narendra Modi|last2=Randeri|first2=Kalindi|date=2013|publisher=Wide Canvas|isbn=978-93-259-6838-7|location=|pages=|language=en|oclc=1000812046|author-link=M. V. Kamath}}<br />
* Kaul, Nitasha. "Rise of the political right in India: Hindutva-development mix, Modi myth, and dualities." ''Journal of Labor and Society'' 20.4 (2017): 523-548. [https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/74aa973779543b6c3eaa7fa9c2efe2110048da63058d4e66fd4efd992b603d0c/176191/NK%20JLS%20Final.pdf online]<br />
* Mahurkar, Uday. ''Centrestage: inside the Narendra Modi model of governance'' (Random House India, 2014).<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Maiorano|first=Diego|date=3 April 2015|title=Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership|journal=The International Spectator|volume=50|issue=2|pages=75–92|doi=10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511|s2cid=155228179|issn=0393-2729}}<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|book|last=Mohan|first=C. Raja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRXmCQAAQBAJ|title=Modi's World: Expanding India's Sphere of Influence|date=1 June 2015|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]]|isbn=978-93-5177-206-4|location=|pages=|language=en}}<br />
* Price, Lance. ''The Modi Effect – Inside Narendra Modi's Campaign To Transform India'' (2015)<br />
* Sardesai, Rajdeep, et al. ''2019: How Modi Won India'' (2019)<br />
* {{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Schakel|first1=Arjan H.|last2=Sharma|first2=Chanchal Kumar|last3=Swenden|first3=Wilfried|date=27 May 2019|title=India after the 2014 general elections: BJP dominance and the crisis of the third party system|journal=Regional & Federal Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=329–354|doi=10.1080/13597566.2019.1614921|s2cid=182486831|issn=1359-7566|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11820/9018a8ee-2771-4e06-9b96-f0461c410e2f|hdl-access=free}}<br />
* Waikar, Prashant. "Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: an analysis of Narendra Modi's political discourse." ''Islamophobia Studies'' Journal (2018).<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Scholia|Q1058}}<br />
{{Library resources box|about=Narendra Modi|viaf=95532763|lccn=2002016337}}<br />
* {{#invoke:Official website|main}}<br />
* {{Official website|1=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4589|name=Profile on Lok Sabha website}}<br />
* {{WorldCat|id=lccn-no2002016337}}<br />
* {{DNA India|prime-minister-narendra-modi}}<br />
* {{Guardian topic|world/narendra-modi}}<br />
* {{New York Times topic|person/narendra-modi}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=5177533|name=Narendra Modi}}<br />
* {{C-SPAN|99032}}<br />
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{{s-bef|before={{#invoke:flag|icon|Uzbekistan}} [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]}}<br />
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|-<br />
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{{s-aft|after={{#invoke:flag|icon|China}} [[Xi Jinping]]}}<br />
|-<br />
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[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man:_Brand_New_Day&diff=552443Spider-Man: Brand New Day2026-07-27T10:37:34Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Spider-Man: Brand New Day<br />
| alt = A close-up of Spider-Man's chest, showing his red suit with black spider icon underneath an open jacket.<br />
| based_on = Spider-Man, Stan Lee, Steve Ditko<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| cinematography = Brett Pawlak<br />
| country = United States<br />
| director = Destin Daniel Cretton<br />
| distributor = Sony Pictures Releasing<br />
| editing = {{plainlist|<br />
* Nat Sanders<br />
* Gina Sansom<br />
* Harry Yoon<br />
}}<br />
| image = Spider-Man Brand New Day poster.jpg<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Michael Giacchino<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Kevin Feige<br />
* Amy Pascal<br />
* Avi Arad<br />
* Rachel O'Connor<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-07-31<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Tom Holland]]<br />
* [[Zendaya]]<br />
* [[Sadie Sink]]<br />
* [[Jacob Batalon]]<br />
* [[Jon Bernthal]]<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Chris McKenna<br />
* Erik Sommers<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Spider-Man: Brand New Day''' is an forthcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Marvel Studios, and Pascal Pictures, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, the film is positioned as the 38th installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the fourth film in the MCU Spider-Man series, following [[Spider-Man: No Way Home]] (2021). The film was directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, with screenplay by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. Tom Holland returns as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Zendaya, Sadie Sink, Jacob Batalon, Jon Bernthal, Tramell Tillman, Michael Mando, and Mark Ruffalo. The narrative follows Parker as he anonymously protects New York City as Spider-Man while investigating a formidable new threat, all while his superpowers undergo a surprising and potentially hazardous transformation.<br />
<br />
Sony commenced development of a fourth MCU Spider-Man film by August 2019, and producer Amy Pascal revealed in November 2021 that it would serve as the inaugural entry in a new trilogy starring Holland. Story development commenced that December, with Holland participating more extensively in the creative process than in previous films. McKenna and Sommers returned as writers by February 2023, Cretton was appointed as director by October 2024, and the title—inspired by the 2008 comic book storyline "Brand New Day" that reestablished Spider-Man's status quo—was announced in March 2025. The producers envisioned Holland's portrayal of Parker as the "proper Spider-Man" for the first time, operating independently and combating street-level crime in New York City. Prior to filming, Bernthal and Ruffalo were confirmed to be reprising their MCU roles as Frank Castle / Punisher and Bruce Banner / Hulk. Principal photography took place from August to December 2025, with location filming conducted in Glasgow, Scotland, and across England, complemented by soundstage production at Pinewood Studios in England.<br />
<br />
Spider-Man: Brand New Day is scheduled for theatrical release in the United States on 31 July 2026, as part of Phase Six of the MCU.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man:_Brand_New_Day&diff=552442Spider-Man: Brand New Day2026-07-27T10:37:08Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Spider-Man: Brand New Day<br />
| alt = A close-up of Spider-Man's chest, showing his red suit with black spider icon underneath an open jacket.<br />
| based_on = Spider-Man, Stan Lee, Steve Ditko<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| cinematography = Brett Pawlak<br />
| country = United States<br />
| director = Destin Daniel Cretton<br />
| distributor = Sony Pictures Releasing<br />
| editing = {{plainlist|<br />
* Nat Sanders<br />
* Gina Sansom<br />
* Harry Yoon<br />
}}<br />
| image = Spider-Man Brand New Day poster.jpg<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Michael Giacchino<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Kevin Feige<br />
* Amy Pascal<br />
* Avi Arad<br />
* Rachel O'Connor<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-07-31<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Tom Holland]]<br />
* [[Zendaya]]<br />
* [[Sadie Sink]]<br />
* [[Jacob Batalon]]<br />
* [[Jon Bernthal]]<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Chris McKenna<br />
* Erik Sommers<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Spider-Man: Brand New Day''' is an forthcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Marvel Studios, and Pascal Pictures, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, the film is positioned as the 38th installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the fourth film in the MCU Spider-Man series, following [[Spider-Man: No Way Home]] (2021). The film was directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, with screenplay by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. Tom Holland returns as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Zendaya, Sadie Sink, Jacob Batalon, Jon Bernthal, Tramell Tillman, Michael Mando, and Mark Ruffalo. The narrative follows Parker as he anonymously protects New York City as Spider-Man while investigating a formidable new threat, all while his superpowers undergo a surprising and potentially hazardous transformation.<br />
<br />
Sony commenced development of a fourth MCU Spider-Man film by August 2019, and producer Amy Pascal revealed in November 2021 that it would serve as the inaugural entry in a new trilogy starring Holland. Story development commenced that December, with Holland participating more extensively in the creative process than in previous films. McKenna and Sommers returned as writers by February 2023, Cretton was appointed as director by October 2024, and the title—inspired by the 2008 comic book storyline "Brand New Day" that reestablished Spider-Man's status quo—was announced in March 2025. The producers envisioned Holland's portrayal of Parker as the "proper Spider-Man" for the first time, operating independently and combating street-level crime in New York City. Prior to filming, Bernthal and Ruffalo were confirmed to be reprising their MCU roles as Frank Castle / Punisher and Bruce Banner / Hulk. Principal photography took place from August to December 2025, with location filming conducted in Glasgow, Scotland, and across England, complemented by soundstage production at Pinewood Studios in England.<br />
<br />
Spider-Man: Brand New Day is scheduled for theatrical release in the United States on 31 July 2026, as part of Phase Six of the MCU.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man:_Brand_New_Day&diff=552441Spider-Man: Brand New Day2026-07-27T10:31:15Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Spider-Man: Brand New Day<br />
| alt = A close-up of Spider-Man's chest, showing his red suit with black spider icon underneath an open jacket.<br />
| based_on = Spider-Man, Stan Lee, Steve Ditko<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| cinematography = Brett Pawlak<br />
| country = United States<br />
| director = Destin Daniel Cretton<br />
| distributor = Sony Pictures Releasing<br />
| editing = {{plainlist|<br />
* Nat Sanders<br />
* Gina Sansom<br />
* Harry Yoon<br />
}}<br />
| image = Spider-Man Brand New Day poster.jpg<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Michael Giacchino<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Kevin Feige<br />
* Amy Pascal<br />
* Avi Arad<br />
* Rachel O'Connor<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-07-31<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Tom Holland]]<br />
* [[Zendaya]]<br />
* [[Sadie Sink]]<br />
* [[Jacob Batalon]]<br />
* [[Jon Bernthal]]<br />
}<br />
| writer = {{plainlist|<br />
* Chris McKenna<br />
* Erik Sommers<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Spider-Man: Brand New Day''' is an forthcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Marvel Studios, and Pascal Pictures, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, the film is positioned as the 38th installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the fourth film in the MCU Spider-Man series, following [[Spider-Man: No Way Home]] (2021). The film was directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, with screenplay by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. Tom Holland returns as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Zendaya, Sadie Sink, Jacob Batalon, Jon Bernthal, Tramell Tillman, Michael Mando, and Mark Ruffalo. The narrative follows Parker as he anonymously protects New York City as Spider-Man while investigating a formidable new threat, all while his superpowers undergo a surprising and potentially hazardous transformation.<br />
<br />
Sony commenced development of a fourth MCU Spider-Man film by August 2019, and producer Amy Pascal revealed in November 2021 that it would serve as the inaugural entry in a new trilogy starring Holland. Story development commenced that December, with Holland participating more extensively in the creative process than in previous films. McKenna and Sommers returned as writers by February 2023, Cretton was appointed as director by October 2024, and the title—inspired by the 2008 comic book storyline "Brand New Day" that reestablished Spider-Man's status quo—was announced in March 2025. The producers envisioned Holland's portrayal of Parker as the "proper Spider-Man" for the first time, operating independently and combating street-level crime in New York City. Prior to filming, Bernthal and Ruffalo were confirmed to be reprising their MCU roles as Frank Castle / Punisher and Bruce Banner / Hulk. Principal photography took place from August to December 2025, with location filming conducted in Glasgow, Scotland, and across England, complemented by soundstage production at Pinewood Studios in England.<br />
<br />
Spider-Man: Brand New Day is scheduled for theatrical release in the United States on 31 July 2026, as part of Phase Six of the MCU.<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man:_Brand_New_Day&diff=552440Spider-Man: Brand New Day2026-07-27T10:18:48Z<p>Adarshatva: Article created via ArticleWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| alt = A close-up of Spider-Man's chest, showing his red suit with black spider icon underneath an open jacket.<br />
| based_on = Spider-Man, Stan Lee, Steve Ditko<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| cinematography = Brett Pawlak<br />
| country = United States<br />
| director = Destin Daniel Cretton<br />
| distributor = Sony Pictures Releasing<br />
| editing = Nat Sanders, Gina Sansom, Harry Yoon<br />
| image = Spider-Man Brand New Day poster.jpg<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Michael Giacchino<br />
| name = Spider-Man: Brand New Day<br />
| producer = Kevin Feige, Amy Pascal, Avi Arad, Rachel O'Connor<br />
| released = 2026-07-31<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| starring = Tom Holland, Zendaya, Sadie Sink, Jacob Batalon, Jon Bernthal<br />
| writer = Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Spider-Man: Brand New Day''' is a 2026 United States English-language film.<br />
<br />
It was directed by Destin Daniel Cretton and produced by Kevin Feige, Amy Pascal, Avi Arad, Rachel O'Connor. The cast includes Tom Holland, Zendaya, Sadie Sink, Jacob Batalon, Jon Bernthal.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pralhad_Joshi&diff=552439Pralhad Joshi2026-07-27T10:13:33Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Prahlad Joshi<br />
| native_name = ಪ್ರಹ್ಲಾದ ವೆಂಕಟೇಶ್ ಜೋಶಿ <br /> <small>प्रह्लाद वॆङ्कटेश् जोशि</small><br />
| image = Prahlad Joshi (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = 250<br />
| caption = Joshi in 2026<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|11|27|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bijapur]], [[Mysore State]], India<br />(present-day [[Karnataka]])<br />
| office = [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]<br />
| prime_minister = Kartikey Shahi<br />
| president = Dhruv Singh Rawat<br />
| term_start = {{Start date|2026|07|25|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]<br />
| prime_minister1 = Narendra Modi<br />
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]<br />
| prime_minister2 = Narendra Modi<br />
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = [[Raj Kumar Singh]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other ministerial offices|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| office3 = [[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal]]<br />
| prime_minister3 = Narendra Modi<br />
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2019|05|30|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end3 = {{End date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor3 = Piyush Goyal<br />
| successor3 = [[G. Kisan Reddy]]<br />
| office4 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]<br />
| prime_minister4 = Narendra Modi<br />
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2019|05|30|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end4 = {{End date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor4 = Narendra Singh Tomar<br />
| successor4 = G. Kisan Reddy<br />
| office5 = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]<br />
| prime_minister5 = Narendra Modi<br />
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2019|05|30|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end5 = {{End date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}<br />
| office6 = [[List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|President]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]]<br />
| term_start6 = {{Start date|2012|07|12|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end6 = {{End date|2016|01|12|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor6 = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]]<br />
| successor6 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]<br />
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency7 = [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad, Karnataka]]<br />
| term_start7 = {{Start date|2004|05|24|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Vijay Sankeshwar]]<br />
| successor7 = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Jyothi Joshi|1992}}<br />
| children = 3<br />
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3982 |title=Current Lok Sabha Members Biographical Sketch |access-date=23 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071030104829/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3982 |archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref><br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|businessman}}<br />
| education = Shri Kadasiddheshwar Arts College and HS Kotambri Science Institute<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pralhad-venkatesh-joshi |title=Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi &#124; National Portal of India |website=www.india.gov.in |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423074102/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pralhad-venkatesh-joshi |url-status=live}}</ref> (born 27 November 1962) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 13th [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] and the 10th [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/pralhad-joshi-appointed-as-minister-of-new-and-renewable-energy-whats-in-store-for-the-sector-article-12745267.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610171457/https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/pralhad-joshi-appointed-as-minister-of-new-and-renewable-energy-whats-in-store-for-the-sector-article-12745267.html|title=Pralhad Joshi appointed as Minister of New and Renewable Energy. What's in store for the sector?|archivedate=10 June 2024|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> In July 2026, following the resignation of [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] amid the [[NEET 2026 Paper leak]] controversy and criticism over the management of the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), Joshi assumed office as the Union Minister of Education while continuing to hold his existing portfolios in the [[Union Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralhad Joshi was assigned the additional charge of the Ministry of Education. |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pralhad-joshi-gets-additional-charge-of-education-ministry-after-dharmendra-pradhans-exit-10233544.html |website=news18.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also the Union [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]], and played a prominent role in the smooth passing of crucial bills like [[Abrogation of Article 370]], [[Citizenship Amendment Bill]] and many more in both the houses. He also served as the [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister of Coal]] and the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] from 2019 to 2024. Joshi has also been a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] since 2004, representing the [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]]. He was also the State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]] (BJP) from 2014 to 2016. He served in the panel of chairpersons of the Lok Sabha (2014–2018).<br />
<br />
Joshi first came to public notice with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) when they organised a movement to hoist the [[Flag of India]] at the Idagah Maidan Hubli, Karnataka during 1992–1994. Recently, the [[Supreme Court of India]] has upheld the [[Karnataka High Court]] order restoring the ownership of the said maidan to the [[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]]. He has been elected to Lok Sabha in the general elections of [[2004 Indian general election|2004]], [[2009 Indian general election|2009]], [[2014 Indian general election|2014]], [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] and [[2024 Indian general election|2024]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Pralhad Joshi was born on 27 November 1962 in [[Bijapur]], [[Mysore State]], India, to father, Venkatesh Joshi, and mother, Malatibai Joshi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lok Sabha |title=Pralhad Joshi |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3982&lastls=17 |accessdate=2 January 2023 |work= |date=2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102082806/https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3982&lastls=17 |archivedate=2 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="PTI 2024">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=9 June 2024 |title=Pralhad Joshi, RSS loyalist & five-time MP, returns as union minister |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/pralhad-joshi-rss-loyalist-five-time-mp-returns-as-union-minister/articleshow/110851906.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609193308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/pralhad-joshi-rss-loyalist-five-time-mp-returns-as-union-minister/articleshow/110851906.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> His father was an Indian Railways employee and Joshi is the third child of his parents.<ref name="PTI 2024" /> Joshi's [[primary education]] was in the [[Railway schools in India|Railway School]], his [[secondary education]] in New English School in [[Hubli|Hubballi]]''',''' and for his [[Tertiary education|higher education]], Joshi graduated from Shri Kadasiddeshwar Arts College in Hubballi.<ref name="PTI 2024" /><br />
<br />
== Early political career ==<br />
An industrialist by vocation in his early days, Pralhad Joshi ingratiated himself into the political fray by organising a movement to hoist the tri-colour flag at Idagah Maidan Hubli Karnataka from 1992 to 1994. He also led the "Save Kashmir Movement" during those years, which established him as a known figure in those regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Aaron |date=8 May 2018 |title=In Hubli's disputed Idgah, a lesson for Gurugram |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections-2018-in-hublis-disputed-idgah-a-lesson-for-gurugram-5167566/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723163258/https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections-2018-in-hublis-disputed-idgah-a-lesson-for-gurugram-5167566/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He was then elected the president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in [[Dharwad district]]. He first contested in the [[2004 Indian general election|14th Lok Sabha elections in 2004]], where he won from the [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]] by defeating INC's B.S Patil.<br />
<br />
He's won three consecutive elections from that constituency and is the incumbent MP of Dharwad. In the 2009 General elections, he won by the second-highest margin amidst 28 constituencies in Karnataka, while most of the ministers and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] secured a loss in the same year. In 2019, he retained the Dharwad seat for a second term by a margin of over one lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralhad Joshi: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/pralhad-joshi-33757.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723163300/https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/pralhad-joshi-33757.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Joshi has been a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) from a young age.<ref name="PTI 2024" /><br />
<br />
== Union Minister ==<br />
[[File:Shri Pralhad Joshi taking charge as the Union Minister for Coal, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Pralhad Joshi taking charge as the [[Minister of Coal]] on 31 May 2019]]<br />
Joshi took oath as a [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet minister]] on 30 May 2019, and he was appointed the [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]], the [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] and the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff Writer |first= |date=31 May 2019 |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905173440/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=Mint |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> His tenure in these ministerial posts lasted till June 2024, and after the [[2024 Indian general election]], Joshi was appointed the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] and the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]] in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 June 2024 |title=Pralhad Joshi takes charge as Cabinet Minister for second time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pralhad-joshi-takes-charge-as-cabinet-minister-for-second-time/article68277351.ece |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Joshi's win, for the fifth time in a row, from the Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency was a record of consecutive wins by any candidate in the constituency; however Joshi stated that he was unhappy due to winning with a reduced vote margin.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=4 June 2024 |title=Pralhad Joshi wins for a record fifth time but says he is not happy with the reduced margin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pralhad-joshi-wins-for-a-record-fifth-time-but-says-he-is-not-happy-with-the-reduced-margin/article68251753.ece |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606015229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pralhad-joshi-wins-for-a-record-fifth-time-but-says-he-is-not-happy-with-the-reduced-margin/article68251753.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
After nationwide student protests over the [[2026 NEET controversy|2026 NEET paper leak controversy]], which lead to the resignation of Minister of Education Dharmendra Pradhan on 25th July, Joshi was handed additional charge as the Education minister. <ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2026|title=Pralhad Joshi appointed as Education Minister after Pradhan resigns from post |url=https://theprint.in/india/pralhad-joshi-appointed-as-education-minister-after-pradhan-resigns-from-post/2996873/ |access-date=25 July 2026 |work= The Print |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Joshi is married to Jyoti Joshi and they have three daughters.<ref name="PTI 2024" /> Joshi has been reported to be a reader and has interests in [[Indian classical music]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Karnataka's representative in Union Cabinet: Pralhad Joshi profile |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnatakas-representative-in-union-cabinet-pralhad-joshi-profile-3059463 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610010703/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnatakas-representative-in-union-cabinet-pralhad-joshi-profile-3059463 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Second Modi ministry]]<br />
* [[Third Modi ministry]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-lwr}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Vijay Sankeshwar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] | years=2004 – 2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=Constituency ceased to exist}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=Constituency created}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]] | years=2009 – Present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] | years=31 May 2019 – 10 June 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Piyush Goyal]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] | years=31 May 2019 – 10 June 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Piyush Goyal]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] | years=10 June 2024 – Present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Piyush Goyal]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] | years=10 June 2024 – Present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] | years=31 May 2019 – 10 June 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://archive.today/20071030104829/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3982 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha] – Parliament of India website (archived)<br />
<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Third Modi ministry}}<br />
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br />
{{15th LS members from Karnataka}}<br />
{{16th LS members from Karnataka|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Pralhad}}<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bijapur]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hubli]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_Transliteration&diff=552421Urdu Transliteration2026-07-26T11:42:15Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Urdu transliteration''', also known as '''Roman Urdu''' refers to the process of converting [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] into Roman alphabet notation, enabling representation of Urdu words and phrases using Latin characters for practical purposes such as digital communication, academic research, and cross-linguistic accessibility. This transliteration serves as a bridge between [[Urdu]]-speaking communities and non-Urdu readers, facilitating the typing and display of Urdu content on devices that lack native Urdu keyboard support, while also supporting linguistic analysis and language learning initiatives. Various standardized transliteration systems exist, including the National Language Authority's system used in Pakistan and multiple academic standards in India, each with its own conventions for representing Urdu's characteristic sounds, diacritics, and grammatical structures. The practice has gained particular significance in the digital age, where social media platforms, messaging applications, and online publishing frequently require Urdu content to be rendered in Latin script alongside or instead of the traditional Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
According to the Urdu scholar Habib R. Sulemani in 2004: "Roman Urdu is strongly opposed by the traditional [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] lovers. Despite this opposition it is still used by most on the internet and computers due to limitations of most technologies as they do not have the Urdu script. Although, this script is under development and thus the net users are using the Roman script in their own ways. Popular websites like [[Jang Group]] have devised their own schemes for Roman Urdu. This is of great advantage for those who are not able to read the Arabic script. MSN, Yahoo and some desi-chat-rooms are working as laboratories for the evolving new script and language (Roman Urdu)."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-01 |title=1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301145532/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-date=2004-03-01 |access-date=2022-09-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_Transliteration&diff=552420Urdu Transliteration2026-07-26T11:41:42Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Urdu transliteration''', also known as '''Roman Urdu''' refers to the process of converting [[Urdu Alphabet|Urdu script]] into Roman alphabet notation, enabling representation of Urdu words and phrases using Latin characters for practical purposes such as digital communication, academic research, and cross-linguistic accessibility. This transliteration serves as a bridge between [[Urdu]]-speaking communities and non-Urdu readers, facilitating the typing and display of Urdu content on devices that lack native Urdu keyboard support, while also supporting linguistic analysis and language learning initiatives. Various standardized transliteration systems exist, including the National Language Authority's system used in Pakistan and multiple academic standards in India, each with its own conventions for representing Urdu's characteristic sounds, diacritics, and grammatical structures. The practice has gained particular significance in the digital age, where social media platforms, messaging applications, and online publishing frequently require Urdu content to be rendered in Latin script alongside or instead of the traditional Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
According to the Urdu scholar Habib R. Sulemani in 2004: "Roman Urdu is strongly opposed by the traditional [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] lovers. Despite this opposition it is still used by most on the internet and computers due to limitations of most technologies as they do not have the Urdu script. Although, this script is under development and thus the net users are using the Roman script in their own ways. Popular websites like [[Jang Group]] have devised their own schemes for Roman Urdu. This is of great advantage for those who are not able to read the Arabic script. MSN, Yahoo and some desi-chat-rooms are working as laboratories for the evolving new script and language (Roman Urdu)."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-01 |title=1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301145532/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-date=2004-03-01 |access-date=2022-09-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_Transliteration&diff=552419Urdu Transliteration2026-07-26T11:41:10Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "'''Urdu transliteration''', also known as '''Roman Urdu''' refers to the process of converting Urdu script into Roman alphabet notation, enabling representation of Urdu words and phrases using Latin characters for practical purposes such as digital communication, academic research, and cross-linguistic accessibility. This transliteration serves as a bridge between Urdu-speaking communities and non-Urdu readers, facilitating the typing and display of Urdu content on devic..."</p>
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<div>'''Urdu transliteration''', also known as '''Roman Urdu''' refers to the process of converting Urdu script into Roman alphabet notation, enabling representation of Urdu words and phrases using Latin characters for practical purposes such as digital communication, academic research, and cross-linguistic accessibility. This transliteration serves as a bridge between Urdu-speaking communities and non-Urdu readers, facilitating the typing and display of Urdu content on devices that lack native Urdu keyboard support, while also supporting linguistic analysis and language learning initiatives. Various standardized transliteration systems exist, including the National Language Authority's system used in Pakistan and multiple academic standards in India, each with its own conventions for representing Urdu's characteristic sounds, diacritics, and grammatical structures. The practice has gained particular significance in the digital age, where social media platforms, messaging applications, and online publishing frequently require Urdu content to be rendered in Latin script alongside or instead of the traditional Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
According to the Urdu scholar Habib R. Sulemani in 2004: "Roman Urdu is strongly opposed by the traditional [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] lovers. Despite this opposition it is still used by most on the internet and computers due to limitations of most technologies as they do not have the Urdu script. Although, this script is under development and thus the net users are using the Roman script in their own ways. Popular websites like [[Jang Group]] have devised their own schemes for Roman Urdu. This is of great advantage for those who are not able to read the Arabic script. MSN, Yahoo and some desi-chat-rooms are working as laboratories for the evolving new script and language (Roman Urdu)."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-01 |title=1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301145532/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2003-daily/08-09-2003/oped/o5.htm |archive-date=2004-03-01 |access-date=2022-09-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Urdu&diff=552418Roman Urdu2026-07-26T11:35:58Z<p>Adarshatva: Redirected page to Urdu Transliteration</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Urdu Transliteration]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_alphabet&diff=552417Urdu alphabet2026-07-26T11:35:10Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet used for Urdu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=Urdu Alphabet<br />
|altname=<!-- this displays in a Nastaliq Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the Roman Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}}}}<br> उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी<br />
|type=Abjad <br />
|languages=[[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], infrequent use in [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> others<br />
|region= <br />
* {{IND}}<br />
* {{PAK}}<br />
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|sample=Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> <br />
|imagesize=120px<br />
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' <br />
|time=<br />
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]<br />
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}<br />
<br />
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}<br />
{{Writing systems worldwide}}<br />
{{Officially used writing systems in India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Urdu alphabet'''{{refn|group=A|name=Urdu|{{Lang-ur|{{uninastaliq<br />
|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}} <br/><br />
Nagarisation: उर्दू हुरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी <br /> [[Urdu Transliteration|Romanisation]]: Urdū huruf-e-tahajjī}} is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.<br />
<br />
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.<br />
<br />
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other places.<ref name="omniglot.com"/><br />
<br />
== Nastaliq ==<br />
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{cn|date=November 2022}}]]<br />
{{Main|Nastaliq}}<br />
<br />
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang-fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.<br />
<br />
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Letter names and phonemes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=XV–XVI}}<br />
! colspan="4" | Forms<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] <br />
! colspan=2 | [[Roman Urdu|Romanization]] <br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] <br />
! colspan=3 | Order <br />
|-<br />
! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! Isolated<br />
! Final<br />
! Medial<br />
! Initial<br />
! style="white-space:nowrap;" | ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web | title=Urdu romanization | url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf | publisher=The Library of Congress }}</ref> <br />
! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> <br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| dictionary order<ref name="Colloquial Urdu - order">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |last2=Khoul |first2=Ashok |last3=Koul |first3=Ashok |title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30471-5 |pages=41–42 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40 |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /ʔ/, ''silent''}}{{efn-ua| At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble {{lang|ur| اُردو }} ''"Urdu"''. But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted {{lang|ur| اردو }} like other short vowel diacritcs. }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] <br />
| 1<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـبـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /b/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] <br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /p/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] <br />
| 3<br />
| 3 <br />
| 3 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـتـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br />
| 4<br />
| 4 <br />
| 4 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʈ/ }}<br />
| ''ṭ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 5 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـثـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''s̱'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] <br />
| 6<br />
| 6 <br />
| 6 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـجـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d͡ʒ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br />
| 7<br />
| 7 <br />
| 7 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t͡ʃ/ }}<br />
| ''c'' <br />
| ''ch'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] <br />
| 8<br />
| 8 <br />
| 8 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''ḥ'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | ''h'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9<br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|ہٹی حے}}}}</span><br>''hutti ḥē'' <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br>''k͟hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /x/ }}<br />
| ''k͟h'' <br />
| ''kh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] <br />
| 10<br />
| 10 <br />
| 10 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] <br />
| 11<br />
| 11 <br />
| 11 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɖ/ }}<br />
| ''ḍ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] <br />
| 12<br />
| 12 <br />
| 12 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẕ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] <br />
| 13<br />
| 13 <br />
| 13 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /r/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] <br />
| 14<br />
| 14 <br />
| 14 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṛ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] <br />
| 15<br />
| 15 <br />
| 15 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] <br />
| 16<br />
| 16 <br />
| 16 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] <br />
| 17<br />
| 17 <br />
| 17 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـسـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] <br />
| 18<br />
| 18 <br />
| 18 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـشـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʃ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] <br />
| 19<br />
| 19 <br />
| 19 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـصـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''ṣ'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] <br />
| 20<br />
| 20 <br />
| 20 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـضـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẓ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] <br />
| 21<br />
| 21 <br />
| 21 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـطـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| ''t̤'' <br />
| ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] <br />
| 22<br />
| 22 <br />
| 22 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''z̤'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] <br />
| 23<br />
| 23 <br />
| 23 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] <br />
| 24<br />
| 24 <br />
| 24 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɣ/ }}<br />
| ''g͟h'' <br />
| ''gh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] <br />
| 25<br />
| 25 <br />
| 25 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـفـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /f/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] <br />
| 26<br />
| 26 <br />
| 26 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـقـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /q/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] <br />
| 27<br />
| 27 <br />
| 27 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـکـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /k/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] <br />
| 28<br />
| 28 <br />
| 28 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɡ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] <br />
| 29<br />
| 29 <br />
| 29 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـلـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /l/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''l''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''l''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] <br />
| 30<br />
| 30 <br />
| 30 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـمـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| مـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /m/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] <br />
| 31<br />
| 31 <br />
| 31 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṉ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] , which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] , which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} <br />
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} <br />
| 32a <br />
| 33 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] <br />
| 33<br />
| 33 <br />
| 34 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} <br />
| rowspan=2 | 34<br />
| 34 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 35 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' <br />
| 34a <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] <br />
| 35 <br />
| 34b <br />
| 36 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـیـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] <br />
| 36<br />
| 35 <br />
| 38 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] <br />
| 37<br />
| 35b <br />
| 39 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | <br />
| 35a <br />
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]<br />
| 0<br />
|} <br />
:'''Footnotes:''' <br />
{{notelist-ua|refs=<br />
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] , ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Additional characters and variations ===<br />
<br />
==== Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ====<br />
{{anchor|ۃ|ة}}<br />
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.<br />
<br />
==== Table ====<br />
{| class='wikitable sortable' style="text-align:center;" <br />
|+ Table of additional characters and variations <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2 | Group <br />
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Letter {{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms}} <br />
! colspan=3 | Name (see: [[#Glossary of key words from letter names|Glossary of key words]]) <br />
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} <br />
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> <br />
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> <ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
