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Monteswar Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T14:25:06Z

Accuntpayable1: New data

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Monteswar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Manteswar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Monteswar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Saikat Panja
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| constituency_no = 263
| established = 1951
| electors = 191,654
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Monteswar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 263 Monteswar assembly constituency covers Baghsan, Vagra Mulgram, Denur, Jamna, Kusumgram, Majhergram, Mamudpur I, Monteswar, Pipalan and Shushunia gram panchayats of [[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]] community development block and Barapalason I, Barapalason II, Bohar I, Bohar II, Bijur I, Bijur II and Satgachhia I gram panchayats of [[Memari II (community development block)|Memari II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Monteswar assembly segment was earlier part of [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As per orders of Delimitation Commission it is part of No. 39 [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Annada Prasad Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bhakta Chandra Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. C. Chaudhuri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Kashinath Hazra Choudhury
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Tuhin Kumar Samanta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Hemanta Kumar Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Hemanta Roy
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Abu Ayesh Mondal]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="2"|Chaudhuri Md. Hedayetullah
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Sajal Panja]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2016^
|Saikat Panja
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Saikat Panja<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25263.htm</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manteshwar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saikat Panja
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum: 96559}}
|percentage = 47.29
|change = {{increase}}12.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum: 81761}}
|percentage = 40.05
|change = {{decrease}}10.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anupam Ghosh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum: 18192}}
|percentage = 8.91
|change = {{decrease}}2.57
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jyotirmay Mondal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum: 2674}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = {{New}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Samsul Haque Sheikh
|party=Janata Unnayan Party
|votes={{formatnum: 2114}}
|percentage=1.04
|change={{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum: 1360}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14798}}
|percentage = 7.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum: 204165}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Monteswar<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/monteswar-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Monteswar Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= [[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]|votes=105,460|percentage=50.44|change=-27.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Saikat Panja|votes=73,655|percentage=35.24|change=+20.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Anupam Ghosh|votes=24,740|percentage=11.48|change=+0.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation||candidate=Ansarul Aman Mondal (Babu)|votes=1,877|percentage=0.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Nasimul Gani Sayed|votes=1,693|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,611|percentage=0.77|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=209,036|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 by-election===
{{Election box begin
|title=2016 by-election: Monteswar, 19 November 2016}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Saikat Panja
|votes = 147,316
|percentage = 77.59
|change = +33.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Md. Osman Gani Sarkar
|votes = 20,189
|percentage = 10.63
|change = -33.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswajit Poddar
|votes = 16,073
|percentage = 8.47
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bulbul Ahammed Sekh
|votes = 2,885
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ansarul Aman Mondal
|votes = 1,463
|percentage = 0.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Sheikh Ekramul Hossain
|votes = 778
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,168
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 127,127
|percentage = 66.96
|change = +66.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 189,872
|percentage = 86.90
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 218,480
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Monteswar<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/west-bengal/monteswar/ | title = Monteswar| work = Election Results| publisher = India.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sajal Panja
|votes = 84,134
|percentage = 44.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chaudhuri Mohd. Hidayatullah
|votes = 83,428
|percentage = 43.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswajit Poddar
|votes = 15,452
|percentage = 8.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Khokan Das
|votes = 2,644
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = MPI
|candidate = Jagabandhu Malik
|votes = 1,437
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Premchand Soren
|votes = 1,190
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,445
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 706
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 190,730
|percentage = 87.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 218,480
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal state assembly election, 2011|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Monteswar<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25263.htm |title = Monteswar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Monteswar | publisher =Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Choudhury Mohd. Hedaetullaha
|votes = 81,822
|percentage = 47.24
|change = -10.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abu Ayesh Mondal]]
|votes = 78,524
|percentage = 45.34
|change = +6.51#
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Abdul Kased Shaikh
|votes = 4,890
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sakshi Gopal Ghosh
|votes = 4,027
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Sunil Soren
|votes = 2,036
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sukumar Das
|votes = 1,064
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Annada Prasad Bhattacharyya
|votes = 824
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 173,187
|percentage = 90.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -17.20#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===1977-2006===
Narayan Hazra Chowdhury of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] lost the Monteswar Assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] defeated by Chaudhuri Md. Hedayatullah of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] . Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001, 1996 and 1991, [[Abu Ayesh Mondal]] of CPI(M) defeated Narayan Hazara Choudhury of Trinamool Congress, Debabrata Roy of Congress and Biseswar Bhattacharya of Congress in the respective years. In 1982 and 1977, Hemanta Roy of CPI(M) defeated Tuhin Samanta of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp278.htm | title = 278 – Manteswar Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
In 1972, Tuhin Samanta of Congress won the seat. In 1971 and 1969, Kashinath Hazra Choudhury of CPI(M) won the seat. N.C.Chaudhuri of Congress won the seat in 1967. [[Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah]] of CPI won the seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Bhakta Chandra Roy (Independent) won the seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Ananda Prasad Mondal of Congress won the seat in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-08-29 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T06:36:52Z

Accuntpayable1: made entry.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishnanagar Dakshin
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Krishnanagar Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Sadhan Ghosh
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 85
| established = 1951
| electors = 225,118
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 85 Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bhat Jungla, Chak Dilnagar, Daypara, Dignagar and Ruipukur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Krishnanagar I (Community development block)|Krishnanagar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and [[Krishnanagar II (Community development block)|Krishnanagar II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency is part of No. 12 [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> Krishnanagar East and West were earlier part of [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
===Krishnanagar Dakshin===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ujjal Biswas]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
||[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Sadhan Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnanagar Dakshin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sadhan Ghosh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}1,02,862|percentage=52.19 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ujjal Biswas]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}75,061|percentage=38.09 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laboni Jangi|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|votes={{formatnum:}}9,468|percentage=4.8 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Abdur Rahim Shaikh|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}3,219|percentage=1.63 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Susanta Kumar Mondal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}717|percentage=0.36 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prabir Dey|party=SUCI(C)|votes={{formatnum:}}250|percentage=0.13|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}1,119|percentage=0.57 |change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}27,801|percentage=14.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}1,97,084|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Krishnanagar Dakshin constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.oneindia.com/krishnanagar-dakshin-assembly-elections-wb-85/|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work = Krishnanagar Dakshin| publisher = One India |access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Ujjal Biswas]]|votes=91,738|percentage=47.40|change={{increase}}1.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Mahadev Sarkar|votes=82,433|percentage=42.60|change={{increase}}29.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sumit Biswas|votes=15,606|percentage=8.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=2165}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Swapan Kumar Sarkar|votes=1,217}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Santu Bhattacharya|votes=868}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Ujjal Biswas of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Meghlal Sheikh of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Krishnanagar Dakshin constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.oneindia.com/krishnanagar-dakshin-assembly-elections-wb-85/|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2016 |work = Krishnanagar Dakshin| publisher = One India |access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ujjal Biswas]]
|votes = 80,711
|percentage = 46.30
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Meghlal Sheikh
|votes = 67,897
|percentage = 38.90
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadev Sarkar
|votes = 22,850
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,538
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sudeb Sarkar
|votes = 1,842
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Anchharul Haque Biswas
|votes = 1,226
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,064
|percentage = 87.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Ujjal Biswas of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Rama Biswas of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Krishnanagar Dakshin constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=85| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190937/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=85| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Krishnanagar Dakshin| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ujjal Biswas]]
|votes = 71,392
|percentage = 46.38
|change = +9.49#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rama Biswas
|votes = 60,364
|percentage = 39.21
|change = -9.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadev Sarkar
|votes = 14,398
|percentage = 9.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amal Majumdar
|votes = 3,347
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Anchharul Hoque Bishwas
|votes = 3,200
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukunda Lal Sarkar
|votes = 1,230
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 153,931
|percentage = 88.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +10.08#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Amal Majumdar, contesting as an independent candidate, was a rebel Congress candidate.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Rebel Candidates in the Fray on April 23'', The Telegraph (print edition) 23 April 2011</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006 for the Krishnagar West seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:14:12Z

Accuntpayable1: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan
| constituency_no = 261
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 261-Patan, Maharashtra.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Shambhuraj Desai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =310,702
}}
'''Patan Assembly constituency''' of [[Maharashtra]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] is one of the constituencies located in [[Satara district]].

It is a part of [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]], [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]], [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]], [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] and [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]] from the [[Satara district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="6" | [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="4" | [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 125,759 |percentage = 54.64% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyajit Vikramsinh Patankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 90,935 |percentage = 39.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhanupratap Alias Harshad Mohanrao Kadam |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 9,626 |percentage = 4.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,824 |percentage = 15.13% |change = {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 231,484 |percentage = 74.50% |change = {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 230,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,702 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 106,266 |percentage = 52.41% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyajit Vikramsinh Patankar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,091 |percentage = 45.42% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Bhimaji Kamble |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,473 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashokrao Tatoba Devkant |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,392 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,175 |percentage = 6.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,485 |percentage = 68.00% |change = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,692 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 104,419 |percentage = 50.68% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patankar Satyajit Vikramsinh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 85,595 |percentage = 41.54% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Hindurao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,642 |percentage = 3.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Bandu Mahadik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,102 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sagar Balasaheb Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,084 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatray Gunda Bhise |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,287 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 550 |percentage = 0.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,824 |percentage = 9.14% |change = {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 206,700 |percentage = 73.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,188 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 87,917 |percentage = 48.15% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 87,337 |percentage = 47.83% |change = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Avinash Tukaram |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,061 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Sandip Rajaram Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Magare Nivrutti Sitaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,499 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarjerao Shankar Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,340 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 580 |percentage = 0.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,840 |percentage = 73.75% |change = {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,600}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,921 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 72,214 |percentage = 50.88% |change = {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 66,363 |percentage = 46.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Pranlal Kisan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Magare Nivrutti Sitaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,548 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,851 |percentage = 4.12% |change = {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,063 |percentage = 81.13% |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,940}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,114 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 53,336 |percentage = 49.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 50,773 |percentage = 46.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Hindurao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,157 |percentage = 3.82% |change = {{decrease}}46.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,563 |percentage = 2.36% |change = {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,268 |percentage = 76.12% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,802}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,489 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,399 |percentage = 49.85% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 58,663 |percentage = 49.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palange Vasantrao Pandurang |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 793 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 736 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}20.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,505 |percentage = 77.97% |change = {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,832 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,647 |percentage = 59.36% |change = {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Viajyadevi Shivajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,003 |percentage = 37.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Pralhad Laxman |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,994 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Ramchandra Dnyandeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 825 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,644 |percentage = 21.45% |change = {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,577 |percentage = 74.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,546}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,637 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 48,873 |percentage = 56.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,930 |percentage = 42.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palange Vasantrao Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 663 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,943 |percentage = 13.81% |change = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,224 |percentage = 74.48% |change = {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,466}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,447 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,483 |percentage = 54.60% |change = {{increase}}36.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]] |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 33,660 |percentage = 45.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,823 |percentage = 9.20% |change = {{decrease}}46.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,991 |percentage = 66.96% |change = {{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,143}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,481 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 54,312 |percentage = 73.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Bhagvantrao Anandrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,378 |percentage = 18.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janugade Prataprao Abasheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,423 |percentage = 8.67% |change = {{decrease}}89.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,934 |percentage = 55.23% |change = {{decrease}}41.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,475 |percentage = 70.94% |change = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,113}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,803 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}25.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,857 |percentage = 98.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raosaheb S. Patankar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,071 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 65,786 |percentage = 96.85% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,452 |percentage = 77.38% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,928}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,752 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,701 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,965 |percentage = 86.77% |change = {{increase}}36.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Ganpatrao Patankar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,576 |percentage = 9.24% |change = {{decrease}}40.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Tukaram Ghadge |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 3.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,389 |percentage = 77.53% |change = {{increase}}77.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,576 |percentage = 72.47% |change = {{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,514}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,168 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}36.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,757 |percentage = 50.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Dajisaheb Ramrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,658 |percentage = 49.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 99 |percentage = 0.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,415 |percentage = 62.19% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,415}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,948 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.37|73.90|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency).}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

The Fall (2006 film)

2026-05-06T13:01:36Z

Accuntpayable1: Put up info!

{{short description|Adventure fantasy film by Tarsem Singh}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Fall ver2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tarsem Singh|Tarsem]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dan Gilroy]]
* Nico Soultanakis
* Tarsem
}}
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Yo Ho Ho]]''|[[Valeri Petrov]]|[[Zako Heskiya]]}}
| producer = Tarsem
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lee Pace]]
* Catinca Untaru
* [[Justine Waddell]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Colin Watkinson]]
| editing = Robert Duffy
| music = [[Krishna Levy]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Googly Films<ref name="Moviefone">{{cite web |title=The Fall (2008) - Movie |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/the-fall/27281/main/ |website=[[Moviefone]] |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[RadicalMedia]]<ref name="Moviefone"/>
* [[Absolute Entertainment]]<ref name="Moviefone"/>
* Tree Top Films<ref name="Moviefone"/>
* Deep Films<ref name="Moviefone"/>
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Roadside Attractions]] (United States)
* [[Momentum Pictures]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Summit Entertainment]] (International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|9|9|[[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2008|5|30|United States|2008|10|3|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* India<ref name="Filmaffinity">{{cite web |title=The Fall (2006) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film698185.html |website=[[Filmaffinity]] |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
* United States<ref name="Filmaffinity"/>
* United Kingdom<ref name="Filmaffinity"/>
}}
| language = English
| budget = $30 million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/brilliant-box-office-bombs/the-fall/ |title=The Fall |work=[[Telegraph (UK)]] |date=18 April 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2020}}</ref>
| gross = $3.7 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fall08.htm|title=The Fall|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Fall''''' is a 2006 [[Adventure film|adventure]] [[fantasy film]] produced, co-written, and directed by [[Tarsem Singh]], and starring [[Lee Pace]], Catinca Untaru, and [[Justine Waddell]]. It is based on the 1981 [[Cinema of Bulgaria|Bulgarian film]] ''[[Yo Ho Ho]]'' written by [[Valeri Petrov]] and directed by [[Zako Heskiya]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Garrett |first=Daniel |date=September 2008 |title=Liberations of Mind, Spirit, and Vision: The Fall by Tarsem Singh |url=https://offscreen.com/view/fall_tarsem |magazine=Offscreen |volume=12 |issue=9}}</ref> The film centers on a young girl (Untaru) who meets a stuntman (Pace) at the hospital they are both staying at, with the latter telling her a fantastic tale involving a group of heroes seeking revenge on an evil ruler.

Presented by [[David Fincher]] and [[Spike Jonze]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Patrick |date=26 June 2007 |title=A 'Fall' no one wants to take |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-26-et-goldstein26-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> the film premiered at the 2006 [[Toronto International Film Festival]], before being released in the United States on 9 May 2008, and the United Kingdom on 3 October 2008. In the years since its release, the film had become noteworthy for its lack of distribution and absence from any streaming platforms, with Singh having worked to find distributors to re-release the film worldwide.<ref name=collider>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/the-fall-4k-release-tarsem-singh-comments/|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=16 April 2024 |title='The Fall' 4K UHD is Coming Soon if Tarsem Singh Has His Way [Exclusive] |date=25 August 2023 }}</ref> In July 2024, streaming service [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] announced their acquisition of select distribution rights to a 4K restoration of the film, which premiered at the [[Locarno Film Festival]] before streaming on Mubi on 27 September 2024.<ref name=mubi/>

== Plot ==
In 1920's [[Los Angeles]], [[Stunt performer|stuntman]] Roy Walker is hospitalized, bedridden and [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]] (possibly permanently) after jumping off a bridge for a stunt for a film. He meets Alexandria, a young [[Romania]]n-born patient in the hospital who is recovering from a broken arm, and tells her a story about her namesake, [[Alexander the Great]]. Roy promises to tell her an epic tale if she returns the next day.

The next morning, as Roy spins his tale of fantasy, Alexandria's imagination brings his characters to life. Roy's tale is about five heroes: a silent [[India]]n warrior, a bow and arrow-wielding ex-[[slave]] named [[Ota Benga|Otta Benga]], Italian explosives expert Luigi, [[Charles Darwin]] alongside a pet monkey named [[Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace]], and a masked swashbuckling bandit. The evil ruler Governor Odious has committed an offense against each of the five, and they all seek revenge. They are later joined by a sixth hero, a [[Mysticism|mystic]].

Alexandria vividly imagines people around her appearing as the characters in Roy's story. Although Roy develops affection for Alexandria, he has an ulterior motive: to trick her into stealing [[morphine]] from the hospital pharmacy. He intends to use the morphine to die by [[suicide]] because the woman he loves has left him for the actor for whom he provided the stunt footage. However, Alexandria brings him only three pills; she threw away the rest, having mistaken the "E" Roy wrote in "morphine" for a "3". The story becomes a collaborative tale to which Alexandria also contributes. The masked bandit, whom Roy intended to represent Alexandria's late father, becomes Roy, and Alexandria is his daughter.

Roy talks Alexandria into stealing a bottle of pills locked in a fellow patient's cabinet, and then downs the contents. As he falls asleep he attempts to finish the story with the Bandit finding love, and he tells Alexandria not to return the next day. She does not obey, and is devastated to see a dead patient being taken away; however, the deceased is Roy's elderly, [[Dentures|denture]]-wearing roommate. Roy awakens and lashes out when he realizes the pills were [[placebo]]s. Alexandria, desperate to help Roy, sneaks out of bed to the pharmacy. She climbs onto the cabinet but loses her footing, falls, and sustains a severe head injury. She receives surgery, after which she is visited by Roy, who confesses his deception. He pleads with Alexandria to ask someone else to end the story, but she insists on hearing Roy's ending.

Roy reluctantly and drunkenly continues the story. The heroes are betrayed and die one by one, and it seems that Governor Odious will be triumphant. Alexandria becomes increasingly upset, but Roy insists that it is his story to tell and the Bandit is a coward. She declares that it is hers too and begs Roy to let the Bandit live. Roy finally agrees, and the epic tale comes to an end; Governor Odious lays dying and the Bandit and his daughter are alive and together. In a final twist, Roy confronts the character representing his ex-girlfriend. She says the story's pain and suffering were all part of a "test" of the Bandit's love for her. The Bandit rejects her and her manipulations at last.

With the story complete, Roy and Alexandria, along with the patients and staff of the hospital, watch the finished film that Roy appeared in, a [[Western film|Western]] featuring bandits, a Native American man, and Roy's ex-girlfriend. The crowd is delighted, but Roy's smile is broken in trepidation as the scene with his fateful jump draws near.

Alexandria's arm eventually heals and she returns to the orange orchard where her family works. Her voice-over reveals that she believes Roy has recovered and is now back at work again. A montage of cuts from several of [[silent film]]s' greatest and most dangerous stunts plays; she imagines all the stuntmen to be Roy.

== Cast ==
* [[Lee Pace]] as Roy Walker / Black Bandit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/movies/11kehr.html|title=Special Effects From the Real World|work=The New York Times|date=11 May 2008|first=Dave|last=Kehr|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
* Catinca Untaru as Alexandria / Bandit's daughter
* [[Justine Waddell]] as Nurse Evelyn / Sister Evelyn
* [[Daniel Caltagirone]] as Sinclair / Governor Odious
* Marcus Wesley as Ice delivery man / Otta Benga
* [[The Commandant|Robin Smith]] as One-legged actor / Luigi
* [[Jeetu Verma]] as Orange picker / Indian
* Kim Uylenbroek as Doctor / [[Alexander the Great]]
* [[Leo Bill]] as Orderly / [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[Emil Hoștină]] as Alexandria's father / Blue Bandit
* [[Julian Bleach]] as Mystic / Orange picker
* Ronald France as Otto (the "old man")
* [[Sean Gilder]] as Walt Purdy

== Themes ==
''The Fall'' is a [[self-reflexive]] film that deals primarily with the concept of [[storytelling]]. Roy Walker tells a story to Alexandria, who imagines it, but there is a discontinuity between what he describes and how she sees it. Each character brings their own life into their experiences of the story; Roy takes inspiration from the film that he was working on before his accident, and Alexandria populates his story with familiar sights from her own life. The intimidating X-Ray operator becomes an enemy soldier; the 'Indian' is seen by her as a South Asian immigrant co-worker from the orange groves, while Roy's dialogue makes it clear to the audience that he meant 'Indian' to mean a Native American man from the Western film he was involved in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Charlotte |title=Telling the (Wrong) Story: The disintegration of transcultural communication and narrative in The Fall |journal=Cineaction |date=2010 |issue=80 |pages=30–37 }}</ref>

''The Fall'' is also grounded in the film's historical period. Roy took inspiration for his story's bandits from early 20th century news; the controversy over credit for Charles Darwin's ideas in ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' between Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, as well as [[Ota Benga]]'s imprisonment in the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] were prominent news stories around the time period of the film's setting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Tarsem |title=The Fall - Tarsem's Visual Companion - Part 1: The Director on His Astonishing Imagery |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/exclusive-the-fall-tarsems-visual-companion-part-1/ |access-date=30 September 2018 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[Tarsem Singh|Tarsem]] largely financed the film with his own funds, and paid members of the cast and crew on an equal basis rather than in more typical Hollywood fashion. The film was made over a period of four years and incorporates footage shot in 24 countries,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Patrick |date=2007-06-26 |title=A 'Fall' no one wants to take |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-26-et-goldstein26-story.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> including India, Indonesia (Bali), Italy, France, Spain, Namibia, and China (PRC). Singh stressed the importance of on-location filming and lack of visual effects, as he found that modern techniques would not age well in comparison. He only took advertising jobs in places that he wanted to do location scouting for, and flew cast members to shoot scenes for the film using the same crew as he did for commercials.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Tarsem Singh's obsession became a movie |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2008/05/30/tarsem |access-date=30 September 2018 |work=Minnesota Public Radio News |date=30 May 2008}}</ref> When shooting scenes of the blue city in [[Jodhpur]], Tarsem provided locals with blue paint to refresh the paint on their houses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=3 June 2008 |title=Tarsem and the legend of "The Fall" |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/tarsem-and-the-legend-of-the-fall |access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> This alternative to post-production effects resulted in the vibrant blue of the city in the film. Another location, the contemporary South African mental hospital which represents an early 20th-century Los Angeles hospital (the principal setting throughout the film) remained operational (in a separate wing) during filming.<ref name=commentary />

Tarsem revealed in a 2024 interview that [[Elle Fanning]] was considered to play Alexandria and even met with her prior to the film's casting.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/interviews/the-fall-movie-streaming-theaters-oral-history-tarsem-1235054784/|title='The Fall' Oral History: Tarsem and Lee Pace on Making Mischief in Over 20 Countries for an Epic No One Would Touch|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=October 14, 2024|access-date=October 14, 2024|first=Leila|last=Jordan}}</ref>

[[Lee Pace]] remained in a bed for most of the early filming at the director's suggestion, convincing most of the crew that he was in fact unable to walk.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carpenter |first1=Cassie |title=Style meets substance: director Tarsem Singh brings 'The Fall' to theatres after years in the making |volume=15 |work=Back Stage West |issue=20 |date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The intention, Tarsem and Pace noted, was to maximize the realism of Roy's physical limitations in the eyes of Catinca Untaru, whose lines and reactions as the character Alexandria were largely unscripted. Alexandria's misinterpreting the letter E as the number 3 in a note written by Roy came about from an accidental misreading by the 6-year-old actress during filming, which the director adapted into a twist in the story. Tarsem had portions of the hospital scenes between Catinca and Pace filmed through small holes in the hospital bed curtains, maximizing their spontaneous interactions despite the presence of the film crew surrounding them.<ref name=commentary />

The film features a dream sequence animation created by [[Christoph Lauenstein]] and [[Wolfgang Lauenstein]], with costume design from [[Eiko Ishioka]].

=== Filming locations ===
{{multiple image||total_width=300|direction=vertical
|image1=28 Abgestorbene Bäume im Dead Vlei in der Namib-Wüste, fotografiert 1997.jpg
|image2=ChandBaori.jpg
|image3=Palace Gardens.jpg
|footer=Filming locations include [[Deadvlei]], [[Chand Baori]] and [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]]|||Deadvlei|Chand Baori|Umaid Bhawan Palace}}

* [[Valkenberg Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]
* [[Deadvlei]] from the [[Sossusvlei]] dune in [[Namib-Naukluft National Park]] in [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apanbear.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!C3084ECAB4D13C79!1632.entry |title=The Fall – Windows Live |publisher=Apanbear.spaces.live.com |access-date=11 August 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''The labyrinth'' [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar in Jaipur]]
* [[Lake Palace|Lake Palace Hotel]] in [[Udaipur]], [[India]]
* [[Charles Bridge]] in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]
* Butterfly reef NE of [[Mana Island, Fiji]] (Coordinates: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/17%C2%B040'20.4%22S+177%C2%B007'54.1%22E/@-17.6723339,177.1295153,951m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0 -17.672339, 177.131704])
* [[Ubud]], [[Bali]] Island, [[Indonesia]]
* [[Andaman Islands]] of [[India]]
* [[Pangong Tso]] in [[Ladakh]], India
* [[Buland Darwaza]] in the palace complex of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
* [[Agra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/puppydogbites/sets/72157594277649442/ |title=The Fall – a set on Flickr |date=20 July 2004 |publisher=Flickr.com |access-date=11 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Magnetic Hill (India)|Magnetic Hill]] in Ladakh, India
* Moonscape near [[Lamayuru Monastery]] in Ladakh, India
* [[Gunung Kawi]], [[Bali]] Island, [[Indonesia]]
* [[Chand Baori]], a large [[stepwell]] in Abhaneri village in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Jodhpur]], the Blue City in [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] Lobby, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
* [[Taj Mahal]], India
* [[Buenos Aires Botanical Garden|Jardín Botánico de Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[Buenos Aires Zoo|Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[Teatro Opera|Teatro Opera Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[Capitoline Hill#Michelangelo|Capitoline Hill]], [[Colosseum]], Roma, Italy
* [[Hadrian's Villa]], Tivoli, Italy
* [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul, Turkey
* [[Replicas of the Statue of Liberty#Île aux Cygnes|First Statue of Liberty]] at [[Île aux Cygnes]] in [[Paris, France]]<ref name=commentary>{{cite video |people = [[Tarsem Singh|Tarsem]] (director) |title = The Fall |medium = [[Blu-ray Disc|BD]] [[Audio commentary|commentary]] |date = 2006}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Original release ===
''The Fall'' premiered at the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]]. According to Tarsem, [[the Weinstein Company]] expressed serious interest into theatrically distributing the film in the United States back in 2006/07, but turned down distributing the film after its founder [[Harvey Weinstein]] walked out of the film's cut after 15 minutes during its test screening since he could not understand the film's plot. Tarsem claimed that Weinstein even tried to sabotage the film after he walked out of the film's screening and was forced not to release the film for two years until 2008 with a different distributor and its original international sales being handled by [[Summit Entertainment]], Tarsem confirmed this in a 2024 interview in light and the aftermath of [[Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations|Harvey Weinstein's scandal]]; prior to this, [[Warner Independent Pictures]] had also been interested in distributing the film.<ref name="Jordan"/> It was theatrically released on 9 May 2008, by [[Roadside Attractions]], with a [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] release through [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] on 9 September 2008.

== Critical reception and legacy ==
On [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds a 64% approval rating based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "More visually elaborate than the fragmented story can sometimes support, ''The Fall'' walks the line between labor of love and filmmaker self-indulgence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fall_2008|title=The Fall (2006)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-fall|title=The Fall (2006)|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film four stars out of four and wrote, "You might want to see [it] for no other reason than because it exists. There will never be another like it."<ref>{{cite web|first=Roger|last=Ebert|author-link=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-fall-2008|title=The Fall Movie Review & Film Summary|access-date=June 7, 2019|website=[[Chicago Sun Times]]}}</ref> He later named it among his top 20 films of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The best films of 2008... and there were a lot of them|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-films-of-2008-and-there-were-a-lot-of-them|access-date=2020-09-13|website=[[Roger Ebert]]|date=19 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Nathan Lee of ''[[The New York Times]]'', however, wrote that the film "is a genuine labor of love—and a real bore."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09fall.html?ref=movies|title=Broken Spirits on the Mend|access-date=30 May 2008|work=The New York Times | first=Nathan | last=Lee | date=9 May 2008}}</ref>

[[New Zealand]] filmmaker [[Peter Jackson]] later cast [[Lee Pace]] as [[Thranduil]] in the ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|Hobbit]]'' trilogy after being impressed by his performance in ''The Fall''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/lee-pace-dean-ogorman-the-hobbit/ |title=Lee Pace and Dean O'Gorman Join Peter Jackson's THE HOBBIT |work=Collider |first=Adam |last=Chitwood |date=April 30, 2011 |access-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213132943/http://collider.com/lee-pace-dean-ogorman-the-hobbit/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Julia Roberts]] named it as one of her favourite films during a 2023 interview with [[Letterboxd]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEXWmB0mvts |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20231207/SEXWmB0mvts |archive-date=2023-12-07 |url-status=live|title=Four Favorites with Julia Roberts, Mahershala Ali, Sam Esmail and Rumaan Alam |date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 7, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.<ref name="mctop08">{{cite web|title=Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102205252/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml|archive-date=2 January 2009|access-date=11 January 2009|website=Metacritic}}</ref> Tasha Robinson of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' named it the best film of 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|last2=Phipps|first2=Keith|last3=Rabin|first3=Nathan|last4=Robinson|first4=Tasha|last5=Tobias|first5=Scott|date=16 December 2008|title=The year in film 2008|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-year-in-film-2008,16740|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912001217/http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-year-in-film-2008,16740|archive-date=12 September 2011|website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> and Sean Axmaker of the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' named it the 6th best film of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axmaker |first=Sean |date=2009-01-25 |title=The last list of Lists for 2008 – The Year in Cinema |url=https://parallax-view.org/2009/01/25/the-last-list-of-lists-for-2008-the-year-in-cinema/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Parallax View |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, it was one of the films voted for the "Readers' Choice" edition of ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century", finishing at number 214.<ref>{{cite web |title=Readers Choose Their Top Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/movies/readers-movies-21st-century.html |website=The New York Times |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2026, The Fall made it into [[Letterboxd|Letterboxd's]] top 250 films with an average member rating of 4.25 out of 5. As of April 2026, it ranks number 231.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-08 |title=Letterboxd's Top 500 Films |url=https://letterboxd.com/official/list/letterboxds-top-500-films/page/3/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=letterboxd.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 4K restoration ===
Prior to September 2024, ''The Fall'' had been unavailable on streaming services or rental services, making it notoriously difficult to access with second-hand Blu-ray copies of the film being very expensive.{{original research inline|date=January 2026}} At the 2023 [[Toronto International Film Festival]], Tarsem discussed the possibility of releasing a 4K restoration of the film, although a major issue was finding a physical label or streaming service that would distribute it in the highest quality possible. When asked if he had approached [[The Criterion Collection]] to issue the restored film, Tarsem replied, "We have. It was the strangest thing, they kind of have not responded to it... Criterion doesn't seem to think it's their kind of film, which is bizarre." Tarsem remained optimistic about a streaming release, "It's just countries like Japan and all reach out individually and say, 'Can we have it?' And we've been able to solve that, but right now, I’d love for it to stream in some way."<ref name=collider/>

In July 2024, [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] announced that they had acquired rights to the 4K restoration of ''The Fall'' for North and Latin America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Benelux, Turkey and India, with its subsidiary The Match Factory handling sales elsewhere. The restoration premiered at the [[Locarno Film Festival]], following which Mubi released it on their streaming service on 27 September 2024, marking the first time the film has been made available on a streaming service.<ref name=mubi>{{cite web|title=Cult 2006 Film 'The Fall', Starring Lee Pace, Getting Global 4K Re-Release Via Mubi|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Andreas|last=Wiseman|date=15 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/the-fall-mubi-rerelease-4k-lee-pace-tarsem-1236010225/}}</ref> As of 2026, the movie is also available on other streaming services.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fall |url=https://play.hbomax.com/movie/55a3e264-7553-4092-ac4f-113229858927 |website=HBO Max |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films with longest production time]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Tarsem Singh}}
{{Dan Gilroy}}
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Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-05-03T05:32:52Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Transit line in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = <big> Yellow Line </big>
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}}
| logo_alt =
| image = Yellow Line Metro.jpg
| image_width = 350px
| image_alt =
| caption = A ICF Medha rake at Jai Hind metro station
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| status = {{Plainlist|
* Phase 1 - Operational
* Phase 2 - Under Construction
* Phase 3 - Planned
}}
| locale = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| start = {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Noapara}}
| end = {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Jai Hind}}
| connectinglines = {{Plainlist|
* {{rint|Kolkata|Blue}}
*Future:
* {{rint|Kolkata|Orange}}
}}
| stations = 10
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| planopen =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depot = {{Plainlist|
* [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara Depot]]
* [[Airport Depot|Airport yard]]
* Barasat Depot (planned)
}}
| stock = {{Plainlist|
* [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] [[BHEL]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] MEDHA
* [[CRRC Dalian]]
}}
| linelength = {{convert|16.876|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="mtp">{{cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285}}</ref>{{ubl|{{Tree list}}
** Operational: {{convert|7.04|km|mi|abbr=on}}
** Under Construction: {{convert|2.24|km|mi|abbr=on}}
** Planned: {{convert|7.596|km|mi|abbr=on}}
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|title=CAF to supply Kolkata metro trains|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816102540/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> using [[third rail]]
| speed = 80 km/h (designed)
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|CBTC signalling]]
| website = {{URL|https://indianrailways.gov.in|Indian Railways}}
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Yellow Line (Updated).png|300px]]{{Kolkata Metro Yellow Line}}
| map_state = show
}}

'''Yellow Line''' is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It currently consists of a short operational section between [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]] and [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]] ([[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]]) that was inaugurated on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kolkata metro corridors; experts say real estate markets to gain from airport, suburban connectivity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/pm-modi-inaugurates-kolkata-metro-corridors-experts-say-real-estate-markets-to-gain-from-airport-suburban-connectivity-101755857930176.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> The full line will be {{cvt|16.876|km}} long with 10 stations,<ref name="mtp"/> running from [[Noapara, West Bengal|Noapara]] to [[Barasat]] in [[North 24 Parganas]]. It is being built by [[Rail Vikas Nigam|RVNL]], Senbo & [[Italian-Thai Development|ITD]].<ref name="metrorailtoday.com">{{Cite web |title=Senbo Engg wins ₹532 crore underground civil contracts for Kolkata Metro Line 4 {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/senbo-engg-wins-532-crore-underground-civil-contracts-for-kolkata-metro-line-4 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref> It will run mostly on underground tunnels, the track is elevated from [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]] to [[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]] and then go underground towards Barasat. It has an interchange at the Kolkata Airport with [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]].

== History ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flagged off metro trains at Kolkata, in West Bengal on August 22, 2025 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] flagging off yellow line metro train on August 22, 2025]]

The first phase of the Yellow Line between Noapara and Jai Hind (Biman Bandar) station was inaugurated by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on August 22, 2025.

Commercial Operations between Noapara and Jai Hind (Bimanbandar) began on 25 August 2025.

weekday operations would increase to 120 services comprising 60 UP and 60 DN trains with operating hours extended from 7.18 am to 9.30 pm, instead of the current 7.55 am to 8.17 pm.

The first train will now leave Noapara at 7.18 am for the airport, advancing by nearly 40 minutes, while the first service from the airport to Noapara will begin at 7.40 am instead of 8 am.

Similarly, the last train from Noapara to Jai Hind (Bimanbandar) will now depart at 9.58 pm instead of 8 pm, and the final service from the airport will leave at 9.18 pm, nearly an hour later than before.

Weekend travellers will also benefit from a substantial frequency upgrade. On Saturdays, the number of services will more than double to 92 trains (46 UP and 46 DN), operating between 7.18 am and 9.30 pm, while on Sundays, 78 services (39 UP and 39 DN) will run from 9.18 am to 9.30 pm.

Importantly, the interval between trains on weekends will be reduced to 18 minutes from the earlier 35 minutes, providing smoother and more convenient travel for passengers.

==Stations==
The stations of this corridor are:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="12" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}};" | '''Yellow Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|No.
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"| Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
! rowspan="2"|Platform Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|1||[[Noapara metro station|Noapara]]||নোয়াপাড়া||rowspan=4|25 August 2025
| align="center" |{{rint|Kolkata|blue}}

|rowspan=2|Elevated
|Side & Island
|-
|2||[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
|দমদম ক্যান্টনমেন্ট
| align="center"| {{rint|kolkata|s}} '''{{rws|Dum Dum Cantonment}}'''
|rowspan=2|Side
|-
|3||[[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]]
|যশোহর রোড
|
||At grade
|-
|4||[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]
|জয় হিন্দ
| align="center" |{{rint|Kolkata|orange}} ''(Under Construction)'' {{rint|air}} [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]
|rowspan=7|Underground
|Side & Island
|-
|5||[[Birati metro station|Birati]]
|বিরাটি||rowspan=2|Under construction
|
|rowspan=2|Island
|-
|6||[[Michael Nagar metro station|Michael Nagar]]
|মাইকেল নগর
|
|-
|7||New Barrackpur|| নিউ ব্যারাকপুর
| rowspan=4|Approved
|
|rowspan=4|''TBD''
|-
|8||Madhyamgram
|মধ্যমগ্রাম
| align="center"|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''{{rws|Madhyamgram}}'''
|-
|9||Hridaypur||হৃদয়পুর
| align="center"|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''{{rws|Hridaypur}}'''
|-
|10||Barasat||বারাসত
| align="center"|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''{{rws|Barasat Junction}}'''
|}
==Stations for newly proposed alignment==
The stations of this corridor proposed according to the new alignment are:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="12" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}};" | '''Yellow Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|No.
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"| Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
! rowspan="2"|Platform Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|1||[[Noapara metro station|Noapara]]||নোয়াপাড়া||25 August 2025
| align="center" |{{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}}

|Elevated
|Side & Island
|-
|2||[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
|দমদম ক্যান্টনমেন্ট
|25 August 2025
| {{ubl|{{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} {{rws|Dum Dum Cantonment}}}}
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|3||[[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]]
|যশোহর রোড
|25 August 2025
|
||At grade
|Side
|-
|4||[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]
|জয় হিন্দ
|25 August 2025
| align="center" |{{rcb|Kolkata Metro|orange|croute}} ''(Under Construction)'' {{rint|air}} [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]
|Underground
|Side & Island
|-
|5||[[Birati metro station|Birati]]
|বিরাটি||2027
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|6||[[Michael Nagar metro station|Michael Nagar]]
|মাইকেল নগর
|2027
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|7||Bidhanpally||বিধানপল্লী
|Proposed
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|8||Madhyamgram
|মধ্যমগ্রাম
|Proposed
|{{ubl|{{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} {{rws|Madhyamgram}}}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
|9||Hridaypur||হৃদয়পুর
|Proposed
|{{ubl|{{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} {{rws|Hridaypur}}}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
|10||Vidyasagar Stadium||বিদ্যাসাগর স্টেডিয়াম
|Proposed
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|11||Barasat||বারাসত
|Proposed
|{{ubl|{{rint|kolkata|s}} {{rws|Barasat Junction}} |}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
|12||Uttar Seethi||উত্তর সিঁথি
|Proposed
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|13||Jaypur||জয়পুর
|Proposed
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|14||Suripukur||সুরি পুকুর
|Proposed
|
|Underground
|Island
|}

==Project development==
[[File:Jai Hind Metro Station (Nov 2024-Apr 2025) time lapse pics 13.jpg|left|thumb|Biman Bandar railway station remants]]
Earlier, this line was planned to be divided into two lines: the up line and the down line. Both were meant to start from Noapara Metro Station and meet at Bimanbandar railway station. The up line was meant to run along with the Belghoria express and meant to have two new stations at Ramkrishna Pally and Shantinagar. The down line was meant to use Old Dum Dum Cantonment - Biman Bandar section's alignment, viaducts, and stations. However, the plan changed later, and now both lines will pass through the Dum Dum Cantonment - Bimanbandar section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,397}}</ref>

The project will be completed in three phases. The first phase of work from [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]] to [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]] was opened on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsonprojects.com/news/kolkata-metro-nears-airport-connectivity-with-successful-trial|title=Kolkata Metro Nears Airport Connectivity with Successful Trial|publisher=newsonprojects|date=23 July 2025|access-date=5 Aug 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-new-stretches-of-kolkata-metro-likely-to-open-by-august-end-details-here-101755093446190.html|title=3 new stretches of Kolkata metro likely to open by August end|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> In the second phase work from Jai Hind to New Barrackpore will be done and in the last phase from New Barrackpore to Barasat work will be done. But the development work from New Barrackpore to Barasat has been stalled for the last eight years since it was sanctioned because of encroachments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-to-run-below-surface-after-airport/articleshow/70342134.cms|title=Kolkata: Metro to run below surface after airport|date=July 23, 2019|first=Jayanta|last=Gupta|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> and the [[Airport Authority of India]] objected to the elevated stretches from New Barrackpore to Barasat. Later, after objections from AAI, a decision was taken to convert this into an underground stretch. On 29 June 2019 sanction for material modification for underground construction at an additional cost of {{INRConvert|1615|c}} was sent to the Railway Board by Metro. For this underground tunneling, AAI has agreed to shift its fuel tanks, buildings, and cables, and the project is expected to start in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-to-run-below-surface-after-airport/articleshow/70342134.cms |title=Metro to run below surface after airport|work=Times of India|date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Dum Dum Cantonment Metro Station.jpg|thumb|279x279px|[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]]]]
An amount of Rs 227 crore contract to build this station, along with a mostly at-grade {{Cvt|2.16|km}} section from the Bagjola Canal to the existing ramp of the Airport Circular Railway track was awarded to Senbo Engineering Limited back in June 2011. Since then, the station's civil structure has been built, but work on the at-grade track section could not be started due to land acquisition issues along the line's proposed alignment. But the rehabilitation work was completed in 2020, and the work is going smoothly. Recently, girders were placed over Eastern Railway tracks. The metro station is set to be operational by Mid-2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/inspection-in-april-kolkata-likely-to-get-its-first-airport-metro-link-by-july/articleshow/119721570.cms|title=Kolkata likely to get its first airport metro link by July|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/kolkata-noapara-airport-metro-set-for-mid-2025-launch-blid9580|title=Kolkata’s Noapara-Airport Metro Set For Mid-2025 Launch|publisher=timesproperty|access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
Construction of an underground integrated station for [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] and Yellow Line has begun at NSCBI Airport land just {{Convert|150|m|4=0}} away from the terminal building.

The development of New Barrackpore to Barasat was supposed to go elevated to cut down the expenses, but the stretch was in doubt due to a huge encroachment problem. But in February 2021, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] gave his nod to construct this stretch underground, giving respite to thousands of families who were supposed to be evicted for the development of the elevated stretch.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM nod for underground Metro averts eviction |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/prime-minister-nod-for-underground-metro-averts-eviction/cid/1805748 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> To lower the cost of the underground work, latest technology [[Tunnel boring machine|TBM]] will not be used, instead old technology of cut and cover method will be used for metro.<ref name="metrorailtoday.com"/>

However, in August 2025, before the inauguration of the Noapara–Biman Bandar section, it was reported that some changes in line alignment from Micheal Nagar to Barasat would be made which would be constructed underground using [[Tunnel boring machine]] that would lead to an increase in the total length of the line from 18 km to 22 km, adding three new stations beyond Barasat. These changes were made due to objections from AAI regarding the use of tall cranes and to avoid significant encroachment problems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barasat metro to cross airport hurdle with tunnel-borer help |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/barasat-metro-to-cross-airport-hurdle-with-tunnel-borer-help/articleshow/123286998.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Airport raises the bar, Barasat metro vaults past height hurdle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airports-height-hurdle-cleared-for-barasat-metro-line-construction/articleshow/111498438.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

Yellow Line has been divided into three phases.
* Phase 1: Noapara - Jai Hind (Biman Bandar) (Operational)
* Phase 2: Jai Hind (Biman Bandar) - Micheal Nagar (Under construction)
* Phase 3: Micheal Nagar - Suripukur (Planned, construction will begin soon)

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata metro stations]]
*[[Kolkata Metro Rolling Stock]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata LRTS|Kolkata Lightrail]]
*[[Kolkata Monorail]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}<nowiki/>{{Kolkata Metro|yellow line=yes}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India|K]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]

Tripura Baptist Christian Union

2026-04-28T04:02:05Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Christian denomination in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name = Tripura Baptist Christian Union
|image = Logo of the Tripura Baptist Christian Union.jpg
|imagewidth =
|caption =
| abbreviation = TBCU
|main_classification = [[Evangelicalism]]
|orientation = [[Baptist]]
|polity = [[Congregational]]
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = Rev. Ranakusum Debbarma
|headquarters = Baptist Mission Compound, Arundhutinagar, [[Agartala]], [[India]]
|founder = Rev M.J. Eade, New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society (NZBMS)
|founded_date = 1938
|founded_place = Laxmilunga village, [[Tripura]]
|separated_from =
|parent =
|merger =
|separations =
|associations = [[Asia Pacific Baptist Federation]], [[Baptist World Alliance]]
|area = [[Tripura]]
|congregations = 1,079
|members = 120,070
|website = {{URL|christiantbcu.org}}
|footnotes =
}}
{{Baptist}}

The '''Tripura Baptist Christian Union''' ('''TBCU''') is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination in [[Tripura]], India. It has its head office in [[Agartala]], the state capital. The TBCU is affiliated to the [[Asia Pacific Baptist Federation]] (APBF)<ref name="apbf.">{{cite web|url=http://www.apbf.info/member_bodies_india.html|title=Indian Member Bodies|publisher=Asia Pacific Baptist Federation|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> and the [[Baptist World Alliance]] (BWA).<ref name="bwanet">{{cite web|url=http://bwanet.org/|title=Baptist World Alliance - Home|publisher=bwanet.org|access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref> It is also a member church of the [[North East India Christian Council]] (NEICC), a regional church body of the [[National Council of Churches in India]] (NCCI).<ref name="nccindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nccindia.in/nccinew/index.php/regional-christan-councils|title=Regional Christian Councils|publisher=nccindia.in|access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref>

==History==



The union was formed under the leadership of Rev. M.J. Eade in December 1938 in Lakshmilunga, a village six miles from Agartala.
TBCU was supported and funded from the beginning by the [[New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society]] (NZBMS), which also provided most of the staff till the 1960s. Since then TBCU has now become an independent indigenous self-supporting church organisation. Rev. M.J. Eade was appointed as the first General Secretary of the Tripura Baptist Christian Union. Rev. Lalhuala Darlong was the first national General Secretary.<ref>Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura (Sukhendu Debbarma, 1996)</ref>

TBCU employs many pastors and [[Evangelism|evangelist]]s and runs community programs such as schools and dispensaries.
Since the early 1980s, it has been working in partnerships with the [[Baptist Church of Mizoram]] (BCM) and the [[Evangelical Church of Maraland]] (ECM) from [[Mizoram]]. Both BCM and ECM have many workers in Tripura working as missionaries and evangelist/teachers in various TBCU churches and schools.

TBCU celebrated its Golden Jubilee and Diamond Jubilees in 1988 and 1998 respectively with much fanfare.

==Organization==
[[Image:ESandGS.jpg|thumb|250px|Rev. C. K. Debbarma (Executive Secretary, SNBA) and Rev. Ngaituahsunga Darlong (general secretary, TBCU) during the Sadar North Baptist Youth Fellowship 2006 in Abhicharan Baptist Church]]

===Office===
TBCU has its office in the Baptist Mission Compound at Arundhutinagar, Agartala.

The Mission Compound was established in 1938 under an official land grant by the then King of Tripura Kingdom, [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]], to the [[Baptist]] missionaries from [[New Zealand]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura: With Special Reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938-1988|author=Debbarma, S.|year=1996|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=9788173870385|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC}}</ref>



===Associations===
It has the following
*[[Sadar North Baptist Association|Sadar North Baptist Association (SNBA)]]
*[[Chabjakya association|Central Baptist Association (CBA)]]
*[[KOKBA TBCU|Kok Baptist Association (KOKBA)]]
*[[UBA TBCU|Udaipur Baptist Association(UBA)]]
*[[SBA TBCU|Salgra Baptist Association (SBA)]]
*[[KBCA TBCU|Kailashahar Baptist Christian Association (KBCA)]]
*[[JSBA|Jampui Sakhan Baptist Association (JSBA)]]
*[[ACHIK TBCU|Tripura Baptist A'chik Krima]]
*[[YBCA TBCU|Yarong Baptist Christian Association (YBCA)]]
*[[SSBA TBCU|Saisawm Sazai Baptist Association (SSBA)]]
*[[DLBA TBCU|Dharmanagar-Longai Baptist Association (DLBA)]]
*[[YBA TBCU|Yapri Baptist Association (YBA)]]
*[[KBA TBCU|Kamalpur Baptist Association (KBA)]]
*[[SBCA TBCU|Songang Baptist Christian Association (SBCA)]]
*[[DBA TBCU|Dergang Baptist Association (DBA)]]
*[[JLBA TBCU|Jampui Longkai sakhan Baptist Association (JLSBA)]]
*[[HHBA TBCU|Hachwk Haphar Baptist Association(HHBA)]]
*[[RSBA TBCU|Raima Sorma Baptist association(RSBA)]]
*[[BBA TBCU|Bishramganj Baptist Association(BBA)]]

Every year a meeting of the Council Members of the TBCU is organised at one of the churches within the Union.

==Schools==

===Union===

====St. Paul's School====
{{Main|St Paul's School, Agartala}}

The TBCU runs the St. Paul's School which is situated in Arundhutinagar, Agartala. The school was started in the early 1940s as the first English medium school in the Kingdom of Tripura.

Currently, the Principal of the School is Mrs Manjuri Sangma and the Vice-Principal is Mr. James Muankima.

The school is a higher secondary school with classes from K.G. to Class XII. It is affiliated to [[CISCE]].

Darchawi S.B Bengali medium school, at [[Darchawi]] village in [[Unakoti district]] of [[Tripura]], was also developed by the NZBMS with the financial aid of the Government of [[Tripura]].

===SNBA===
The association runs four English Medium schools, namely:

====Tipprah Academy====
Tipprah Academy is a higher secondary school in [[Barkathal]] affiliated to the TBSE, offering classes from LKG-XII.

====Salka Academy====
Salka Academy is located in [[Hezamara]]

====Subrai Academy====
Subrai Academy is located in [[Burakha]], under the Burakha IS. mandwi block west Tripura, 799035. The school was established in 2010. English medium school class provide Nursary LKG to class VIII (Eight) The school is affiliated by Tripura Govt., recognized and run by SNBA.

'''Haptorpha Academy'''

hamtorpha Academy is located in Champak Nagar area.

'''Langma Academy'''

Langma Academy is located in Langma hathai, Abhicharan area.

===CBA===
====St. Peter's School====
St Peter's School is located in Jampuijala Block, Sepahijala District of Tripura and is run by the Central Baptist Association of TBCU. It was established in 1991.

=== KOKBA ===
====Kok English Medium School====
Kok English Medium School is located in Baijal bari, Khowai District. The school is affiliated to TBSE for Nursery to Class -X. It is run by KOKBA.

=== Udaipur Baptist Association(UBA) ===

====St. John's Senior Secondary School====

St John's High School is located in Raio, Killa, Udaipur, Gomoti Tripura. It was established in 1972. The school is affiliated to CBSE for Nursery to Class -XII. It is run by Borok Hoda Thong(BHT).

====Elem English School====

Elem English School is located in Dulukma, Amarpur, Gomoti Tripura . The school is affiliated to TBSE for Nursery to Class -X. It is run by Baptist Church of Mizoram(BCM).

====Hamari English School====

Hamari English School is located in Bangphur, Amarpur, Gomati Tripura. The school is affiliated to TBSE for Nursery to Class-VIII. It is also run by BCM.

====Nograi Mission English School====

Nograi Mission English School(NMES) is located is located in Nograi, Ompi, Gomoti Tripura. The school is affiliated to CBSE for Nursery to Class -VIII. It is run by Chekiye Village Baptist Church(CVBC), Nagaland.

===Salgra Baptist Association(SBA)===
====Ebenezer High School====
Ebenezer High School is located in Twiphuma, Manubazar,South Tripura District of Tripura. It was established in 1983. The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

===Saisawm Sazai Baptist Association (SSBA)===
====St. James Higher Secondary School====
St James Higher Secondary School is located in Gongrai Molsom village, P.O Kendraichera, Sepahijala Dist. Tripura. It was established in 1980. The school is mainly for the scheduled Tribes students. The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education For KG to Class - X is affiliated to CBSE and For Class - XI & XII it is affiliated to TBSE.

====Nazareth English School ====

Nazareth English School is Located in Tuidu Bazar, Gomati District, Tripura. Mainly For Classes from KG to Class VIII.

=== JSBA ===
The JSBA currently runs two schools.

====St. Thomas English Medium School====
St. Thomas English Medium School, located at [[Vanghmun]] village, was established in 1979. It educates to the mostly scheduled Tribes students living in and around Jampui hill. Pu Lalnunsanga is the headmaster of the school. The school has KG to Class X standards. The school is affiliated to the Tripura Board of School education (TBSE). Every year a considerable number of Madhyamik students appear for their examination and come out with flying colors. The school has contributed greatly to the educational development of the people of Jampui hill. It has a boarding house for both male and female students. A stipend is provided by the Tribal Welfare Department of Tripura, through which each year a number of poor students can pursue their educational careers at the school.

====Pohor English Medium School====
Pohor English Medium school was established in 2008 at [[Chawmanu]] under [[Chailengta]] Sub-Division of [[Dhalai]] District.

==Theological Institution==
===Tripura Theological College===
The TBCU runs [[Tripura Theological College]] for courses in the [[Bachelor of Theology]] (B.Th) which is accredited by the [[Asia Theological Association]] (ATA)<ref>[https://ataindia.org/institution/tripura-theological-college/ ATA -> Tipura Theological College ]</ref> from its mission compound in [[Agartala]] where mission workers are trained in Biblical doctrines and other theological studies. Presently, Rev. Bishu Kumar Debbarma is the principal of the college.

==Hospital==
Earlier, the TBCU ran its own hospital at their headquarters from the 1930s until 1980 when it was discontinued, providing free treatment to the people of the state.

Presently under SNBA, a hospital is being constructed at Kaya Haduk, Patni village of [[West Tripura]] around 20 km from Agartala city.

==Social service==
Since its inception. the TBCU has been supporting several voluntary NGOs dedicated to the development of the poor tribals living in the remote hamlets of Tripura.

=== Institute of Community Transformation ===
*Sponsored by [[Seva Bharat]] (Mission India)
'''Location:''' [[Madhab Baptist Church]], [[Mandwi]] Baptist Pastoral Circle

== Publications ==

=== Bibles ===
TBCU in partnership with the [[Bible Society of India]] has been active in translating the [[Bible]] and [[New Testament]] in various local languages of [[Tripura]].




==== Smai Kwtal ====
The New Testament of the Bible in [[Kokborok]] language, the dialect of the native people of Tripura was first published in 1976.

The translation team were:
* Rev. B.K. Smith, NZBMS
* Rev. Jong Bahadur Debbarma, TBCU
* Ramesh Debbarma, TBCU

====Baibel Kthar====
The Bible in Kaubru dialect for the [[Reang|Bru]] people called Bible kthar that is meaning Holy Bible. The New Testament called SMAIKTA and the OLD Testament called SMAIKCHAM.
The translation by Rev. S.K. MSHA, and his team which was published by the Bible Society of India in 2011.