|- <br />
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
| ''alif maddah'' <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br> <ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> <br />
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| hamza on the line <br />
|- <!-- ◌ٔ U+0654 (&# 1620 ;) ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE--> <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ٔ|ٔ]]}}}} <!-- leave some space around this, or the bracksts eat the diacritics and they don't show up. --> <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ــٔـ|ــٔـ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' <br />
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --><br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /><br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/><br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|___}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''yē hamza'' / ''alif hamza'' <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ ـۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: &#1620;|U+0654]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | Arabic {{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta}} <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <!-- open ta for comparison --> <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} <br />
| {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
::Footnotes: <br />
<small>{{notelist-ua|refs= <br />
{{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms|Left: Urdu [[Nastaliq]]. Right: Arabic [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] or modern style. }} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char|The [[Nastaliq]] text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta|see: [[# ة|Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah]] above.}}<br />
}}</small><br />
<br />
==== Hamza in Nastaliq ====<br />
{{anchor| ء in Nastaliq | Hamzah in Nastaliq | Hamza in Nastaliq }}<br />
Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] (two).<br />
<br />
=== Digraphs ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. <br />
|- <br />
| No.<br />
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''IPA'''<br />
| Example<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}<br />
| ''bh''<br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}<br />
| ''ph''<br />
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}<br />
| ''th''<br />
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}<br />
| ''ṭh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}<br />
| ''jh''<br />
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}<br />
| ''ch''<br />
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}<br />
| ''dh''<br />
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}<br />
| ''ḍh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}<br />
| ''rh''<br />
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}<br />
| ''ṛh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}<br />
| ''kh''<br />
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}<br />
| ''gh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 13<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}<br />
| ''lh''<br />
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}})<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}<br />
| ''mh''<br />
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} <br />
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|تمہیں}})<br />
|- <br />
| 15<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}<br />
| ''nh''<br />
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}<br />
| ''wh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- وھاب<br />
| 17<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}<br />
| ''yh''<br />
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}<br />
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===<br />
<br />
Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:<br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"<br />
! Letter !! IPA<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} || [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} || [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} || [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} || [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above sub-section. In addition to these letters, [[Shahmukhi]] adds 2 consonants on top of Urdu alphabet to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] further adds 4 more consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Retroflex letters ===<br />
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]<br />
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]].{{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and a Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses ط while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Vowels ==<br />
The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel chart ===<br />
<br />
Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
![[Romanization]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]<br />
!Final<br />
!Middle<br />
!Initial<br />
|- <br />
|a<br />
| {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ā<br />
| {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}}<br />
|- <br />
|i<br />
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ī<br />
| {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}}<br />
|- <br />
|e<br />
| {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}}<br />
|- <br />
|ai<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}}<br />
|- <br />
|u<br />
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ū<br />
| {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} <br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|o<br />
| {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} <br />
|- <br />
|au<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Alif'' ===<br />
<br />
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.<br />
<br />
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===<br />
<br />
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "''k͟hud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "''k͟haab''" - ''dream''). This is known as the [[Silent vav|silent ''wāʾo'']], and is only present in words loaned from Persian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Urdu Language Management |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Urdu/Urdu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Language Information Services (LIS)-India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Ye'' ===<br />
<br />
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").<br />
<br />
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".<br />
<br />
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـی}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|یـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ی}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ے}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===<br />
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he").<br />
<br />
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).<br />
<br />
''Do-cašmi he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہ}} <br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cašmi he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayn'' ===<br />
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===<br />
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is represented by ''nun ghunna'' written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun ghunna'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|'''Form''' <br />
|'''Urdu'''<br />
| '''Transcription'''<br />
|- <br />
|Orthography<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|End form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|Middle form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diacritics ==<br />
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.<br />
<br />
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Iẓāfat ==<br />
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq|&nbsp; ِ&nbsp;}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}<br />
|''malikā-'''e'''-dunyā''<br />
|the queen of the world<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مۓ عشق}}<br />
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq''<br />
|the wine of love<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" | {{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū-''''e'''-zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā-''''e'''-buland''||a high voice<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==<br />
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===<br />
{{anchor|Unicode}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script<br />
|- <br />
! Characters <br/> in Urdu<br />
! Characters <br/> in Arabic<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ہ|(U+06C1)]] <br/> <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ھ|(U+06BE)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ه}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ه|(U+0647)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ی|(U+06CC)]] <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ى|(U+0649)]] <br/> <big>{{lang|ar|ي}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ي|(U+064A)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ک|(U+06A9)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ك}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ك|(U+0643)]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').<br />
<br />
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
The ''Daily Jang'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Romanization standards and systems ==<br />
{{main|Roman Urdu}}<br />
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.<br />
<br />
== Glossary of key words from letter names ==<br />
{{anchor|Glossary|Key words|Words from letter names}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|+ class=nowrap style=text-align:center| Translations and other uses of key words from Urdu letter names<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3 | Letter name(s)<br />
! colspan=4 | Urdu word<br />
! colspan=3 | Examples of other uses<br />
|-<br />
! style=width:10% | Isolated <br/> form<br />
! [[Urdu]] <br/> name<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! [[Urdu]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name<br />
! class="unsortable" | English Translation<br />
! Urdu<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] or [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | Translation<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ح|ح]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }}<br />
| baṛī ħē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: بڑی آنت|بڑی آنت]]}}<br />
| ''Baṛi ant''<br />
| [[large intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }}<br />
| baṛī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنت|آنت]]}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |''Ant''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ی|ی]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی یے }}<br />
| čhōṭī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | choti<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;" | small / minor / junior<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }}<br />
| čhōṭī hē<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: چھوٹی آنت|چھوٹی آنت]]}}<br />
| <!-- choti ant --><br />
| [[small intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }}<br />
| gōl hē<br />
| {{lang|ur| گول }}<br />
| {{ipa| goːl }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| gōl<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation) | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/ | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: گول گپے|گول گپے]]}}<br />
| ''gol gappay''<br />
| [[panipuri]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''do-cashmi''<br />
''dorabīn''<br />
| [[binoculars]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دوربین|دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''dorabīn''<br />
| [[telescope]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| دو }}<br />
| <br />
| do<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو ایوانیت|دو ایوانیت]]}}<br />
| ''do ayvanīt''<br />
| [[bicameralism]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| چشم }}<br />
| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries/><br />
| chashm<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنکھ|چشم]]}}<br />
| ''cashm''<br />
| [[eye]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }}<br />
| nūn-e ğunnah<br />
| {{lang|ur| غُنّہ }}<br />
| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound or twang<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }}<br />
| alif maddah<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَدّه }}<br />
| <br />
| maddah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | [[Arabic]]:<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| vāv-e mahmūz<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| mahmūz<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%" | defective / improper<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <!--<br />
حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب<br />
(ترتیبِ تہجی)<br />
alphabetical order<br />
<br />
ترتیبِ تہجی<br />
کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں<br />
alphabetical order<br />
--><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:75%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے }} }}<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: حروف تہجی|حروف تہجی]]}} <br/><ref>{{cite web | title=خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/multimedia/2016/01/160105_nasa_abc_space_pics_zz.amp |website=BBC News اردو |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=ur |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | harūf tahajī <!-- harūf tahajī --> ([[alphabet]])<br />
| {{lang|ur| تہجی }}<br />
| {{ipa| }}<br />
| tahajī<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harūf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hərf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]<br />
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]<br />
* [[Urdu Braille]]<br />
* [[Urdu Informatics]]<br />
* [[Urdu keyboard]]<br />
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071747462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] <br />
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}<br />
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]<br />
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Arabic alphabets}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_alphabet&diff=552416Urdu alphabet2026-07-26T11:33:32Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Notes and References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet used for Urdu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=Urdu Alphabet<br />
|altname=<!-- this displays in a Nastaliq Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the Roman Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}}}}<br> उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी<br />
|type=Abjad <br />
|languages=[[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], infrequent use in [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> others<br />
|region= <br />
* {{IND}}<br />
* {{PAK}}<br />
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|sample=Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> <br />
|imagesize=120px<br />
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' <br />
|time=<br />
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]<br />
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}<br />
<br />
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}<br />
{{Writing systems worldwide}}<br />
{{Officially used writing systems in India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Urdu alphabet'''{{refn|group=A|name=Urdu|{{Lang-ur|{{uninastaliq<br />
|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}} <br/><br />
Nagarisation: उर्दू हुरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी <br /> [[Romanisation]]: Urdū huruf-e-tahajjī}} is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.<br />
<br />
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.<br />
<br />
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other places.<ref name="omniglot.com"/><br />
<br />
== Nastaliq ==<br />
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{cn|date=November 2022}}]]<br />
{{Main|Nastaliq}}<br />
<br />
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang-fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.<br />
<br />
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Letter names and phonemes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=XV–XVI}}<br />
! colspan="4" | Forms<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] <br />
! colspan=2 | [[Roman Urdu|Romanization]] <br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] <br />
! colspan=3 | Order <br />
|-<br />
! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! Isolated<br />
! Final<br />
! Medial<br />
! Initial<br />
! style="white-space:nowrap;" | ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web | title=Urdu romanization | url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf | publisher=The Library of Congress }}</ref> <br />
! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> <br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| dictionary order<ref name="Colloquial Urdu - order">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |last2=Khoul |first2=Ashok |last3=Koul |first3=Ashok |title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30471-5 |pages=41–42 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40 |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /ʔ/, ''silent''}}{{efn-ua| At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble {{lang|ur| اُردو }} ''"Urdu"''. But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted {{lang|ur| اردو }} like other short vowel diacritcs. }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] <br />
| 1<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـبـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /b/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] <br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /p/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] <br />
| 3<br />
| 3 <br />
| 3 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـتـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br />
| 4<br />
| 4 <br />
| 4 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʈ/ }}<br />
| ''ṭ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 5 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـثـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''s̱'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] <br />
| 6<br />
| 6 <br />
| 6 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـجـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d͡ʒ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br />
| 7<br />
| 7 <br />
| 7 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t͡ʃ/ }}<br />
| ''c'' <br />
| ''ch'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] <br />
| 8<br />
| 8 <br />
| 8 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''ḥ'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | ''h'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9<br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|ہٹی حے}}}}</span><br>''hutti ḥē'' <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br>''k͟hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /x/ }}<br />
| ''k͟h'' <br />
| ''kh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] <br />
| 10<br />
| 10 <br />
| 10 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] <br />
| 11<br />
| 11 <br />
| 11 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɖ/ }}<br />
| ''ḍ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] <br />
| 12<br />
| 12 <br />
| 12 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẕ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] <br />
| 13<br />
| 13 <br />
| 13 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /r/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] <br />
| 14<br />
| 14 <br />
| 14 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṛ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] <br />
| 15<br />
| 15 <br />
| 15 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] <br />
| 16<br />
| 16 <br />
| 16 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] <br />
| 17<br />
| 17 <br />
| 17 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـسـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] <br />
| 18<br />
| 18 <br />
| 18 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـشـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʃ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] <br />
| 19<br />
| 19 <br />
| 19 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـصـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''ṣ'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] <br />
| 20<br />
| 20 <br />
| 20 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـضـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẓ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] <br />
| 21<br />
| 21 <br />
| 21 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـطـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| ''t̤'' <br />
| ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] <br />
| 22<br />
| 22 <br />
| 22 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''z̤'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] <br />
| 23<br />
| 23 <br />
| 23 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] <br />
| 24<br />
| 24 <br />
| 24 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɣ/ }}<br />
| ''g͟h'' <br />
| ''gh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] <br />
| 25<br />
| 25 <br />
| 25 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـفـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /f/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] <br />
| 26<br />
| 26 <br />
| 26 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـقـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /q/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] <br />
| 27<br />
| 27 <br />
| 27 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـکـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /k/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] <br />
| 28<br />
| 28 <br />
| 28 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɡ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] <br />
| 29<br />
| 29 <br />
| 29 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـلـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /l/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''l''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''l''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] <br />
| 30<br />
| 30 <br />
| 30 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـمـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| مـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /m/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] <br />
| 31<br />
| 31 <br />
| 31 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṉ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] , which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] , which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} <br />
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} <br />
| 32a <br />
| 33 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] <br />
| 33<br />
| 33 <br />
| 34 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} <br />
| rowspan=2 | 34<br />
| 34 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 35 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' <br />
| 34a <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] <br />
| 35 <br />
| 34b <br />
| 36 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـیـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] <br />
| 36<br />
| 35 <br />
| 38 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] <br />
| 37<br />
| 35b <br />
| 39 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | <br />
| 35a <br />
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]<br />
| 0<br />
|} <br />
:'''Footnotes:''' <br />
{{notelist-ua|refs=<br />
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] , ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Additional characters and variations ===<br />
<br />
==== Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ====<br />
{{anchor|ۃ|ة}}<br />
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.<br />
<br />
==== Table ====<br />
{| class='wikitable sortable' style="text-align:center;" <br />
|+ Table of additional characters and variations <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2 | Group <br />
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Letter {{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms}} <br />
! colspan=3 | Name (see: [[#Glossary of key words from letter names|Glossary of key words]]) <br />
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} <br />
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> <br />
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> <ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
|- <br />
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
| ''alif maddah'' <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br> <ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> <br />
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| hamza on the line <br />
|- <!-- ◌ٔ U+0654 (&# 1620 ;) ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE--> <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ٔ|ٔ]]}}}} <!-- leave some space around this, or the bracksts eat the diacritics and they don't show up. --> <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ــٔـ|ــٔـ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' <br />
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --><br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /><br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/><br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|___}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''yē hamza'' / ''alif hamza'' <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ ـۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: &#1620;|U+0654]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | Arabic {{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta}} <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <!-- open ta for comparison --> <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} <br />
| {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
::Footnotes: <br />
<small>{{notelist-ua|refs= <br />
{{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms|Left: Urdu [[Nastaliq]]. Right: Arabic [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] or modern style. }} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char|The [[Nastaliq]] text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta|see: [[# ة|Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah]] above.}}<br />
}}</small><br />
<br />
==== Hamza in Nastaliq ====<br />
{{anchor| ء in Nastaliq | Hamzah in Nastaliq | Hamza in Nastaliq }}<br />
Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] (two).<br />
<br />
=== Digraphs ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. <br />
|- <br />
| No.<br />
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''IPA'''<br />
| Example<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}<br />
| ''bh''<br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}<br />
| ''ph''<br />
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}<br />
| ''th''<br />
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}<br />
| ''ṭh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}<br />
| ''jh''<br />
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}<br />
| ''ch''<br />
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}<br />
| ''dh''<br />
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}<br />
| ''ḍh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}<br />
| ''rh''<br />
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}<br />
| ''ṛh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}<br />
| ''kh''<br />
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}<br />
| ''gh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 13<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}<br />
| ''lh''<br />
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}})<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}<br />
| ''mh''<br />
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} <br />
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|تمہیں}})<br />
|- <br />
| 15<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}<br />
| ''nh''<br />
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}<br />
| ''wh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- وھاب<br />
| 17<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}<br />
| ''yh''<br />
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}<br />
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===<br />
<br />
Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:<br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"<br />
! Letter !! IPA<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} || [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} || [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} || [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} || [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above sub-section. In addition to these letters, [[Shahmukhi]] adds 2 consonants on top of Urdu alphabet to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] further adds 4 more consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Retroflex letters ===<br />
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]<br />
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]].{{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and a Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses ط while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Vowels ==<br />
The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel chart ===<br />
<br />
Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
![[Romanization]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]<br />
!Final<br />
!Middle<br />
!Initial<br />
|- <br />
|a<br />
| {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ā<br />
| {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}}<br />
|- <br />
|i<br />
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ī<br />
| {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}}<br />
|- <br />
|e<br />
| {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}}<br />
|- <br />
|ai<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}}<br />
|- <br />
|u<br />
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ū<br />
| {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} <br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|o<br />
| {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} <br />
|- <br />
|au<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Alif'' ===<br />
<br />
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.<br />
<br />
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===<br />
<br />
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "''k͟hud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "''k͟haab''" - ''dream''). This is known as the [[Silent vav|silent ''wāʾo'']], and is only present in words loaned from Persian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Urdu Language Management |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Urdu/Urdu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Language Information Services (LIS)-India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Ye'' ===<br />
<br />
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").<br />
<br />
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".<br />
<br />
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـی}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|یـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ی}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ے}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===<br />
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he").<br />
<br />
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).<br />
<br />
''Do-cašmi he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہ}} <br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cašmi he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayn'' ===<br />
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===<br />
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is represented by ''nun ghunna'' written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun ghunna'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|'''Form''' <br />
|'''Urdu'''<br />
| '''Transcription'''<br />
|- <br />
|Orthography<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|End form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|Middle form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diacritics ==<br />
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.<br />
<br />
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Iẓāfat ==<br />
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq|&nbsp; ِ&nbsp;}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}<br />
|''malikā-'''e'''-dunyā''<br />
|the queen of the world<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مۓ عشق}}<br />
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq''<br />
|the wine of love<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" | {{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū-''''e'''-zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā-''''e'''-buland''||a high voice<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==<br />
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===<br />
{{anchor|Unicode}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script<br />
|- <br />
! Characters <br/> in Urdu<br />
! Characters <br/> in Arabic<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ہ|(U+06C1)]] <br/> <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ھ|(U+06BE)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ه}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ه|(U+0647)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ی|(U+06CC)]] <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ى|(U+0649)]] <br/> <big>{{lang|ar|ي}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ي|(U+064A)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ک|(U+06A9)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ك}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ك|(U+0643)]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').<br />
<br />
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
The ''Daily Jang'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Romanization standards and systems ==<br />
{{main|Roman Urdu}}<br />
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.<br />
<br />
== Glossary of key words from letter names ==<br />
{{anchor|Glossary|Key words|Words from letter names}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|+ class=nowrap style=text-align:center| Translations and other uses of key words from Urdu letter names<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3 | Letter name(s)<br />
! colspan=4 | Urdu word<br />
! colspan=3 | Examples of other uses<br />
|-<br />
! style=width:10% | Isolated <br/> form<br />
! [[Urdu]] <br/> name<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! [[Urdu]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name<br />
! class="unsortable" | English Translation<br />
! Urdu<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] or [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | Translation<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ح|ح]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }}<br />
| baṛī ħē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: بڑی آنت|بڑی آنت]]}}<br />
| ''Baṛi ant''<br />
| [[large intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }}<br />
| baṛī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنت|آنت]]}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |''Ant''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ی|ی]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی یے }}<br />
| čhōṭī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | choti<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;" | small / minor / junior<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }}<br />
| čhōṭī hē<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: چھوٹی آنت|چھوٹی آنت]]}}<br />
| <!-- choti ant --><br />
| [[small intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }}<br />
| gōl hē<br />
| {{lang|ur| گول }}<br />
| {{ipa| goːl }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| gōl<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation) | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/ | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: گول گپے|گول گپے]]}}<br />
| ''gol gappay''<br />
| [[panipuri]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''do-cashmi''<br />
''dorabīn''<br />
| [[binoculars]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دوربین|دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''dorabīn''<br />
| [[telescope]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| دو }}<br />
| <br />
| do<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو ایوانیت|دو ایوانیت]]}}<br />
| ''do ayvanīt''<br />
| [[bicameralism]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| چشم }}<br />
| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries/><br />
| chashm<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنکھ|چشم]]}}<br />
| ''cashm''<br />
| [[eye]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }}<br />
| nūn-e ğunnah<br />
| {{lang|ur| غُنّہ }}<br />
| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound or twang<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }}<br />
| alif maddah<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَدّه }}<br />
| <br />
| maddah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | [[Arabic]]:<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| vāv-e mahmūz<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| mahmūz<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%" | defective / improper<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <!--<br />
حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب<br />
(ترتیبِ تہجی)<br />
alphabetical order<br />
<br />
ترتیبِ تہجی<br />
کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں<br />
alphabetical order<br />
--><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:75%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے }} }}<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: حروف تہجی|حروف تہجی]]}} <br/><ref>{{cite web | title=خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/multimedia/2016/01/160105_nasa_abc_space_pics_zz.amp |website=BBC News اردو |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=ur |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | harūf tahajī <!-- harūf tahajī --> ([[alphabet]])<br />
| {{lang|ur| تہجی }}<br />
| {{ipa| }}<br />
| tahajī<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harūf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hərf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]<br />
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]<br />
* [[Urdu Braille]]<br />
* [[Urdu Informatics]]<br />
* [[Urdu keyboard]]<br />
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071747462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] <br />
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}<br />
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]<br />
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Arabic alphabets}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_alphabet&diff=552415Urdu alphabet2026-07-26T11:32:06Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet used for Urdu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=Urdu Alphabet<br />
|altname=<!-- this displays in a Nastaliq Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the Roman Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}}}}<br> उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी<br />
|type=Abjad <br />
|languages=[[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], infrequent use in [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> others<br />
|region= <br />
* {{IND}}<br />
* {{PAK}}<br />
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|sample=Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> <br />
|imagesize=120px<br />
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' <br />
|time=<br />
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]<br />
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}<br />
<br />
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}<br />
{{Writing systems worldwide}}<br />
{{Officially used writing systems in India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Urdu alphabet'''{{refn|group=A|name=Urdu|{{Lang-ur|{{uninastaliq<br />
|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}}} <br/><br />
Nagarisation: उर्दू हुरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी <br /> [[Romanisation]]: Urdū huruf-e-tahajjī}} is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.<br />
<br />
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.<br />
<br />
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other places.<ref name="omniglot.com"/><br />
<br />
== Nastaliq ==<br />
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{cn|date=November 2022}}]]<br />
{{Main|Nastaliq}}<br />
<br />
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang-fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.<br />
<br />
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Letter names and phonemes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=XV–XVI}}<br />
! colspan="4" | Forms<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] <br />
! colspan=2 | [[Roman Urdu|Romanization]] <br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] <br />
! colspan=3 | Order <br />
|-<br />
! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! Isolated<br />
! Final<br />
! Medial<br />
! Initial<br />
! style="white-space:nowrap;" | ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web | title=Urdu romanization | url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf | publisher=The Library of Congress }}</ref> <br />
! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> <br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| dictionary order<ref name="Colloquial Urdu - order">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |last2=Khoul |first2=Ashok |last3=Koul |first3=Ashok |title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30471-5 |pages=41–42 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40 |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /ʔ/, ''silent''}}{{efn-ua| At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble {{lang|ur| اُردو }} ''"Urdu"''. But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted {{lang|ur| اردو }} like other short vowel diacritcs. }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] <br />
| 1<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـبـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /b/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] <br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /p/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] <br />
| 3<br />
| 3 <br />
| 3 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـتـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br />
| 4<br />
| 4 <br />
| 4 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʈ/ }}<br />
| ''ṭ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 5 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـثـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''s̱'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] <br />
| 6<br />
| 6 <br />
| 6 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـجـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d͡ʒ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br />
| 7<br />
| 7 <br />
| 7 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t͡ʃ/ }}<br />
| ''c'' <br />
| ''ch'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] <br />
| 8<br />
| 8 <br />
| 8 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''ḥ'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | ''h'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9<br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|ہٹی حے}}}}</span><br>''hutti ḥē'' <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br>''k͟hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /x/ }}<br />
| ''k͟h'' <br />
| ''kh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] <br />
| 10<br />
| 10 <br />
| 10 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] <br />
| 11<br />
| 11 <br />
| 11 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɖ/ }}<br />
| ''ḍ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] <br />
| 12<br />
| 12 <br />
| 12 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẕ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] <br />
| 13<br />
| 13 <br />
| 13 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /r/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] <br />
| 14<br />
| 14 <br />
| 14 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṛ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] <br />
| 15<br />
| 15 <br />
| 15 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] <br />
| 16<br />
| 16 <br />
| 16 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] <br />
| 17<br />
| 17 <br />
| 17 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـسـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] <br />
| 18<br />
| 18 <br />
| 18 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـشـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʃ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] <br />
| 19<br />
| 19 <br />
| 19 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـصـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''ṣ'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] <br />
| 20<br />
| 20 <br />
| 20 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـضـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẓ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] <br />
| 21<br />
| 21 <br />
| 21 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـطـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| ''t̤'' <br />
| ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] <br />
| 22<br />
| 22 <br />
| 22 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''z̤'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] <br />
| 23<br />
| 23 <br />
| 23 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] <br />
| 24<br />
| 24 <br />
| 24 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɣ/ }}<br />
| ''g͟h'' <br />
| ''gh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] <br />
| 25<br />
| 25 <br />
| 25 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـفـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /f/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] <br />
| 26<br />
| 26 <br />
| 26 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـقـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /q/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] <br />
| 27<br />
| 27 <br />
| 27 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـکـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /k/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] <br />
| 28<br />
| 28 <br />
| 28 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɡ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] <br />
| 29<br />
| 29 <br />
| 29 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـلـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /l/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''l''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''l''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] <br />
| 30<br />
| 30 <br />
| 30 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـمـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| مـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /m/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] <br />
| 31<br />
| 31 <br />
| 31 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṉ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] , which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] , which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} <br />
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} <br />
| 32a <br />
| 33 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] <br />
| 33<br />
| 33 <br />
| 34 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} <br />
| rowspan=2 | 34<br />
| 34 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 35 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' <br />
| 34a <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] <br />
| 35 <br />
| 34b <br />
| 36 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـیـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] <br />
| 36<br />
| 35 <br />
| 38 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] <br />
| 37<br />
| 35b <br />
| 39 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | <br />
| 35a <br />
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]<br />
| 0<br />
|} <br />
:'''Footnotes:''' <br />
{{notelist-ua|refs=<br />
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] , ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Additional characters and variations ===<br />
<br />
==== Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ====<br />
{{anchor|ۃ|ة}}<br />
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.<br />
<br />
==== Table ====<br />
{| class='wikitable sortable' style="text-align:center;" <br />
|+ Table of additional characters and variations <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2 | Group <br />
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Letter {{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms}} <br />
! colspan=3 | Name (see: [[#Glossary of key words from letter names|Glossary of key words]]) <br />
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} <br />
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> <br />
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> <ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
|- <br />
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
| ''alif maddah'' <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br> <ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> <br />
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| hamza on the line <br />
|- <!-- ◌ٔ U+0654 (&# 1620 ;) ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE--> <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ٔ|ٔ]]}}}} <!-- leave some space around this, or the bracksts eat the diacritics and they don't show up. --> <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ــٔـ|ــٔـ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' <br />
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --><br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /><br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/><br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|___}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''yē hamza'' / ''alif hamza'' <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ ـۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: &#1620;|U+0654]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | Arabic {{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta}} <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <!-- open ta for comparison --> <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} <br />
| {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
::Footnotes: <br />
<small>{{notelist-ua|refs= <br />
{{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms|Left: Urdu [[Nastaliq]]. Right: Arabic [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] or modern style. }} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char|The [[Nastaliq]] text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta|see: [[# ة|Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah]] above.}}<br />
}}</small><br />
<br />
==== Hamza in Nastaliq ====<br />
{{anchor| ء in Nastaliq | Hamzah in Nastaliq | Hamza in Nastaliq }}<br />
Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] (two).<br />
<br />
=== Digraphs ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. <br />
|- <br />
| No.<br />
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''IPA'''<br />
| Example<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}<br />
| ''bh''<br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}<br />
| ''ph''<br />
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}<br />
| ''th''<br />
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}<br />
| ''ṭh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}<br />
| ''jh''<br />
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}<br />
| ''ch''<br />
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}<br />
| ''dh''<br />
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}<br />
| ''ḍh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}<br />
| ''rh''<br />
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}<br />
| ''ṛh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}<br />
| ''kh''<br />
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}<br />
| ''gh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 13<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}<br />
| ''lh''<br />
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}})<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}<br />
| ''mh''<br />
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} <br />
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|تمہیں}})<br />
|- <br />
| 15<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}<br />
| ''nh''<br />
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}<br />
| ''wh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- وھاب<br />
| 17<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}<br />
| ''yh''<br />
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}<br />
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===<br />
<br />
Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:<br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"<br />
! Letter !! IPA<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} || [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} || [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} || [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} || [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above sub-section. In addition to these letters, [[Shahmukhi]] adds 2 consonants on top of Urdu alphabet to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] further adds 4 more consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Retroflex letters ===<br />
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]<br />
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]].{{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and a Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses ط while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Vowels ==<br />
The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel chart ===<br />
<br />
Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
![[Romanization]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]<br />
!Final<br />
!Middle<br />
!Initial<br />
|- <br />
|a<br />
| {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ā<br />
| {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}}<br />
|- <br />
|i<br />
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ī<br />
| {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}}<br />
|- <br />
|e<br />
| {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}}<br />
|- <br />
|ai<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}}<br />
|- <br />
|u<br />
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ū<br />
| {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} <br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|o<br />
| {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} <br />
|- <br />
|au<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Alif'' ===<br />
<br />
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.<br />
<br />
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===<br />
<br />
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "''k͟hud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "''k͟haab''" - ''dream''). This is known as the [[Silent vav|silent ''wāʾo'']], and is only present in words loaned from Persian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Urdu Language Management |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Urdu/Urdu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Language Information Services (LIS)-India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Ye'' ===<br />
<br />
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").<br />
<br />
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".<br />
<br />
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـی}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|یـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ی}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ے}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===<br />
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he").<br />
<br />
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).<br />
<br />
''Do-cašmi he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہ}} <br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cašmi he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayn'' ===<br />
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===<br />
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is represented by ''nun ghunna'' written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun ghunna'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|'''Form''' <br />
|'''Urdu'''<br />
| '''Transcription'''<br />
|- <br />
|Orthography<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|End form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|Middle form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diacritics ==<br />
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.<br />
<br />
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Iẓāfat ==<br />
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq|&nbsp; ِ&nbsp;}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}<br />
|''malikā-'''e'''-dunyā''<br />
|the queen of the world<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مۓ عشق}}<br />
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq''<br />
|the wine of love<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" | {{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū-''''e'''-zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā-''''e'''-buland''||a high voice<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==<br />
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===<br />
{{anchor|Unicode}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script<br />
|- <br />
! Characters <br/> in Urdu<br />
! Characters <br/> in Arabic<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ہ|(U+06C1)]] <br/> <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ھ|(U+06BE)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ه}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ه|(U+0647)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ی|(U+06CC)]] <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ى|(U+0649)]] <br/> <big>{{lang|ar|ي}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ي|(U+064A)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ک|(U+06A9)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ك}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ك|(U+0643)]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').<br />
<br />
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
The ''Daily Jang'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Romanization standards and systems ==<br />
{{main|Roman Urdu}}<br />
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.<br />
<br />
== Glossary of key words from letter names ==<br />
{{anchor|Glossary|Key words|Words from letter names}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|+ class=nowrap style=text-align:center| Translations and other uses of key words from Urdu letter names<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3 | Letter name(s)<br />
! colspan=4 | Urdu word<br />
! colspan=3 | Examples of other uses<br />
|-<br />
! style=width:10% | Isolated <br/> form<br />
! [[Urdu]] <br/> name<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! [[Urdu]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name<br />
! class="unsortable" | English Translation<br />
! Urdu<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] or [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | Translation<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ح|ح]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }}<br />
| baṛī ħē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: بڑی آنت|بڑی آنت]]}}<br />
| ''Baṛi ant''<br />
| [[large intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }}<br />
| baṛī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنت|آنت]]}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |''Ant''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ی|ی]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی یے }}<br />
| čhōṭī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | choti<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;" | small / minor / junior<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }}<br />
| čhōṭī hē<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: چھوٹی آنت|چھوٹی آنت]]}}<br />
| <!-- choti ant --><br />
| [[small intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }}<br />
| gōl hē<br />
| {{lang|ur| گول }}<br />
| {{ipa| goːl }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| gōl<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation) | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/ | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: گول گپے|گول گپے]]}}<br />
| ''gol gappay''<br />
| [[panipuri]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''do-cashmi''<br />
''dorabīn''<br />
| [[binoculars]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دوربین|دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''dorabīn''<br />
| [[telescope]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| دو }}<br />
| <br />
| do<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو ایوانیت|دو ایوانیت]]}}<br />
| ''do ayvanīt''<br />
| [[bicameralism]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| چشم }}<br />
| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries/><br />
| chashm<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنکھ|چشم]]}}<br />
| ''cashm''<br />
| [[eye]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }}<br />
| nūn-e ğunnah<br />
| {{lang|ur| غُنّہ }}<br />
| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound or twang<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }}<br />
| alif maddah<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَدّه }}<br />
| <br />
| maddah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | [[Arabic]]:<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| vāv-e mahmūz<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| mahmūz<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%" | defective / improper<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <!--<br />
حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب<br />
(ترتیبِ تہجی)<br />
alphabetical order<br />
<br />
ترتیبِ تہجی<br />
کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں<br />
alphabetical order<br />
--><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:75%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے }} }}<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: حروف تہجی|حروف تہجی]]}} <br/><ref>{{cite web | title=خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/multimedia/2016/01/160105_nasa_abc_space_pics_zz.amp |website=BBC News اردو |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=ur |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | harūf tahajī <!-- harūf tahajī --> ([[alphabet]])<br />
| {{lang|ur| تہجی }}<br />
| {{ipa| }}<br />
| tahajī<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harūf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hərf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]<br />
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]<br />
* [[Urdu Braille]]<br />
* [[Urdu Informatics]]<br />
* [[Urdu keyboard]]<br />
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071747462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] <br />
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}<br />
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]<br />
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Arabic alphabets}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_alphabet&diff=552414Urdu alphabet2026-07-26T11:28:32Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet used for Urdu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=Urdu Alphabet<br />
|altname=<!-- this displays in a Nastaliq Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the Roman Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی اردو}}}}}}<br> उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी<br />
|type=Abjad <br />
|languages=[[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], infrequent use in [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> others<br />
|region= <br />
* {{IND}}<br />
* {{PAK}}<br />
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|sample=Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> <br />
|imagesize=120px<br />
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' <br />
|time=<br />
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]<br />
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}<br />
<br />
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}<br />
{{Writing systems worldwide}}<br />
{{Officially used writing systems in India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Urdu alphabet''' ({{Lang-ur|{{uninastaliq<br />
|اردو حُرُوفِ تَہَجّی}}|translit=urdū harūf-e-tahajjī|label=}} ''उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी''{{spaces|1}}), is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.<br />
<br />
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.<br />
<br />
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other places.<ref name="omniglot.com"/><br />
<br />
== Nastaliq ==<br />
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{cn|date=November 2022}}]]<br />
{{Main|Nastaliq}}<br />
<br />
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang-fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.<br />
<br />
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Letter names and phonemes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=XV–XVI}}<br />
! colspan="4" | Forms<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] <br />
! colspan=2 | [[Roman Urdu|Romanization]] <br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] <br />
! colspan=3 | Order <br />
|-<br />
! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! Isolated<br />
! Final<br />
! Medial<br />
! Initial<br />
! style="white-space:nowrap;" | ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web | title=Urdu romanization | url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf | publisher=The Library of Congress }}</ref> <br />
! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> <br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| dictionary order<ref name="Colloquial Urdu - order">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |last2=Khoul |first2=Ashok |last3=Koul |first3=Ashok |title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30471-5 |pages=41–42 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40 |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /ʔ/, ''silent''}}{{efn-ua| At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble {{lang|ur| اُردو }} ''"Urdu"''. But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted {{lang|ur| اردو }} like other short vowel diacritcs. }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] <br />
| 1<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـبـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /b/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] <br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /p/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] <br />
| 3<br />
| 3 <br />
| 3 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـتـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br />
| 4<br />
| 4 <br />
| 4 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʈ/ }}<br />
| ''ṭ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 5 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـثـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''s̱'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] <br />
| 6<br />
| 6 <br />
| 6 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـجـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d͡ʒ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br />
| 7<br />
| 7 <br />
| 7 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t͡ʃ/ }}<br />
| ''c'' <br />
| ''ch'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] <br />
| 8<br />
| 8 <br />
| 8 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''ḥ'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | ''h'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9<br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|ہٹی حے}}}}</span><br>''hutti ḥē'' <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br>''k͟hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /x/ }}<br />
| ''k͟h'' <br />
| ''kh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] <br />
| 10<br />
| 10 <br />
| 10 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] <br />
| 11<br />
| 11 <br />
| 11 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɖ/ }}<br />
| ''ḍ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] <br />
| 12<br />
| 12 <br />
| 12 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẕ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] <br />
| 13<br />
| 13 <br />
| 13 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /r/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] <br />
| 14<br />
| 14 <br />
| 14 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṛ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] <br />
| 15<br />
| 15 <br />
| 15 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] <br />
| 16<br />
| 16 <br />
| 16 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] <br />
| 17<br />
| 17 <br />
| 17 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـسـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] <br />
| 18<br />
| 18 <br />
| 18 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـشـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʃ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] <br />
| 19<br />
| 19 <br />
| 19 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـصـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''ṣ'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] <br />
| 20<br />
| 20 <br />
| 20 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـضـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẓ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] <br />
| 21<br />
| 21 <br />
| 21 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـطـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| ''t̤'' <br />
| ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] <br />
| 22<br />
| 22 <br />
| 22 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''z̤'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] <br />
| 23<br />
| 23 <br />
| 23 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] <br />
| 24<br />
| 24 <br />
| 24 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɣ/ }}<br />
| ''g͟h'' <br />
| ''gh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] <br />
| 25<br />
| 25 <br />
| 25 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـفـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /f/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] <br />
| 26<br />
| 26 <br />
| 26 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـقـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /q/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] <br />
| 27<br />
| 27 <br />
| 27 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـکـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /k/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] <br />
| 28<br />
| 28 <br />
| 28 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɡ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] <br />
| 29<br />
| 29 <br />
| 29 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـلـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /l/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''l''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''l''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] <br />
| 30<br />
| 30 <br />
| 30 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـمـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| مـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /m/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] <br />
| 31<br />
| 31 <br />
| 31 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṉ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] , which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] , which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} <br />
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} <br />
| 32a <br />
| 33 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] <br />
| 33<br />
| 33 <br />
| 34 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} <br />
| rowspan=2 | 34<br />
| 34 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 35 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' <br />
| 34a <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] <br />
| 35 <br />
| 34b <br />
| 36 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـیـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] <br />
| 36<br />
| 35 <br />
| 38 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] <br />
| 37<br />
| 35b <br />
| 39 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | <br />
| 35a <br />
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]<br />
| 0<br />
|} <br />
:'''Footnotes:''' <br />
{{notelist-ua|refs=<br />
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] , ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Additional characters and variations ===<br />
<br />
==== Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ====<br />
{{anchor|ۃ|ة}}<br />
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.<br />
<br />
==== Table ====<br />
{| class='wikitable sortable' style="text-align:center;" <br />
|+ Table of additional characters and variations <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2 | Group <br />
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Letter {{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms}} <br />
! colspan=3 | Name (see: [[#Glossary of key words from letter names|Glossary of key words]]) <br />
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} <br />
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> <br />
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> <ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
|- <br />
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
| ''alif maddah'' <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br> <ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> <br />
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| hamza on the line <br />
|- <!-- ◌ٔ U+0654 (&# 1620 ;) ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE--> <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ٔ|ٔ]]}}}} <!-- leave some space around this, or the bracksts eat the diacritics and they don't show up. --> <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ــٔـ|ــٔـ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' <br />
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --><br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /><br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/><br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|___}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''yē hamza'' / ''alif hamza'' <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ ـۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: &#1620;|U+0654]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | Arabic {{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta}} <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <!-- open ta for comparison --> <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} <br />
| {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
::Footnotes: <br />
<small>{{notelist-ua|refs= <br />
{{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms|Left: Urdu [[Nastaliq]]. Right: Arabic [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] or modern style. }} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char|The [[Nastaliq]] text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta|see: [[# ة|Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah]] above.}}<br />
}}</small><br />
<br />
==== Hamza in Nastaliq ====<br />
{{anchor| ء in Nastaliq | Hamzah in Nastaliq | Hamza in Nastaliq }}<br />
Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] (two).<br />
<br />
=== Digraphs ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. <br />
|- <br />
| No.<br />
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''IPA'''<br />
| Example<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}<br />
| ''bh''<br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}<br />
| ''ph''<br />
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}<br />
| ''th''<br />
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}<br />
| ''ṭh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}<br />
| ''jh''<br />
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}<br />
| ''ch''<br />
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}<br />
| ''dh''<br />
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}<br />
| ''ḍh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}<br />
| ''rh''<br />
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}<br />
| ''ṛh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}<br />
| ''kh''<br />
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}<br />
| ''gh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 13<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}<br />
| ''lh''<br />
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}})<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}<br />
| ''mh''<br />
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} <br />
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|تمہیں}})<br />
|- <br />
| 15<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}<br />
| ''nh''<br />
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}<br />
| ''wh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- وھاب<br />
| 17<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}<br />
| ''yh''<br />
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}<br />
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===<br />
<br />
Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:<br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"<br />
! Letter !! IPA<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} || [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} || [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} || [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} || [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above sub-section. In addition to these letters, [[Shahmukhi]] adds 2 consonants on top of Urdu alphabet to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] further adds 4 more consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Retroflex letters ===<br />
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]<br />
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]].{{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and a Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses ط while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Vowels ==<br />
The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel chart ===<br />
<br />
Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
![[Romanization]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]<br />
!Final<br />
!Middle<br />
!Initial<br />
|- <br />
|a<br />
| {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ā<br />
| {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}}<br />
|- <br />
|i<br />
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ī<br />
| {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}}<br />
|- <br />
|e<br />
| {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}}<br />
|- <br />
|ai<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}}<br />
|- <br />
|u<br />
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ū<br />
| {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} <br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|o<br />
| {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} <br />
|- <br />
|au<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Alif'' ===<br />
<br />
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.<br />
<br />
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===<br />
<br />
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "''k͟hud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "''k͟haab''" - ''dream''). This is known as the [[Silent vav|silent ''wāʾo'']], and is only present in words loaned from Persian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Urdu Language Management |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Urdu/Urdu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Language Information Services (LIS)-India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Ye'' ===<br />
<br />
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").<br />
<br />
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".<br />
<br />
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـی}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|یـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ی}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ے}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===<br />
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he").<br />
<br />
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).<br />
<br />
''Do-cašmi he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہ}} <br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cašmi he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayn'' ===<br />
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===<br />
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is represented by ''nun ghunna'' written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun ghunna'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|'''Form''' <br />
|'''Urdu'''<br />
| '''Transcription'''<br />
|- <br />
|Orthography<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|End form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|Middle form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diacritics ==<br />
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.<br />
<br />
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Iẓāfat ==<br />
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq|&nbsp; ِ&nbsp;}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}<br />
|''malikā-'''e'''-dunyā''<br />
|the queen of the world<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مۓ عشق}}<br />
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq''<br />
|the wine of love<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" | {{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū-''''e'''-zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā-''''e'''-buland''||a high voice<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==<br />
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===<br />
{{anchor|Unicode}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script<br />
|- <br />
! Characters <br/> in Urdu<br />
! Characters <br/> in Arabic<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ہ|(U+06C1)]] <br/> <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ھ|(U+06BE)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ه}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ه|(U+0647)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ی|(U+06CC)]] <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ى|(U+0649)]] <br/> <big>{{lang|ar|ي}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ي|(U+064A)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ک|(U+06A9)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ك}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ك|(U+0643)]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').<br />
<br />
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
The ''Daily Jang'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Romanization standards and systems ==<br />
{{main|Roman Urdu}}<br />
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.<br />
<br />
== Glossary of key words from letter names ==<br />
{{anchor|Glossary|Key words|Words from letter names}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|+ class=nowrap style=text-align:center| Translations and other uses of key words from Urdu letter names<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3 | Letter name(s)<br />
! colspan=4 | Urdu word<br />
! colspan=3 | Examples of other uses<br />
|-<br />
! style=width:10% | Isolated <br/> form<br />
! [[Urdu]] <br/> name<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! [[Urdu]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name<br />
! class="unsortable" | English Translation<br />
! Urdu<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] or [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | Translation<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ح|ح]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }}<br />
| baṛī ħē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: بڑی آنت|بڑی آنت]]}}<br />
| ''Baṛi ant''<br />
| [[large intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }}<br />
| baṛī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنت|آنت]]}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |''Ant''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ی|ی]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی یے }}<br />
| čhōṭī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | choti<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;" | small / minor / junior<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }}<br />
| čhōṭī hē<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: چھوٹی آنت|چھوٹی آنت]]}}<br />
| <!-- choti ant --><br />
| [[small intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }}<br />
| gōl hē<br />
| {{lang|ur| گول }}<br />
| {{ipa| goːl }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| gōl<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation) | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/ | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: گول گپے|گول گپے]]}}<br />
| ''gol gappay''<br />
| [[panipuri]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''do-cashmi''<br />
''dorabīn''<br />
| [[binoculars]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دوربین|دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''dorabīn''<br />
| [[telescope]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| دو }}<br />
| <br />
| do<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو ایوانیت|دو ایوانیت]]}}<br />
| ''do ayvanīt''<br />
| [[bicameralism]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| چشم }}<br />
| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries/><br />
| chashm<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنکھ|چشم]]}}<br />
| ''cashm''<br />
| [[eye]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }}<br />
| nūn-e ğunnah<br />
| {{lang|ur| غُنّہ }}<br />
| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound or twang<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }}<br />
| alif maddah<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَدّه }}<br />
| <br />
| maddah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | [[Arabic]]:<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| vāv-e mahmūz<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| mahmūz<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%" | defective / improper<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <!--<br />
حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب<br />
(ترتیبِ تہجی)<br />
alphabetical order<br />
<br />
ترتیبِ تہجی<br />
کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں<br />
alphabetical order<br />
--><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:75%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے }} }}<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: حروف تہجی|حروف تہجی]]}} <br/><ref>{{cite web | title=خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/multimedia/2016/01/160105_nasa_abc_space_pics_zz.amp |website=BBC News اردو |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=ur |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | harūf tahajī <!-- harūf tahajī --> ([[alphabet]])<br />
| {{lang|ur| تہجی }}<br />
| {{ipa| }}<br />
| tahajī<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harūf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hərf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]<br />
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]<br />
* [[Urdu Braille]]<br />
* [[Urdu Informatics]]<br />
* [[Urdu keyboard]]<br />
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071747462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] <br />
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}<br />
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]<br />
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Arabic alphabets}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu_alphabet&diff=552413Urdu alphabet2026-07-26T11:24:56Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet used for Urdu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=Urdu Alphabet<br />
|altname=<!-- this displays in a Nastaliq Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the Roman Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی}}}}}}<br> उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी<br />
|type=Abjad <br />
|languages=[[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], infrequent use in [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> others<br />
|region= <br />
* {{IND}}<br />
* {{PAK}}<br />
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|sample=Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> <br />
|imagesize=120px<br />
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' <br />
|time=<br />
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]<br />
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /><br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}<br />
<br />
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}<br />
{{Writing systems worldwide}}<br />
{{Officially used writing systems in India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Urdu alphabet''' ({{Lang-ur|{{uninastaliq|اردو حروفِ تہجی}}|translit=urdū harūf-e-tahajjī|label=}} ''उर्दू हरूफ़-ए-तहज्जी''{{spaces|1}}), is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.<br />
<br />
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script.<br />
<br />
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.<br />
<br />
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other places.<ref name="omniglot.com"/><br />
<br />
== Nastaliq ==<br />
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{cn|date=November 2022}}]]<br />
{{Main|Nastaliq}}<br />
<br />
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang-fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.<br />
<br />
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Letter names and phonemes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=XV–XVI}}<br />
! colspan="4" | Forms<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] <br />
! colspan=2 | [[Roman Urdu|Romanization]] <br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]] <br />
! colspan=3 | Order <br />
|-<br />
! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! Isolated<br />
! Final<br />
! Medial<br />
! Initial<br />
! style="white-space:nowrap;" | ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web | title=Urdu romanization | url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf | publisher=The Library of Congress }}</ref> <br />
! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> <br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| dictionary order<ref name="Colloquial Urdu - order">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |last2=Khoul |first2=Ashok |last3=Koul |first3=Ashok |title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30471-5 |pages=41–42 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VsVzCgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT40 |access-date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><br />
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /ʔ/, ''silent''}}{{efn-ua| At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble {{lang|ur| اُردو }} ''"Urdu"''. But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted {{lang|ur| اردو }} like other short vowel diacritcs. }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ā'', – <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] <br />
| 1<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـبـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /b/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''b'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] <br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /p/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''p'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] <br />
| 3<br />
| 3 <br />
| 3 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـتـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br />
| 4<br />
| 4 <br />
| 4 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʈ/ }}<br />
| ''ṭ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 5 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـثـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''s̱'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] <br />
| 6<br />
| 6 <br />
| 6 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـجـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d͡ʒ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''j'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br />
| 7<br />
| 7 <br />
| 7 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t͡ʃ/ }}<br />
| ''c'' <br />
| ''ch'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] <br />
| 8<br />
| 8 <br />
| 8 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''ḥ'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | ''h'' <br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9<br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 9 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|ہٹی حے}}}}</span><br>''hutti ḥē'' <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br>''k͟hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /x/ }}<br />
| ''k͟h'' <br />
| ''kh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] <br />
| 10<br />
| 10 <br />
| 10 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /d/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] <br />
| 11<br />
| 11 <br />
| 11 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɖ/ }}<br />
| ''ḍ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''d'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] <br />
| 12<br />
| 12 <br />
| 12 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẕ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] <br />
| 13<br />
| 13 <br />
| 13 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /r/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] <br />