==== Baibel Kwthar ====
The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was published for the first time in 2013 by the [[Bible Society of India]].<ref name="tranzsend">{{cite web|url=http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11|title=Tranzsend - tranzsend - New Zealand Baptists in Global Mission|publisher=tranzsend.org.nz|access-date=2014-06-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104092156/http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11|archive-date=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The TBCU translation team were:
* Rev. Jong Bahadur Debbarma, CBA
* Rev. Anil Debbarma, CBA
* Rev. Nilmani Debbarma, SNBA
* Mark Debbarma, CBA
* Chitta Debbarma, SNBA
* Dn. Chitta Ranjan Debbarma, SNBA

=== Dan Thar ===
The New Testament of the Bible in (Molsom) language the dialect of the native people of Tripura.
The translation team were:
* (Late)Rev.Misilkumar Molsom
* Rev.Sonabahadur Molsom
* Decon. Lalkunga Molsom
* Decon.CL.Nunhlima
* Rev. Mosia Molsom

=== Literature ===
Under the Tripura Baptist Christian Literature Committee and the Kokborok Christian Literature Committee (KCLC) various songbooks, tracts and study materials are regularly published by the TBCU.

== Statistics ==
According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 84,795 members in 943 churches.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023</ref>

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No. || Association || Churches || Members
|-
| 1. || [[Sadar North Baptist Association]] (SNBA) || 188 || 27,260
|-
| 2. || Central Baptist Association (CBA) || 92 || 6,500
|-
| 3. || Udaipur Baptist Association (UBA) || 92 || 7,190
|-
| 4. || Kok Baptist Association (KOKBA) || 85 || 6,284
|-
| 5. || Yarung Baptist Christian Association (YBCA) || 27 || 3,298
|-
| 6. || Salgra Baptist Association (SBA) || 55 || 8,179
|-
| 7. || Yapri Baptist Association (YBA) || 39 || 2,271
|-
| 8. || Kailasahar Baptist Christian Association (KBCA) || 81 || 11,100
|-
| 9. || Dergang Baptist Association (DBA) || 84 || 8,555
|-
| 10. || Dharmanagar Longai Baptist Association (DLBA) || 27 || 3,185
|-
| 11. || Kamalpur Baptist Association (KBA) || 33 || 2,298
|-
| 12. || Jampui Longai Baptist Association (JLBA) || 37 || 4,269
|-
| 13. || Songang Baptist Christian Association (SBCA)|| 11 || 659
|-
| 14. || Jampui Sakhan Baptist Association (JSBA) || 11 || 6,700
|-
| 15. || Tripura Baptist A'chik Krima (TBAK) || 31 || 3,987
|-
| 16. || Saizawm Sazai Baptist Association (SSBA) || 84 || 13,606
|-
| 17. || Hachuk Haphar Baptist Association (HHBA) || 34 || 2,187
|-
| 18. || Bishramganj Baptist Association (BBA) || 38 || 2,542
|}

[[File:SNBYF06 01.jpg|thumb|Choir group from [[Mandwi]] Baptist Circle, Sadar North Baptist Association (SNBA)]]



==Office bearers of TBCU==

===Union===
* General Secretary: Rev. Rantuasanga Darlong
* Associate General Secretary: Rev. Kishore Debbarma
* Secretary: Rev. Lalthanliana

====Presidents====
The list of presidents of the Union are as follows:<ref>[https://www.achik.in/grt-b/poraiani/tbcu-presidents TBCU Presidents, AK]</ref>

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No. || Name || Year
|-
| 1. || Mr. Abraham Sangma || 1938-’39, 1939-‘40, 1940-’41
|-
| 2. || Rev. Tikendra Ghagra || 1941-’42, 1942-‘43, 1952-‘53, 1964-‘65
|-
| 3. || Mr. Kamala Kanta Kubi || 1944-‘45, 1945-’46
|-
| 4. || Rev. L. Luaia || 1946-‘47
|-
| 5. || Rev. M. J. Eade || 1947-‘48
|-
| 6. || Mr. Lianthanga || 1948-‘49
|-
| 7. || Mr. Jogesh Rema || 1949-‘50
|-
| 8. || Pastor Sukla Kumar Das || 1950-‘51
|-
| 9. || Pastor Chawna || 1951-‘52, 1953-‘54
|-
| 10. || Mr. Dhirendra Sangma || 1954-‘55, 1960-‘61
|-
| 11. || Rev. Tlanglawma Darlong || 1955-‘56, 1961-‘62,1969-‘70,1986-’87,1987-’88,1988-‘89
|-
| 12. || Rev. Tawna || 1956-’57, 1957-‘58, 1970-‘71
|-
| 13. || Rev. Lalhuala Darlong|| 1958-’59, 1959-‘60, 1982-’83, 1983-’84, 1984-‘85
|-
| 14. || Rev. B. N. Eade || 1962-‘63
|-
| 15. || Mr. Upendra Kumar Das || 1965-‘66
|-
| 16. || Mr. L. L. Rokhum || 1966-‘67
|-
| 18. || Rev. Lalsiama Darlong || 1968-‘69, 1981-‘82. 1994-‘95
|-
| 19. || Mr. Johana Darlong || 1971-‘72
|-
| 20. || Rev. Malsawma || 1972-‘73, 1997-‘98
|-
| 21. || Rev. Elendra Marak || 1973-‘74, 1990-‘91, 1993-‘94
|-
| 22. || Prof. D. L. Roy || 1974-’75, 1975-’76, 1976-’77, 1977-‘78
|-
| 23. || Rev. Lalrema Darlong || 1978-’79, 1979-’80, 1980-‘81
|-
| 24. || Rev. Rabindra Debbarma || 1989-‘90, 1995-’96, 1996–97
|-
| 25. || Rev. Dakshina Ranjan Reang || 1991-‘92, 2003-‘04, 2005-‘06, 2019-‘20
|-
| 26. || Rev. Jongbahadur Debbarma || 1992-‘93, 1997-‘98, 2015-‘16
|-
| 27. || Rev. Mishil Kumar Molsom || 1998-‘99
|-
| 28. || Rev. S. T. Pautu || 1999-2000
|-
| 29. || Rev. Anil Debbarma || 2000-‘01, 2016-‘17
|-
| 30. || Rev. Ngaituasunga Darlong || 2001-‘02
|-
| 31. || Rev. Zokhuma Rokhum || 2002-‘03, 2006-‘07, 2014-‘15
|-
| 32. || Rev. Ranakusum Debbarma || 2004-‘05, 2012-‘13. 2020-‘21
|-
| 33. || Rev. Kishore Debbarma || 2008-’09, 2009-‘10
|-
| 34. || Rev. Chandra Kanta Debbarma || 2010-‘11
|-
| 35. || Rev. Sangzuala || 2011-‘12
|-
| 36. || Rev. Nagendra Debbarma || 2013-‘14
|-
| 37. || Rev. Rajani Kaipeng || 2017-‘18
|-
| 38. || Rev. Jyotirmoy Debbarma || 2018-‘19
|}

===Sadar North Baptist Association (SNBA)===
Pastors of SNBA
# Rev. C. K. Debbarma (General Secretary, TBCU)
# Rev. Ranjit Debbarma (Executive Secretary, SNBA)
# Rev.Chandramoni Debbarma (Secretary, Sadar North Baptist Association)
# Rev. Kishor kr. Debbarma (TBCU President)
# Rev.OfficO Kr. Debbarma
# Pastor Mangal Debbarma
# Pastor Manmohan Debbarma
# Pastor Barendra Debbarma
# Pastor Samendra Debbarma
# Evan. Shikha Debbarma
# Pastor Sitaram Rupini
# Pastor Sushanta Debbarma
# Pastor Pradip Debbarma
# Pastor Mantu Debbarma
# Pastor Kishore Debbarma
# Pastor Bijoy Debbarma
# Pastor Sukuram Debbarma
# Pastor Nripendra Debbarma
# Pastor Partha Sarathi Debbarma
# Pastor Sandhyaram Debbarma
# Pastor Rajkumar Debbarma
# Pastor Mithun Rupini
# Pastor Biswajit Debbarma
# Pastor Nitya Debbarma
# Pastor Manoranjan Debbarma
# Pastor Kishore (Yarwng) Debbarma
# Pastor Arun Debbarma
# Pastor Ajendra Debbarma
# Pastor Rwngthoma Debbarma
# Pastor Joseph Debbarma
# Pastor Manik Debbarma
# Pastor Somchati Debbarma
# Pastor Sunil Debbarma
# Pastor Malendra Debbarma
# Pastor Debojit Debbarma
# Pastor Sachin Debbarma
# Pastor Bijoy Debbarma
# Evan Amit Debbarma
# Rev. Dr. Bishu kr. Debbarma (TTC Principle)
# Evan Bharat Debbarma
# Evan Miss Ganga Debbarma
# Evan. Shyamuel Debbarma
# Evan. Shakti Debbarma
# Evan. Bhajan Debabrma
# Evan. Rescue Debbarma
# Evan. Sanjoy Rupini
# Evan. Ranjit Debbarma
# Evan. Shyamal Debbarma
# Evan. Pusurai Debabrma
# Evan. Pitor Debbarma
# Evan. Jacob Debbarma
# Evan. Jiten Debbarma
# Evan. Biman Debbarma
# E/T Siari Debbarma
# E/T Subasish Debbarma
#E/T Jico Debbarma
#E/T Adom Debabrma
# Mr. Rabindra Debbarma (Driver)
Office Staff of SNBA
# Mr. Pitor Debbarma (Accountant)
# Mr. Binoy Debbarma (Office Assistant)
# Mr. Alip Debbarma (Office Boy)
Ordained Evangelists of SNBA
# Ord. Evan. Lalnunsiama (BCM Missionary)
# Ord. Evan. Lalchungnunga (JSBA Missionary)

==Pastors and Evangelists working under TBCU ==
===Central Baptist Association (CBA)===
Pastors of CBA
The pastors of the CBA are:
# Rev. Jong Bahadur Debbarma (Retd)
# Rev. Asit Debbarma (Retd)
# Rev. Swapan Debbarma
# Rev. Surajit Debbarma
# Rev. Mohan Koloi
# Rev. Anil Debbarma (Retd)
# Rev. Ajit Debbarma
# Rev. Tripureswer Debbarma
# Rev. Sambhuram Debbarma
# Rev. Swadesh Debbarma
# Rev. Abiram Debbarma
# Rev. Aprajit Debbarma
Ordained Evangelists of CBA
# Rev. Sushil Debbarma
# Ord.Evan. Ranjit Debbarma
# Rev. Madhab Debbarma
# Rev. Satyaram Debbarma

Evangelists of CBA
# Evan. Dilip Debbarma
# Evan. Premananda Debbarma
# Evan. Laxman Debbarma
# Evan. Ranjan Debbarma
# Evan. Krishna Debbarma
# Evan. Bitta Debbarma
# Evan. Uttam Debbarma
# Evan. Saitya Debbarma
# Evan. Arup Debbarma

===Kok Baptist Association (KOKBA)===

Pastors of KOKBA
The pastors of the KOKBA are:
# Rev. Jyotirmoy Debbarma
# Rev. Sunil Debbarma
# Rev. Malendra Debbarma

# Rev. Surnapada Jamatia
# Rev. Dharmendra Debbarma
# Rev. Samaresh Debbarma

Ordained Evangelists of KOKBA
# Dhiman Debbarma

Ordained Evangelists of KOKBA
# Evan. Philip Rupini
# Evan. Kishore Debbarma
# Evan. Manoj Kumar Debbarma
# Evan. Sanjoy Debbarma
# Evan. Ranju Debbarma
# Evan. Utpal Debbarma
# Evan. Biresh Debbarma
# Evan. Mansujit Debbarma
# Evan pradesh Debbarma

===Udaipur Baptist Association (UBA)===
The pastors of the UBA are:
# Rev. Debguru Jamatia
# Rev. Subraihamjak Jamatia
# Rev. Chandra Bahadur Jamatia

Ordained Evangelists of UBA
# Ord. Evan. Imangrai Jamatia
# Ord. Evan. Abraham Jamatia
# Ord. Evan. Uttam Kr. Jamatia
# Ord. Evan. Phaijak Jamatia

Evangelists of UBA
# Evan. Jiban Barma Jamatia
# Evan. Swlaijak Jamatia
# Evan. Nabin Chandra Jamatia
# Evan. Swapan Jamatia
# Evan. Bijoy Kumar Jamatia
# Evan. Bipad Sadhan Jamatia
# Evan. Baibel Kalai

===Saisawm Sazai Baptist Association (SSBA)===
SSBA Retired PASTORS

* Pastor Akhawi Dourai
* Rev. Zokhuma Rokhum (L)
* Rev. Mishilkumar Molsom(L)
* Rev. Sonabahadur Molsom
* O/E Dananjoy Molsom
* O/E HK Zionthanga

SSBA pastors
{{Col-start}}
#Rev.Sidhantorai Molsom (ES)
#Rev.Dumbumoni Hrangkhawl
#Rev.Dulirai Molsom
#Rev Neilutlian Kaipeng
#Rev Lalpanliana Molsom
#Rev Mosia Molsom
#Rev. Chondrolal Molsom
#Rev.Vanlalnghaka Kuki
#Rev.Temlongir Hrangkhawl
#Rev.Joykumar Kaipeng
#Rev.Porimal Kaipeng(AGS TBCU)
#O/E.Purnibasi Molsom
#O/E.Ramedas Molsom
{{Col-break}}

PRO. PASTOR
#PP.Madhyakumar Molsom
#PP.Joyson Hrangkhawl
#PP.David Lalthangliana Kaipeng
{{Col-break}}

SSBA workers
#Mr.Isaka Bongcher
#Mr.Samuel Molsom
#Mr.Ojit Molsom
#Mr.Samuel Kaipeng
#Mrs.Usharani Hrangkhawl
#Mr.James Molsom
#Mr.Lalthafela Betu
#Mr.Rajibmohan Molsom
#Mr.Gobindakumar Molsom

{{Col-end}}

* There are 73 Churches, 11 fellowship and 2 Preaching Centre 13349 communicant Members. 196 Deacon and 25 life Deacon in SSBA (as in 2024)

==List of churches affiliated to TBCU==

===[[Sadar North Baptist Association|Sadar North Baptist Association (SNBA)]]===

==== Abhicharan Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Kisong (1973)
* Dofidar (1977)
* Rajghat (1977)
* Durga Choudhury Kami (1982)
* Abhicharan (1983)*
{{col-break}}
* Wala Kami (1983)
* Lefunga (1987)
* Sadhiram (1988)
* Kainta Kwpra (1990)
* Habildar (1990)
{{col-break}}
* Twisa Kwthang (1992)
* Mokam (1993)
* Bokjur (2002)
* Twisa Kwchang (2006)
* Rojong (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Kumaribil (2006)
* Phota Kami (2007)
* Raikanai (2008)
* Raj Chantai (2010)
* Kanto Kwpra (2010)
* Maikhor (2012)
{{col-end}}

==== Borkathal Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Debra (1978)
* Boiragi (1980)
* Borkathal (1986)
* Doigola (1987)
* Belphang (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Bargachia (1988)
* Khwichang (1988)
* Patni (1989)
* Yacharai (1991)
* Tokmakari (1994)
{{col-break}}
* Hathai Kwchang (2005)
* Chakhuma (2006)
* Khampar (2007)
* Bag Kami (2008)
* Radhanagar (2008)
{{col-break}}
* Salka (2010)
* Dugurai
* Urua Kami (2012)
* Twibru
* Harep Kotor (2021)
{{col-end}}

==== Champaknagar Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Khamting (1971)
* Bhrigudas (1977)
* Joynagar (1988)
* Jangalia (1988)
* Goyacharan (1989)
* Kulang Thagu (2013)
{{col-break}}
* Sobhamani (1990)
* Sinai Kami (1991)
* Maharam Sardar (1993)
* Hamari (1993)
* Rasu (1994)
* Rangking
{{col-break}}
* Sarat Sardar (1995)
* Roktia (1997)
* Debra (1999)
* Lalit Mohan (1999)
* Chokhreng (2003)
* Borduar
{{col-break}}
* Waraitwisa (2004)
* Duranta (2005)
* Uakjara (2005)
* Chandra Sadhu (2006)
* Immanuel (2007)
{{col-break}}
* Mang Kanto (2008)
* Rabicharan Thakur (2010)
* Nareng (2010)
* Thastwi Hatai (2011)
* Sambhusadhu (2012)
{{col-end}}

==== Dakdu Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Binon Kwpra (1975)
* Bhuban Chantai (1979)
* Madhab (1980)
* Sonamoni Sipai (1983)
* New Testament (1984)
{{col-break}}
* Boidya Kwpra (1986)
* Ramchandra (1990)
* Sibram (1998)
* Sridam Kwpra (1999)
* Chamathwi (2007)
{{col-break}}
* Sikwrai Kwpra (2007)
* Badramisip (2008)
* Thang Kami (2008)
* Lamkwthar (2010)
* Burakha (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Aitorma
* Kha Kwtal (2014)
* Boirwng
{{col-end}}

==== Hezamara Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Hezamara (1994)
* Garing Kami (1994)
* Shankhola (1995)
* Doldoli (1998)
* Chandranath (2003)
{{col-break}}
* Hasing Auar (2005)
* Matia (2006)
* Sonaram Industry (2008)
* Twisa Kuphur (2009)
* Bargatha (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Ganthalwng
* Dagia
{{col-end}}

==== Jamilwng Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Bagbari (1978)
* Bhati Fatik Cherra (1987)
* Agartala City (1988)
* Singlwng (1990)
* Gangalwng (1993)
{{col-break}}
* Jamilwng (1995)
* Kami Kwtal (1997)
* Hamari (2003)
* [[Kha Kotor Baptist Church|Kha Kotor]] (2004)
* Sipai (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Khampar kami (2008)
* Pohor (2009)
* Gamsa Kwpra (2010)
* Naran Kami
* Thansa (2023)

{{col-end}}

==== Mandwi Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Thaiplok Phang (1977)
* Manikung (1978)
* Matham (1983)
* Mandwi (1986)
* Udai Kwpra (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Bishram (1989)
* Khengrai (1989)
* Sat Para (1996)
* Nepal Mura (1996)
* Naba Chandra (1997)
{{col-break}}
* Begram (1999)
* Lakhan Kwpra (2000)
* Bethel (2000)
* Baludum (2005)
{{col-break}}
* Hachwk Madhab (2007)
* Kanta Kobra (2009)
* Nolbogola (2009)
* Dondra (2015)
{{col-break}}
* Kherengbar (2010)
* Chhoigoria (2010)
* Chairgoria (2013)
* Emau (2013)
* Bokhiri (2013)
{{col-end}}

===[[Central Baptist Association, Tripura|Central Baptist Association (CBA)]]===

==== Bishramganj Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Borkur (1960)
* Morgang (1970)
* Ramnagar (1974)
* Amtali (1979)
* Herma (1989)
* Rangmala (1991)
* Golirai (1991)
* Sutarmura (1992)
* Bishramganj (1994)
* Twichang (1995)
{{col-break}}
* Latia Chharra (1996)
* Pagli (2000)
* Monai Khar (2000)
* Hirapur (2000)
* Twibokhorok (2001)
* Sreehari (2001)
* Tokturma (2001)
* Jagukhar (2002)
* Nukhung Rasa (2002)
* Hathai Kwchak (2003)
{{col-break}}
* Santaram (2006)
* Chikan Chhara (2007)
* Maharam
{{col-end}}
* Rangchak

==== City Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* City (2001)
* Modhupur (2006)
{{col-end}}

==== Gabardi Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Dundrai (1989)
* Shyamnagar (1990)
* Jong (1992)
* Berja (1993)
* Bethel (1995)
* Bharat Sardar (2006)
* Ramgati (2006)
* Sambhu Charan (2006)
* Bahumani (2006)
* Salom (1996)
* Kanchanmala (1997)
{{col-break}}
* Khabaksa (2000)
* Pohor (2000)
* Gabardi (2001)
* Konai (2005)
* Dhukhia Kwpra (2006)
* Hari Mangal (2006)
* Satukura (2007)
* Harihari (2008)
* Ramanadh (2008)
* Khama Berjo (2008)
{{col-break}}
* Kha Swrang (2008)
* Dhupchara (2010)
* Hari Jamadar (2005)
* Bhabania
{{col-end}}

==== Jampui Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Morgang East (1979)
* Nabasardar (1987)
* Gahiram (1988)
* Gurudayal (1988)
* Boiragi (1989)
* Thelakung (1990)
* Bahatur (1993)
* Jampuijala Block (1997)
* Jelua (2002)
* Jampui Hati (2003)
* Getsimani (2005)
{{col-break}}
* Muitu (2006)
* Twisarangchak (2006)
* Sombar Hati (2006)
* Suarikhola (2006)
* Muni Chandra (2007)
* Ram Sardar (2007)
* Saka Nimai (2008)
* Twithaiplok (2008)
* Sankatram (2008)
{{col-break}}
* 3 No Colony (2009)
* Suari Khola
{{col-end}}

==== Takarjala Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Kamichang (1986)
* Takarjala (1986)
* Ganjamara (1987)
* Pekuarjala (1990)
* Bokhri (1994)
* Kandram (1998)
* Sampaijak (1998)
* Phantok (1999)
* Twijlang (1999)
* Jangalia (2002)
{{col-break}}
* Paliabanga (2005)
* Thastwi (2005)
* Gangahari (2005)
* Kherthakur (2007)
* Debendra (2008)
* Hiramanta (2009)
* Nazareth (2009)
* Khakwtal (2009)
* Arjun Thakur (2008)
* Bethlehem (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Bethany
{{col-end}}

===Udaipur Baptist Association (UBA)===

==== Amarpur Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Dulukma (1980)
* Gorjung(1980)
* Nograi (1988)
* Bangphur (1988)
* Khakchang (1989)
* Koroimura (1990)
* Kasko (1990)
* Shalom (1990)
* Paithak (1992)
{{col-break}}
* Dugri (1992)
* Sonkhala (1992)
* Tingoria (1995)
* Golgatha (1999)
* Horeb (1997)
* Twijlang (2000)
* Adongkha (2001)
* Kashi Podo (2009)
* Rambadra (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Mayunguarai (2000)
* Sada Radha (2007)
* Songang (2007)
* Twibaglai (2009)
* Ompi Regrouping Colony (2009)
* Sesua Colony (2010)
* Jarikosom
* Gongia
* Noloni
{{col-break}}
* Hodrai
* Garjung Phang
* Chwla kaham
* Dalak
* Salka
* Khajur
* Raima(2018)
{{col-end}}

==== Marandi Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Bethel (1974)
* Songnari (1987)
* Immanuel (1988)
* Gilgal (1990)
* Hwlwighati (1992)
* Twiwandal (1993)
* Uamlwi (1994)
* Sungrung (1999)
* Gulmura (1999)
{{col-break}}
* Tiar (2000)
* Ruthai (2004)
* Twi Horchung (2005)
* Yapri Kwtal (2005)
* Ha Rangchak (2006)
* Mayung Twisa (2008)
* Tholi Bari (2008)
* Twichangma (2008)
* Twisoma (2008)
* Salka Twisikambuk (2009)
{{col-break}}
* Laiso (2009)
* Monai Panthor (2010)
* Baso (2015)
* Chundul (2016)
* Kami kwtal(2018)
* Lailwng (2019)
{{col-end}}

==== Pitra Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Kuar (1972)
*Manikya (1973)
* Singi Lwng (1974)
* Joying (1972)
* Hare (1979)
* Kunjomura (1979)
* Raio (1980)
* Kami Kwtal (1982)
* Hamari (1988)
* Torbang (1989)
* Saimarua (1992)
{{col-break}}
* Salem (1992)
* St. John's (1993)
* Khakchang (1996)
* Kuar Khampar (1997)
* Langma (1997)
* Khumulwng (1997)
* Maikrwisa (1997)
* Thaipong Hathai (2002)
* Kha Kuphur (2007)
{{col-break}}
* South Yalwkma (2008)
* Yalwkma(1972)
* Borchuk Hathai (2019)
{{col-end}}

===Kok Baptist Association (KOKBA)===

{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Chandranath (1974)
* Pointram (1979)
* Moglam (1980)
* Gwngrai (1981)
* Jiten (1982)
* Madharam (1984)
* Anath Chowdhury (1985)
* Belchara (1988)
* Ghilatoli (1989)
{{col-break}}
* Basanta Kobra (1990)
* Khakchangma (1990)
* Maharani (1991)
* Thagur (1991)
* Chhanlwng (1992)
* Dophidar (1993)
* Gairing (1994)
* Sumanta (1994)
* Tagla (1994)
* Bathaka (1994)
{{col-break}}
* Chargoria (1994)
* Khowai Town (1994)
* Mosok Kami (1995)
* Bokomnia (1996)
* Yakhrai (1998)
* Bishnu Ram Sipai (1999)
* Mudilenga (1999)
* Lampra (2001)
* Monaikhor (2002)
{{col-break}}
* Kami Kwchar (2002)
* Uahlwng (2002)
* Bolitali (2003)
* Tulasikhor (2003)
* Behalabari (2003)
* Capital (2003)
* Haruaktali (2004)
* Twisa rangchak (2005)
* Baikuntho (2006)
* Balua (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Goyamphang (2006)
* Nisan (2007)
* Manik Chowdhury (2007)
* Athuk Twisa (2007)
* Mwtai Kami (2007)
* Naithok (2007)
* Tingaria (2007)
* Marchaduk (2007)
* Khaswrang (2008)
* Akhara (2009)
{{col-break}}
* Ampura (2009)
* Thailik Bwlwng (2009)
* Jalai Twisa (2009)
* Petra Kami (2009)
* Mayung kwthwi (2009)
* Tokchaya (1988)
* Sipai Hour (1992)
* Padmabil (2006)
* Harepkuar (2004)
* Mungia (1996)
* Bidhyabil (1990)
{{col-end}}

===Salgra Baptist Association (SBA)===

==== Dhanu Chowdhury Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
* Dhanu Chowdhury (1977)
* Maichaya Para (1980)
* Khumtwisa (1985)
* Madab Nagar (1988)
* Emmanuel (1991)
* Matham Kami (2004)
* Hapta Para (2007)
* Betagi (2008)
* Kosomtwisa (2008)

==== Thailik Twisa Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
* Bethel (1978)
* Banapha Para (1979)
* Taimang (1981)
* Thailik Twisa (1991)
* Rangchak (1996)
* Maira Twisa (2000)
* Twisa (2007)

==== Bankul Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
* Zarzari (1980)
* Bankul (1984)
* Pokul (2001)
* Thaipong Twisa (2002)
* Padhamani (2007)
* Garipha (2009)
* Rosoma (2010)
* Saira (2010)
* Sabroom Town (2010)

==== Khakchang Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
* Twiruma (1992)
* Bananta (1994)
* Khakchang (1995)
* Domdoma (1996)
* Thansa (2001)
* Monyapara (2004)
* Eden (2009)
* Akabang (2010)

==== Desharam Baptist Pastoral Circle ====
* Twimuk (1997)
* Desharam (2003)
* New Gunjalima (2008)
* Bakmara (2008)
* Tongthokma (2010)
* Sinai (2010)

=== Saisawm Sazai Baptist Association ===

====Gongrai Pastor Circle====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Gongrai (1968)
* Bijoynandi
* Bethlehem
* Olive
* Dhuptoli
* Tulamura
* Dailonga
* Bethesda
*Thandachhora
*Monithang(F)
*Kachigang
*Zirkanto
*Darkathang
*Twibaklai
*Ngava tuidai (F)
*Lungchhir
*Blue Hill
====Dewanchhora Pastor Circle====
* Raio
* Dewanchhora
* Rehobot Zawlkhaw
* Sonkhola
* Dak
* Darjiling
* Tutu
* Twibaklai
* Lailak No-1
*Lailak No 2 (F)
*Bangphai

{{col-end}}

=== Donlekha Pastor Circle ===

* Donlekha
* Montang
* Barmachhora
* IBC
* Robokva
* Lungphun
* Zion
* Sontang
* Sonkhola
* Nupangrumva
* Horeb
* Moria
* Salem
{{col-start}}

====Gamagur Pastor Circle====
{{col-break}}
* Gamagur
* Eloi
* S.Colony
* Nelsi
* Marva
*Bethlehem
* Gramha( F)
*Kanan
*Marva Colony
*Thumnograi
*Tuicholong
*Shilom
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

====Kamlachora Pastor Circle====
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Kamlachora-II
* Raipasa
* Monafa
* Donchora Bethel
* Yawejere
* Maskumbir
*Kamalachora-I
*Shik Khaw(F)
*Kanchanpur
*Kulaigontachora
*NG Para
*Empruchhora
*Mekazin
*Zawlkhaw
*Jabakhaw(F)
*Chankumar (F)
*Horinchhora(F)
*Pisga (F)
{{col-end}}

=== Twichakma Pastor Circle (2024) ===

* Twichakma
* Thelakung
* Zawltungi
* Darkhai
* sonarai
* Tangpui
* Choygaria
* Bola (F)
* Dupatila

=== Hawaibari Pastor Circle (2024) ===

* Hawaibari (1924)
* Tuikoi
* Rangamura
* Karmel
* Bethel
* Kanan (F)

===Kamalpur Baptist Association (KBA)===

{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Maharani BC (1965)
* Bamanchara BC (1966)
* Chuttosurma BC (1989)
* L.T.S BC (1992)
* Chankap BC (1992)
* Mechuria BC (1993)
* Uatlok Twisa BC (1993)
* Sinai BC (1994)
* Kaimai BC (1994)
{{col-break}}
* Panbua BC (2001)
* Asha Purna BC (2001)
* Salem BC (2002)
* Dhanchandra BC (2005)
* Mwthangnai BF (2005)
* Twirubam BC (2005)
* Pohor BC (2005)
* Marachara BC (2006)
* Mendi BF (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Sion BC (2008)
* Kamalpur Town BF (2008)
* Bagaishwari BC (2010)
* Salkabai BF(2024)
* Lobthar BC (2024)
* Bugra BC
* Twichak BC
* Muitulwng BF
* Kamaranga BC
* Katalutma BC
* Kaisingtwisa BF
* Smyrna BF
* Tokthu Twisa BF
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

===Hachwk Haphar Baptist Association (HHBA)===

{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Joyganti (1971)
* Lalcharra (1978)
* Satarai (1988)
* Chailengta (1988)
* Khumbar Kami (1989)
* Rajkandi (1989)
* Araidrun (1989)
* Jarulcharra (1993)
* Golgotha (1993)
* Saidachhera (1996)
* Bkhaktal (1997)
{{col-break}}
* Fatikchhera (1997)
* Hamari (1999)
* Dhanbilash (1999)
* Khasrang (2000)
* Bethlehem (2005)
* Samruchhera (2007)
* Chhagaldema (2007)
* Ashinray (2007)
* Behakumar (2008)
* Kamal Charan (2008)
{{col-break}}
* Nilkumar (2008)
* Naitung Chhara (2008)
* Baganbari (2009)
* Pancham Nagar (2009)
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

===Songang Baptist Christian Association (SBCA)===

{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* Diliram (1962)
* Palka (1980)
* Baishyamani (1980)
* Bormura (1983)
* Smai Kwtal (1987)
* Twidu (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Sinai Kami (1990)
* Twichakma (1991)
* Bethel (1996)
* Jordan (2004)
* Hallua (2009)
* Brahmachara (2009)
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

==Controversies==
The state government of Tripura accused the organization of lending support to separatist [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] rebels.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/717775.stm | work=BBC News | title=Church backing Tripura rebels | date=2000-04-18}}</ref>

The Government of [[Tripura]] uncovered evidence asserting that the Baptist Church in Tripura had been helping Tripuri militants, such as the [[NLFT]] in the state. The NLFT militants, who are involved in armed struggle for the independence of Tripura, and the creation of a "Christian state",<ref>{{Cite journal|title=In the Name of the Father? - Christian Militantism in Tripura, Northern Uganda, and Ambon|journal=Studies in Conflict and Terrorism|year=2007|volume=30|page=963|doi=10.1080/10576100701611288|author1=Adam |author2=de Cordier |author3= Titeca |author4=Vlassenroot |issue=11|s2cid=145364791 }}</ref> have been forcing local tribals to convert to Christianity at gunpoint and threatening to murder participants in Hindu festivals.<ref name="BBC News"/><ref name=Tripura>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/02trip.htm rediff.com: Tribals unite against conversions in Tripura]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/953200.stm | work=BBC News | title=Separatist group bans Hindu festivities | date=2000-10-02}}</ref> It is believed that as many as 5,000 tribal villagers were converted in this fashion over two years.<ref name=Tripura/> These forcible conversions to Christianity, sometimes including the use of "rape as a means of intimidation," have also been noted by academics outside of India.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=In the Name of the Father? Christian Militantism in Tripura, Northern Uganda, and Ambon|journal=Studies in Conflict and Terrorism|year=2007|volume=30|pages=965, 966, 967|doi=10.1080/10576100701611288|author1=Adam |author2=de Cordier |author3=Titeca |author4=Vlassenroot |issue=11|s2cid=145364791 }}</ref>

The government accused the Baptist Church of Tripura for supporting this violent campaign of NLFT by providing funding and arms for the group. In April 2000, Nagmanlal Halam, Secretary of the Noapara Baptist Church in Tripura, was caught with a large quantity of explosives which were meant for the group. Halam later confessed to buying and supplying explosives to the NLFT for the past two years. Another church official, Jatna Koloi, was arrested in south Tripura in April 2000. According to the State Police, Mr Koloi had received training in guerrilla warfare at an NLFT base in 1999.<ref name="BBC News"/>

==See also==

* [[Tripuri people]]
* [[Sadar North Baptist Association]]
* [[Christianity in Tripura]]
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]
* [[Tripura Presbyterian Church Synod]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.christiantbcu.org/en/tbcu www.christiantbcu.org/en/tbcu Website of TBCU]
* [http://www.bwanet.org/ Baptist World Alliance]
* [http://www.baptist.org.nz baptist.org.nz]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.shareanopportunity.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020807202153/http://www.shareanopportunity.org/ |archive-date=7 August 2002 |url-status=usurped |title=Baptist World Aid Australia |access-date=2014-06-06 |df=dmy-all }}

{{Churches in India}}
{{Baptist World Alliance Members}}

[[Category:Tripura Baptist Christian Union| ]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1938]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]

Kalambha railway station

2026-04-23T10:55:19Z

Accuntpayable1: made new post.

{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalambha
| type = [[List of railway stations in India|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian railway
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[State Highway 248 (Maharashtra)|State Highway 248]], Yerla, [[Katol taluka]], [[Nagpur district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.344635|78.558413|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Maharashtra
| line = [[Bhopal–Nagpur section]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|405|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{Start date and age|1884}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KLBA
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Nagpur CR}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=West Central Railway zone|left=Tinkheda|right=Katol|to-left=Bhopal Junction|to-right=Nagpur Junction|type=[[Bhopal–Nagpur section]]}}
}}

'''Kalambha railway station''' is a railway station of [[Bhopal–Nagpur section]] under [[Nagpur CR railway division]] of [[West Central Railway zone]] of Indian Railways. The station is situated beside [[State Highway 248 (Maharashtra)|State Highway 248]] at Yerla, [[Katol taluka]] in [[Nagpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=Kalambha Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kalambha-klba/6273|access-date=2021-03-09|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=KLBA / Kalambha Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Kalambha|url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/klba/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The Bhopal–Itarsi line was opened by the Begum of Bhopal in 1884.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 2|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi]] and [[Nagpur Junction railway station]] was linked in between 1923 and 1924.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-10|title=Nagpur District Gazetteer|url=http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/FINAL_GAZETTEE/comm1.html|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410104748/http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/FINAL_GAZETTEE/comm1.html|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref> Electrification started in Bhopal–Itarsi section in 1988–89 and the rest Itarsi to Nagpur section was electrified in 1990–91.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1884]]
[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Nagpur district]]

Natalya Romanovna Guseva

2026-04-23T01:58:02Z

Accuntpayable1: New a article!

{{short description|Russian ethnographer and Indologist (1914–2010)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Natalya Romanovna Guseva
| native_name = Наталья Романовна Гусева
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_name = Natalya Romanovna Chetyrkina
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|03|21}}
| birth_place = [[Mykhailivka-Rubezhivka|Rubezhovka]], [[Kiev Governorate]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|04|21|1914|03|21}}
| death_place =
| citizenship = {{br separated entries|Russian Empire|Soviet Union|Russia}}
| occupation = {{br separated entries|Ethnographer|Historian|Indologist}}
| known_for = Research on the ethnography and religions of peoples of India
| spouse = {{br separated entries|V. N. Gusev (1st)|Svyatoslav Igorevich Potabenko (2nd)}}
| relatives =
| awards = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award]]
| education = [[Doctor of Sciences|Doctor]] in Historical Sciences<ref>{{cite book |title=Занимательная ДНК–генеалогия. Новая Наука Даёт Ответы |trans-title=Interesting DNA Genealogy. New Science Provides Answers |author=Анатолий Клёсов [Anatoly Klyosov] |author-link=:ru:Анатолий Клёсов |year=2017 |publisher=ЛитРес [Litres] |language=ru |place=Russia |page=234 |isbn=978-5457433502 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWGKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234}}</ref>
| alma_mater = {{br separated entries|[[Leningrad State University]]|Institute of Ethnography of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]]}}
| thesis_title = {{br separated entries|Этнический состав населения Южной Индии ([[Candidate of Sciences]])|Индуизм: История формирования. Культовая практика ([[Doctor of Sciences]])}}
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| discipline = {{br separated entries|Ethnography|History|Indology}}
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = Former "Senior Scientific Worker", Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union<ref>{{cite book |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |translator-first=Y. S. |translator-last=Redkar |title=Jainism |year=1971 |page=iii |publisher=Sindhu |place=Mumbai, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXkIAQAAIAAJ&q=Senior+Scientific+Worker |lccn=77922258 |oclc=211997}}</ref>
| main_interests = History and ethnography of the peoples of India<ref name="k"/>
| notable_works =
}}

'''Natalya Romanovna Guseva''' ({{langx|ru|Наталья Романовна Гусева|translit=Natalya Romanovna Guseva}}; March 21, 1914 – April 21, 2010) was a Russian [[ethnographer]], historian, [[Indologist]] and writer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Современная математика. Исток. Проблемы. Перспективы |trans-title=Modern Mathematics. Origin. Problems. Perspectives |author=Александр Стрекалов [Alexandr Strekalov] |year=2020 |publisher=ЛитРес [Litres] |language=ru |place=Russia |page=231 |isbn=978-5041807368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5smiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231}}</ref>

Born at a village in the [[Kiev Governorate]], she did her [[Candidate of Sciences]] and [[Doctor of Sciences]] from the Institute of Ethnography of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] in 1951 and 1978, respectively. She worked at the Institute of Ethnography from 1952 until her retirement in 1998, however from 1963 to 1964, she had worked at the House of Soviet Culture in Delhi. She died at the age of 96 years.

==Early life and family==
Guseva was born as Natalya Romanovna Chetyrkina on 21 March 1914<ref>{{cite web |title=Наталья Романовна Гусева (Четыркина) |trans-title=Natalya Romanovna Guseva (Chetyrkina) |website=[[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/index.php?option=com_personalities&Itemid=74&person=1557 |place=Saint Petersburg, Russia |accessdate=August 23, 2020}}</ref> at Rubezhovka village in the Kiev Governorate.<ref name="ras"/> She was orphaned at an early age. After her schooling, she worked in a tire factory and simultaneously studied in a technical school for rubber industry. She first married V. N. Gusev, an engineer, and later married Svyatoslav Igorevich Potabenko who was also an Indologist.<ref name="ras">{{cite web |title=Гусева Наталья Романовна (1914–2010) |trans-title=Guseva Natalya Romanovna (1914–2010) |author1=Сергей Александрович Арутюнов [Sergey Alexandrovich Arutyunov] |author-link1=:ru:Сергей Александрович Арутюнов |author2=Наталья Львовна Жуковская [Natalia L'vovna Zhukovskaia] |author-link2=Natalia Zhukovskaia |website=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]] |place=Moscow, Russia |language=ru |accessdate=July 13, 2020 |url=http://iea-ras.ru/index.php?go=Afisha&in=view&id=54}}</ref>

==Education, career and research==
Guseva developed interest in the [[eastern world]], and in 1940, completed her graduation from the [[Leningrad State University]] with a specialty in Indology. Later, she worked at the [[Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography|Institute of Ethnography in Moscow]] as an employee, but in 1946, she joined the institute as a student for further studies. From 1950 to 1952, she worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. In 1951, she came to Moscow and completed her [[Candidate of Sciences]] at the Institute of Ethnography with the defense of her thesis titled ''"Этнический состав населения Южной Индии" (The Ethnic Composition of the Population of South India)''. Later in 1952, she left Uzbekistan and on the invitation of [[Sergey Tolstov|Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov]], she started working again at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union where she worked until her retirement in 1998. However, from 1963 to 1964, she had worked as the senior methodologist of the Russian language at the House of Soviet Culture in Delhi. In 1978, she completed her Doctor of Sciences at the institute with the defense of her thesis titled ''"Индуизм: история формирования. Культовая практика" (Hinduism: The History of Formation. Cultic Practice)''.<ref name="ras"/> [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev]] evaluated Guseva's dissertation for the Doctor of Sciences and its defense by her. He rated her dissertation as "dilettantish", but viewed her defense of it as brilliant.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Религиоведение – № 4 [Religious Studies – № 4] |publication-date=2005 |page=142 |title=Дневники (окончание) |trans-title=Diaries (completion) |author=Сергей Александрович Токарев [Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev]}}</ref>

In her research, she worked to identify common features between the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] and [[Slavic mythologies]].<ref name="k"/> In the later part of her life, she fixated on the idea of a common ancestral homeland of the Indians and [[Slavs]]. She authored a book on this subject in 2003, titled ''"Русский Север – прародина индославов" (The Russian North — The Ancestral Home of the Indo–Slavs{{refn|group=note|The term Indo–Slav refers to "the remote ancestors of the Aryans and the Slavs".<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural Traditions and Origin Indo–Europeans |editor-first=A. G. |editor-last=Vinogradov |article=Phallic Cult in the Perception of Ancient Slavs and Aryans |first=Svetlana Vasilyevna |last=Zharnikova |orig-year=Article first published in 2004 |year=2013 |publisher=WP IPGEB |type=Collection of Article Published by the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia (from 1984 to 2004) |isbn=978-1492100386 |article-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XntxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |quote-pages=60–61 |quote=As for the book by R. Sankrityatyana, which was published in the middle of the XX-th century, N. Guseva emphasizes in the preface to her translation of this work that the author for the first time in the history of science has introduced into scientific circulation a completely new term Indo-Slavs referring to the remote ancestors of the Aryans and the Slavs; this term was never used in scientific works before.}}</ref>}}''), a second edition of which was published in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Гусева Наталья Романовна (1914–2010) |trans-title=Guseva Natalya Romanovna (1914–2010) |author1=Сергей Александрович Арутюнов [Sergey Alexandrovich Arutyunov] |author2=Наталья Львовна Жуковская [Natalia L'vovna Zhukovskaia] |website=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]] |language=ru |place=Moscow, Russia |accessdate=July 13, 2020 |url=http://iea-ras.ru/index.php?go=Afisha&in=view&id=54 |quote=В последние годы Наталья Романовна увлеклась идеей единой прародины индийцев и славян, опубликовав на эту тему книгу «Русский Север – прародина индославов» (2003, 2-е изд. – 2010).}}</ref>

She was a member of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]], and later became a member of the [[Union of Russian Writers]].<ref name="k">{{cite web |title=Гусева Наталья Романовна |trans-title=Guseva Natalya Romanovna |url=http://ethnographica.kunstkamera.ru/w/index.php?title=Гусева_Наталья_Романовна |website=[[Kunstkamera]] |language=ru |place=Saint Petersburg, Russia |accessdate=July 13, 2020}}</ref> She delivered a number of lectures for the [[Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries]].<ref name="ras"/>

===Jainism===
Guseva was a Jainologist.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jain Directory: Who is Who & Jain Contribution in Tamil Nadu |edition=1st |chapter=Mahaveer Nirvana Twenty Fifth Centenary Celebrations & Mahaveer's Centenary College |first=C. L. |last=Metha |year=1976 |pages=243–299 |publisher=Dhanraj Baid Jain College |place=Madras, India |lccn=76904866 |oclc=164946122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd8cAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jainologists%22+%22Guseva%22 |quote-page=270 |quote=Jainologists In Foreign countries 1. Dr. (Mrs.) N. R. Guseva, Research Associate, Institute of Ethnography of The Academy of Sciences, 19, Dm. Ulyanov Street, MOSCOW (USSR).}}</ref> Along with a number of her contemporary researchers, Guseva also suggested that [[Jainism]] originated long before 500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=India, That Is, Sidd |chapter=Jainism – A Prevedic Religion: Antiquity of Jainism |first=Soorian Kasi |last=Pandian |year=1996 |pages=101–114 |quote-page=104 |publisher=Allied |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8170235613 |oclc=312766829 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA104 |quote=As Mrs. N.R. Guseva explanis : "Many cotemporary research scholars have also come to the conclusion that the roots of Jainism are significantly more ancient than the middle of the first millenium B.C." [..] As a further evidence of the antiquity of Jainism, Mrs. Guseva explains...}}</ref> According to Guseva, Jainism is very different from [[Brahmanism]] and the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and it does not believe in the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna system]], rejects the concept that [[Veda]] is holy, and opposes the concept of gods being the center of worship.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism |series=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India, Volume 2 |editor1-first=Suresh K. |editor1-last=Sharma |editor2-first=Usha |editor2-last=Sharma |article=Historical and Ethnical Roots of Jainism |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |orig-year=Article first published: 1971 |year=2004 |pages=55–78 |publisher=Mittal |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8170999577 |oclc=255310797 |article-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwsbJgJX84cC&pg=PA55}}</ref> Tokarev termed Guseva's claim of Jainism being the most ancient, and even pre-median, religion of India as doubtful.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Религиоведение – № 3 [Religious Studies – № 3] |publication-date=2005 |page=130 |title=Дневники (продолжение) |trans-title=Diaries (continuation) |author=Сергей Александрович Токарев [Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev]}}</ref>

==Criticism==
[[Victor Schnirelmann]] claimed that Guseva and [[Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin]] augmented and propagated "the Slavicized version of the German 'Aryan Myth'".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} According to Schnirelmann, the myth states that the Russians are the "most ancient" people, whose first homeland was the [[Arctic]], which was also the [[Paganism|Pagan gods]]' "native land", and where once existed subtropical environmental conditions. With time, "rapid [[glaciation]]" occurred in the area, as a result of which, the Russian people headed towards south where they "established a high civilisation" (according to some writers, in the [[Southern Urals]] region). It also claims that, in the Arctic, the Russians had "developed an early system of [[Slavic-Aryan Veda|Vedaic knowledge]] and, in some versions, even invented the earliest writing". Later on, the Russian people who migrated to [[Eurasia]], carried with them knowledge and an "advanced culture" in the region. In the opinion of Schnirelmann, "it is impossible to confirm this view with archaeological or historical evidence".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology |volume=21 |issue=3 |year=1999–2000 |pages=19–20 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books|Berghahn]] |title=Perun, Svarog and Others: Russian Neo-Paganism in Search of Itself |first=Victor A. |last=Shnirelman |jstor=23818709 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Schnirelmann highlighted that the works authored by Guseva were "cited by many contemporary ultra-nationalists of the Aryan pursuasion". In 1999, he noted that lately Guseva "distanced herself from [[Neo-Nazi]] and racist constructions" and that she had appealed for "a more sober evaluation of [[Arkaim]]".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Inner Asia |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1999 |page=279 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |title=Passions about Arkaim: Russian Nationalism, the Aryans, and the Politics of Archaeology |first=V. A. |last=Shnirelman |editor1-first=Caroline |editor1-last=Humphrey |editor2-first=Uradyn E. |editor2-last=Bulag |editor3-first=David |editor3-last=Sneath |editor4-first=Christopher |editor4-last=Kaplonski |editor1-link=Caroline Humphrey |jstor=23615579 |jstor-access=free |doi=10.1163/146481799793648040 |eissn=2210-5018}}</ref>

==Death==
Guseva died on 21 April 2010 at the age of 96 years, and honoring her request, her family members scattered her ashes in the [[Ganges]] in India.<ref name="ras"/>

==Works==
Guseva published around 200 articles in various scientific journals and wrote 16 [[monographs]]. She translated Indological literature from the English language to the Russian language. She wrote a play titled "[[Ramayana]]" that was based on the ancient Indian epic of the same name, which was performed at various theaters in Russia, and one of the performances was attended by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="ras"/> In 2000, she translated the book "[[The Arctic Home in the Vedas]]" written by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |title=Meru Mountains: Hyperborea and Aryan Ancestral Homeland |chapter=Northern Ancestral Home of the Aryans |first=Svetlana Vasilyevna |last=Zharnikova |author-link=:ru:Светлана Васильевна Жарникова |year=2010 |pages=129–132 |quote-page=129 |publisher=WP IPGEB |type=Collection of Scientific Papers by S. V. Zharnikova |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyjNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |quote=In 1903, an outstanding cultural researcher of his people and politician Bal Gangadhar Tilak published his book "The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas". It would seem where, if not in Russia, this text needs to be translated, because the European Arctic is us and Norway. And yet, for the first time, this book was translated into Russian by Natalya Romanovna Guseva in 2000 and was published in Moscow in 2001, that is, almost a hundred years after its birth.}}</ref>

The Government of India gave her the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award]] for her contributions towards the development of [[Russia–India relations]].<ref name="ras"/>

===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Арии и древнеиндийские традиции |trans-title=The Aryans and Ancient Indian Traditions |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=2010 |publisher=Белые Альвы [Belye Al'vy] |place=Moscow, Russia |isbn=978-5914640351 |lccn=2010482471 |oclc=667878768 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |title=Легенды и мифы Древней Индии |trans-title=The Legends and Myths of Ancient India |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=2008 |language=ru}}<ref name="ras"/>
*{{cite book |title=Русские сквозь тысячелетия: арктическая теория |trans-title=The Russians Across the Millennia: Arctic Theory |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=1998 |publisher=Белые Альвы [Belye Al'vy] |place=Moscow, Russia |isbn=978-5761900660 |lccn=99161696 |oclc=41231657 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |title=Раджастханцы: народ и проблемы |trans-title=Rajasthanis: People and Problems |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=1989 |publisher=Nauka |place=Moscow, Russia |isbn=978-5020164994 |lccn=91137208 |oclc=1002883108 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |title=Многоликая Индия |trans-title=The Diverse India |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |edition=3rd, revised |orig-year=1971 |year=1987 |publisher=Nauka |place=Moscow |lccn=87178045 |oclc=18833218 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |title=Индия: тысячелетия и современность |trans-title=India: Millenniums and Modernity |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=1971 |publisher=Nauka |place=Moscow, Russia |oclc=19746613 |language=ru}}
*{{cite book |title=Джайнизм |trans-title=Jainism |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=1968 |publisher=Nauka |place=Moscow, Russia |lccn=76389673 |oclc=613961428 |language=ru}}

===Books edited===
*{{cite book |title=Древность: Арьи. Славяне |trans-title=Antiquity: Aryans. Slavs |edition=2nd |editor-first=N. R. |editor-last=Guseva |orig-year=First published 1994 |year=1996 |publisher=Палея [Paleya] |place=Moscow, Russia |lccn=97115513 |oclc=36371028 |language=ru}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=Jainism and Western Thinkers: Classic Essays on Jainism by Western Orientalists |editor1-first=K. L. |editor1-last=Chanchreek |editor2-first=Mahesh |editor2-last=Jain |year=2004 |pages=334–341 |publisher=Shree |place=New Delhi, India |article=Jainism More Steadfast to Life |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |isbn=978-8188658282 |oclc=255081660}}
*{{cite book |title=Lord Mahavira in the Eyes of Foreigners |edition=1st |editor-first=Akshaya Kumar |editor-last=Jain |article=History of Jainism |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |year=1975 |pages=156–162 |publisher=Meena Bharati |place=New Delhi, India |lccn=75902426 |oclc=2119130}}
*{{cite book |title=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism |series=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India, Volume 2 |editor1-first=Suresh K. |editor1-last=Sharma |editor2-first=Usha |editor2-last=Sharma |article=Modern Period of the Development of Jainism |first=N. R. |last=Guseva |orig-year=Article first published: 1971 |year=2004 |pages=285–294 |publisher=Mittal |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8170999577 |oclc=255310797}}

==See also==
*[[Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{expand Russian|topic=bio|date=July 2020}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guseva, Natalya Romanovna}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Russian ethnographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian historians]]
[[Category:Soviet women historians]]
[[Category:Soviet historians]]
[[Category:Russian Indologists]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]
[[Category:Soviet ethnographers]]

List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1991–2000)

2026-04-21T10:25:08Z

Accuntpayable1: New a details!

{{short description|None}}

{{Infobox award
| name = Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[File: Seal of Karnataka.svg|30px]] [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1966
| lastawarded = 2020
| reward = {{•}}[[₹]]100,000/- {{•}}[[Gold Medal]]
| former name = Mysore State Award (1966–1972)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 2400 (Awardees including Individuals & Institutions)
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Karnataka Ratna]]
| next =
}}
The '''Rajyotsava Prashasti''' or ''' Rajyotsava Awards''' are the second highest civilian honor of [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/profile/rajyotsava/|title=Karnataka Rajyotsava | Karnataka Formation Day|date=29 October 2017|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-harish-hande-among-50-state-awardees/197777-60-115.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104021016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-harish-hande-among-50-state-awardees/197777-60-115.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2011|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/109120/rajyotsava-awards-162.html|title=Rajyotsava awards for 162|date=30 October 2010|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Archive |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/31/stories/2010103162631000.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125172642/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/31/stories/2010103162631000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=National : 159 chosen for Karnataka Rajyotsava Award |date=2010-10-31 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> The awards are conferred annually by the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] on the occasion of the establishment of the state on 1 November celebrated as the [[Kannada Rajyotsava]].<ref name="rajyotsava">{{cite web|url=http://www.mphasis.com/newsroom/RajyotsavaAward.htm|title=Rajyotsava Award for Jerry Rao|work=Online webpage of Mphasis|publisher=Mphasis|access-date=2007-07-08}}</ref>

The awards are presented in [[Bengaluru]] by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] on 1 November of every year. Each award carries an amount of {{INR}}100,000, a 20-gram gold medal and a citation.<ref>{{cite news|title=60 persons to get Rajyotsava award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/60-persons-to-get-rajyotsava-award/article7807734.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2017|date=27 October 2015}}</ref> In addition to that, the government has in the past, allotted commercial land for eligible awardees.<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/24/stories/2004102406660400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004074651/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/24/stories/2004102406660400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 4, 2008|title= 1,000 applications received|work=Online webpage of The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2007-07-08}}</ref>

==Recipients==
Between 1991–1999 the award was given to—<ref name="ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ">{{cite web|URL=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/kn|title=ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರ ವರ್ಷವಾರು ಪಟ್ಟಿ|work=[[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರ]]ದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಜಾಲತಾಣ|language=kn}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:33%"
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Recipients
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Field
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | S. R. Malagi
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[G. Venkatasubbiah]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[C. K. Nagaraja Rao]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Kirtinath Kurtakoti]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Chennanna Walikar
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mohseen Kamaal
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sudarshan Desai
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[B. R. Vadappi]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Ja. Cha. Ni
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Kamala Hemmige
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Jyotsna Kamat]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[M. M. Kalburgi]]
| Research
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mallikarjun Sindagi
| Research
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[N. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
| Sanskrit
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. Ram Bhat
| Sanskrit
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. S. Gopalakrishna
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Rajamma A. Keshavamurthy
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Anoor S. Ramakrishna
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[K. S. Hadapad]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sharanappa Basappa Pushpadatta
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sangameshwar Gavai
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Shivaraj Gavai
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Basappa Manappa Harekal
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Narayanappa
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Mysore brothers|Mysore Nagaraj]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Band Subbanna
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[B. K. Sumitra]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Kasturi Shankar]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Wilfy Rebimbus]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Garthikere Raghanna
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Raghavadevi
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Lakshmi Keshav
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | U. S. Krishna Rao {{small|(Mangalore)}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Leela Ramanathan
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. N. Subba Rao
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. S. Narayanaswamy
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Ali Hafiz
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. L. Annigeri
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Gopalakrishna
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Raja Rao
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. S. Siddappa
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. B. Patil
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. P. R. Patil
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Ballari Lalithamma
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | H. Dyavappa Master
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Rahimanavva Kalmani
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. Chandrashekhar
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Kugve Huchchappa Master
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Anant Rao Joshi
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Dattoba Rao Odeyar
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Rama Rao Odeyar
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Rajanand]]
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Venkatasubbiah
| Gamaka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Ramaraya Acharya
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Vijay Sindhur
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | S. V. Padmanabhacharya
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. D. Mayacharya
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Shanmukhappa Kalappa Yarakad
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | C. V. L. Shastry
| Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Pandari Bai|M. Pandari Bai]]
| Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]]
| Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[C. V. Shivashankar]]
| Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde]]
| Yakshagana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Puttamallegowda
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mijaru Annappa
| Yakshagana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | T. Kempahanumaiah
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Lankappa Bhajantri
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. Mahantesh
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Janavalli Halappa
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Shivappa Govindappagowda
| Folklore
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Narasimhiah Seshagiri|N. Seshagiri]]
| Science
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. M. Alur
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | H. B. Rajashekhar
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Ananth
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sabnavin Sheshagiri Rao
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. Gopal
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Ashok Pai|K. A. Ashok Pai]]
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | A. M. Sheikh
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Shantarama Shetty
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | T. V. Mariyappa
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Channabasavanna
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Jagannath Rao Chandriki]]
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. S. V. Subramaniam
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | L. Lobo
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Nagaraju
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Keki Tarapore (coach)|Keki B. Tarapore]]
| Sports
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Mahadeva
| Sports
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Rajan Joseph Joyal
| Sports
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Shiny Abraham|Shiny Wilson]]
| Sports
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Somender Singh
| Spots
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Dattatreya Rao Avaradi
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Kollur Mallappa]]
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. M. Mahadevan
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. Annaiah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[C. D. Jathanna]]
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Prabhu Rao Kambalivali
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Nagaraj N. Vemulkar
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sambhaji Rao L. Patil
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Pampapathi
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Nitin Rao Hattihal
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Ghulam Abid
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. R. N. Shastry
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. Nanjappa
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Usha Bapat
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Channaveera Kalyanashetty
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. S. Kulkarni
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Ramdas
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Kodandarama Shreshti
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Elliyanna Poojary
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | A. K. Lakshmi Narayana Rao
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mahaveer Chand Samadariya
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Chandrashekhar B. Mantur
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Vasudev
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Suresh C. Shah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | A. S. Vishwanath
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Manmohan Attavar]]
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[K. Shivram]]
| Kannada IAS
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. R. Kamble
| Kannada IAS
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Vijay Sasnur
| Kannada IAS
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Belakavadi Srinivas Iyengar Jr
| Carnatic Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[S. Narmada]]<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=S.Narmada |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/S_Narmada.pdf |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref>
| Classical dance
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1991-2000)}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1966]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award]]

Kodaikanal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:55:59Z

Accuntpayable1: made info.

{{Short description|Former state assembly constituency in Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodaikanal
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors= 90,838
| reservation =
| established = 1957
| abolished= 1962
}}
'''Kodaikanal''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Dindigul district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|M. Alagirisamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.94}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodaikanal<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alagirisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,062 |percentage=49.71% |change=1.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Somasundaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,671 |percentage=44.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangiah Bhoopathi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=2,879 |percentage=4.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugiah |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,391 |percentage=5.43% |change=-2.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,481 |percentage=71.34% |change= 24.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,838 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodaikanal<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alagirisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,107 |percentage=47.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=17,552 |percentage=39.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gnanavaram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,365 |percentage=12.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,555 |percentage=8.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,024 |percentage=46.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,864 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.24|77.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi

2026-04-12T13:44:40Z

Accuntpayable1: Put up a bio!

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| education = MSC in Agriculture
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Achyutananda Samanta]]
| image = Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi MP 2024.jpg
| caption = Official Portrait
}}

'''Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Dashapalla|Daspalla]], Odisha. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-04 |title=Kandhamal Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/kandhamal-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-odisha-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kandhamal, Odisha Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi Wins the Seat by 21371 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kandhamal-odisha-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547876-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Odisha Lok Sabha Election Result 2024: BJP Won on 20 Seats of Odisha Chunav. Check Stats at results.eci.gov.in |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/odisha-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-check-odisha-chunav-results-at-results-eci-gov-in-latest-updates-here-1717492141-1 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahi, Sukanta Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Seema Kapoor

2026-04-07T12:04:54Z

Accuntpayable1: Put up info!

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and writer}}
{{distinguish|Seema Kapur Chhibber}}
'''Seema Kapoor''' is an Indian filmmaker and writer known for her contributions to cinema and television. She is the sister of director and playwright [[Ranjit Kapoor]], actor and television personality [[Annu Kapoor]], and filmmaker Nikhil Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Hindustan |date=8 March 2025 |title=Seema Kapoor: My writing began 34 years ago, during my divorce from Om Puri saheb, after I lost my child |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/seema-kapoor-my-writing-began-34-years-ago-during-my-divorce-from-om-puri-saheb-after-i-lost-my-child-101741425671917.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2013 |title=It was painful to see my sister suffer: Annu Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-was-painful-to-see-my-sister-suffer-annu-kapoor/articleshow/22333435.cms |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Seema Kapoor
| image = Seema_Kapoor.jpg
| occupation = Writer, Director, Producer
| years_active = 1987–present
| television = Avantika
| spouse = [[Om Puri]]
(m. 1990; div. 1993)
| website = https://seemakapoor.in/
}}

== Early life and family ==
Kapoor was born into a family associated with theatre and the arts. Her father, Madanlal Kapoor, was associated with Parsi theatre in India. Her mother, Kamal Shabnam Kapoor, was an Urdu poet and classical singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seema Kapoor, the late Om Puri’s first wife pays a tribute to the man she loved and lost {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/seema-kapoor-the-late-om-puris-first-wife-pays-a-tribute-to-the-man-she-loved-and-lost-in-a-heartfelt-19053.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Seema Kapoor began her career in puppet theatre at the Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts, Delhi. In collaboration with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), she participated in international puppet festivals representing India.

She entered television in 1988 with the serial ''[[Qile Ka Rahasya]]'' and subsequently worked on television productions and documentaries for government ministries. She wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the film [[Abhay (1994 film)|''Abhay'' (1994)]], which received the National Film Award for Best Children's Film in 1995.

In 2010, Kapoor wrote and directed ''Haat – The Weekly Bazaar'', produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC). The film received the Critics' Award for Best Director at the Third Eye Asian Film Festival and the Best Story–Screenplay award at the [[Jagran Film Festival]]. It was screened at film festivals including the [[International Film Festival of India]], Mumbai Film Festival, Cairo International Film Festival, Tongues on Fire (London), and The Hidden Gems (Canada).

In 2017, she wrote and directed the feature film ''[[Mr. Kabaadi|Mr. Kabadi]]'', produced by Anup Jalota. a satirical comedy featuring her late ex-husband, actor [[Om Puri]]. The film was among Puri's final works.

In 2024, she directed ''Avantika'', a historical TV serial that aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2025-03-06 |title=Yun Guzri Hai Ab Talak: A Star-Studded Book Launch by Seema Kapoor at JW Marriott, Juhu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/yun-guzri-hai-ab-talak-a-star-studded-book-launch-by-seema-kapoor-at-jw-marriott-juhu-1865286 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Language coaching and mentoring ===
Kapoor has also worked as a language and diction coach for actors, including Janhvi Kapoor.<ref>TOI citation</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Producer
! Director
! Writer
!Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Abhay (1994 film)|Abhay]]''
| —
| —
|
| Dialogues and screenplay
|-
| 1999
| ''Kahani Kismat Ki''
| —
| —
| Yes
|
|-
|2011
|Haat - The Weekly Bazaar
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|-
|2017
|[[Mr. Kabaadi|Mr Kabaadi]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Network
! Producer
! Director
! Writer
!Notes
|-
| 1987–88
| ''Qile Ka Rahasya''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 1991
| ''Babu Ji Ka Circus''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 1998–99
| ''Vijay Jyoti''
| Zee TV
| —
| —
| Yes
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Knock Knock! Kaun Hai?''
| Zee TV
| —
| —
| Yes
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Pal Chhin]]''
| Star TV
| —
| —
| Yes
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-03 |title=Nandita is guilty of adultery, not I: Om Puri's first wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nandita-das-om-puri-neena-gupta-seema-kapoor-nandita-is-guilty-of-adultery-not-i-om-puris-first-wife/articleshow/22249077.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''Ittefaq''
| Zee TV
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Yun Hi Chhu Liya Kisi Ne''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Zindgi Nama''
| UTN (Zee Network)
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Indian Classic Stories''
| DD National
| —
| —
| Yes
|
|-
| 2002
| ''Faslay''
| Geo TV
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 2003–04
| ''Hawayein''
| Zee TV
| —
| —
| Yes
|
|-
|2009
|Uttar Katha
|DD National
|—
|Yes
|—
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Mera Gaon Mera Desh''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Eklavya''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Avantika''
| DD National
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|
|}

== Autobiography ==
In March 2025, Kapoor released her autobiography ''Yun Guzri Hai Ab Talak'' at a launch event attended by film personalities including [[Boney Kapoor]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Bharati Lavekar|Bharti Lavekar]] and [[Jaspinder Narula]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seema Kapoor: पति ओम पुरी को याद करते ही छलक गए सीमा के आंसू, अन्नू कपूर ने माथे से लगाई बायोपिक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/seema-kapoor-autobiography-yun-gujri-hai-ab-tak-book-launch-event-director-and-writer-remembered-om-puri-2025-03-06 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=2025-03-07 |title=Boney Kapoor showers praise on film writer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/boney-kapoor-showers-praise-on-film-writer-1865362 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title="This book is a piece of my soul": Annu Kapoor's sister Seema Kapoor on her autobiography 'Yun Guzri Hai Ab Talak' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/this-book-is-a-piece-of-my-soul-annu-kapoors-sister-seema-kapoor-on-her-autobiography-yun-guzri-hai-ab-talak/articleshow/118743089.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The book was featured by Sahitya Aaj Tak among notable autobiographical works of 2025.

== Personal life ==
Kapoor was married to [[Om Puri]] from 1990 to 1993. The couple later separated. In interviews, Kapoor has stated that the separation occurred during her pregnancy and that she subsequently lost the child.

In the later years of his life, Puri re-established contact with Kapoor, and they remained on cordial terms until his death in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Seema Kapoor on her love story with late Om Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/seema-kapoor-on-her-love-story-with-late-om-puri/articleshow/56496300.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="TOI1991">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-07 |title=Om Puri's ex-wife Seema Kapoor opens up about emotional turmoil during his affair with Nandita Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/om-puris-ex-wife-seema-kapoor-opens-up-about-emotional-turmoil-during-his-affair-with-nandita-puri/articleshow/120058954.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="IEAffair">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Om Puri’s first wife says he cheated on her and left her while she was pregnant, sent her Rs 25,000 via secretary after she lost the baby: ‘I was shattered’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/om-puri-cheated-on-first-wife-seema-kapoor-while-she-was-pregnant-9933555/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDTVPregnancy">https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/om-puris-first-wife-reveals-he-cheated-on-her-when-she-was-pregnant-8129820</ref><ref name="FilmfareBook">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Seema Kapoor Revisits Love, Loss, and Longing in Her Autobiography {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-seema-kapoor-revisits-love-loss-and-longing-in-her-autobiography-75185.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{imdbname|0999225}}
*[https://seemakapoor.in/ Seema Kapoor] Official Website
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Seema}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Prashanth Prakash

2026-04-01T12:28:57Z

Accuntpayable1: new

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prashanth Prakash
| image = Prashanth Prakash in 2025.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Prakash in 2025
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]] [[University of Delaware]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-05 |title=Accel's Prashanth Prakash appointed CM's advisor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/accels-prashanth-prakash-appointed-cms-advisor/articleshow/82391726.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Venture Capitalist]], [[entrepreneur]]
| spouse = Amitha Prashanth
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] ([[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|2025]])<ref>{{cite web |title=VC fund Accel's Prashanth Prakash awarded Padma Shri in trade and industry category |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/accels-prashanth-prakash-awarded-with-padma-shri-in-the-category-of-trade-and-industry/articleshow/117579930.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Prashanth Prakash''' is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and [[venture capitalist]] based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From Nikhil Kamath to Prashanth Prakash: Key Highlights from EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2023 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/from-nikhil-kamath-to-prashanth-prakash-key-highlights-from-edelgive-hurun-india-philanthropy-list-2023-404316-2023-11-02 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Invest in new ideas, not flavour of the season, says Accel's Prashanth Prakash |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/invest-in-new-ideas-not-flavour-of-the-season-says-accels-prashant-prakash-11703763460440.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 December 2023 }}</ref> He is the founding partner of [[Accel (company)|Accel India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Committee with stakeholders and officials will draw up a roadmap for the Bengaluru in six months: D.K. Shivakumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/committee-with-stakeholders-and-officials-to-create-a-roadmap-for-the-city-in-six-months-dk-shivakumar/article66980527.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India has the potential to be a global lab for scalable longevity solutions: Accel's Prashanth Prakash {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-has-the-potential-to-be-a-global-lab-for-scalable-longevity-solutions-accel-s-prashanth-prakash-11753435048181.html |website=mint |language=en |date=25 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prashanth Prakash: Master Mentor |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/business-of-life/prashanth-prakash-accel-partners-vc-mint-business-lounge-profile-11715263874235.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=10 May 2024 |last1=Bagchi |first1=Shrabonti }}</ref> He received the [[Padma Shri]] in [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|2025]] from the [[Government of India]] for his contribution to trade and industry.<ref name="MA" />

== Career ==
In 1995, Prashanth Prakash founded Visual Reality, one of India’s first animation companies. In 1997 he founded NetKraft, an offshore solutions company focusing on retail and healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prashanth Prakash: A Pioneering Venture Capitalist Transforming India's Startup Landscape |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/prashanth-prakash-a-pioneering-venture-capitalist-transforming-indias-startup-landscape |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2004, he has been a [[venture capitalist]] for Indian startups.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title='Team, practicality of business plan are what we look at, not spreadsheets' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/team-practicality-of-business-plan-are-what-we-look-at-not-spreadsheets/article20452136.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GenAI, climate & fintech, hot bets for investors next year: Accel's Prakash |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/genai-climate-fintech-hot-bets-for-investors-next-year-accel-s-prakash-123112901414_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> As a partner at Accel, Prakash has invested in Indian startups such as [[Flipkart]], [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], [[Freshworks]], [[Book My Show]], [[Swiggy]] and Bounce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-12 |title=The Accel effect |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/the-accel-effect/101864 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Prashanth |date=2023-12-31 |title=Innovation, sustainability to fuel transformative phase: Accel's Prashanth Prakash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/innovation-sustainability-to-fuel-transformative-phase-accels-prashanth-prakash/articleshow/106425708.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=Of 100 Indian unicorns, 25 will go IPO in the next 3-5 years: Accel's Prashanth Prakash |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/news/story/of-100-indian-unicorns-25-will-go-ipo-in-the-next-3-5-years-accels-prashanth-prakash-353057-2022-11-16 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, Prakash, along with Subrata Mitra and Mahendran Balachandran founded the Indian branch of the US [[venture capital]] firm [[Accel (company)|Accel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Accel's India story |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TfjVjtumb6mnTIAaVItX1H/Accels-India-story.html |website=Mint |date=9 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Manufacturing-focussed startups got $8 billion in investments over 7 years: Prashanth Prakash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/manufacturing-focussed-startups-got-8-billion-in-investments-over-7-years-prashanth-prakash/articleshow/104377446.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2021, he was appointed as an advisor to the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]. Prakash is also part of the Vision Group for Startups for the [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Srikanth|first=Chandra R |date=4 May 2021 |title=Accel's Prashanth Prakash appointed advisor to Karnataka Chief Minister BS Yeddiyurappa |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/accels-prashanth-prakash-appointed-karnataka-cm-advisor-6855371.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> He is also part of the National Startup Advisory Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Startup Advisory Council reconstituted; non-official members nominated |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1987898 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In October 2024, Prakash became the joint owner of the Bengaluru franchise team in the second season of the Global e-Cricket Premier League (GEPL). [[Nikhil Kamath]] is one of the joint owners with him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nikhil Kamath, Ankit Nagori and Prashanth Prakash now Bengaluru franchise owners of e-cricket league |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/nikhil-kamath-ankit-nagori-and-prashanth-prakash-now-bengaluru-franchise-owners-of-e-cricket-league/articleshow/114014349.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=21 October 2024}}</ref>

In August 2022, Prashanth Prakash partnered with the [[Indian Institute of Science]] to set up a [[geriatrics]] wing as part of IISc's upcoming Bagchi-Parthasarathy Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IISc signs agreement with Prashanth Prakash to set up geriatrics wing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iisc-signs-agreement-with-prashanth-prakash-to-set-up-geriatrics-wing-122081200479_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-11 |title=Venture capitalist Prashanth Prakash signs up with IISc, to fund geriatrics unit at Bagchi hospital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/venture-capitalist-prashanth-prakash-signs-up-with-iisc-to-fund-geriatrics-unit-at-bagchi-hospital/articleshow/93503909.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> He is also the founding patron of the Longevity India initiative in IISc<ref>{{cite web |title=IISc launches Longevity India Initiative to support ageing research in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/iisc-launches-longevity-india-initiative-to-support-ageing-research-in-india/article68080134.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=18 April 2024}}</ref> and the co-founder of the [[UnboxingBLR Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Pooja |date=2024-11-26 |title=Thinking beyond the box |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/26/thinking-beyond-the-box |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Prashanth has helped [[Sikshana]], an organisation working to improve the education in schools, in expanding their work from 10 to 100 schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philanthropy with Purpose: An Inspiring Vision for India's Future|url=https://thephilanthropist.org/article/philanthropy-with-purpose-an-inspiring-vision-for-india-s-future |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Thephilanthropist.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikshana Foundation {{!}} Board Members |url=https://sikshana.org/Team/boardmembers |website=sikshana.org}}</ref>

In 2021, Prashanth Prakash, in collaboration with other venture capitalists, established a {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2021}} [[COVID-19]] fund<ref>{{cite web |title=Action Covid-19 Team eyes Rs 500 crore philanthropic fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/action-covid-19-team-eyes-rs-500-crore-philanthropic-fund/articleshow/81332904.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=4 March 2021}}</ref> and created grants to encourage start-ups focused on developing products and services to tackle [[COVID-19 pandemic]]-related concerns. The investors did not take a stake in the sponsored ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accel's Prashanth Prakash: Building A Rs 100 Crore Covid-19 Relief Fund |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2021-living-in-hope/accels-prashanth-prakash-building-a-rs-100-crore-covid19-relief-fund/65527/1 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Prashanth Prakash has co-authored a book titled ''Unboxing Bengaluru - The City of New Beginnings''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jasline |first=Cheryl |date=2023-12-02 |title='Bengaluru is a city that offers different types of Bengaluru, all coexisting' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-is-a-city-that-offers-different-types-of-bengaluru-all-coexisting/article67599082.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> It was launched by the [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|22nd Chief Minister of Karnataka]], Sri [[Siddaramaiah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka announces 10-day Unboxing Bengaluru Habba festival to showcase best of state capital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-announces-10-day-unboxing-bengaluru-habba-festival-9029653/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Prashanth Prakash at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 27, 2025.jpg|thumb|The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Prashanth Prakash at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 27, 2025.]]
*[[Padma Shri]] (2025) for contributions in trade and industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Winners 2025 Full List |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MA">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS}}</ref>
*Social Impact Leader 2021 for his philanthropic work by ASSOCHAM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=ASSOCHAM honors Prashanth Prakash as Social Impact Leader 2021 - India CSR |url=https://indiacsr.in/assocham-honors-prashanth-prakash-as-social-impact-leader-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Prashanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sharnga

2026-03-28T04:28:00Z

Accuntpayable1: Put up a entry!

[[File:Sculpture of Vishnu at Rani ki Vav Gujrat DSCN4834 11.tif|thumb|307x307px|Rama as the four-armed Vishnu wielding the bow Sharanga, Gujarat]]
{{Short description|Celestial bow of the Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{About||the district in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia|Sharanga (urban-type settlement)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}

'''Sharnga''' ({{Langx|sa|शार्ङ्ग|translit=Śārṅga}}) also spelled as '''Saranga''' or '''Sharanga''', is the celestial bow of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=http://archive.org/details/vishnuintroducti0000patt |title=Vishnu : an introduction |date=1999 |publisher=Mumbai : Vakils, Feffer and Simons |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-87111-12-2 |pages=95}}</ref> primarily associated with his avatar of [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&dq=sharanga+Vishnu&pg=PT57 |title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-362-8 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> In [[South India]], the Sharanga is also simply known as the '''Kodanda''', literally meaning bow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Kodanda, Kodaṇḍa, Kodamda: 17 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kodanda |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Rama is often praised as ''Kodandapani'', the holder of the Kodanda. The attribute of the bow is also mentioned in the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-30 |title=Viṣṇu's One Thousand Names (Viṣṇusahasranāma) [Chapter 71] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365648.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Legends ==
The Sharanga is notable for its employment by a number of the [[Dashavatara]], the avatars of Vishnu: Parashurama, Rama, and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parimala Publications |first=Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/XcCb_mahabharata-vol-7-shanti-parva-translation-by-m-n-dutt-parimala-publications-delhi |title=Mahabharata Vol 7 Shanti Parva Translation By M N Dutt Parimala Publications, Delhi |pages=119}}</ref> [[Rama]] carries the bow in his epic and is also mentioned to bear it in the [[Padma Purana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-31 |title=Rāma Goes to Heaven [Chapter 244] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365828.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The bow is offered to him by [[Parashurama]], the previous incarnation of Vishnu. In the [[Ramayana]], Parashurama, the [[Brahmin]] warrior who is famously massacred [[Kshatriya]]s, regales the tale of the bow. [[Vishvakarma]] creates the bows of [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] and Sharanga to settle the question of the superiority of the deities Vishnu and [[Shiva]]. Vishnu is victorious, and Shiva presents his bow to the king of Mithila. Vishnu's bow is passed down to Richika, who presented it to [[Jamadagni]], Parashurama's father, the latter claiming it after his father's assassination. Parashurama challenges Rama to fight him if the latter is able to string the bow. When the prince achieves this, the warrior admits defeat and retires to his abode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=Parasurama challenges Rama to combat [Chapter 75] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423944.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In a legend also featured in the Padma Purana, a number of great sages debate regarding the deity most worthy of their obeisance. They dispatch [[Bhrigu]] to the abodes of first [[Shiva]], then [[Brahma]], and finally [[Vishnu]]. Bhrigu finds that Shiva is Spending time with [[Parvati]], Brahma is busy with the aspects of [[rajas]], and Vishnu sleeping on [[Shesha]], [[Lakshmi]] his consort rubbed his feet. When a furious Bhrigu kicks Vishnu on his chest, the latter greets the sage with warmth and considers himself to be blessed by the touch of his feet. Bhrigu hails Vishnu as the holder of the Sharanga as he sings his praises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-31 |title=The Three Gods Subjected to Test by Bhṛgu [Chapter 255] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365840.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In some versions of [[Krishna]]'s battle with [[Narakasura]], his second queen consort, [[Satyabhama]], takes his bow to slay the asura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Kamaladevi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtICtluNvU0C&dq=satyabhama+bow&pg=PA15 |title=Indian Women's Battle for Freedom |date=1982 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-162-1 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Literature ==
[[File:Rama with Kodhanda.jpg|thumb|Statue of Rama holding the Sharanga (Kodhanda) bow at the [[Sri Balaji Temple, T. Nagar|TTD Temple]] in [[Chennai]] ]]
In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Yudhishthira]] praises [[Krishna]] as the wielder of the bow Sharanga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-12-12 |title=Section LXXXIII [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc493069.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Vishnu Purana]], Krishna employs the bow to defeat [[Jarasandha]]. Sharanga, the mace [[Kaumodaki]] and two quivers with infinite arrows appear from the heavens to aid Krishna; similarly the plough and the club Sounanda appear for Krishna's brother [[Balarama]]. Together, the brothers defeat Jarasandha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-25 |title=Jarasandha |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-vishnu-purana/d/doc57633.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Padma Purana]], Vishnu uses the bow to combat Jalandhara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-09-26 |title=War Between Gods and Demons [Chapter 5] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365436.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In the same scripture, Krishna is said to shoot from the Sharanga during his elopement with his chief consort, [[Rukmini]]; He defeats Rukmini's brother [[Rukmi]], shattering his foe's chariot and banner with arrows. Later, Krishna also destroyed Rukmi's sword with arrows. Krishna humiliates Rukmi by binding him and shaving his head.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-31 |title=Rukmiṇī's Abduction [Chapter 247] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365832.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* The [[Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam|Sarangapani temple]] at [[Kumbakonam]] takes its name partly from the bow.
* A ''[[kaiju]]'' in ''[[Godzilla: Singular Point]]'' is named Sharanga (サルンガ or Salunga) due to its emergence in India and the bow-like shape on its head.
* The sharanga is an available weapon in the video games ''[[Raji: An Ancient Epic]]'', where it is depicted as a [[compound bow]], and in ''[[Hades (video game)|Hades]]'' where it is available as a variant of Zagreus' bow.
* [[Mirai (2025 film)]], the main plot focuses on a superweapon called Mirai which is revealed as kodanda of [[Lord Rama]].

== See also ==

* [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]]
* [[Gandiva]]
* [[Vijaya (bow)|Vijaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chaitanya sampradaya}}

[[Category:Weapons of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Bows (archery)]]

DRDO Ghatak

2026-03-27T13:45:59Z

Accuntpayable1: expand layout after review

{{Short description|Indian autonomous combat aerial vehicle}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Ghatak
| logo =
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'''''Ghatak''''' (pronounced: [[Help:IPA/Hindi|gʰɑːt̪ək]]; ''lit.'' '''Deadly''' in [[Sanskrit]]){{efn|from Hindi/Sanskrit 'घातक' ([[IAST|romanised]]: ''ghātaka'') meaning 'killer', 'deadly'}}, earlier designated as '''Indian Unmanned Strike Air Vehicle''', is an [[Autonomous aircraft|autonomous]] jet powered [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] (UCAV), being developed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The design work on the UCAV is carried out by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. The UCAV's design is based on a [[flying-wing]] concept and it is powered by a [[turbofan]] engine. It is expected to have internal weapons bay capable of carrying [[missiles]], bombs and [[precision-guided munition]]s. The first flight of a scaled down prototype was carried out in July 2022, with further tests in 2023.

== Design and development ==
=== Background and planning ===
In July 2010, the Indian Air Force had submitted a request for information to international suppliers for UCAVs with a low-[[Radar cross section|radar cross-section]], high service ceiling, an expected range of {{cvt|500|nmi}} and the capability to carry [[Precision-guided munition|precision-guided weapons]] in an internal weapons bay.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2010 |title=India canvasses global suppliers for stealthy UCAV |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/07/344140/india-canvasses-global-suppliers-for-stealthy-ucav.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710130423/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/07/344140/india-canvasses-global-suppliers-for-stealthy-ucav.html |archive-date=10 July 2010 |access-date=12 July 2010 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>

The Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft project was commissioned in 2009 to carryout a feasibility study for the development of an [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] (UCAV) for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. It was taken up by the [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE) of the state-run [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref>{{cite news |title=India to develop unmanned combat aerial vehicle |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-to-develop-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/story-gnfRezY6tbKLDa3mtkUdmI.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |agency=IANS |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-to-develop-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/story-gnfRezY6tbKLDa3mtkUdmI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/india-developing-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle-76307-2010-06-09 |title=India developing unmanned combat aerial vehicle |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 June 2010 |access-date=28 January 2012 |archive-date=30 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730041845/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/100966/India/india-developing-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, a project to develop a scaled down [[technology demonstrator]] named Stealth Wing Flying Testbed (SWiFT), was sanctioned at a cost of {{INRConvert|700|m|year=2016}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=US-made Predator delayed, how India is developing own combat drone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/us-made-predator-delayed-how-india-is-developing-own-combat-drone-2478415-2023-12-20?utm_source=washare&utm_medium=socialicons&utm_campaign=shareurltracking |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> The ADE was tasked with the development of this scaled down prototype,<ref name="Onm">{{cite web |last=Krishnan M |first=Anantha |date=10 January 2021 |title=ADE steps into new decade with planeloads of critical projects |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2021/01/09/ade-steps-into-new-decade-with-planeloads-of-critical-projects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110041253/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2021/01/09/ade-steps-into-new-decade-with-planeloads-of-critical-projects.html |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=[[OnManorama]] }}</ref> and according to the DRDO, the SWiFT is intended to develop and demonstrate technologies for controlling the [[flying-wing]] configuration and flight characteristics at high-[[subsonic speed]]s.<ref name="Week">{{cite web |date=29 October 2021 |title=DRDO's stealth attack UAV back in focus as footage of demonstrator emerges |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062427/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== SWiFT protypes ===
[[File:DRDO SWiFT.webm|thumb|Maiden flight of SWiFT on 1 July 2022]]

Two prototypes were developed, with the first prototype featuring a flying-wing design with no [[tail fin]], while the second featured a [[vertical stabilizer]].<ref name="Janes"/> The ground trials of the SWiFT [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle]] (UAV) began in June 2021.<ref name="Week" /> The [[airframe]], [[landing gear|undercarriage]], [[flight control system]], and [[avionics]] for the UAV were developed indigenously.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=1 July 2022 |title=DRDO flight tests new autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-flight-tests-new-autonomous-flying-wing-technology-demonstrator/article65589041.ece |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702064235/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-flight-tests-new-autonomous-flying-wing-technology-demonstrator/article65589041.ece |archive-date=2 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The second prototype, which was designated as the Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator, was tested successfully on 1 July 2022.<ref name="Janes">{{cite news |last1=Kadidal |first1=Akhil |last2=Parakala |first2=Akshara |date=4 July 2022 |title=DRDO successfully test flies flying-wing UCAV |url=https://www.janes.com/amp/drdo-successfully-test-flies-flying-wing-ucav/ZnlJK3dHVU9mZ28xajRJVkc5dVI5VFp1cVMwPQ2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124013901/https://www.janes.com/amp/drdo-successfully-test-flies-flying-wing-ucav/ZnlJK3dHVU9mZ28xajRJVkc5dVI5VFp1cVMwPQ2 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |work=[[Janes Information Services]] }}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite press release |title=DRDO carries out successful flight trial of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator, an indigenous high-speed flying-wing UAV |date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986788 |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> According to DRDO, the aircraft performed as intended while operating in a fully autonomous mode.<ref>{{cite press release |title=DRDO conducts successful maiden flight of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator |date=1 July 2021 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1838507 |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alex Philip |first=Snehesh |date=1 July 2022 |title='Major milestone': India conducts maiden flight of unmanned aircraft demonstrator |url=https://theprint.in/defence/major-milestone-india-conducts-maiden-flight-of-unmanned-aircraft-demonstrator/1020170/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085001/https://theprint.in/defence/major-milestone-india-conducts-maiden-flight-of-unmanned-aircraft-demonstrator/1020170/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The SWiFT UAV has an airframe made of [[carbon composite]]s, and is {{cvt|4|m}}-long and has a [[wingspan]] of {{cvt|5|m}}.<ref name="AIR">{{cite news |date=23 June 2021 |title=DRDO initiates the trials of advanced stealth SWiFT drone |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/06/23/drdo-initiates-the-trails-of-advanced-stealth-swift-drone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830085529/https://newsonair.com/2021/06/23/drdo-initiates-the-trails-of-advanced-stealth-swift-drone/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |work=[[All India Radio]] }}</ref><ref name="ITV">{{cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |last2=Prasad |first2=Manish |date=15 December 2023 |title=DRDO successfully conducts flight trial of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/drdo-successfully-conducts-flight-trial-of-autonomous-flying-wing-technology-demonstrator-video-watch-2023-12-15-907461 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[India TV]] }}</ref> It weighed about {{cvt|1|tonne}}, and was powered by a Russian TRDD-50MT [[turbofan]] engine, originally designed for [[cruise missiles]].<ref name="Hindu" /> The SWiFT was also intended to be a precursor to the [[unmanned]] [[wingman]] bomber program.<ref name="AIR"/>

=== Developmental testing ===
[[File:Ghatak Scaled Down Model at ASTE.jpg|thumb|[[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]] inspecting the scale model in 2025]]

The DRDO subsequently conducted six developmental test flights of the UAV in 2023.<ref name="ITV"/><ref name="DRDO">{{cite report |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]] |page=201}}</ref><ref name="PIB1">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986788&reg=3&lang=2|title=DRDO carries out successful flight trial of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator, an indigenous high-speed flying-wing UAV|date=15 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The seventh test flight was conducted at the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]] in December 2023, with the final configuration. It involved an upgraded prototype with no tail fin, improved avionics and control systems, and featured an advanced [[ground control station]]. With the use of onboard sensor data and [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation]], the testing demonstrated autonomous landing without the requirement of ground based radars or manual control.<ref name="ITV"/><ref name="PIB1"/> According to the DRDO, the various tests were used to test high-speed automatic takeoff and landing, [[stealth aircraft|stealth]] characteristics, control of the flying wing configuration, autonomous flying, and integration of monitoring and evaluation systems.<ref name="DRDO"/>

=== Project Ghatak ===
The UCAV project had been designated as project Ghatak.<ref name="Janes"/> According to a press release in 2017, an initial funding of {{INRConvert|2.31|b|year=2016}} was allocated in 2016 for the lead-in design of Project Ghatak and development of critical technologies for the Ghatak and [[Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007|title=DRDO Projects|date=3 February 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=5 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305134446/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007&reg=3&lang=2|url-status=live}}</ref> While it primarily intended for the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Indian Navy]] also expressed interested in the project, and is keen on acquiring deck based UCAVs for [[aircraft carriers]] and [[Indian Navy amphibious vessel acquisition project|Landing Platform Docks]].<ref name="Onm"/> The Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap 2025 of the defence ministry cited the possible acquisition of up to 100 units of stealth UCAVs for the Indian Air Force and up to 50 units for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/FINAL-TPCR-2025.pdf |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] |page=122}}</ref> The acquisition of Ghatak UCAVs is also outlined in the Vision 2047 of the Indian Air Force.<ref name="BS" /><ref name="Kaveri">{{cite web |title=Kaveri engine to fly soon? Ghatak drone procurement talks bring renewed focus on India's indigenous jet engine |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2026/03/04/kaveri-engine-to-fly-soon-ghatak-drone-procurement-talks-bring-renewed-focus-on-indias-indigenous-jet-engine.html |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]] |date=4 March 2026|last=George|first=Jose K}}</ref>

On 3 March 2026, the Defence Procurement Board cleared the development phase of the Ghatak Project, and recommended the acquisition of 60 Ghatak drones, the proposal of which has to be approved by the Defence Acquisition Council led by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]].<ref name="BS">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=4 March 2026 |title=DRDO's Ghatak combat drone programme gathers pace; 60 units planned |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-s-ghatak-combat-drone-programme-gathers-pace-60-units-planned-126030301087_1.html |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> On 27 March 2026, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], cleared the procurement of Remotely Piloted Strike Aircraft for the IAF.<ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 2.38 lakh crore to augment defence capabilities |date=2026-03-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2246125&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref> The acquisition includes four squadrons with 20 RPSA each.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-27 |title=DAC likely to clear major deals for S-400, Unmanned Combat Jets, BrahMos cruise missiles; transport aircraft today |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/dac-likely-to-clear-major-deals-for-s-400-unmanned-combat-jets-brahmos-cruise-missiles-transport-aircraft-today20260327104220/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Autonomous Flying Wing Technology (AFWT) Demonstrator successfully flight test from the Aeronautical Test Range, Chitradurga, Karnataka on December 15, 2023.jpg|thumb|The Ghatak will feature a [[flying-wing]] design similar to the prototype (pictured)]]

The Ghatak is an [[Autonomous aircraft|autonomous]] jet powered UCAV. The aircraft will feature a carbon composite frame with stealth characteristics and will be powered by a variant of the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri]] [[Afterburner|afterburning]] turbofan engine.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{cite news |date=30 July 2015 |title=Indigenous Kaveri engine to power Unmanned Combat Aircraft |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigenous-kaveri-engine-to-power-unmanned-combat-aircraft-115073001331_1.html |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129043644/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigenous-kaveri-engine-to-power-unmanned-combat-aircraft-115073001331_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It will have a flying wing configuration, designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA).<ref name="Janes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-quest-for-high-calibre-military-uavs-is-still-in-its-infancy-2931909/|title=India’s quest for high-calibre military UAVs is still in its infancy|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> It will be developed in a public–private partnership.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |title=Government set to clear Rs 3,000 crore plan to develop engine for India's first UCAV |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703093144/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The flight control system and data link packages would be developed by the ADA and [[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Anirvan|title=We never had a single failure in 1,500 flights of Tejas: ADE|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/sunday-et/people--places/we-never-had-a-single-failure-in-1500-flights-of-tejas-ade/articleshow/7294743.cms|access-date=28 January 2012|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 January 2011|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181003/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/sunday-et/people--places/we-never-had-a-single-failure-in-1500-flights-of-tejas-ade/articleshow/7294743.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the DRDO, the UCAV will be highly intelligent drones with on-board mission computers, [[fire control radars]], [[identification of friend or foe]], and [[collision avoidance systems]]. It would weigh less than {{cvt|15|tonnes}}, and would have a flying ceiling of {{cvt|30,000|ft|m|order=flip}}. The aircraft will have a capability to carry various missiles, bombs and [[precision guided munition]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|title=India quietly begins combat drone project|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/India-quietly-begins-combat-drone-project/articleshow/7941545.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 April 2011|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112807/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/India-quietly-begins-combat-drone-project/articleshow/7941545.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operators ==

{{flag|India}}

* {{Air force|India}}: Four squadrons with 20 aircraft planned.<ref name="BS" /><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
'''Related development'''
* [[DRDO Rustom]]
'''Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era'''
* [[BAE Taranis]]
* [[Boeing Phantom Ray]]
* [[Boeing X-45]]
* [[Dassault nEUROn]]
* [[Mikoyan Skat]]
* [[Lockheed Martin Polecat]]
* [[X-47 Pegasus|Northrop Grumman X-47]]
* [[Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik]]
* [[TAI Anka-3]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Unmanned aerial vehicles of DRDO}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:DRDO aircraft|AURA]]
[[Category:Unmanned military aircraft of India]]
[[Category:Unmanned stealth aircraft]]

Kolapakkam

2026-03-26T16:30:58Z

Accuntpayable1: made a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kolapakkam
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Kolapakkam, Kanchipuram district (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|13.0101|N|80.1492|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 42
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600116
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code =
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Porur]], [[Mugalivakkam]], Madhanandhapuram, [[Gerugambakkam]], [[Kovur, Chennai|Kovur]], [[Moulivakkam]], [[Pammal]], [[Anakaputhur]] and [[Meenambakkam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = Dr. M. Aarthi, I. A. S.
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[G. Selvam]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website = https://kancheepuram.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kolapakkam''' is a neighbourhood in [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BAwAQAAIAAJ&q=Kolapakkam |title=Indian Affairs Annual |date=2005 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-529-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India Superintendent of Census Operations Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7Y-LGvEuDMC&q=Kolapakkam |title=District Census Handbook |date=1964 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Tamil Nadu (India) Public Elections Department |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5eNAAAAMAAJ&q=Kolapakkam |title=Handbook of Electoral Areas: Chingleput District |date=1969 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print., Tamil Nadu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=DT Next Bureau |title=This stretch of Adyar river bund is a dumpyard that no one cares about |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2023/01/27/this-stretch-of-adyar-river-bund-is-a-dumpyard-that-no-one-cares-about |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2022-12-01 |title=Water Resources Department draws up ambitious plans to mitigate flooding in areas downstream of Porur lake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-resources-department-draws-up-ambitious-plans-to-mitigate-flooding-in-areas-downstream-of-porur-lake/article66210045.ece |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-01-31 |title=Upper reaches of Adyar river continue to remain easy target for dumping waste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/upper-reaches-of-adyar-river-continue-to-remain-easy-target-for-dumping-waste/article66454887.ece |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author =DC Correspondent |date=2022-08-26 |title=Intruding structures to be removed from the flight path |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260822/intruding-structures-to-be-removed-from-the-flight-path.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Kolapakkam is located at an altitude of about 42 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|13.0101|N|80.1492|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Kolapakkam |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kolapakkam&params=13.0101_N_80.1492_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

[[Agasteeswarar Temple, Kolapakkam|Agastheeswarar Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Agatheeshwarar and Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple, Kolappakkam - 600128, Kancheepuram District [TM001762]., Agatheeswarar, Anadhavalli |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=1762 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> and Dharmaraja Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Dharmaraja Temple, Kolapakkam - 600128, Kancheepuram District [TM003399]., |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=3399 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> situated in Kolapakkam are under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], Government of Tamil Nadu.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Odia

2026-03-20T08:35:00Z

Accuntpayable1: New info

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Odia language|Odia]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || [[Gayatribala Panda]] || Gaan || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || Srushthishree Naik || Bhirna Upabana || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2013 || Kshetrabasi Naik || Dadan || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2014 || Narendra Kumar Bhoi || Pidaparba || Poetry ||
|-
| 2015 || Sujit Kumar Panda || Manasanka || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2016 || Jnanee Debasish Mishra || Daaga || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Suryasnata Tripathy || E Sampark Emiti || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || Jayadratha Suna || Sosa || Poetry || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Sisira Behera || Bimugdha Uccharana || Literary Criticism ||
|-
| 2020 || Chandrasekhar Hota || Chetanara Anwesana || Essays || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Debabrata Das || Sparsha O Anyanya Galpa || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || Dillip Behera || Lanthan || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2023 || Dileswar Rana || ''Senrra'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2024 || Sanjay Kumar Panda || ''Hu Baieaa'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Subrat Kumar Senapati || ''Kadambabana'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Odia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

{{Odia language}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Odia literature|Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Odia-language literary awards]]

Mullaperiyar Dam

2026-03-19T09:24:04Z

Accuntpayable1: New new data

{{short description|Dam in Kerala, southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Mullaperiyar Dam
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India#India Kerala
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Near Kumily
| coordinates = {{coord|9|31|43|N|77|8|39|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Kerala]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 1887
| opening = {{start date and age|df=y|1895|10|10}}<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 10, 2020|title=Mullaperiyar Dam turns 125 {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mullaperiyar-dam-turns-125/articleshow/78581459.cms|access-date=2021-08-03|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mullaperiyar-dam-turns-125/articleshow/78581459.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = 
| operator = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam|Gravity]]
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation = {{Convert|53.66|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="nrld" />
| dam_length = {{Convert|365.85|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (main)<ref name="nrld" />
| dam_width_crest = {{Convert|3.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base = {{Convert|42.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Frye1918"/>
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Periyar(river)|Periyar River]]
| spillway_count = 13<ref>{{cite news|author=ET Bureau|title=Tamil Nadu tells Supreme Court to restrain Kerala on Mullaiperiyar dam|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news/30467941_1_mullaperiyar-dam-new-dam-tremors|access-date=6 December 2011|newspaper=Economic Times|date=2 December 2011|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203160737/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news/30467941_1_mullaperiyar-dam-new-dam-tremors|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| spillway_type = Chute
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|3454.62|m3/s|cuyd/s|0}}<ref name="nrld" />
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|443230000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} (15.65 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|299130000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=study/> (10.56 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth = {{Convert|43.281|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[Tamil Nadu Green Energy Corporation Limited]]
| plant_commission = Unit 1:1958 Unit 2: 1959 Unit 3:1959 Unit 4:1965
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 3 x 42 MW 1 x 35  MW<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/list_power_stations_2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110225851/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/list_power_stations_2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| plant_capacity = 161 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
{{OSM Location map
|lat = 9.577
|lon = 77.18
|zoom = 10
|width = 260
|height = 300

|minimap = yes
|mini-width=
|mini-height=
|minipog-x=
|minipog-y=
|scalemark = 180

|mark-lat = 9.577
|mark-lon = 77.18
|mark-title = Thekkady
|label = Thekkady
|label-pos = right

|mark-lat1 = 9.609
|mark-lon1 = 77.169
|mark-title1 = Kumily
|label1 = Kumily
|label-pos1 =

|mark-lat2 = 9.529
|mark-lon2 = 77.144
|mark-title2 = Mullaperiyar
|label2 = Mullaperiyar
|label-pos2 =

}}
'''Mullaperiyar Dam''' ({{IPA|ml|mulːɐpːeɾijɐːr|IPA}}) is a [[masonry]] [[gravity dam]] on the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar River]] of [[Idukki]] district of Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is situated 150 km south east of [[Kochi]] and 200 km north east of state capital city of [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="nrld">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|title=National Register for Large Dams|year=2009|publisher=Central Water Commission|pages=194–197|access-date=30 November 2011|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Frye1918" /> It is located {{Convert|881|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the sea level, on the [[Cardamom Hills]] of the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Thekkady]], [[Idukki District]] of Kerala, India.

It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by workers under the command of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|John Pennycuick]], and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]). It has a height of {{Convert|53.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} from the foundation, and a length of {{Convert|365.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nrld" /> The [[Periyar National Park]] in Thekkady is located around the dam's reservoir. The dam is built at the confluence of Mullayar and Periyar rivers. The dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar,<ref name="nrld" /><ref name="MOWR_mrbc">{{cite web |url=http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/mediumriver7679492738.pdf |title=Medium River Basins Of The Country |publisher=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |access-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119232917/http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/mediumriver7679492738.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="nrld" /><ref name="TNOwn">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/TN-CM-opposes-Keralas-move-for-real-time-monitoring-of-Mullaperiyaru-dam/articleshow/11822278.cms|title=Tamil Nadu since the state is incontrovertible sole owner of the Mullaperiyar dam and all its appurtenant structures – Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2012|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706224043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/TN-CM-opposes-Keralas-move-for-real-time-monitoring-of-Mullaperiyaru-dam/articleshow/11822278.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TNOwn2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-on-draft-dam-safety-bill-2010-187041|title=Four dams – Mullaperiyar Dam, Parambikulam Dam, Thunakadavu Dam and Peruvaripallam Dam – are owned, operated and maintained by Tamil Nadu whereas they were situated in the territory of Kerala – Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020230236/http://www.ndtv.com/article/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-on-draft-dam-safety-bill-2010-187041|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the Periyar River has a total catchment area of 5398 km2 with 114 km2 downstream from the dam in Tamil Nadu,<ref name="wiild">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books|title=Water insecurity, institutions, and livelihood dynamics: a study in Plachimada, Kerala, India|year=2012|publisher=Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, India)|pages=58|access-date=11 August 2012|location=India|archive-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103122323/https://books.google.com/books|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="c&s">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwqPETB0MiwC&pg=PA29|title=Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology, Volume 4|year=2012|location=India|isbn=978-81-7035-517-5|page=29|last1=Kaul|first1=Bansi Lal|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918155532/https://books.google.com/books?id=GwqPETB0MiwC&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> the catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus the Periyar is not an inter-State river.<ref name="nias">{{cite web|url=http://www.nias.res.in/docs/B4-2010-%20Mullaperiyar.pdf|title=The Mullaperiyar Conflict|year=2010|publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies|pages=7|access-date=10 August 2012|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152402/http://www.nias.res.in/docs/B4-2010-%20Mullaperiyar.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cwrdm">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2783258.ece|title=No part of Mullaperiyar catchment is in TN: CWRDM Director|year=2012|access-date=10 August 2012|location=India|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110214142/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2783258.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="iitr">{{cite web|url=http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/studyarea.html|title=Dam Break Analysis|year=2012|publisher=IIT Roorkee|pages=17–22|access-date=10 August 2012|location=India|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055238/http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/studyarea.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for the first time in 35 years.<ref name="142Feet">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mullaperiyaru-water-level-touches-142-feet-for-first-time-in-35-years/articleshow/45226159.cms|title=The Mullaperiyar touches 142 feet|website=[[The Times of India]]|year=2014|access-date=22 November 2014|location=India|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911040758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mullaperiyaru-water-level-touches-142-feet-for-first-time-in-35-years/articleshow/45226159.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet on 15 August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of [[Kerala]]. In a 2021 [[UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health|UNU-INWEH]] report about ageing large dams around the world, Mullaperiyar dam was said to be "situated in a seismically active area with significant structural flaws and poses risk to 5-10 million people if the 130+ years old dam were to fail".<ref name="scroll.in">{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/986601/mullaperiyar-dam-in-kerala-is-a-ticking-time-bomb-waiting-to-explode|title=Kerala's Mullaperiyar dam is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode|website=The Scroll|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720200842/https://scroll.in/article/986601/mullaperiyar-dam-in-kerala-is-a-ticking-time-bomb-waiting-to-explode|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ageing dams pose growing threat">{{Cite news|url=https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/ageing-dams-pose-growing-threat.html|title=Ageing dams pose growing threat|website=United Nations University|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207072647/https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/ageing-dams-pose-growing-threat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Earlier known as the Periyar Dam as it was basically meant to dam the Periyar river,<ref name="ME in India Vol II">{{cite book |title=The Military Engineer in India, Vol II |last=Sandes |first=Lt Col E.W.C. |year=1935 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |pages=28–29 }}</ref> the present name ''Mullaperiyar'' is derived by blending the names of [[Mullayar|Mullayar River]] and [[Periyar (river)|Periyar River]], at the confluence of which the dam is located below.<ref name="envisk">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/abt_dam/abtdam.htm |title=Dams in Kerala |publisher=ENVIS Kerala: Environmental Information System Centre (ENVIS), Kerala |pages=1 |access-date=30 November 2011 |location=Kerala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023644/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/abt_dam/abtdam.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
[[File:Periyar dam.jpg|thumb|left|View of the dam around 1899]]

The Periyar river which flows westward of Kerala in to the [[Arabian Sea]] was diverted eastwards to flow towards the [[Bay of Bengal]] to provide water to the arid [[rain shadow]] region of [[Madurai]] in [[Madras Presidency]] which was in dire need of a greater supply of water than the small [[Vaigai River]] could provide.<ref name="ME in India Vol II"/> The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the [[Vaigai Dam]] to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around [[Theni]], [[Dindigul]], [[Madurai]], [[Sivagangai]], [[Ramanathapuram]] districts. Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of {{Convert|68558|ha|acre|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="MWR">{{cite web| author=Ministry of Water Resources| publisher=Govt. of India| title=Mulla Periyar Dam issue| url=http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733| access-date=6 December 2011| date=2 December 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828193337/http://www.mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733| archive-date=28 August 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Currently, the water from the Periyar (Thekkady) Lake created by the dam, is diverted through the water shed cutting and a tunnel to Forebay Dam near Kumily (Iraichalpalam). From the Forebay dam, [[hydroelectricity|hydel]] pipelines carry the water to the Periyar Power Station in Lower Periyaru. This is used for power generation (180 MW capacity) in the Periyar Power Station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lower Periyar Hydro Electric Project|url=http://www.poweradvisor.in/generators/detail/155|website=Power Advisor|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204017/http://www.poweradvisor.in/generators/detail/155|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KSEB Generation|url=http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=553&lang=en|website=KSEBL|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083926/http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=553&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lower Periyar Power House PH01243|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Periyar_Power_House_PH01243|website=India-WRIS|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420075423/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Periyar_Power_House_PH01243|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> From the Periyar Power Station, the water is let out into Vairavanar river and then to Suruliyar and from Suruliyar to Vaigai Dam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Mathew A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=More Water to Vaigai, Safety for Mullaperiyar Dam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/Dec/01/2014-688874.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>


==Design==
[[File:Mullaiperiyar Dam section.png|thumb|Cross section of Mullaiperiyar dam After the completion of concrete backing by Tamil Nadu PWD]]
The Mullaperiyar Dam is a [[gravity dam]] made with concrete prepared from [[limestone]] and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder), and faced with rubble.<ref name="Pennycuik">{{cite journal |last1=Pennycuik |first1=John |title=Pennycuik on the Diversion of the Periyar |journal=Minutes of the Proceedings |volume=128 |issue=Part 2 |pages=140–163|date=26 January 1897 |url=https://archive.org/stream/minutesproceedi13unkngoog#page/n153/mode/2up |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=Experts confirm Kerala's fears on Mullaperiyar Dam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/mullaperiyar-dam-kerala-tamil-nadu-expert-opinion-147350-2011-11-29 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Gravity dams use their weight and the force of gravity to support the reservoir and remain stable.<ref name="Frye1918"/><ref name="Ramakrishnan27112011"/> The main dam has a maximum height of {{Convert|53.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and length of {{Convert|365.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Its crest is {{Convert|3.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide while the base has a width of {{Convert|42.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It consists of a main dam, [[spillway]] on its left and an auxiliary dam (or "baby dam") to the right. Its reservoir can withhold {{Convert|443230000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} of water, of which {{Convert|299130000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} is active (live) storage.<ref name="Frye1918">{{cite book
|last=Frye
|first=Albert Irvin|title=Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-book for engineers, contractors, and students, containing rules, data, methods, formulas and tables
|url=https://archive.org/stream/civilengineerspo00frye#page/858/mode/2up
|access-date=30 November 2011
|edition=2nd (corrected)
|year=1918
|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company
|page=859}}</ref><ref name=study>{{cite web|title=Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum v. Union of India (UOI) and Ors|url=http://www.ielrc.org/content/e0609.pdf|pages=1–2|publisher=Supreme Courth of India|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216014733/http://www.ielrc.org/content/e0609.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==

===Feasibility studies===
The unique idea of harnessing the westward flowing water of the Periyar river and diverting it to the eastward flowing Vaigai river was first explored in 1789 by [[Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai]], a minister of the Ramnad king Muthuramalinga Sethupathy, who gave it up as he found it to be expensive.<ref name="26novibn"/> The location of the dam had first been scouted by Captain J. L. Caldwell, Madras Engineers (abbreviated as M.E.) in 1808 to reconnoitre the feasibility of providing water from the Periyar river to Madurai by a tunnel through the mountains. Caldwell discovered that the excavation needed would be in excess of 100 feet in depth and the project was abandoned with the comment in his report as "decidedly chimerical and unworthy of any further regard".<ref name="ME in India Vol II"/>

The first attempt at damming the Periyaar with an earthen dam in 1850 was given up due to demands for higher wages by the labour citing unhealthy living conditions.<ref name="Ramakrishnan27112011">{{cite news|last=T|first=Ramakrishnan|title=A dam steeped in history and controversy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2580008.ece|access-date=27 November 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 October 2011|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201011412/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2580008.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposal was resubmitted a number of times and in 1862, Captain J. G. Ryves, M.E., carried out a study and submitted proposals in 1867 for another earthwork dam, 62 feet high. The matter was debated by the Madras Government and the matter further delayed by the terrible famine of 1876–77. Finally, in 1882, the construction of the dam was approved and Major [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|John Pennycuick]], M.E., placed in charge to prepare a revised project and estimate which was approved in 1884 by his superiors.<ref name="ME in India Vol II"/>

===Lease===
On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the [[Moolam Thirunal|Maharaja of Travancore]] Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. The lease agreement was signed by Dewan of Travancore V Ram Iyengar and State Secretary of [[Madras State]] J C Hannington. This lease was made after 24 years negotiation between the Maharaja and the British. The lease indenture granted full right, power and liberty to the Secretary of State for India to construct make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and carried out, all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto. The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was {{Indian Rupee}} 5 per year. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its [[Drainage basin|catchment basin]], for an annual rent of {{Indian Rupee}} 40,000.<ref name="Krishnakumar"/>

In 1947, after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]], Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950, Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the [[States Reorganisation Act]]. The Kerala state government announced that the earlier agreement which had been signed between British Raj and Travancore agreement was invalid and needed to be renewed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-08-05 |title=Supreme Court to reexamine validity of Mullaperiyar lease deed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/05/supreme-court-to-reexamine-validity-of-mullaperiyar-lease-deed |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After several failed attempts to renew the agreement in 1958, 1960, and 1969, the agreement was renewed in 1970 when [[C. Achutha Menon|C Achutha Menon]] was Kerala Chief Minister. According to the renewed agreement, the tax per acre was increased to {{Indian Rupee}} 30, and for the electricity generated in Lower Camp using Mullaperiyar water, the charge was {{Indian Rupee}} 12 per [[kilowatt-hour]]. Tamil Nadu uses the water and the land, and the Tamil Nadu government has been paying to the Kerala government for the past 50 years {{Indian Rupee}} 2.5 [[lakh]]s as tax per year for the whole land and {{Indian Rupee}} 7.5 lakhs per year as surcharge for the total amount of electricity generated.<ref name="Krishnakumar">{{citation
|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2305/stories/20060324004210600.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125191317/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2305/stories/20060324004210600.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 January 2013
|location=Chennai, India
|title=Verdict on Mullaperiyar
|author=R. Krishnakumar
|work=the Hindu, Frontline
|volume=23 – Issue 05
|date=11–24 March 2006
}}</ref><ref name="mowrmpissue">{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733|title=Mulla Periyar Dam issue|publisher=[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India]]|pages=1|access-date=30 November 2011|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828193337/http://www.mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733|archive-date=28 August 2011}}</ref> The validity of this agreement is under dispute between the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As of 2013 the matter is pending before a Division Bench of the Supreme Court.<ref name="willinglness">{{citation
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2653666.ece
|title=Mullaperiyar: Centre expresses willingness to act as "facilitator"
|newspaper=the Hindu
|date=23 November 2011
|access-date=25 November 2011
|archive-date=27 November 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127034037/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2653666.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="delhivisit">{{citation
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2659795.ece
|title=Mullaperiyar: Ministers to visit Delhi
|newspaper=the Hindu
|date=25 November 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|access-date=25 November 2011
|archive-date=28 November 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128091719/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2659795.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="keralaadvise">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2654080.ece |title="Advise Kerala not to build the dam", the Hindu, 24 November 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=25 November 2011 |archive-date=25 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125191700/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2654080.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=30novtoi>{{cite news
|title=Enact law declaring dam pact illegal
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Enact-law-declaring-dam-pact-illegal/articleshow/10926092.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/kochi/30459170_1_new-dam-mullaperiyar-inter-state-dispute|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=6 December 2011
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|date=30 November 2011
}}</ref> The dispute puts into question the power of the federal government of India to make valid orders respecting Indian States, in this case regarding a watershed and dam within one state that is used exclusively in another.<ref name=NYT81213>{{cite news|title=Water Wars in India's South|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/water-wars-in-indias-south/|access-date=12 August 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 August 2013|author=Suhrith Parthasarathy|format=blog "India Ink"|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104123538/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/water-wars-in-indias-south/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Construction===
[[File:Periyar National Park.JPG|thumb|Periyar National Park|214x214px]]
In May 1887, construction of the dam began.<ref name="envisk" /><ref name="mowrmpissue" /> As per "The Military Engineer in India" Vol II by Sandes (1935), the dam was constructed from limestone and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder and a mixture of sugar and calcium oxide )<ref name="Ramakrishnan27112011" /> at a cost of {{Indian Rupee}} 104 lakhs, was 173 feet high and 1241 feet in length along the top and enclosed more than 15 thousand million cubic feet of water.<ref name="ME in India Vol II" /> Another source states that the dam was constructed of concrete and gives a figure of 152 feet height of the full water level of the reservoir, with impounding capacity of 10.56 thousand million cubic feet along with a total estimated cost of {{Indian Rupee}} 84.71 lakh.<ref name="ME in India Vol II" />

The construction involved the use of troops from the 1st and 4th battalions of the [[Madras Pioneers]] as well as [[Portugal|Portuguese]] carpenters from [[Cochin]] who were employed in the construction of the coffer-dams and other structures.<ref name="ME in India Vol II" /> The greatest challenge was the diversion of the river so that lower portions of the great dam could be built. The temporary embankments and coffer-dams used to restrain the river waters were regularly swept away by floods and rains. Due to the coffer dam failures, the British stopped funding the project. Officer [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|Pennycuick]] raised funds by selling his wife's jewelry to continue the work.<ref name="26novibn" /> In [[Madurai]], Pennycuick's statue has been installed at the state PWD office and his photographs are found adorning walls in peoples homes and shops. In 2002, his great-grandson was honoured in Madurai, a function that was attended by thousands of people.<ref name="26novibn">{{cite news|title=Mullaperiyar dam: An engineering marvel|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mullaperiyar-dam-an-engineering-marvel/205900-60-118.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129012257/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mullaperiyar-dam-an-engineering-marvel/205900-60-118.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2011|access-date=6 December 2011|newspaper=[[CNN IBN]]|date=26 November 2011}}</ref>

The dam created a reservoir in a remote gorge of the Periyar river situated 3,000 feet above the sea in dense and malarial jungle, and from the northerly arm of this manmade waterbody, the water flowed first through a deep cutting for about a mile and then through a tunnel, 5704 feet in length and later through another cutting on the other side of the [[water divide|watershed]] and into a natural ravine and so onto the Vaigai River which has been partly built up for a length of 86 miles, finally discharging 2000 [[Cubic foot#Cubic foot per second and related flow rates|cusecs]] of water for the arid rain shadow regions of present-day [[Theni]], [[Dindigul District]], [[Madurai District]], [[Sivaganga District]] and [[Ramanathapuram]] districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], then under British rule as part of Madras Province (Sandes, 1935).<ref name="ME in India Vol II" />

The Periyar project, as it was then known, was widely considered well into the 20th century as "one of the most extraordinary feats of engineering ever performed by man".<ref name="ME in India Vol II" /> A large amount of manual labour was involved and worker mortality from [[malaria]] was high. It was claimed that had it not been for "the medicinal effects of the native spirit called [[arrack]], the dam might never have been finished".<ref name="ME in India Vol II" /> Disease killed 483 people during the construction of this dam and were buried on-site in a cemetery just north of the dam.