| 14<br />
| 14 <br />
| 14 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṛ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] <br />
| 15<br />
| 15 <br />
| 15 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] <br />
| 16<br />
| 16 <br />
| 16 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] <br />
| 17<br />
| 17 <br />
| 17 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـسـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] <br />
| 18<br />
| 18 <br />
| 18 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـشـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʃ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''sh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] <br />
| 19<br />
| 19 <br />
| 19 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـصـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /s/ }}<br />
| ''ṣ'' <br />
| ''s'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] <br />
| 20<br />
| 20 <br />
| 20 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـضـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''ẓ'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] <br />
| 21<br />
| 21 <br />
| 21 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـطـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /t/ }}<br />
| ''t̤'' <br />
| ''t'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] <br />
| 22<br />
| 22 <br />
| 22 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /z/ }}<br />
| ''z̤'' <br />
| ''z'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] <br />
| 23<br />
| 23 <br />
| 23 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] <br />
| 24<br />
| 24 <br />
| 24 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɣ/ }}<br />
| ''g͟h'' <br />
| ''gh'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] <br />
| 25<br />
| 25 <br />
| 25 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـفـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /f/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''f'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] <br />
| 26<br />
| 26 <br />
| 26 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـقـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /q/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''q'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] <br />
| 27<br />
| 27 <br />
| 27 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـکـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /k/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''k'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] <br />
| 28<br />
| 28 <br />
| 28 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɡ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''g'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] <br />
| 29<br />
| 29 <br />
| 29 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـلـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /l/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''l''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''l''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] <br />
| 30<br />
| 30 <br />
| 30 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـمـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| مـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /m/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''m'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] <br />
| 31<br />
| 31 <br />
| 31 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
| 32 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| ''ṉ'' <br />
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' <br />
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] , which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] , which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} <br />
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} <br />
| 32a <br />
| 33 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] <br />
| 33<br />
| 33 <br />
| 34 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} <br />
| rowspan=2 | 34<br />
| 34 <br />
| rowspan=2 | 35 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' <br />
| 34a <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] <br />
| 35 <br />
| 34b <br />
| 36 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـیـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یـ }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ }} <br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] <br />
| 36<br />
| 35 <br />
| 38 <br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }}<br />
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] <br />
| 37<br />
| 35b <br />
| 39 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah''<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}}<br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi''<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ئ|U+0626]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | <br />
| 35a <br />
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} <br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]<br />
| 0<br />
|} <br />
:'''Footnotes:''' <br />
{{notelist-ua|refs=<br />
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] , ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Additional characters and variations ===<br />
<br />
==== Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ====<br />
{{anchor|ۃ|ة}}<br />
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.<br />
<br />
==== Table ====<br />
{| class='wikitable sortable' style="text-align:center;" <br />
|+ Table of additional characters and variations <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2 | Group <br />
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Letter {{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms}} <br />
! colspan=3 | Name (see: [[#Glossary of key words from letter names|Glossary of key words]]) <br />
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} <br />
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> <br />
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> <ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
|- <br />
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><br />
| ''alif maddah'' <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br> <ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> <br />
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| hamza on the line <br />
|- <!-- ◌ٔ U+0654 (&# 1620 ;) ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE--> <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ٔ|ٔ]]}}}} <!-- leave some space around this, or the bracksts eat the diacritics and they don't show up. --> <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ــٔـ|ــٔـ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' <br />
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --><br />
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /><br />
| ''[[hamzah]]'' <br />
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/><br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|___}}<br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''yē hamza'' / ''alif hamza'' <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۓ|ۓ]]}}}}<br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}}<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> <br />
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br> <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ ـۂ]]}}}} <br />
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} <br />
| {{lang|ur|___}} <br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: &#1620;|U+0654]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | Arabic {{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta}} <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} <br />
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}&nbsp;{{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}}<br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- <!-- open ta for comparison --> <br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} <br />
| {{lang-ar|<br>{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> <br />
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
::Footnotes: <br />
<small>{{notelist-ua|refs= <br />
{{efn-ua|name=U_A_forms|Left: Urdu [[Nastaliq]]. Right: Arabic [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] or modern style. }} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char|The [[Nastaliq]] text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.}} <br />
{{efn-ua|name=arabic_ta_marbuta|see: [[# ة|Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah]] above.}}<br />
}}</small><br />
<br />
==== Hamza in Nastaliq ====<br />
{{anchor| ء in Nastaliq | Hamzah in Nastaliq | Hamza in Nastaliq }}<br />
Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] (two).<br />
<br />
=== Digraphs ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. <br />
|- <br />
| No.<br />
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/><br />
| '''IPA'''<br />
| Example<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}<br />
| ''bh''<br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}<br />
| ''ph''<br />
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}<br />
| ''th''<br />
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}<br />
| ''ṭh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}<br />
| ''jh''<br />
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}<br />
| ''ch''<br />
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}}<br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}<br />
| ''dh''<br />
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}<br />
| ''ḍh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}<br />
| ''rh''<br />
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}<br />
| ''ṛh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}<br />
| ''kh''<br />
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}<br />
| ''gh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}<br />
|- <br />
| 13<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}<br />
| ''lh''<br />
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}})<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}<br />
| ''mh''<br />
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} <br />
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|تمہیں}})<br />
|- <br />
| 15<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}<br />
| ''nh''<br />
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}<br />
| ''wh''<br />
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}<br />
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster)<br />
|- وھاب<br />
| 17<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}<br />
| ''yh''<br />
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}<br />
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===<br />
<br />
Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:<br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"<br />
! Letter !! IPA<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} || [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} || [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} || [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} || [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above sub-section. In addition to these letters, [[Shahmukhi]] adds 2 consonants on top of Urdu alphabet to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] further adds 4 more consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Retroflex letters ===<br />
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]<br />
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]].{{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and a Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses ط while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Vowels ==<br />
The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowel chart ===<br />
<br />
Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
![[Romanization]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]<br />
!Final<br />
!Middle<br />
!Initial<br />
|- <br />
|a<br />
| {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ā<br />
| {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}}<br />
|- <br />
|i<br />
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ī<br />
| {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}}<br />
|- <br />
|e<br />
| {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}}<br />
|- <br />
|ai<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}}<br />
|- <br />
|u<br />
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|N/A<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}<br />
|- <br />
|ū<br />
| {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} <br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|o<br />
| {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} <br />
|- <br />
|au<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Alif'' ===<br />
<br />
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.<br />
<br />
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===<br />
<br />
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "''k͟hud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "''k͟haab''" - ''dream''). This is known as the [[Silent vav|silent ''wāʾo'']], and is only present in words loaned from Persian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Urdu Language Management |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Urdu/Urdu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Language Information Services (LIS)-India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Ye'' ===<br />
<br />
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").<br />
<br />
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".<br />
<br />
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـی}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}}<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|یـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ی}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـے}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ے}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===<br />
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he").<br />
<br />
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).<br />
<br />
''Do-cašmi he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter's name<br />
!Final Form<br />
!Middle Form<br />
!Initial Form<br />
!Isolated Form<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہ}} <br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}<br />
|- <br />
|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cašmi he<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ـھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھـ}}<br />
| style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayn'' ===<br />
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===<br />
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is represented by ''nun ghunna'' written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun ghunna'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|'''Form''' <br />
|'''Urdu'''<br />
| '''Transcription'''<br />
|- <br />
|Orthography<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|End form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}<br />
|- <br />
|Middle form<br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}<br />
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diacritics ==<br />
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.<br />
<br />
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Iẓāfat ==<br />
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq|&nbsp; ِ&nbsp;}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}<br />
|''malikā-'''e'''-dunyā''<br />
|the queen of the world<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint<br />
|-<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}<br />
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مۓ عشق}}<br />
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq''<br />
|the wine of love<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size: 150%" | {{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū-''''e'''-zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth<br />
|- <br />
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā-''''e'''-buland''||a high voice<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==<br />
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===<br />
{{anchor|Unicode}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script<br />
|- <br />
! Characters <br/> in Urdu<br />
! Characters <br/> in Arabic<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ہ|(U+06C1)]] <br/> <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ھ|(U+06BE)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ه}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ه|(U+0647)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ی|(U+06CC)]] <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ى|(U+0649)]] <br/> <big>{{lang|ar|ي}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ي|(U+064A)]]<br />
|- <br />
| <big>{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ک|(U+06A9)]] <br />
| <big>{{lang|ar|ك}}</big> [[:wiktionary: ك|(U+0643)]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').<br />
<br />
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
The ''Daily Jang'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Romanization standards and systems ==<br />
{{main|Roman Urdu}}<br />
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.<br />
<br />
== Glossary of key words from letter names ==<br />
{{anchor|Glossary|Key words|Words from letter names}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|+ class=nowrap style=text-align:center| Translations and other uses of key words from Urdu letter names<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3 | Letter name(s)<br />
! colspan=4 | Urdu word<br />
! colspan=3 | Examples of other uses<br />
|-<br />
! style=width:10% | Isolated <br/> form<br />
! [[Urdu]] <br/> name<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]]<br />
! [[Urdu]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name<br />
! class="unsortable" | English Translation<br />
! Urdu<br />
! [[Roman Urdu]] or [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]]<br />
! class="unsortable" | Translation<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ح|ح]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }}<br />
| baṛī ħē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: بڑی آنت|بڑی آنت]]}}<br />
| ''Baṛi ant''<br />
| [[large intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }}<br />
| baṛī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنت|آنت]]}}<br />
| rowspan=2 |''Ant''<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ی|ی]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی یے }}<br />
| čhōṭī yē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| rowspan=2 | choti<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;" | small / minor / junior<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }}<br />
| čhōṭī hē<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: چھوٹی آنت|چھوٹی آنت]]}}<br />
| <!-- choti ant --><br />
| [[small intestine]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }}<br />
| gōl hē<br />
| {{lang|ur| گول }}<br />
| {{ipa| goːl }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| gōl<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation) | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/ | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: گول گپے|گول گپے]]}}<br />
| ''gol gappay''<br />
| [[panipuri]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}<br />
| rowspan=4 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }}<br />
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī<br />
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''do-cashmi''<br />
''dorabīn''<br />
| [[binoculars]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دوربین|دوربین]]}}<br />
| ''dorabīn''<br />
| [[telescope]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| دو }}<br />
| <br />
| do<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two<br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو ایوانیت|دو ایوانیت]]}}<br />
| ''do ayvanīt''<br />
| [[bicameralism]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| چشم }}<br />
| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries/><br />
| chashm<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation /><br />
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: آنکھ|چشم]]}}<br />
| ''cashm''<br />
| [[eye]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }}<br />
| nūn-e ğunnah<br />
| {{lang|ur| غُنّہ }}<br />
| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound or twang<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}<br />
| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }}<br />
| alif maddah<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَدّه }}<br />
| <br />
| maddah<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | [[Arabic]]:<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| vāv-e mahmūz<br />
| {{lang|ur| مَہْمُوز }}<br />
| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| mahmūz<br />
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%" | defective / improper<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <!--<br />
حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب<br />
(ترتیبِ تہجی)<br />
alphabetical order<br />
<br />
ترتیبِ تہجی<br />
کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں<br />
alphabetical order<br />
--><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:75%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے }} }}<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|ur| [[:ur: حروف تہجی|حروف تہجی]]}} <br/><ref>{{cite web | title=خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/multimedia/2016/01/160105_nasa_abc_space_pics_zz.amp |website=BBC News اردو |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=ur |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | harūf tahajī <!-- harūf tahajī --> ([[alphabet]])<br />
| {{lang|ur| تہجی }}<br />
| {{ipa| }}<br />
| tahajī<br />
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harūf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }}<br />
| {{ipa| /hərf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| harf<br />
| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /><br />
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]<br />
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]<br />
* [[Urdu Braille]]<br />
* [[Urdu Informatics]]<br />
* [[Urdu keyboard]]<br />
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071747462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] <br />
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}<br />
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]<br />
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
{{Urdu topics}}<br />
{{Arabic alphabets}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_script_sidebar/doc&diff=552412Template:Arabic script sidebar/doc2026-07-26T11:16:47Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> == Usage == Add an unnamed first parameter <code>Balochi</code>, <code>Burushaski</code>, <code>Kashmiri</code>, <code>Khowar</code>, <code>Kurdish</code>, <code>Pashto</code>, <code>Persian</code>, <code>Punjabi</code>, <code>Saraiki</code>, <code>Sindhi</code>, <code>Shina</code>, <code>Urdu</code> or <code>Uyghur</code> (case-insensitive) to display..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Documentation subpage}}<br />
<!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --><br />
== Usage ==<br />
Add an unnamed first parameter <code>Balochi</code>, <code>Burushaski</code>, <code>Kashmiri</code>, <code>Khowar</code>, <code>Kurdish</code>, <code>Pashto</code>, <code>Persian</code>, <code>Punjabi</code>, <code>Saraiki</code>, <code>Sindhi</code>, <code>Shina</code>, <code>Urdu</code> or <code>Uyghur</code> (case-insensitive) to display that alphabet instead, e.g. {{tlx|Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}} will output: {{clear}}{{Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}}<br />
<br />
<includeonly>{{sandbox other||<br />
<!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --><br />
[[Category:Writing system templates]]<br />
<br />
}}</includeonly></div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_script_sidebar&diff=552411Template:Arabic script sidebar2026-07-26T11:16:11Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar |title = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} |balochi = Balochi Standard Alphabet |punjabi = Shahmukhi alphabet |pashto = Pashto alphabet |persian = Persian alphabet |urdu = Urdu alphabet |burushaski = Burushaski alphabet |saraiki = Saraiki alphabet |sindhi = Sindhi alphabet |kashmiri = Kashmiri alphabet |uyghur = Uyghur alphabet |shina = Shina language#W..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar<br />
|title = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}<br />
|balochi = [[Balochi Standard Alphabet]]<br />
|punjabi = [[Shahmukhi alphabet]]<br />
|pashto = [[Pashto alphabet]]<br />
|persian = [[Persian alphabet]]<br />
|urdu = [[Urdu alphabet]]<br />
|burushaski = [[Burushaski#Writing system|Burushaski alphabet]]<br />
|saraiki = [[Saraiki alphabet]]<br />
|sindhi = [[Sindhi alphabet]]<br />
|kashmiri = [[Kashmiri alphabet]]<br />
|uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur alphabet]]<br />
|shina = [[Shina language#Writing|Shina alphabet]]<br />
|khowar = [[Khowar alphabet]]<br />
|kurdish = [[Kurdish alphabets]]<br />
|[[Arabic alphabet]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|content1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}<br />
|balochi = {{Lang|1=bal|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nq| [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ر]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ک]] [[گ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[و]] [[ۏ]] [[ہ]] ([[ھ]]) [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ے]] ([[ݔ]]) }} </span>}}<br />
|punjabi = {{Lang|1=pnb|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nq| [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[گ]] [[ل]] [[ࣇ]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ݨ]] ([[ں]]) [[و]] [[ه]] ([[ھ]]) [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ے]] }} </span>}}<br />
|pashto = {{Lang|1=ps|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;">[[ﺍ]] [[ﺏ]] [[پ]] [[ﺕ]] [[ټ]] [[ﺙ]] [[ﺝ]] [[چ]] [[ﺡ]] [[ﺥ]] [[څ]] [[ځ]] [[ﺩ]] [[ډ]] [[ﺫ]] [[ﺭ]] [[ړ]] [[ﺯ]] [[ژ]] [[ږ]] [[ﺱ]] [[ﺵ]] [[ښ]] [[ﺹ]] [[ﺽ]] [[ﻁ]] [[ﻅ]] [[ﻉ]] [[ﻍ]] [[ﻑ]] [[ﻕ]] [[ک]] [[ګ]] [[ﻝ]] [[ﻡ]] [[ﻥ]] [[ڼ]] [[ﻭ]] [[ه]] [[ۀ]] [[ي]] [[ې]] [[ی]] [[ۍ]] [[ئ]] </span>}}<br />
|persian = {{Lang|1=fa|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nastaliq| [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[و]] [[ه]] [[ی]] |fa}} </span>}}<br />
|urdu = {{Lang|1=ur|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nastaliq| [[ا]] ([[آ]]) [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] ([[ں]]) [[و]] [[ہ]] ([[ھ]]) [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ے]] }} </span>}}<br />
|burushaski = {{Lang|1=bsk|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;">[[ا]] [[ݳ]] [[ݴ]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[ݘ]] [[ݼ]] [[څ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڎ]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ݽ]] [[ص]] [[ڞ]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[گ]] [[ݣ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ں]] [[و]] [[ݸ]] [[ݹ]] [[ه]] [[ھ]] [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ݶ]] [[ݷ]] [[ݺ]] </span>}}<br />
|saraiki = {{Lang|1=skr|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[آ]] [[ا]] [[ب]] [[ٻ]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[ڄ]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ݙ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[Gueh|ڳ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] ([[ں]]) [[ݨ]] [[و]] [[ہ]] [[ھ]] [[ی]] [[ے]] </span> }}<br />
|sindhi = {{Lang|1=sd|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[ا]] [[ب]] [[ٻ]] [[ڀ]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٿ]] [[ٽ]] [[ٺ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[ڄ]] [[جهہ]] [[ڃ]] [[چ]] [[ڇ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڌ]] [[ڏ]] [[ڊ]] [[ڍ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڙ]] [[ز]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ڦ]] [[ق]] [[ڪ]] [[khē|ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[Gueh|ڳ]] [[گهہ]] [[ڱ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ڻ]] [[و]] [[ھ]] [[ء]] [[ي]] </span>}}<br />
|kashmiri = {{Lang|1=ks|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nq| [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[گ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] ([[ں]]) [[و]] [[ۆ]] [[ۄ]] [[ھ]] [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ؠ]] [[ے]] }} </span>}}<br />
|uyghur = {{Lang|1=ug|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[ا|ئا]] [[ە|ئە]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ر]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ك]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[ڭ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ھ]] [[و|ئو]] [[ۇ|ئۇ]] [[ۆ|ئۆ]] [[ۈ|ئۈ]] [[ۋ]] [[ې|ئې]] [[ى|ئى]] [[ي]] </span>}}<br />
|shina = {{Lang|1=scl|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[څ]] [[ځ]] [[ڇ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[ڙ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ݜ]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ڠ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ݨ]] [[ں]] [[و]] [[ہ]] ([[ھ]]) [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ے]] </span>}}<br />
|khowar = {{Lang|1=khw|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> {{Nq| [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ٹ]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[ݯ]] [[ݮ]] [[څ]] [[ځ]] [[د]] [[ڈ]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ڑ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[ݱ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ݰ]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[Gaf|گ]] [[ل]] [[ڵ]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ں]] [[و]] [[ہ]] [[ھ]] [[ء]] [[ی]] [[ے]] }} </span>}}<br />
|kurdish = {{Lang|1=ckb|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[ئ]] [[ا]] [[ب]] [[پ]] [[ت]] [[ج]] [[چ]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ر]] [[ڕ]] [[ز]] [[ژ]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ڤ]] [[ق]] [[ک]] [[گ]] [[ل]] [[ڵ]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ھ]] [[ە]] [[و]] [[وو]] [[ۆ]] [[ی]] [[ێ]] </span>}}<br />
|{{Lang|1=ar|2=<span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> [[ا]] [[ب]] [[ت]] [[ث]] [[ج]] [[ح]] [[خ]] [[د]] [[ذ]] [[ر]] [[ز]] [[س]] [[ش]] [[ص]] [[ض]] [[ط]] [[ظ]] [[ع]] [[غ]] [[ف]] [[ق]] [[ك]] [[ل]] [[م]] [[ن]] [[ه]] [[و]] [[ي]] </span>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|heading2 = <hr>{{#ifeq:{{{nav|}}}|no||{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}<br />
|balochi = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|pashto = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|persian = [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|urdu = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|burushaski = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|saraiki = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|punjabi = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|sindhi = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|uyghur = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|shina = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|kashmiri = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|khowar = Extended [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|kurdish = Extended [[Kurdish alphabets#Kurdo-Arabic alphabet|Kurdo-Arabic alphabet]]<br />
|[[Arabic script]]<br />
}}}}<br />
|content2 = {{#ifeq:{{{nav|}}}|no||{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}<br />
|pashto = <br />
*[[Pashto alphabet#History|History]]<br />
|persian = <br />
*[[Romanization of Persian|Transliteration]]<br />
|kurdish = <br />
*[[Kurdish alphabets#History|History]]<br />
*[[Kurdish typography|Typography]]<br />
*[[Romanization of Kurdish|Transliteration]]<br />
*[[Kurdish grammar|Grammar]] ([[Sorani grammar|Sorani]])<br />
|urdu = <br />
*[[Urdu alphabet#History|History]]<br />
|uyghur =<br />
*[[Uyghur alphabets#History|History]]<br />
*[[Uyghur Latin alphabet|Transliteration]]<br />
|<br />
*[[History of the Arabic alphabet|History]]<br />
*[[Romanization of Arabic|Transliteration]]<br />
}}<br />
* [[Arabic diacritics|Diacritics]]<br />
** [[Hamza]]<br />
* [[Eastern Arabic numerals|Numerals]]<br />
* [[Abjad numerals|Numeration]]<br />
}}<br />
|contentclass = hlist<br />
}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude></div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Odyssey_(2026_film)&diff=552231The Odyssey (2026 film)2026-07-17T05:28:40Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Short description|<!--Do not add the release year as it is given by the article title.-->Film by Christopher Nolan}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}} {{Infobox film | image = The Odyssey (2026 film) poster.jpg | alt = Film poster showing Odysseus (Matt Damon) standing in a battle position, with the Trojan Horse behind him, engulfed in ash and smoke. | caption = Theatrical release poster | director..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|<!--Do not add the release year as it is given by the article title.-->Film by Christopher Nolan}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = The Odyssey (2026 film) poster.jpg<br />
| alt = Film poster showing Odysseus (Matt Damon) standing in a battle position, with the Trojan Horse behind him, engulfed in ash and smoke.<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Christopher Nolan]]<br />
| screenplay = Christopher Nolan<br />
| based_on = [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''<!--Per poster billing credit. WGA credit: "Based on the Epic Poem by Homer"; Please do not use the "Based on" template here, per MOS:VAR. It is not required and adds an unnecessary line break.--><br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Emma Thomas]]<br />
* Christopher Nolan<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<!--Order per billing block--><br />
* [[Matt Damon]]<br />
* [[Tom Holland]]<br />
* [[Anne Hathaway]]<br />
* [[Robert Pattinson]]<br />
* [[Lupita Nyong'o]]<br />
* [[Samantha Morton]]<br />
* [[Zendaya]]<br />
* [[Charlize Theron]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Hoyte van Hoytema]]<br />
| editing = [[Jennifer Lame]]<br />
| music = [[Ludwig Göransson]]<br />
| studio = [[Syncopy Inc.|Syncopy]]<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="THRReview" /><br />
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="THRReview" /><br />
| released = {{Film date|2026|7|6|[[Odeon Luxe Leicester Square]]|2026|7|17|United States and United Kingdom}}<br />
| runtime = 173 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 172:53--><ref name="Runtime">{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2026 |title=''The Odyssey'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-odyssey-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxmdy2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707184002/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-odyssey-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxmdy2 |archive-date=July 7, 2026 |access-date=July 7, 2026 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = {{Plainlist|<br />
* United States<br />
* United Kingdom<br />
}}<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $250&nbsp;million<ref name="TeaserLeakTHR" /><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Odyssey''' is a 2026 epic fantasy action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, serving as an adaptation of [[Homer]]'s [[Ancient Greek|ancient Greek]] epic poem [[Odyssey]]. The film stars [[Matt Damon]] as [[Odysseus]], the Greek king of [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], and chronicles his arduous and hazardous journey home following the [[Trojan War]], alongside his encounters with mythical beings as he strives to reunite with his wife, Penelope, portrayed by Anne Hathaway. The supporting cast features [[Tom Holland]], [[Robert Pattinson]], [[Lupita Nyong'o]], [[Samantha Morton]], [[Zendaya]], and [[Charlize Theron]]. Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas produced the film through their production company, [[Syncopy Inc.|Syncopy]].<br />
<br />
Nolan commenced writing The Odyssey in March 2024, secured the project with Universal Pictures by October of that year, and the film was officially announced in December. The casting process extended from late 2024 through early 2025, with Matt Damon's confirmation for the lead role occurring in February 2025. Nolan studied multiple [[Translations of the Odyssey|translations of The Odyssey]] to inform his approach. He developed a realistic interpretation of Greek mythology, drawing inspiration from the epic historical films ''Andrei Rublev'' (1966) and ''Ran'' (1985), as well as the works of special effects artist Ray Harryhausen. Principal photography took place from February to August 2025 across various international locations including [[Morocco]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Scotland]], [[Iceland]], [[Western Sahara]], and [[Malta]], supplemented by filming at the [[Universal Studios Lot]] in Los Angeles. With an estimated budget of 25&nbsp;crore USD, the film ranks among the most expensive productions of Nolan's career and marks the first to be shot exclusively on [[IMAX]]'s [[70 mm film]] cameras. In the period leading up to the film's release, the costume design, production aesthetics, accents, dialogue, and casting decisions generated significant critical discussion and debate concerning historical accuracy to the source material and the depicted setting.<br />
<br />
The film premiered on July 6, 2026, at the Odeon Luxe Leicester Square in London, preceding its theatrical release by Universal Pictures on 17 July in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The release was presented in IMAX and multiple premium large formats. The Odyssey received critical acclaim, with particular praise directed toward Nolan's direction.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image1 = MattDamon-byPhilipRomano.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Picture of actor Matt Damon in 2026<br />
| image2 = Head Odysseus MAR Sperlonga.jpg<br />
| alt2 = The head of Odysseus from a Roman period Hellenistic marble group, representing Odysseus blinding Polyphemus<br />
| footer = [[Matt Damon]] (left) portrays [[Odysseus]] (right; one of the [[Sperlonga sculptures]]).<br />
}}<br />
<!--Order per poster billing.--><br />
* [[Matt Damon]] as [[Odysseus]]:<br />The legendary [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] king of [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]].<ref name="DamonOdysseusFirstLook" /> Director [[Christopher Nolan]] described Odysseus as complicated, "an amazing strategist, [and] a very wily person". He was interested in his cleverness and inventiveness, particularly citing Odysseus's characterization in [[Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)|the 2017 translation of the ''Odyssey'']] by British-American classicist [[Emily Wilson (classicist)|Emily Wilson]].<ref name="CharacterFirstLooks" /> To prepare for the role, Damon underwent an extensive training regimen and a strict diet to become "lean but strong", which included no longer consuming gluten and reducing his weight to {{convert|167|lb|kg|abbr=off}}.<ref name="DamonWorkout" /> He also grew a full beard for a year, after Nolan declined to use artificial facial hair because he wanted to capture "the physicality of real hair".<ref name="DamonBeard" /><ref name="DamonWorkout" /><br />
* [[Tom Holland]] as [[Telemachus]], Odysseus and Penelope's son and the prince of Ithaca, who is determined to find his father<ref name="TeaserTrailer" /><ref name="EmpireCoverStoryJan2026" />{{rp|55}}<br />
* [[Anne Hathaway]] as [[Penelope]], Odysseus's wife, Telemachus's mother, and the queen of Ithaca, who fends off [[Suitors of Penelope|many suitors]] in her husband's absence<ref name="EWDec2025" /><br />
* [[Robert Pattinson]] as [[Antinous of Ithaca|Antinous]], a suitor of Penelope,<ref name="EWDec2025" /> whom Pattinson described as sleazy and likened to [[James Woods]]'s character Lester Diamond from the 1995 film ''[[Casino (1995 film)|Casino]]''<ref name="GQCoverStory" /><br />
* [[Lupita Nyong'o]] in a [[dual role]] as:<br />
** [[Helen of Troy]], Menelaus's wife, described as the most beautiful woman in the world, whose abduction triggers the [[Trojan War]]<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
** [[Clytemnestra]], Helen's sister and Agamemnon's wife, whose marriage is acrimonious<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[Samantha Morton]] as [[Circe]], a witch and goddess from the island of [[Aeaea]]<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[John Leguizamo]] as [[Eumaeus]], Odysseus's faithful servant and blind [[swineherd]]<ref name="EmpireCoverStoryJan2026" />{{rp|55}}<ref name="NolanNYTJun2026" /><br />
* [[Zendaya]] as [[Athena]], the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft, who protects Odysseus on his journey. She also portrays the young Trojan priestess of Athena killed during the assault on Troy that Athena later takes the form of<ref name="EmpireCoverStoryJan2026" />{{rp|50}}<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[Charlize Theron]] as [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]], a [[nymph]] from the island of [[Ogygia]] who tries to keep Odysseus as her immortal husband<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><ref name="NolanCinemaConApr2026" /><br />
<!--Additional supporting actors with known roles.--><br />
* [[Jon Bernthal]] as [[Menelaus]], the Greek king of [[Sparta]], Helen's husband, and Agamemnon's younger brother<ref name="EmpireCoverStoryJan2026" />{{rp|50}}<br />
* [[Himesh Patel]] as [[Eurylochus]], Odysseus's second-in-command and incompetent brother-in-law<ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><ref name="EWDec2025" /><br />
* [[Bill Irwin]] as [[Polyphemus]], a Cyclops and son of [[Poseidon]]<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[Elliot Page]] as [[Sinon]], a Greek soldier and the son of a servant of Antinous, who was recruited as a child to be brought up as a soldier that would reach adulthood upon the Greeks' arrival at Troy<ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><ref name="IntoFilmCast" /><br />
* [[Benny Safdie]] as [[Agamemnon]], the Greek king of [[Mycenae]], Clytemnestra's husband, Menelaus's older brother, and the commander of the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] during the Trojan War<ref name="PrologueCommentaryTelegraph" /><ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[Will Yun Lee]] as [[Anchialos (mythology)|Anchialus]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="EmpireCoverStoryJan2026" />{{rp|59}}<br />
* [[Corey Hawkins]] as [[Polybus (Odyssey)|Polybus]], an Ithacan suitor of Penelope<ref name="IntoFilmCast" /><br />
* [[Mia Goth]] as [[Melantho (Odyssey)|Melantho]], a disloyal [[maidservant]] of Odysseus and Penelope<ref name="CharacterFirstLooks" /><ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><br />
* [[Logan Marshall-Green]] as [[Melanthius (Odyssey)|Melanthius]], Melantho's twin brother and Odysseus's dishonest [[goatherd]]<ref name="CastHB" /><ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><br />
* Jimmy Gonzales as [[Cepheus (Odyssey)|Cepheus]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="EWDec2025" /><br />
* [[Andrew Howard]] as [[Polites (friend of Odysseus)|Polites]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="Howard" />{{Independent source inline|date=June 2026}}<br />
* [[Travis Scott]] as a [[bard]], whom Nolan included because he wanted to allude to how the ''Odyssey'' had been retold through [[oral poetry]], which he analogized to [[rapping]], Scott's profession<ref name="TimeCoverStory" /><br />
* [[James Remar]] as [[Tiresias]], a blind [[prophet]] of the [[Greek underworld]]<ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><br />
* [[Elyes Gabel]] as [[Elatus]], a warrior<ref name="SupportingCastRoles" /><br />
* [[Ryan Hurst]] as [[Mentor (Odyssey)|Mentor]], Telemachus' guide and mentor<ref name="Hurst" /><br />
* [[Jovan Adepo]] as [[Elpenor]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="IcelandFilming" /><br />
* [[Jesse Garcia]] as [[Menetus (mythology)|Menetus]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="GarciaLee" /><br />
* [[Josh Stewart]] as [[Antiphates]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="Stewart" /> <br />
* [[Sean Avery]] as [[Laodamas]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="ScotlandFilmingContinued" /><br />
* Anthony Molinari as [[Perimedes]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2077355700712308811 |user=BastienDrucker |title=Carton de doublage du film "L'odyssée" de Christopher Nolan dirigé par Michel Derain Avec le retour de notre @damienboisseau sur Matt Damon |first=Bastien D. |last=Fry |date=July 15, 2026 |access-date=July 16, 2026}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2026}} <br />
* Ian Casselberry as [[Dolius|Dolios]], one of Odysseus's shipmates<ref name="Casselberry" /><br />
* Kate Fuglei as [[Eurycleia (nurse of Odysseus)|Eurycleia]], a loyal handmaiden and nurse of Odysseus and Penelope<br />
* [[Iddo Goldberg]] as [[Amphimedon]], a suitor of Penelope<ref name="VlamisGoldberg" /><br />
* [[Rafi Gavron]] and [[Shiloh Fernandez]] as Trojans who kill Sinon and encounter the Trojan horse<ref name="GavronFernandez" /> <br />
* [[Nick E. Tarabay]] as an unnamed pilot<br />
* [[Maurice Compte]] as Steward of Menelaus<ref name="TarabayGonzalesCompte" /><br />
* [[Michael Vlamis]] as Bandit / Priest in Pylos<br />
* [[Brian Vernel]] as [[Arnaeus|Irus]], a beggar of Ithaca<br />
* Stephen Murphy as [[Phemius]]<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl&diff=552230Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl2026-07-17T05:16:41Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Notes and References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003 film by Gore Verbinski}}<br />
{{About|the film|the video game based on the movie|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (video game)|the soundtrack|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean:<br />The Curse of the Black Pearl<br />
| image = Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl.png<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br />
* [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Ted Elliott<br />
* Terry Rossio<br />
* [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
* [[Jay Wolpert]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]]<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]]<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]]<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]]<br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Dariusz Wolski]]<br />
| editing = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Craig Wood (film editor)|Craig Wood]]<br />
* [[Stephen Rivkin]]<br />
* [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] <!-- Per discussion at the article's Talk page, do not add Hans Zimmer. --><br />
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />
* [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2003|6|28|[[Disneyland Resort]]|2003|7|9|United States}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 142:55--><ref>{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pirates-of-the-caribbean-the-curse-of-the-black-pearl-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzgymzu2 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=July 10, 2003 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018064950/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pirates-caribbean-curse-black-pearl-2003-0 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 }}</ref><br />