In 2012, it was announced that a memorial dedicated to dam engineer [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|Pennycuick]] would be erected at the dam site.<ref name="ndtv12">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa announces memorial for engineer who built Mullaperiyar dam|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-announces-memorial-for-engineer-who-built-mullaperiyar-dam-164781?pfrom=home-india|access-date=9 January 2012|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=8 January 2012|archive-date=9 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109083020/http://www.ndtv.com/article/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-announces-memorial-for-engineer-who-built-mullaperiyar-dam-164781?pfrom=home-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Protected area==
The [[Periyar National Park]] in [[Thekkady]], a [[protected areas of Kerala|Protected area of Kerala]], is located around the dam's reservoir, the {{convert|26|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} Periyar lake. 62 different kinds of [[mammal]]s have been recorded in Periyar, including many threatened ones. Periyar is a highly protected [[Project Tiger|tiger reserve]] and hosts 35 [[Bengal tiger|tigers]] above two-years of age as of January 2017 in the reserve.<ref>{{cite news|title=35 tigers at Periyar Tiger Reserve: Survey|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/35-tigers-at-periyar-tiger-reserve-survey/articleshow/56362331.cms|website=Times of India|date=6 January 2017|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108211030/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/35-tigers-at-periyar-tiger-reserve-survey/articleshow/56362331.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rare moments of Indian tiger family caught on camera trap|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/tiger-census-periyar-tiger-reserve-35-tigers|website=Asianet Newsable|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Declared an [[Project Elephant|elephant reserve]] on 2 April 2002,<ref name="Note2008">{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/pe/PE%20Note.pdf |title=Note on Project Elephant |year=2008 |work=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060920/http://envfor.nic.in/pe/PE%20Note.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> the population of [[Indian elephant]]s in 2005 was estimated at 1100,<ref name="Note2008"/> however Periyar suffers greatly from poaching of elephant being the worst affected of South Indian sanctuaries.<ref name="CurrSci1998">{{cite journal |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=Uma |author2=Santosh, J. A. |author3=Ramakrishnan, Uma |author4=Sukumar, R. |date=25 January 1998 |title=The population and conservation status of Asian elephants in the Periyar Tiger Reserve, Southern India |journal=Current Science |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=110–113 |url=http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/1499/1/currsci.pdf |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117172804/http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/1499/1/currsci.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other mammals found here include [[gaur]], [[bison]], [[sambar deer|sambar]] (horse deer), [[barking deer]], [[mouse deer]], [[dhole]]s (Indian wild dogs), [[mongoose]], [[fox]]es and [[leopard]]s. Four species of primates are found at Periyar – the rare [[lion-tailed macaque]], the [[Nilgiri langur]], the common [[langur]], and the [[bonnet macaque]]. According to a report by the Kerala Forest Research Institute, the protected area surrounding the dam and reservoir is classified as a [[biodiversity hot spot]].<ref name="R1">{{cite web | url=http://www.kfri.org/main/library/publi/links/RR024.pdf | title=R1 | access-date=27 November 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Dam safety==
After the 1979 [[Morvi dam failure|Morvi Dam failure]] which killed up to 15,000 people,<ref name="Dept">{{cite book|author=World Bank. Environment Dept|title=Environmental assessment sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtSvTSHVxeQC&pg=PA86|access-date=10 January 2012|publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-1845-4 |page=86|year=1991}}</ref> safety concerns of the aging Mullaperiyar dam and alleged leaks and cracks in the structure were raised by the Kerala Government.<ref name=B-standard>{{Citation | title = Two states and a dam | url = http://business-standard.com/india/news/two-statesa-dam/457826/ | year = 2011 | journal = Business Standard | access-date = 9 December 2011 | last1 = Standard | archive-date = 12 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312223717/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/two-statesa-dam/457826/ | url-status = live }}</ref> A study conducted by The Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), [[Thiruvananthapuram]], had reported that the structure would not withstand an earthquake above magnitude 6 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref name=B-standard/> The dam was also inspected by the chairman, [[Central Water Commission]] (CWC). On the orders of the CWC, the Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level from 152 feet to 142.2 feet then to 136 feet, conducted safety repairs and strengthened the dam.<ref name="MWR"/>

Strengthening measures adopted by Tamil Nadu PWD from 1979 with the recommendation of Central Water Commission (CWC) include grouting of the old dam with concrete, guniting the upstream face of dam, cable anchoring of the dam's structure with the foundation throughout its length, RCC(Reinforced Concrete Construction) capping on top of the dam at height above 145 feet, building 10 meter RCC concrete backing structure with 10 feet foundation up to height of 145 feet in downstream face of dam and binding the RCC structure using shear keys and concrete grouting with the old structure and the foundation along the downstream face of dam, building additional drainage galleries in order to measure seepage and additional sluice gates for water evacuation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-02 |title=The case for a new Mullaperiyar dam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-for-a-new-mullaperiyar-dam/article2769504.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-11 |title=Exclusive: Mullaperiyar dam was strengthened thrice and it's stronger than a new dam, says Justice K.T. Thomas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/mullaperiyar-dam-k-t-thomas-exclusive-interview-with-india-today-192443-2014-05-11 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

During a 2011 scanning of the Mullaperiyar dam using a [[remotely operated vehicle]] by the Central Soil and Materials Research Station on directions from the Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court, the Kerala Government observer opined that "mistakes in the strengthening works carried out by Tamil Nadu" in 1979 damaged the masonry of the dam.<ref name=Mathew2011>{{Citation
| title = 'Serious damage' to masonry of Mullaperiyar dam detected
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2694645.ece
| author = Mathew, Roy
| journal = The Hindu
| pages = 2011
| access-date = 9 December 2011
| date = 7 December 2011
| archive-date = 7 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107205741/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2694645.ece
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

Current safety concerns relate to several issues. Since the dam was constructed using stone rubble masonry with lime mortar grouting following prevailing 19th-century construction techniques that have now become archaic, seepage and leaks from the dam have caused concern.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2648866.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |title=The Hindu, 22 November 2011, 'Tamilnadu seepage data wrong: says Mullaperiyar cell chairman' |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230127/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2648866.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2697091.ece |title="Serious damage to masonry of dam detected", the Hindu, 7 Dec 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108042313/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2697091.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, the dam is situated in a seismically active zone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geofizika-journal.gfz.hr/Vol_09/Singh.pdf |title=Singh, H.N., Raghavan, V., & Raju, G.K. (1992). On relation between seismicity and tectonic features of Idukki region, Southwestern India. Geofizika, Vol. 9, 1992, pp. 109–122 |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065503/http://geofizika-journal.gfz.hr/Vol_09/Singh.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> An earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale occurred on 7 June 1988 within 20 km of the dam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rastogi |first1=B. K. |last2=Chadha |first2=R. K. |last3=Sarma |first3=C. S. P. |date=1995-10-01 |title=Investigations of June 7, 1988 earthquake of magnitude 4.5 near Idukki Dam in Southern India |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PApGe.145..109R |journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics |volume=145 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1007/BF00879487 |bibcode=1995PApGe.145..109R |issn=0033-4553}}</ref> Subsequently, several tremors have occurred in the area in recent times. These could be reservoir-induced seismicity, requiring further studies according to experts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2647342.ece |title="Call for studies on reservoir-induced seismicity in Idukki", the Hindu, 21 November 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161738/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2647342.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>  A 2009 report by IIT Roorkee stated that the dam "was likely to face damage if an earthquake of the magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale struck its vicinity when the water level is at 136 feet".<ref>{{Citation | title = IIT, Roorkee report on Mullaperiyar says dam not safe | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/IIT-Roorkee-report-on-Mullaperiyar-says-dam-not-safe-/articleshow/5172935.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-28/thiruvananthapuram/28065845_1_new-dam-dam-issue-mullaperiyar-reservoir | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | access-date = 9 December 2011 | journal = [[The Times of India]] | date=28 October 2009}}</ref>

==Justice A.S. Anand Committee (Empowered Committee)==
On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee consisting three judges and two technical experts to inspect and study all the issues of Mullaperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article108195.ece|title=Supreme Court constitutes empowered committee to go into Mullaperiyar issues|last=Venkatesan|first=J.|date=17 February 2010|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318025243/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article108195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The five-member committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India [[Adarsh Sein Anand|A. S. Anand]] to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level.

The then late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to Congress president asking the centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-21/india/28133026_1_mullaperiyar-dam-inter-state-river-water-disputes-cauvery-issue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105155218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-21/india/28133026_1_mullaperiyar-dam-inter-state-river-water-disputes-cauvery-issue|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=DMK against SC panel on dam|date=21 February 2010}}</ref> However, the then Leader of Opposition i.e., the late Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]] objected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give advantage to Kerala in the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article111203.ece|title=Jayalalithaa criticises Karunanidhi over Mullaperiyar issue|date=22 February 2010|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203153633/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article111203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister [[N. K. Premachandran]] told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam, while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that former Supreme Court Judge K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/04/stories/2010030461410800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309145651/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/04/stories/2010030461410800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2010|title=K.T. Thomas to be on Mullaperiyar panel|date=4 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On 8 March 2010, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special "empowered" committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article221094.ece|title=Tamil Nadu not interested in adjudicating Mullaperiyar before panel|date=8 March 2010|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203153641/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article221094.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the decision to form the empowered committee. The Supreme Court also criticized the Union Government on its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/30/stories/2010033055571300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403033545/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/30/stories/2010033055571300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2010|title=Tamil Nadu plea dismissed, empowered panel on Mullaperiyar will stay|date=30 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The Empowered Committee headed by the former Chief Justice of India A.S. Anand, in its findings concluded that the dam is "structurally, hydrologically safe, and Tamil Nadu can raise the water level from 136 to 142 feet after carrying out repairs."<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mullaperiyar-dam-structurally-hydrologically-safe-panel/article3353151.ece|title = Mullaperiyar dam structurally & hydrologically safe: Panel|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 April 2012|last1 = Venkatesan|first1 = J.|access-date = 18 September 2023|archive-date = 6 June 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230606162606/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mullaperiyar-dam-structurally-hydrologically-safe-panel/article3353151.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Interstate dispute==
{{Further|Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row}}
[[File:Padhathi pradesham.JPG|thumb|right|278x278px|Mullaperiyar reservoir]]
The control and safety of the dam and the validity and fairness of the lease agreement have been points of [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states]].<ref name="mathew">{{cite news
|author=Roy Mathew
|title=State is unprepared for disasters
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2674541.ece
|newspaper=the Hindu
|publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd
|access-date=6 December 2011
|date=30 November 2011
|location=Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, India
|archive-date=2 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202232155/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2674541.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
Supreme court judgment came on 27 February 2006, allowing [[Tamil Nadu]] to raise the level of the dam to {{Convert|152|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} after strengthening it. Responding to it, Mullaperiyar dam was declared an 'endangered' scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.<ref name="Kerala Irrigation And Water Conservation">[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/legislation/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Act%202006.pdf The Kerala Irrigation And Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216093842/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/legislation/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Act%202006.pdf |date=16 December 2011 }}.</ref>

Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the water level in the dam to 142 feet, pointing out crop failures. However, the court has clarified Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state. "In the process the farmers of the erstwhile rain shadow areas in Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice yearly cropping pattern had to go back to the bi-annual cropping."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/portal/2006/03/413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113213632/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/portal/2006/03/413 | archive-date=13 January 2007 | title=The Mullaperiyaru imbroglio | work=Hard News | first=ER | last=Gopinath | date=April 2006 | access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref>

The Kerala Government maintains that this is not true. During the year 1979–80 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was {{convert|171307|acre|km2}}. After the lowering of the level to {{convert|136|ft|m|abbr=on}}, the gross irrigated area increased and in 1994–95 it reached {{convert|229718|acre|km2}}.<ref>[http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar.html Kerala Government's arguments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717010912/http://www.expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar.html |date=17 July 2007 }}. Expert-eyes.org. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

In 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] by its decision by a three-member division bench, allowed for the storage level to be raised to {{convert|142|ft|m}} pending completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions.

However, the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has been challenged by Tamil Nadu on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond, however did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed the act as not unconstitutional.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313155619/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/09/stories/2006090911840400.htm Mullaperiyar: apex court issues notice to Government ]. The Hindu. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref> Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications.<ref name="MWR"/>

The Kerala Government states that it does not object to giving water to Tamil Nadu as a shared commodity, their main cause of objection being the dam's safety due to its age. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by the already leaking dam. They also raised the problematic definition of inter-State river when in its entirety the river goes into the sea within Kerala without passing through any other states. They also raised the complexity of the judgment and disputes that it can raise in other states that have small catchments of other-State rivers and right to claim part of waters.<ref name="6decndtv">{{cite news
|title=Mullaperiyar dam row: Clashes at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border post
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/kerala/mullaperiyar-dam-row-clashes-at-kerala-tamil-nadu-border-post-155641
|access-date=6 December 2011
|newspaper=[[New Delhi Television|NDTV]]
|date=6 December 2011
|archive-date=7 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207030915/http://www.ndtv.com/article/kerala/mullaperiyar-dam-row-clashes-at-kerala-tamil-nadu-border-post-155641
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

In May 2014 the Supreme Court of India declared the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2006 as unconstitutional and struck down the law passed by the Kerala Assembly on the Mullaperiyar Dam that said that the water level cannot be increased beyond 136 feet.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-allows-tn-to-increase-mullaperiyar-water-level/article5985048.ece?homepage=true|title = SC allows TN to increase Mullaperiyaru water level|newspaper = The Hindu|access-date = 7 May 2014|date = 2014-05-07|last1 = Venkatesan|first1 = J.|archive-date = 8 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508100515/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-allows-tn-to-increase-mullaperiyar-water-level/article5985048.ece?homepage=true|url-status = live}}</ref> The court has ruled that Tamil Nadu can increase the water level to 142 feet and constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee in order to take care of the affairs relating to maintenance of the Mullaperiyar Dam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala demands safety review of Mullaperiyar dam |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2024/06/14/mullaperiyar-dam.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.manoramayearbook.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Supervisory Committee==
In 2014 while passing the final verdict, the Supreme Court constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee to oversee all the aspects of the Mullaperiyar dam. The Supervisory Committee consists of three members headed by member from the Central Water Commission of The Water Resource Ministry who will act as the chairman of the Supervisory Committee and two other members from the respective states.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/centre-to-decide-on-supervisory-committee-for-mullaperiyar-dam/1261749/|title = Centre to decide on supervisory committee for Mullaperiyar dam|date = 18 June 2014|access-date = 18 September 2023|archive-date = 6 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220206071932/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/centre-to-decide-on-supervisory-committee-for-mullaperiyar-dam/1261749/|url-status = live}}</ref>

To assist the three member supervisory committee, a five-member sub-supervisory committee was formed comprising two officials from both the respective States and a member from the Central Water Commission acting as the head.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sub-committee-inspects-mullaperiyar-dam/article31919189.ece|title = Sub-committee inspects Mullaperiyar dam|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 June 2020|access-date = 18 September 2023|archive-date = 6 May 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506202758/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sub-committee-inspects-mullaperiyar-dam/article31919189.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Proposal for construction of a new dam and other proposals==
In 2014 while passing the final judgement the Supreme Court has laid down criteria for any future construction of new dam downstream and decommissioning of the present Mullaperiyar Dam under the "Way Forward - Towards an amicable solution" or a tunnel solution as suggested by the Empowered Committee (EC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-12|title=India Together: Mullaperiyar: Is the light in the tunnel itself? - 12 June 2014|url=https://indiatogether.org/mullaperiyar-dam-conflict-between-kerala-tamil-nadu-states|access-date=2022-01-18|website=indiatogether.org|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609182748/https://indiatogether.org/mullaperiyar-dam-conflict-between-kerala-tamil-nadu-states|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundar|first=S.|date=2018-08-21|title='TN should go in for second tunnel in Mullaperiyar dam'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tn-should-go-in-for-second-tunnel-in-mullaperiyar-dam/article24747001.ece|access-date=2022-01-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182856/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tn-should-go-in-for-second-tunnel-in-mullaperiyar-dam/article24747001.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The second tunnel can bring down the water level considerably in the dam and it is as good as decommissioning the dam without hindering supply of water to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Mullaiperiyaru the second tunnel solution?|url=https://www-dinamani-com.translate.goog/tamilnadu/2018/sep/17/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-3001545.html?_x_tr_sl=ta&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&fbclid=IwAR1usARPS20yWV_unvZUfNcuTlM5yG5jBDNwIgkNtLBv4Grre6BwKJcZwJM|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Dinamani|language=|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118035150/https://www-dinamani-com.translate.goog/tamilnadu/2018/sep/17/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-3001545.html?_x_tr_sl=ta&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&fbclid=IwAR1usARPS20yWV_unvZUfNcuTlM5yG5jBDNwIgkNtLBv4Grre6BwKJcZwJM}}</ref>

===New dam vs second tunnel===
The judgement emphasized the suggestion of EC to make a second tunnel at about 50 ft from the bottom so that the large quantity of water, otherwise unused below the current tunnel at 106.5 ft, can be used by Tamil Nadu. It was highlighted that in case the dam develops any distress, this tunnel will help in evacuation of storage faster and better. It was also pointed out that the costs will be meagre compared to building a new dam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Of Tamil Nadu vs State Of Kerala & Anr on 7 May, 2014|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/41744252/\?__cf_chl_f_tk=YnsLxxUZpo39GMHz1bCguhCvbU.KuajrdFIBPhHogj4-1642594823-0-gaNycGzNCKU}}</ref>

==2021 developments==
The safety of the dam again rose to public attention in 2021 after the flood situation in Kerala in 2018, and the destruction of the Rishiganga hydroelectric project & the Tapovan dam in Uttarakhand following a glacier burst that killed nearly 200 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-glacier-break-tapovan-dam-completely-washed-off-shows-indian-air-force-survey-2365386|title=Uttarakhand's Tapovan dam completely washed off, shows initial survey|website=NDTV|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827053239/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-glacier-break-tapovan-dam-completely-washed-off-shows-indian-air-force-survey-2365386|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health|UNU-INWEH]] report on threats posed by ageing dams across the world stated that the Mullaperiyar dam situated in a seismically active area has major structural flaws and 3.5 million people are at risk if the 100+ years old dam were to fail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/un-report-threat-ageing-dams-india-mentions-kerala-s-mullaperiyar-142107|title=UN report on threat to ageing dams in India mentions Kerala's Mullaperiyar dam|website=The News Minute|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509141053/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/un-report-threat-ageing-dams-india-mentions-kerala-s-mullaperiyar-142107|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in"/><ref name="Ageing dams pose growing threat"/> A petition was filed in the Supreme Court (Dr. Joe Joseph and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu and Others), alleging that the supervisory committee, formed as per the Supreme Court's order in 2014, had not been functioning properly for the past six years. In response, the Supreme Court ordered the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu to immediately present the rule curve and gate operation schedule and to implement the dam's instrumentation without delay, or face action. The court noted that these measures were vital to the dam's safety. Additionally, the court ordered a comprehensive safety evaluation and directed that the dam be brought under the purview of the National Dam Safety Agency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/act-seriously-peoples-lives-will-be-at-risk-sc-raps-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-on-mullaperiyar-dam-maximum-water-level-4363466.html|title='Act seriously, people's lives will be at risk', SC raps Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar dam maximum water level|website=News 18|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026023142/https://www.news18.com/news/india/act-seriously-peoples-lives-will-be-at-risk-sc-raps-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-on-mullaperiyar-dam-maximum-water-level-4363466.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-political-arena-consult-each-other-sc-kerala-tn-mullaperiyar-dam-issue-156873|title=SC to Kerala, TN on Mullaperiyar dam issue|date=25 October 2021|publisher=News Minute|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704232314/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-political-arena-consult-each-other-sc-kerala-tn-mullaperiyar-dam-issue-156873|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tension rose again when Tamil Nadu opened 10 shutters of the dam after midnight without giving proper warning, causing floods along the banks of the [[Periyar River]]. It was the 4th time in a month that Tamil Nadu had opened the shutters of the dam after 10 pm. This resulted in the Chief Minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] sending a letter to his Tamil Nadu counterpart to open the shutters of the dam only at daytime and with proper warnings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/dec/02/idukki-residents-take-out-protest-march-as-tn-opens-mullaperiyar-dam-without-warning-2390896.html|title=Idukki residents take out protest march as Tamil Nadu opens Mullaperiyar dam without warning|website=New Indian Express|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123050123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/dec/02/idukki-residents-take-out-protest-march-as-tn-opens-mullaperiyar-dam-without-warning-2390896.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/water-release-mullaperiyar-dam-creates-tension-between-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-158335|title=Water release from Mullaperiyar dam creates tension between Kerala and Tamil Nadu|website=The News Minute|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704230904/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/water-release-mullaperiyar-dam-creates-tension-between-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-158335|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

The [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] [[L2: Empuraan]] shows a fictional depiction of the Mullaperiyar Dam, with a villain attempting to sabotage the dam facility by planting bombs. Furthermore, it portrayed that the collapse of the dam would result in a significant part of Kerala being washed away. The film also criticised the 999-year lease deed of the dam, signed before independence, through which [[Tamil Nadu]] operates the dam located in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Dam in Empuraan stokes controversy, Tamil farmers stage protest in front of Gokulam Chits branch |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1509168&u=dam-in-empuraan-stokes-controversy-tamil-farmers-stage-protest-in-front-of-gokulam-chits-branch |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid right-wing groups' attack, 'Empuraan' faces protest in Tamil Nadu over Mullaperiyar dam depiction |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2025/04/01/empuraan-controversy-over-mullaperiyar-in-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title='Nedumpally dam' references cause uproar: Farmers demand cuts in 'Empuraan' over Mullaperiyar link |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/l2-empuraan-mullaperiyar-dam-controversy-1.10473808 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Controversy Surrounds Malayalam Film Empuraan Over Mullaperiyar Dam Depiction |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/controversy-surrounds-malayalam-film-empuraan-over-mullaperiyar-dam-depiction-enn25033105328 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Idukki Dam]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Achyuthan, A. 2012 [2009]. ''Mullaperiyar Imbroglio: Inter-State River Problems''. Second Edition. Thrissur: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad.
* Anilkumar, A.V. (ed.). 2011. ''Mullaperiyar'' (Mal.). Kottayam: Papyrus Books.
* Damodaran, Pradeep. 2014. ''The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam That Divided Two States''. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India.
* George, M.V. 2011. ''Mullaperiyar Dam: Keralam Neridunna Durantha Bheeshani'' (Mullaperiyar dam: The Risk of Disaster Faced by Kerala, Mal.). Kottayam: DC Books.
* Krishnan, J. R., and Ray J. G., 2008. Investigation on the hydrobiology and water quality parameters of Periyar Lake, Thekkady, Western Ghats, Kerala.
* Mangathil, Sasidharan. 2008. ''Mullaperiyar Anakkettum Kerlathinte Bhaviyum: Anweshana Rekha'' (Mullaperiyar Dam and the Future of Kerala: An Enquiry, (Mal.). Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books.
* Pillai, Meena T. 2012. '[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0973258613501054 The Mullaperiyar Dam: Risking Media, Mediating Risk]'. ''Journal of Creative Communications'' 7(1–2): 31–52.
* Pradeep Damodaran 2014. ''The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam that Divided Two States''. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India.
* Thomas, Justice K.T. 2012. ''Mullaperiyar Dam: Chila Velippeduthalukal'' (Mullaperiyar Dam: Some Disclosures, Mal.). Kottayam: DC Books.
* {{cite book|last=Varughese|first=Shiju Sam |title=Contested Knowledge: Science, Media and Democracy in Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0VaMQAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946912-3|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=739&langid=1&sslid=733 Ministry of Water Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201203133/http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=739&langid=1&sslid=733 |date=1 December 2011 }}
* [http://www.theconstructioncivil.com/2011/07/surkhi-mortar.html Surkhi Mortar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125032353/http://www.theconstructioncivil.com/2011/07/surkhi-mortar.html |date=25 November 2011 }}
* [http://www.ielrc.org/content/e0609.pdf Case Study]
* [http://cess.res.in/wp-content/themes/cess/downloads/annual_report_%2006-07.PDF CESS Study Report]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/south/full-text-expert-panels-report-on-mullaperiyar-dam-480796 Full text of Expert Committee Report on Mullai Periyar Dam]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2697623.ece The Hindu Periyar dam is 11 years old]
* [http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/index.html Mullaperiyar Dam Break Analysis]
* [http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/tremours/index.html Seismic Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam]
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/d/019pho0000017s4u00018000.html Photograph of the dam in 1900]
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/16ZWzSbxYDdQ0SFwgzsvC85PiYJPyIVlTxGJAHIDnsUA/edit?usp=sharing Mullaperiyar Dam in Pictures]

{{Power stations of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Periyar (river)]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1895]]
[[Category:Masonry dams]]
[[Category:Dams in Western Ghats]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Idukki district]]

Vokkaliga

2026-03-18T03:14:16Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Group of castes in Karnataka}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Hal Vokkaligas.jpg|thumb|Manjerabad Landholders]]
'''Vokkaliga''' ({{IPA|kn|(w)okːɐliɡɐ|ipa}}, also [[transliterated]] as Vokkaligar, Vakkaliga, Wakkaliga, Okkaligar, Okkiliyan) is a community of closely related castes, from the Indian states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community">{{cite journal|first=Sundaramurthy|last=V.T|year=2007|title=The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T-Tt.pdf|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=9|issue=4|pages=305–313|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891017|s2cid=74219783|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423062616/http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T-Tt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a community of warriors<ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="Gavunda"/> and cultivators<ref name="Ludden 1999 91">{{Cite book|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India)|last=Ludden|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053396|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&q=david+ludden+agrarian+gentry+warrior-farmers+vokkaliga&pg=PA91|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053816/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&q=david+ludden+agrarian+gentry+warrior-farmers+vokkaliga&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> they have historically had notable demographic, political, and economic dominance in Old [[Mysore (region)]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VbSAAAAMAAJ|title=Agrarian organization and resource distribution in South India: Bellary District 1800-1979|last=Robert|first=Bruce L.|date=1982|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|pages=88|language=en|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053816/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VbSAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Frankel"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=K|first=Seshadri|title=Towards Understanding the Political Culture of South India|date=April–June 1988|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855369|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=49|issue=2|pages=231–267|jstor=41855369|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819220542/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855369|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="social activist. 1998 311">{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Polity+Vokkaliga|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=311|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053816/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Polity+Vokkaliga|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dna">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-born-to-be-a-force-to-reckon-with-1375664|title=Born to be a force to reckon with|date=2010-04-26|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171439/https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-born-to-be-a-force-to-reckon-with-1375664|url-status=live}}</ref> It is believed by some historians that the [[Rashtrakutas]]<ref name="Shetty 1994 121">{{cite book|last=Shetty|first=Sadanand Ramakrishna|date=1994|title=Banavasi Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+rashtrakuta|location=Banavasi (India)|publisher=Printwell|page=121|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053817/https://books.google.com/books?id=cUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+rashtrakuta|url-status=live}}:"The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigational facilities
were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top. There is a view that the
Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning cultivators."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|author2=H. V. Nanjundayya|date=1930|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22885/page/n452/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|pages=350–351}}:"Engraved on the ladle are the badges of the different castes composing this section, such as the plough of the Okkaliga, the scales of the Banajiga, the shears of a Kuruba, the spade of a Odda, the razor of a barber, the washing stone-slab and pot of an Agasa, and the wheel of a Kumbara."</ref> and [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Gangas]]<ref name="Ganga-arasu"/><ref name="westernganga"/> were of Vokkaliga origin. The Vokkaligas occupied administrative positions in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Madhava |first=K. G. Vasantha |date=1991 |title=Western Karnataka, Its Agrarian Relations, 1500-1800 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0AaAAAAIAAJ&q=bunt+sudra |location=New Delhi |publisher=Navrang |page=176 |isbn=9788170130734 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053816/https://books.google.com/books?id=t0AaAAAAIAAJ&q=bunt+sudra |url-status=live }}:"For instance, the tax structure and the process of its collection of the Vijayanagara rulers and their feudatories enabled the Brāhamans, the Jains and the highcaste Sudras namely the Bunts the Nāyaks and the Gowdas to emerge as powerful landed gentry."</ref><ref name="Stein 1990 82–83, 96–97">{{Cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India:Vijayanagara|last=Stein|first=Burton|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139055611|pages=82–83, 96–97}}</ref><ref name="Ludden 1999 91,198,205">{{Cite book|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India)|last=Ludden|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053396|page=91,198,205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&q=agrarian+gentry+warrior-farmers&pg=PA197|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053817/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&q=agrarian+gentry+warrior-farmers&pg=PA197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="social activist. 1998 311"/> They later formed the early rulers of the [[Nayakas of Keladi]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1921|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Vol.XI|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277202/page/n55/mode/2up |location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|pages=47–48}}:"Venkatappa. ruled from 1504 to 1551.
His son Bhadrappa died before him. During his reign the Moghals under
Ranadullakhan seized Ikkeri and set up a, viceroy there. Then Virabhadrappa
Nayaka ascended the Gadi and -retiring to Bidarur ruled over his country
more peacefully than before.* His rule lasted for 15 years from 1551 to 1566.
During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas"</ref> The Vokkaligas had the most families in the ruling classes of the 17th century when the Arasu caste of the Wodeyars was created to exclude them.<ref name="Prasad 2018">{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=S.Shyam|date=2018|title=Enigmas of Karnataka: Mystery meets History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=Enigmas+of+Karnataka+Division+on+Caste+lines&pg=PT62|location=Chennai|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781642491227|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053817/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=Enigmas+of+Karnataka+Division+on+Caste+lines&pg=PT62|url-status=live}}:"In the 17th Century, Chikkadevaraja created the Urs caste and classified it into 31 clans. Of these, 13 clans were deemed superior, while the remaining 18 were placed lower in the hierarchy. This latter comprised ruling families in the domain he was rapidly expanding. The most populous caste in this region, the Gowdas (the caste name Vokkaliga was later affixed to it during the British Census), clearly had more families in the ruling classes. But that did not deter Chikkadevaraja from omitting them from the new caste of 'Urs' that he had created."</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Ikegame|first1=Aya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA72|title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to ...|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=76–77|isbn=9781136239090|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053817/https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Ikegame|first=Aya|year=2007 |title=Royalty in Colonial and Post-Colonial India: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present|publisher=University of Edinburgh|page=77-78,99-100}}</ref><ref name="Heitzman 2004 32">{{cite book|last=Heitzman|first=James|date=2004|title=Network City: Planning the Information Society in Bangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M065AAAAIAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+Urs|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=32|isbn=9780195666069|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053818/https://books.google.com/books?id=M065AAAAIAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+Urs|url-status=live}}:"The royal house came from an extremely small group, the Arasus (Urs), which claimed warrior (Kshatriya) status but were viewed by the state's two largest landowning castes, the Lingayats and the Vokkaligas, as an inferior cowherd (Yadava) caste."</ref> Under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] they operated autonomously<ref>{{Citation|title=Dominance and state power in modern India : decline of a social order / editors, Francine R. Frankel, M.S.A. Rao|author1=Frankel, Francine R|author2=Rao, M. S. A|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195620984|language=English|pages=330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ&q=non-interference+|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053818/https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ&q=non-interference+|url-status=live}}:”The Lingayats and Vokkaligas enjoyed an unwritten and unspoken but very real promise of non-interference from the states princely rulers who came from a cow-herding jati-indeed, some believe that they were originally potters, an even humbler caste-and who now claimed Kshatriya status.”-James Manor</ref> and also served in the army and militia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+mysore|page=420,536|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053818/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+mysore|url-status=live}}</ref> The Vokkaligas formed the landed-gentry<ref name="Government of Karnataka">{{cite book|date=1986 |title=Report of the second backward classes commission|volume=3|location=Bangalore|publisher=Government of Karnataka|page=48}}: "Vokkaligas are the landed gentry and the agriculturist caste of Karnataka."</ref><ref name="villagehead"/><ref name="social activist. 1998 173,311,431">{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=173,311,431|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053818/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and warrior class<ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="Gavunda"/> of Karnataka.<ref name="Stein 1980 131, 448–449">{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=131, 448–449|location=Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Stein 1990 82–83, 96–97"/><ref name="Ludden 1999 91"/>

Most subsects of the Vokkaliga community are designated as [[Forward caste]]s<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Karnataka Caste Wise Report|url=https://karepass.cgg.gov.in/CasteReport.do?actionParameter=CasteWise&castecat_code=4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413040933/https://karepass.cgg.gov.in/CasteReport.do?actionParameter=CasteWise&castecat_code=4|archive-date=13 April 2021|access-date=2021-05-25|website=karepass.cgg.gov.in (Karnataka ePASS, Electronic Payment and Application System of Scholarships)|publisher=Department of Backward Classes Welfare, Government of Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Backward Classes">{{cite journal|last1=P|first1=Radhakrishnan|date=11 August 1990|title=Karnataka Backward Classes|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4396609|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=32|pages=1749–1754|jstor=4396609|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819220558/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4396609|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reservation"/> by the Central Government of India, while some subsects in rural areas are designated as Other Backward Class by the Karnataka Government.<ref name="Caste List">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/karnataka.pdf|title=PDF - National OBC list for Karnataka|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222172240/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/karnataka.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reservation">{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Bharath |date=17 February 2021 |title=Now, Vokkaligas gear up to fight for more quota |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/now-vokkaligas-gear-up-to-fight-for-more-quota-952387.html |work=Deccan Herald |location=Bengaluru |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507062859/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/now-vokkaligas-gear-up-to-fight-for-more-quota-952387.html |url-status=live }}:"Not all 115 sub-sects of the Vokkaliga community have been included under OBC. As a result, many sub-sects are deprived of government benefits. All sub-sects must be included under OBC and we must campaign for this, campaign for this," the statement said. The pontiff also said that Vokkaligas in urban areas were in dire straits and they needed more reservation. At present, some 20 sub-sects of Vokkaligas come under Category 3A with a 4 per cent reservation in Karnataka.</ref> Vokkaligas of the [[Lingayat]] faith are treated separately.<ref name="Lingayat Vokkaligas"/>

Vokkaligas commonly carry titles such as [[Gowda (surname)|Gowda]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104976/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |chapter=Tenants movements in Uttara Kannada district and the Kagodu Satyagraha |title=Peasant movements in Karnataka since 1900 their nature and results |author=D K Kulkarni |page=80 |publisher=Karnatak University / Shodhganga |year=1992 |accessdate=24 October 2016 |quote=Gowdas, literary means a village headman usually from Vokkaliga community in Southern district of Karnataka and Lingayat in Northern part |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024152036/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104976/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hegde]]<ref name="India's Communities">{{cite book|author1=K. S. Singh|date=1998|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC&q=Gowda+heggade|location=|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India Oxford University Press|page=3677|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|quote=They are also known as Namdhari Gauda or Nadavaru. Heggade and Gowda are the titles, which they suffix to their names.|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC&q=Gowda+heggade|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Gounder]].<ref name="Gounder">{{cite book|first=Kumar Suresh|last=Singh|title=People of India|volume=40, part 2|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|date=2001|page=640|isbn=9788185938882|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+Gounder|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054350/https://books.google.com/books?id=CBIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+Gounder|url-status=live}}:”The community has titles viz. Gowda, Gowdar, Gounder and Kounder.”</ref>

==Etymology==
===Vokkaliga===
Vokkaliga is a [[Kannada]]-language word found in some of the earliest available literary works of the language, such as the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'', and ''Mangaraja's Nighantu''.<ref name="Namadhari">{{cite book|author=Dr. Ambalike Hiriyanna|title=Malenadina Vaishnava Okkaligara Samskruti|year=1999|publisher=Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara, Government of Karnataka}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2021}} Generally, the term has come to mean an agriculturist though various etymological derivations are available:
[[file:Kempegowda I.jpg|thumb| [[Kempe Gowda I]] chieftain under the Vijayanagara Empire. The city of Bengaluru was founded by Kempe Gowda in 1537.]]
* The word ''okka'' or ''okkalu'' is a Kannada word for a family or a clan<ref name="Nighantu">{{cite book|title=Kannada Nighantu|year=1970|publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishat, Bangalore}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2021}} and an ''okkaliga'' is a person belonging to such a family.<ref name="Namadhari" />{{page needed|date=September 2019}} This is an allusion to the totemistic [[exogamous]] clans that together form an endogamous subgroup, of which there are many amongst the Vokkaligas. These clans are called Bali, Bedagu, Kutumba, Gotra or simply Okkalu all of which mean ''family''. They are named after their progenitor, primary occupation or, in most cases, after various birds, animals or objects.<ref>{{cite book|first=John Vincent |last=Ferreira|title=Totemism in India|year=1965|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2021}} ''Vokkaliga'' is analogous to ''Kutumbin'' in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bhavani Banerjee|date=1966|title=Marriage and Kinship of the Gangadikara Vokkaligas of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkVXAAAAMAAJ&q=Analogous|location=Pune|publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute|page=24|isbn=|quote=Vokkaliga or Vokkalumaga is thus a man whose main occupation is agriculture that is a cultivator or a farmer. This word is analogous to the northern words Kunabi in Marathi, Kanabi in Gujarati, and Kutumbin in Sanskrit, meaning a householder, a man with permanent dwelling - a man settled permanently on land as against other castes who were not bound to land in the same way.|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054405/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkVXAAAAMAAJ&q=Analogous|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Okkalutana'' in Kannada means agriculture<ref name="Nighantu" />
* Alternate etymologies include {{Transliteration|ka|okku}}, which means "threshing" in Kannada, and {{Transliteration|ka|Vokkaliga}} means someone from a family that threshes<ref name="Nighantu" />

===Gowda===
According to historian [[Suryanath U. Kamath]], the word ''Gowda'' derives from ''Gavunda''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamath|first1=Suryanath U.|last2=Naik|first2=R.A|date=1983|title=Gazetteer of India Government of Karnataka, Karnataka State Gazetteer Part II|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3241/page/n265/mode/2up?q=Gauda |location=Bangalore|publisher= Parishree Printers |pages=243–244}}: "Villages had gramakuta or gavunda (gauda), the village headman.
He had under him the village militia^ later called as talaras and tolls."</ref> The German Indologist [[Gustav Solomon Oppert|Gustav Oppert]] opined that the root of ‘Gowda’ is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] word meaning "mountain".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=Anthropological Survey of India |title=People of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQwAQAAIAAJ&q=Mountain |year=2002 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85938-99-8 |page=408 |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054351/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQwAQAAIAAJ&q=Mountain |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term "Gowda" and its archaic forms in Old Kannada such as ''Gamunda'', ''Gavunda'', ''Gavuda'', ''Gonda'', appear frequently in the inscriptions of Karnataka. The ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' is replete with references to land grants, donations to temples, hero-stones (''Veeragallu''), stone edicts and copper plates dating back to the age of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] (est. 350 CE) and earlier.<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamin Lewis Rice, R.Narasimhacharya|title=Epigraphia Carnatica|year=1894–1905|publisher=Government Central Press, Bangalore & Mysore}}</ref> The Gavundas were landlords that collected taxes and rendered military service to the kings.<ref name="Gavunda">{{cite journal|last1=Adiga|first1=Malini|year=1997|title='GAVUNDAS' IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: LANDLORDS AND WARRIORS (AD 600 to 1030)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143897|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=58|pages=139–145|jstor=44143897|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513204355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143897|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Noboru Karashima]] says the Gavundas had functions corresponding to that of the Chola Vellala Nattars.<ref name="Karashima">{{cite book |last=Karashima|first=Noboru|year=2014|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|url= |location=India|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=144–145|isbn=978-0198099772}}:"They are, for example, Gavunda chiefs and heggade revenue officers vis-à-vis the Chola Vellala nattars; kalnad military tenure vis-à-vis padai-parru or parigraham tenure in the Chola state"</ref> The majority of the gavundas were derived from the Vokkaligas; but by the 10th century, the term gavunda also came to denote chiefship of a community or group and was adopted by the heads of other communities assimilated into the early medieval state.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adiga|first1=Malini|year=1997|title='GAVUNDAS' IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: LANDLORDS AND WARRIORS (AD 600 to 1030)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143897|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=58|pages=145, 147|jstor=44143897|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513204355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143897|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Vokkaligas of [[Tamil Nadu]] use ''Gowdar'' and ''Gounder'' as their surname.<ref name="Gounder"/> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] origins to the word ''Gounder'' claim its derivation from ''kavundan'' or ''kamindan'' (one who watches over).<ref name="Madhavan">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|title=Steeped in history|last=Madhvan|first=Karthik|date=2 August 2008|work=Frontline|publisher=The Hindu Group|access-date=22 January 2011|location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050939/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Subgroups==
The term Vokkaliga was used to refer to Canarese cultivators. Vokkaliga community has several sub-groups within its fold such as Gangadhikara, Namdhari Vokkaliga, Morasu Vokkaliga, [[Kunchitiga]], Halikkar(Palikkar) Vokkaliga, Reddy Vokkaliga,<ref name="Second Backward Classes Commission"/><ref name="Balfour"/><ref name="Lindsay(Mysore)"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=S.C.|last2=Bhargava|first2=Gopal K.|date=2006|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Karnataka, Volume 13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo5lvtslcEUC&pg=PA145|location=Delhi|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|page=145|isbn=81-7835-369-5|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054406/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo5lvtslcEUC&pg=PA145|url-status=live}}</ref> Gounder,<ref name="Second Backward Classes Commission"/> [[Tulu Gowda]].<ref name="Balfour">{{cite book|last=Balfour|first=Edward|date=1885|title=The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeA0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA261|location=Graz, Austria|publisher=Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt|page=261|isbn=|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054351/https://books.google.com/books?id=qeA0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA261|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lindsay(Mysore)">{{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=Alexander William Crawford|date=1874|title=Report on the Mysore General Census of 1871|volume=2-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAAJAAAAQAAJ&q=wakkaliga&pg=RA2-PA72|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore Government Press|page=72|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054352/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAAJAAAAQAAJ&q=wakkaliga&pg=RA2-PA72|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lindsay(Coorg Census)">{{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=A.W.C|date=1874|title=Report on the Coorg General Census of 1871, with Appendices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQk3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA26|location=Kodagu|publisher=Mysore Government Press|page=26|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054352/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQk3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> etc.<ref name="Second Backward Classes Commission">{{cite book|date=1986 |title=Report of the Second Backward Classes Commission|volume=3|location=Bangalore|publisher=Government of Karnataka|pages=49|url=http://14.139.60.153/bitstream/123456789/5712/1/REPORT%20OF%20THE%20SECOND%20BACKWARD%20CLASSES%20COMMISSION%20VOLUME-III_SN-11}}:"The main sub-divisions are 'Morasu Vokkaliga', 'Gangadikara Vokkaliga', Kudu Vokkaliga, Kunchitiga, Hallikar(Pallikar) Vokkaliga, Namdhari Vokkaliga, Reddy Vokkaliga, Telugu Vokkaliga, Sarpa Vokkaliga, Uppinakolagada Vokkaliga, Mustiku Vokkaliga, Kapu Vokkaliga, Pakanatha Reddy Vokkaliga, Nadashetty Vokkaliga, Gowdas, Gounder and Vokkaliga Hegde."</ref> [[Lingayat]] converts of the various Vokkaligas are categorised as Lingayats.<ref name="Lingayat Vokkaligas">{{cite book|date=1986|title=Report of the Second Backward Classes Commission|volume=3|location=Bangalore|publisher=Government of Karnataka|pages=49|url=http://14.139.60.153/bitstream/123456789/5712/1/REPORT%20OF%20THE%20SECOND%20BACKWARD%20CLASSES%20COMMISSION%20VOLUME-III_SN-1162.pdf|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054320/http://14.139.60.153/bitstream/123456789/5712/1/REPORT%20OF%20THE%20SECOND%20BACKWARD%20CLASSES%20COMMISSION%20VOLUME-III_SN-1162.pdf|url-status=live}}:"Lingayat converts of the various Vokkaligas are treated separately and kept under Lingayats."</ref>

Exogamy at the family/clan level is strictly controlled by using the idiom of Mane Devaru (the patron god of the given exogamic clan) which dictates that the followers of same ''Mane Devaru'' are siblings and marriage is thus forbidden, allowing marital alliances only with another clan and not within.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Banerjee, Bhavani|title=Marriage and kinship of the Gangadikara vokkaligas of Mysore|date=1966|publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Inst|pages=31|oclc=833158967}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n43/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=20–21}}</ref>

===Gangadikara Vokkaliga===
The Gangadikara Vokkaligas, also known as the Gangatkars are numerically the largest among the Vokkaliga.<ref name="Gangadikara">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1930|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22885/page/n255/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=175–185}}</ref> The Gangadikaras are mostly found in the Mysore, Mandya, Chamarajnagar, Hassan, Bangalore, Ramanagara and Tumkur districts of Karnataka. Gangawadi was the name for the area covering these districts, ruled over by the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] and Gangadikara is a contraction of the term Gangawadikara (A man of Gangawadi).<ref name="Gangadikara"/> According to [[Burton Stein]] and [[L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|L. K. Iyer]] the Ganga rulers were Gangadikara Vokkaliga chiefs.<ref name="westernganga">{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=peasant+state+and+society+gangadikara+break|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=318|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563507-2|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054353/https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=peasant+state+and+society+gangadikara+break|url-status=live}}:"Indeed, the very lacklustre of the Ganga rulers who preceded the Cholas and Hoysalas suggests that they were essentially peasant chiefs who neither sought nor managed to break their ties with the dominant peasant folk of the territory. That peasantry still identifies itself with the ancient Ganga designation; they are called, garigadikaras who in 1891 comprised forty-four per cent of the total population of the land-controlling peasantry of Mysore State (i.e. Vokkaligas). Gangadikara is a slight contraction of the term gangavadikara, ‘men of the Ganga country’."</ref><ref name="Ganga-arasu">{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer |date=1935|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209458/page/n187/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|page=69|oclc=551178895}}:"The Gangadikara seem to be a more recent stratum, whose name reminds us of the Ganga-kings, who ruled in Mysore in the 10th century. We may regard their connections with the former ancient ruling house as very similar to those of the Arasu, the present-day aristocracy of Mysore, with the present- day ruling family. "</ref> The Gangadikara Gowdas claim to be descendants of the erstwhile Ganga rulers.<ref name="Namadhari" /><ref name="Itihasa">{{cite book|author=Dr.B. Pandukumar|title=1600 Varshagala Vokkaligara Itihasa|year=2007|publisher=Vedavati Prakashana, Bangalore}}</ref><ref name="People" >{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India, Volume XXVI, Part 2|year=2003|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite book|author=E.Stanley|title=Economic Development and Social Change in South India|year=1962|publisher=University of Manchester Press, Manchester|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekG8AAAAIAAJ&q=gangadikar}}</ref> The administrative setup of Gangas vested power in the Ooru Gauda, Nadu Gauda, Pergade (archaic for Hegde, Pergade->Peggade->Heggade) and so on, at various levels of administration and apart from administrative duties, the Gauda was expected to raise militia when called for.<ref name="Talakad">{{cite book|author=B.Sheik Ali|title=History of the Western Gangas|year=1976|publisher=University Of Mysore}}</ref>

The Gangadikaras and other Vokkaligas were considered analogous to the [[Vellalar]] Chieftains of Tamil Country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=Peasant+State+and+Society+in+Medieval+South+fall+into+the+same+pattern|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=449|location=Delhi|isbn=9780195610659|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054353/https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=Peasant+State+and+Society+in+Medieval+South+fall+into+the+same+pattern|url-status=live}}:"Sharing an equally prestigious role in Karnataka, the Vokkaligas are divided into a number of territorial divisions. The Gangadikara Vokkaiigas (Karalar) are concentrated in the south-central portion of Karnataka abutting modern Andhra having long shared the territory with Telugu speaking Reddis; Nonaba Vokkaiigas inhabit the tract on the northern bank of the Tungabhadra, medieval Nolambavadi. Other Vokkaliga groups are similarly clustered in other parts of modern Karnataka"</ref><ref name="Karashima"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n269/mode/2up?q=Vokkaliga|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=243|isbn=}}</ref> They are Deccan Kshatriyas corresponding to [[Maratha]]s of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodrigues|first1=Tensing |date=July 2020 |title=Understanding the Vokkaliga|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343162506|pages=2 |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.12698237.v1|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gangadikara"/> The Gangadikaras and the [[Kongu Vellalars]] could possibly share a common origin.<ref name="link">{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=Gangadikara+peasantry+of+Gangavadi+|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=319|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563507-2|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054424/https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ&q=Gangadikara+peasantry+of+Gangavadi+|url-status=live}}:"The Gangadikara peasantry of Gangavadi appears to have been more significantly linked to the Kongu peasantry to the south than to peasant peoples in the central and northern parts of medieval Karnataka. Similarly, the Marasu Vokkaligas of eastern Bangalore and central and southern Kolar districts appear to have been linked to Tondaimandalam"</ref> In fact, the word ''Konga'' is the Tamil equivalent for ''Ganga''.<ref>{{cite book|first=P. Shungoonny|last=Menon|title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftravanc0000pshu|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0169-7|pages=33–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=V.|last=Ramamurthy|title=History of Kongu: Volume 1|year=1986|page=19}}</ref>

The Gangadikaras have two primary sections – the Bujjanige (or Dhaare Shastradavaru) and the Pettige (or Veelyada Shastradavaru) based on differences in rituals performed during the wedding ceremony. They can be Shaiva or Vaishnava in religious affiliation (called Mullu and Dasa sects). Cheluru Gangadikaras (also called Chelaru), another small sub-sect, are said to be strictly vegetarian, a vestige of the times when the Gangas followed Jainism. Oral traditions of the people maintain that after the decline of the Ganga power they reverted to Hinduism retaining certain Jain practices.<ref name="Gangadikara"/><ref name="People" /> The Gangadikara Vokkaligas have as many as 40 ''kulas'', exogamous clans, known in Kannada as ''Bedagu''.<ref name="Gangadikara"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Jeelani|first=S. A|date=2009|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mandya District|chapter=Chapter 3|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/2009-22-0/Mandya_2009_Chapter3_People.pdf|location=Karnataka, India|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|page=211|isbn=|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424044515/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/2009-22-0/Mandya_2009_Chapter3_People.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Morasu Vokkaliga===
The border regions of Karnataka around modern-day Bangalore, Tumkur and Hosur was known as Morasu-nadu and was dominated by Morasu Vokkaligas.<ref name="Burton">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=Vijayanagara|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&q=Morasu|isbn=9780521266932|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054354/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&q=Morasu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/history.htm|title=Krishnagiri District Website |publisher=Krishnagiri.tn.nic.in|date=2004-02-09 |access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312193151/https://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=12 March 2017}}:"The heart of 'Krishnagiri', 'Hosur' and 'Uthangarai' were known as 'Eyil Nadu', 'Murasu Nadu' and 'Kowoor Nadu' respectively."</ref>

The Morasu Vokkaliga have four endogamous groups, namely the Morasu Vokkaligar, the Hosa Devara Vokkaligar, the Bellu Kodu Vokkaligar and the Musugu Vokkaligar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XLiAAAAMAAJ&q=Bellu+Kodu |title=Tamil Nadu |date=1997 |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85938-88-2 |language=en}}</ref> They speak both [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Telugu is restricted to the two sections of Reddy and Palyada Sime.<ref name="Raop244">{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n269/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=244|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|date=1942 |title=Marriage And Family in Mysore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280868/page/n26/mode/1up?|location=Bombay|publisher=New Book Co.|page=25|oclc=4565441}}:"They have four endogamous groups, Musuku, Reddi, Palyadasime and Morasu. The first and fourth speak Kannada, while the second and third speak Telugu"</ref> The usual caste titles are [[Gowda (surname)|Gowda]] for the Kannada section and [[Reddy (surname)|Reddy]] for the Telugu section.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n271/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=246|isbn=}}:"The usual caste titles are Gauda (Kannada section) and Reddi (Telugu section)."</ref>

Many Palegars belonged to the Musuku group.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|date=1942 |title=Marriage And Family in Mysore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280868/page/n26/mode/1up?|location=Bombay|publisher=New Book Co.|page=25|oclc=4565441}}:"To the Musuku group belonged several Palyegar chiefs."</ref> The Palegars of Devanhalli, Dodballapur, Yelahanka, Magadi, Hoskote, Kolar, Anekal and Koratagere were Morasu Vokkaligas. The famous [[Kempe Gowda I]], the founder of Bangalore City, was the most distinguished of the Palegars of Magadi.<ref name="Raop244"/> The family of Kempe Gowda migrated from Kanchi in the 15th century.<ref name="Burton"/> The [[Devanahalli Fort]] was built by Malla Bhaire Gowda to immortalise Bhaire Gowda, the headman of one of the seven clans that migrated from [[Kanchi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n299/mode/2up?q=Malla+Bhaire|publisher=The Mysore University|pages=227–228}}:"One of these clans, under their headman Bhaire Gauda, settled in Avati about the close of the 15th century. Near this village was a small hamlet called Devana-Doddi (ie., the cattle pen of Deva). Malla Bhaire Gauda persuaded to immortalise his memory by constructing a fort to be named after him."</ref>

Burton Stein noted a link between Morasu Vokkaligas and the [[Thondaimandala Vellala]].<ref name="link"/>

===Kunchitiga Vokkaliga===
[[Kunchitiga]]s are concentrated mostly in Tumkur, Chitradurga, Bangalore and Mysore. They are also found in Salem, Coimbatore and Theni districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5">{{cite book|first=Edgar|last=Thurston|year=1909|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras|volume=5|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42995/42995-h/42995-h.htm|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620083409/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42995/42995-h/42995-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|page=17}}</ref> They were traditionally agriculturists and were known for being a successful and enterprising group.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Benjamin Lewis|date=1876|title=Mysore and Coorg: A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government of India, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlkoAAAAYAAJ&q=kunchigar+merchants&pg=PA219|location=Bangalore|publisher=Mysore Government Press|page=219|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054354/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlkoAAAAYAAJ&q=kunchigar+merchants&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}:"The large merchants, who live chiefly in Mysore city, are for the most part of the Kunchigar caste ."</ref><ref name="Raop247">{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n273/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=247|isbn=}}:"A good proportion of them are also educated and occupy a responsible place in society. They call themselves Kunchitigas or Kunchati Vokkalu"</ref>

===Namdhari Vokkaligas===
The Namdhari Vokkaliga is the oldest and second largest Vokkaliga sub-group<ref name="Namadhari"/> and are concentrated in [[Malenadu]]. They are also called Malava Gowdas.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Benjamin Lewis Rice|date=1881|title=Report on the Mysore Census of 1881: Compiled for Government, Volumes 5-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfYIAAAAQAAJ&dq=namdhari+malava&pg=RA1-PA15|location=Mysore (Princely State)|publisher=Mysore Government Press|page=15|quote=|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054421/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfYIAAAAQAAJ&dq=namdhari+malava&pg=RA1-PA15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Malava">{{cite book|author1=|date=1864|title=Selections from the Records of the Mysore Commissioner's Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpdeAAAAcAAJ&dq=aboriginal+northern+lingavant+the+others+are+still+called+namadari+malavar&pg=RA3-PA81|location=Karnataka (India)|publisher=Printed at the Mysore Government Press|pages=60, 81|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054354/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpdeAAAAcAAJ&dq=aboriginal+northern+lingavant+the+others+are+still+called+namadari+malavar&pg=RA3-PA81|url-status=live}} p60. "The rest of the land belongs to Shivabhact and Namdari malava gowdas who are also sometimes called nadavar" p81. "It is said the Malavar are the aboriginal land - holders of Nagara. Those of the Northern Taluks, Nagara, Sagar & c, adopted the lingavant religion. The others are still called Namadari Malavar."</ref> They use the surnames 'Hegde' and 'Gowda'.<ref name="India's Communities"/> The Namdharis were [[Jains]] who converted to Vaishnavism along with their [[Hoysala]] King Vishnuvardhana<ref>{{cite news|last=Gowda|first=Chandan|date=5 January 2015|title=Ghar Vapsi: The myth of a single home|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/namdharis-christian-missionary-jainism-forbids-namdhari-vokkaligas/articleshow/45765444.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417133252/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/namdharis-christian-missionary-jainism-forbids-namdhari-vokkaligas/articleshow/45765444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and are followers of [[Sri Ramanujacharya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamat |first1=Suryanatha |title=Karnataka State Gazetteers: Kodagu District |date=1993 |publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer |pages=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVVuAAAAMAAJ&q=ramanuja+Namadhari |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054331/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Karnataka_State_Gazetteers_Kodagu_Distri/QVVuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ramanuja+Namadhari&dq=ramanuja+Namadhari&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Hoysalas were possibly of Namdhari Vokkaliga origin. Historians refer to the founders of the [[Hoysala]] dynasty as natives of Malenadu based on numerous inscriptions calling them ''Maleparolganda'' or "Lord of the Male (hills) chiefs" (''Malepas'').<ref name="male">Rice B.L. in Kamath (2001), p123</ref><ref name="male1">Keay (2000), p251</ref><ref name="tract">Quotation:"The home of the Hoysalas lay in the hill tracts to the north-west of Gangavadi in Mysore" (Sen 1999, p498)</ref><ref name="male2">Thapar (2003), p367</ref><ref name="west">Stien (1989), p16</ref><ref name="chop">Natives of south Karnataka (Chopra 2003, p150 Part 1)</ref> Some historians believe Hoysala originated from Sosevuru (Modern Angadi, [[Mudigere]] taluk).<ref name="early origin">The Hoysalas originated from Sosevuru, identified as modern Angadi in [[Mudigere]] [[taluk]] (Kamath 2001, p123)</ref><ref name="earlyorigin2">An indigenous ruling family of Karnataka from Sosevuru (modern Angadi) (Ayyar 1993, p600)</ref> Hoysalas also strongly supported Kannada language.<ref name="floral">Ayyar (2006), p. 600</ref><ref name="courtly">Pollock (2006), p. 288–289</ref><ref name="bilingual">However by the 14th century, bilingual inscriptions lost favor and inscriptions were mostly in the local language (Thapar 2003, pp393–95)</ref> The early Hoysala chiefs had alliances with the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]]<ref name="Early Chiefs">Seetharam Jagirdhar, M.N. Prabhakar, B.S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p123</ref> and claimed to be heirs to the Gangas.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Suryanath U. Kamath|date=1981|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Chikmagalur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nosBAAAAMAAJ&q=+veera-ganga|location=|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|page=44|quote=Ereyanga was already 60 years old when he succeeded to the throne and ruled only for two years. He assumed the title of Veera-Ganga to indicate the Hoysala claim as heirs to the earlier Ganga kingdom.|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054354/https://books.google.com/books?id=nosBAAAAMAAJ&q=+veera-ganga|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malini|last=Adiga|date=2006|title=The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEpuAAAAMAAJ&q=hoysala+vira+ganga|location=Chennai|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited|page=340|oclc=67052150|isbn=8125029125|quote=However, the significance of the earlier, formative period of the Gangas can be seen from the fact that the region gained its name Gangavadi from them, which it retained even after the demise of the dynasty; that the Hoysalas, ás heirs to the Ganga legacy, included Vira Ganga among their other royal titles speaks volumes for the lasting impact of the Gangas in this region.|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054414/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEpuAAAAMAAJ&q=hoysala+vira+ganga|url-status=live}}</ref> Several of the major feudatories of the Hoysalas were Vokkaligas.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Radhika Seshan|author2=Shraddha Kumbhojkar|year=2018|title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47|location=London; New York|publisher=Routledge|oclc=1041706962|isbn=9780429487569|pages=45, 46|quote=|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054355/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Vokkaligas migrated into Tamil Nadu under Hoysala rule.<ref name="Hoysala madurai">{{cite book|editor=B S Chandrababu|author=South Indian History Congress. Annual Session|date=2002|title=South Indian History Congress : proceedings volume of the Twenty First Annual Session, hosted by School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 18-20 January, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRFuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkiligas|oclc=631658499|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=General Secretary, South Indian History Congress|page=6|quote=During the Hoysala rule at madurai, Gowdas, Vokkaligas, Pattunoolkarar, Sedas and other Kannadigas migrated into Tamil Nadu|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054427/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRFuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkiligas|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the Malenadu Vokkaligas took to Lingayatism.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gowda|first=Chandan|date=5 January 2015|title=Ghar Vapsi: The myth of a single home|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/namdharis-christian-missionary-jainism-forbids-namdhari-vokkaligas/articleshow/45765444.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=17 April 2021|quote=For instance, the Namdhari Vokkaligas retained their meat-eating and hunting habits across two faiths that shunned animal killing whereas vegetarianism was non-negotiable for the Lingayat converts.|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417133252/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/namdharis-christian-missionary-jainism-forbids-namdhari-vokkaligas/articleshow/45765444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Malava"/> The [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Nayakas]] were Malava Gowdas of [[Veerashaiva]] faith.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis|date=1974|title=Keḷadi Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJAFAAAAMAAJ&q=+malava|location=Keladi (India)|publisher=Karnatak University|page=24|quote=According to another account given by Rice himself, Bhadraiya, a Malava Gauda of Keladi, was the founder.|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054355/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJAFAAAAMAAJ&q=+malava|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Malava"/>

===Hallikkar Vokkaliga===
Hallikkar Vokkaligas or Pallikar Vokkaligas are a subsect of Vokkaligas. They were mainly engaged in the rearing of cattle.<ref name="Raop246"/> According to [[M. N. Srinivas]], the Hallikar were related to the [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]s and [[Kuruba]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|date=1942 |title=Marriage And Family in Mysore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280868/page/n24/mode/1up?|location=Bombay|publisher=New Book Co.|page=23|oclc=4565441}}:"The Hallikara Okkaligas are Okkaligas in nothing except name. They are related to the Gollas, Kadu Gollas and Kurubas with whom they perhaps had marital relations formerly."</ref> The [[Hallikar|namesake]] is the best in the far-famed [[Amrit Mahal]] cattle.<ref name="Raop246">{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n271/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=246|isbn=}}:"Hallikara Vokkaligas.—This is a section that is mainly engaged in the rearing of cattle. The breed of that name is the best in the far-famed Amrut Mahal Cattle."</ref>

They are also called Servegars as they were chief herdsmen in the Amrit Mahal Department.<ref>{{cite book|author1=L. K. A. Iyer|date=2005|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|location=New Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=270|quote=In some places, they call themselves Servegars, Servegara meaning chief herdsman in the Amrit Mahal Department, from their occupation of cattle breeding.|isbn=|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054355/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|url-status=live}}</ref> They use [[Gowda (surname)|Gowda]] and [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] as surnames.<ref>{{cite book|author1=L. K. A. Iyer|date=2005|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|location=New Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=270|quote=Gauda and Naika are the titles affixed to their names, and the common honorific suffixes Appa and Ayya for males and Avva and Akka for females are also in use|isbn=|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054355/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tulu and Kodagu Vokkaliga===
[[Tulu Gowda|Tulu and Arebhase Gowda]] (Gauda) are the subsect of the Vokkaliga community located primarily in the South Canara District, Kodagu District, Indian state of [[Karnataka]] and [[Bandadka]] village of Kasaragod, Kerala State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/aravind-gowda/story/karnataka-sadananda-gowda-faces-caste-war-in-bjp-141190-2011-09-15|title=Caste war heats up as Sadananda isn't Gowda enough|date=15 September 2011|first=Aravind|last=Gowda|website=India Today|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011505/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/aravind-gowda/story/karnataka-sadananda-gowda-faces-caste-war-in-bjp-141190-2011-09-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gough |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Rural+Society+in+Southeast+India+Draupadi |title=Rural Society in Southeast India |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-04019-8 |language=en}}</ref> They are said to have 10 Kutumba and 18 Bari as their primordial root families, from which a Nūru Mane or "hundred families" arose.

===Nonaba Vokkaliga===
They were residents of the ancient Kingdom of Nonambavadi which was ruled by the Pallavas up till 10th century A.D. The Pallavas also called themselves as Nonambadhi Raja, Nonamba Pallava, Pallavadhi Raja, etc. This section of the Vokkaligas are [[Lingayat]]s by faith. In most respects, they follow the same customs as the Gangadhikara Vokkaligas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n271/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=246|isbn=}}:"These are so-called because they are residents of the ancient Kingdom of Nozahambapadi or Nonambavadi. This was ruled over by the Pallavas up to the 10th century A.D. The Pallayas also called themselves as Nonambadhi Eaja, Nonamba Pallava, Pallavadhi Eaja, etc. This section of the Vokkaligas are Lingayats in religion. In most respects, they follow the same customs as the Gangadikara Vokkaligas. Their usual caste title is Gauda,"</ref>

===Sadars===
They are Vokkaligas found chiefly in the Shimoga and Chitradurga Districts. They were originally Jains, though many converted to the [[Lingayat]], called [[Sadar Lingayats]] and Hindu faiths. The Hindus worship both Siva and Vishnu, while the Jains worship the Jain Tirthankaras and Hindu Gods as well. The non-Lingayats, are divided into
Huvvinavaru ("Those of flowers") and Hongeyavaru ("Those of the [[Millettia pinnata|Honge Mara]]"). Sadars had a high social status due to their strict vegetarianism and total abstinence. They have the usual Kattemane form of caste organization. The use the caste title Gowda.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|date=1927|title=Mysore Gazetteer|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275385/page/n271/mode/2up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bangalore |publisher=Government Press|page=246,247|isbn=}}</ref>

==Varna Classification==
The [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system of [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanic]] ritual ranking never really took hold in South Indian society. The two intermediate [[dvija]] varnas—the Kshatriyas<ref name="Omvedt">{{Citation | title=Dalits and the democratic revolution : Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit movement in colonial India / Gail Omvedt | author1=Omvedt, Gail | date=January 1994 | publisher=Sage Publications | isbn=0803991398 | language=English | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leuICwAAQBAJ&q=dalits+and+the+democratic+revolution+ksatriya+jatis+south&pg=PT56 | access-date=4 May 2021 | archive-date=8 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054356/https://books.google.com/books?id=leuICwAAQBAJ&q=dalits+and+the+democratic+revolution+ksatriya+jatis+south&pg=PT56 | url-status=live }}:”In addition the three way ' caste division (Brahman, non - Brahman, Untouchable) seems particularly prominent here. There are no recognized 'Ksatriya' jatis anywhere in the south, and the three states (in contrast to the more inequalitarian hierarchies of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) are characterized by the dominance of large peasant jatis with landholding rights who historically supplied many of the zamindars and rulers but remained classed remained classed as 'Shudra' in the varna scheme.”</ref> and Vaishyas—did not exist.

James Manor said that
{{blockquote|"Varnas – the four large traditional divisions of Hindu society, which exclude Dalits – have less importance in South India than elsewhere because there are no indigenous Kshatriyas and Vaisyas in the South"<ref name="Manor">{{cite conference|first=James|last=Manor|title=Accommodation and conflict|conference=CASTE MATTERS, a symposium on inequalities, identities and disintegrating hierarchies in India|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2012/633/633_james_manor.htm|date=May 2012|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215813/https://www.india-seminar.com/2012/633/633_james_manor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit.<ref>{{citation |title=Varna Schemes and Ideological Integration in Indian Society |first=Richard G. |last=Fox |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=11 |number=1 |date=January 1969 |pages=27–45 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500005132|s2cid=145053341 }}: "When recognition of a regional ''varna'' scheme has been unavoidable—such as the tripartite division into Brahmins, non-Brahmins, and Untouchables in much of the South— it has been explained in terms of an historical corruption or breakdown of the standard four-class system, rather than regarded as a functional entity in its own right."</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |title=Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHPok4epvlIC&q=South+india |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-47862-5 |page=204 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054358/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHPok4epvlIC&q=South+india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jean Alphonse |last=Bernard |title=From Raj to the Republic: A Political History of India, 1935–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dP9tAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |page=37|isbn=9788124107669 }}</ref><ref name="isbn_978-0-521-22692-9 pages 27-28">{{cite book |first1=Tapan |last1=Raychaudhuri |first2=Irfan |last2=Habib |author-link2=Irfan Habib |first3=Dharma |last3=Kumar |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200–c.1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |pages=27–28}}</ref><ref name="Dirks 2001 205">{{cite book|last=Dirks|first=Nicholas B.|date=2001|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=castes+of+mind|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=205|isbn=0691088950|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054357/https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=castes+of+mind|url-status=live}}:"Aside from Brahmans and Rajputs, few actual caste groups could be readily correlated with varna distinctions and few of these castes could be found across wide parts of India. Dominant caste groups in most regions were specific to those regions, as for example the Marathas of Bombay, the Vellalars of Madras, and the Vokkaligas of Mysore. Even the assumption that occupational differentiation provided both the most ready key to caste distinction and the most usable measure of caste significance for imperial purposes flew in the face of the recognition that formal caste titles only rarely indicated true occupation"</ref> Vokkaligas were considered non-Brahmin upper-castes.<ref name="chatterji">{{cite book|first=Rakhahari|last=Chatterji|date=2001|title=Politics India: The State-society Interface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+kshatriya|location=New Delhi|publisher=South Asian Publishers|page=322|isbn=9788170032458|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054415/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+kshatriya|url-status=live}}:"Urs also reduced the proportion of upper caste Lingayat and Vokkaliga aspirants to the state government of the Congress ticket"</ref><ref name="sabanna">{{cite book |author1=Talwar Sabanna |date=2007 |title=Women Education, Employment, and Gender-discrimination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmzaAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+kshatriya |location=New Delhi |publisher=Serial Publications |page=78,184 |isbn=9788183870610 |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054400/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmzaAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+kshatriya |url-status=live }}:"Women belonging to upper caste like Kshatriya, Lingayats, Vokkaliga caste groups are increasingly represented in modern occupations "</ref><ref name="Prasad">{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Chandra Bhan |date=2006 |title=Dalit Phobia: Why Do They Hate Us? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-VtAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga |location=New Delhi |publisher=Vitasta Pub |page=81 |isbn=9788189766016 |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054358/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-VtAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga |url-status=live }}:"The Shudra castes like Kamma and Reddy (Andhra Pradesh), Vokkaliga and Lingayat (Karnataka), Thewar and Vanniyar (Tamil Nadu), Maratha (Maharashtra) and Patels (Gujarat) are described as upper castes."</ref>

Quoting [[Gail Omvedt]]
{{blockquote|"In addition the three way ' caste division (Brahman, non - Brahman, Untouchable) seems particularly prominent here. There are no recognized 'Ksatriya' jatis anywhere in the south, and the three states (in contrast to the more inequalitarian hierarchies of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) are characterized by the dominance of large peasant jatis with landholding rights who historically supplied many of the zamindars and rulers but remained classed as 'Shudra' in the varna scheme."<ref name="Omvedt"/>}}

Therefore Vokkaligas along with other ruling castes like Bunts and Nairs were classified as "Upper shudra"/"Sat shudra" during the British Raj.<ref>{{cite book|last=Punja|first=P. R. Ranganatha|date=1948|title=India's legacy, the world's heritage : Dravidian|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLg1h6j5HcQC&q=brahminical+scale|location=Mangalore|publisher=Basel Mission Book Depot|page=123|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054358/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLg1h6j5HcQC&q=brahminical+scale|url-status=live}}:"Like the Nairs in Malabar, the Bunts and Tulu Gowdas in Canara and the Vakkaligas ' and Gowdas of Nagara, the Coorgs are : in the brahminical scale - Sudra's"</ref><ref name="Prasad"/><ref name="Gundimeda">{{Cite book|last=Gundimeda|first=Sambaiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjjbCgAAQBAJ&q=kammas+sat-shudra&pg=PA19|title=Dalit Politics in Contemporary India|date=2015-10-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-38105-1|pages=19|language=en|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054358/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjjbCgAAQBAJ&q=kammas+sat-shudra&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isbn_978-0-521-22692-9 pages 27-28"/> This ritual status was not accepted by the Vokkaligas<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd |author2=Karthik Raja Karuppusamy |date=2021 |title=The Shudra: Vision for a New Path |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V34fEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vokkaligas+kshatriyas&pg=PT151 |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |page= |isbn=9789390914241 |quote=In Karnataka, the Vokkaligas strongly believe that they are the neo-Kshatriyas and take pride in their surname, 'Gowda'. |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054358/https://books.google.com/books?id=V34fEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vokkaligas+kshatriyas&pg=PT151 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Heitzman 2004 32"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=P. P. Nārāyanan Nambūdiri|date=1992|title=Aryans in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadhikar|location=India, South|publisher=Inter-India Publications|page=81|isbn=9788121002660|quote=A few South Indian castes claim Ksatriya origin; such are the Gaudas, the Gollas, Bóndilis, the Gūdigars, the Gangadhikar Vokkaligars, the Kõna Chieftains, the Rāzus, the Bhatia, the Chuvanos, the Koronos, the Bāligas etc.|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304122547/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadhikar|url-status=live}}</ref> and was misleading<ref>{{cite book|last=Dirks|first=Nicholas B.|date=2001|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=castes+of+mind|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=203|isbn=0691088950|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054357/https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=castes+of+mind|url-status=live}}:"Varna was evacuated of meaning and utility even as it seemed the obvious ordering principle. In order to deal with the pitfalls of varna, Waterfield attempted a desultory inven- tory of different important castes in discrete regions of India. He mentions the Babhans of Behar, the Kayasths of Bengal, the Buniyas across India, the Chandals of eastern Bengal, the Aheers and Chamars of the Northwest and of Oudh, the Koormees of Bengal and the Central Provinces, the Wakkaleegas of Mysore, and, from Madras, the Vellalars, Chetties, and Vunniars. Waterfield complained that the use of occupations in Madras was invariably misleading, as it "must not be supposed that even a majority of any particular caste now follow the occupation according to which they are thus arranged."</ref><ref name="Dirks 2001 205"/> as historically, dominant land-holding castes like the Vokkaligas, Vellalars and Reddys belonged to the ruling classes<ref>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=S.Shyam|date=2018|title=Enigmas of Karnataka: Mystery meets History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=Enigmas+of+Karnataka+Division+on+Caste+lines&pg=PT62|location=Chennai|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781642491227|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053817/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=Enigmas+of+Karnataka+Division+on+Caste+lines&pg=PT62|url-status=live}}:"In the 17th Century, Chikkadevaraja created the Urs caste and classified it into 31 clans. Of these, 13 clans were deemed superior, while the remaining 18 were placed lower in the hierarchy. This latter comprised ruling families in the domain he was rapidly expanding. The most populous caste in this region, the Gowdas (the caste name Vokkaliga was later affixed to it during the British Census), clearly had more families in the ruling classes."</ref><ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="Stein 1990 82–83, 96–97"/> and were analogous to the [[Kshatriyas]] of the Brahmanical society.<ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="sabanna"/><ref name="Ludden 1999 91,198,205"/><ref name="Stein 1980 131, 448–449"/><ref name="Shetty 1994 121"/>

{{blockquote|"In the 17th Century, Chikkadevaraja created the Urs caste and classified it into 31 clans. Of these, 13 clans were deemed superior, while the remaining 18 were placed lower in the hierarchy. This latter comprised ruling families in the domain he was rapidly expanding. The most populous caste in this region, the Gowdas (the caste name Vokkaliga was later affixed to it during the British Census), clearly had more families in the ruling classes."<ref name="Prasad 2018"/>}}

== Economy ==
Before the 20th century Vokkaligas were the landed gentry and agricultural caste of Karnataka.<ref name="Government of Karnataka"/><ref name="villagehead">{{cite book|last1=Ikegame|first1=Aya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA93|title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the Present|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=93–94|isbn=9781136239090|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054359/https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA93|url-status=live}}:”The political advantage of these two dominant castes was not only derived from their numbers. They are numerous, but their combined numbers still only amount to 26 per cent of the state population. It arose from the fact that their caste members have a strong influence in local society, as most of them are landlords and village heads.”</ref><ref name="Gavunda"/> Despite the community enjoying the status of chieftains and zamindars, there were also a lot of small landholding farmers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Biswal|first1=S.K.|last2=Kusuma|first2=K.S.|last3=Mohanty|first3=S.|date=2020|title=Handbook of Research on Social and Cultural Dynamics in Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htjsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|location=Hershey PA, USA|publisher=Information Science Reference, an imprint of IGI Global|page=46|isbn=9781799835141|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054428/https://books.google.com/books?id=htjsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}:"Though the Vokkaliga community enjoyed the status of Chieftains and landlords as well as Zamindars, a lot of them were small landholding farmers."</ref> They, along with the Lingayats, owned most of the cultivated land in the state. Therefore they were considered forward castes<ref name="Karnataka Backward Classes"/> and dominant-majority communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thimmaiah|first1=G.|last2=Aziz|first2=Abdul|year=1983|title=The Political Economy of Land Reforms in Karnataka, A South Indian State|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644290|journal=Asian Survey|volume=23|issue=7|pages=810–829|doi=10.2307/2644290|jstor=2644290|issn=0004-4687|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508052647/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644290|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1961, Karnataka passed a new Land Reforms Act under the then Revenue minister and idealist [[Kadidal Manjappa]] (a Vokkaliga). This was followed by another Land Reform Act passed in 1973 by Ex-Chief Minister [[Devaraj Urs]]. These acts redistributed land from the Vokkaliga landlords to the landless and land-poor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manor |first1=James |date=February 1980 |title=Pragmatic Progressives in Regional Politics: The Case of Devaraj Urs |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4368367 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=15 |issue=5/7 |pages=202 |jstor=4368367 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219100811/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368367 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frankel">{{Citation
| title=Dominance and state power in modern India : decline of a social order / editors, Francine R. Frankel, M.S.A. Rao
| author1=Frankel, Francine R
| author2=Rao, M. S. A
| year=1989
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| isbn=0195620984
| language=English
| pages=322–361
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kannada people]]
* [[Adichunchanagiri Hills]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Vokkaliga| ]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

Anushka Sharma

2026-03-16T20:52:22Z

Accuntpayable1: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anushka Sharma
| image = Anushka Sharma promoting Zero.jpg
| caption = Sharma promoting ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–2022
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Virat Kohli]]|2017}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Anushka Sharma|Full list]]
| signature = Anushka Sharma Signature.png
}}

'''Anushka Sharma''' ({{IPA|hns|əˈnʊʃka ˈʃərma|pron}}; born 1 May 1988) is a former Indian actress & producer who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. She has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Anushka Sharma|many awards]] including [[Filmfare Awards]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]. Sharma has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] in the 2010s and was featured by ''[[Forbes Asia]]'' in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |author=Indo Asian News Service |title=Anushka Sharma named in Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-named-in-forbes-30-under-30-asia-list/story-Rm6DGKQ8xlWndWDvBkAp5J_amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=15 September 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-named-in-forbes-30-under-30-asia-list/story-Rm6DGKQ8xlWndWDvBkAp5J_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Born in [[Ayodhya]] and raised in [[Bangalore]], Sharma had her first modelling assignment for the fashion designer [[Wendell Rodricks]] in 2007 and later moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a full-time career as a model. She made her acting debut opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the top-grossing romantic film ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008) and rose to prominence with starring roles in [[Yash Raj Films]]' romances ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' (2010) and ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012), winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the latter. Sharma went on to earn praise for playing strong-willed women in the crime thriller ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' (2015), and the dramas ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016), and ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]'' (2018). Her highest-grossing releases came with the sports drama ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' (2016), and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s films ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014) and ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018). The poorly received ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018) was followed by a hiatus from acting.

Sharma was the co-founder of the production company [[Clean Slate Filmz]], under which she produced films and series such as ''NH10'', ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' (2020) and ''[[Bulbbul]]'' (2020). She is the ambassador for brands and products, has designed her own line of clothing for women, named Nush, and supports charities and causes, including [[gender equality]] and [[animal rights]]. Sharma is married to cricketer [[Virat Kohli]] with whom she has two children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alia Bhatt, Anushka Sharma to Priyanka Chopra: Meet Bollywood's entrepreneur Moms |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-alia-bhatt-anushka-sharma-priyanka-chopra-sunny-leone-meet-bollywood-entrepreneur-moms-2023-03-09-853321 |work=India TV News |accessdate=22 April 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313232826/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/photos/entertainment-alia-bhatt-anushka-sharma-priyanka-chopra-sunny-leone-meet-bollywood-entrepreneur-moms-2023-03-09-853321 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and work ==
Sharma was born on 1 May 1988 in [[Ayodhya]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virat Kohli shares adorable birthday wishes for wife Anushka Sharma, says love you through thick and thin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/virat-kohli-shares-adorable-birthday-wishes-for-wife-anushka-sharma-says-love-you-through-thick-and-thin-2366872-2023-05-01 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 May 2023 |accessdate=24 June 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710163024/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/virat-kohli-shares-adorable-birthday-wishes-for-wife-anushka-sharma-says-love-you-through-thick-and-thin-2366872-2023-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma celebrates 25th birthday in Goa|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/anushka-sharma-celebrates-25th-birthday-in-goa/article1-1053171.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 May 2013|access-date=10 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503020831/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Anushka-Sharma-celebrates-25th-birthday-in-Goa/Article1-1053171.aspx|archive-date=3 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Anushka-UP">{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Priya (18 December 2012) |title=There is no system in the film industry: Anushka |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/There-is-no-system-in-the-film-industry-Anushka/articleshow/17649937.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217213847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/There-is-no-system-in-the-film-industry-Anushka/articleshow/17649937.cms |archive-date=17 December 2012 }}</ref> Her father, [[Colonel]] Ajay Kumar Sharma, is an army officer, and her mother, Ashima Sharma, is a homemaker.<ref name="Anushka-UP" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi |first=Sonali (8 April 2012) |title=Anushka Sharma buys three flats worth Rs.10 crore in Mumbai's posh area |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anushka-sharma-buys-property-worth-rs-10-crore-in-mumbai-98377-2012-04-07 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 April 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014951/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/anushka-sharma-buys-property-worth-rs.-10-crore-in-mumbai/1/183488.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> Her father is a native of Uttar Pradesh, while her mother is a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Mauli (29 December 2010)|title=Ranveer is my favourite co-star: Anushka|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/ranveer-is-my-favourite-co-star-anushka/articleshow/7183257.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413071801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/ranveer-is-my-favourite-co-star-anushka/articleshow/7183257.cms|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bahadur |first=Sona (4 April 2011) |title=Cloud Nine |url=http://www.verveonline.com/96/people/anushka.shtml |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124540/http://www.verveonline.com/96/people/anushka.shtml |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref> Her elder brother is film producer Karnesh Sharma, who earlier served in the [[Merchant navy#Indian Merchant Navy|Merchant Navy]].<ref name="watt">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sunaina |title=The 1,000 watt girl |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub090411ANUSHKA_SHARMA.asp |date=9 April 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |work=[[Tehelka]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220205406/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub090411ANUSHKA_SHARMA.asp |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

Sharma has stated that being a [[military brat]] played an important role in shaping her as a person and contributing to her life.<ref name="Anushka-UP" /> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'' in 2012, she said, "I take pride in saying that I am an army officer's daughter even more than being an actor."<ref name="Anushka-UP" />

Sharma was raised in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Anushka-UP" /> But she did her primary schooling at St. Mary's School, Margherita, Assam. Sakshi Dhoni, the wife of [[M.S. Dhoni]], was her classmate in that school.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJanuary 31 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |title=Did you know Anushka Sharma and Sakshi Dhoni were classmates? See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/did-you-know-anushka-sharma-and-sakshi-dhoni-were-classmates-see-pics-1443207-2019-01-31 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011041929/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/did-you-know-anushka-sharma-and-sakshi-dhoni-were-classmates-see-pics-1443207-2019-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> She completed her schooling at [[Indian Army Public Schools|Army School]], Bangalore. She then did her graduation in arts from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]].<ref name="facts">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/specials/hall-of-fame/photo-features/Anushka-Sharma-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/45178001.cms |title=Anushka Sharma: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621071452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/specials/hall-of-fame/photo-features/Anushka-Sharma-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/45178001.cms |archive-date=21 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-heroines/20120118.htm#8 |title=Just how educated are bollywood heroines |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805134000/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-heroines/20120118.htm |archive-date= 5 August 2013 }}</ref>

Sharma originally intended to pursue a career in modelling or journalism and had no aspirations to be an actress.<ref name="facts" /> After graduation, Sharma moved to [[Mumbai]] to further her modelling career.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/851478/10-facts-about-anushka-sharma-you-didnt-know/ |title=10 facts about Anushka Sharma you didn't know |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522105528/http://tribune.com.pk/story/851478/10-facts-about-anushka-sharma-you-didnt-know/ |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref> She enrolled herself at the [[Elite Model Management]], and was groomed by the style consultant [[Prasad Bidapa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=We take a look at Anushka Sharma’s journey in Bollywood |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-we-take-a-look-at-anushka-sharmas-journey-in-bollywood-27966.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=1 May 2018 |accessdate=24 June 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221163024/https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-we-take-a-look-at-anushka-sharmas-journey-in-bollywood-27966.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, Sharma made her runway debut at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] for designer [[Wendell Rodricks]]'s Les Vamps Show and was picked to be his finale model at the Spring Summer 2007 Collection.<ref name="tribune" /> Since then she has done campaigns for the brands Silk & Shine, [[Always (brand)|Whisper]], Nathella Jewelry and [[Fiat Palio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Flavour of the Week: Anushka Sharma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/flavour-of-the-week-anushka-sharma-8759 |work=NDTV |accessdate=11 January 2012 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163024/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/flavour-of-the-week-anushka-sharma-8759 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharma later said, "I think I was born to emote and act. I would walk down the ramp and smile and they used to say, 'give us a blank look.' It was really difficult, not to smile".<ref name="tribune" /> Whilst modelling, Sharma also joined an acting school and began auditioning for film roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Casting Ouch: Ranveer and Anushka's Struggling Days|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/casting-ouch-ranveer-and-anushkas-struggling-days|date=30 March 2015|last=Mathew|first=Suresh|publisher=[[The Quint]]|access-date=13 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213133752/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/casting-ouch-ranveer-and-anushkas-struggling-days|archive-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anushka Sharma's 4 Tips On Making It In The Movies|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/anushka-sharma-4-tips-for-making-it-in-bollywood|date=20 March 2018|access-date=13 December 2018|publisher=Film Companion|url-status=live|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418235457/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/anushka-sharma-4-tips-for-making-it-in-bollywood}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Breakthrough (2008–2013) ===
Sharma made her acting debut in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s romantic drama ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008), opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. She took a day to prepare for her screen test at the [[Yash Raj Films]] studio and refused to do an impromptu one.<ref name="tribune" /> She was signed for a three-film deal with the company and landed the leading role of Tani Sahni, a young bride to a middle-aged man, portrayed by Khan. [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found her to be "assured and upright" in the film,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi/article1-357621.aspx |title=Review: Rab ne Bana di Jodi |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2008 |access-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702103919/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi/article1-357621.aspx |archive-date= 2 July 2015 }}</ref> but [[Nikhat Kazmi]] thought that she "lacks all chutzpah and can barely hold your attention".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Rab-Ne-Bana-Di-Jodi/movie-review/3829767.cms |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506165447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Rab-Ne-Bana-Di-Jodi/movie-review/3829767.cms |archive-date= 6 May 2016 }}</ref> The film was a major commercial success, emerging as the [[List of Hindi films of 2008|second-highest grossing Hindi film of that year]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008 |title=Box Office 2008 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101160906/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008 |archive-date= 1 November 2015 }}</ref> and earned Sharma [[Filmfare Award]] nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009--news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617112808/https://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009--news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2021|title=Nominations for 54th Filmfare Awards 2009|website=[[Sify]]|date=16 February 2009|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> Two years later, Sharma played the leading lady in the crime-comedy ''[[Badmaash Company]]'', directed by [[Parmeet Sethi]] and co-starring [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Vir Das]] and [[Meiyang Chang]]. The film, which tells the story of four underachieving friends who begin a scam business enterprise, received mixed reviews, but was a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Badmaash Company really THAT bad? |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/is-badmaash-company-really-that-bad.htm |work=Rediff.com |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=10 May 2010 |access-date=16 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504061900/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/is-badmaash-company-really-that-bad.htm |archive-date= 4 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Badmaash Company Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badmaash-company/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Anushka Sharma & Ranveer Singh at the DVD launch of 'Band Baaja Baaraat'.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Anushka Sharma and Ranveer Singh holding up DVDs. While Sharma, wearing a pale yellow top is smiling directly at the camera, Singh, dressed in a white shirt, is looking away.|Sharma with co-star [[Ranveer Singh]] at the DVD launch of ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' in 2010]]

Later in 2010, Sharma completed her three-film contract with Yash Raj Films by starring in ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'', a romantic comedy directed by [[Maneesh Sharma]] and co-starring debutant [[Ranveer Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/article177227.ece |title=YRF launches new face with Anushka Sharma |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=20 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223030326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/article177227.ece |archive-date=23 December 2013 }}</ref> Her role was that of Shruti Kakkar, an ambitious middle-class [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] girl who starts her own [[wedding planner|wedding planning]] business. In preparation for the part, Sharma learned to speak in the Punjabi dialect, which she cited as the toughest part of her role; she described the way the lead characters in the film interact as "crude but cute" and it required her to "talk fast, sometimes mix words and even omit words completely".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-am-not-rajnikanth/article1-618126.aspx |title=I am not Rajnikanth |last=Mehta |first=Shweta |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702214312/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-am-not-rajnikanth/article1-618126.aspx |archive-date= 2 July 2015 }}</ref> Trade analysts expressed doubt on ''Band Baaja Baaraat''{{'}}s financial prospect, citing the middling response to Yash Raj Films' last few productions, the lack of a male star, and saying that by then Sharma was an "almost-forgotten" actress.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dipti |last=Nagpaul D'souza |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missing-the-mark/707404/ |title=Missing the mark |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225952/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missing-the-mark/707404/ |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> However, ''Band Baaja Baaraat'' earned positive reviews and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2440&nCat=box_office_news|title=Band Baaja Baaraat 5th Week Scores Over Tees Maar Khan 3rd Week|date=17 January 2011|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=31 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120145744/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2440&nCat=box_office_news|archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref> Sharma's performance was praised by critics, many of whom cited it as her best work to that point.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Band-Baaja-Baaraat/movie-review/7059509.cms |title=Band Baaja Baaraat: Review |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=7 October 2011 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073256/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Band-Baaja-Baaraat/movie-review/7059509.cms |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> The critic [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that Sharma "comes into her own as the ambitious Delhi girl, who dreams of upgrading to multi-crore Sainik Farms weddings".<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Band Baaja Baaraat |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-band-baaja-baaraat-577 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 May 2014 |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=10 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109011228/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-band-baaja-baaraat-577 |archive-date= 9 November 2013 }}</ref> For her work in the film, Sharma received her second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref name="filmfare">{{cite news|title=It's SRK vs Salman at Filmfare |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Nominations-for-56th-Filmfare-Awards-2011/articleshow/7276967.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2011 |date=13 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115113656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Nominations-for-56th-Filmfare-Awards-2011/articleshow/7276967.cms |archive-date=15 January 2011 }}</ref>

Sharma's first venture not to be produced by Yash Raj Films was the drama ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]'' (2011) directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]] and co-starring [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref name="ph">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-anushka-s-valentine-date/article1-576966.aspx |title=Akshay, Anushka's Valentine Date |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606203824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-anushka-s-valentine-date/article1-576966.aspx |archive-date= 6 June 2015 }}</ref> The film tells the story of a budding cricketer (played by Kumar) who encounters trouble in convincing his father of his profession; Sharma was cast as the love interest of Kumar's character. Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised Sharma's work and labelled her a "metaphor for energy".<ref>{{cite web|title=Patiala House: Bend it like Akshay |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-patiala-house/20110211.htm |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 May 2014 |date=11 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503154059/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-patiala-house/20110211.htm |archive-date= 3 May 2014 }}</ref> That same year, she re-united with co-star Ranveer Singh and director Maneesh Sharma for the comedy-drama ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''. She featured as Ishika Desai, a salesgirl hired to outwit a conman (essayed by Singh), who ends up falling in love with him instead. The film and Sharma's performance received mixed reviews, with Piyali Dasgupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' calling her "believable but not endearing".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-678 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 May 2014 |last=Dasgupta |first=Piyali |date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528214108/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-678 |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> Despite mixed reviews, the film was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=55|title=Ladies vs Ricky Bahl – Box Office|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925223012/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=55|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3811&nCat= |title=Ladies vs Ricky Bahl First Week |work=Box Office India |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231815/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3811&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

In 2012, Sharma played a supporting role alongside Shah Rukh Khan and [[Katrina Kaif]] in [[Yash Chopra]]'s "[[swan song]]", the romance ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which marked her fifth collaboration with Yash Raj Films and her second with Khan. She was cast as Akira Rai, a [[Discovery Channel]] reporter who harbours ambitions of being a documentary filmmaker. [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote that Sharma "brings a spark to the film",<ref>{{cite web|title=Once more with feeling! |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/one-last-time-with-feeling/ |date=13 November 2012 |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701182056/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/one-last-time-with-feeling/ |archive-date= 1 July 2015 }}</ref> but [[Raja Sen]] disagreed and said that "while Anushka can indeed play spunky, she needed here to tone it down several notches".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan is all about Shah Rukh Khan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-all-about-shah-rukh-khan/20121113.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 May 2014 |last=Sen |first=Raja |author-link=Raja Sen |date=13 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232440/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-all-about-shah-rukh-khan/20121113.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> For her role, she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="jthj">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards-152146-2013-01-20 |title=Filmfare Winners 2013 |work=India Today |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121194927/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards/1/243107.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' proved to be the [[List of Hindi films of 2012|third highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2012 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905065154/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2012 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>

Sharma next appeared in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' (2013), a [[political satire]] set in a village in [[Haryana]]. Co-starring alongside [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], Sharma played the titular role of Bijlee Mandola, a strong-headed girl who engages in a romantic affair with Khan's character despite being engaged to another man. The film received positive to mixed reviews from critics,<ref>{{cite news|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola fails to rake in the moolah at box office |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Matru-Ki-Bijlee-Ka-Mandola-fails-to-rake-in-the-moolah-at-box-office/Article1-990988.aspx |last=Mangaokar |first=Shalvi |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303154809/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Matru-Ki-Bijlee-Ka-Mandola-fails-to-rake-in-the-moolah-at-box-office/Article1-990988.aspx |archive-date= 3 March 2013 }}</ref> and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5293&nCat=|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Is A Huge Flop|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=15 January 2013|date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031214/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5293&nCat=|archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5308&nCat=|title=Inkaar Poor Opening Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Poor First Week|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=24 January 2013|date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122021238/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5308&nCat=|archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> Several critics noted that Sharma was being stereotyped as a loud and loquacious girl; Raja Sen noted that she "is great in a couple of scenes near the climax,"<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola is absurdly great |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-is-absurdly-great/20130111.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520163346/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-is-absurdly-great/20130111.htm |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref> though Kanika Sikka of ''[[Zee News|Daily News and Analysis]]'' was more critical and found her "unconvincing".<ref>{{cite news|title=Film review: Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola is a confused (thus confusing) film |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-is-a-confused-thus-confusing-film-1787975 |last=Sikka |first=Kanika |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102528/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-is-a-confused-thus-confusing-film-1787975 |archive-date= 8 December 2014 }}</ref>

=== Success and expansion into film production (2014–2016) ===
In 2014, Sharma played a television journalist who befriends an alien (played by [[Aamir Khan]]), in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s religious satire ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''. Critic Saibal Chatterjee wrote that Sharma plays "a feisty poetry-loving girl who knows her mind far more than most Hindi film heroines are allowed to" and praised her for "hold[ing] her own" against Khan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=PK Movie Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pk-movie-review-1068 |publisher=NDTV |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234121/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pk-movie-review-1068 |archive-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref> Critically acclaimed, ''PK'' emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Bollywood film]] with a worldwide revenue of over {{INRConvert|7|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoad |first=Phil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken |title=Aamir Khan's religious satire PK becomes India's most successful film |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107183230/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken |archive-date= 7 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PK Hits 700 Crore Worldwide – China At 14.5 Million |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits700croreworldwidechinaat145million |publisher=Box Office India |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608160137/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/pkhits700croreworldwidechinaat145million |archive-date= 8 June 2015 }}</ref> Sharma received various accolades for her performance including a nomination for [[IIFA Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-14 |title='2 States', 'Haider' leading IIFA 2015 nominations |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/2-states-haider-leading-iifa-2015-nominations/articleshow/46919689.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Sharma also became the highest grossing Hindi film actress of the year, as reported by ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Box Office Star Power Female India 2014 - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715212601/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharma launched a production company named [[Clean Slate Filmz]] in 2013, whose first release was [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]]'s thriller ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' (2015), in which she also played the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anushka Sharma turns producer with NH10 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2191835/Anushka-Sharma-turns-producer-with-NH-10 |date=31 October 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102195652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2191835/Anushka-Sharma-turns-producer-with-NH-10 |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> Screened at the [[Beijing International Film Festival|5th Beijing International Film Festival]], it tells the story of a married couple whose lives are endangered after an encounter with a group of criminals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/471780/anushka-attend-screening-nh10-beijing.html |title=Anushka to attend screening of NH10 in Beijing Film festival |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702171310/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/471780/anushka-attend-screening-nh10-beijing.html |archive-date= 2 July 2015 }}</ref> In preparation, Sharma underwent [[interval training]] for three months to build her stamina.<ref>{{cite news|title=Audience for films like NH10 exists but not many make such films says Anushka Sharma|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Audience-for-films-like-NH10-exists-but-not-many-make-such-films-says-Anushka-Sharma/articleshow/46353108.cms|last=Basu|first=Mohar|work=The Times of India|date=24 February 2015|access-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028054722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Audience-for-films-like-NH10-exists-but-not-many-make-such-films-says-Anushka-Sharma/articleshow/46353108.cms|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee found the film to be a "taut and riveting thriller" and praised Sharma for "conveying a range of moods as she moves from the vulnerable to the fearless in a battle in which the odds are stacked heavily against her",<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=NH10 Movie Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/nh10-movie-review-1104 |date=13 March 2015 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=13 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313213121/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/nh10-movie-review-1104 |archive-date=13 March 2015 }}</ref> and Prarthana Sarkar of ''[[International Business Times]]'' credited her for breaking away from her romantic comedy image.<ref>{{cite web|title='NH10' Movie Review: Anushka Sharma is the Hero |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nh10-movie-review-anushka-sharma-hero-626120 |work=International Business Times |date=13 March 2015 |access-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127025747/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nh10-movie-review-anushka-sharma-hero-626120 |archive-date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> The film also emerged as a box office success.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |title=Hunterrr and NH10 score well |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104025/http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:Anushka Sharma 2015.jpg|thumb|Sharma at an event for ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' in 2015, which marked her production debut]]

In [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s period crime drama ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015), (based on the historian [[Gyan Prakash]]'s book ''Mumbai Fables'') co-starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Karan Johar]], Sharma was cast as a jazz singer, Rosie Noronha. Her character was referenced from the actresses [[Brigitte Bardot]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]].<ref name="Bv">{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma turns glamorous for Bombay Velvet |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-glamorous-for-bombay-velvet/story-SYdWS4zlwPVsPNOUyYcHbO.html |last=Singh |first=Prashant |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 May 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128021818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-glamorous-for-bombay-velvet/story-SYdWS4zlwPVsPNOUyYcHbO.html |archive-date=28 November 2015 }}</ref> To prepare, Sharma watched films of the 1950s and 1960s, and documentaries about hair and make-up.<ref name="Bv" /> She also used temporary lip enhancers for the part, citing it as the reason behind her changed appearance on a [[Koffee with Karan|chat show]] in 2014, and refuted media speculation about having undergone [[plastic surgery]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Read what Anushka Sharma has to say about her lip job controversy |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-talks-about-lip-job-controversy-2809489/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 May 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604221230/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-talks-about-lip-job-controversy-2809489/ |archive-date= 4 June 2016 }}</ref> ''Bombay Velvet'' was screened at the [[Locarno Festival|Locarno]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Velvet Loved by 8600 People in Locarno, Says Anurag Kashyap |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |publisher=NDTV |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126011314/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |archive-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref> and [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival|Bucheon]] film festivals;<ref>{{cite news|title=Bucheon Festival Shrugs Off MERS Threat, Unveils 200 Genre Film Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |last=Kil |first=Sonia |date=16 June 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202114611/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |archive-date= 2 February 2016 }}</ref> critical opinion was mixed.<ref name="bombay">{{cite news|last=Malvania |first=Urvi |title=Rough start to Bombay Velvet at the box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020825/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Business Standard]]'', Ritika Bhatia praised Sharma's performance in the song "Dhadaam Dhadaam": "she fills the stage with such raw emotion that her mascara-laden tears and fake eyelashes flutter with arresting passion".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia |first=Ritika |title=Film Review: The Great Gatsby meets the Goodfellas in Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518050843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> However, the film failed to recoup its {{INRConvert|1.2|b}} investment.<ref name="bombay" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Velvet To Set Benchmark In Terms Of Losses |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bombayvelvettosetbenchmarkintermsoflosses |publisher=Box Office India |date=18 May 2015 |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521052051/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bombayvelvettosetbenchmarkintermsoflosses |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref> In the same year, Sharma featured in the supporting role of a dancer aboard a cruise ship in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'', an ensemble comedy-drama in which she was featured opposite Ranveer Singh.<ref name="dddreuters">{{cite web|last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |title=Movie Review: Dil Dhadakne Do |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/06/05/movie-review-dil-dhadakne-do/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809031115/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/06/05/movie-review-dil-dhadakne-do/ |archive-date= 9 August 2016 }}</ref> The song sequence "Pehli Baar" was choreographed by her and Singh; Shilpa Jamkhandikar of ''[[Reuters]]'' praised their on-screen chemistry and described it as "crackling".<ref name="dddreuters" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranveer Singh and Anushka Sharma choreograph the 'Pehli Baar' song on their own |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-and-Anushka-Sharma-choreograph-the-Pehli-Baar-song-on-their-own/articleshow/47234016.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516004024/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-and-Anushka-Sharma-choreograph-the-Pehli-Baar-song-on-their-own/articleshow/47234016.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 }}</ref> Her performances in ''NH10'' and ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' earned Sharma Filmfare Award nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively.<ref name="nh">{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214719/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