| country = United States<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $140&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222948/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| gross = $654.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'''{{efn|Originally titled and marketed as '''''Pirates of the Caribbean'''''<ref name="FilmForce">{{cite web |author=Brian Linder |author-link=Brian Linder |title=FilmForce: A Pirates Life |url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826155527/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-date=August 26, 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2002 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="Greg">{{cite web |author=Greg Dean Schmitz |author-link=Greg Dean Schmitz |title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg's Preview |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713090935/http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-date=July 13, 2005 |access-date=August 9, 2008 |work=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>}} is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski. Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures under the Walt Disney Pictures label, the film draws its inspiration from the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks and serves as the inaugural installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. The film features Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Orlando Bloom, and Keira Knightley in lead roles, following the adventures of pirate captain Jack Sparrow (Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Bloom) as they endeavour to rescue the abducted Elizabeth Swann (Knightley). The protagonists encounter Captain Hector Barbossa (Rush) and the crew of the Black Pearl, who are suffering from a supernatural curse.<br />
<br />
The development of *The Curse of the Black Pearl* commenced in 2000 when executives at Walt Disney Studios drafted an initial treatment for the project. A script was developed by Jay Wolpert in 2001, subsequently rewritten by Stuart Beattie in early 2002. Around this period, producer Jerry Bruckheimer became involved and enlisted screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, who had previously drafted a premise in the 1990s. Elliott and Rossio incorporated the curse element into the script to better align the film's narrative with the theme park ride experience. Verbinski was eventually appointed as the film's director. Principal photography took place from October 2002 to March 2003, with filming conducted in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and on studio sets in Los Angeles, California.<br />
<br />
The film held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, on June 28, 2003, before its theatrical release in the United States on July 9. Despite modest initial expectations, ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' achieved tremendous box-office success, grossing $654.3 million worldwide and ranking as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2003. Critics generally responded positively to the film, with Johnny Depp receiving particular acclaim for his performance. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award and garnered nominations from the Academy Awards, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes. The film itself received additional Academy Award and BAFTA nominations. The cinematic saga continued with four subsequent sequels: ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), ''At World's End'' (2007), ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), and ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017).<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{main|List of Pirates of the Caribbean cast members|l1 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' cast members|List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters|l2 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' characters}}<br />
<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]] as [[Jack Sparrow|Captain Jack Sparrow]]: A notorious pirate characterized by his slightly drunken swagger, slurred speech and flailing hand gestures. He is determined to reacquire the ''Black Pearl''.<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]] as [[Hector Barbossa|Captain Barbossa]]: The captain of the ''Black Pearl''. He was Jack's first mate before he led a mutiny. Barbossa and his crew stole cursed Aztec gold and became immortal zombies.<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]] as [[Will Turner]]: A blacksmith's apprentice working in Port Royal who is in love with Elizabeth Swann. Will struggles with the fact that his father was a pirate.<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]] as [[Elizabeth Swann]]: The daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann. She has been fascinated with pirates since childhood and is in love with Will.<br />
**[[Lucinda Dryzek]] as young Elizabeth Swann <br />
* [[Jack Davenport]] as [[James Norrington|Norrington]]: An officer in the Royal Navy who seeks to marry Elizabeth.<br />
* [[Kevin McNally|Kevin R. McNally]] as [[Joshamee Gibbs]]: Jack's loyal first mate who once served in the Royal Navy.<br />
* [[Zoe Saldaña]] as [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Anamaria|Anamaria]]: A pirate who wants to confront Jack for stealing her ship. One of the film's screenwriters, Terry Rossio, stated that the name "AnaMaria" was chosen because it is the middle name of his daughter.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.wordplayer.com/forums/moviesarc07/index.cgi?read=86647 |title=Wordplay Forums: Re: Just a small question for T. and T. |first=Terry |last=Rossio |author-link=Terry Rossio |date=August 9, 2006 |access-date=December 30, 2018 |work=Wordplayer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordplayer.com/archives/rossio09.Ends.Earth.html |title=Wordplayer.com: WORDPLAY/Archives/"Ends of the Earth" |first=Terry |last=Rossio |author-link=Terry Rossio |access-date=December 30, 2018 |date=September 6, 2006 |work=Word Player}}</ref><br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]] as [[Weatherby Swann|Governor Weatherby Swann]]: The father of Elizabeth and the governor of Port Royal.<br />
* [[Treva Etienne]] as Koehler: A lieutenant in Barbossa's cursed crew who is killed by Norrington.<br />
* [[David Bailie]] as [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Cotton|Cotton]]: A member of Jack's crew. His parrot talks for him because his tongue was cut out.<br />
* [[Lee Arenberg]] as [[Pintel and Ragetti|Pintel]]: A dimwitted member of the cursed crew.<br />
* [[Mackenzie Crook]] as [[Pintel and Ragetti|Ragetti]]: A member of the cursed crew who has a wooden eye.<br />
* [[Isaac C. Singleton Jr.]] as Bo'sun, Barbossa's first mate<br />
* [[Martin Klebba]] as Marty, a dwarf pirate who joins Sparrow's crew on the Interceptor<br />
* [[Damian O'Hare]] as Lieutenant Gillette, Norrington's Second-in-Command<br />
* Vince Lozano as Jacoby, a member of the cursed crew with a knack for explosives<br />
<br />
Supporting characters include the cursed pirates Grapple ([[Trevor Goddard]]), Mallott (Brye Cooper), and Twigg ([[Michael Berry Jr.]]), and [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Theodore Groves|British Officer]] ([[Greg Ellis (actor)|Greg Ellis]]). The soldiers [[Murtogg and Mullroy]] are portrayed by Giles New and [[Angus Barnett]], respectively.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Read also ==<br />
* [[The Odyssey (2026 film)]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl&diff=552187Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl2026-07-15T07:53:50Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003 film by Gore Verbinski}}<br />
{{About|the film|the video game based on the movie|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (video game)|the soundtrack|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean:<br />The Curse of the Black Pearl<br />
| image = Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl.png<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br />
* [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Ted Elliott<br />
* Terry Rossio<br />
* [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
* [[Jay Wolpert]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]]<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]]<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]]<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]]<br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Dariusz Wolski]]<br />
| editing = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Craig Wood (film editor)|Craig Wood]]<br />
* [[Stephen Rivkin]]<br />
* [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] <!-- Per discussion at the article's Talk page, do not add Hans Zimmer. --><br />
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />
* [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2003|6|28|[[Disneyland Resort]]|2003|7|9|United States}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 142:55--><ref>{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pirates-of-the-caribbean-the-curse-of-the-black-pearl-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzgymzu2 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=July 10, 2003 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018064950/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pirates-caribbean-curse-black-pearl-2003-0 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 }}</ref><br />
| country = United States<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $140&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222948/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| gross = $654.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'''{{efn|Originally titled and marketed as '''''Pirates of the Caribbean'''''<ref name="FilmForce">{{cite web |author=Brian Linder |author-link=Brian Linder |title=FilmForce: A Pirates Life |url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826155527/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-date=August 26, 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2002 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="Greg">{{cite web |author=Greg Dean Schmitz |author-link=Greg Dean Schmitz |title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg's Preview |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713090935/http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-date=July 13, 2005 |access-date=August 9, 2008 |work=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>}} is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski. Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures under the Walt Disney Pictures label, the film draws its inspiration from the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks and serves as the inaugural installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. The film features Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Orlando Bloom, and Keira Knightley in lead roles, following the adventures of pirate captain Jack Sparrow (Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Bloom) as they endeavour to rescue the abducted Elizabeth Swann (Knightley). The protagonists encounter Captain Hector Barbossa (Rush) and the crew of the Black Pearl, who are suffering from a supernatural curse.<br />
<br />
The development of *The Curse of the Black Pearl* commenced in 2000 when executives at Walt Disney Studios drafted an initial treatment for the project. A script was developed by Jay Wolpert in 2001, subsequently rewritten by Stuart Beattie in early 2002. Around this period, producer Jerry Bruckheimer became involved and enlisted screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, who had previously drafted a premise in the 1990s. Elliott and Rossio incorporated the curse element into the script to better align the film's narrative with the theme park ride experience. Verbinski was eventually appointed as the film's director. Principal photography took place from October 2002 to March 2003, with filming conducted in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and on studio sets in Los Angeles, California.<br />
<br />
The film held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, on June 28, 2003, before its theatrical release in the United States on July 9. Despite modest initial expectations, ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' achieved tremendous box-office success, grossing $654.3 million worldwide and ranking as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2003. Critics generally responded positively to the film, with Johnny Depp receiving particular acclaim for his performance. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award and garnered nominations from the Academy Awards, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes. The film itself received additional Academy Award and BAFTA nominations. The cinematic saga continued with four subsequent sequels: ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), ''At World's End'' (2007), ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), and ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017).<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{main|List of Pirates of the Caribbean cast members|l1 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' cast members|List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters|l2 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' characters}}<br />
<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]] as [[Jack Sparrow|Captain Jack Sparrow]]: A notorious pirate characterized by his slightly drunken swagger, slurred speech and flailing hand gestures. He is determined to reacquire the ''Black Pearl''.<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]] as [[Hector Barbossa|Captain Barbossa]]: The captain of the ''Black Pearl''. He was Jack's first mate before he led a mutiny. Barbossa and his crew stole cursed Aztec gold and became immortal zombies.<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]] as [[Will Turner]]: A blacksmith's apprentice working in Port Royal who is in love with Elizabeth Swann. Will struggles with the fact that his father was a pirate.<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]] as [[Elizabeth Swann]]: The daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann. She has been fascinated with pirates since childhood and is in love with Will.<br />
**[[Lucinda Dryzek]] as young Elizabeth Swann <br />
* [[Jack Davenport]] as [[James Norrington|Norrington]]: An officer in the Royal Navy who seeks to marry Elizabeth.<br />
* [[Kevin McNally|Kevin R. McNally]] as [[Joshamee Gibbs]]: Jack's loyal first mate who once served in the Royal Navy.<br />
* [[Zoe Saldaña]] as [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Anamaria|Anamaria]]: A pirate who wants to confront Jack for stealing her ship. One of the film's screenwriters, Terry Rossio, stated that the name "AnaMaria" was chosen because it is the middle name of his daughter.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.wordplayer.com/forums/moviesarc07/index.cgi?read=86647 |title=Wordplay Forums: Re: Just a small question for T. and T. |first=Terry |last=Rossio |author-link=Terry Rossio |date=August 9, 2006 |access-date=December 30, 2018 |work=Wordplayer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordplayer.com/archives/rossio09.Ends.Earth.html |title=Wordplayer.com: WORDPLAY/Archives/"Ends of the Earth" |first=Terry |last=Rossio |author-link=Terry Rossio |access-date=December 30, 2018 |date=September 6, 2006 |work=Word Player}}</ref><br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]] as [[Weatherby Swann|Governor Weatherby Swann]]: The father of Elizabeth and the governor of Port Royal.<br />
* [[Treva Etienne]] as Koehler: A lieutenant in Barbossa's cursed crew who is killed by Norrington.<br />
* [[David Bailie]] as [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Cotton|Cotton]]: A member of Jack's crew. His parrot talks for him because his tongue was cut out.<br />
* [[Lee Arenberg]] as [[Pintel and Ragetti|Pintel]]: A dimwitted member of the cursed crew.<br />
* [[Mackenzie Crook]] as [[Pintel and Ragetti|Ragetti]]: A member of the cursed crew who has a wooden eye.<br />
* [[Isaac C. Singleton Jr.]] as Bo'sun, Barbossa's first mate<br />
* [[Martin Klebba]] as Marty, a dwarf pirate who joins Sparrow's crew on the Interceptor<br />
* [[Damian O'Hare]] as Lieutenant Gillette, Norrington's Second-in-Command<br />
* Vince Lozano as Jacoby, a member of the cursed crew with a knack for explosives<br />
<br />
Supporting characters include the cursed pirates Grapple ([[Trevor Goddard]]), Mallott (Brye Cooper), and Twigg ([[Michael Berry Jr.]]), and [[List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters#Theodore Groves|British Officer]] ([[Greg Ellis (actor)|Greg Ellis]]). The soldiers [[Murtogg and Mullroy]] are portrayed by Giles New and [[Angus Barnett]], respectively.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl&diff=552186Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl2026-07-15T07:53:10Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003 film by Gore Verbinski}}<br />
{{About|the film|the video game based on the movie|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (video game)|the soundtrack|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean:<br />The Curse of the Black Pearl<br />
| image = Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl.png<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br />
* [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Ted Elliott<br />
* Terry Rossio<br />
* [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
* [[Jay Wolpert]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]]<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]]<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]]<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]]<br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Dariusz Wolski]]<br />
| editing = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Craig Wood (film editor)|Craig Wood]]<br />
* [[Stephen Rivkin]]<br />
* [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] <!-- Per discussion at the article's Talk page, do not add Hans Zimmer. --><br />
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />
* [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2003|6|28|[[Disneyland Resort]]|2003|7|9|United States}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 142:55--><ref>{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pirates-of-the-caribbean-the-curse-of-the-black-pearl-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzgymzu2 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=July 10, 2003 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018064950/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pirates-caribbean-curse-black-pearl-2003-0 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 }}</ref><br />
| country = United States<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $140&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222948/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| gross = $654.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'''{{efn|Originally titled and marketed as '''''Pirates of the Caribbean'''''<ref name="FilmForce">{{cite web |author=Brian Linder |author-link=Brian Linder |title=FilmForce: A Pirates Life |url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826155527/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-date=August 26, 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2002 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="Greg">{{cite web |author=Greg Dean Schmitz |author-link=Greg Dean Schmitz |title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg's Preview |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713090935/http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-date=July 13, 2005 |access-date=August 9, 2008 |work=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>}} is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski. Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures under the Walt Disney Pictures label, the film draws its inspiration from the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks and serves as the inaugural installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. The film features Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Orlando Bloom, and Keira Knightley in lead roles, following the adventures of pirate captain Jack Sparrow (Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Bloom) as they endeavour to rescue the abducted Elizabeth Swann (Knightley). The protagonists encounter Captain Hector Barbossa (Rush) and the crew of the Black Pearl, who are suffering from a supernatural curse.<br />
<br />
The development of *The Curse of the Black Pearl* commenced in 2000 when executives at Walt Disney Studios drafted an initial treatment for the project. A script was developed by Jay Wolpert in 2001, subsequently rewritten by Stuart Beattie in early 2002. Around this period, producer Jerry Bruckheimer became involved and enlisted screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, who had previously drafted a premise in the 1990s. Elliott and Rossio incorporated the curse element into the script to better align the film's narrative with the theme park ride experience. Verbinski was eventually appointed as the film's director. Principal photography took place from October 2002 to March 2003, with filming conducted in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and on studio sets in Los Angeles, California.<br />
<br />
The film held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, on June 28, 2003, before its theatrical release in the United States on July 9. Despite modest initial expectations, ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' achieved tremendous box-office success, grossing $654.3 million worldwide and ranking as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2003. Critics generally responded positively to the film, with Johnny Depp receiving particular acclaim for his performance. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award and garnered nominations from the Academy Awards, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes. The film itself received additional Academy Award and BAFTA nominations. The cinematic saga continued with four subsequent sequels: ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), ''At World's End'' (2007), ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), and ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017).<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl&diff=552185Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl2026-07-15T07:52:44Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Short description|2003 film by Gore Verbinski}} {{About|the film|the video game based on the movie|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (video game)|the soundtrack|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (soundtrack)}} {{Good article}} {{Use American English|date=February 2023}} {{Use md..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003 film by Gore Verbinski}}<br />
{{About|the film|the video game based on the movie|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (video game)|the soundtrack|Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack){{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean:<br />The Curse of the Black Pearl<br />
| image = Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl.png<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br />
* [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Ted Elliott<br />
* Terry Rossio<br />
* [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
* [[Jay Wolpert]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Johnny Depp]]<br />
* [[Geoffrey Rush]]<br />
* [[Orlando Bloom]]<br />
* [[Keira Knightley]]<br />
* [[Jonathan Pryce]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Dariusz Wolski]]<br />
| editing = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Craig Wood (film editor)|Craig Wood]]<br />
* [[Stephen Rivkin]]<br />
* [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] <!-- Per discussion at the article's Talk page, do not add Hans Zimmer. --><br />
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />
* [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2003|6|28|[[Disneyland Resort]]|2003|7|9|United States}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 142:55--><ref>{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean - The Curse of the Black Pearl |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pirates-of-the-caribbean-the-curse-of-the-black-pearl-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzgymzu2 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=July 10, 2003 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018064950/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pirates-caribbean-curse-black-pearl-2003-0 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 }}</ref><br />
| country = United States<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $140&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222948/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| gross = $654.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'''{{efn|Originally titled and marketed as '''''Pirates of the Caribbean'''''<ref name="FilmForce">{{cite web |author=Brian Linder |author-link=Brian Linder |title=FilmForce: A Pirates Life |url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826155527/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/368/368712p1.html |archive-date=August 26, 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2002 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="Greg">{{cite web |author=Greg Dean Schmitz |author-link=Greg Dean Schmitz |title=Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg's Preview |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713090935/http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch |archive-date=July 13, 2005 |access-date=August 9, 2008 |work=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>}} is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski. Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures under the Walt Disney Pictures label, the film draws its inspiration from the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks and serves as the inaugural installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. The film features Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Orlando Bloom, and Keira Knightley in lead roles, following the adventures of pirate captain Jack Sparrow (Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Bloom) as they endeavour to rescue the abducted Elizabeth Swann (Knightley). The protagonists encounter Captain Hector Barbossa (Rush) and the crew of the Black Pearl, who are suffering from a supernatural curse.<br />
<br />
The development of *The Curse of the Black Pearl* commenced in 2000 when executives at Walt Disney Studios drafted an initial treatment for the project. A script was developed by Jay Wolpert in 2001, subsequently rewritten by Stuart Beattie in early 2002. Around this period, producer Jerry Bruckheimer became involved and enlisted screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, who had previously drafted a premise in the 1990s. Elliott and Rossio incorporated the curse element into the script to better align the film's narrative with the theme park ride experience. Verbinski was eventually appointed as the film's director. Principal photography took place from October 2002 to March 2003, with filming conducted in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and on studio sets in Los Angeles, California.<br />
<br />
The film held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, on June 28, 2003, before its theatrical release in the United States on July 9. Despite modest initial expectations, ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' achieved tremendous box-office success, grossing $654.3 million worldwide and ranking as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2003. Critics generally responded positively to the film, with Johnny Depp receiving particular acclaim for his performance. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award and garnered nominations from the Academy Awards, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes. The film itself received additional Academy Award and BAFTA nominations. The cinematic saga continued with four subsequent sequels: ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), ''At World's End'' (2007), ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), and ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017).<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&diff=552183Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)2026-07-15T07:41:47Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film series}}<br />
{{About|the film series|the franchise as a whole|Pirates of the Caribbean{{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean''}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean<br />
| image = [[File:Pirates of the Caribbean logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]] (1–3)<br>[[Rob Marshall]] (4)<br>[[Joachim Rønning]] (5)<br>[[Espen Sandberg]] (5)<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–4)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| story = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–5)<br>[[Stuart Beattie]] (1)<br>[[Jay Wolpert]] (1)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| based_on = [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]<br>''[[On Stranger Tides]]'' by [[Tim Powers]] (4)<br />
| starring = [[Johnny Depp]] (1–5)<br>[[Geoffrey Rush]] (1-5)<br>[[Kevin McNally]] (1–5)<br>[[Orlando Bloom]] (1–3, 5)<br>[[Keira Knightley]] (1–3, 5)<br>([[#Cast and crew|See below]])<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] (1)<br>[[Hans Zimmer]] (2–4)<br>[[Geoff Zanelli]] (5)<br />
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br>[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<br />
| runtime = 726 minutes (1–5)<!-- Runtime from backs of DVD boxes, if you replace time, update source. --><br />
| country = United States<!--Please provide a reliable source for any country other than the US.--><br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$1.274–1.364&nbsp;billion<br />
| gross = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$4.524&nbsp;billion<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean'' is an American film series produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and adapted from Disney's theme park attraction of the same name. The film series constitutes a major component of the broader Pirates of the Caribbean media franchise and is set primarily in the Caribbean, depicting a fictionalised version of the Golden Age of Piracy (approximately 1650–1726), while also extending into a mid-1700s timeframe.<br />
<br />
The series has been directed by several filmmakers: Gore Verbinski (films 1–3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The screenplay is primarily credited to Ted Elliott (films 1–4) and Terry Rossio (films 1–5), with additional contributions from Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5).<br />
<br />
The narrative follows the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, portrayed by Johnny Depp, alongside various supporting characters including his former first mate Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and first mate Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) throughout the course of the films.<br />
<br />
The franchise commenced in 2003 with ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'', which received positive reception from both audiences and film critics, grossing $654 million worldwide at the box office. Following the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures confirmed plans for an extended series. The second installment, ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), shattered financial records during its premiere day and became the highest-grossing film of 2006, earning nearly $1.1 billion globally. The third film, ''At World's End'' (2007), followed with $962 million in worldwide box office revenue. Disney released the fourth film, ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), in conventional 2D, Digital 3-D, and IMAX 3D formats, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in cinema history to surpass $1 billion at the time of its release. The fifth and final film, ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017), earned $796 million worldwide.<br />
<br />
The entire franchise has accumulated over $4.5 billion in worldwide box office revenue, ranking it as the 17th-highest-grossing film series of all time. It holds the distinction of being the first film franchise to produce two or more films that have grossed over $1 billion each.<br />
<br />
==Films==<br />
{{multiple image|perrow = 3<br />
|total_width=300<br />
| align =<br />
| direction =<br />
| width = <br />
| image1 = Johnny Depp 2, 2011.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Johnny Depp at a film premiere.<br />
| caption1 =<br />
| image2 = GeoffreyRushTIFFSept2011.jpg<br />
| alt2 = Rush at a festival.<br />
| image3 = Kevin McNally January 2015.jpg<br />
| alt3 = McNally at a festival.<br />
| caption3 =<br />
| caption2 =<br />
| image4 = Orlando Bloom Cannes 2013.jpg<br />
| alt4 = Bloom at a festival.<br />
| caption4 =<br />
| image5 = KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011 (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt5 = Knightley at a festival.<br />
| caption5 =<br />
| image6 = Martin Klebba (cropped).JPG<br />
| alt6 = Martin Klebba at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean 3<br />
| caption6 =<br />
| footer = Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Kevin McNally, Orlando Bloom, Keira Knightley, and Martin Klebba appeared in at least four films. Only Depp, Rush, and McNally reprised their roles in all five films.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Film<br />
! U.S. release date<br />
! Director(s)<br />
! Screenwriter(s)<br />
! Story by<br />
! Producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2003|07|09}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] & [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
| Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, [[Jay Wolpert]] & [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2006|07|07}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2007|05|25}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2011|05|20}}<br />
| [[Rob Marshall]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2017|05|26}}<br />
| [[Espen Sandberg]] & [[Joachim Rønning]]<br />
| [[Jeff Nathanson]]<br />
| Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cast and crew==<br />
===Cast===<br />
{{Main|List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters|l1 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' characters|List of Pirates of the Caribbean film actors|l2 = List of ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' film actors}}<br />
<br />
===Additional crew===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Occupation<br />
! colspan="5" | Films<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl| The Curse of the Black Pearl]]''<br />
! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest|Dead Man's Chest]]''<br />
! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End|At World's End]]''<br />
! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides|On Stranger Tides]]''<br />
! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales|Dead Men Tell No Tales]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Composer<br />
| [[Klaus Badelt]]<br />
| colspan="3" | [[Hans Zimmer]]<br />
| [[Geoff Zanelli]]<br />
|-<br />
! Editor(s)<br />
| [[Craig Wood (film editor)|Craig Wood]], [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]] & [[Stephen Rivkin]]<br />
| colspan="2" | Craig Wood & Stephen Rivkin<br />
| Wyatt Smith & [[David Brenner (film editor)|David Brenner]]<br />
| [[Roger Barton (film editor)|Roger Barton]] & Leigh Folsom Boyd<br />
|-<br />
! Cinematographer<br />
| colspan="4" | [[Dariusz Wolski]]<br />
| [[Paul Cameron (cinematographer)|Paul Cameron]]<br />
|-<br />
! Production companies<br />
| colspan="5" | [[Walt Disney Pictures]] & [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
|-<br />
! Distributor<br />
| colspan="3" | [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&diff=552182Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)2026-07-15T07:40:15Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film series}}<br />
{{About|the film series|the franchise as a whole|Pirates of the Caribbean{{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean''}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean<br />
| image = [[File:Pirates of the Caribbean logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]] (1–3)<br>[[Rob Marshall]] (4)<br>[[Joachim Rønning]] (5)<br>[[Espen Sandberg]] (5)<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–4)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| story = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–5)<br>[[Stuart Beattie]] (1)<br>[[Jay Wolpert]] (1)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| based_on = [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]<br>''[[On Stranger Tides]]'' by [[Tim Powers]] (4)<br />
| starring = [[Johnny Depp]] (1–5)<br>[[Geoffrey Rush]] (1-5)<br>[[Kevin McNally]] (1–5)<br>[[Orlando Bloom]] (1–3, 5)<br>[[Keira Knightley]] (1–3, 5)<br>([[#Cast and crew|See below]])<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] (1)<br>[[Hans Zimmer]] (2–4)<br>[[Geoff Zanelli]] (5)<br />
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br>[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<br />
| runtime = 726 minutes (1–5)<!-- Runtime from backs of DVD boxes, if you replace time, update source. --><br />
| country = United States<!--Please provide a reliable source for any country other than the US.--><br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$1.274–1.364&nbsp;billion<br />
| gross = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$4.524&nbsp;billion<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean'' is an American film series produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and adapted from Disney's theme park attraction of the same name. The film series constitutes a major component of the broader Pirates of the Caribbean media franchise and is set primarily in the Caribbean, depicting a fictionalised version of the Golden Age of Piracy (approximately 1650–1726), while also extending into a mid-1700s timeframe.<br />
<br />
The series has been directed by several filmmakers: Gore Verbinski (films 1–3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The screenplay is primarily credited to Ted Elliott (films 1–4) and Terry Rossio (films 1–5), with additional contributions from Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5).<br />
<br />
The narrative follows the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, portrayed by Johnny Depp, alongside various supporting characters including his former first mate Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and first mate Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) throughout the course of the films.<br />
<br />
The franchise commenced in 2003 with ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'', which received positive reception from both audiences and film critics, grossing $654 million worldwide at the box office. Following the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures confirmed plans for an extended series. The second installment, ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), shattered financial records during its premiere day and became the highest-grossing film of 2006, earning nearly $1.1 billion globally. The third film, ''At World's End'' (2007), followed with $962 million in worldwide box office revenue. Disney released the fourth film, ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), in conventional 2D, Digital 3-D, and IMAX 3D formats, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in cinema history to surpass $1 billion at the time of its release. The fifth and final film, ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017), earned $796 million worldwide.<br />
<br />
The entire franchise has accumulated over $4.5 billion in worldwide box office revenue, ranking it as the 17th-highest-grossing film series of all time. It holds the distinction of being the first film franchise to produce two or more films that have grossed over $1 billion each.<br />
<br />
==Films==<br />
{{multiple image|perrow = 3<br />
|total_width=300<br />
| align =<br />
| direction =<br />
| width = <br />
| image1 = Johnny Depp 2, 2011.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Johnny Depp at a film premiere.<br />
| caption1 =<br />
| image2 = GeoffreyRushTIFFSept2011.jpg<br />
| alt2 = Rush at a festival.<br />
| image3 = Kevin McNally January 2015.jpg<br />
| alt3 = McNally at a festival.<br />
| caption3 =<br />
| caption2 =<br />
| image4 = Orlando Bloom Cannes 2013.jpg<br />
| alt4 = Bloom at a festival.<br />
| caption4 =<br />
| image5 = KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011 (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt5 = Knightley at a festival.<br />
| caption5 =<br />
| image6 = Martin Klebba (cropped).JPG<br />
| alt6 = Martin Klebba at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean 3<br />
| caption6 =<br />
| footer = Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Kevin McNally, Orlando Bloom, Keira Knightley, and Martin Klebba appeared in at least four films. Only Depp, Rush, and McNally reprised their roles in all five films.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Film<br />
! U.S. release date<br />
! Director(s)<br />
! Screenwriter(s)<br />
! Story by<br />
! Producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2003|07|09}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Gore Verbinski]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] & [[Terry Rossio]]<br />
| Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, [[Jay Wolpert]] & [[Stuart Beattie]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2006|07|07}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2007|05|25}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2011|05|20}}<br />
| [[Rob Marshall]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]''<br />
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2017|05|26}}<br />
| [[Espen Sandberg]] & [[Joachim Rønning]]<br />
| [[Jeff Nathanson]]<br />
| Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&diff=552178Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)2026-07-15T07:38:27Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Short description|Film series}} {{About|the film series|the franchise as a whole|Pirates of the Caribbean{{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean''}} {{Good article}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=February 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}} {{Infobox film | name = Pirates of the Caribbean | image = class=skin-invert | director = Gore Verbinski (1–3)<br>Rob Marshall (4)<br>Joachim Rønning..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film series}}<br />
{{About|the film series|the franchise as a whole|Pirates of the Caribbean{{!}}''Pirates of the Caribbean''}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pirates of the Caribbean<br />
| image = [[File:Pirates of the Caribbean logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| director = [[Gore Verbinski]] (1–3)<br>[[Rob Marshall]] (4)<br>[[Joachim Rønning]] (5)<br>[[Espen Sandberg]] (5)<br />
| producer = [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–4)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| story = [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] (1–4)<br>[[Terry Rossio]] (1–5)<br>[[Stuart Beattie]] (1)<br>[[Jay Wolpert]] (1)<br>[[Jeff Nathanson]] (5)<br />
| based_on = [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]<br>''[[On Stranger Tides]]'' by [[Tim Powers]] (4)<br />
| starring = [[Johnny Depp]] (1–5)<br>[[Geoffrey Rush]] (1-5)<br>[[Kevin McNally]] (1–5)<br>[[Orlando Bloom]] (1–3, 5)<br>[[Keira Knightley]] (1–3, 5)<br>([[#Cast and crew|See below]])<br />
| music = [[Klaus Badelt]] (1)<br>[[Hans Zimmer]] (2–4)<br>[[Geoff Zanelli]] (5)<br />
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br>[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<br />
| runtime = 726 minutes (1–5)<!-- Runtime from backs of DVD boxes, if you replace time, update source. --><br />
| country = United States<!--Please provide a reliable source for any country other than the US.--><br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$1.274–1.364&nbsp;billion<br />
| gross = '''Total (5 films):'''<br>$4.524&nbsp;billion<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pirates of the Caribbean'' is an American film series produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and adapted from Disney's theme park attraction of the same name. The film series constitutes a major component of the broader Pirates of the Caribbean media franchise and is set primarily in the Caribbean, depicting a fictionalised version of the Golden Age of Piracy (approximately 1650–1726), while also extending into a mid-1700s timeframe.<br />
<br />
The series has been directed by several filmmakers: Gore Verbinski (films 1–3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The screenplay is primarily credited to Ted Elliott (films 1–4) and Terry Rossio (films 1–5), with additional contributions from Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5).<br />
<br />
The narrative follows the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, portrayed by Johnny Depp, alongside various supporting characters including his former first mate Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and first mate Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) throughout the course of the films.<br />
<br />
The franchise commenced in 2003 with ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'', which received positive reception from both audiences and film critics, grossing $654 million worldwide at the box office. Following the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures confirmed plans for an extended series. The second installment, ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), shattered financial records during its premiere day and became the highest-grossing film of 2006, earning nearly $1.1 billion globally. The third film, ''At World's End'' (2007), followed with $962 million in worldwide box office revenue. Disney released the fourth film, ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011), in conventional 2D, Digital 3-D, and IMAX 3D formats, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in cinema history to surpass $1 billion at the time of its release. The fifth and final film, ''Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017), earned $796 million worldwide.<br />
<br />
The entire franchise has accumulated over $4.5 billion in worldwide box office revenue, ranking it as the 17th-highest-grossing film series of all time. It holds the distinction of being the first film franchise to produce two or more films that have grossed over $1 billion each.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digger_(2026_film)&diff=552177Digger (2026 film)2026-07-15T07:23:35Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| budget = 12.5&nbsp;crore USD<br />
| cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki<br />
| country = United States of America<br />
| director = Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
| distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures<br />
| editing = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Stephen Mirrione<br />
*Conor O'Neill<br />
}}<br />
| name = Digger<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Cosmo Sheldrake<br />
| film_name = Digger (2026 film)<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Mary Parent<br />
*Michael Sharp<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-10-02<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Riz Ahmed<br />
*John Goodman<br />