Sharma next reunited with Yash Raj Films in ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' (2016), a romantic sports drama from the writer-director [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]. She took on the role of Aarfa Hussain, a wrestler from [[Haryana]] who inspires the title character (played by [[Salman Khan]]) to take up the sport.<ref name="sultanhuffpost">{{cite web|last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |title='Sultan' Review: Star Power Trumps Authenticity In This Crowd-Pleaser |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/06/sultan-movie-review_n_10827830.html |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818113656/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/06/sultan-movie-review_n_10827830.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 }}</ref> Sharma was initially hesitant to play the part as she did not have the physique of a wrestler; she researched on different [[Wrestling weight classes#Female wrestling|weight categories]] to "beat people's perception that all wrestlers are huge."<ref>{{cite web|title=Anushka Sharma gets candid about her lip job, taking risks and Twitter trolls |last=Mahindru |first=Megha |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/anushka-sharma-gets-candid-about-her-lip-job-taking-risks-and-twitter-trolls/ |work=Vogue India |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704185643/http://www.vogue.in/content/anushka-sharma-gets-candid-about-her-lip-job-taking-risks-and-twitter-trolls/ |archive-date= 4 July 2016 }}</ref> She trained for six weeks in the sport, learned to speak the Haryanvi dialect, and interacted with female wrestlers from the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sultan Director Explains How Anushka Sharma Shot For the Film |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sultan-director-explains-how-anushka-sharma-shot-for-the-film-1417191 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706153755/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sultan-director-explains-how-anushka-sharma-shot-for-the-film-1417191 |archive-date= 6 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-spent-time-with-wrestlers-to-get-her-haryanvi-accent-right/story-bG3STE8F9ENj5pPRVvlDnL.html |title=Anushka spent time with wrestlers to get her Haryanvi accent right |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613055048/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-spent-time-with-wrestlers-to-get-her-haryanvi-accent-right/story-bG3STE8F9ENj5pPRVvlDnL.html |archive-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref> The film and her performance received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Critics' Verdict: 'Sultan' is a Winner, Thanks to Salman Khan |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/reviews-sultan-salman-khan-critics-verdict-film-review-abbas-ali-zafar-anushka-sharma |work=The Quint |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> Critics were appreciative of her substantial role in an androcentric film;<ref>{{Cite news |title=To get praised in Salman Khan film special: Anushka Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/to-get-praised-in-salman-khan-film-special-anushka-sharma-2908922/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 July 2016 |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> ''Filmfare''{{'}}s Rachit Gupta described Sharma as "the best thing in the film" and noted that "[e]ven though she doesn't have the physique of a wrestler, her spirited performance makes you believe in her tough but emotional character."<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Review: Sultan |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-sultan-14364.html |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |work=Filmfare |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708044918/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-sultan-14364.html |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref> However, Suprateek Chatterjee of ''[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]'' felt that she was unconvincing as a wrestler, writing that "she possesses literally zero muscles and somehow always finds the time to get her make-up just right."<ref name="sultanhuffpost" /> With earnings of over {{INRConvert|5|b}} worldwide, ''Sultan'' ranks among Indian cinema's biggest grossers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2166|title=Sultan Hits 500 Crore Worldwide|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723183210/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2166|archive-date=23 July 2016 |date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

Sharma achieved further success later that year when she played the lead female role of Alizeh Khan, a free-spirited girl in a loveless relationship in Karan Johar's romantic drama ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'', alongside Ranbir Kapoor and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. Mike Maccahil of ''[[The Guardian]]'' took note of how much Sharma "terrific spikiness" and her chemistry with Kapoor helped a mediocre picture.<ref name="TG">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/oct/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-karan-johar-fawad-khan |title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil review: a traditional, weepie, unlikely to offend |access-date=30 October 2016 |author=Mike Mccahill |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029104845/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/oct/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-karan-johar-fawad-khan |archive-date=29 October 2016 }}</ref> In another typical mixed review, Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Sharma's empowered female lead.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-despite-an-awesome-ranbir-anushka-chemistry-it-is-difficult-to-feel-for-this-one/story-uDYlouZKZD9MT7UvPecM8I.html|title=Movie Review: The Ranbir-Anushka film is hard to relate|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012003250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-despite-an-awesome-ranbir-anushka-chemistry-it-is-difficult-to-feel-for-this-one/story-uDYlouZKZD9MT7UvPecM8I.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] ranked her performance number four in ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]''{{'}}s list of top ten performances of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=10 performances 2016 should be proud of! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/10-performances-2016-should-be-proud-of/20161230.htm |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725052908/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/10-performances-2016-should-be-proud-of/20161230.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned over {{INRConvert|2|b}} worldwide, and Sharma received a Best Actress nomination at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-box-office-collection-day-5-this-is-the-hit-ranbir-kapoor-needed-3732593/ |title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil box office collection day 5: This is the hit Ranbir Kapoor needed |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102164242/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-box-office-collection-day-5-this-is-the-hit-ranbir-kapoor-needed-3732593/ |archive-date= 2 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ForbesS">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/11/06/karan-johar-ajay-devgn-ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-and-aishwarya-reach-new-peaks/ |title=Karan Johar, Ajay Devgn, Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma And Aishwarya Reach New Peaks |author=Scott Mendelson |work=[[Forbes]] |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093750/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/11/06/karan-johar-ajay-devgn-ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-and-aishwarya-reach-new-peaks/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ff16">{{cite news |title=62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |work=Filmfare |date=9 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archive-date=13 January 2017 }}</ref> With two top-grossing films in 2016, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' ranked Sharma as the most successful Bollywood actress of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-top10-actresses-2016-whose-films-generated-maximum-moolah-anushka-sharma-no-1/ |title=Box Office: Top10 actresses of 2016 whose films generated maximum moolah–Anushka Sharma is no. 1 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114182617/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-top10-actresses-2016-whose-films-generated-maximum-moolah-anushka-sharma-no-1/ |archive-date=14 January 2017 }}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations, production focus and hiatus (2017–2022) ===
[[File:Anushka Sharma promotes her film Jab Harry Met Sejal (01) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharma promoting ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' in 2017]]

The 2017 fantasy comedy ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'', co-starring [[Suraj Sharma]] and [[Diljit Dosanjh]], featured Sharma as a friendly ghost who wants to reunite with her lover. In addition to acting and producing, Sharma also sang a song in it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anushka-sharma-diljit-dosanjh-begin-shooting-for-phillauri-2204216 |title=Anushka Sharma, Diljit Dosanjh begin shooting for 'Phillauri' |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511162034/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anushka-sharma-diljit-dosanjh-begin-shooting-for-phillauri-2204216 |archive-date=11 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="phillauri">{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma's home production Phillauri to release on March 31 next year |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-home-production-phillauri-to-release-on-march-31-next-year-2925465/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721122206/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-home-production-phillauri-to-release-on-march-31-next-year-2925465/ |archive-date=21 July 2016 }}</ref> She next collaborated with Shah Rukh Khan for the third time in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'', a romance about a Gujrati tourist (Sharma) in Europe who falls in love with her tour guide (Khan). Commenting on Sharma's performances in ''Phillauri'' and ''Jab Harry Met Sejal'', Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' praised her ability for "straight-faced com[edy]".<ref name="mint">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Uday |title=Film Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |access-date=4 August 2017 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804145710/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |archive-date=4 August 2017 }}</ref> Bhatia, however, criticised her pairing with Khan, 22 years her senior, in the latter film.<ref name="mint" /> Unlike her 2016 releases, both these films were box office flops.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vats |first1=Rohit |title=Jab Harry Met Sejal bombs: Is this the worst box office phase for Bollywood? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |access-date=9 August 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062421/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3486|title=Phillauri|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132139/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3486|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

Sharma's first film release of 2018 was the horror film ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]'', which she starred in and produced. It tells the story of Rukhsana (Sharma), a battered young woman living in the wilderness, who is rescued by a benevolent man (played by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]). Though Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' found the film "scatter-brained" and added that "nothing can rescue it, not even a leading lady who is determined to do something different with her producing heft", Sukanya Verma featured her performance in Rediff.com's annual list of best actresses, writing, "going from unhinged to ghastly to mesmeric, here's an actress who's game for everything."<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pari-review-anushka-sharma-5083109/|title=Pari movie review: The Anushka Sharma starrer fails to rise above its silliness|work=The Indian Express|date=2 March 2018|access-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302112820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pari-review-anushka-sharma-5083109/|archive-date=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Rediff2018>{{cite web|title=And 2018's Best Bollywood Actresses are...|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/and-2018s-best-bollywood-actresses-are/20181231.htm|work=Rediff.com|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|date=31 December 2018|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143855/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/and-2018s-best-bollywood-actresses-are/20181231.htm|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It earned {{INRConvert|400|m}} worldwide against a production budget of {{INRConvert|180|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anushka-sharmas-pari-recovers-cost-of-production-even-before-its-release/19135176|title=Anushka Sharma's Pari recovers cost of production even before its release|work=Mid Day|date=1 March 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315201601/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anushka-sharmas-pari-recovers-cost-of-production-even-before-its-release/19135176|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-pari/|title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Pari|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411031850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-Pari/|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharma next played a biographer documenting the life of the troubled actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in Rajkumar Hirani's biopic ''[[Sanju]]'', starring Ranbir Kapoor in the title role.<ref name="Dutt">{{cite news|title=Sanju trailer launch: Rajkumar Hirani reveals Anushka Sharma's role in the movie|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/300518/sanju-trailer-launch-rajkumar-hirani-reveal-anushka-sharmas-role-movie.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=30 May 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531002642/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/300518/sanju-trailer-launch-rajkumar-hirani-reveal-anushka-sharmas-role-movie.html|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajeev Masand commended the film's ensemble but was critical of Sharma's performance, writing that she "sticks out with strange hair and stranger accent".<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|title=Sanju Review: Ranbir Kapoor-starrer is a Consistently Engaging Film|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sanju-review-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-is-a-consistently-engaging-film-1795981.html|publisher=News18|date=30 June 2018|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701083457/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sanju-review-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-is-a-consistently-engaging-film-1795981.html|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Even so, it emerged as her third release to earn over {{INRConvert|5|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|title=Box Office: Sanju is now the 6th highest Bollywood grosser worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the same year, Sharma teamed with Yash Raj Films for the eighth time in ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]'', a comedy-drama co-starring [[Varun Dhawan]], about a poor, young couple who begin their own small-scale clothing industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/sui-dhaaga-anushka-sharma-varun-dhawan-begin-shooting-in-bylanes-of-chanderi-madhya-pradesh-4354029.html|title=Sui Dhaaga: Anushka Sharma, Varun Dhawan begin shooting in bylanes of Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=16 February 2018|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202740/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/sui-dhaaga-anushka-sharma-varun-dhawan-begin-shooting-in-bylanes-of-chanderi-madhya-pradesh-4354029.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''The Times of India'' praised the subtle chemistry between the leads and credited Sharma for playing the restrained role effortlessly.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotecha|first=Ronak|title=Sui Dhaaga: Made In India Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sui-dhaaga-made-in-india/movie-review/65984249.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 September 2018|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928022700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sui-dhaaga-made-in-india/movie-review/65984249.cms|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=Filmfare |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052927/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It emerged a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-sui-dhaaga-made-india/|title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Sui Dhaaga – Made In India|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 September 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> Sharma's final film appearance of the year was in ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'', a drama about a dwarf's romantic tribulations involving two women, which reunited her with Shah Rukh Khan and Katrina Kaif.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anushka-sharma-joins-shah-rukh-khan-and-katrina-kaif-for-aanand-l-rais-next-film/articleshow/58941529.cms|title=Anushka Sharma joins Shah Rukh Khan and Katrina Kaif for Aanand L Rai's next film|work=The Times of India|date=1 June 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413071801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anushka-sharma-joins-shah-rukh-khan-and-katrina-kaif-for-aanand-l-rais-next-film/articleshow/58941529.cms|archive-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> She played a [[NASA]] scientist with [[cerebral palsy]], for which she met with an occupational therapist and an audiologist; she also stayed in character and chose to use a wheelchair between shots.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/this-profession-could-turn-you-into-a-monster-or-it-could-turn-you-into-a-saint-anushka-sharma/cid/1677113|title=This profession could turn you into a monster or it could turn you into a saint: Anushka Sharma|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155211/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/this-profession-could-turn-you-into-a-monster-or-it-could-turn-you-into-a-saint-anushka-sharma/cid/1677113|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/903821/a-larger-than-life-celebration-of-love-and-imperfection-anushka-sharma-on-aanand-l-rais-zero|title=A larger-than-life celebration of love and imperfection: Anushka Sharma on Aanand L Rai's 'Zero'|work=Scroll|date=December 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201082627/https://scroll.in/reel/903821/a-larger-than-life-celebration-of-love-and-imperfection-anushka-sharma-on-aanand-l-rais-zero|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Farzeen|first=Sana|title=Anushka Sharma on her role in Zero: I was very nervous as I didn't want to let down the character|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zero-trailer-anushka-sharma-cerebral-palsy-character-shah-rukh-khan-5431680/|work=The Indian Express|date=3 November 2018|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102155845/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zero-trailer-anushka-sharma-cerebral-palsy-character-shah-rukh-khan-5431680/|archive-date=2 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Anupama Chopra considered her portrayal of the condition to be "inconsistent and clumsy" but [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found her "earnest and invested".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/zero-movie-review-a-surreally-bad-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-but-a-worse-aanand-l-rai-film/|title=Zero Movie Review: A Bizarre Story That Leaves You Stumped, And Eventually, Sad|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=Film Companion|date=21 December 2018|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003080930/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/zero-movie-review-a-surreally-bad-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-but-a-worse-aanand-l-rai-film/|archive-date=3 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zero-review-honey-i-shrunk-the-romance/article25796480.ece|title='Zero' review: Honey I shrunk the romance|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=21 December 2018|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012003250/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zero-review-honey-i-shrunk-the-romance/article25796480.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As with her previous collaboration with Khan, ''Zero'' was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/|title=Box Office: Zero goes down very fast on second Friday, may just about reach Rs. 100 crore lifetime|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 December 2018|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, Sharma served as executive producer for her company's crime thriller series ''[[Paatal Lok]]'', which was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]], and produced the horror film ''[[Bulbbul]]'' for [[Netflix]].<ref name="paatal">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/anushka-sharma-s-new-seris-paatal-lok-to-be-out-on-may-15-watch-new-teaser-1670500-2020-04-24|title=Anushka Sharma's new series Paatal Lok to be out on May 15. Watch new teaser|work=India Today|date=24 April 2020|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015633/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/anushka-sharma-s-new-seris-paatal-lok-to-be-out-on-may-15-watch-new-teaser-1670500-2020-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-bulbul-first-look-netflix-film-624946|title=Anushka Sharma shares First Look of her Netflix film Bulbul|first=Parina|last=Taneja|date=10 June 2020|website=IndiaTV|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627175852/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-bulbul-first-look-netflix-film-624946|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] found recurring themes of "feminism and the paranormal" in several of her company's projects, and credited Sharma for her "courageous, non-conformist" choices as a producer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bulbbul-movie-review-anushka-sharmas-continuing-interest-in-the-paranormal-yields-compelling-results-8519781.html|title=Bulbbul movie review: Anushka Sharma's continuing interest in the paranormal yields compelling results|work=Firstpost|date=24 June 2020|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624090144/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bulbbul-movie-review-anushka-sharmas-continuing-interest-in-the-paranormal-yields-compelling-results-8519781.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, Sharma announced that she would step away from her producing duties for her banner Clean Slate Filmz, and that her brother would be the sole owner of the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anushka-sharma-quits-production-business-says-she-wants-to-focus-on-her-acting-career/articleshow/90350394.cms?from=mdr|title=Anushka Sharma quits production business, says she wants to focus on her acting career|work=The Economic Times|date=21 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110655/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anushka-sharma-quits-production-business-says-she-wants-to-focus-on-her-acting-career/articleshow/90350394.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, Sharma appeared as an actress in her co-production ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutts-mother-daughter-tale-is-poignant-and-admirable/article66215167.ece |title='Qala' movie review: Anvitaa Dutt's mother-daughter tale is poignant and admirable |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193548/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutts-mother-daughter-tale-is-poignant-and-admirable/article66215167.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] took note of her "lovely" cameo appearance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/qala-review/20221202.htm |title='Qala' movie review: Cinematic Beauty |work=Rediff.com |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193548/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/qala-review/20221202.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, Sharma had filmed the part of cricketer [[Jhulan Goswami]] in the biopic ''[[Chakda 'Xpress]]'', but as of 2024, it has not been picked up for distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anushka-sharma-preps-for-chakda-express-see-photos-7785624/lite/|title=Anushka-Sharma-Preps-For-Chakda-Express-| work=Indian Express| date=23 February 2022| access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="limbo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karnesh-ssharmas-clean-slate-filmz-netflix-india-end-partnership-anushka-sharmas-chakda-xpress-vijay-varma-triptii-dimris-afghaani-snow-limbo-report/|title=Karnesh Ssharma's Clean Slate Filmz and Netflix India end partnership; Anushka Sharma's Chakda Xpress & Vijay Varma – Triptii Dimri's Afghaani Snow in limbo|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=17 March 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626092707/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karnesh-ssharmas-clean-slate-filmz-netflix-india-end-partnership-anushka-sharmas-chakda-xpress-vijay-varma-triptii-dimris-afghaani-snow-limbo-report/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sharma started practicing [[vegetarianism]] in 2015. ''The Times of India'' has listed her as one of "Bollywood's hottest vegetarian celebrities".<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood's hottest vegetarian celebrities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bollywoods-hottest-vegetarian-celebrities/photostory/46378926.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304014915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bollywoods-hottest-vegetarian-celebrities/photostory/46378926.cms |archive-date= 4 March 2015 }}</ref> She has also been named as "The Person of the Year" by the [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) on multiple occasions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma crowned PETA'S hottest vegetarians |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-crowned-PETAS-hottest-vegetarians/articleshow/50364534.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102040002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-crowned-PETAS-hottest-vegetarians/articleshow/50364534.cms |archive-date= 2 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anushka Sharma Is PETA's Person of The Year|url=https://www.petaindia.com/blog/anushka-sharma-petas-person-year/|publisher=[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA India]]|date=27 December 2017|access-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212181108/https://www.petaindia.com/blog/anushka-sharma-petas-person-year/|archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma, Kartik Aaryan named India's hottest vegetarians by PETA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-kartik-aaryan-named-india-s-hottest-vegetarians-by-peta/story-HzqFmaqtozQ6rGSfJyIToL.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 December 2018|access-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212181516/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-kartik-aaryan-named-india-s-hottest-vegetarians-by-peta/story-HzqFmaqtozQ6rGSfJyIToL.html|archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> She is an avid practitioner of [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]].<ref name="watt" /> Sharma has undergone treatment for [[anxiety disorder]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Anxious? Don't hide it |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FdSqhQ2h9LS6YGelGnEL1L/Anxious-Dont-hide-it.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229214254/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FdSqhQ2h9LS6YGelGnEL1L/Anxious-Dont-hide-it.html |archive-date=29 February 2016 }}</ref>
[[File:Virat Kohali and Anushka Sharma at Mumbai reception.jpg|thumb|Sharma with her husband [[Virat Kohli]], pictured in 2017]]

A practicing [[Hindus|Hindu]], Sharma, along with her family, is a follower of Anant Dham Atmabodh Ashram in [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/anushka-shows-her-spiritual-leanings-in-haridwar/15742.html|title=Anushka shows her spiritual leanings in Haridwar|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195918/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/anushka-shows-her-spiritual-leanings-in-haridwar/15742.html|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[ashram]] is headed by Maharaj Anant Baba, who is her family's spiritual guru and the actress is a regular visitor to the ashram.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-visit-haridwar/articleshow/56237990.cms |title=Virat Kohli, Anushka Sharma visit Haridwar |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206015815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-visit-haridwar/articleshow/56237990.cms |archive-date= 6 February 2017 }}</ref> Sharma's romantic relationship with the cricketer [[Virat Kohli]] has attracted substantial media coverage in India, though she has been reluctant to publicly talk about it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Virat Kohli's post supporting Anushka Sharma declared the 'Golden Tweet' of 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Virat-Kohlis-post-supporting-Anushka-Sharma-declared-the-Golden-Tweet-of-2016/articleshow/55848486.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207192508/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Virat-Kohlis-post-supporting-Anushka-Sharma-declared-the-Golden-Tweet-of-2016/articleshow/55848486.cms|archive-date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/30/anushka-sharma-virat-kohli_n_6966496.html |title=Why Anushka Sharma Doesn't Like To Talk About Her Relationship With Virat Kohli |last=Hebbar |first=Prajakta |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215217/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/30/anushka-sharma-virat-kohli_n_6966496.html |archive-date= 4 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-feel-uncomfortable-anushka-sharma-on-discussing-virat-kohli-in-public/article1-1355547.aspx |title=I feel uncomfortable: Anushka Sharma on discussing Virat Kohli in public |last=Mangaokar |first=Shalvi |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081454/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-feel-uncomfortable-anushka-sharma-on-discussing-virat-kohli-in-public/article1-1355547.aspx |archive-date= 3 July 2015 }}</ref> The couple married in Italy on 11 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's official: Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli are married|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1581527/4-official-anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-married/|date=11 December 2017|access-date=11 December 2017|work=The Express Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212015758/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1581527/4-official-anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-married/|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Virat Kohli officially announces marriage to Anushka Sharma, Twitter goes berserk|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/story-JOqE1uBbeBrAjXJeac2KpK.html|date=11 December 2017|access-date=11 December 2017|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/story-JOqE1uBbeBrAjXJeac2KpK.html|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-get-hitched-italy/|title=CONFIRMED: Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli get hitched in Italy!|date=11 December 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211212626/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-get-hitched-italy/|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Sharma gave birth to a girl, Vamika, on 11 January 2021, followed by a boy, Akaay, on 15 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-and-virat-kohli-welcome-a-baby-girl-7076715/|title=Virat Kohli and Anushka Sharma welcome a baby girl|work=The Indian Express|date=12 January 2021|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111161309/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-and-virat-kohli-welcome-a-baby-girl-7076715/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Virat Kohli, Anushka Sharma announce birth of second child Akaay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-announce-birth-of-second-child-akaay-2504838-2024-02-20 |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220152213/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-announce-birth-of-second-child-akaay-2504838-2024-02-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 June 2022, Anushka Sharma publicly criticized the [[The Times Group|Times Group]] for sharing a photo of her daughter taken on vacation without her permission. Anushka is extremely private about her personal life and has repeatedly requested the media and paparazzi to not share pictures of her daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=Anushka Sharma reacts angrily to publication sharing Vamika's pictures on social media: 'Learn something from others' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-reacts-angrily-to-publication-sharing-vamika-s-pictures-on-social-media-101655224803647.html |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616091542/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-reacts-angrily-to-publication-sharing-vamika-s-pictures-on-social-media-101655224803647.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Sharma and Virat Kohli announced their new philanthropic venture "SEVVA", with their daughter as a partner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=Anushka Sharma, Virat Kohli enlist daughter Vamika as partner in new philanthropic venture SEVVA, reveal deeper meaning of the name |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-enlist-daughter-vamika-partner-in-new-philanthropic-venture-sevva-8525389/lite/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329082147/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-virat-kohli-enlist-daughter-vamika-partner-in-new-philanthropic-venture-sevva-8525389/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Off-screen work==
In September 2013, Sharma participated and walked the ramp in a fashion show that was held in memory of the late filmmaker, Yash Chopra.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma, Parineeti Chopra pay tribute to Nargis, Madhubala |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-parineeti-chopra-pay-tribute-to-nargis-madhubala/ |work=The Indian Express |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528221550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-parineeti-chopra-pay-tribute-to-nargis-madhubala/ |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> She participated in the opening ceremony of the [[2015 Indian Premier League]] held at Kolkata, along with other celebrities including [[Hrithik Roshan]], Shahid Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan, Farhan Akhtar and composer [[Pritam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Stars dazzle at IPL 8 Opening Ceremony |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/bollywood-stars-dazzle-at-ipl-8-opening-ceremony-538516-78.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032349/http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/bollywood-stars-dazzle-at-ipl-8-opening-ceremony-538516-78.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

Apart from acting, Sharma supports a number of charities and causes. She walked the ramp to support Shabana Azmi's Mijwan Welfare Society, a [[Non-governmental organization]] that helps empower women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mijwan.org/events-press-media/mijwan-sonnets-in-fabrics/67-raining-of-stars-on-mijwan-msf-2011.html |title=Raining of Stars on Mijwan – MSF 2011 |publisher=Mijwan |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055213/http://www.mijwan.org/events-press-media/mijwan-sonnets-in-fabrics/67-raining-of-stars-on-mijwan-msf-2011.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2013, alongside other Bollywood actors, she pledged to support the education of India's young girls as part of NDTV's "Our Girls, Our Pride" fundraiser.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roy |first1=Gitanjali |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Ladies first, heroine's name before mine no big deal |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-ladies-first-heroines-name-before-mine-no-big-deal-636502 |publisher=NDTV |date=1 December 2013 |access-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912121728/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-ladies-first-heroines-name-before-mine-no-big-deal-636502 |archive-date=12 September 2015 }}</ref> That same year, she appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial, produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], to create awareness about the 'Right to Education' for children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir, Katrina, Imran, Anushka's educational anthem |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426165423/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> In December 2014, Sharma auctioned the leather jacket she wore in ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' on eBay, with proceeds going to the redevelopment of the flood-ravaged states of Kashmir and Assam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma auction costumes to raise funds for charity |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627215615/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> Sharma had also fronted a campaign to collect donations for the victims of the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma campaign for donations for Nepal |work=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609040308/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |archive-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref> She supports the annual [[Mumbai Film Festival]], and donated money in its cause in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma helps out MAMI Festival |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anushka-helps-out-2219357 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607081229/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anushka-helps-out-2219357 |archive-date= 7 June 2016 }}</ref> Sharma has been vocal about the disparity in the pay that actresses command, in comparison with their male counterparts in the film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/budget-2015-bollywood-star-anushka-sharma-bats-for-equal-pay-and-playing-field-for-women/articleshow/46416595.cms |title=Budget 2015: Bollywood star Anushka Sharma bats for equal pay and playing field for women |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 March 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305170506/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/budget-2015-bollywood-star-anushka-sharma-bats-for-equal-pay-and-playing-field-for-women/articleshow/46416595.cms |archive-date= 5 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-re-not-treated-as-equal-professionals-anushka-sharma-2066771 |title=We're not treated as equal professionals: Anushka Sharma |work=Daily News and Analysis |last=Chavda |first=Sanaya |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613183047/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-re-not-treated-as-equal-professionals-anushka-sharma-2066771 |archive-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2016, she supported India's first [[transgender]] band, the 6-Pack Band (initiated by [[Y-Films]]), by providing a voice over in their first single, "Hum Hain Happy."<ref>{{cite web|title='Hum Hai Happy': Sonu Nigam, YRF launch India's first transgender band |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hum-hai-happy-sonu-nigam-yrf-launch-indias-first-transgender-band-2573894.html |last=Sharma |first=Enakshi |publisher=Firstpost |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109232328/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hum-hai-happy-sonu-nigam-yrf-launch-indias-first-transgender-band-2573894.html |archive-date= 9 January 2016 }}</ref>

Sharma has also spoken up for animal rights on social media. In April 2014, she took to Twitter to ask for a ban on horse-drawn carriages in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/anushka-sharma-tweets-help-horses/ |title=Anushka Sharma Tweets to help horses |publisher=[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] |access-date=24 June 2015 |date=7 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624110708/http://www.petaindia.com/blog/anushka-sharma-tweets-help-horses/ |archive-date=24 June 2015 }}</ref> In June 2015, she condemned the [[Lychee and Dog Meat Festival|Yulin Dog Meat Festival]] in China, and urged her fans to sign an [[online petition]] aimed at stopping it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/alia-bhatt-sonakshi-sinha-and-anushka-sharma-raise-their-voice-against-yulin-dog-meat-eating-festival-1009375.html |title=Alia Bhatt, Sonakshi Sinha and Anushka Sharma raise their voice against Yulin Dog Meat Eating Festival |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=24 June 2015 |date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624190614/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/alia-bhatt-sonakshi-sinha-and-anushka-sharma-raise-their-voice-against-yulin-dog-meat-eating-festival-1009375.html |archive-date=24 June 2015 }}</ref> In October 2015, she launched 'Pawsitivity', a campaign aimed at sensitising people about the adverse effects of noise, air, water and [[soil pollution]] on animals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka's pet peeve |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Anushkas-pet-peeve/articleshow/49443836.cms |last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120339/http://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Anushkas-pet-peeve/articleshow/49443836.cms |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> In October 2017, Sharma launched her own clothing line, named Nush.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/anushka-sharma-launches-clothing-line-nush-in-mumbai/#anushka-sharma-at-the-launch-of-nush|title=Anushka Sharma's new clothing line is for every girl-on-the-go|last=Chablani|first=Nitya|work=Vogue|date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210175736/https://www.vogue.in/content/anushka-sharma-launches-clothing-line-nush-in-mumbai/#anushka-sharma-at-the-launch-of-nush|archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref>
Anushka was fined through rider for bike ride without helmet on Mumbai roads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/amitabh-anushka-take-lift-on-motorbikes-mumbai-police-impose-fine-on-riders-for-helmet-rule-violation/571842.html|title=Amitabh, Anushka take lift on motorbikes; Mumbai Police impose fine on riders for helmet rule violation|work=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517083629/https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/amitabh-anushka-take-lift-on-motorbikes-mumbai-police-impose-fine-on-riders-for-helmet-rule-violation/571842.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anushka-sharmas-bodyguard-charged-rs-10500-fine-for-riding-bike-without-helmet-report-7839499.html|title=Anushka Sharma's Bodyguard Charged Rs 10,500 FINE For Riding Bike Without Helmet: Report
|work=News18 India|date=17 May 2023
}}</ref>

== Artistry and public image ==
[[File:The Captain of the Indian Cricket Team, Virat Kohli and noted actor Anushka Sharma calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on December 20, 2017 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharma at the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] in 2017]]

Priya Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' has said that "the best part of [Sharma's] stardom is that she does not have the trappings of a star."<ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma: Virat and I love each other for both the real and right reasons |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anushka-Sharma-Virat-and-I-love-each-other-for-both-the-real-and-right-reasons/articleshow/47189050.cms |last=Gupta |first=Priya |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511111754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anushka-Sharma-Virat-and-I-love-each-other-for-both-the-real-and-right-reasons/articleshow/47189050.cms |archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref> Kalpana Nair of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated: "actresses like Sharma command the respect they do in a largely conservative and male-dominated industry and the fact that their fan base grows when they take on roles that are not conventional is good reason for us to beam widely and walk with a spring in our step".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-bubbly-actress-to-a-debutant-producer-anushka-sharma-talks-about-bollywood-biases-2142913.html |title=From bubbly actress to a debutant producer: Anushka Sharma talks about Bollywood biases |work=Firstpost |last=Nair |first=Kalpana |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612001959/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-bubbly-actress-to-a-debutant-producer-anushka-sharma-talks-about-bollywood-biases-2142913.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 }}</ref> Samar Srivastava, writing for ''[[Forbes]]'', called her "unafraid", and added: "you would be hard-pressed to associate Sharma with the stereotype of a mainstream leading lady."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Sharma: Hitting her stride |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/anushka-sharma-hitting-her-stride/41765/1 |last=Srivastava |first=Samar |work=Forbes India |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131185838/http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/anushka-sharma-hitting-her-stride/41765/1 |archive-date=31 January 2016 }}</ref> Sandipan Dalal of ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' praises Sharma for her "amazing resolve and clarity".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sandipan |last=Dalal |title=Exclusive - The unstoppable Anushka Sharma |work=Femina India |accessdate=22 November 2019 |url=https://m.femina.in/lifestyle/celeb-buzz/the-unstoppable-anushka-sharma-4740.amp |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154830/https://m.femina.in/lifestyle/celeb-buzz/the-unstoppable-anushka-sharma-4740.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' published that "..she never shies away from putting [her opinion] across."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Anushka-Sharma-5-lessons-we-learn-from-the-actress/photostory/47110115.cms |title=Anushka Sharma: 5 lessons we learn from the actress |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508063310/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/anushka-sharma-5-lessons-we-learn-from-the-actress/photostory/47110115.cms |archive-date= 8 May 2015}}</ref>

Sharma has been considered among the most popular and highest paid actresses in India, as of 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet India's highest-paid actresses of 2024: Deepika Padukone, Anushka Sharma to Kareena Kapoor Khan |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-indias-highest-paid-actress-of-2024-who-charges-between-rs-15-and-30-crore-per-film-and-its-not-alia-bhatt-priyanka-chopra-or-katrina-kaif |work=GQ India |author=Karishma Shetty |accessdate=19 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618142418/https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-indias-highest-paid-actress-of-2024-who-charges-between-rs-15-and-30-crore-per-film-and-its-not-alia-bhatt-priyanka-chopra-or-katrina-kaif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Shikha Talwar |title=Anushka Sharma to Deepika Padukone, these are the top 10 richest actresses in Bollywood|url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/anushka-sharma-deepika-padukone-top-10-richest-actresses-in-bollywood |work=GQ India |accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref> The actress' roles and performances have been studied by critics. She has been credited for her portrayals of strong and independent women. Writing for ''[[Filmfare]]'', Devesh Sharma noted, "Sharma wants more author-backed material to come her way. She has always pushed the envelope, right from her initial days."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Devesh |last=Sharma |title=Filmfare Recommends: Best Films of Anushka Sharma |work=Filmfare |accessdate=10 December 2021 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-anushka-sharma-40581.amp |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521124455/https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-anushka-sharma-40581.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Filmfare'' further stated, "Anushka has portrayed that women can be confident, self-reliant, ambitious and free-spirited to take their own life decisions."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushka Sharma speaks about how she took a conscious decision to change the portrayal of women |work=Filmfare |accessdate=12 September 2021 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anushka-sharma-speaks-about-how-she-took-a-conscious-decision-to-change-the-portrayal-of-women-46910.amp |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310053501/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anushka-sharma-speaks-about-how-she-took-a-conscious-decision-to-change-the-portrayal-of-women-46910.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' termed her a "natural-born scene stealer".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Subhash K |last=Jha |title=Anushka Sharma's FINEST Performances |work=Rediff.com - Rediff Movies |accessdate=10 January 2022 |date=1 May 2021 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/anushka-sharmas-5-finest-performances/20210501.htm |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503035326/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/anushka-sharmas-5-finest-performances/20210501.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]'' termed her "feisty and fearless" and wrote, "She's been lauded for her powerhouse performances as an actor, and as a producer, she's constantly seeking to push mainstream boundaries."<ref>{{Cite web|quote=Sharma is GQ Woman of the Year|title=There's more to Anushka Sharma than meets the eye|work=GQ India|date=28 October 2017|accessdate=30 December 2019|url=https://www.gqindia.com/magazine-story/theres-anushka-sharma-meets-eye/|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154831/https://www.gqindia.com/magazine-story/theres-anushka-sharma-meets-eye/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharma featured on ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Bollywood's Best Actors" list for ''Band Baaja Baaraat'' (2010),<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood's Best Actresses, 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-ctresses-2010/20101231.htm#6 |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=23 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113233/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-ctresses-2010/20101231.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> ''NH10'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sukanya Verma's Best Actresses of 2015 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actresses-of-2015/20151224.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123175703/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actresses-of-2015/20151224.htm |archive-date=23 January 2016 }}</ref> and ''Pari'' (2018).<ref name=Rediff2018 /> Sharma was also featured on their list of "Bollywood's Best Dressed Actresses" in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best dressed stars of 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-best-dressed-stars-of-2012/20121231.htm#5 |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613052612/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-best-dressed-stars-of-2012/20121231.htm |archive-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywoods best dressed actresses of 2013 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-dressed-actresses-of-2013/20131219.htm#6 |work=Rediff.com |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925040356/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-dressed-actresses-of-2013/20131219.htm |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> She was also placed in ''Times of India''{{'}}s "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=Times of India |access-date=22 December 2020 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19712655.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> Since 2012, she has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s [[Celebrity 100]], a list based on the income and popularity of Indian celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, she peaked at the 16th position with an estimated annual earning of {{INRConvert|45.83|c}}, making her the third highest-paid actress and female celebrity in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all|title=2018 Celebrity 100|work=Forbes India|access-date=5 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213130303/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all|archive-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/aperture/2018-celebrity-100/2018-forbes-india-celebrity-100-here-are-the-women-who-made-it-to-the-list/51961/3#photo |title=2018 Forbes India Celebrity 100: Here are the women who made it to the list |work=Forbes India |date=5 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213130748/http://www.forbesindia.com/aperture/2018-celebrity-100/2018-forbes-india-celebrity-100-here-are-the-women-who-made-it-to-the-list/51961/3|archive-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Sharma appeared in the ''[[Forbes Asia]]''{{'}}s [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2018/entertainment-sports/|title=30 Under 30 Asia 2018: Entertainment & Sports|website=Forbes|access-date=30 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331041513/https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2018/entertainment-sports/|archive-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> In [[The Times of India|Times 50 Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 21st in 2010, 5th in 2011 and 26th in 2012 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701172424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2011:The Winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11753716.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913224903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11753716.cms |archive-date=13 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men|title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Women of 2012|access-date=27 October 2013|date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men|archive-date=19 October 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Deepika Padukone: 2013's Most desirable woman |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms? |access-date=5 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531081711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms |archive-date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating|Times Celebex]]'' named her the "Box Office Queen" in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://192.185.99.187/~igenero1/timescelebex/category.html
|title = Categories {{!}} Top Bollywood Actors & Actresses – Times Celebex
|website = 192.185.99.187
|access-date = 2016-02-25
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518135709/http://192.185.99.187/~igenero1/timescelebex/category.html
|archivedate = 2015-05-18}}</ref>

Sharma maintains a [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] account and has an official [[Facebook]] page. She is cited as one of the most popular Indian celebrities on social media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 11 most popular Bollywood stars on social media |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/top-10-most-popular-bollywood-stars-on-social-media-22256.html |work=India TV |access-date=28 September 2015 |date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928031214/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/top-10-most-popular-bollywood-stars-on-social-media-22256.html |archive-date=28 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra to Anushka Sharma, 15 most followed Bollywood actresses on Instagram |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-to-anushka-sharma-15-most-followed-bollywood-actresses-on-instagram-7711555.html |work=News18 India |date=3 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520003114/https://www.news18.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-to-anushka-sharma-15-most-followed-bollywood-actresses-on-instagram-7711555.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, she appeared on ''[[The Huffington Post]]''{{'}}s list of "100 most influential women on Twitter".<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyanka Chopra Named Most Influential Indian Woman on Twitter |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-named-most-influential-indian-woman-on-twitter/article_b8b6e1c2-11a3-11e5-abad-cf97415727a8.html |work=India-West |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053617/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-named-most-influential-indian-woman-on-twitter/article_b8b6e1c2-11a3-11e5-abad-cf97415727a8.html |archive-date= 18 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, she also topped the ''Times Celebex'' list of Bollywood stars, in terms of highest box-office collection.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-at-the-top-position-in-Times-Celebex/articleshow/47298166.cms | title = Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma at the top position in Times Celebex | website = The Times of India | date = 16 May 2015 | access-date = 2016-02-26 | archive-date = 11 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230711003309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Anushka-Sharma-at-the-top-position-in-Times-Celebex/articleshow/47298166.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2016, she featured on ''The Times of India''{{'}}s 'Most Engaging on Twitter' list of Hindi film actors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-and-Priyanka-Chopra-are-Most-Engaging-Bollywood-stars-on-The-Times-Twitter-Impact-List/articleshow/51108065.cms?from=mdr|title=Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra are 'Most Engaging' Bollywood stars on The Times Twitter Impact List|work=The Times of India|date=24 February 2016|access-date=27 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311001846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-and-Priyanka-Chopra-are-Most-Engaging-Bollywood-stars-on-The-Times-Twitter-Impact-List/articleshow/51108065.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' magazine's fashion poll of 2015 voted her as being "Amazing with Androgyny" and said that "...[she] has carved a niche for her easy breezy high street style."<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmfare fashion poll 2015 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-fashion-poll-2015_-10853-11.html#descArticle |last=Rathod |first=Kinnari |work=Filmfare |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094949/http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-fashion-poll-2015_-10853-11.html |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> She also featured on ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' magazine's "Best Dressed 2015" list.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Dressed 2015: Anushka Sharma |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/indias-best-dressed-2015-anushka-sharma-style |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |date=8 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120606/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/indias-best-dressed-2015-anushka-sharma-style |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> In 2018 and 2019, she featured in ''[[Fortune India 500|Fortune India]]''{{'}}s "50 Most Powerful Women in Business".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-features-in-fortune-indias-list-of-most-powerful-women-in-business-2318397.html|title=Anushka Sharma Features in Fortune India's List of Most Powerful Women in Business|website=News18|date=22 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923062532/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-features-in-fortune-indias-list-of-most-powerful-women-in-business-2318397.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharma is a celebrity endorser for various brands and products, including [[TVS Scooty]], [[Nivea]], [[Instant coffee|Bru coffee]], [[Elle (magazine)|Elle 18 cosmetics]] and [[Pantene]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gen-next Bollywood actors: the hottest new players in ad world|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Gen-next-Bollywood-actors-the-hottest-new-players-in-ad-world/Article1-1038359.aspx|author=Awaasthi, Kavita|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 April 2013|access-date=6 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510223605/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Gen-next-Bollywood-actors-the-hottest-new-players-in-ad-world/Article1-1038359.aspx|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anushka Sharma: Check out her old ads! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-anushka-sharma-check-out-her-old-ads-in-which-she-impressed-ladkewale-flaunted-silky-hair-101682905025915-amp.html|author=Awaasthi, Kavita|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 May 2023|access-date=26 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510223605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-anushka-sharma-check-out-her-old-ads-in-which-she-impressed-ladkewale-flaunted-silky-hair-101682905025915-amp.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> In 2022, she was named among the most searched Asian on [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29|title=Google Top 100 Most Searched Asians Full List: Sidhu Moose Wala at 3, Lata Mangeshkar at 5|date=29 June 2022|website=India Today|access-date=23 December 2024|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233653/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, Sharma was placed 22nd on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb’s List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2008
! scope="row"| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''
| Taani Sahni
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/08rab.htm |title=SRK's Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi gets a heroine |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=6 December 2021| first=Girish|last= Rao| date=8 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Badmaash Company]]''
| Bulbul Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-four-characters-of-badmaash-company-picked-from-real-life/608785/ |title=The four characters of 'Badmaash Company' picked from real life |date=20 April 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231192259/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-four-characters-of-badmaash-company-picked-from-real-life/608785 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!! scope="row"| ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''
| Shruti Kakkar
|
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Soumyadipta|last=Banerjee|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bengaluru-girl-anushka-sharma-says-i-look-punjabi-but-i-am-not_1458129|title=Bengaluru girl Anushka Sharma says I look Punjabi, but I am not|work=Daily News & Analysis|date=26 October 2010|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001113253/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bengaluru-girl-anushka-sharma-says-i-look-punjabi-but-i-am-not_1458129|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
| Simran Chaggal
|
|<ref name="ph" />
|-
!! scope="row"| ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
| Ishika Desai
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-reveals-how-she-went-from-being-anushka-sharma-s-pr-to-her-co-star-in-3-months-101623243175182.html|title=Parineeti Chopra reveals how she went from being Anushka Sharma's PR to her co-star in 3 months {{!}} Bollywood – Hindustan Times|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 December 2021|date=9 June 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206045355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-reveals-how-she-went-from-being-anushka-sharma-s-pr-to-her-co-star-in-3-months-101623243175182.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| Akira Rai
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/280611-informer-2.htm|title=Yash Chopra's next to have Katrina, Anushka opposite SRK|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=28 June 2011|access-date=6 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227013850/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/280611-informer-2.htm|archive-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]''
| Bijlee Mandola
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/anushka-sharma-to-deepika-padukone-to-alia-bhatt-things-these-9-stars-fear-rcb-qtwo51|title=Anushka Sharma to Deepika Padukone to Alia Bhatt: Things these 9 stars fear|date=30 May 2021|access-date=6 December 2021|work=Asianet News|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206044712/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/anushka-sharma-to-deepika-padukone-to-alia-bhatt-things-these-9-stars-fear-rcb-qtwo51|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row"|''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| Jagat Janini "Jaggu" Sahni
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-to-romance-ranbir-aamir_113841.html |title=Anushka to romance Ranbir, Aamir! |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213905/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-to-romance-ranbir-aamir_113841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan='3'| 2015
! scope="row" |''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
| Meera
| Also producer
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/anushka-acting-comes-naturally-to-me/20150225.htm |title=Anushka: Acting comes naturally to me |last=N |first=Patcy |work=Rediff.com |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=6 December 2021|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053752/http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/anushka-acting-comes-naturally-to-me/20150225.htm |archive-date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
!! scope="row" | ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
| Rosie Noronha
|
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Rastogi|first=Tavishi|title=Anushka Sharma: bold, brash, bindaas|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Anushka-Sharma-bold-brash-bindaas/Article1-1005045.aspx|access-date=6 December 2021|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=1 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626190824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/brunch-stories/Anushka-Sharma-bold-brash-bindaas/Article1-1005045.aspx|archive-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="row" | ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| Farah Ali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-anushka-to-romance-in-zoya-akhtar-s-next_150059.html |title=Ranveer, Anushka to romance in Zoya Akhtar's next? |date=31 January 2014 |publisher=Zee News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232744/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-anushka-to-romance-in-zoya-akhtar-s-next_150059.html |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=6 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
| Aarfa Hussain
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-to-star-opposite-salman-khan-in-sultan-1187206.html | title=Confirmed: Anushka Sharma to star opposite Salman Khan in 'Sultan' | publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBNLive]] | work=[[TV18]] | date=9 January 2016 | access-date=6 December 2021 | author=Indo-Asian News Service | author-link=Indo-Asian News Service | archive-date=15 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215045121/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-to-star-opposite-salman-khan-in-sultan-1187206.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| Alizeh Khan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Karan-Johar-to-direct-Aishwarya-Ranbir-and-Anushka-in-Ae-Dil-Hai-Mushkil/articleshow/45325296.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Karan Johar to direct Aishwarya, Ranbir, and Anushka in 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220044951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Karan-Johar-to-direct-Aishwarya-Ranbir-and-Anushka-in-Ae-Dil-Hai-Mushkil/articleshow/45325296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
| Shashi Kumari
| Also producer and playback singer for song "Naughty Billo"
|<ref name="phillauri" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Phillauri song Naughty Billo: Anushka Sharma raps in Diljit Dosanjh song|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/phillauri-song-naughty-billo-anushka-sharma-raps-in-diljit-dosanjh-song-watch-video-4554275/|access-date=5 March 2017|work=The indian Express|date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305200728/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/phillauri-song-naughty-billo-anushka-sharma-raps-in-diljit-dosanjh-song-watch-video-4554275/|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
| Sejal Zaveri
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sejal-is-very-superficial-doesn-t-have-any-depth-anushka-talks-about-jab-harry-met-sejal/story-WPl6XnfNCofgDblrA95iDM.html |title=Sejal is very superficial, doesn't have any depth: Anushka talks about Jab Harry Met Sejal |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 July 2017 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="4"| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''
| Rukhsana
|Also producer
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130617/anushkas-intense-gaze-in-the-first-look-of-film-pari-will-leave-you-intrigued.html|title=Anushka's intense gaze in the first look of film Pari will leave you intrigued|date=13 June 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206043844/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130617/anushkas-intense-gaze-in-the-first-look-of-film-pari-will-leave-you-intrigued.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="row" | ''[[Sanju]]''
| Winnie Diaz
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=30 May 2018 |title=At Sanju's trailer launch, the mystery behind Anushka Sharma's role revealed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/at-sanju-s-trailer-launch-the-mystery-behind-anushka-sharma-s-role-revealed/story-L05jRl2CgfAUdNokVY2gIK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530233315/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/at-sanju-s-trailer-launch-the-mystery-behind-anushka-sharma-s-role-revealed/story-L05jRl2CgfAUdNokVY2gIK.html |archive-date=30 May 2018 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''
| Mamta Sharma
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how Anushka Sharma is preparing for Sui Dhaaga, see pic|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/290118/anushka-sharma-sui-dhaaga.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 January 2018|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519040636/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/290118/anushka-sharma-sui-dhaaga.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
| Aafia Yusufzai Bhinder
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-has-joined-us-anushka-sharma-will-join-soon-shah-rukh-khan-on-aanand-l-rai-s-film/story-B9BgQhEzH5Qr2IiTHV3snM.html |title=Katrina Kaif has joined us, Anushka Sharma will join soon: Shah Rukh Khan on Aanand L Rai's film |date=25 September 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=6 December 2021|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043102/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-has-joined-us-anushka-sharma-will-join-soon-shah-rukh-khan-on-aanand-l-rai-s-film/story-B9BgQhEzH5Qr2IiTHV3snM.html |archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Bulbbul]]''
| {{N/A}}
|Producer only
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/anushka-sharma-netflix-bulbbul-trailer-haunting-tale-of-child-bride|title=Anushka's 'Bulbbul' Trailer is a Haunting Tale of a Child Bride|publisher=The Quint|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=6 December 2021|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622054218/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/anushka-sharma-netflix-bulbbul-trailer-haunting-tale-of-child-bride|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" |''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
| Devika
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/revealed-anushka-sharmas-cute-cameo-in-qala-exclusive/articleshow/95902523.cms|title=Revealed: Anushka Sharma's Cute Cameo in Qala - Exclusive|author=Subhash K Jha|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 December 2022|access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 202?
! scope="row" | ''[[Chakda 'Xpress]]''
| [[Jhulan Goswami]]
|Unreleased
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" |''[[Paatal Lok]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Producer (season one)
|<ref name="paatal" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 May 2020|title=Anushka Sharma on Paatal Lok season 2: 'If Amazon is willing to do it, definitely there will be another season'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/anushka-sharma-on-paatal-lok-season-2-if-amazon-is-willing-to-do-it-definitely-there-will-be-another-season/story-qqXtYr5nfolGmUlfOgHG6J.html|access-date=6 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''
| Herself
| Documentary series
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Romantics Review: The YRF Docu-series works best when it focuses on films over family |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-romantics-review-the-yrf-docu-series-works-best-when-it-focuses-on-films-over-family-101676424985778.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722143438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-romantics-review-the-yrf-docu-series-works-best-when-it-focuses-on-films-over-family-101676424985778.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Performers
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2020
| "Kudi Nu Nachne De"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862|title=Angrezi Medium Song Kudi Nu Nachne De: Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif And Anushka Sharma Will Set Your Mood For The Week|website=NDTV|date=4 March 2020|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134048/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by Anushka Sharma}}

Sharma received eight [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations—[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for ''Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi'' (2008), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi'', ''Band Baaja Baaraat'' (2010), ''NH10'' (2015) and ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' (2016), [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress Critics]] for ''Sui Dhaaga'' (2018), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' (2012) and ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' (2015). Sharma has won one among them, Best Supporting Actress for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''.<ref name="jthj" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/517 |title=Anushka Sharma - Awards and nominations |website=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520210111/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/517 |archivedate=20 May 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news|author=Srivastava, Samar|title=Anushka Sharma: Hitting her stride|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/anushka-sharma-hitting-her-stride/41765/1|work=Forbes|date=24 December 2015|access-date=26 December 2015|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224233311/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/anushka-sharma-hitting-her-stride/41765/1|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3087728}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|10004519-anushka_sharma}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|anushka-sharma}}
* {{Instagram|anushkasharma}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Anushka Sharma
| list =
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}
{{IIFAAwardBestActress}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{StarGuildAwardBestActress}}
{{StardustAwardBestActress}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorFemale}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female}}
}}

{{good article}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Anushka Sharma
|d = yes
|d-search = Q465815
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Bollywood
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anushka}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Tonic (film)

2026-03-15T19:45:21Z

Accuntpayable1: updated details

{{Short description|2021 Indian Bengali film by Avijit Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tonic
| image = Tonic (2020 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Tonic latest poster
| director = [[Avijit Sen]]
| producer = {{ubl|Atanu Raychaudhuri|Pranab Kumar Guha}}
| studio = Bengal Talkies & Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = Bengal Talkies
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]|[[Paran Bandopadhyay]]|[[Shakuntala Barua]]| [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]}}
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
| cinematography = Supriyo Dutta
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray
| released = {{Film date|2021|12|24|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=Clash of premieres marks Tollywood 'bounce-back' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/clash-of-premieres-marks-tollywood-bounce-back/articleshow/88037868.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224185943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/clash-of-premieres-marks-tollywood-bounce-back/articleshow/88037868.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 133:58 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}7 Cr approx<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-28 |title=মিলছে না টিকিট! 'সব রেকর্ড ভেঙে দিয়েছে টনিক', মঙ্গলবার সকালে সগর্বে ঘোষণা দেবের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-express-his-happiness-on-social-media-as-tonic-breaking-all-record-as-a-post-pandemic-movie-31640673356920.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213151735/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-express-his-happiness-on-social-media-as-tonic-breaking-all-record-as-a-post-pandemic-movie-31640673356920.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''''Tonic''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]]-language [[Adventure film|adventure drama film]] directed by [[Avijit Sen]], produced by Atanu Raychaudhuri and distributed jointly by Bengal Talkies and Dev Entertainment Ventures. The film revolves around an elderly couple, portrayed by [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] and [[Shakuntala Barua]], who get to enjoy a fresh lease of life through their tourist guide, Tonic ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]).

Tonic marked the directorial debut of ''Avijit Sen'', who had previously worked as an [[assistant director]] to [[Rajkumar Hirani]]. He also wrote the story of the film, which he completed in a year by taking cues from his own life. Supriyo Dutta is the [[cinematographer]] for the film, while Sujay Datta Ray is the [[Film editing|editor]]. It was jointly distributed by Bengal Talkies and Dev Entertainment Ventures.

Upon its premiere on 2 December 2021, ''Tonic'' opened to positive reviews and became a huge commercial success, eventually becoming the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2021|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2021]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali film 'Tonic' to stream on Zee5 from February 18 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bengali-film-tonic-to-stream-on-zee5-from-february-18-455101 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[WION]] |date=21 February 2022 |quote=Tonic is the highest grossing Bangla film of 2021}}</ref> The chemistry between Dev and Paran Bandopadhyay won appraisals besides the plot and other elements. It has been the official selection for Indian Panorama (Mainstream Cinema Section) in [[53rd International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]].

==Plot==
Tonic tells us the story of 75-year-old retired man, Jaladhar Sen who lives with his wife, son, daughter-in-law and granddaughter. Their relationship has become sour because of the dominating attitude and over-possessiveness of their son. The story revolves around the old couple's problems as a result of their son's misbehaviour and the problems intensify when their son and daughter-in-law celebrate their own marriage anniversary in a grand way but the 46th marriage anniversary celebration of the old couple is planned to be just a small get-together. The old couple plans a foreign trip and comes across a travel agent named Tonic, who later turns out to be a miracle maker in life. However, the foreign trip is cancelled as the passport of Jaladhar's wife gets rejected because of non-availability of some important documents. Jaladhar rebukes Tonic for shattering all his dreams and taunts him for making false promises. But later, the old couple plans for a secret trip to Darjeeling with Tonic for company. They leave in the middle of the night leaving their son worried about them. Jaladhar and his wife have the time of their lives and enjoy themselves like never before. Jaladhar goes for a lot of adventure sports like rock-climbing, paragliding, river-rafting and other activities. He wins over his fears and relives his lost youth. Later, Tonic celebrates Jaladhar's anniversary in a grand way and reveals to Jaladhar's wife that his parents died when he was settled abroad. So, he decided to help all those old couples who wanted to live their lives to the fullest. Jaladhar suddenly falls sick and is admitted to the hospital. His son arrives soon and threatens to file a police complaint against Tonic. But he changes his mind when he learns how Tonic gave his parents new life. They all decide to take a trip to Paris at the end of the film. The refreshing presence of Tonic brings back happiness, peace and love in the Sen family. Tonic lives up to his name and heals Jaladhar's life. Jaladhar expresses how grateful he is to Tonic for it is because of him that he experienced what fun meant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/know-the-story-of-devs-next-tonic/articleshow/72237411.cms|title=Know the story of Dev's next 'Tonic' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519085455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/know-the-story-of-devs-next-tonic/articleshow/72237411.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Tonic<ref name="cast1">{{cite news |last1=Sampita |first1=Das |title=পুজোয় দেবের ডবল ধামাকা |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/this-puja-dev-will-be-seen-in-two-big-film-golondaj-and-tonic/articleshow/84060371.cms |work=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|EI Samay]] |date=2 July 2021 |language=bn |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190536/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/this-puja-dev-will-be-seen-in-two-big-film-golondaj-and-tonic/articleshow/84060371.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Jaladhar Sen<ref name="cast1"/>
* [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Uma Sen: Jaladhar's wife<ref name="cast1"/>
* [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] as Partha Sen: Jaladhar's son<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruman |first1=Ganguly |title=Sujan thrilled to play Paran Bandopadhyay's son - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sujan-thrilled-to-play-paran-bandopadhyays-son/articleshow/71839250.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2019 |language=en |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710082110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sujan-thrilled-to-play-paran-bandopadhyays-son/articleshow/71839250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]<ref name="cast2">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Dev Adhikari, Paran Bandopadhyay film Tonic to be released this Durga Puja |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/1/30241 |work=Cinestaan |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701105106/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/1/30241 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Police officer
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Gourango: a caterer<ref name="cast2"/>
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]<ref name="cast2"/> as Jaladhar's close friend
* [[Koneenica Banerjee]] as Rani Sen: Jaladhar's daughter-in-law<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/whats-koneenica-doing-on-her-third-anniversary/articleshow/73323516.cms|title=What's Koneenica doing on her third anniversary?|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=14 June 2021|first=Ruman|last=Ganguly|date=17 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111132616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/whats-koneenica-doing-on-her-third-anniversary/articleshow/73323516.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tanusree Chakraborty]] as Ria: Jaladhar's Travel Expert<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Tonic teaser: Enough similarities with Dev Adhikari's Sanjhbati character |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/11/24873 |work=Cinestaan |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195702/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/11/24873 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kanchan Mullick]]<ref name="cast3">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Tonic review: Paran Bandopadhyay's screen presence makes this film worth a watch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/tonic-42425 |work=Cinestaan |date=25 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226170116/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/tonic-42425 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Kalimohan/Jalimohan: fake document creator
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as a local politician
* Tulika Basu as Rani's mother
* B.D Mukherjee as Tonic's late father
* Pinky Mullick as the Sen family's maid
* Sriparna Roy as Neha
* Subha Roy Chowdhury as Abhi: Neha's husband
* Roopkatha Kundu as Rumi: Jaladhar Sen's granddaughter
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tonic
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 December 2021<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/83/5tWw6r3uou0_|title=Tonic – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=December 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230100758/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/83/5tWw6r3uou0_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Playhead Studio
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:01
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Bangla]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Baazi (2021 film)|Baazi]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Kolkatar Harry]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]] and lyrics by Prosen, [[Srijato]] and [[Anindya Chatterjee]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| total_length = 15:01
| title1 = Tonic -Title Track
| lyrics1 = Prosen, [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| extra1 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]], Snigdhajit Bhowmick, Gourab Sarkar, Satish Gajmer And Kinjal Chattopadhyay
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Aaynate
| lyrics2 = Prosen, Avijit Sen
| extra2 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| length2 = 2:51
|title3 = E Mon Eka(Female)
| lyrics3 = [[Srijato]]
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 4:23
|title4 = E Mon Eka(Male)
| lyrics4 = Srijato
| extra4 = [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]]
| length4 = 4:23
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released in the theatres on 24 December 2021.

===Home media===
The film had its digital premiere on 18 February 2022 on [[Zee5]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali film 'Tonic' to stream on Zee5 from February 18 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bengali-film-tonic-to-stream-on-zee5-from-february-18-455101 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[WION]] |date=21 February 2022 |quote=Tonic is the highest grossing Bangla film of 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:The Director, Avijit Sen and Actor Dev of Indian Panorama Bengali Feature film ‘Tonic’ at the red carpet at 53rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI), in Goa on November 26, 2022 (2).jpg|thumb|The Director, Avijit Sen and Actor Dev of Indian Panorama Bengali Feature film ‘Tonic’ at the red carpet at 53rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI), in Goa on November 26, 2022.]]
At the [[5th Filmfare Awards Bangla]], the film received six leading nominations and won three, including [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Bandopadhyay) and Best Debut Director (Sen).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11941700}}
{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tonic Film}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Avijit Sen]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Red Fort

2026-03-15T14:41:01Z

Accuntpayable1: general cleanup references for accuracy

{{Short description|Historical Mughal fort in Delhi, India}}
{{redirect|Lal Qila}}
{{about-distinguish|the Red Fort in Delhi|Red Fort, Muzaffarabad|Kuwait Red Fort|Agra Fort}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Red Fort
| image = Delhi fort.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = A view of the Red Fort's Lahori Gate
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Red Fort Complex
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2010 (31st session)|2007]] (31st [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231rev 231rev]
| designation1_criteria = II, III, VI
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Indo-Pacific]]
| location = [[Old Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| built = 12 May
1639 – {{start date and age|6 April 1648}}
| architect = [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]]
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
| owner = *[[Mughal Empire]] (1648–1857)
[[Sikh Confederacy]] (1783-1787)
*[[Maratha Empire]] (1788–1803)
*[[British Raj|Government of British India]] (1857–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present)
| coordinates = {{coord|28|39|21|N|77|14|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India New Delhi
| map_caption = Location in [[Delhi]], [[India]], Asia
| height = {{cvt|18|-|33|m}}
| built_for = [[Mughal Empire]]
}}

The '''Red Fort''' ('''Lal Qila''' in Hindi; {{IPA|hi|laːl 'qɪlaː}}) is a historic [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fort located in the [[Old Delhi]] area of [[Delhi]], India. It served as the main residence of the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal emperors]]. Commissioned by Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] on the 12th of May 1639, the fort was constructed following his decision to shift the Mughal capital from [[Agra]] to Delhi. Originally adorned in red and white, the fort's design is attributed to [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], the architect of the [[Taj Mahal]]. The Red Fort is a prominent example of Mughal architecture from Shah Jahan's reign, combining Persian and Indian architectural styles.

During the [[Nadir Shah's invasion of India|invasion]] by [[Nadir Shah]] of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid Empire]] in 1739, the fort was plundered and stripped of its artwork and jewels. Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], many of its marble structures were demolished by the British, although the defensive walls remained largely intact. The fort was later repurposed as a military garrison.

On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], hoisted the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahori Gate]], the main entrance of the Red Fort. Since then, the [[Prime Minister of India]] has ceremonially raised the national tricolour at the main gate each year on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], then delivering a nationally broadcast address from its ramparts.

The Red Fort, as part of the Red Fort Complex, was recognised as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2007.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry">{{cite web|title=Red Fort Complex|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803141206/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|archive-date=3 August 2009|access-date=15 November 2009|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191400/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|archive-date=29 April 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|work=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The name ''Red Fort'' is a translation of the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] {{lang|hi-Latn|Lāl Qila}} ({{Langx|hi|लाल क़िला}}, {{Langx|ur|{{nq|لال قلعہ}}}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shabdkosh.com/translate/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-meaning-in-Hindi-English|title=qila {{!}} Meaning of qila in English by Shabdkosh English Hindi Dictionary|website=Shabdkosh Dictionary|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111001929/http://shabdkosh.com/translate/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-meaning-in-Hindi-English|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/qila|title=qila {{!}} Definition of ''qila'' in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112535/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/qila|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> derived from the fort's red sandstone walls. Lal means "red" in Hindi, while Qila comes from Arabic, meaning "fortress." Originally known as the "Blessed Fort" (Qila-i-Mubārak), it served as the residence of the imperial family.<ref name="Spellman2004">{{cite book|author=William M. Spellman|title=Monarchies 1000–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRbExiEuYPsC|access-date=5 August 2012|date=1 April 2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-087-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214091001/http://books.google.com/books?id=MRbExiEuYPsC|archive-date=14 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KiaOakes2002">{{cite book|author1=Mehrdad Kia|author2=Elizabeth H. Oakes|title=Social Science Resources in the Electronic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yF8kiCtBeLoC|access-date=5 August 2012|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-474-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111082645/http://books.google.com/books?id=yF8kiCtBeLoC|archive-date=11 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The term Lāl Qila is also used to refer to the [[Agra Fort]].

== History ==

=== Mughal ===

Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1639, following his decision to shift his capital from [[Agra]] to Delhi. The design of the Red Fort is attributed to the architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], renowned for his work on the Taj Mahal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104325668?lang=en,%20//oxfordindex.oup.com:443/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104325668|title=Ustad Ahmad – oi|website=oxfordindex.oup.com|access-date=8 December 2019}}{{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t3build_design.html|title=Building the Taj – who designed the Taj Mahal|work=[[PBS]]|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218114338/http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t3build_design.html|archive-date=18 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It straddles the [[Yamuna River]], which once fed the moats surrounding most of the walls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort lies along the River Yamuna|url=http://www.delhicapital.com/monuments-in-delhi/lal-qila.html|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814043557/http://www.delhicapital.com/monuments-in-delhi/lal-qila.html|archive-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction began in the sacred [[Islamic month]] of [[Muharram]], on 13 May 1638.<ref name="ASI3">{{cite web |title = Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan for Red Fort, Delhi |publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date = March 2009 |url = http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-03-history.pdf |access-date = 14 August 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111424/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-03-history.pdf |archive-date = 8 May 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|01}} Supervised by Shah Jahan, it was completed on 6 April 1648.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924006140374|title=Shah Jahan|first=H. M. (Henry Miers)|last=Elliot|date=26 September 1875|publisher=[Lahore : Sh. Mubarak Ali|access-date=26 September 2020|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22805/page/n38/mode/1up |title = List of Muhammadan and Hindu monuments vol.1|year = 1916 |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pinto|first1=Xavier|last2=Myall|first2=E. G.|title=Glimpses of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-617-0|page=129|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111082736/http://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129|archive-date=11 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The fort was originally adorned in red and white.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |date=20 May 2011 |title=Delhi's Red Fort was originally white |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (UK)}}</ref> Unlike other Mughal forts, the Red Fort's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain and subsume the older [[Salimgarh Fort]].<ref name="ASI3" /> The fortress-palace served as the centrepiece of [[Shahjahanabad]], the city now known as [[Old Delhi]]. Shah Jahan's successor, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], enhanced the Red Fort by adding the ''[[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]]'' (Pearl Mosque) to the emperor's private quarters. He also constructed [[barbican]]s in front of the two main gates to create a more circuitous approach to the palace.<ref name="ASI3" />

[[File:Red Fort as seen from Jama Masjid's tower.jpg|alt=Image shows Red Fort's long walls, including the gates, as seen from Jama Masjid's tower. The walls can be seen in the background extending a couple of thousand meters.|thumb|The Red Fort walls in the background, viewed from the top of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]'s tower]]

=== Maratha ===

Following the death of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], the administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty experienced decline, leading to the degeneration of the palace during the 18th century. In 1712, [[Jahandar Shah]] was crowned the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]. Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced by [[Farrukhsiyar]]. In 1739, the Persian emperor Nadir Shah decisively defeated the Mughal army, despite its considerable strength of approximately 200,000 soldiers.<ref name="EB Karnal">{{cite web|title=Battle of Karnal |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Karnal |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Following his victory, he plundered the Red Fort, seizing its treasures, including the legendary [[Peacock Throne]]. After three months, Nadir Shah returned to [[Persia]]. His invasion left the city significantly damaged, and the Mughal Empire, under the next Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]'s reign, was severely weakened.<ref name="ASI3"/> The internal weaknesses of the Mughal Empire reduced the Mughals to titular rulers of Delhi. A treaty signed in 1752 established the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] as the protectors of the throne in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=J. L.|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=134|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112041547/http://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|title=History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-928-1|page=249|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112023157/http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1758 Maratha victory over the Afghans at [[Sirhind]], followed by [[Third Battle of Panipat|their defeat at Panipat]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=raghunathrao+attock&pg=PA237 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 – Jaswant Lal Mehta – Google Books]. Google Books. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref> catapulted them into further conflict with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–81 |isbn=978-81-78241-09-8|year=2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India | url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog |publisher=John Murray, London|year=1841 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog/page/n318 276]}}</ref>

In 1760, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] stripped and melted the silver ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]] to raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]].<ref name="kulkarni345">{{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Uday S.|title=Solstice at Panipat, 14 January 1761|year=2012|publisher=Mula Mutha Publishers|location=Pune|isbn=978-81-921080-0-1|page=345}}</ref><ref name="google140">{{cite book|last1=Kumar Maheshwari|first1=Kamalesh|last2=Wiggins|first2=Kenneth W.|title=Maratha Mints and Coinage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies|page=140|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112045304/http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1761, after the Marathas lost the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|third battle of Panipat]], Delhi was raided by Durrani. Ten years later, the Marathas, acting at the behest of the exiled Emperor [[Shah Alam II]], recaptured Delhi from the Rohilla Afghans. [[Mahadaji Shinde]], the commander of the Maratha Army, restored [[Shah Alam II]] to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=The Anarchy}}</ref>

In 1764, the [[Jat people|Jat]] ruler of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], Maharaja [[Jawahar Singh]], attacked [[Delhi]], and eventually captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ|last=Meena|first=P R|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh%E2%80%99s+march+against+Delhi&pg=PT70|publisher=New Era Publication}}</ref> Two days later, after exacting tribute from the Mughals, the Jats withdrew their forces from the Red Fort, seizing the Mughal throne. The throne now adorns the palace at [[Deeg]], serving as a historical centrepiece. The doors of the fort are located in the [[Lohagarh Fort]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pfpDwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh+red+fort&pg=PA17|title=Rajasthan District G.K.: English Medium|last=Gupta|first=Devesh|publisher=Atharv Publication|pages=134}}</ref>

In 1783, Sikh [[Misl]]s led by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]], and [[Baghel Singh|Baghel Singh Dhaliwal]] conquered Delhi and the Red Fort. With a consolidated force consisting of 40,000 troops, they looted the area spanning from [[Awadh]] to [[Jodhpur]]. After negotiations, the Sikh forces agreed to withdraw from [[Delhi]] and reinstate the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. As a condition of their retreat, the Jats stipulated the construction of seven Sikh [[gurdwara]]s in Delhi, including the [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] in [[Chandni Chowk]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|date=29 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-991629-0|language=en}}</ref>

In 1788, the grandson of [[Najib ad-Dawlah]], [[Rohilla]], [[Ghulam Kadir]], looted Delhi and killed female members of the Mughal royal family. He also imprisoned Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. Upon learning this, [[Mahadaji Shinde]] sent his men to free Shah Alam and pursue Kadir, who was hiding in Ghosgad in [[Rohilkhand]]. Kadir was eventually apprehended and [[Decapitation|beheaded]]. As a result of this, the Maratha flag was allowed to be hung from the Red Fort until 1803.

=== British ===

During the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], British forces defeated a Maratha army led by [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] in the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]], which marked the end of Maratha control over Delhi, including the Red Fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12731-8 |language=en}}</ref> Following the battle, the [[East India Company]] took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|resident]] at the Red Fort. The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], became a symbol of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against [[Company rule in India]], in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Ghulam_Ali_Khan_010b.jpg
| image2 = Rang_Mahal_with_Fountain_-_Western_View_-_Red_Fort_-_Delhi_2014-05-13_3243.JPG
| caption1 = ''Rang Mahal'' in the mid-nineteenth century
| caption2 = ''Rang Mahal'' today
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}}

Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not a site of any engagements during the 1857 rebellion. Bahadur left the fort on 17 September 1857 and was subsequently apprehended by British forces and returned to the Red Fort before being tried in 1858 and exiled to [[Rangoon]] in 7 October of that year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mody |first=Krutika |title=Bahadur Shah II "Zafar"'s significance with Red Fort |url=http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902215305/http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |archive-date=2 September 2012 }}</ref>

Following the rebellion's suppression, British authorities ordered the systematic demolition of the Red Fort, during which 80% of the fort's structures were demolished, including the stone screen that once connected the pavilions along the river-facing façade of the fort.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mayank Austen Soofi|first=Delhi's Belly |date=19 August 2011|title=The other red corridor|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LQ6ebeBiHz5QhEkdLAsa3K/The-other-red-corridor.html|access-date=23 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> All the fort's furniture was either removed or destroyed; the [[harem]] apartments, servants' quarters, and gardens were demolished, and a line of stone barracks was erected atop them.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |author=William Dalrymple |title=The Last Mughal |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310243-4 |page=7 |chapter=Introduction |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)}}</ref> Only the marble buildings on the east side of the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction, although they were damaged while demolition was underway. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unscathed, over two-thirds of the inner structures were demolished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Red Fort Became the Site for India's Independence Day Celebrations |url=https://thewire.in/history/red-fort-history-independence-india |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sirur |first1=Simrin |date=2021-01-30 |title=Red Fort isn't just a historic monument. Its breach crossed a red line in Indian mind |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/red-fort-isnt-just-a-historic-monument-its-breach-crossed-a-red-line-in-indian-mind/595114/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], who served as the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] from 1899 to 1905, initiated restoration efforts for the Red Fort. These included the reconstruction of its walls and the revival of its gardens, complete with an updated watering system.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia W Herbert|title=Flora's Empire: British Gardens in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evt1Zg9-nrMC&pg=PT333|year=2013|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-871-9|page=333}}</ref>

[[File:PM Nehru addresses the nation from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] hoisting the tricolour on 15 August 1947, marking India's first Independence Day]]

The [[INA trials]], also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the court-martial of a number of officers of the [[Indian National Army]]. The first trial was conducted at the Red Fort between November and December 1945. On 15 August 1947, the first [[prime minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], raised the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahore Gate]].<ref name="auto12">{{cite news|author=PTI|date=15 August 2013|title=Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221090006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref>

=== Indian ===

After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military [[cantonment]]. A significant portion of the Red Fort remained under the control of the [[Indian Army]] until 22 December 2003, when it was transferred to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for restoration and conservation.<ref name="Defence2005">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Defence|title=Sainik samachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2005|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001452/http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim India">{{cite book|title=Muslim India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Muslim India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under the auspices of a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] direction to revitalise the fort, was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/red-fort-facelift-to-revive-mughal-glory-in-10-years-49080-2009-05-31 |title=Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |title=CHAPTER-10_revised_jan09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111536/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |title=CHAPTER-00_revisedfeb09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508112528/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 21st century, several museums and galleries have been added to the Red Fort complex. Four of these museums, inaugurated in 2019, are housed in the colonial-era barracks within the complex. Barrack B1 is dedicated to the 1857 War of Independence, Barrack B2 commemorates the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Barrack B3 focuses on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and the Indian National Army movement. Barrack B4, known as ''Drishyakala'', is a collaboration between the Archaeological Survey of India and the [[Delhi Art Gallery]] and showcases Indian art. The earlier museums, including the Indian Freedom Fighters' Museum, the ''Mumtaz Mahal'' Museum, and the ''Naubat Khana'' Museum, have been closed, with their exhibits relocated to these newly established museums.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-24 |title=Four museums at Red Fort open window to battle for freedom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/four-museums-at-red-fort-open-window-to-battle-for-freedom/articleshow/67664340.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Archaeological finds==
Archaeological excavations at the Red Fort have unearthed several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] artefacts dating from 2600 BCE to 1200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA216|page=218| publisher =Pearson Education India | isbn =9788131711200 }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Red Fort today}} Modern era ==
[[File:Diwan-e-Khas-2022.jpg|alt=Image shows the inner walls and celling of the Diwan-e-Khas|thumb|Inner walls and ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|''Diwan-e-Khas'']]]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2022 (6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] delivers an address on August 15, 2022]]
The Red Fort, the largest monument in Old Delhi,<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|last1=Schreitmüller|first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|title=Baedeker India|last2=Dhamotharan|first2=Mohan (CON)|last3=Szerelmy|first3=Beate (CON)|date=14 February 2012|publisher=[[Baedeker]]|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|page=253|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180628/http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of its most popular tourist destinations<ref name="Devashish2011">{{cite book|last=Devashish|first=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|title=Tourism Marketing|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6|page=79|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010047/http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and attracts thousands of visitors every year.<ref name="Murthy">{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Raja|date=23 February 2012|title=Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover|newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]|location=South Asia|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|url-status=unfit|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> It is a monument of national significance; each year on India's independence day, observed on August 15, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a speech from its [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]], which is broadcast nationwide.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|date=15 August 2012|title=Singh becomes third PM to hoist flag at Red Fort for 9th time|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/singh-becomes-third-pm-to-hoist-flag-at-red-fort-for-9th-time/44355/|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The fort also appears on the back of the [[Indian 500-rupee note|{{INR}}500 note]] of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of the [[Indian rupee]].<ref name="500RBI">{{cite web|date=8 November 2016|title=Issue of ₹ 500 banknotes inset letter 'E' in Mahatma Gandhi (New) series after demonitization|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222836/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|archive-date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref>

The Red Fort's architectural features are in varying states of preservation. While some structures remain relatively intact, retaining their original decorative elements, others have suffered significant damage, with inlaid marble floral designs removed by looters. The water features, once extensive, are now dry. The tea house, though not preserved in its historical form, functions as a working restaurant. The mosque and the ''[[hammam]]'' (public baths) are closed to visitors, who can only view them through glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways within the complex are deteriorating, and public toilets are available both at the entrance and inside the premises. The Lahori Gate serves as the main entrance, leading to a shopping area with jewelry and craft stores. The complex also houses a museum of "blood paintings," which narrate the stories of 20th-century Indian martyrs, alongside an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== 2000 terrorist attack ===
The Red Fort was the site of a [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|terrorist attack on 22 December 2000]], carried out by six [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] operatives. Two soldiers and a civilian were murdered in what the news media described as an attempt to derail the then-ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070913/http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2012|title=Red Fort terrorist attacks|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075302/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref>

==== Security ====
To ensure security and prevent terrorist attacks, stringent measures are implemented around the Red Fort on the eve of the Indian Independence Day. [[Delhi Police]] and paramilitary forces maintain a vigilant presence in the neighbourhoods surrounding the fort, while [[National Security Guard]] sharpshooters are strategically stationed on high-rises near the site.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2012 |title=Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002607/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> The airspace around the fort is a designated [[no-fly zone]] during the celebration,<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2011 |title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> and [[safe house]]s exist in the vicinity to which the prime minister and other dignitaries can be taken to in the event of an attack.<ref name="DNA1" />

=== Adoption controversy ===
In April 2018, the [[Dalmia Group]] adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme, through a contract worth ₹25 crores for a period of five years.<ref name="business">{{Cite news|last=Manish|first=Sai|date=29 April 2018|title=Dalmia Bharat group to adopt Delhi's iconic Red Fort for five years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> A memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]] and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="adoption1">{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=Navmi|date=30 April 2018|title=Red Fort adoption row: The long list of Monument Mitras|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-fort-adoption-row-the-long-list-of-monument-mitras/article23729853.ece|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The adoption of the Red Fort by a private entity sparked outcry and widespread debate, drawing criticism from the public, historians, and political parties. The move also led to the trending of the hashtag #IndiaOnSale on Twitter.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |title=Indians upset over Red Fort monument 'adoption' |last=Nettikkara |first=Samiha |date=30 April 2018 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709150855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, the Indian National Congress demanded the suspension of the agreement until an "impartial review" could be conducted by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or another recognized body of experts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/historians-seek-review-of-red-fort-contract/article23752738.ece |title=Historians seek review of Red Fort contract |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

=== 2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest ===
On 26 January 2021, during the [[2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest]], a coterie of protesting farmers breached the fort, hoisted religious flags from its ramparts, and scaled the domes of the fort.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2021 |title=India protest: Farmers breach Delhi's Red Fort in huge tractor rally |newspaper=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55793731 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> One of the farmers was witnessed climbing a flagpole in front of the fort and hoisting the [[Nishan Sahib]] pennant on the flagpole.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawn.com |date=26 January 2021 |title=In pictures: Indian farmers enter Delhi's Red Fort as protests break out across the country |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1603750 |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref> The fort sustained damage owing to clashes between the protestors and the police<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=ASI shuts Red Fort till January 31 for visitors after vandalism by tractor rally protesters |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/red-fort-news-asi-shuts-iconic-monument-till-january-31-for-visitors-after-vandalism-flag-hoisting-by-tractor-rally-protesters/2180319/ |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> and was vacated following police announcements.

=== Discoloration of the Red Fort ===
Since the late 20th century, the monument has been affected by [[environmental pollution]] which has turned the Red Fort's color from red to black. According to recent Italo-Indian studies in September 2025, repeated events of [[air pollution]] has contributed to the formation of tarry black crusts forming on the Red Fort's walls.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 September 2025 |title=Delhi’s toxic air is turning iconic Red Fort black, scientists warn |publisher=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/delhi-air-pollution-red-fort-b2828055.html |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> These black crusts are caused by pollutants, including [[particulate matter]], [[nitrogen dioxide]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[carbon monoxide]], and toxic metals, such as [[lead]], [[copper]] and [[zinc]].

== Architecture ==

[[File:Covered market past the Lahore gate entrance in Red Fort.jpg|thumb|upright|The barrel-vaulted structure located just beyond the Lahore Gate served as a market, originally to cater to high-ranking Mughal women residing within the fort]]

The [[World Heritage Convention]] characterises the Red Fort as embodying "the zenith of Mughal creativity". The fort synthesises Islamic palace structure with local traditions, resulting in a confluence of "[[Iranian architecture|Persian]] and [[Timurid architecture]]". The fort served as an inspiration for later buildings and gardens across the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry" />

The Red Fort spans an area of 254.67 acres (103.06 hectares) and is enclosed by 2.41 kilometres (1.50 miles) of defensive walls.<ref name="Batra2008">{{cite book|author=N. L. Batra|title=Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUMWAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|date=May 2008|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=9780856676543|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062210/http://books.google.com/books?id=wUMWAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> These walls, reinforced with turrets and bastions, vary in height from 18 meters (59 feet) on the river-facing side to 33 meters (108 feet) on the city-facing side. The fort is octagonal, with the north–south axis longer than the east–west axis. The marble, floral decorations and the fort's double domes exemplify later Mughal architecture.<ref name="Langmead178">{{cite book |last1=Langmead |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |last2=Garnaut |first2=Christine |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57607-112-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/178 178] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The Red Fort showcases a high level of ornamentation, and the [[Kohinoor]] diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The artwork of the fort integrates Persian, European, and Indian artistic traditions, culminating in a distinctive Shahjahani style characterized by its richness in form, expression, and color. The Red Fort is one of India's most significant architectural complexes, encapsulating a rich history and diverse artistic traditions. Even prior to its designation as a monument of national importance in 1913, efforts were undertaken to ensure its preservation for posterity.

The [[Lahori Gate (Red Fort)|Lahori]] and Delhi Gates were used by the public, whereas the Khizrabad Gate was reserved for the emperor.<ref name="ASI3" /> The Lahori Gate serves as the main entrance to the Red Fort, leading to the ''Chhatta Chowk'', a domed shopping area often referred to as the covered bazaar.

== Major structures ==

The most significant surviving structures of the Red Fort include its walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience halls, and the imperial apartments located along the eastern riverbank.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort.asp |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224035029/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort.asp |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Red Fort, New Delhi Inside Map.jpg|thumb|Plaque highlighting Red Fort's layout]]

=== Lahori Gate ===
{{Main|Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi}}

[[File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|alt=Red sandstone gate of the fortress|The [[Delhi Gate (Red Fort)|Delhi Gate]], almost identical in appearance to the [[Lahori Gate (Red Fort)|Lahori Gate]] ]]

The Lahori Gate, the primary entrance to the Red Fort, derives its name from its orientation towards the city of Lahore, which was once part of the [[Mughal Empire]]. During Aurangzeb's reign, the aesthetic appeal of the Lahori Gate was modified by the construction of a [[barbican]], which Shah Jahan poetically described as "a veil drawn across the face of a beautiful woman."<ref name=fanshawe>{{Cite book|author=Fanshawe.H.C|title=Delhi, Past and Present|access-date=10 June 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Gates+in+Delhi&pg=PA6|pages=1–8, general introduction|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|year=1998|isbn=978-81-206-1318-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215123123/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&pg=PA6&dq=Gates+in+Delhi#PPA46-IA1,M1|archive-date=15 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sharma p.143</ref><ref name = Milli>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Jun04-Print-Edition/011506200496.htm|title=Dilli's gates and windows|access-date=17 May 2009|author=Mahtab Jahan|publisher=MG The Milli Gazette|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619160902/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Jun04-Print-Edition/011506200496.htm|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1947, on every Indian Independence Day, the national flag is ceremonially unfurled, and the Prime Minister delivers a speech from the ramparts of the Red Fort.

=== Delhi Gate ===
{{Main|Delhi Gate (Red Fort)}}

The Delhi Gate serves as the southern public entrance to the Red Fort and shares a similar layout and appearance with the Lahori Gate. Flanking the gate are two life-sized stone elephants positioned to face each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_detail.asp|title=World heritage site|work=Asi.nic.in|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101031606/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_detail.asp|archive-date=1 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Chhatta Chowk ===
{{Main|Chhatta Chowk}}

Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the ''Chhatta Chowk'' (or Meena Bazaar), where silk jewelry and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. This market was earlier known as ''Bazaar-i-Musaqqaf'' or ''Chatta-bazaar'' (both meaning "roofed market"). The Lahori Gate, the main entrance to the Red Fort, opens into an outer court that intersects with a large north–south street. This street originally separated the fort's military functions, located to the west, from the palaces situated to the east. At its southern end lies the Delhi Gate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.html |title=Chatta Chowk: A market for all reasons |last=Kuriakose |first=Anthony |date=15 January 2011 |website=deccanherald.com |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122080824/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.html |archive-date=22 January 2011 }}</ref>

=== Naubat Khana ===
{{Main|Naubat Khana (Red Fort)}}

[[File:Naubat Khana Red Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of courtyard shortly after the 1857 uprising|''[[Naubat Khana (Red Fort)|Naubat Khana]]'' and the courtyard before its demolition by the British, in an 1858 photograph]]

[[File:20191203 Naubat Khana, Red Fort, Delhi 0453 6340 DxO.jpg|thumb|''Naubat Khana'' today]]

In the east wall of the court stands the now-isolated ''Naubat Khana'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: "Waiting Hall"), also known as ''Nakkar Khana'' (drum house). Music was performed daily at scheduled times within the Red Fort, and it was required of everyone, except members of the royalty, to dismount during these performances. Later Mughal emperors [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712–1713) and [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–1719) are believed to have been murdered here. The [[Indian War Memorial Museum]] is located on the second floor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiapicks.com/Heritage/Red_Fort/Red_Fort-Naubat_Khana.htm |title=Lal Qila (Red Fort) – Naubat Khana |website=indiapicks.com |url-status=usurped |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311235856/http://indiapicks.com/Heritage/Red_Fort/Red_Fort-Naubat_Khana.htm |archive-date=11 March 2018 }}</ref>
The vaulted arcade of the ''Chhatta Chowk'' ends in the center of the outer court, which measured {{convert|540|x|360|ft|m}}.<ref name="archive1">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/196 |title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224183054/http://www.archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/196 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The side arcades and the central tank of the Red Fort were demolished following the 1857 rebellion.

=== Diwan-i-Aam ===

{{Main|Diwan-i-Aam (Red Fort, Delhi)}}

[[File:Diwan-i-Aam across lawn.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The ''Diwan-i-Aam'' today]]
[[File:Ghulam Ali Khan 007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The ''Diwan-i-Aam'' in the mid-nineteenth century]]

The inner main court to which the ''Nakkar Khana'' led was {{convert|540|ft}} wide and {{convert|420|ft}} deep, surrounded by guarded galleries.<ref name="archive1" /> On the far side is the ''[[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Aam]]'', the Public Audience Hall. This venue was used to oversee official matters brought forth by commoners, including legal issues such as taxation, inheritance disputes, and matters related to ''[[awqaf]]'' (endowments).

The hall's columns and [[Engrailed (heraldry)|engrailed]] arches exhibit fine craftsmanship, and the hall was originally decorated with white ''chunam'' stucco.<ref name="archive1" /> At the rear of the venue, in a raised recess, the emperor would grant audiences from the marble balcony (''[[jharokha]]'').

The ''Diwan-i-Aam'' was also used for state functions.<ref name="Langmead178" /> The courtyard (''mardana'') behind it leads to the imperial apartments.

=== Mumtaz Mahal ===
{{Main|Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)}}

[[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Simple white building, with persons on walkway|{{Centre|''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''}}]]
The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are [[Zenana|''zenana''s]] (women's quarters), consisting of the ''Mumtaz Mahal,'' built for Arjumand Banu Begum ([[Mumtaz Mahal]]), who was wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1= F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|isbn=9780226466972|page=689|language=en}}</ref> and the larger ''Rang Mahal'' was designated a resort for royal women.<ref name=archnet>{{Cite web |url=https://archnet.org/sites/5270 |title= Rang Mahal Delhi, India |website=archnet.org |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> The ''Mumtaz Mahal'' houses the [[Red Fort Archaeological Museum]].

=== Rang Mahal ===
{{Main|Rang Mahal (Red Fort)}}

The ''Rang Mahal'', meaning "Palace of Colors," served as the residence for the emperor's wives and mistresses. It derived its name from its vibrant paintings and intricate decorations, including a mosaic of mirrors. At its center lies a marble pool, which is fed by the ''Nahr-i-Bihisht'' ("River of Paradise").<ref name="KM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/khas-mahal/a/poi-sig/1337802/356220 |title=Khas Mahal |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="archnet" />

=== Khas Mahal ===
{{Main|Khas Mahal (Red Fort)}}

The ''Khas Mahal'' was the emperor's apartment. It was cooled by the ''Nahr-i-Bihisht''.<ref name="KM" /> Connected to it is the [[Muthamman Burj (Red Fort)|''Muthamman Burj'']], an octagonal tower where the emperor appeared before the audience awaiting his presence at the riverbank. Such practices were common among most kings of the time, reflecting the prevailing norms and traditions of royal courts.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_muthaburz.asp |title=Muthamman-Burj |year=2011 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124164735/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_muthaburz.asp |archive-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Diwan-i-Khas ===
{{Main|Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)}}

[[File:Ghulam Ali Khan 013.jpg|thumb|''Diwan-i-Khas'' in the mid-nineteenth century]]
The ''Diwan-i-Khas'', or Hall of Private Audience, was a space dedicated to addressing the official matters and requests of the nobility and members of the royal family. A gate located on the north side of the ''[[Diwan-i-Aam (Red Fort, Delhi)|Diwan-i-Aam]]'' provided access to the innermost court of the palace, known as the ''Jalau Khana'', as well as to the ''Diwan-i-Khas''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Akbar-period-architecture#ref244364 |title=Akbar period architecture |website=britannica.com |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704025546/https://www.britannica.com/art/Akbar-period-architecture#ref244364 |archive-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref> It is constructed of white marble and inlaid with precious stones. The once-silver ceiling has been restored in wood. [[François Bernier]] described witnessing the jeweled Peacock Throne here in the 17th century. At both ends of the hall, over the two outer arches, is an inscription by the Persian poet [[Amir Khusrow]]:

{{blockquote|If heaven can be on the face of the earth, 
It is this, it is this, it is this.
|author=
|source={{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_diwanikhas.asp |access-date=15 August 2012}}
}}
{{Wide image|Red Fort courtyard buildings.jpg|1000px|{{centre|Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure.}}{{Centre| From left: ''[[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]]'', the ''hammam'', ''Divan-i-Khas'', ''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)|Khas Mahal]]'' and the ''[[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]]''}}|alt=Many white buildings, with large grassy area in foreground}}

=== Hammam ===
{{Main|Hammam (Red Fort)}}

[[File:Hammam Red Fort interior.jpg|thumb|The ''hammam'' in the mid-nineteenth century]]
The ''[[hammam]]'' (Arabic: حمّام) were the imperial baths, consisting of three apartments separated by corridors and crowned with domes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.liveindia.com/redfort/5.html |title=Hammams Red Fort Delhi |website=liveindia.com |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930234252/http://www.liveindia.com/redfort/5.html |archive-date=30 September 2019 }}</ref> The apartments are illuminated by a coloured glass skylight. The two rooms flanking the current entrance are believed to have served as bathing spaces for the royal children. The eastern apartment, featuring three fountain basins, was primarily used as a dressing room. Each room had a central fountain, and one included a marble reservoir embedded in the wall. According to legend, perfumed rose-water once flowed from the taps. The western apartment was designated for hot or vapor baths, with heating arrangements installed in its western wall.<ref>{{Cite book|last=John Murray (Firm)|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktravelle00john|title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon .|date=1911|publisher=London : J. Murray; Calcutta : Thacker, Spink, & Co.|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

=== Baoli ===
[[File:Red Fort Baoli.jpg|thumb|right|{{Centre|The baoli (step-well) at the}}{{Centre|Red Fort, Delhi}}]]
The ''baoli'' (step-well) is one of the few structures within the Red Fort that survived the widespread demolitions carried out by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Its chambers were repurposed as a prison and, during the [[Indian National Army trials|Red Fort Trials]] of 1945–46, housed INA officers General [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], Colonel [[Prem Sahgal|Prem Kumar Sahgal]], and Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]]. The Red Fort ''baoli'' is distinctively designed, featuring two sets of staircases that descend to the well.<ref name="Red Fort Baoli">{{cite web |url=http://agrasenkibaoli.com/red-fort-baoli/ |title=Red Fort Baoli |publisher=agrasenkibaoli.com |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110195809/http://agrasenkibaoli.com/red-fort-baoli/ |archive-date=10 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Moti Masjid in Red Fort Delhi.jpg|thumb|''Moti Masjid'']]

=== Moti Masjid ===
{{Main|Moti Masjid (Red Fort)}}

West of the ''hammam'' is the ''Moti Masjid'', the Pearl Mosque. A later addition to the Red Fort, the mosque was built in 1659 as a private place of worship for Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. This small, three-domed structure is crafted from white marble and features a three-arched screen that opens onto the courtyard.<ref>World Heritage Series – Red Fort. Published by Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]], New Delhi, 2009. {{ISBN|978-81-87780-97-7}}</ref>

=== Hira Mahal ===
{{Main|Hira Mahal (Red Fort)}}

[[File:Fuerte Rojo-Delhi-India62.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Low, white building with ornate pillars and arches|{{Centre|''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' and its pavilion}}]]

The ''Hira Mahal'' ("Diamond Palace") is a pavilion located on the southern edge of the Red Fort. It was constructed under the patronage of Bahadur Shah II and is situated at the end of the ''Hayat Baksh'' Garden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |title=Red Fort |website=culturalindia.net |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407125951/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> At the northern edge of the Red Fort stood the ''Moti Mahal'', a twin building that was demolished during or shortly after the 1857 rebellion. The ''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' was the emperor's main study; its name means "Emperor's Tower",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/shahi-burj/a/poi-sig/1337812/356220 |title=Shahi Burj Monument in Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad) |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> and it originally featured a ''[[chhatri]]'' on top. Heavily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. Facing it is a marble pavilion added by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOwDwAAQBAJ&q=shahi+burj+a+marble+pavilion+added+by+Aurangzeb.&pg=PT15 |title=DK Eyewitness Top 10 Delhi |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781465497246 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Hayat Bakhsh Bagh ===
{{Main|Hayat Bakhsh Bagh}}

[[File:Fuerte Rojo-Delhi-India69.JPG|thumb|alt=Square red sandstone building in a dried-out water tank|''Zafar Mahal'' and the white ''Sawan/Bhadon'' pavilions in the background]]
The ''Hayat Bakhsh Bagh'' ({{Langx|fa|حیات بخش باغ|lit=Life-Bestowing Garden}}) is located in the northeast part of the complex. At each end of the canal within the Red Fort is a white marble pavilion, named the ''Sawan'' and ''Bhadon'' Pavilions, after the Hindu months of Sawan and Bhadon. At the center of the reservoir stands the ''Zafar Mahal'', an eponymous red sandstone structure added around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Hayat-Bakhsh Garden and Pavilions |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207091933/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |archive-date=7 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Smaller gardens, such as the ''Mehtab Bagh'' (Moonlight Garden), once existed to the west of the main garden but were demolished during the construction of British barracks.<ref name="ASI3" /> There are plans to restore the gardens.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Restoring-the-lost-glory-of-Red-Fort/articleshow/38398022.cms?referral=PM |title=Restoring the lost glory of Red Fort |website=[[Times of India]] |date=23 February 2003 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Beyond these structures, a road to the north leads to an arched bridge connecting to the [[Salimgarh Fort]].

=== Princes' quarter ===
{{Main|Princes' quarter (Red Fort)}}

To the north of the ''Hayat Bakhsh Bagh'' and the ''Shahi Burj'' lies the quarter of the imperial princes, which was used by members of the Mughal royal family. Much of this area was demolished by British forces after the 1857 rebellion, with one of the palaces being repurposed into a tea house for soldiers.
{{clear left}}
== See also ==

* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
** [[Purana Qila]]
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire
** [[Anangpur]], by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)
** [[Qila Rai Pithora]]
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty
** [[Siri Fort]], by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
** [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320-25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351-88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** [[Salimgarh Fort]], in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri
** Red fort 8n Delhi, built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi
** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912–29 by colonial British raj
* [[History of Delhi]]
** [[Anangpur#Paleo|Paleolithic sites in & around Tughlaqabad Fort]]
** [[Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells|Stepwells of Delhi]]
* Other Mughal Red Forts
** [[Agra Fort]]
** [[Lahore Fort]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101121144755/http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/red_fort.jsp Delhi Tourism {{!}} Red Fort]
*Dil Udaan {{!}} [https://diludaan.blogspot.com/2023/06/blog-post.html Red Fort Blog]
*{{Osmway|264863907}}

{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Monarchy|History|Architecture}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Red Fort| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1648]]
[[Category:Forts in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Army bases]]
[[Category:Indian National Army trials]]
[[Category:17th-century fortifications]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal fortifications]]
[[Category:Palaces in Delhi]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military installations closed in 2003]]
[[Category:Terminating vistas in India]]

Haryana (film)

2026-03-11T08:28:05Z

Accuntpayable1: made new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sandeep Baswana
| producer = B. Raja Sandeep Baswana
| writer = [[Sandeep Baswana]]<ref name=Baswana />
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Yash Tonk]] [[Ashlesha Sawant]] [[Monica Sharma]] [[Aakarshan Singh]] Robbie Marih
| cinematography = Johnny Lal
| editing = Sanyukta Kaza and Jitendra Dongare
| music = [[Mohit Pathak]]
| studio = Raja Baswana Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|08|05|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-13 |title=Sandeep Baswana's debut Hindi film 'Haryana' Trailer out |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/sandeep-baswanas-debut-hindi-film-haryana-trailer-out-a475/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat Times |language=en |agency=PNN}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Haryana''''' is a 2022 Indian Hindi language romantic comedy film starring Yash Tonk, Ashlesha Sawant, Robbie Marih, Monica Sharma and Aakarshan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/haryana/|title=Haryana Movie: Review | Release Date (2022) | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/haryana-official-trailer/videoshow/92831279.cms|title=Haryana - Official Trailer | Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The film is directed, story and screenplay by [[Sandeep Baswana]].<ref name=Baswana>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineblues.com/bollywood-news/actor-director-sandeep-baswana-debut-hindi-haryana-trailer-out|title=Sandeep Baswana's debut Hindi film "Haryana" Trailer out|first=Filmi|last=Ilmi|website=Cineblues}}</ref> Television actress [[Ashlesha Sawant]] will mark her Bollywood debut with Haryana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashlesha-savant-to-make-big-screen-debut-in-film-directed-by-husband-sandeep-baswana/articleshow/83714850.cms|title=Ashlesha Savant to make big screen debut in film directed by boyfriend Sandeep Baswana - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Kaushik |first1=Divya }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Mahender<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/yash-tonk-opens-up-about-his-upcoming-film-haryana | title=Yash Tonk opens up about his upcoming film Haryana }}</ref>
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Bimla
* Robbie Mairh as Jaibeer
* Monica Sharma as Vasudha
* Aakarshan Singh as Jugnu

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21260998}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241214164742/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/haryana-50908 Article title]
* https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/haryana.html#story
* https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/bollywood-movie/haryana-2022

[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

{{2020s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Vardhmaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-03-11T08:07:47Z

Accuntpayable1: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Vardhmaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|image=Shiv temple in Sheohar,Bihar.jpg|caption=View of the Vardhmaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|deity=Lord Shiva|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=Mahashivratri|district=Darbhanga|state=Bihar|country=India|founded_by=Vardhman Upadhyay|established=14th century CE|coordinates={{Coord|26.0858410|N|85.9225820|E}}|native_name=वर्धमानेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=Mai|location=[[Dekuli]]}}
'''Vardhmaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: वर्धमानेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. It is located at ''[[Dekuli|Devakuli]]'' village of the [[Darbhanga district]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in India. It is named after the [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar ''[[Vardhamana Upadhyaya|Vardhman Upadhyay]]'', a [[Navaratnas|Navaratna]] at the court of [[Shiva Simha Singh|King Shivasimha]] in Mithila. The history of the temple is traced back since 14th century CE in the region. The location of the temple has archeological importance. It is also known as ''Bardhmaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=रातों-रात बढ़ सकती है इस गांव के जमीन की कीमत! पुरातत्व विभाग रख रहा नजर, भूमि मालिक हो जाएंगे मालामाल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/darbhanga-this-village-darbhanga-radar-of-the-archaeological-department-land-rate-become-high-local18-ws-kl-9207453.html |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vardhmaneshwarnath Mahadev, Dekuli :: वर्धमानेश्वर नाथ महादेव, देकुली |url=https://www.maithilmanch.in/vardhmaneshwarnath-mahadev-dekuli/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Maithil Manch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शंकरपुर डीह के सर्वेक्षण में मिले मृदभांड समेत कई पुरावशेष - mridubhand found in survey |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mridubhand-found-in-survey-19426898.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बर्धमानेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर में उमड़े श्रद्धालु - print |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-print-15586572.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mithila]]
[[Category:Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]

Emir

2026-03-10T11:37:34Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Title of high office in the Muslim world}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Amir|the name|Amir (name)|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
[[File:Shuja Shah Durrani and Men in his decorated palace Wellcome V0050531.jpg|thumb|The court of the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Emirate]] of [[Afghanistan]] ([[James Rattray]], 1839)]]
'''Emir''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|m|ɪər|,_|eɪ|ˈ|m|ɪər|,_|ˈ|eɪ|m|ɪər}}; {{langx|ar|أمير}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾamīr}}'' {{IPA|ar|ʔæˈmiːr|}} ({{pronunciation|Q166382-ar.oga|listen|help=no}}), also [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterated]] as '''amir''', is a word of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin that can refer to a male [[monarch]], [[aristocratic|aristocrat]], holder of high-ranking [[military]] or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a history of use in [[West Asia]], [[East Africa]], [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. In the modern era, when used as a formal monarchical title, it is roughly synonymous with "[[prince]]", applicable both to a son of a hereditary monarch, and to a reigning monarch of a sovereign [[principality]], namely an [[emirate]]. The [[female|feminine]] form is '''emira''' ({{lang|ar|أميرة}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾamīrah}}''), with the same meaning as "[[princess]]".

Prior to its use as a monarchical title, the term "emir" was historically used to denote a "commander", "general", or "leader" (for example, [[Amir al-Mu'min]]). In contemporary usage, "emir" is also sometimes used as either an honorary or formal title for the head of an Islamic, or Arab (regardless of religion) organisation or movement.

[[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]] are the only independent countries which retain the title "emir" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is [[Bahrain]], whose monarch changed his title from emir to king in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king|title = Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king| work=The New Arab |date = 14 March 2019|access-date = 5 September 2022|archive-date = 5 September 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220905141349/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king|url-status = live}}</ref> whereas the titular [[United Arab Emirates]] use the title [[Sheikh]] instead of Emir for their subnational rulers.

== Origins ==
{{anchor|amir}}''Amir'', meaning "lord" or "[[commander-in-chief]]", is derived from the [[Arabic]] [[triconsonantal|root]] ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|a-m-r}}'', meaning "command". Originally simply meaning "commander", it came to be used as a title of leaders, governors, or rulers of smaller states. In modern Arabic the word is analogous to the title "Prince". The word entered [[English language|English]] in 1593, from the [[French language|French]] ''{{lang|fr|émir}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|first=Douglas|last=Harper|access-date=29 June 2017|title=amir (n.)|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702133547/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Princely, ministerial and noble titles ==
[[File:Emir of Kano on his throne 092016.jpg|thumb|[[Kano Emirate Council|Emir of Kano]], [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]]]]
[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png|thumb|[[Mohammed Alim Khan]], Emir of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]], taken in 1911 by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]]]
* The monarchs of [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]] are currently titled emir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html|title=Emir of Kuwait wraps up Gulf mediation visits – Qatar News – Al Jazeera|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-12-31|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607210925/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/711173-gulf-ministers-hold-key-talks-before-gcc-summit.html |title=Gulf Ministers Hold Key Talks Before GCC Summit |date=December 5, 2017 |website=MalaysianDigest.com |access-date=2018-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185351/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/711173-gulf-ministers-hold-key-talks-before-gcc-summit.html |archive-date=2018-01-15 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Al Qasimi|first=Muhammad|title=Sheikh Dr Sultan|url=https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx|access-date=2020-09-30|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410155806/https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* All members of the [[House of Saud]] have the title of ''emir'' (prince).<ref name="Sheikh to Chic">{{cite news|last1=Amos|first1=Deborah|title=Sheikh to Chic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28|access-date=12 July 2016|publisher=Mother Jones|date=1991|page=28|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803105920/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu|date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Family Tree datarabia">{{cite web|title=Family Tree|url=http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do|website=datarabia.com|access-date=7 December 2016|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108031559/http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[caliph]]s first used the title ''[[Amir al-Muminin]]'' or "Commander of the Faithful", stressing their leadership over the Islamic empire, especially over the militia. The title has been assumed by various other [[Muslim]] rulers, including [[sultan]]s and emirs. For [[Shia]] Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph [[Ali]] as ''Amir al-Muminin''.
* The [[Abbasid]] (in theory still universal) Caliph [[Al-Radi]] created the post of ''[[Amir al-Umara]]'' ("Amir of the Amirs") for [[Ibn Raik]]; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use. In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of [[Sheikh]] or Prince as the progeny of royalty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howell|first=Georgina|title=Queen of The Desert: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell|date=15 January 2015|publisher=Pan Books |isbn=9781447286264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1978}}</ref>
* Formerly in [[Lebanon]], the ruling emir formally used the style ''al-Amir al-[[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]'', specifying it was still the ruler's title. The title was held by [[Druze]] and [[Christians]] as well.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* The word ''emir'' is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of ''pilgrims'' to [[Mecca]] is called an ''[[amir al-hajj]]'', a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "emiral" suffices.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* ''Amirzade'', the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix ''-zade'') of a prince, hence the Persian princely title ''[[Mirza (noble)|mirza]]''.
* The [[Nigerian traditional rulers|traditional rulers]] of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of [[Nigeria]] are known as emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the [[Sultan of Sokoto]], Amir-al-Muminin (or ''Sarkin Musulmi'' in the [[Hausa language]]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* The temporal leader of the [[Yazidi]] people is known as an emir or prince.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* [[Afghanistan]] under the government of the [[Taliban]] is officially an emirate, with the [[Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|leader]] of the Taliban bearing the title {{Transliteration|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}}.
* The Emir of [[al-Qaeda]], a global pan-Islamist militant organization
* ''Amīr al-Baḥr'' ({{lang|ar|أمير البحر}}, "commander of the sea"), a position in the [[Fatimid navy]], is frequently [[folk etymology|mistaken]] as the [[etymological]] origin of the English ''[[admiral]]'', the French ''{{lang|fr|[[amiral]]}}'', and similar terms in other European languages.<ref name=oed/> The titles actually derive solely from [[Medieval Latin]] forms of emir itself,<ref name=oed>{{citation |last= |first= |editor-last= |editor-first= |contribution=admiral, ''n.'' |contribution-url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/admiral_n |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}.</ref> originally in reference to the "[[amir al-umara|amirs al-umara]]" of [[Norman Sicily]].
* The Constitution of [[Morocco]] uses the term [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] as the principal title of the King of Morocco, as a means to showcase the hegemonic role and Islamic legitimacy of the Monarch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pennell |first=Richard |date=2016-08-07 |title=What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?' |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=623–644 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482 |s2cid=148543546 |issn=1362-9387}}</ref>

== Military ranks and titles ==
{{see also|Amir (Iranian Army)}}
From the start, ''emir'' has been a military title. In the 9th century the term was used to denote a ruler of a state i.e. [[Italy]]'s [[Emirate of Sicily]].

In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in [[Mughal India]], the Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a [[sipah salar]]), ten of them under one [[malik]]. In the imperial army of [[Qajar]] Persia:
* ''Amir-i-Nuyan''
* ''Amir Panj'', "Commander of 5,000"
* ''Amir-i-Tuman'', "Commander of 10,000"

The following posts referred to "amir" under medieval Muslim states include:
* ''[[Amir al-umara]]'', "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'
* ''[[Amir al-hajj]]'', "Commander of the [[Hajj]] [caravan]"
* ''[[Amir al-ʿarab]]'', "Commander of the Arabs [Bedouin tribes]"

In the former [[History of Afghanistan|Kingdom of Afghanistan]], ''Amir-i-Kabir'' was a title meaning "great prince" or "great commander".

[[Muhammad Amin Bughra]], [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]], and [[Abdullah Bughra]] declared themselves emirs of the [[First East Turkestan Republic]].

== Other uses ==
* Amir is a masculine name in the [[Persian language]] and a prefix name for many masculine names such as Amir Ali, Amir Abbas.
* Amir-i-Iel designates the head of an [[Il (tribe)|Il]] (tribe) in imperial Persia.
* The masculine ''Amir'' and feminine ''Amira'' are [[Arabic language|Arabic-language]] names common among both Arabs regardless of religion and Muslims regardless of ethnicity, much as Latin ''Rex'' and ''Regina'' ("king" and "queen", respectively) are common in the Western world. In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the female name Emira, often interpreted as "princess", is a derivative of the male name Emir.
* The masculine ''Amir'' and feminine ''Amira'' are [[Hebrew language|Hebrew-language]] names that are relatively common in Israel. In Hebrew the word can also mean "bundle of grain" or "treetop" depending on the spelling.
* [[Ameer of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]

== See also ==
Related or similar titles:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bey]]
* [[Dux]]
* [[Imam]]
* [[Mir (title)|Mir]]
* [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]
* [[Padishah]]
* [[Pasha]]
* [[Rana (title)|Rana]]
* [[Sayyid]]
* [[Shah]]
* [[Vizier]]
{{div col end}}

Present-day emirs:
* [[List of emirs of Kuwait]]
* [[List of emirs of Qatar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Emirs| ]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Court titles]]
[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Islamic honorifics]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Ottoman titles]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Titles in Iran]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]

George Menezes

2026-03-09T10:42:49Z

Accuntpayable1: Created some stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian diplomat and writer (1929–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = George Menezes
| native_name = Jorge de Menezes
| image = George Menezes.jpg
| birth_date = 10 April 1929
| birth_place = [[Byculla]], [[Bombay]], British India
| death_date = 9 September 2016
| death_place = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Author, diplomat, corporate executive, [[indian air force]] officer
| parent = [[Armando Menezes]]
| relatives = [[Armida Fernandez]] (sister){{br}}[[Nicolau Menezes]] (uncle)
| notableworks = ''Pardon, Your Middle is Showing''{{br}}''One Sip at a Time''
}}

'''George Menezes''' (10 April 1929 – 9 September 2016) was an Indian author, former [[Indian Air Force]] officer, diplomat, and corporate executive. Known for his works in political and social satire, he has also held significant positions within the Catholic Church's lay leadership organizations.