*Sandra Hüller<br />
*Michael Stuhlbarg<br />
*Jesse Plemons<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Sabina Berman<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Digger''' is a 2026 American English-language film.<br />
<br />
It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu and produced by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Tom Cruise, Mary Parent, Michael Sharp. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Riz Ahmed, John Goodman, Sandra Hüller, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jesse Plemons.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Tom Cruise]] as Digger Rockwell, a wealthy oil tycoon<ref>{{cite tweet |number=2001684088269476230 |title=Tom Cruise is Digger Rockwell |user=WarnerBros. |date=December 18, 2025 |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref><br />
* [[Riz Ahmed]] as Ganesh<br />
* [[John Goodman]] as the President of the United States<ref name="WBCinemaCon2026">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/digger-tom-cruise-alejandro-inarritu-cinemacon-1236860361/ |title=Tom Cruise in the House! Alejandro G. Iñárritu Touts Star's Transformative 'Digger' Turn at CinemaCon: 'Another Kind of Fearless' |last=Grobar |first=Matt |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=April 15, 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Sandra Hüller]]<br />
* [[Michael Stuhlbarg]]<br />
* [[Jesse Plemons]]<br />
* [[Robert John Burke]] <br />
* [[Emma D'Arcy]]<br />
* [[Burn Gorman]]<br />
* [[Sophie Wilde]]<br />
* [[Pip Torrens]]<br />
* Mercedes Hernández as Digger's [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes Hernández, del Ariel al set con Tom Cruise |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/mercedes-hernandez-del-ariel-al-set-con-tom-cruise/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=El Universal |language=es|date=April 25, 2026|last=Ortiz|first=César Huerta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digger_(2026_film)&diff=552176Digger (2026 film)2026-07-15T07:20:43Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| budget = 12.5&nbsp;crore USD<br />
| cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki<br />
| country = United States of America<br />
| director = Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
| distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures<br />
| editing = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Stephen Mirrione<br />
*Conor O'Neill<br />
}}<br />
| name = Digger<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Cosmo Sheldrake<br />
| film_name = Digger (2026 film)<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Mary Parent<br />
*Michael Sharp<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-10-02<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Riz Ahmed<br />
*John Goodman<br />
*Sandra Hüller<br />
*Michael Stuhlbarg<br />
*Jesse Plemons<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Sabina Berman<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Digger''' is a 2026 American English-language film.<br />
<br />
It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu and produced by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Tom Cruise, Mary Parent, Michael Sharp. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Riz Ahmed, John Goodman, Sandra Hüller, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jesse Plemons.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digger_(2026_film)&diff=552175Digger (2026 film)2026-07-15T07:18:30Z<p>Adarshatva: Added content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| budget = 12.5&nbsp;crore USD<br />
| cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki<br />
| country = United States of America<br />
| director = Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
| distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures<br />
| editing = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Stephen Mirrione<br />
*Conor O'Neill<br />
}}<br />
| name = Digger<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Cosmo Sheldrake<br />
| film_name = Digger (2026 film)<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Mary Parent<br />
*Michael Sharp<br />
}}<br />
| released = 2026-10-02<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Tom Cruise<br />
*Riz Ahmed<br />
*John Goodman<br />
*Sandra Hüller<br />
*Michael Stuhlbarg<br />
*Jesse Plemons<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
*Sabina Berman<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Digger''' is a 2026 American English-language film.<br />
<br />
It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu and produced by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Tom Cruise, Mary Parent, Michael Sharp. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Riz Ahmed, John Goodman, Sandra Hüller, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jesse Plemons.<br />
<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digger_(2026_film)&diff=552174Digger (2026 film)2026-07-15T07:14:01Z<p>Adarshatva: Article created via ArticleWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Under construction}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| budget = 12.5 crore USD<br />
| cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki<br />
| country = United States of America<br />
| director = Alejandro G. Iñárritu<br />
| distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures<br />
| editing = Stephen Mirrione, Conor O'Neill<br />
| film_name = Digger<br />
| language = English<br />
| music = Cosmo Sheldrake<br />
| name = Digger (2026 film)<br />
| producer = Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Tom Cruise, Mary Parent, Michael Sharp<br />
| released = 2026-10-02<br />
| starring = Tom Cruise, Riz Ahmed, John Goodman, Sandra Hüller, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jesse Plemons<br />
| writer = Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Sabina Berman<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Digger (2026 film)''' is a 2026 United States of America English-language film.<br />
<br />
It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu and produced by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Tom Cruise, Mary Parent, Michael Sharp. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Riz Ahmed, John Goodman, Sandra Hüller, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jesse Plemons.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Portal/doc&diff=552155Template:Portal/doc2026-07-14T09:10:06Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | module ||<!-- section not transcluded if type = module --> {{documentation subpage}} {{high-use}} {{lua|Module:Portal}} <!---PLEASE ADD METADATA TO THE <includeonly> SECTION AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE.---> This {{{type|template}}} produces a box with links to a portal or to multiple portals. It is most often used in the "See also" section of an article. '''If a portal does not exist, then it will not be displayed'''. As..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | module ||<!-- section not transcluded if type = module --><br />
{{documentation subpage}}<br />
{{high-use}}<br />
{{lua|Module:Portal}}<br />
<!---PLEASE ADD METADATA TO THE <includeonly> SECTION AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE.---><br />
This {{{type|template}}} produces a box with links to a [[Portal:Contents/Portals|portal]] or to multiple portals. It is most often used in the "See also" section of an article. '''If a portal does not exist, then it will not be displayed'''. As of December 11, 2021 (UTC), this portal template is now mobile-friendly, meaning that the portal links will appear on mobile devices.<br />
}}<!-- end of section not transcluded if type = module --><br />
== Usage ==<br />
{{Portal{{\sandbox}} |Canada | Biography |History |Science}}<br />
<br />
'''Basic usage'''<br />
<div style="overflow:auto"><br />
&#123;&#123;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | module | &#35;invoke:Portal&#124;portal | Portal }} |''Portal 1'' |''Portal 2'' |''Portal 3'' |... &#125;&#125;<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
Within articles, {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | module | the output of the portal function | this template }} is meant to be placed at the top of the article's ''See also'' section. If there is no ''See also'' section, you may put it in the ''External links'' section instead, if other external links are in the article. Do not create an "External links" section [[WP:LAYOUTEL|just for this box]]: if there is no ''External links'' section, consider using {{tl|Portal bar}} at the end of the article. If using {{tl|Portal bar}}, considering combining it with links to [[WP:SISTER|sister projects]] via {{tl|Subject bar}}.<br />
<br />
There are no particular rules about the placement of portals on other kinds of pages.<br />
<br />
== Image ==<br />
The portal image names are stored in subpages of [[Module:Portal/images]], organised by the first letter of the portal name. For example, the first letter of [[Portal:Feminism]] is "F", so the image name is stored at [[Module:Portal/images/f]]. If there is an entry for a portal on the correct page then the corresponding image will be shown next to the portal link. If no image is found then [[:File:Portal-puzzle.svg]] will be shown instead.<br />
<br />
It is also possible to specify aliases for portal images. For example, the code {{tlx|Portal|Detroit}} produces the same image as the code {{tlx|Portal|Metro Detroit}}. The "Detroit" alias is found on the page [[Module:Portal/images/aliases]].<br />
<br />
The image-detection algorithm is case-insensitive. For example, the code {{tlx|Portal|Detroit}} will produce the same image as the code {{tlx|Portal|detroit}} (although the portal links will be different). Portal names are stored in lower case in the image subpages, and input is converted to lower case before being checked.<br />
<br />
To add new images to the list, please <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Portal&action=edit&preload=Template:Edit_protected/preload&preloadparams%5b%5d=edit%20template-protected&preloadparams%5b%5d=&editintro=Template:Edit_protected/editintro&preloadtitle=Image+edit+request+on+{{CURRENTDAY}}+{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}+{{CURRENTYEAR}}&section=new make a protected edit request at Template talk:Portal]</span> to get an administrator to edit the correct subpage for you. Portal images must be either in the public domain or available under a [[WP:ICTIC|free license]] that allows commercial reuse and derivative works; [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|fair-use]] images are not acceptable. The template {{tl|Portal icon demonstration}} may be of use when deciding whether an image is suitable for use as a portal icon; it formats an image using the same size and style that the {{tl|Portal}} template uses by default.<br />
<br />
A list of portals and aliases of portals without icons can be found at [[:Category:Portal templates with default image]].<br />
<br />
{{Collapse top|List of image subpages}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Page !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/a]] || For portal names starting with "A".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/b]] || For portal names starting with "B".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/c]] || For portal names starting with "C".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/d]] || For portal names starting with "D".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/e]] || For portal names starting with "E".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/f]] || For portal names starting with "F".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/g]] || For portal names starting with "G".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/h]] || For portal names starting with "H".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/i]] || For portal names starting with "I".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/j]] || For portal names starting with "J".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/k]] || For portal names starting with "K".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/l]] || For portal names starting with "L".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/m]] || For portal names starting with "M".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/n]] || For portal names starting with "N".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/o]] || For portal names starting with "O".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/p]] || For portal names starting with "P".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/q]] || For portal names starting with "Q".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/r]] || For portal names starting with "R".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/s]] || For portal names starting with "S".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/t]] || For portal names starting with "T".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/u]] || For portal names starting with "U".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/v]] || For portal names starting with "V".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/w]] || For portal names starting with "W".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/x]] || For portal names starting with "X".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/y]] || For portal names starting with "Y".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/z]] || For portal names starting with "Z".<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/other]] || For portal names starting with any other letters. This includes numbers, letters with diacritics, and letters in non-Latin alphabets.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Module:Portal/images/aliases]] || For adding aliases for existing portal names. Use this page for variations in spelling and diacritics, etc., no matter what letter the portal begins with.<br />
|}<br />
{{Collapse bottom}}<br />
<br />
== Example ==<br />
The box on the right format with small text can incorporate multiple portals.<br />
<br />
'''Box'''<br />
<br />
{{Portal{{\sandbox}}|Canada}} <br />
{{tlx|Portal|Canada}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal{{\sandbox}}|Canada|Example|tracking=no}} <br />
{{tlx|Portal|Canada|Example}}<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
Inline format for the left side with normal sized text; See [[Template:Portal-inline]] for a listing of parameters.<br />
<br />
'''Inline '''<br />
* {{tlx|Portal-inline|Canada}}<br />
* {{Portal-inline|Canada}}<br />
<br />
Inline format for the right side with normal sized text: See [[Template:Portal]] for more information.<br />
{{Portal{{\sandbox}}|border=no|Canada}}<br />
* {{tlx|Portal|border{{=}}no|Canada}}<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
'''Bar'''<br />
<br />
The bar format is normally used for multiple portals. This template does not belong in the "See also" section. Per [[MOS:SECTIONORDER]], this template is bottom matter and goes below standard navigation templates.<br />
<br />
{{Tlx|Portal bar|Canada|Example|<nowiki>border=no</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Canada|Example|border=no|tracking=no}}<br />
<br />
== Parameters ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Value !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''1'''</code>, <code>'''2'''</code>, <code>'''3'''</code> ... || The portal name, e.g. <code>Literature</code> || The positional parameters specify the portals to be displayed.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''left'''</code> || <code>yes</code> || If set to <code>yes</code>, the portal appears on the left side of the page instead of the right.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''margin'''</code> || CSS margin value, e.g. <code>1.2em 3em 0.5em 1em</code> || This allows you to set a custom margin. All valid CSS margin values are accepted.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''break'''</code> || <code>yes</code> || If set to <code>yes</code>, a line break is inserted after the portal name and before the word ''portal''.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''redlinks'''</code> || Any of the following values: <code>yes</code>, <code>y</code>, <code>true</code>, or <code>include</code> || Redlinks will be displayed. The default is to suppress redlinks.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''nominimum'''</code> || Any of the following values: <code>yes</code>, <code>y</code>, or <code>true</code> || Suppresses the warning if no parameters are supplied. This can be useful when Template:Portal is called by another template.<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''border'''</code> || Any of the following values: <code>no</code>, <code>n</code>, or <code>false</code> || Turn off border and background<br />
|-<br />
| <code>'''tracking'''</code> || Any of the following values: <code>no</code>, <code>n</code>, <code>false</code> || Tracking categories will be suppressed. The default is to use tracking categories, except on certain namespaces and on pagenames which contain "/archive", "/doc" or "/test".<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Error tracking ==<br />
If the {{{type|template}}} is used incorrectly, the page will be added to a tracking category.<br />
<br />
The tracking categories are not applied if any of the following is true:<br />
# Tracking is specially disabled for that usage. This is done by setting the optional parameter {{para|tracking}} to any the following values: <code><nowiki>no</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>n</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>false</nowiki></code><br />
# the template is used on a page in any of these namespaces: Talk, User, User talk, Wikipedia talk, File talk, Template talk, Category talk, Portal talk, Draft, Draft talk, Module talk<br />
# The title page on which the template is used includes any of the following case-insensitive strings: "/archive", "/doc", "/test"<br />
* {{clc|Portal templates with too few portals}}<br />
* {{clc|Portal templates with too many portals}}<br />
* {{clc|Portal templates with redlinked portals}}<br />
* {{clc|Pages with empty portal template}}<br />
* {{clc|Portal templates with default image}}<br />
:{{Purge page|''Purge page to update totals''}}<br />
<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | module ||<!-- section not transcluded if type = module --><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Contents/Portals|List of portals]]<br />
* {{Tl|Subject bar}}<br />
{{Portal template list}}<br />
<br />
==TemplateData==<br />
{{Collapse top|[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] documentation used by [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and other tools}}<br />
{{TemplateData header|noheader=1}}<br />
<TemplateData><br />
{<br />
"description": "A template to create a list of portals",<br />
"params": {<br />
"1": {<br />
"label": "Portal (1)",<br />
"description": "Inserts the portal image and text. Further portals can be added to the template by increasing the number",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": true<br />
},<br />
"2": {<br />
"label": "Portal (2)",<br />
"description": "Inserts the portal image and text",<br />
"type": "string"<br />
},<br />
"3": {<br />
"label": "Portal (3)",<br />
"inherits": "2"<br />
},<br />
"4": {<br />
"label": "Portal (4)",<br />
"inherits": "3"<br />
},<br />
"5": {<br />
"label": "Portal (5)",<br />
"inherits": "4"<br />
},<br />
"6": {<br />
"label": "Portal (6)",<br />
"inherits": "5"<br />
},<br />
"left": {<br />
"label": "Side",<br />
"description": "If set to yes, the portal appears on the left side of the page instead of the right.",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"default": "no"<br />
},<br />
"margin": {<br />
"label": "Margin size",<br />
"description": "Alters the margin size. Any valid CSS margin is accepted",<br />
"type": "number"<br />
},<br />
"break": {<br />
"label": "Line break",<br />
"description": "If set to yes, a line break is inserted after the portal name and before the word portal",<br />
"type": "string"<br />
},<br />
"redlink": {<br />
"description": "Allow links to non-existent portals",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"default": "false"<br />
},<br />
"nominimum": {<br />
"description": "Do not check for at least one portal",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"default": "false"<br />
},<br />
"border": {<br />
"description": "Put border around portal links",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"default": "true"<br />
},<br />
"tracking": {<br />
"description": "In case of warning, add to tracking category",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"default": "true"<br />
},<br />
"type": {}<br />
},<br />
"format": "block"<br />
}<br />
</TemplateData><br />
{{Collapse bottom}}<br />
*For help with this template, please post a comment on the [[Template_talk:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|template talk page]] with a {{tl2|reply to}} one or more of the {{history||previous editors}}.<br />
<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<br />
<!--Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata--><br />
[[Category:Internal link templates]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia Portal navflags]]<br />
}}</includeonly> <noinclude><br />
[[Category:Record production portal|Templates]]</noinclude><br />
<br />
}}<!-- end of section not transcluded if type = module --></div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&diff=552154Federally Administered Tribal Areas2026-07-14T09:08:43Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Notes and References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1947–2018 semi-autonomous region in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Redirect|FATA}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات}}}}<br>{{lang|ps|فدرالي قبايلي سيمې}}}}<br />
| conventional_long_name = Federally Administered Tribal Areas<br />
| nation = Pakistan<br />
| subdivision = [[Former administrative units of Pakistan|Former Territory]]<br />
| image_flag = Flag of FATA.svg<br />
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of FATA.svg<br />
| image_map = Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg<br />
| image_map_caption = Former Location of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas<br />
| event_start = [[Independence of Pakistan|Established]]<br />
| year_start = 1947<br />
| date_start = 14 August<br />
| year_end = 2018<br />
| date_end = 31 May<br />
| event_end = [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Merged]] into [[Khyber Pakthunkhwa]]<br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg<br />
| s1 = Merger of tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa{{!}}Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<br />
| flag_p1 = Flag of United Kingdom.svg<br />
| p1 = Frontier Crimes Regulation{{!}}British Administrated Tribal Areas<br />
| stat_year1 = 2017<br />
| stat_area1 = 27,220<br />
| stat_pop1 = <br />
| today = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
| common_name = FATA<br />
Human Development Index<br />
0.456<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Federally Administered Tribal Areas''' ('''FATA''') was a [[Autonomous administrative division|semi-autonomous tribal region]] situated in north-western [[Pakistan]], which existed from 1947 until its merger with the neighbouring province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in 2018 through the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Twenty-fifth amendment]] to [[Constitution of Pakistan|Pakistan's constitution]]. FATA comprised seven tribal agencies (functioning as districts) and six frontier regions, and was administered directly by the federal government through a special legal framework known as the [[Frontier Crimes Regulations]].<br />
<br />
On 24 May 2018, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to merge FATA with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], which received [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] approval the following day. As this merger would affect the provincial boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the amendment was subsequently presented to and passed by the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly]] on 27 May 2018 with a majority vote. On 28 May 2018, the [[President of Pakistan]] signed the FATA Interim Governance Regulation, establishing interim administrative arrangements for FATA to govern the territory until its full integration with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within a two-year timeframe. The [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|25th Amendment]] received final assent from President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] on 31 May 2018, thereby officially merging FATA with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Read also==<br />
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|Indian subcontinent|Pakistan|<!-- Federally Administered Tribal Areas -->}}<br />
*[[Administrative System of the FATA]]<br />
*[[Economy of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]<br />
* [[Frontier Regions]]<br />
*[[Provincially Administered Tribal Areas]] (PATA)<br />
*[[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&diff=552153Federally Administered Tribal Areas2026-07-14T09:07:15Z<p>Adarshatva: Created page with "{{Short description|1947–2018 semi-autonomous region in Pakistan}} {{Redirect|FATA}} {{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox former subdivision | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات}}}}<br>{{lang|ps|فدرالي قبايلي سيمې}}}} | conventional_long_name = Federally Administered Tribal Areas | nation = Pakistan | subdivisio..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1947–2018 semi-autonomous region in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Redirect|FATA}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات}}}}<br>{{lang|ps|فدرالي قبايلي سيمې}}}}<br />
| conventional_long_name = Federally Administered Tribal Areas<br />
| nation = Pakistan<br />
| subdivision = [[Former administrative units of Pakistan|Former Territory]]<br />
| image_flag = Flag of FATA.svg<br />
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of FATA.svg<br />
| image_map = Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg<br />
| image_map_caption = Former Location of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas<br />
| event_start = [[Independence of Pakistan|Established]]<br />
| year_start = 1947<br />
| date_start = 14 August<br />
| year_end = 2018<br />
| date_end = 31 May<br />
| event_end = [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Merged]] into [[Khyber Pakthunkhwa]]<br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg<br />
| s1 = Merger of tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa{{!}}Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<br />
| flag_p1 = Flag of United Kingdom.svg<br />
| p1 = Frontier Crimes Regulation{{!}}British Administrated Tribal Areas<br />
| stat_year1 = 2017<br />
| stat_area1 = 27,220<br />
| stat_pop1 = <br />
| today = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
| common_name = FATA<br />
Human Development Index<br />
0.456<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Federally Administered Tribal Areas''' ('''FATA''') was a [[Autonomous administrative division|semi-autonomous tribal region]] situated in north-western [[Pakistan]], which existed from 1947 until its merger with the neighbouring province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in 2018 through the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Twenty-fifth amendment]] to [[Constitution of Pakistan|Pakistan's constitution]]. FATA comprised seven tribal agencies (functioning as districts) and six frontier regions, and was administered directly by the federal government through a special legal framework known as the [[Frontier Crimes Regulations]].<br />
<br />
On 24 May 2018, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to merge FATA with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], which received [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] approval the following day. As this merger would affect the provincial boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the amendment was subsequently presented to and passed by the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly]] on 27 May 2018 with a majority vote. On 28 May 2018, the [[President of Pakistan]] signed the FATA Interim Governance Regulation, establishing interim administrative arrangements for FATA to govern the territory until its full integration with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within a two-year timeframe. The [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|25th Amendment]] received final assent from President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] on 31 May 2018, thereby officially merging FATA with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<br />
== Notes and References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisions_of_Pakistan&diff=552152Divisions of Pakistan2026-07-14T08:59:02Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Second-level administrative regions of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox subdivision type<br />
| name = Divisions of Pakistan <br > पाकिस्तान के प्रभाग<br />
| alt_name = {{Nastaliq|پاکستان کے ڈویژن}}{{refn|group = A |name = Nagarisation| पाकिस्तान के डिवीज़न् }}<br />
| alt_name1 = <br />
| alt_name2 = <br />
| alt_name3 = <br />
| map = File:Blank Divisions of Pakistan.svg<br />
| caption = Map of divisions of Pakistan<br />
| alt = <br />
| category = Second-level [[administrative division]]<br />
| territory = {{flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}<br />
| upper_unit = <br />
| start_date = <br />
| start_date1 = <br />
| start_date2 = <br />
| legislation_begin = <br />
| legislation_begin1 = <br />
| legislation_begin2 = <br />
| legislation_end = <br />
| legislation_end1 = <br />
| legislation_end2 = <br />
| end_date = <br />
| end_date1 = <br />
| end_date2 = <br />
| current_number = [[#Current divisions|37]]<br />
| number_date = 2024<br />
| type = <br />
| type1 = <br />
| type2 = <br />
| type3 = <br />
| type4 = <br />
| status = <br />
| status1 = <br />
| status2 = <br />
| status3 = <br />
| status4 = <br />
| exofficio = <br />
| exofficio1 = <br />
| exofficio2 = <br />
| exofficio3 = <br />
| exofficio4 = <br />
| population_range = <br />
| area_range = <br />
| government = Divisional government<br />
| subdivision = [[Districts of Pakistan|Districts]]<br />[[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils]]<br />[[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Politics of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
The [[Administrative units of Pakistan|administrative units of Pakistan]] comprise four provinces, two territories in the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir region]], and a capital territory. The provinces and territories are further subdivided into 37 divisions, which are subsequently divided into [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], [[Tehsil|tehsils]], and finally [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]]. The division system was abolished in 2000 but was subsequently restored in 2008.<br />
<br />
These divisions do not encompass the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. The formerly [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA), which previously held the same administrative status as provinces, were merged into [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and incorporated into neighbouring divisions within that province in 2018.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The administrative divisions constituted an integral tier of government from colonial times, with the Governor's provinces of British India being subdivided into divisions, which were further divided into districts. At the time of creation in 1947, the new nation of Pakistan comprised two geographically separated wings – [[East Pakistan|eastern]] and [[West Pakistan|western]]. Three of Pakistan's provinces were subdivided into ten administrative divisions. The single province in the eastern wing, [[East Bengal]], comprised four divisions – [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]. [[West Punjab]] province contained four divisions – [[Lahore Division|Lahore]], [[Multan Division|Multan]], [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]], and [[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]. The [[North-West Frontier Province]] (as it was then known) had two divisions – [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]. Most of the former [[Sind Province (1936-1955|Sind Province]] became [[Hyderabad Division]]. The majority of divisions were named after their respective divisional capitals, though some exceptions existed.<br />
<br />
From 1955 to 1970, the [[One Unit Scheme|One Unit policy]] consolidated the administrative structure into only two provinces – [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]]. [[East Pakistan]] retained the same divisions as [[East Bengal]] previously possessed, while [[West Pakistan]] progressively gained seven new divisions to supplement the original six divisions. The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was reorganised into [[Kalat Division]], while the former [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Chief Commissioner's Province]] became [[Quetta Division]]. The princely State of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]], combined with portions of [[Hyderabad division]], formed [[Sukkur Division|Khairpur Division]]. The former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|princely state of Bahawalpur]] was established as [[Bahawalpur Division]], thereby joining [[West Punjab]]. In 1959, the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] was absorbed into [[West Pakistan]], and in 1960, it was merged with the district of [[Lasbela (princely state)|Las Bela]] to create the [[Karachi Division|Karachi-Bela Division]]. In 1969, the princely states of [[Kingdom of Chitral|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were incorporated into [[West Pakistan]] as the [[Malakand Division]], with Saidu serving as the divisional headquarters. Khairpur division was abolished in 1975 and replaced with [[Sukkur Division]]. In 1980, Sukkur division was bifurcated to establish [[Larkana division]]. [[Mirpurkhas division]] was created in 1990 through the bifurcation of [[Hyderabad division]].<br />
== Current divisions by administrative units ==<br />
The current administrative structure of Pakistan comprises 37 divisions in total, distributed across five provinces and two Pakistan-administered regions of Kashmir. Within the four provinces, there are 31 divisions: [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] contains 8 divisions, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] has 7 divisions, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] features 10 divisions, and [[Sindh]] encompasses 6 divisions. These divisions are accompanied by their respective population figures as recorded in the Census of Pakistan 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Balochistan.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]] |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><br />
The 6 divisions located in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
=== Provinces ===<br />
<br />
==== Balochistan ====<br />
[[File:Divisions of Balochistan.jpg|thumb|Eight divisions of Balochistan Province]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Balochistan#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="width:95%; text-align:center; border:1px solid black"<br />
!Division<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Table 12: Literacy Rate, Enrolment And Out Of School Population By Sex And Rural/Urban 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Districts<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial cabinet approves three new districts |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Jun-2022/provincial-cabinet-approves-three-new-districts%3fversion=amp |website=www.nation.com|access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref><br />
!Area<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Map<br />
!Capital<br />
|-<br />
! [[Khuzdar Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Khuzdar District]]<br />
*[[Kalat District]]<br />
*[[Wadh]] [[District]]<br />
*[[Surab District]]<br />
|{{convert|41,208|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,547,812<br />
|37.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.39%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Lasbela Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Awaran District]]<br />
*[[Hub District]]<br />
*[[Lasbela District]]<br />
|{{convert|44,463|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|859,935<br />
|19.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.05%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Lasbela]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Loralai Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Loralai District]]<br />
*[[Ziarat District]]<br />
*[[Musakhail District]]<br />
*[[Duki District]] <br />
|{{convert|17,047|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,073,686<br />
|62.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|43.89%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Zhob Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Zhob District]]<br />
*[[Killa Saifullah District]]<br />
*[[Sherani District]]<br />
|{{convert|27,128|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|957,579<br />
|34.19/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.33%<br />
|[[File:Zhob Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Makran Division|Makuran Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Gwadar District]]<br />
*[[Kech District]]<br />
*[[Panjgur District]]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tump,_Balochistan&oldid=1342111038 Tump District]<br />
|{{convert|52,067|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,875,872<br />
|36.03/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|47.69%<br />
|[[File:Makran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Turbat]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Naseerabad Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Jaffarabad District]]<br />
*[[Jhal Magsi District]]<br />
*[[Nasirabad District]]<br />
*[[Sohbatpur District]]<br />
*[[Usta Muhammad District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,447|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,601,347<br />
|169.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.23%<br />
|[[File:Nasirabad Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Quetta Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta East District]] <br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta West District]]<br />
*[[Mastung District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,434|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|2,908,763<br />
|308.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pishin Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Killa Abdullah District]]<br />
*[[Pishin District]]<br />
*[[Barshore District]]<br />
*[[Chaman District]]<br />
|{{convert|11,112|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,663,671<br />
|292.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Rakhshan Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Chagai District]]<br />
*[[Washuk District]]<br />
*[[Nushki District]]<br />
*[[Kharan District]]<br />
|{{convert|98,596|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|940,001<br />
|10.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[File:Rakhshan Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[ Koh-e-Sulaiman Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Upper Dera Bugti district|Upper Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Kohlu District]]<br />
*[[Barkhan District]]<br />
|{{convert|14,963|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|635,552<br />
|42.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Rakhni]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Sibi Division|Sevi Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Sibi District]]<br />
*[[Kachhi District]]<br />
*[[Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Harnai District]]<br />
|{{convert|15,934|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,046,548<br />
|34.0/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Sibi]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====<br />
[[File:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with district names- in 2022 by Vijay Kumar.jpg|thumb|Colours correspond to Divisions of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
==== Punjab ====<br />
This section is an excerpt from [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan § List of divisions by population over the years.]]<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarters<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Literacy Rate, Enrollment, and Out of School Population by Sex and Rural/Urban: Census 2023 - Punjab Province |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930200632/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date= |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy<br />
rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_bwp|title=TMA Bahawalpur Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]<br />
* [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
* [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
| 45,588 <br />
|13,400,009<br />
| 293.94/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|52.13%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Bahawalpur_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_dgkhan|title=TMA Dera Ghazi Khan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
* [[Layyah District|Layyah]]<br />
* [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
* [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]]<br />
* [[Taunsa District|Taunsa]]<br />
* [[Kot Addu District|Kot Addu]]<br />
| 38,778<br />
|12,892,465<br />
| 332.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|48.00%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Dera_Ghazi_Khan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_faisalabad|title=TMA Faisalabad Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]<br />
* [[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]<br />
* [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
* [[Jhang District|Jhang]]<br />
| 17,918<br />
|16,228,526<br />
| 905.71/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|68.80%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Faisalabad_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujranwala_Division|title=Gujranwala Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]<br />
* [[Narowal District|Narowal]]<br />
* [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]<br />
| 7,779<br />
|11,416,686<br />
| 937.11/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujranwala (division) (2022).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujrat_Division|title=Gujrat Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
* [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]<br />
* [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
* [[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]]<br />
| 9,438<br />
|7,362,182<br />
|670/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujrat (division).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|title=Lahore Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185319/https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Lahore District|Lahore]]<br />
* [[Kasur District|Kasur]]<br />
* [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
* [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]<br />
| 11,727<br />
|22,772,710<br />
| 1941.90/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|73.63%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Lahore_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan Division|Multan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Multan_Division|title=Multan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Multan District|Multan]]<br />
* [[Lodhran District|Lodhran]]<br />
* [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]]<br />
* [[Vehari District|Vehari]]<br />
| 15,211<br />
|14,085,102<br />
| 925.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.43%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Multan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_rawalpindi|title=TMA Rawalpindi Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]<br />
* [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]<br />
* [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]<br />
* [[Attock District|Attock]]<br />
* [[Murree District|Murree]]<br />
* [[Talagang District|Talagang]]<br />
| 18,823<br />
|10,804,250<br />
| 574.50<br />
|79.9%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Rawalpindi_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sahiwal_Division|title=Sahiwal Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]<br />
* [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]<br />
* [[Okara District|Okara]]<br />
| 10,302<br />
|8,533,471<br />
| 828.33/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|61.02%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Sahiwal_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sargodha_Division|title=Sargodha Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]<br />
* [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]<br />
* [[Khushab District|Khushab]]<br />
* [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]<br />
| 26,360<br />
|9,591,275<br />
| 263.86/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|63.19%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Sargodha division as 2023.jpg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Sindh ====<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Sindh#List of the Divisions by area, population, density, literacy rate etc.}}<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarter<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf|title=Population 2023 tables sindh}}</ref><br />
!Pop. Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dadu District]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Jamshoro District]]<br />
* [[Matiari District]]<br />
* [[Tando Allahyar District]]<br />
* [[Tando Muhammad Khan District]]<br />
* [[Badin District]]<br />
* [[Sujawal District]]<br />
* [[Thatta District]]<br />
| 48,670<br />
| 1,16,59,246<br />
| 239.56/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|45.38%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Hyderabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Karachi Central District|Central]]<br />
* [[Karachi East District|East]]<br />
* [[Karachi South District|South]]<br />
* [[Karachi West District|West]]<br />
* [[Korangi District|Korangi]]<br />
* [[Malir District|Malir]]<br />
* [[Keamari District|Kemari]]<br />
| 3,527<br />
| 2,03,82,881<br />
| 5,779.10/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|75.11%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Karachi (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Jacobabad District]]<br />
* [[Kashmore District]]<br />
* [[Larkana District]]<br />
* [[Qambar Shahdadkot District]]<br />
* [[Shikarpur District]]<br />
| 15,213<br />
| 70,93,706<br />
| 466.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|44.53%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Larkana (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Mirpur Khas District]]<br />
* [[Tharparkar District]]<br />
* [[Umerkot District]]<br />
| 28,170<br />
| 46,19,624<br />
| 153.99/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|40.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Mirpur Khas (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shaheed Benazirabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nawabshah]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Naushahro Feroze District]]<br />
* [[Shaheed Benazir Abad District]]<br />
* [[Sanghar District]]<br />
| 18,176<br />
| 59,30,649<br />
| 326.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|49.91%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Shaheed Benazirabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Ghotki District]]<br />
* [[Khairpur District]]<br />
* [[Sukkur District]]<br />
| 27,158<br />
| 60,10,041<br />
| 221.30/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.72%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Sukkur (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pakistan-oocupied Kashmir ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]||align="right"|4,388||align="right"|1,198,249||align="right"|1,651,018<br />
|N/A||[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]||align="right"|6,117||align="right"|745,733||align="right"|1,072,150<br />
|N/A||[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]||align="right"|2,792||align="right"|1,028,541||align="right"|1,322,198<br />
|N/A||[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A|| [[Gilgit]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population over the years ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" <br />
|+Data from 2023, 2017, 1998, 1981, 1972 censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Info |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Divisions |url=http://www.statoids.com/ypk.html |website=www.statoids.com}}</ref><br />
! Division <br />
!Pop.<br />
2023<br />
! Pop.<br />
2017<br />
! Pop.<br />
1998<br />
! Pop.<br />
1981<br />
!Pop.<br />
1972<br />
!Pop.<br />
1961<br />
!Pop.<br />
1951<br />
! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|20,06,572<br />
|8,05,235<br />
|3,40,286<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009 <br />
|1,14,64,031 <br />
|76,35,591 <br />
|40,68,636 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|1,93,98,081<br />
|1,20,15,649<br />
|71,83,097 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|1,10,14,398<br />
|65,03,590<br />
|37,46,837 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|1,41,77,081<br />
|98,85,685 <br />
|66,67,425 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|1,22,65,161<br />
|84,47,557 <br />
|54,08,561<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|1,00,07,821<br />
|66,59,528 <br />
|44,32,729 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|81,81,499<br />
|56,79,766<br />
|39,30,628<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|53,62,866<br />
|42,71,247<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|97,83,183<br />
|61,01,052 <br />
|39,34,861<br />
|32,18,873<br />
|25,87,061<br />
|18,35,178<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|63,37,678<br />
|46,85,773<br />
|32,64,764<br />
|27,13,675<br />
|18,72,505<br />
|16,26,496<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|42,28,683 <br />
|25,85,417 <br />
|15,01,882 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|1,05,92,635<br />
|68,29,537 <br />
|46,78,290 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|1,60,51,521<br />
|98,56,318 <br />
|54,37,984<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|61,92,380<br />
|42,10,650<br />
|27,46,201<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|52,82,277<br />
|35,10,036 <br />
|25,60,448 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|55,38,555<br />
|34,47,935 <br />
|21,03,861 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779<br />
|20,19,017 <br />
|10,91,211 <br />
|6,35,494 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|20,44,074 <br />
|11,65,692<br />
|7,10,786<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|22,18,971<br />
|13,07,969 <br />
|7,58,772 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|53,25,121 <br />
|35,05,581 <br />
|27,01,257 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|75,14,694<br />
|42,62,700 <br />
|24,66,767 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|39,97,677<br />
|24,86,904 <br />
|15,06,500 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|74,03,817<br />
|39,23,588 <br />
|22,81,752<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalat Division|Kalat]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|25,09,230<br />
|14,57,722 <br />
|10,44,174<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|5,91,144<br />
|10,76,708<br />
|6,99,669<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|14,89,015<br />
|8,32,753 <br />
|6,52,602<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|41,74,562<br />
|16,99,957<br />
|8,80,618<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|10,38,010<br />
|6,30,901<br />
|3,05,768 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|8,06,238<br />
|4,68,695<br />
|3,61,647 <br />
|1,71,989<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|7,36,209<br />
|4,87,748<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|7,37,162<br />
|4,09,473<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|16,51,018<br />
|11,98,249<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|10,72,150<br />
|7,45,733<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|13,22,198<br />
|10,28,541<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc. ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
|+List of the divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc.<br />
! Division <br />
!Population<br />
(2023)<br />
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Density/<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
(2017)<br />
!Literacy<br />
rate<br />
(2023)<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of KPK |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_kp_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
! Capital !! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|906<br />
|2214.76<br />
|83.97%<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779 <br />
|9,005<br />
|224.21<br />
|41.73%<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|4,391 <br />
|465.51<br />
|42.11%<br />
| [[Bannu District|Bannu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|7,012<br />
|316.45<br />
|50.89%<br />
|[[Kohat]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|17,194<br />
|309.7<br />
|60.95%<br />
|[[Abbottabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|29,872<br />
|251.56<br />
|47.51%<br />
|Saidu<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|3,046<br />
|1312.43<br />
|56.90%<br />
|[[Mardan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|4,001<br />
|1850.49<br />
|51.32%<br />
|[[Peshawar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|38,778<br />
|284.04<br />
|48.00%<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|11,727 <br />
|1654.14<br />
|73.63%<br />
| [[Lahore]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|17,917<br />
|791.26<br />
|68.80%<br />
| [[Faisalabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009<br />
|45,588 <br />
|251.47<br />
|52.13%<br />
| [[Bahawalpur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|7,779 <br />
|937.11<br />
|76.41%<br />
| [[Gujranwala]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|9,438<br />
|780.05<br />
|75.30%<br />
|[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|17,935<br />
|683.87<br />
|59.43%<br />
| [[Multan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|18,823<br />
|574.5<br />
|79.90%<br />
|[[Rawalpindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|26,360<br />
|310.38<br />
|63.19%<br />
|[[Sargodha]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|10,302 <br />
|520.57<br />
|61.02%<br />
| [[Sahiwal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|3,528<br />
|4549.75<br />
|75.11%<br />
| [[Karachi]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|28,171 <br />
|150.11<br />
|40.41%<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|64,963<br />
|163.06<br />
|45.38%<br />
| [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|15,543<br />
|398.4<br />
|44.53%<br />
| [[Larkana]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|18,175<br />
|290.63<br />
|49.91%<br />
| [[Nawabshah|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|34,752<br />
|159.37<br />
|49.72%<br />
|[[Sukkur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|52,067<br />
|28.6<br />
|47.69%<br />
| [[Turbat]]<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|16,946 <br />
|34.88<br />
|32.59%<br />
| [[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|64,310 <br />
|64.91<br />
|51.68%<br />
| [[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuzdar Division|Khuzdar]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|91,767 <br />
|17.85<br />
|38.72%<br />
| [[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|27,055<br />
|38.37<br />
|34.70%<br />
| [[Sibi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|98,596<br />
|–<br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|27,128<br />
|34.2<br />
|32.33%<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|17,260<br />
|50.4<br />
|39.89%<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|4,388<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|6,117<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|2,792<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Gilgit]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Read also ==<br />
** [[Divisions of Balochistan]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Sindh]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Sindh|Districts of Sindh, Pakistan]] <br />
** [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Balochistan|Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|Districts of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan|Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Local government in Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Country_data_Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan&diff=552151Template:Country data Islamic Republic of Pakistan2026-07-14T08:58:12Z<p>Adarshatva: Redirected page to Template:Country data Pakistan</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Template:Country data Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisions_of_Pakistan&diff=552150Divisions of Pakistan2026-07-14T08:57:24Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Second-level administrative regions of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox subdivision type<br />
| name = Divisions of Pakistan <br > पाकिस्तान के प्रभाग<br />
| alt_name = {{Nastaliq|پاکستان کے ڈویژن}}{{refn|group = A |name = Nagarisation| पाकिस्तान के डिवीज़न् }}<br />
| alt_name1 = <br />
| alt_name2 = <br />
| alt_name3 = <br />
| map = File:Blank Divisions of Pakistan.svg<br />
| caption = Map of divisions of Pakistan<br />
| alt = <br />
| category = Second-level [[administrative division]]<br />
| territory = {{flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}<br />
| upper_unit = <br />
| start_date = <br />
| start_date1 = <br />
| start_date2 = <br />
| legislation_begin = <br />
| legislation_begin1 = <br />
| legislation_begin2 = <br />
| legislation_end = <br />
| legislation_end1 = <br />
| legislation_end2 = <br />
| end_date = <br />
| end_date1 = <br />
| end_date2 = <br />
| current_number = [[#Current divisions|37]]<br />
| number_date = 2024<br />
| type = <br />
| type1 = <br />
| type2 = <br />
| type3 = <br />
| type4 = <br />
| status = <br />
| status1 = <br />
| status2 = <br />
| status3 = <br />
| status4 = <br />
| exofficio = <br />
| exofficio1 = <br />
| exofficio2 = <br />
| exofficio3 = <br />
| exofficio4 = <br />
| population_range = <br />
| area_range = <br />
| government = Divisional government<br />
| subdivision = [[Districts of Pakistan|Districts]]<br />[[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils]]<br />[[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Politics of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The [[Administrative units of Pakistan|administrative units of Pakistan]] comprise four provinces, two territories in the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir region]], and a capital territory. The provinces and territories are further subdivided into 37 divisions, which are subsequently divided into [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], [[Tehsil|tehsils]], and finally [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]]. The division system was abolished in 2000 but was subsequently restored in 2008.<br />
<br />
These divisions do not encompass the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. The formerly [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA), which previously held the same administrative status as provinces, were merged into [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and incorporated into neighbouring divisions within that province in 2018.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The administrative divisions constituted an integral tier of government from colonial times, with the Governor's provinces of British India being subdivided into divisions, which were further divided into districts. At the time of creation in 1947, the new nation of Pakistan comprised two geographically separated wings – [[East Pakistan|eastern]] and [[West Pakistan|western]]. Three of Pakistan's provinces were subdivided into ten administrative divisions. The single province in the eastern wing, [[East Bengal]], comprised four divisions – [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]. [[West Punjab]] province contained four divisions – [[Lahore Division|Lahore]], [[Multan Division|Multan]], [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]], and [[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]. The [[North-West Frontier Province]] (as it was then known) had two divisions – [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]. Most of the former [[Sind Province (1936-1955|Sind Province]] became [[Hyderabad Division]]. The majority of divisions were named after their respective divisional capitals, though some exceptions existed.<br />
<br />
From 1955 to 1970, the [[One Unit Scheme|One Unit policy]] consolidated the administrative structure into only two provinces – [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]]. [[East Pakistan]] retained the same divisions as [[East Bengal]] previously possessed, while [[West Pakistan]] progressively gained seven new divisions to supplement the original six divisions. The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was reorganised into [[Kalat Division]], while the former [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Chief Commissioner's Province]] became [[Quetta Division]]. The princely State of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]], combined with portions of [[Hyderabad division]], formed [[Sukkur Division|Khairpur Division]]. The former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|princely state of Bahawalpur]] was established as [[Bahawalpur Division]], thereby joining [[West Punjab]]. In 1959, the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] was absorbed into [[West Pakistan]], and in 1960, it was merged with the district of [[Lasbela (princely state)|Las Bela]] to create the [[Karachi Division|Karachi-Bela Division]]. In 1969, the princely states of [[Kingdom of Chitral|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were incorporated into [[West Pakistan]] as the [[Malakand Division]], with Saidu serving as the divisional headquarters. Khairpur division was abolished in 1975 and replaced with [[Sukkur Division]]. In 1980, Sukkur division was bifurcated to establish [[Larkana division]]. [[Mirpurkhas division]] was created in 1990 through the bifurcation of [[Hyderabad division]].<br />
== Current divisions by administrative units ==<br />
The current administrative structure of Pakistan comprises 37 divisions in total, distributed across five provinces and two Pakistan-administered regions of Kashmir. Within the four provinces, there are 31 divisions: [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] contains 8 divisions, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] has 7 divisions, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] features 10 divisions, and [[Sindh]] encompasses 6 divisions. These divisions are accompanied by their respective population figures as recorded in the Census of Pakistan 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Balochistan.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]] |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><br />
The 6 divisions located in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
=== Provinces ===<br />
<br />
==== Balochistan ====<br />
[[File:Divisions of Balochistan.jpg|thumb|Eight divisions of Balochistan Province]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Balochistan#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="width:95%; text-align:center; border:1px solid black"<br />
!Division<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Table 12: Literacy Rate, Enrolment And Out Of School Population By Sex And Rural/Urban 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Districts<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial cabinet approves three new districts |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Jun-2022/provincial-cabinet-approves-three-new-districts%3fversion=amp |website=www.nation.com|access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref><br />
!Area<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Map<br />
!Capital<br />
|-<br />
! [[Khuzdar Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Khuzdar District]]<br />
*[[Kalat District]]<br />
*[[Wadh]] [[District]]<br />
*[[Surab District]]<br />
|{{convert|41,208|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,547,812<br />
|37.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.39%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Lasbela Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Awaran District]]<br />
*[[Hub District]]<br />
*[[Lasbela District]]<br />
|{{convert|44,463|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|859,935<br />
|19.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.05%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Lasbela]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Loralai Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Loralai District]]<br />
*[[Ziarat District]]<br />
*[[Musakhail District]]<br />
*[[Duki District]] <br />
|{{convert|17,047|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,073,686<br />
|62.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|43.89%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Zhob Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Zhob District]]<br />
*[[Killa Saifullah District]]<br />
*[[Sherani District]]<br />
|{{convert|27,128|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|957,579<br />
|34.19/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.33%<br />
|[[File:Zhob Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Makran Division|Makuran Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Gwadar District]]<br />
*[[Kech District]]<br />
*[[Panjgur District]]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tump,_Balochistan&oldid=1342111038 Tump District]<br />
|{{convert|52,067|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,875,872<br />
|36.03/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|47.69%<br />
|[[File:Makran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Turbat]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Naseerabad Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Jaffarabad District]]<br />
*[[Jhal Magsi District]]<br />
*[[Nasirabad District]]<br />
*[[Sohbatpur District]]<br />
*[[Usta Muhammad District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,447|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,601,347<br />
|169.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.23%<br />
|[[File:Nasirabad Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Quetta Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta East District]] <br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta West District]]<br />
*[[Mastung District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,434|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|2,908,763<br />
|308.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pishin Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Killa Abdullah District]]<br />
*[[Pishin District]]<br />
*[[Barshore District]]<br />
*[[Chaman District]]<br />
|{{convert|11,112|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,663,671<br />
|292.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Rakhshan Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Chagai District]]<br />
*[[Washuk District]]<br />
*[[Nushki District]]<br />
*[[Kharan District]]<br />
|{{convert|98,596|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|940,001<br />
|10.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[File:Rakhshan Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[ Koh-e-Sulaiman Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Upper Dera Bugti district|Upper Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Kohlu District]]<br />
*[[Barkhan District]]<br />
|{{convert|14,963|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|635,552<br />
|42.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Rakhni]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Sibi Division|Sevi Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Sibi District]]<br />
*[[Kachhi District]]<br />
*[[Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Harnai District]]<br />
|{{convert|15,934|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,046,548<br />
|34.0/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Sibi]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====<br />
[[File:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with district names- in 2022 by Vijay Kumar.jpg|thumb|Colours correspond to Divisions of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
==== Punjab ====<br />
This section is an excerpt from [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan § List of divisions by population over the years.]]<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarters<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Literacy Rate, Enrollment, and Out of School Population by Sex and Rural/Urban: Census 2023 - Punjab Province |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930200632/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date= |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy<br />
rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_bwp|title=TMA Bahawalpur Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]<br />
* [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
* [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
| 45,588 <br />
|13,400,009<br />
| 293.94/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|52.13%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Bahawalpur_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_dgkhan|title=TMA Dera Ghazi Khan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
* [[Layyah District|Layyah]]<br />
* [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
* [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]]<br />
* [[Taunsa District|Taunsa]]<br />
* [[Kot Addu District|Kot Addu]]<br />
| 38,778<br />
|12,892,465<br />
| 332.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|48.00%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Dera_Ghazi_Khan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_faisalabad|title=TMA Faisalabad Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]<br />
* [[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]<br />
* [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
* [[Jhang District|Jhang]]<br />
| 17,918<br />
|16,228,526<br />
| 905.71/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|68.80%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Faisalabad_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujranwala_Division|title=Gujranwala Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]<br />
* [[Narowal District|Narowal]]<br />
* [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]<br />
| 7,779<br />
|11,416,686<br />
| 937.11/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujranwala (division) (2022).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujrat_Division|title=Gujrat Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
* [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]<br />
* [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
* [[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]]<br />
| 9,438<br />
|7,362,182<br />
|670/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujrat (division).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|title=Lahore Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185319/https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Lahore District|Lahore]]<br />
* [[Kasur District|Kasur]]<br />
* [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
* [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]<br />
| 11,727<br />
|22,772,710<br />
| 1941.90/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|73.63%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Lahore_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan Division|Multan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Multan_Division|title=Multan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Multan District|Multan]]<br />
* [[Lodhran District|Lodhran]]<br />
* [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]]<br />
* [[Vehari District|Vehari]]<br />
| 15,211<br />
|14,085,102<br />
| 925.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.43%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Multan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_rawalpindi|title=TMA Rawalpindi Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]<br />
* [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]<br />
* [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]<br />
* [[Attock District|Attock]]<br />
* [[Murree District|Murree]]<br />
* [[Talagang District|Talagang]]<br />
| 18,823<br />
|10,804,250<br />
| 574.50<br />
|79.9%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Rawalpindi_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sahiwal_Division|title=Sahiwal Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]<br />
* [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]<br />
* [[Okara District|Okara]]<br />
| 10,302<br />
|8,533,471<br />
| 828.33/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|61.02%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Sahiwal_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sargodha_Division|title=Sargodha Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]<br />
* [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]<br />
* [[Khushab District|Khushab]]<br />
* [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]<br />
| 26,360<br />
|9,591,275<br />
| 263.86/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|63.19%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Sargodha division as 2023.jpg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Sindh ====<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Sindh#List of the Divisions by area, population, density, literacy rate etc.}}<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarter<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf|title=Population 2023 tables sindh}}</ref><br />
!Pop. Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dadu District]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Jamshoro District]]<br />
* [[Matiari District]]<br />
* [[Tando Allahyar District]]<br />
* [[Tando Muhammad Khan District]]<br />
* [[Badin District]]<br />
* [[Sujawal District]]<br />
* [[Thatta District]]<br />
| 48,670<br />
| 1,16,59,246<br />
| 239.56/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|45.38%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Hyderabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Karachi Central District|Central]]<br />
* [[Karachi East District|East]]<br />
* [[Karachi South District|South]]<br />
* [[Karachi West District|West]]<br />
* [[Korangi District|Korangi]]<br />
* [[Malir District|Malir]]<br />
* [[Keamari District|Kemari]]<br />
| 3,527<br />
| 2,03,82,881<br />
| 5,779.10/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|75.11%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Karachi (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Jacobabad District]]<br />
* [[Kashmore District]]<br />
* [[Larkana District]]<br />
* [[Qambar Shahdadkot District]]<br />
* [[Shikarpur District]]<br />
| 15,213<br />
| 70,93,706<br />
| 466.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|44.53%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Larkana (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Mirpur Khas District]]<br />
* [[Tharparkar District]]<br />
* [[Umerkot District]]<br />
| 28,170<br />
| 46,19,624<br />
| 153.99/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|40.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Mirpur Khas (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shaheed Benazirabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nawabshah]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Naushahro Feroze District]]<br />
* [[Shaheed Benazir Abad District]]<br />
* [[Sanghar District]]<br />
| 18,176<br />
| 59,30,649<br />
| 326.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|49.91%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Shaheed Benazirabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Ghotki District]]<br />
* [[Khairpur District]]<br />
* [[Sukkur District]]<br />
| 27,158<br />
| 60,10,041<br />
| 221.30/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.72%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Sukkur (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pakistan-oocupied Kashmir ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]||align="right"|4,388||align="right"|1,198,249||align="right"|1,651,018<br />
|N/A||[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]||align="right"|6,117||align="right"|745,733||align="right"|1,072,150<br />
|N/A||[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]||align="right"|2,792||align="right"|1,028,541||align="right"|1,322,198<br />
|N/A||[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A|| [[Gilgit]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population over the years ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" <br />
|+Data from 2023, 2017, 1998, 1981, 1972 censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Info |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Divisions |url=http://www.statoids.com/ypk.html |website=www.statoids.com}}</ref><br />
! Division <br />
!Pop.<br />
2023<br />
! Pop.<br />
2017<br />
! Pop.<br />
1998<br />
! Pop.<br />
1981<br />
!Pop.<br />
1972<br />
!Pop.<br />
1961<br />
!Pop.<br />
1951<br />
! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|20,06,572<br />
|8,05,235<br />
|3,40,286<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009 <br />
|1,14,64,031 <br />
|76,35,591 <br />
|40,68,636 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|1,93,98,081<br />
|1,20,15,649<br />
|71,83,097 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|1,10,14,398<br />
|65,03,590<br />
|37,46,837 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|1,41,77,081<br />
|98,85,685 <br />
|66,67,425 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|1,22,65,161<br />
|84,47,557 <br />
|54,08,561<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|1,00,07,821<br />
|66,59,528 <br />
|44,32,729 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|81,81,499<br />
|56,79,766<br />
|39,30,628<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|53,62,866<br />
|42,71,247<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|97,83,183<br />
|61,01,052 <br />
|39,34,861<br />
|32,18,873<br />
|25,87,061<br />
|18,35,178<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|63,37,678<br />
|46,85,773<br />
|32,64,764<br />
|27,13,675<br />
|18,72,505<br />
|16,26,496<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|42,28,683 <br />
|25,85,417 <br />
|15,01,882 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|1,05,92,635<br />
|68,29,537 <br />
|46,78,290 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|1,60,51,521<br />
|98,56,318 <br />
|54,37,984<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|61,92,380<br />
|42,10,650<br />
|27,46,201<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|52,82,277<br />
|35,10,036 <br />
|25,60,448 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|55,38,555<br />
|34,47,935 <br />
|21,03,861 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779<br />
|20,19,017 <br />
|10,91,211 <br />
|6,35,494 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|20,44,074 <br />
|11,65,692<br />
|7,10,786<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|22,18,971<br />
|13,07,969 <br />
|7,58,772 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|53,25,121 <br />
|35,05,581 <br />
|27,01,257 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|75,14,694<br />
|42,62,700 <br />
|24,66,767 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|39,97,677<br />
|24,86,904 <br />
|15,06,500 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|74,03,817<br />
|39,23,588 <br />
|22,81,752<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalat Division|Kalat]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|25,09,230<br />
|14,57,722 <br />
|10,44,174<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|5,91,144<br />
|10,76,708<br />
|6,99,669<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|14,89,015<br />
|8,32,753 <br />
|6,52,602<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|41,74,562<br />
|16,99,957<br />
|8,80,618<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|10,38,010<br />
|6,30,901<br />
|3,05,768 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|8,06,238<br />
|4,68,695<br />
|3,61,647 <br />
|1,71,989<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|7,36,209<br />
|4,87,748<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|7,37,162<br />
|4,09,473<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|16,51,018<br />
|11,98,249<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|10,72,150<br />
|7,45,733<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|13,22,198<br />
|10,28,541<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc. ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
|+List of the divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc.<br />
! Division <br />
!Population<br />
(2023)<br />
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Density/<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
(2017)<br />
!Literacy<br />
rate<br />
(2023)<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of KPK |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_kp_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
! Capital !! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|906<br />
|2214.76<br />
|83.97%<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779 <br />
|9,005<br />
|224.21<br />
|41.73%<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|4,391 <br />
|465.51<br />
|42.11%<br />
| [[Bannu District|Bannu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|7,012<br />
|316.45<br />
|50.89%<br />
|[[Kohat]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|17,194<br />
|309.7<br />
|60.95%<br />
|[[Abbottabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|29,872<br />
|251.56<br />
|47.51%<br />
|Saidu<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|3,046<br />
|1312.43<br />
|56.90%<br />
|[[Mardan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|4,001<br />
|1850.49<br />
|51.32%<br />
|[[Peshawar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|38,778<br />
|284.04<br />
|48.00%<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|11,727 <br />
|1654.14<br />
|73.63%<br />
| [[Lahore]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|17,917<br />
|791.26<br />
|68.80%<br />
| [[Faisalabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009<br />
|45,588 <br />
|251.47<br />
|52.13%<br />
| [[Bahawalpur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|7,779 <br />
|937.11<br />
|76.41%<br />
| [[Gujranwala]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|9,438<br />
|780.05<br />
|75.30%<br />
|[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|17,935<br />
|683.87<br />
|59.43%<br />
| [[Multan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|18,823<br />
|574.5<br />
|79.90%<br />
|[[Rawalpindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|26,360<br />
|310.38<br />
|63.19%<br />
|[[Sargodha]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|10,302 <br />
|520.57<br />
|61.02%<br />
| [[Sahiwal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|3,528<br />
|4549.75<br />
|75.11%<br />
| [[Karachi]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|28,171 <br />
|150.11<br />
|40.41%<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|64,963<br />
|163.06<br />
|45.38%<br />
| [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|15,543<br />
|398.4<br />
|44.53%<br />
| [[Larkana]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|18,175<br />
|290.63<br />
|49.91%<br />
| [[Nawabshah|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|34,752<br />
|159.37<br />
|49.72%<br />
|[[Sukkur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|52,067<br />
|28.6<br />
|47.69%<br />
| [[Turbat]]<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|16,946 <br />
|34.88<br />
|32.59%<br />
| [[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|64,310 <br />
|64.91<br />
|51.68%<br />
| [[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuzdar Division|Khuzdar]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|91,767 <br />
|17.85<br />
|38.72%<br />
| [[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|27,055<br />
|38.37<br />
|34.70%<br />
| [[Sibi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|98,596<br />
|–<br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|27,128<br />
|34.2<br />
|32.33%<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|17,260<br />
|50.4<br />
|39.89%<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|4,388<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|6,117<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|2,792<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Gilgit]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Read also ==<br />
** [[Divisions of Balochistan]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Sindh]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Sindh|Districts of Sindh, Pakistan]] <br />
** [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Balochistan|Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|Districts of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan|Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Local government in Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisions_of_Pakistan&diff=552149Divisions of Pakistan2026-07-14T08:55:42Z<p>Adarshatva: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Second-level administrative regions of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox subdivision type<br />
| name = Divisions of Pakistan <br > पाकिस्तान के प्रभाग<br />
| alt_name = {{Nastaliq|پاکستان کے ڈویژن}}{{refn|group = A |name = Nagarisation| पाकिस्तान के डिवीज़न् }}<br />
| alt_name1 = <br />
| alt_name2 = <br />
| alt_name3 = <br />
| map = File:Blank Divisions of Pakistan.svg<br />
| caption = Map of divisions of Pakistan<br />
| alt = <br />
| category = Second-level [[administrative division]]<br />
| territory = [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]<br />
| upper_unit = <br />
| start_date = <br />
| start_date1 = <br />
| start_date2 = <br />
| legislation_begin = <br />
| legislation_begin1 = <br />
| legislation_begin2 = <br />
| legislation_end = <br />
| legislation_end1 = <br />
| legislation_end2 = <br />
| end_date = <br />
| end_date1 = <br />
| end_date2 = <br />
| current_number = [[#Current divisions|37]]<br />
| number_date = 2024<br />
| type = <br />
| type1 = <br />
| type2 = <br />
| type3 = <br />
| type4 = <br />
| status = <br />
| status1 = <br />
| status2 = <br />
| status3 = <br />
| status4 = <br />
| exofficio = <br />
| exofficio1 = <br />
| exofficio2 = <br />
| exofficio3 = <br />
| exofficio4 = <br />
| population_range = <br />
| area_range = <br />
| government = Divisional government<br />
| subdivision = [[Districts of Pakistan|Districts]]<br />[[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils]]<br />[[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Politics of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The [[Administrative units of Pakistan|administrative units of Pakistan]] comprise four provinces, two territories in the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir region]], and a capital territory. The provinces and territories are further subdivided into 37 divisions, which are subsequently divided into [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], [[Tehsil|tehsils]], and finally [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]]. The division system was abolished in 2000 but was subsequently restored in 2008.<br />
<br />
These divisions do not encompass the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. The formerly [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA), which previously held the same administrative status as provinces, were merged into [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and incorporated into neighbouring divisions within that province in 2018.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The administrative divisions constituted an integral tier of government from colonial times, with the Governor's provinces of British India being subdivided into divisions, which were further divided into districts. At the time of creation in 1947, the new nation of Pakistan comprised two geographically separated wings – [[East Pakistan|eastern]] and [[West Pakistan|western]]. Three of Pakistan's provinces were subdivided into ten administrative divisions. The single province in the eastern wing, [[East Bengal]], comprised four divisions – [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]. [[West Punjab]] province contained four divisions – [[Lahore Division|Lahore]], [[Multan Division|Multan]], [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]], and [[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]. The [[North-West Frontier Province]] (as it was then known) had two divisions – [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]. Most of the former [[Sind Province (1936-1955|Sind Province]] became [[Hyderabad Division]]. The majority of divisions were named after their respective divisional capitals, though some exceptions existed.<br />
<br />
From 1955 to 1970, the [[One Unit Scheme|One Unit policy]] consolidated the administrative structure into only two provinces – [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]]. [[East Pakistan]] retained the same divisions as [[East Bengal]] previously possessed, while [[West Pakistan]] progressively gained seven new divisions to supplement the original six divisions. The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was reorganised into [[Kalat Division]], while the former [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Chief Commissioner's Province]] became [[Quetta Division]]. The princely State of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]], combined with portions of [[Hyderabad division]], formed [[Sukkur Division|Khairpur Division]]. The former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|princely state of Bahawalpur]] was established as [[Bahawalpur Division]], thereby joining [[West Punjab]]. In 1959, the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] was absorbed into [[West Pakistan]], and in 1960, it was merged with the district of [[Lasbela (princely state)|Las Bela]] to create the [[Karachi Division|Karachi-Bela Division]]. In 1969, the princely states of [[Kingdom of Chitral|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were incorporated into [[West Pakistan]] as the [[Malakand Division]], with Saidu serving as the divisional headquarters. Khairpur division was abolished in 1975 and replaced with [[Sukkur Division]]. In 1980, Sukkur division was bifurcated to establish [[Larkana division]]. [[Mirpurkhas division]] was created in 1990 through the bifurcation of [[Hyderabad division]].<br />
== Current divisions by administrative units ==<br />
The current administrative structure of Pakistan comprises 37 divisions in total, distributed across five provinces and two Pakistan-administered regions of Kashmir. Within the four provinces, there are 31 divisions: [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] contains 8 divisions, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] has 7 divisions, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] features 10 divisions, and [[Sindh]] encompasses 6 divisions. These divisions are accompanied by their respective population figures as recorded in the Census of Pakistan 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Balochistan.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]] |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><br />
The 6 divisions located in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
=== Provinces ===<br />
<br />
==== Balochistan ====<br />
[[File:Divisions of Balochistan.jpg|thumb|Eight divisions of Balochistan Province]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Balochistan#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="width:95%; text-align:center; border:1px solid black"<br />
!Division<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Table 12: Literacy Rate, Enrolment And Out Of School Population By Sex And Rural/Urban 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Districts<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial cabinet approves three new districts |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Jun-2022/provincial-cabinet-approves-three-new-districts%3fversion=amp |website=www.nation.com|access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref><br />
!Area<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Map<br />
!Capital<br />
|-<br />
! [[Khuzdar Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Khuzdar District]]<br />
*[[Kalat District]]<br />
*[[Wadh]] [[District]]<br />
*[[Surab District]]<br />
|{{convert|41,208|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,547,812<br />
|37.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.39%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Lasbela Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Awaran District]]<br />
*[[Hub District]]<br />
*[[Lasbela District]]<br />
|{{convert|44,463|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|859,935<br />
|19.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|39.05%<br />
|[[File:Qalat Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Lasbela]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Loralai Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Loralai District]]<br />
*[[Ziarat District]]<br />
*[[Musakhail District]]<br />
*[[Duki District]] <br />
|{{convert|17,047|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,073,686<br />
|62.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|43.89%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Zhob Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Zhob District]]<br />
*[[Killa Saifullah District]]<br />
*[[Sherani District]]<br />
|{{convert|27,128|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|957,579<br />
|34.19/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.33%<br />
|[[File:Zhob Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Makran Division|Makuran Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Gwadar District]]<br />
*[[Kech District]]<br />
*[[Panjgur District]]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tump,_Balochistan&oldid=1342111038 Tump District]<br />
|{{convert|52,067|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,875,872<br />
|36.03/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|47.69%<br />
|[[File:Makran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Turbat]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Naseerabad Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Jaffarabad District]]<br />
*[[Jhal Magsi District]]<br />
*[[Nasirabad District]]<br />
*[[Sohbatpur District]]<br />
*[[Usta Muhammad District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,447|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,601,347<br />
|169.5/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.23%<br />
|[[File:Nasirabad Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Quetta Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta East District]] <br />
*[[Quetta District|Quetta West District]]<br />
*[[Mastung District]]<br />
|{{convert|9,434|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|2,908,763<br />
|308.3/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pishin Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Killa Abdullah District]]<br />
*[[Pishin District]]<br />
*[[Barshore District]]<br />
*[[Chaman District]]<br />
|{{convert|11,112|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,663,671<br />
|292.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|51.68%<br />
|[[File:Quetta Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Rakhshan Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Chagai District]]<br />
*[[Washuk District]]<br />
*[[Nushki District]]<br />
*[[Kharan District]]<br />
|{{convert|98,596|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|940,001<br />
|10.55/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[File:Rakhshan Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[ Koh-e-Sulaiman Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Upper Dera Bugti district|Upper Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Kohlu District]]<br />
*[[Barkhan District]]<br />
|{{convert|14,963|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|635,552<br />
|42.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Rakhni]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Sibi Division|Sevi Division]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Sibi District]]<br />
*[[Kachhi District]]<br />
*[[Dera Bugti District]]<br />
*[[Harnai District]]<br />
|{{convert|15,934|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
|1,046,548<br />
|34.0/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|34.70%<br />
|[[File:Sibi Division, Balochistan, Pakistan.png|200px|center]]<br />
|[[Sibi]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====<br />
[[File:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with district names- in 2022 by Vijay Kumar.jpg|thumb|Colours correspond to Divisions of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
==== Punjab ====<br />
This section is an excerpt from [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan § List of divisions by population over the years.]]<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarters<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Literacy Rate, Enrollment, and Out of School Population by Sex and Rural/Urban: Census 2023 - Punjab Province |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930200632/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date= |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy<br />
rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_bwp|title=TMA Bahawalpur Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]<br />
* [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
* [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
| 45,588 <br />
|13,400,009<br />
| 293.94/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|52.13%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Bahawalpur_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_dgkhan|title=TMA Dera Ghazi Khan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
* [[Layyah District|Layyah]]<br />
* [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
* [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]]<br />
* [[Taunsa District|Taunsa]]<br />
* [[Kot Addu District|Kot Addu]]<br />
| 38,778<br />
|12,892,465<br />
| 332.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|48.00%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Dera_Ghazi_Khan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_faisalabad|title=TMA Faisalabad Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]<br />
* [[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]<br />
* [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
* [[Jhang District|Jhang]]<br />
| 17,918<br />
|16,228,526<br />
| 905.71/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|68.80%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Faisalabad_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujranwala_Division|title=Gujranwala Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]<br />
* [[Narowal District|Narowal]]<br />
* [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]<br />
| 7,779<br />
|11,416,686<br />
| 937.11/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujranwala (division) (2022).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujrat_Division|title=Gujrat Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
* [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]<br />
* [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
* [[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]]<br />
| 9,438<br />
|7,362,182<br />
|670/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujrat (division).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|title=Lahore Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185319/https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Lahore District|Lahore]]<br />
* [[Kasur District|Kasur]]<br />
* [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
* [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]<br />
| 11,727<br />
|22,772,710<br />
| 1941.90/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|73.63%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Lahore_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan Division|Multan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Multan_Division|title=Multan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Multan District|Multan]]<br />
* [[Lodhran District|Lodhran]]<br />
* [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]]<br />
* [[Vehari District|Vehari]]<br />
| 15,211<br />
|14,085,102<br />
| 925.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.43%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Multan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_rawalpindi|title=TMA Rawalpindi Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]<br />
* [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]<br />
* [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]<br />
* [[Attock District|Attock]]<br />
* [[Murree District|Murree]]<br />
* [[Talagang District|Talagang]]<br />
| 18,823<br />
|10,804,250<br />
| 574.50<br />
|79.9%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Rawalpindi_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sahiwal_Division|title=Sahiwal Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]<br />
* [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]<br />
* [[Okara District|Okara]]<br />
| 10,302<br />
|8,533,471<br />
| 828.33/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|61.02%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Sahiwal_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sargodha_Division|title=Sargodha Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]<br />
* [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]<br />
* [[Khushab District|Khushab]]<br />
* [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]<br />
| 26,360<br />
|9,591,275<br />
| 263.86/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|63.19%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Sargodha division as 2023.jpg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Sindh ====<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Sindh#List of the Divisions by area, population, density, literacy rate etc.}}<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarter<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf|title=Population 2023 tables sindh}}</ref><br />
!Pop. Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dadu District]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Jamshoro District]]<br />
* [[Matiari District]]<br />
* [[Tando Allahyar District]]<br />
* [[Tando Muhammad Khan District]]<br />
* [[Badin District]]<br />
* [[Sujawal District]]<br />
* [[Thatta District]]<br />
| 48,670<br />
| 1,16,59,246<br />
| 239.56/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|45.38%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Hyderabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Karachi Central District|Central]]<br />
* [[Karachi East District|East]]<br />
* [[Karachi South District|South]]<br />
* [[Karachi West District|West]]<br />
* [[Korangi District|Korangi]]<br />
* [[Malir District|Malir]]<br />
* [[Keamari District|Kemari]]<br />
| 3,527<br />
| 2,03,82,881<br />
| 5,779.10/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|75.11%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Karachi (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Jacobabad District]]<br />
* [[Kashmore District]]<br />
* [[Larkana District]]<br />
* [[Qambar Shahdadkot District]]<br />
* [[Shikarpur District]]<br />
| 15,213<br />
| 70,93,706<br />
| 466.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|44.53%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Larkana (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Mirpur Khas District]]<br />
* [[Tharparkar District]]<br />
* [[Umerkot District]]<br />
| 28,170<br />
| 46,19,624<br />
| 153.99/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|40.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Mirpur Khas (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shaheed Benazirabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nawabshah]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Naushahro Feroze District]]<br />
* [[Shaheed Benazir Abad District]]<br />
* [[Sanghar District]]<br />
| 18,176<br />
| 59,30,649<br />
| 326.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|49.91%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Shaheed Benazirabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Ghotki District]]<br />
* [[Khairpur District]]<br />
* [[Sukkur District]]<br />
| 27,158<br />
| 60,10,041<br />
| 221.30/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.72%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Sukkur (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pakistan-oocupied Kashmir ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]||align="right"|4,388||align="right"|1,198,249||align="right"|1,651,018<br />
|N/A||[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]||align="right"|6,117||align="right"|745,733||align="right"|1,072,150<br />
|N/A||[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]||align="right"|2,792||align="right"|1,028,541||align="right"|1,322,198<br />
|N/A||[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A|| [[Gilgit]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population over the years ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" <br />
|+Data from 2023, 2017, 1998, 1981, 1972 censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Info |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Divisions |url=http://www.statoids.com/ypk.html |website=www.statoids.com}}</ref><br />
! Division <br />
!Pop.<br />
2023<br />
! Pop.<br />
2017<br />
! Pop.<br />
1998<br />
! Pop.<br />
1981<br />
!Pop.<br />
1972<br />
!Pop.<br />
1961<br />
!Pop.<br />
1951<br />
! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|20,06,572<br />
|8,05,235<br />
|3,40,286<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009 <br />
|1,14,64,031 <br />
|76,35,591 <br />
|40,68,636 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|1,93,98,081<br />
|1,20,15,649<br />
|71,83,097 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|1,10,14,398<br />
|65,03,590<br />
|37,46,837 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|1,41,77,081<br />
|98,85,685 <br />
|66,67,425 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|1,22,65,161<br />
|84,47,557 <br />
|54,08,561<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|1,00,07,821<br />
|66,59,528 <br />
|44,32,729 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|81,81,499<br />
|56,79,766<br />
|39,30,628<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|53,62,866<br />
|42,71,247<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|97,83,183<br />
|61,01,052 <br />
|39,34,861<br />
|32,18,873<br />
|25,87,061<br />
|18,35,178<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|63,37,678<br />
|46,85,773<br />
|32,64,764<br />
|27,13,675<br />
|18,72,505<br />
|16,26,496<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|42,28,683 <br />
|25,85,417 <br />
|15,01,882 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|1,05,92,635<br />
|68,29,537 <br />
|46,78,290 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|1,60,51,521<br />
|98,56,318 <br />
|54,37,984<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|61,92,380<br />
|42,10,650<br />
|27,46,201<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|52,82,277<br />
|35,10,036 <br />
|25,60,448 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|55,38,555<br />
|34,47,935 <br />
|21,03,861 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779<br />
|20,19,017 <br />
|10,91,211 <br />
|6,35,494 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|20,44,074 <br />
|11,65,692<br />
|7,10,786<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|22,18,971<br />
|13,07,969 <br />
|7,58,772 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|53,25,121 <br />
|35,05,581 <br />
|27,01,257 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|75,14,694<br />
|42,62,700 <br />
|24,66,767 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|39,97,677<br />
|24,86,904 <br />
|15,06,500 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|74,03,817<br />
|39,23,588 <br />
|22,81,752<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalat Division|Kalat]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|25,09,230<br />
|14,57,722 <br />
|10,44,174<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|5,91,144<br />
|10,76,708<br />
|6,99,669<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|14,89,015<br />
|8,32,753 <br />
|6,52,602<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|41,74,562<br />
|16,99,957<br />
|8,80,618<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|10,38,010<br />
|6,30,901<br />
|3,05,768 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|8,06,238<br />
|4,68,695<br />
|3,61,647 <br />
|1,71,989<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|7,36,209<br />
|4,87,748<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|7,37,162<br />
|4,09,473<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|16,51,018<br />
|11,98,249<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|10,72,150<br />
|7,45,733<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|13,22,198<br />
|10,28,541<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc. ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
|+List of the divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc.<br />
! Division <br />
!Population<br />
(2023)<br />
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Density/<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
(2017)<br />
!Literacy<br />
rate<br />
(2023)<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of KPK |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_kp_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
! Capital !! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|906<br />
|2214.76<br />
|83.97%<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779 <br />
|9,005<br />
|224.21<br />
|41.73%<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|4,391 <br />
|465.51<br />
|42.11%<br />
| [[Bannu District|Bannu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|7,012<br />
|316.45<br />
|50.89%<br />
|[[Kohat]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|17,194<br />
|309.7<br />
|60.95%<br />
|[[Abbottabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|29,872<br />
|251.56<br />
|47.51%<br />
|Saidu<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|3,046<br />
|1312.43<br />
|56.90%<br />
|[[Mardan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|4,001<br />
|1850.49<br />
|51.32%<br />
|[[Peshawar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|38,778<br />
|284.04<br />
|48.00%<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|11,727 <br />
|1654.14<br />
|73.63%<br />
| [[Lahore]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|17,917<br />
|791.26<br />
|68.80%<br />
| [[Faisalabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009<br />
|45,588 <br />
|251.47<br />
|52.13%<br />
| [[Bahawalpur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|7,779 <br />
|937.11<br />
|76.41%<br />
| [[Gujranwala]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|9,438<br />
|780.05<br />
|75.30%<br />
|[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|17,935<br />
|683.87<br />
|59.43%<br />
| [[Multan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|18,823<br />
|574.5<br />
|79.90%<br />
|[[Rawalpindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|26,360<br />
|310.38<br />
|63.19%<br />
|[[Sargodha]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|10,302 <br />
|520.57<br />
|61.02%<br />
| [[Sahiwal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|3,528<br />
|4549.75<br />
|75.11%<br />
| [[Karachi]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|28,171 <br />
|150.11<br />
|40.41%<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|64,963<br />
|163.06<br />
|45.38%<br />
| [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|15,543<br />
|398.4<br />
|44.53%<br />
| [[Larkana]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|18,175<br />
|290.63<br />
|49.91%<br />
| [[Nawabshah|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|34,752<br />
|159.37<br />
|49.72%<br />
|[[Sukkur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|52,067<br />
|28.6<br />
|47.69%<br />
| [[Turbat]]<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|16,946 <br />
|34.88<br />
|32.59%<br />
| [[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|64,310 <br />
|64.91<br />
|51.68%<br />
| [[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuzdar Division|Khuzdar]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|91,767 <br />
|17.85<br />
|38.72%<br />
| [[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|27,055<br />
|38.37<br />
|34.70%<br />
| [[Sibi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|98,596<br />
|–<br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|27,128<br />
|34.2<br />
|32.33%<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|17,260<br />
|50.4<br />
|39.89%<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|4,388<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|6,117<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|2,792<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Gilgit]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Read also ==<br />
** [[Divisions of Balochistan]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Sindh]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Sindh|Districts of Sindh, Pakistan]] <br />
** [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Balochistan|Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|Districts of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan|Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Local government in Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatvahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisions_of_Pakistan&diff=552148Divisions of Pakistan2026-07-14T08:55:09Z<p>Adarshatva: /* Balochistan */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Second-level administrative regions of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox subdivision type<br />
| name = Divisions of Pakistan <br > पाकिस्तान के प्रभाग<br />
| alt_name = {{Nastaliq|پاکستان کے ڈویژن}}{{refn|group = A |name = Nagarisation| पाकिस्तान के डिवीज़न् }}<br />
| alt_name1 = <br />
| alt_name2 = <br />
| alt_name3 = <br />
| map = File:Blank Divisions of Pakistan.svg<br />
| caption = Map of divisions of Pakistan<br />
| alt = <br />
| category = Second-level [[administrative division]]<br />
| territory = [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]<br />
| upper_unit = <br />
| start_date = <br />
| start_date1 = <br />
| start_date2 = <br />
| legislation_begin = <br />
| legislation_begin1 = <br />
| legislation_begin2 = <br />
| legislation_end = <br />
| legislation_end1 = <br />
| legislation_end2 = <br />
| end_date = <br />
| end_date1 = <br />
| end_date2 = <br />
| current_number = [[#Current divisions|37]]<br />
| number_date = 2024<br />
| type = <br />
| type1 = <br />
| type2 = <br />
| type3 = <br />
| type4 = <br />
| status = <br />
| status1 = <br />
| status2 = <br />
| status3 = <br />
| status4 = <br />
| exofficio = <br />
| exofficio1 = <br />
| exofficio2 = <br />
| exofficio3 = <br />
| exofficio4 = <br />
| population_range = <br />
| area_range = <br />
| government = Divisional government<br />
| subdivision = [[Districts of Pakistan|Districts]]<br />[[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils]]<br />[[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Politics of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The [[Administrative units of Pakistan|administrative units of Pakistan]] comprise four provinces, two territories in the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir region]], and a capital territory. The provinces and territories are further subdivided into 37 divisions, which are subsequently divided into [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], [[Tehsil|tehsils]], and finally [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]]. The division system was abolished in 2000 but was subsequently restored in 2008.<br />
<br />
These divisions do not encompass the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. The formerly [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA), which previously held the same administrative status as provinces, were merged into [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and incorporated into neighbouring divisions within that province in 2018.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The administrative divisions constituted an integral tier of government from colonial times, with the Governor's provinces of British India being subdivided into divisions, which were further divided into districts. At the time of creation in 1947, the new nation of Pakistan comprised two geographically separated wings – [[East Pakistan|eastern]] and [[West Pakistan|western]]. Three of Pakistan's provinces were subdivided into ten administrative divisions. The single province in the eastern wing, [[East Bengal]], comprised four divisions – [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]. [[West Punjab]] province contained four divisions – [[Lahore Division|Lahore]], [[Multan Division|Multan]], [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]], and [[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]. The [[North-West Frontier Province]] (as it was then known) had two divisions – [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]. Most of the former [[Sind Province (1936-1955|Sind Province]] became [[Hyderabad Division]]. The majority of divisions were named after their respective divisional capitals, though some exceptions existed.<br />
<br />
From 1955 to 1970, the [[One Unit Scheme|One Unit policy]] consolidated the administrative structure into only two provinces – [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]]. [[East Pakistan]] retained the same divisions as [[East Bengal]] previously possessed, while [[West Pakistan]] progressively gained seven new divisions to supplement the original six divisions. The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was reorganised into [[Kalat Division]], while the former [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Chief Commissioner's Province]] became [[Quetta Division]]. The princely State of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]], combined with portions of [[Hyderabad division]], formed [[Sukkur Division|Khairpur Division]]. The former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|princely state of Bahawalpur]] was established as [[Bahawalpur Division]], thereby joining [[West Punjab]]. In 1959, the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] was absorbed into [[West Pakistan]], and in 1960, it was merged with the district of [[Lasbela (princely state)|Las Bela]] to create the [[Karachi Division|Karachi-Bela Division]]. In 1969, the princely states of [[Kingdom of Chitral|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were incorporated into [[West Pakistan]] as the [[Malakand Division]], with Saidu serving as the divisional headquarters. Khairpur division was abolished in 1975 and replaced with [[Sukkur Division]]. In 1980, Sukkur division was bifurcated to establish [[Larkana division]]. [[Mirpurkhas division]] was created in 1990 through the bifurcation of [[Hyderabad division]].<br />
== Current divisions by administrative units ==<br />
The current administrative structure of Pakistan comprises 37 divisions in total, distributed across five provinces and two Pakistan-administered regions of Kashmir. Within the four provinces, there are 31 divisions: [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] contains 8 divisions, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] has 7 divisions, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] features 10 divisions, and [[Sindh]] encompasses 6 divisions. These divisions are accompanied by their respective population figures as recorded in the Census of Pakistan 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Balochistan.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]] |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Households, Populations, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate {{!}} Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><br />
The 6 divisions located in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
=== Provinces ===<br />
<br />
==== Balochistan ====<br />
[[File:Divisions of Balochistan.jpg|thumb|Eight divisions of Balochistan Province]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Balochistan#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====<br />
[[File:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with district names- in 2022 by Vijay Kumar.jpg|thumb|Colours correspond to Divisions of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#List of divisions}}<br />
<br />
==== Punjab ====<br />
This section is an excerpt from [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan § List of divisions by population over the years.]]<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarters<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Literacy Rate, Enrollment, and Out of School Population by Sex and Rural/Urban: Census 2023 - Punjab Province |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930200632/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date= |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><br />
!Population Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy<br />
rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_bwp|title=TMA Bahawalpur Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahawalpur]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]<br />
* [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
* [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
| 45,588 <br />
|13,400,009<br />
| 293.94/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|52.13%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Bahawalpur_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_dgkhan|title=TMA Dera Ghazi Khan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
* [[Layyah District|Layyah]]<br />
* [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
* [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]]<br />
* [[Taunsa District|Taunsa]]<br />
* [[Kot Addu District|Kot Addu]]<br />
| 38,778<br />
|12,892,465<br />
| 332.47/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|48.00%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Dera_Ghazi_Khan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_faisalabad|title=TMA Faisalabad Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Faisalabad]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]<br />
* [[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]<br />
* [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
* [[Jhang District|Jhang]]<br />
| 17,918<br />
|16,228,526<br />
| 905.71/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|68.80%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Faisalabad_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujranwala_Division|title=Gujranwala Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujranwala]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]<br />
* [[Narowal District|Narowal]]<br />
* [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]<br />
| 7,779<br />
|11,416,686<br />
| 937.11/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujranwala (division) (2022).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Gujrat_Division|title=Gujrat Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
* [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]<br />
* [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
* [[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]]<br />
| 9,438<br />
|7,362,182<br />
|670/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|76.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Punjab - Gujrat (division).png|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|title=Lahore Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185319/https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Lahore_Division|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahore]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Lahore District|Lahore]]<br />
* [[Kasur District|Kasur]]<br />
* [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
* [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]<br />
| 11,727<br />
|22,772,710<br />
| 1941.90/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|73.63%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Lahore_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan Division|Multan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Multan_Division|title=Multan Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Multan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Multan District|Multan]]<br />
* [[Lodhran District|Lodhran]]<br />
* [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]]<br />
* [[Vehari District|Vehari]]<br />
| 15,211<br />
|14,085,102<br />
| 925.98/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.43%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Multan_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_rawalpindi|title=TMA Rawalpindi Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rawalpindi]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]<br />
* [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]<br />
* [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]<br />
* [[Attock District|Attock]]<br />
* [[Murree District|Murree]]<br />
* [[Talagang District|Talagang]]<br />
| 18,823<br />
|10,804,250<br />
| 574.50<br />
|79.9%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Rawalpindi_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sahiwal_Division|title=Sahiwal Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sahiwal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]<br />
* [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]<br />
* [[Okara District|Okara]]<br />
| 10,302<br />
|8,533,471<br />
| 828.33/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|61.02%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Sahiwal_(division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/Sargodha_Division|title=Sargodha Division {{!}} Local Government and Community Development|website=lgcd.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sargodha]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]<br />
* [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]<br />
* [[Khushab District|Khushab]]<br />
* [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]<br />
| 26,360<br />
|9,591,275<br />
| 263.86/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|63.19%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Sargodha division as 2023.jpg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Sindh ====<br />
{{Main|Divisions of Sindh#List of the Divisions by area, population, density, literacy rate etc.}}<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Headquarter<br />
! Districts<br />
! Area<br />
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf|title=Population 2023 tables sindh}}</ref><br />
!Pop. Density (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
! Map<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Dadu District]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Jamshoro District]]<br />
* [[Matiari District]]<br />
* [[Tando Allahyar District]]<br />
* [[Tando Muhammad Khan District]]<br />
* [[Badin District]]<br />
* [[Sujawal District]]<br />
* [[Thatta District]]<br />
| 48,670<br />
| 1,16,59,246<br />
| 239.56/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|45.38%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Hyderabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Karachi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Karachi Central District|Central]]<br />
* [[Karachi East District|East]]<br />
* [[Karachi South District|South]]<br />
* [[Karachi West District|West]]<br />
* [[Korangi District|Korangi]]<br />
* [[Malir District|Malir]]<br />
* [[Keamari District|Kemari]]<br />
| 3,527<br />
| 2,03,82,881<br />
| 5,779.10/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|75.11%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Karachi (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Larkana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Jacobabad District]]<br />
* [[Kashmore District]]<br />
* [[Larkana District]]<br />
* [[Qambar Shahdadkot District]]<br />
* [[Shikarpur District]]<br />
| 15,213<br />
| 70,93,706<br />
| 466.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|44.53%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Larkana (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Mirpur Khas District]]<br />
* [[Tharparkar District]]<br />
* [[Umerkot District]]<br />
| 28,170<br />
| 46,19,624<br />
| 153.99/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|40.41%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Mirpur Khas (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shaheed Benazirabad Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nawabshah]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Naushahro Feroze District]]<br />
* [[Shaheed Benazir Abad District]]<br />
* [[Sanghar District]]<br />
| 18,176<br />
| 59,30,649<br />
| 326.29/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|49.91%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Shaheed Benazirabad (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur Division]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sukkur]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
* [[Ghotki District]]<br />
* [[Khairpur District]]<br />
* [[Sukkur District]]<br />
| 27,158<br />
| 60,10,041<br />
| 221.30/km<sup>2</sup><br />
|59.72%<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[File:Pakistan - Sindh - Sukkur (division).svg|center|234x234px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pakistan-oocupied Kashmir ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]||align="right"|4,388||align="right"|1,198,249||align="right"|1,651,018<br />
|N/A||[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]||align="right"|6,117||align="right"|745,733||align="right"|1,072,150<br />
|N/A||[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]||align="right"|2,792||align="right"|1,028,541||align="right"|1,322,198<br />
|N/A||[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Divisions of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
!Division||Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Population<br />1998 Census||Population<br />2017 Census<br />
!Population<br />2023 Census||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A|| [[Gilgit]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]||-|| N/A|| N/A<br />
|N/A||[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population over the years ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" <br />
|+Data from 2023, 2017, 1998, 1981, 1972 censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Info |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Divisions |url=http://www.statoids.com/ypk.html |website=www.statoids.com}}</ref><br />
! Division <br />
!Pop.<br />
2023<br />
! Pop.<br />
2017<br />
! Pop.<br />
1998<br />
! Pop.<br />
1981<br />
!Pop.<br />
1972<br />
!Pop.<br />
1961<br />
!Pop.<br />
1951<br />
! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|20,06,572<br />
|8,05,235<br />
|3,40,286<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009 <br />
|1,14,64,031 <br />
|76,35,591 <br />
|40,68,636 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|1,93,98,081<br />
|1,20,15,649<br />
|71,83,097 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|1,10,14,398<br />
|65,03,590<br />
|37,46,837 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|1,41,77,081<br />
|98,85,685 <br />
|66,67,425 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|1,22,65,161<br />
|84,47,557 <br />
|54,08,561<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|1,00,07,821<br />
|66,59,528 <br />
|44,32,729 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|81,81,499<br />
|56,79,766<br />
|39,30,628<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|53,62,866<br />
|42,71,247<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|97,83,183<br />
|61,01,052 <br />
|39,34,861<br />
|32,18,873<br />
|25,87,061<br />
|18,35,178<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|63,37,678<br />
|46,85,773<br />
|32,64,764<br />
|27,13,675<br />
|18,72,505<br />
|16,26,496<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|42,28,683 <br />
|25,85,417 <br />
|15,01,882 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|1,05,92,635<br />
|68,29,537 <br />
|46,78,290 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|1,60,51,521<br />
|98,56,318 <br />
|54,37,984<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|61,92,380<br />
|42,10,650<br />
|27,46,201<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|52,82,277<br />
|35,10,036 <br />
|25,60,448 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|55,38,555<br />
|34,47,935 <br />
|21,03,861 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779<br />
|20,19,017 <br />
|10,91,211 <br />
|6,35,494 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|20,44,074 <br />
|11,65,692<br />
|7,10,786<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|22,18,971<br />
|13,07,969 <br />
|7,58,772 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|53,25,121 <br />
|35,05,581 <br />
|27,01,257 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|75,14,694<br />
|42,62,700 <br />
|24,66,767 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|39,97,677<br />
|24,86,904 <br />
|15,06,500 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|74,03,817<br />
|39,23,588 <br />
|22,81,752<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalat Division|Kalat]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|25,09,230<br />
|14,57,722 <br />
|10,44,174<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|5,91,144<br />
|10,76,708<br />
|6,99,669<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|14,89,015<br />
|8,32,753 <br />
|6,52,602<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|41,74,562<br />
|16,99,957<br />
|8,80,618<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|10,38,010<br />
|6,30,901<br />
|3,05,768 <br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|8,06,238<br />
|4,68,695<br />
|3,61,647 <br />
|1,71,989<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|7,36,209<br />
|4,87,748<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|7,37,162<br />
|4,09,473<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|16,51,018<br />
|11,98,249<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|10,72,150<br />
|7,45,733<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|13,22,198<br />
|10,28,541<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|}<br />
== List of all divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc. ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
|+List of the divisions by population, area, density, literacy rate etc.<br />
! Division <br />
!Population<br />
(2023)<br />
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Density/<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
(2017)<br />
!Literacy<br />
rate<br />
(2023)<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of KPK |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_kp_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Punjab |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Balochistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balcohistan_province.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the districts of Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_province.pdf}}</ref><br />
! Capital !! Province<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|23,63,863<br />
|906<br />
|2214.76<br />
|83.97%<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
|31,88,779 <br />
|9,005<br />
|224.21<br />
|41.73%<br />
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannu Division|Bannu]]<br />
|30,92,078<br />
|4,391 <br />
|465.51<br />
|42.11%<br />
| [[Bannu District|Bannu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kohat Division|Kohat]]<br />
|37,52,436<br />
|7,012<br />
|316.45<br />
|50.89%<br />
|[[Kohat]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazara Division|Hazara]]<br />
|61,88,736<br />
|17,194<br />
|309.7<br />
|60.95%<br />
|[[Abbottabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakand Division|Malakand]]<br />
|99,59,399<br />
|29,872<br />
|251.56<br />
|47.51%<br />
|Saidu<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mardan Division|Mardan]]<br />
|46,39,498<br />
|3,046<br />
|1312.43<br />
|56.90%<br />
|[[Mardan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peshawar Division|Peshawar]]<br />
|1,00,35,171<br />
|4,001<br />
|1850.49<br />
|51.32%<br />
|[[Peshawar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan Division|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,28,92,465<br />
|38,778<br />
|284.04<br />
|48.00%<br />
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]<br />
|2,27,72,710<br />
|11,727 <br />
|1654.14<br />
|73.63%<br />
| [[Lahore]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faisalabad Division|Faisalabad]]<br />
|1,62,28,526<br />
|17,917<br />
|791.26<br />
|68.80%<br />
| [[Faisalabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur]]<br />
|1,34,00,009<br />
|45,588 <br />
|251.47<br />
|52.13%<br />
| [[Bahawalpur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]<br />
|1,14,16,686<br />
|7,779 <br />
|937.11<br />
|76.41%<br />
| [[Gujranwala]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]]<br />
|73,62,182<br />
|9,438<br />
|780.05<br />
|75.30%<br />
|[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Multan Division|Multan]]<br />
|1,40,85,102<br />
|17,935<br />
|683.87<br />
|59.43%<br />
| [[Multan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,08,04,250<br />
|18,823<br />
|574.5<br />
|79.90%<br />
|[[Rawalpindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Division|Sargodha]]<br />
|95,91,275<br />
|26,360<br />
|310.38<br />
|63.19%<br />
|[[Sargodha]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br />
|85,33,471<br />
|10,302 <br />
|520.57<br />
|61.02%<br />
| [[Sahiwal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karachi Division|Karachi]]<br />
|2,03,82,881<br />
|3,528<br />
|4549.75<br />
|75.11%<br />
| [[Karachi]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Sindh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas Division|Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|46,19,624<br />
|28,171 <br />
|150.11<br />
|40.41%<br />
| [[Mirpur Khas]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hyderabad Division|Hyderabad]]<br />
|1,16,59,246<br />
|64,963<br />
|163.06<br />
|45.38%<br />
| [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Larkana Division|Larkana]]<br />
|70,93,706<br />
|15,543<br />
|398.4<br />
|44.53%<br />
| [[Larkana]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shaheed Benazirabad Division|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|59,30,649<br />
|18,175<br />
|290.63<br />
|49.91%<br />
| [[Nawabshah|Shaheed Benazirabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sukkur Division|Sukkur]]<br />
|60,10,041<br />
|34,752<br />
|159.37<br />
|49.72%<br />
|[[Sukkur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makran Division|Makran]]<br />
|18,75,872<br />
|52,067<br />
|28.6<br />
|47.69%<br />
| [[Turbat]]<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]]<br />
|20,44,021<br />
|16,946 <br />
|34.88<br />
|32.59%<br />
| [[Dera Murad Jamali]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Quetta Division|Quetta]]<br />
|42,59,163<br />
|64,310 <br />
|64.91<br />
|51.68%<br />
| [[Quetta]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khuzdar Division|Khuzdar]]<br />
|27,21,018<br />
|91,767 <br />
|17.85<br />
|38.72%<br />
| [[Khuzdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibi Division|Sibi]]<br />
|11,56,748<br />
|27,055<br />
|38.37<br />
|34.70%<br />
| [[Sibi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rakhshan Division|Rakhshan]]<br />
|10,40,001<br />
|98,596<br />
|–<br />
|36.84%<br />
|[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zhob Division|Zhob]]<br />
|9,27,579<br />
|27,128<br />
|34.2<br />
|32.33%<br />
|[[Zhob]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Loralai Division|Loralai]]<br />
|8,70,000<br />
|17,260<br />
|50.4<br />
|39.89%<br />
|[[Loralai District|Loralai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]]<br />
|–<br />
|4,388<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|–<br />
|6,117<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Muzaffarabad, Pakistan|Muzaffarabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Poonch Division|Poonch]]<br />
|–<br />
|2,792<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Rawalakot]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilgit Division|Gilgit]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Gilgit]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Skardu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamer Division|Diamer]]<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|[[Chilas]]<br />
|}<br />
==Notes and References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<references group="A"/><br />
<br />
===References===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Read also ==<br />
** [[Divisions of Balochistan]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan|Divisions of Punjab]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Sindh]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[Divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Sindh|Districts of Sindh, Pakistan]] <br />
** [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Balochistan|Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|Districts of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan|Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Local government in Pakistan]]</div>Adarshatva