==Early life and education==
Menezes was born on 10 April 1929 at Eugenes Maternity Home in [[Byculla]], [[Bombay]].<ref name="TOIFaceted">{{Cite news |title=George Menezes, a multi-faceted man |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/george-menezes-a-multi-faceted-man/articleshow/54283088.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |date=2016-09-12}}</ref> He is the eldest son of [[Armando Menezes]], an English scholar, poet, and critic active in the 1940s, and Matilda Rebello e Menezes.<ref name="TOIFaceted" /><ref name="VazEminentGoans">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |author-link=J. Clement Vaz |url=http://archive.org/details/profilesofeminen0000vazj |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=New Delhi : Concept Pub. Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2}}</ref>

He spent much of his childhood in [[Dharwad]], where his father was the principal of Karnatak College.<ref name="TOIFaceted" /> A notable event in his youth occurred at the age of 13, when he was imprisoned for a day for his role in burning a railway station during a protest against the [[British Raj]].<ref name="TOIFaceted" />

Menezes attended [[Karnatak College]] in Dharwad, where he earned an Honours degree in English Literature and French. He later obtained a post-graduate diploma in Business Management. His education continued internationally with training in industrial psychology in [[West Germany]] and an internship in behavioral sciences at the National Training Laboratory in the United States.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

==Career==
===Military and diplomatic service===
Menezes served in the Indian Air Force until 1963, attaining the rank of [[Squadron Leader]]. During his service, he spent four years as an Assistant Air Attache at the [[Embassy of India, Paris|Indian Embassy]] in Paris. Notably, in 1961, he served as the Liaison Officer to Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during Nehru's tour of Europe.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

===Corporate and academic career===
Following his military service, Menezes entered the corporate sector as the Personnel Director for Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. In this role, he oversaw personnel and training operations for the company across India and South-East Asia. After retiring from Hoechst, he became the associate director of the [[Xavier Institute of Management]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

Menezes has served as a visiting faculty member at several institutions, including the [[LBSNAA|National Academy of Administration]] in [[Mussoorie]], the [[National Academy of Direct Taxes|Indian Revenue Services (Direct Taxes)]] in [[Nagpur]], the [[Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative staff College]] in Maharashtra, the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies|Jamnalal Bajaj Institute]], the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], the [[Tata Management Training Centre]] in [[Pune]], and [[NITIE]] in [[Powai]], Bombay. He has also conducted training laboratories and programs for diverse groups, including clergy, students, teachers, and corporate entities.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

He has been a member of the Board of Studies for Management at both the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] and [[Goa University]]. Additionally, he has served on advisory councils for organizations such as the [[YMCA]], [[Nirmala Niketan College of Social Work]], [[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis Institute]], and [[Sophia College for Women|Sophia College]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

==Writing and public speaking==
Menezes was a writer known for his humor and satire regarding social and political issues. His published books include ''Pardon, Your Middle is Showing'' (published by [[Orient Longman]]) and ''One Sip at a Time''.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

He was a columnist for various publications. His columns included "Menezes' Musings" for ''[[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]]'', "By George" for both ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and ''Sunday Mid-day'', and "Sugar and Spice" for ''Goa Today''. He also contributed centre-page articles to ''[[The Times of India]]''. Beyond writing, he was a public speaker known for employing satire.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

Menezes was a polyglot, speaking eight languages: English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Hindi, Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

''The Naked Liberal'' (2013) is an anthology of Menezes' writings that has been edited by [[Selma Carvalho]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-28 |title=Time traveller one George Menezes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/time-traveller-one-george-menezes/articleshow/22115309.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Social and religious leadership==
Menezes held prominent roles in Catholic lay organizations. In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]], an advisory body to the Pope, becoming one of only twenty-three members worldwide to hold the position at that time. He was also the first Indian member of the "Think Tank" for the Laity Office of the [[Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

Additionally, he served as the first Asian Director of the International Council of Catholic Men and served a term as the President of the [[All India Catholic Union]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /> He was also the chairman of the Society for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and championed the cause of [[Dalit Christian]]s.<ref name="TOIFaceted" /> One of his notable achievements was organizing a rally for [[Mother Teresa]] in 1981 at the St. Andrew's school grounds in Bandra.<ref name="TOIFaceted" />

He was a member of the Bombay Management Association, the Indian Institute of Personnel Management, and the Indian Society for Training and Development.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

==Personal life==
Menezes married Thecla Mascarenhas on 30 December 1956 at St. Michael's Church in [[Mahim]], Mumbai. They had two children, a son named Christophe and a daughter named Anjali.<ref name="TOIFaceted" />

==Death==
Menezes died on 9 September 2016 at his home in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], at the age of 87.<ref name="HeraldDeath">{{Cite news |title=George Menezes is no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/george-menezes-is-no-more/418666/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=O Heraldo}}</ref><ref name="TOIFaceted" /> His funeral was held at [[St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai]].<ref name="TOIFaceted" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, George}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]

Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai

2026-03-08T19:08:48Z

Accuntpayable1: New new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிசஸ் சின்னத்திரை}}
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Reality
* Game show
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
'''Main'''
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] (S1-S5)
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]] (S2-S5)
* [[Archana Chandhoke]] (S3)
'''Special'''
* [[Manimegalai]] (S3)
* Bala (S3)
* [[Myna Nandhini]]
* [[Shruthika]]
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Devadarshini]] (S1-S4)
* [[Gopinath Chandran]] (S1-S5)
* [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]] (S1)
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] (S4 (Guest Appearance))
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] (S5)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 130
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = '''Season 1''' approx.60–70 minutes per episode '''Season 2–4''' approx.42–50 minutes per episode
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|1|20}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related =
}}

'''Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai''' (மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிசஸ் சின்னத்திரை) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television show airs on [[Star Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-new-season-293615/|title=விஜய் டிவியில் அடுத்த ரியாலிட்டி ஷோ: டிவி ஸ்டார்ஸ் ஜோடி ஜோடியா வர்றாங்க!|date=19 April 2021 |publisher=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/vijay-tv-to-launch-show-featuring-real-couples-94092.html|title=Vijay TV to launch show featuring real couples |date=18 January 2019 |publisher=www.exchange4media.com|language=en}}</ref> and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Over three years ''Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai'' has rolled out four seasons with [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] as host for four seasons and [[Aranthangi Nisha]] as host for three seasons. [[Devadarshini]] and [[Gopinath Chandran]] were the judges for four seasons.

This show features a married couple of the [[Tamil television drama|Tamil television industry]]. Through this show, they display their talents and skills. The first season premiered on 20 January 2019.

==Overview==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Runner up
! rowspan="2" |Aried
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#0000A0|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
|16
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|1|20}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2019|5|19}}
|Shankara Pandian and Jaya Bharathi
|[[Anthony Daasan]] and Reetha
|rowspan="1"align="center"|Sunday @ 18:30–20:00
|-
|style="background:#2F4F4F|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
|18
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2020|3|8}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2020|10|11}}
|Vinoth Babu and Sindhu
|Kumaran and Suhasini
|rowspan="2"align="center"|Sat-Sun @ 21:30–22:30
|-
|style="background:#7600EC|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
| 58
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|4|24}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2021|12|12}}
|Sarath and Krithika
|Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]]
|-
|style="background:#FFA500|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 4|4]]'''
|align="center"| 38
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|2}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2022|11|20}}
| Mahalingam and Rajeshwari
|Madhan and Reshma
|rowspan="2"align="center"|Sat-Sun @ 18:30–19:30
|-
|style="background:Pink|
|align="center"| '''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5#Season 5|5]]'''
|align="center"| 40
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|29}}
|17 November 2024
|Puviarasu and sathyapriya
|Kottachi and Anjali
|-
|}

==Judges and hosts==
===Judges===
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #0000A0;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white" colspan="2" |Seasons
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Judges
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Notes
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 1–4
|[[Devadarshini]]
|Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films and television series.
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 1–5
|[[Gopinath Chandran]]
|Tamil television anchor, radio jockey, journalist, reporter, news presenter/moderator, entrepreneur, and a writer, currently featured on the [[Vijay TV]] debate show Neeya Naana.
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 1
|[[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]]
|Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in Tamil language films.
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 5
|[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in Tamil and Telugu films.
|-
|}

===Host===
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white" colspan="2" |Seasons
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Host
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Notes
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 1–5
|[[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|Tamil actor and television presenter who has been working with [[Star Vijay]].
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 2–5
|[[Aranthangi Nisha]]
|Indian film and television actress and comedian who predominantly works in the Tamil films and television industry.
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
|rowspan="1"align="center"| 3
|[[Archana Chandhoke]]
|Indian television presenter, actress and radio jockey who has primarily worked in [[Tamil film]] and television industry.
|-
|}

==Contestants==
{| class="wikitable" width="125%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white" |Seasons
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white" ! colspan="12" | Contestants
|-
| 1
| [[Senthil Ganesh]] & Rajalakshmy
| Farina & Rahman
| [[Manimegalai]] & Hussain
| Thangadurai & Aruna
| Dhiraviam & Rithu
| [[Aranthangi Nisha]] & Riyaz
| Shankara Pandian & Jaya Bharathi
| [[Anthony Daasan]] & Reetha
| Priya Prince & Prince
| Subarnan & Priya
| Karthik sasidharan & Priya
|
|-
| 2
| Kumaran Thangarajan & Suhasinni
| Ramar & Krishnammal
| TSK & Vaishnavi
| [[Syed Anwar Ahmed]] & [[Sameera Sherief]]
| Vinoth Babu & Hemalatha Sindhu
| Anjali & Pirabakar
| [[Ramya NSK]] & [[Sathya SK]]
| Sharmila Thapa & Raghu
| Palani & Sangeetha
| Murugan & Kirushnaveni
| [[Vadivel Balaji]] & Jyothilakshmi
|-
| 3
| Yogesh & [[Myna Nandhini]]
| Shankar & [[Deepa Shankar]]
| Sarath & Krithika
| Yuvraj & Gayathri
| Vinoth & Aishwarya
| Manikandan & Sofia
| [[Badava Gopi]] & Haritha
| [[Diwakar]] & Abhinaya
| Ajay & Anandhi
| [[Velmurugan]] & Kala
| Jack & [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| Rajmohan & Kavitha
|-
| 4
| Madhan & Reshma
| Ajay Krishna & Jessy
| Deepan & Suganya
| Yogi & Sathya
| Mahalingam & Rejeswari
| Vasanthakumar & Rekha
| Ram & Jaanu
| Anila & Sreekumar
| Praveen & Aishwarya
| Faarina & Rehman
|-
| 5
| [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] & Mohanapriya
| [[Kottachi]] & Anjali
| Sameer & Ajeeba
| Parthasarathy & Thamarai Selvi
| Naveen & Sowmya
| Sivakumar & [[Meera Krishna]]
| Karthick & [[Indraja Shankar]]
| Surendiren & Lindcy
| [[Amit Bhargav]] & Sri Ranjini
| Sathyadev & Vaishali
| Nanjil Vijayan & Maria
| VJ Ashiq & Sonu
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season aired on every Sunday at 18:30 from 20 January to 19 May 2019 and ended with 16 Episodes. [[Gopinath Chandran]], [[Devadarshini]] and [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]] as the judges, television host [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] as the host.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://4tamilcinema.com/mr-mrs-chinnathirai-vijay-tv/|title=விஜய் டிவியில் 'மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிசஸ் சின்னத்திரை 1'|publisher=4tamilcinema.com|access-date=19 January 2019|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-reality-show-mr-mrs-chinnathirai-from-january-20/articleshow/67599790.cms|title=New reality show 'Mr & Mrs Chinnathirai' from January 20!|date=19 January 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> The winner of the season was Television Actor Shankara Pandian and his Wife Jaya Bharathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/information-about-the-final-winner-of-the-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-show-vin-156691.html|title='Mr and Mrs சின்னத்திரை' டைட்டில் வின்னர் இவர்களா?|date=19 May 2019 |publisher=tamil.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Gaana]] Singer [[Anthony Daasan]] and his wife Reetha was the runner-up.

===Contestants===
* [[Senthil Ganesh]] and Rajalakshmy
** Both of them are well known from the show [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]]. And Senthil was a title winner of the show.
* [[Manimegalai]] and Hussain
** They were a love marriage couple and her parents have never accepted their marriage. Manimegalai is a Television Host. Hussain is an choreographer.
* Farina and Rahman
** Farina is a Television actress and host. She known for playing the role the serial [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]. Rahman is an ad film director.
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]] and Riyaz
** Riyaz and Nisha have been also a loved marriage couple. Their intro section was fun filled. Nisha is a Comedy actress.
* Shankara Pandian and Jaya Bharathi
** Shankara Pandian was one of an important actor in [[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]. He was well known for his village slang and performance. Jaya Bharathi is a teacher and she it was her first dance performer.
* [[Anthony Daasan]] and Reetha
** Indian folk singer, who is currently working in the Tamil film industry.
* Thangadurai and Aruna
** Thangadurai is well known for his "Palaya joke" Thangadurai. He is well known for his performance in the show "Athu Ithu Ethu".
* Dhiraviam and Rithu
** Thiraviyam is one of the lead in the serial as [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]].
* Priya Prince<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-priya-prince-celebrated-her-moms-birthday/articleshow/80705469.cms|title=Here's how actress Priya Prince celebrated her mom's birthday|date=8 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> and Prince
** Priya is a serial actress. She known for playing the role the serial [[Tamil Kadavul Murugan]].
* Subarnan and Priya
** Subarnan is a serial actors and that's a love marriage between them. They were married since 2005.
* Karthik sasidharan and Priya
** Karthik is a serial actor. He known for playing the role the serial [[Ponni (2024 TV series)|Ponni]].

===Episodes===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Winner
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| TRP
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|01|20}}
| Introductory round
|
| 5.14%
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|01|27}}
| Cooking round
| Priya & Prince and Thangadurai & Aruna
| 5.63%
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|03}}
| My Dear Machchan
| All Contestants
| 5.33%
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|10}}
| Wacky Round
| Shankara Pandian and Jaya Bharathi
| 4.34%
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|17}}
| Shopping Round
|
| 3.65%
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|24}}
| Family Round
|
| 4.58%
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|3}}
| Dance Round
| [[Anthony Daasan]] and Reetha
| 3.60%
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|10}}
| Marriage Round
|
| 4.70%
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|17}}
| Marriage Round
|
| 4.45%
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|24}}
| Drama Round
|
| 4.52%
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|31}}
| Game Round
|
| 3.29%
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|04|7}}
| Village Round
|
| 4.23%
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|04|28}}
| The Quarter Finals
|
| 4.17%
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|05|5}}
| The Quarter Finals 2
|
| 4.78%
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|05|12}}
| The Secret Love Task
|
| 5.22%
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|05|19}}
| The Much awaited Event
|
| 5.51%
|-
|}

==Season 2==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #2F4F4F
| image = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 2
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gopinath Chandran]]
* [[Devadarshini]]
}}
| winner = Vinoth Babu & Sindhu
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|3|8}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|10|11|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 18
| prev_season = [[#Season 1|Season 1]]
| next_season = [[#Season 3|Season 3]]
}}

The second season aired on every Saturday Sunday at 21:30 from 8 March<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-2-to-premiere-on-march-8/articleshow/74471470.cms|title=Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 2 to premiere on March 8|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> to 11 October 2020 and ended with 18 Episodes. [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] has officially once again been appointed as the host for the second time. [[Aranthangi Nisha]] as the second host. The winner of the season was Vinoth Babu and his wife Sindhu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-2-set-for-a-grand-finale/articleshow/78593798.cms|title=Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 2 set for a grand finale|date=10 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Contestants===
* Kumaran Thangarajan and Suhasinni
** Kumaran Thangarajan is a Tamil actor and dancer, who predominantly works in the television industry. He made his acting debut in the Tamil serial [[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]].
* Vinoth Babu and Hemalatha Sindhu
** Vinoth Babu is best known for his work in the TV show 'Adhu Idhu Edhu Adhu Idhu Edhu' and [[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]] serial on Vijay TV.
* KPY Ramar and Krishnammal
** Ramar is a Tamil Television actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in the TV show 'Adhu Idhu Edhu Adhu Idhu Edhu' on Star Vijay.
* [[Ramya NSK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/why-ramya-nsk-sathya-not-part-of-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-anymore-find-out.html|title=WHY RAMYA & SATHYA NOT PART OF MR & MRS CHINNATHIRAI ANYMORE? SINGER BREAKS!|date=29 September 2020 |publisher=www.behindwoods.com|language=en}}</ref> and Sathya
** Ramya NSK is an Indian playback singer, who has predominantly sung for Tamil language and films. [[Sathya SK]] is a Tamil Television Actor.
* TSK – Vaishnavi
** stand-up comedian who is popularly known as a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay TV [[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]].
* [[Vadivel Balaji]] - Jyothilakshmi
** [[Vadivel Balaji]] is an actor, comedian who is popularly known as in [[Kolamaavu Kokila]] Tamil film and on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay Television 'Adhu Idhu Edhu' & 'Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru'
* KPY Palani and Sangeetha
** Palani is a stand-up comedian who is popularly known as a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay Television 'Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 5'.
* [[Syed Anwar Ahmed]] and [[Sameera Sherief]]
** Syed Anwar is an Indian Television actor and Film producer. In 2011, he made acting and production debut in Tamil Television with [[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Santhippom]]. Sameera Sherief is an Indian television actress and producer who acted in Tamil serial [[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]] in 2018.
* Murugan and Kirushnaveni
** Murugan is one of the [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer 7]].
* Sharmila Thapa and Raghu
** Sharmila Thapa is an Indian actress, VJ as well as an anchor, who is predominantly working in Tamil film along with television industry. Raghu is an choreographer.
* Anjali and Pirabakar
** Kannan is a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by [[Vijay TV]] 'Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 8'. Anjali is also acting in the Vijay TV serial [[Thaenmozhi B.A]].

==Season 3==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #7600EC
| image = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 3.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 3
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Archana Chandhoke]]
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
* [[Manimegalai]]
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gopinath Chandran]]
* [[Devadarshini]]
}}
| winner = Sarath & Krithika
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|12|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 58
| prev_season = [[#Season 2|Season 2]]
| next_season = [[#Season 4|Season 4]]
}}

The third Season of Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai started on 24 April 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-3-grand-premiere-contestants-list-revealed/35527/|title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai Season 3 Grand Premiere|date=24 April 2021 |publisher=thenewscrunch.com|language=}}</ref> and ended on 12 December 2021with 58 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-3-grand-premiere-contestants-list-revealed/35527/|title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai Season 3 Grand Premiere, Contestants List Revealed!|date=24 April 2021 |publisher=thenewscrunch.com|language=en}}</ref> The show main hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Archana Chandhoke]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/i-can-come-even-now-but-heres-what-archana-said-about-returning-to-vijay-tv.html|title="I CAN COME EVEN NOW, BUT...": HERE'S WHAT ARCHANA SAID ABOUT RETURNING TO VIJAY TV AFTER BRAIN SURGERY!|date=26 August 2021 |publisher=www.behindwoods.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Aranthangi Nisha]], [[Manimegalai]] and Bala as special hosts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialtelecast.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-3-todays-episode-1st-august-2021-check-spoilers-alert/|title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai 3|date=August 2021 |publisher=socialtelecast.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Gopinath Chandran]] and [[Devadarshini]] has officially once again been appointed as the Judges for the third time. The winner of the season was Sarath and his wife Krithika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-title-winner/173354/|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை டைட்டிலை வென்றது யார் தெரியுமா? பத்து லட்சத்தை அழகாக தட்டிய சூப்பர் ஜோடி.!!|date=12 December 2021 |publisher=kalakkalcinema.com|language=ta}}</ref> The top 6 were Sarath & Krithika, Yogesh & [[Myna Nandhini]], Jack & [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]], Yuvraj & Gayathri, Vinoth & Aishwarya and Rajmohan & Kavitha.

===Contestants===
* Sarath and Krithika
** Sarath is an stand-up comedian who is popularly known as a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay TV Kalakka Povathu Yaaru.
* Shankar and [[Deepa Shankar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/this-cook-with-comali-contestant-to-enter-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-3-vijay-tv.html|title=POPULAR COOK WITH COMALI CONTESTANT TO ENTER MR & MRS CHINNATHIRAI NEXT|date=20 April 2021 |publisher=www.behindwoods.com|language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/mrmrs-chinnathirai-promo-cook-with-comali-set-deepa-akka.html|title='குக் வித் கோமாளி செட்டில் Mr & Mrs சின்னத்திரை?'.. மா.கா.பாவை கலாய்த்த தீபா அக்கா.. வைரல் Promo!|date=28 April 2021 |publisher=tamil.behindwoods.com|language=ta}}</ref>
** Deepa Shankar is a Tamil Television and Film actress. Deepa has worked in movies like [[Mayandi Kudumbathar|Maayandi Kudumbathar]] (2009) and [[Kadaikutty Singam]] (2018).
* Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]]
** Tamil actress and television personality, who is best known as Myna Revathi in [[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)]], Alabarai Myna in [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]. Yogesh is a Tamil Television Actor.
* Vinoth and Aishwarya
** Vinoth is an stand-up comedian who is popularly known as a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay TV Kalakka Povathu Yaaru.
* Yuvraj and Gayathri
** Gayathri is a Tamil Television actress. Yuvraj is an choreographer.
* Ajay and Anandhi
** Anandhi is a Tamil Television actress. She known for playing the role the serial [[Thalayanai Pookal]].
* [[Diwakar]] and Abhinaya
** Tamil playback singer and live performer. He is best known for winning season 4 of [[Airtel Super Singer]],<ref name="HinduFeb14">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-victory-song/article5648955.ece|author=Udhav Naig|title=The victory song – The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Dhivagar-is-Super-Singer-4/articleshow/29770628.cms|title=Dhivagar is Super Singer 4|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 February 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/winning-notes/article5609392.ece|title=Winning notes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>
* Jack<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-jack-and-roshini-in-namma-veetu-ponnu-serial-scs-673047.html|title=சீரியலில் நடிக்க வந்த மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிசஸ் சின்னத்திரை ஜாக் – ரசிகர்கள் வாழ்த்து!|date=24 January 2022 |publisher=tamil.news18.com|language=ta}}</ref> and [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
** playback singer who originally hails from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She contested in the [[Super Singer 7|seventh season]] of Tamil reality show [[Airtel Super Singer|Super Singer]] in [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/05/stories/2008060559860600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007044747/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/05/stories/2008060559860600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-07 |title=Tamil Nadu News : Roshini: looking forward to melodies |date=5 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref>
* Manikandan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-aishwarya-rajesh-brother-manikandan-wife-actress-sofia-in-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-tamil-news-285292|title=Aishwarya Rajesh's brother and his actress wife enter reality television|date=25 April 2021 |work=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref> and Sofia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/manikandan-and-sofia-explains-why-they-quit-from-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-show-335754/|title=காரணம் இதுதான்… விஜய் டிவி முக்கிய நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு 'பை' சொன்ன நடிகை|date=25 August 2021 |publisher=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref>
** Manikandan is a television actor known for playing the role in the serial [[Azhagu (TV series)|Azhagu]].
* [[Velmurugan]] and Kala
** Tamil film playback singer. He is known for folk songs including Madura in [[Subramaniapuram]] and Aadungada in [[Naadodigal]] and Otha Sollala in [[Aadukalam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-24/news-and-interviews/29181392_1_subramaniapuram-and-aadungada-songs-mkt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-24/news-and-interviews/29181392_1_subramaniapuram-and-aadungada-songs-mkt |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Velmurugan: From MKT to James! |author=Srinivasa Ramanujam|date=24 March 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>
* Rajmohan and Kavitha
** Tamil social activist, YouTuber, actor, and director
* [[Badava Gopi]] and Haritha<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/team-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-3-celebrates-badava-gopi-and-harithas-25th-wedding-anniversary-in-the-show/articleshow/83920145.cms|title=Team Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 3 celebrates Badava Gopi and Haritha's 25th wedding anniversary in the show|date=28 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
** Tamil stand-up comedian, Voice actor and actor.

===Contestants status===
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #6A5ACD ;color:white"| #
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #6A5ACD ;color:white"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #6A5ACD ;color:white"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #6A5ACD ;color:white"| State
|-
| 1
| Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]]
| rowspan="5"align="center"| 1–58
| rowspan="6"align="center"| Finalist
|-
| 2
| Sarath and Krithika
|-
| 3
| Jack and [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
| 4
| Yuvraj and Gayathri
|-
| 5
| Vinoth and Aishwarya
|-
| 6
| Rajmohan and Kavitha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-3-rajmohan-kavitha-eliminated/|title=MrAndMrs சின்னத்திரையில் இருந்து இந்த வாரம் வெளியேறிய ஜோடி யார் தெரியுமா ?|date=12 September 2021 |publisher=tamil.behindtalkies.com|language=}}</ref>
| align="center" | 1–34 (Eliminate) / 54–58 (wildcard Entry)
|-
| 7
| Shankar and [[Deepa Shankar]]
| align="center" | 1–48
| rowspan="2"align="center"| Eliminate
|-
| 8
| [[Diwakar]] and Abhinaya
| align="center" | 1–38
|-
| 9
| Manikandan and Sofia
| align="center" | 1–24
| rowspan="1"align="center"| Walked
|-
| 10
| [[Badava Gopi]] and Haritha
| align="center" | 1–22
| rowspan="3"align="center"| Eliminate
|-
| 11
| [[Velmurugan]] and Kala
| align="center" | 1–18
|-
| 12
| Ajay and Anandhi
| align="center" | 1–4
|-
|}

==Season 4==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FFA500
| image = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 4.webp
| image_alt = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai with hosted Ma Ka Pa Anand and Aranthangi Nisha
| caption = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 4
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gopinath Chandran]]
* [[Devadarshini]]
}}
| winner = Mahalingam & Rajeshwari
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|11|20|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 38
| prev_season = [[#Season 3|Season 3]]
| next_season = [[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5|Season 5]]
}}

The fourth season of Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai was hosted by Ma Ka Pa Anand and [[Aranthangi Nisha]], which ran from 2 July 2022<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-mrs-chinnathirai-4-set-for-a-grand-launch-on-july-2-deets-inside/articleshow/92600049.cms|title=Mr & Mrs.Chinnathirai 4 set for a grand launch on July 2; deets inside|date=July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> to 20 November 2022 with 39 Episodes. [[Gopinath Chandran]] and [[Devadarshini]] has officially once again been appointed as the Judges for the fourth time. These eight new couples will compete in every challenge to avoid elimination and become the winner of '''Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai Season 4'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-4-contestant-list/189150/|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை சீசன் 4 நிகழ்ச்சியில் பங்குபெறும் 5 ஜோடி இவர்கள்தான் – ஒரே சீரியலில் இருந்து மூன்று ஜோடி.!!|date=24 June 2022 |publisher=kalakkalcinema.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-amp-mrs-chinnathirai-4-praveen-devasagayam-farina-azad-and-other-celebs-to-appear-in-the-upcoming-season/photostory/92493425.cms|title=Mr & Mrs Chinnathirai 4: Praveen Devasagayam, Farina Azad and other celebs to appear in the upcoming season|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The winner of the season was Mahalingam and his wife Rajeshwari. The fourth season of the final episode was aired on 20 November 2022 at 15:00.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/winner-of-mr-mrs-chinnathirai-season-4-grand-finale-2022/|title=Winner of Mr & Mrs Chinnathirai Season 4 Grand Finale 2022|date=7 June 2023 |publisher=totalreporter.com|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Title Winner of Mr & Mrs Chinnathirai Season 4''': Mahalingam and Rajeshwari
* '''First Runners-Up''': Madhan and Reshma
* '''Second Runners-Up''': Rehman & [[Farina Azad]] and Vasanth & Rekha
* 4th Ram and Jaanu
* 5th Deepan and Suganya

===Contestants status===
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:Black"| S.no
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:Black"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:Black"| Status
|-
| 1
| Mahalingam and Rajeswari
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Madhan and Reshma
|{{Runner up| 1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| [[Farina Azad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-tv-show-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-actress-farina-azad-with-her-family-505632/|title=இவ்ளோ ஹோம்லி ஃபரீனாவ பார்த்திருக்க மாட்டீங்க… கணவர்- மாமனார் சர்டிபிகேட்!|date=5 September 2022 |publisher=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> and Rehman<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/farina-azad-uzaid-rahman-to-manimegalai-hussain-celeb-couples-rumored-to-feature-in-mr-amp-mrs-chinnnathirai/photostory/92467952.cms|title=Farina Azad- Uzaid Rahman to Manimegalai-Hussain; Celeb couples rumored to feature in Mr & Mrs Chinnnathirai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| 4
| Vasanthakumar and Rekha
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| 5
|Ram and Jaanu
| style="background: #DDA0DD" | 3rd runner-up
|-
| 6
|Deepan and Suganya
|style="background:#FF69B4"|4th runner-up
|-
| 7
| Praveen and Aishwarya
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Anila and Sreekumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/mr-mrs-chinnathirai-this-week-elimination/|title='மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை' நிகழ்ச்சியில் இருந்து இந்த வாரம் வெளியேறிய முக்கிய ஜோடி.|date=11 September 2022 |publisher=tamil.behindtalkies.com|language=ta}}</ref>
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Yogi and Sathya
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Ajay Krishna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/singer-ajay-krishna-and-jessy-to-appear-in-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5517571.html|title=Singer Ajay Krishna And Jessy To Appear In Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai|date=8 July 2022 |publisher=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> and Jessy<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://kalakkalcinema.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-4-first-elimination/193460/|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை நிகழ்ச்சியில் இருந்து வெளியேறிய ஜோடி யார் என தெரியவந்துள்ளது.|date=4 August 2022 |publisher=kalakkalcinema.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/mr-mrs-chinnathirai-why-super-singer-ajyakrishna-wife-jessy-quit-the-program-469887.html|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை..அஜய் கிருஷ்ணா ஜெஸி ஜோடி விலகியது ஏன் தெரியுமா?|date=8 August 2022 |publisher=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref>
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|}

== Season 5 ==
{{Main|Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5}}
Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai returned with its fifth season after 2 years. It was aired on 29 June 2024 on every Saturday and Sunday at 18:30. [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha]] as the host,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ma-ka-pa-anand-and-aranthai-nishas-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/111056252.cms|title=Ma Ka Pa Anand and Aranthai Nisha's 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Gopinath Chandran]] has officially once again been appointed as the judge for the fifth time. Also actress [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] joined in as a new judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/gopinath-and-radhas-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-set-to-launch-june-29/articleshow/111232503.cms|title=Gopinath and Radha's 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5' set to launch June 29|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> As per information Total 12 Contestants Participated on Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/111277852.cms|title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5: Here's the full and final list of 'contestants' this season|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> The winner of the season was [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and his wife Mohanapriya.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5-titlte-winner-and-runner-up-list-leaked-in-online-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-grand-finale-puvi-priya-kottachi-anjali-article-115328877|title=Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 5 போட்டியின் வெற்றியாளர் புவி மற்றும் மோகனப்ரியா |website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=17 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

* '''Title Winner of Mr & Mrs Chinnathirai Season 5''': [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and Mohanapriya.
* '''First Runners-Up''': [[Kottachi]] and Anjali
* '''Second Runners-Up''': Sameer and Ajeeba

===Contestants status===
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| #
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Key
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| State
|-
| 1
|Indraja Shankar
Karthick
|Episodes 1 - 14
|
|Voluntary Exit
|-
| 2
|Meera Krishna
Shivakumar
|Episode 1
|Gopi Room
|5th Finalist
|-
| 3
| Naveen Vetri
Sowmya Govindan
|Episode 1 - 33, Episode 36
|Radha Room
|6th Finalist
|-
| 4
|Nanjil Vijayan
Maria
|Episode 1 - 31
|
|Eliminated
|-
| 5
|VJ Ashiq
Sonu
|Episodes 1 - 8
|
|Eliminated
|-
| 6
|Vaishali Thaniga
Sathyadev
|Episode 1 - 28
|
|Eliminated
|-
| 7
| Kottachi
Anjali
|Episode 1
|Pooja Room, Kitchen, Store Room and Bathroom
|2nd Finalist
|-
| 8
| Amit Bhargav
Sriranjani
|Episode 1 - 35
|
|Eliminated
|-
| 9
|Lincy
Surenthiran
| Episode 1 - 22
|
|Eliminated
|-
| 10
|Sameer
Ajeeba
| Episode 1
| Kids Room, Dining Hall and Home Theatre
|3rd Finalist
|-
|11
|Puviarasu
Mohanapriya
|Episode 1
|Gym, Guest Room, Hall, Guest House and Bed Room
|1st Finalist
|-
|12
|Thamaraiselvi
Parthasarathy
|Episode 1
|Garden and Parking
|4th Finalist
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10195922}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television series about couples]]

Rajam

2026-03-08T12:06:39Z

Accuntpayable1: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.447858|N|83.661733|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Rajam Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ulb">{{cite web |title=STATISTICAL INFORMATION OF ULBs & UDAs |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 April 2019 |page=1 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32.75
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Rajam|url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Rajam&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes|access-date=12 August 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050930/http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Rajam&units=m|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 61
| population_total = 42197
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=617210|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532127
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91–8941
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/RAJAM/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Kondru Murali Mohan
}}

'''Rajam''' is a town in [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram District]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)|nagar panchayat]] and the headquarters of Rajam [[mandal]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=List of 26 districts formed in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/list-of-26-districts-formed-in-andhra-pradesh-726423|website=thehansindia|date=26 January 2022 }}</ref> It is situated at a distance of 51 km from the district headquarters.

The place has nostalgic association with Thandra Paparaya, the valiant Sardar of Bobbili and who is credited with slaying of Vijayaramaraju, the Maharaja of Vijayanagaram at the end of the [[Battle of Bobbili]] in 1757.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh district census handbook Srikakulam | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114032614/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf | archive-date=2016-11-14}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Rajam is located at 18.28N 83.40E.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Razam.html Falling Rain Genomics.Razam]</ref> It has an average elevation of 42 meters (137 feet).

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Rajam had a population of 62,197.<ref name="population" />

== Government and politics ==
Rajam Nagar panchayat constituted in the year 2005. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|27.65|km2|abbr=on}} and has 20 election wards.<ref name="ulb" /> Each represented by a ward member and the wards committee is headed by a chairperson.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|website=India Code|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the town is Ramesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipality Contacts|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515172537/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|archive-date=2015-05-15}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao]] – founding chairman of [[GMR Group]]
* [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] - popular Telugu writer, movie script writer, lyricist
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] is an Indian film character actor, comedian and screenwriter known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vizianagaram district}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Towns in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district]]

Dhanwan (1981 film)

2026-03-03T23:51:23Z

Accuntpayable1: Expanded content with additional details

{{for|the 1993 Hindi film |Dhanwan (1993 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhanwan
| image = Dhanwan 1981 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Surendra Mohan
| producer = Sohanlal Kanwar
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Reena Roy]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Aruna Irani]] [[Om Prakash]]
| music = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] (lyrics)
| cinematography =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1981|7|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Dhanwan''''' is a 1981 Hindi film starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead role, paired opposite [[Reena Roy]] and produced by [[Sohanlal Kanwar]].
The supporting cast includes [[Aruna Irani]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Om Prakash]] and [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]. [[Rakesh Roshan]] was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] at the Filmfare Awards, the only one for the film. [[Reena Roy]] plays the role of a defiant widow who reforms the egotistical [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the film. Music is by [[Hridayanath Mangeshkar]] and Lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]].

== Synopsis ==
Vijay is a very proud rich man who thinks money can buy anything. He harbors love for Asha and tries to win her over, but she rejects him for his arrogance. He gets angry as well as disappointed when Asha marries an accounting clerk instead. Soon after, he is involved in car accident in which he loses his eyesight completely, and the doctor thinks Vijay will need a new pair of eyes. Vijay orders eyes, but it isn't as simple as Vijay thought, the doctor explains to him that it's difficult to find an eye donor. That is when Vijay realizes that money cannot buy everything in life. Then he starts believing in God and starts chanting prayers. Only a few days later, he finds a donor and his eyes are operated upon. Now Vijay can see and he also has realized that money is indeed very useless in certain circumstances.

On inquiry, he learns that the eyes implanted on him are of Anil, his accounts clerk and the person who married Asha. Now Asha is a widow as Anil has been executed after being falsely implicated in a case of theft. It now becomes the aim of the now big hearted generous tycoon Vijay to protect Asha and find the truth as to how Anil got into trouble and to prove the world that Anil was innocent.

== Cast ==
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Vijay Kumar Saxena
*[[Reena Roy]] as Asha Nath
*[[Rakesh Roshan]] as Anil Verma
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Dara
*[[Om Prakash]] as Jummaddin Khan
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Pathan's wife

== Music ==
# "Idhar Aa Aa Bhi Jaa" – [[Kishore Kumar]]
# "Maro Bhar Bharke Pichkari" – Kishore Kumar, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
# "Yeh Ankhein Dekh Kar" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
# "Kuchh Log Mohabbat Ko" – Lata Mangeshkar
# "Balle Balle Bhai Reshmi Dupatta" – Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
# "Maro Bhar Bharke Pichkari (Version 2)" – Kishore Kumar, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]

== Reception ==
It received four stars in the Bollywood guide ''Collections''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ|title=Collections|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Update Video Publication|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0373790|Dhanwan}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Surendra Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]

32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam

2026-03-03T20:38:03Z

Accuntpayable1: quick rework details based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|2015 movie by Arjun Prabhakaran and Gokul Ramakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam
| image = 32aam adhyayam 23aam vaakyam movie poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = {{ubl|[[Arjun Prabhakaran]]|[[Gokul Ramakrishnan]]}}
| writer = {{ubl|Arjun Prabhakaran|Gokul Ramakrishnan}}
| screenplay =
| producer = 7G Cinemas
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Govind Padmasoorya]]|[[Miya (actress)|Miya]]|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Bijibal]], Sudeep Palanad (background score)
| cinematography = Jemin Jom Ayyaneth
| editing = Achu Vijayan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|6|19}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRconvert|75|L}}
| gross = 
}}

'''''32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam''''' (English: 32nd Chapter 23rd Verse) is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[Mystery film|mystery]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film, starring [[Govind Padmasoorya]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]. It was co-written and co-directed by [[Arjun Prabhakaran]] and Gokul Ramakrishnan and was released on 19 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title='32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vakyam'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vakyam-imagegallery-malayalam-pdelD7dafiaeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306231212/http://www.sify.com/movies/32aam-Adhyayam-23aam-Vakyam-imagegallery-Malayalam-pdelD7dafiaeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2016-02-07}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a young couple, Charlie Abraham (Govind Padmasoorya) and Ann (Miya), who marry against the wishes of their parents. They are on the verge of celebrating their first wedding anniversary. Ann is a journalist, a dedicated one at that who is adept at digging out the trickiest of mysteries, while Charlie is an engineer returning from America to celebrate their first wedding anniversary. Ann's friend gifts them a book for their wedding anniversary. Charlie starts to read the book as he is fed up of playing games and watching TV as Ann has gone to work. The title of the book is "John Ryan" by Noah. Charlie is interested in the story and finds a similarity with the protagonist of the story. Charlie starts imagining himself in the position of protagonist in the story.

The Protagonist is a digital photographer who photoshoots for actress and models. One day he notices his model is very dull. When asked, she said that she is afraid of the number 23. The number 23 makes her fear for everything and she said that today is her 23rd birthday and also said that she will not live after today. As said, she died the next day. This creates confusion and fear in the mind of the protagonist. He, then explains everything to his wife, Lucia but she doesn't believe this. The next day, he resigns his job because of a fight with the head of the firm and comes back to his home. He, then realised that his wife and the company's head has an affair. Every time when he is not in the house, the head would come to the home. So, the protagonist kills his wife and commits suicide.

== Cast ==
* [[Govind Padmasoorya]] as Charlie Abraham/George Ryan
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Ann Mathews/Lucia
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Ravi uncle/R.K. Varma
* [[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as Kiran
* [[Sunil Sukhada|Sunil Sugatha]] as Koya
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Narayanan
* [[Karthik Ramakrishnan]] as Antony, College Lecturer
* Gouri as Mia
* Sasha Gopinath as Zara
* [[P. Balachandran|P Balachandran]] as Noah
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as Senior Doctor Zachariah Thomas
* [[Kalabhavan Rahman]] as Kappyar Isaac
* Vijayan Karanthoor as Police Officer Mathew
* Aashiq (Special appearance)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2015|4|22}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer = 7G Cinemas
| prev_title = [[Vellimoonga]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Bijibal]]. The lyrics were written by [[Anu Elizabeth Jose]] and Santhosh Varma.

{| class="wikitable"
! Track !! Song !! Artist(s) || Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Omal Kanmani" || [[Sachin Warrier]] and Sangeetha ||[[Anu Elizabeth Jose]]
|-
| 2 || "Puthumazha" || [[Najim Arshad]] || [[Anu Elizabeth Jose]]
|-
|3 || "Thalavara Kurippu Pusthakam" || [[Govind Padmasoorya]] || [[Santhosh Varma]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
[[The Times of India|Times of India]] stated, "The debutant filmmakers take the audience for a reasonably-wondrous trip into the maze of its story, filled with mystery and revelations. ... The film is a decent watch."<ref>{{Cite news|title=32am adhyaym 23am vakyam review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vakyam/movie-review/47766429.cms|website=times of india|access-date=2016-02-09}}</ref> Mollywood times stated, "Altogether, ''32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam'' is a gift that wrapped neatly and skillfully with suspense."<ref>{{Cite web|title=32am adhyaym 23am vakyam review-reports-response|url=http://mollywoodtimes.com/reviews/32am-adhyaym-23am-vakyam-review/|website=Mollywoodtimes|access-date=2016-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929172233/http://mollywoodtimes.com/reviews/32am-adhyaym-23am-vakyam-review/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ytalkies stated that the film is "a watchable thriller, fairly well-made ... could have been better if it was a bit faster ... [and had] decent performances".<ref>{{Cite web|title=32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam Review|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-movie-reviews/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-review|website=ytalkies|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221214852/http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-movie-reviews/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-review|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nowrunning stated, "'32aam Adhyaayam 23aam Vaakyam' fails to shake off the awkwardness and plasticity that makes it a leap to nowhere."<ref>{{Cite web|title=32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16905/malayalam/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam/5118/review/|website=nowrunning|access-date=2016-02-07}}</ref> Indiaglitz stated, "It lacks something vital, and one feels a forcing of circumstances to give it a mysterious air. This is the movie's undoing, but '32 aam adhyayam 23 aam vakyam' is surely a once time enjoyable watch."<ref>{{cite web|title=32aam adhyayam 23aam vaakyam Malayalam movie review|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-malayalam-movie-review/|website=indiaglitz|access-date=2016-02-09 }}{{Dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=March 2023}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Muyals.com rated the movie 3.25 out of 5 and stated, "32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam stands as a good, as well as unexpected thriller movie; with an above average first half and an unexpected take off to a higher level in the latter half."<ref>{{cite web|title=32aam adhyayam 23aam vaakyam review|url=http://muyals.com/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-review/|website=muyals.com|access-date=2016-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213125134/http://muyals.com/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-review/|archive-date=13 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chandra Mohan Gopinath of ''Movie Street'' stated, "the movie doesn't fall flat but end up as an average one".<ref>{{cite web|title= 32aam adhyayam 23a vaakyam movie review|url= http://movieseeks.com/32aam-adhyayam-23aam-vaakyam-movie-review/|website=Movie Seeks|author=Chandra Mohan Gopinath|access-date= 2016-04-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4887400}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]

Barefoot Empress

2026-03-03T09:43:36Z

Accuntpayable1: new first stub added tags

{{Fan POV|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Barefoot Empress
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Vikas Khanna]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Doug Roland
* Bindu Khanna
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Karthyayani Amma]]}}
| cinematography = Omee Ganatra
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Ashish Uikey
* Archit Rastogi
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Raashi Kulkarni
* Ila Paliwal
* Priyabrata Panigrahi
}}
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Doug Roland Films
* House of Omkaar
* Saffron Pen
* 1ampictures
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|05|13|}}
| runtime = 15 minutes
| country = India United States
| language = Malayalam
| budget = $5,000
}}
'''''Barefoot Empress''''' is an Indo-American [[Short film|short]] [[documentary film]] directed by [[Vikas Khanna]]. The film depicts the life story of a woman in India who enrolls in first grade at the age of 96. The film is co-produced by [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominated [[Doug Roland]] and [[Deepak Chopra]] serves as an executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yossman |first=K. J. |date=2022-11-17 |title=Deepak Chopra Boards Vikas Khanna's Documentary Short 'Barefoot Empress' as Executive Producer |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/deepak-chopra-barefoot-empress-vikas-khanna-documentary-1235434446/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221035855/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/deepak-chopra-barefoot-empress-vikas-khanna-documentary-1235434446/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Summary ==
Barefoot Empress, a 15-minute short film revolves around [[Karthyayani Amma]], who, having never had access to education as a girl, finally gets a chance at education. At 96-years-old she was the oldest among the 43,330 candidates who appeared for the 'Aksharalaksham' test, a fourth standard equivalent examination. Karthyayani Amma scored a 98 out of 100 on a literacy examination conducted by the Kerala government. The state-run Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority (KSLMA) has certified that her score is a record.

== Production history ==
Karthyayani Amma's story caught director Vikas Khanna's attention via a tweet in 2018. Hearing the first-hand account of her life inspired the making of ''Barefoot Empress''.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20px;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" |Award
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width: 140px;" |Result
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;" |{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021
|[[Bangalore Shorts Film Festival]]
|Festival Award
| {{won|place=Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=12th Bengaluru International Film Festival |url=http://miniboxoffice.com/bangaloreshortsfilmfestival/news.php?id=Njc3OA |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026082048/http://miniboxoffice.com/bangaloreshortsfilmfestival/news.php?id=Njc3OA |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
|[[ShortShorts Film Festival]]
|Biogen award
| {{won|place=Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ShortShorts Film Festival |url=https://shortshorts.org/2022/en/information/%e7%ac%ac3%e5%9b%9e-%e3%80%8c%e3%83%90%e3%82%a4%e3%82%aa%e3%82%b8%e3%82%a7%e3%83%b3%e3%83%bb%e3%82%a2%e3%83%af%e3%83%bc%e3%83%89%e3%80%8d-96%e6%ad%b3%e3%81%a7%e5%ad%a6%e6%a0%a1%e3%81%ab%e9%80%9a/ |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061740/https://shortshorts.org/2022/en/information/%e7%ac%ac3%e5%9b%9e-%e3%80%8c%e3%83%90%e3%82%a4%e3%82%aa%e3%82%b8%e3%82%a7%e3%83%b3%e3%83%bb%e3%82%a2%e3%83%af%e3%83%bc%e3%83%89%e3%80%8d-96%e6%ad%b3%e3%81%a7%e5%ad%a6%e6%a0%a1%e3%81%ab%e9%80%9a/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
|[[Big Apple Film Festival]]
|Short Documentary
| {{won|place=Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Big Apple Film Festival 2022 Award Winners |date=20 November 2022 |url=https://www.bigapplefilmfestival.com/post/2022-baff-fall-edition-announces-award-winners |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161212/https://www.bigapplefilmfestival.com/post/2022-baff-fall-edition-announces-award-winners |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|15657362|Barefoot Empress}}
*{{Official website|https://www.barefootempress.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barefoot Empress}}
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian short documentary films]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Adult education television series]]
[[Category:Adult education in India]]

Loveshhuda

2026-03-02T09:42:00Z

Accuntpayable1: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|2016 film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loveshhuda
| image = Loveshhuda Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Vaibhav Misra
| producer = Vijay Galani Pratik Galani
| story = Vaibhav Misra
| starring = [[Girish Kumar]] [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]] [[Naveen Kasturia]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Parichay (singer)|Parichay]] [[Mithoon]] '''Background Score:''' John Stewart Eduri
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Vaibhav Misra Pankaj Matta '''Dialogues:''' Abbas Dalal [[Hussain Dalal]]
| cinematography = Bijitesh De
| editing = Utsav Bhagat
| studio = Galani Entertainments Limited
| distributor = [[Tips Industries]] 
[[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|02|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3223|title=Loveshhuda – Movie – Box Office India|publisher=}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}3.02 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/loveshhuda/box-office/|title=Loveshhuda – Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Loveshhuda''''' ({{lit|Loved}}; {{translation|Pure love}}) is a 2016 Indian [[romance film]] produced by Vijay and Pratik Galani, and directed by Vaibhav Misra. The film features [[Girish Kumar]], [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]] and [[Naveen Kasturia]] in leading roles. The film was scheduled for release on 5 February 2016, but the release date was postponed to 19 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tips Industries Official Website|accessdate=29 January 2016|url=http://www.tips.in/}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gaurav Mehra ([[Girish Kumar]]) is an obedient man who stays in [[London]] and is getting ready for his wedding to Vandana, a dominating and finicky woman. His friend Kunal ([[Naveen Kasturia]]) arrives for the wedding and hosts a bachelor's party, which goes awry when a sloshed Gaurav wakes up with a girl Pooja ([[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]]). Gaurav being an obedient and well-behaved boy asks Pooja to leave but unable to find her clothes, she ends up wearing a shirt that Gaurav offers which incidentally has been gifted to him by his to-be mother-in-law for his upcoming engagement. He realises the mistake only when Pooja is gone and then starts his search.

Though fuzzy about the details of the previous night, he finally meets Pooja who tells him what exactly transpired the night they were together. Going down the memory lane, which is clubbed with numerous lectures by Pooja on how to live life, Gaurav falls in love with the free-spirited girl. But Gaurav doesn't acknowledge his feelings and ends up marrying Vandana. After a quick jump of four years, Gaurav is divorced and is relentlessly blaming his elder sister ([[Tisca Chopra]]) for everything that has gone wrong in his life. To help Gaurav, Kunal suggests going to [[Mauritius]] for a vacation. For a break, he lies to his sisters saying that he is going to a business trip, whereas he goes to Mauritius with his friends including Kunal. As luck would have it, Gaurav once again meets Pooja. But now the scenario is reversed; Pooja is set to marry Vinayak Sengupta, a proposal which she had accepted. They both spend more time together only till Pooja realises Gaurav loves her. She tells him about her engagement and urges him to forget her. Gaurav goes back home and has a fight with his sisters. He goes to meet Pooja at her home when he gets her wedding card in his house. There, he meets Vandana and spoils her makeup as a revenge. He then turns to Pooja and requests her to meet him. They meet after the function is over. Pooja asks him to buy her a whiskey and they both start drinking, only to end up spoiling Pooja's father's pots in the front lawn and sleeping with each other for the second time.

Pooja requests Gaurav to leave and never meet her again. Gaurav leaves. At a [[dhaba]] with Kunal, Gaurav notices that the [[baraat]] has come back which means that Pooja broke the alliance. He reunites with her.<ref name="The Times of India 2015">{{cite web | title='LoveShhuda' is a fresh, young take on romance | website=The Times of India | date=16 October 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Loveshhuda-is-a-fresh-young-take-on-romance/articleshow/49380498.cms | accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Girish Kumar]] as Gaurav Mehra
* [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]] as Pooja
* [[Naveen Kasturia]] as Kunal (Gaurav's childhood friend)
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as Gaurav's eldest sister
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Pooja's father
* [[Yash Pandit]] as Vinayak SenGupta (Pooja's fiancé)
* Farida Dadi as Pooja's grandmother
* [[Meenakshi Sethi]] as Pooja's mother
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devyani]] as Neha (Pooja's cousin)
* [[Benaf Dadachandji]] as Gaurav's elder sister
* Kiran Thapar as Geeta (Pooja's friend)
* Savant Singh Premi as Aashish (Gaurav's childhood friend)
* Zaq Qureshi as Rana Singh
* [[Sachin Parikh]] as Gaurav's brother-in-law

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Loveshhudaa
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Loveshhuda
| artist = [[Mithoon]], [[Parichay (singer)|Parichay]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start_date|df=yes|2016|01|15}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=43|s=37}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Tips Industries]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track Listing & Credits
| total_length ={{Duration|m=43|s=37}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mar Jaayen
| extra1 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| music1 = [[Mithoon]]
| lyrics1 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| length1 = 04:17
| title2 = Peene Ki Tamanna
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Parichay (singer)|Parichay]]
| music2 = Parichay
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]
| length2 = 03:15
| title3 = Dono Ke Dono
| extra3 = Parichay, [[Neha Kakkar]]
| music3 = Parichay
| lyrics3 = Manoj Yadav
| length3 = 03:50
| title4 = [[Chitta Kukkad]]
| extra4 =[[Gippy Grewal]], Neha Kakkar
| music4 = Parichay
| lyrics4 = Yuvraj Goel (The Gunsmith)
| note4 =
| length4 = 03:38
| title5 = Total Talli
| extra5 = Parichay, Teesha Nigam
| music5 = Parichay
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| length5 = 02:48
| title6 = Mar Jaayen
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6 = Atif Aslam
| music6 = Mithoon
| lyrics6 = Sayeed Quadri
| length6 = 04:08
| title7 = Mar Jaayen
| note7 =EDM Remix
| extra7 = Atif Aslam
| music7 = Mithoon, Parichay
| lyrics7 = Sayeed Quadri
| length7 = 03:03
| title8 = Peene Ki Tamanna
| note8 = EDM Remix
| extra8 = Vishal Dadlani, Parichay
| music8 = Parichay, The Glowsticks
| lyrics8 = Kumaar
| length8 = 03:50
| title9 = Dono Ke Dono
| note9 = Chill Trap Remix
| extra9 = Parichay, Neha Kakkar
| music9 = Parichay, Sai Gemini
| lyrics9 = Manoj Yadav, Parichay
| length9 = 03:44
| title10 = Total Talli
| note10 = Trap Remix
| extra10 = Parichay, Teesha Nigam, [[Joe Louis]]
| music10 = Parichay, Maro Music
| lyrics10 = Kumaar, Joe Louis
| length10 = 03:38
| title11 = [[Chitta Kukkad]] (Male)
| extra11 = Gippy Grewal, Neha Kakkar
| music11 = Parichay
| lyrics11 = Yuvraj Goel
| note11 = The Gunsmith
| length11 = 03:38
| title12 = Mar Jaayen
| note12 = Radio Edit
| extra12 = Atif Aslam
| music12 = Mithoon, Parichay
| lyrics12 = Sayeed Quadri
| length12 = 03:44
| title13 = Mar Jaayen
| note13 = More Jabo
| extra13 = [[Sabrina Porshi]]
| music13 = [[Arfin Rumey]]
| lyrics13 = Sayeed Quadri
| length13 = 03:54
}}

==Box office==
Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|200|m}} which includes promotion and advertising costs, ''Loveshhuda'' opened to only {{INRConvert|10|m}} on its opening day,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/loveshhuda-opening-day-collection-at-box-office/|title=''Loveshhuda'': Opening Day Collection at Box Office|author=Koimoi.com Team|work=Koimoi|date=20 February 2016|accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref> and a disappointing {{INRConvert|21.7|m}} in its opening weekend. The movie witnessed 30% occupancy throughout the country and the revenue remained stagnant during the weekend.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} In five days, it made just {{INRConvert|30.8|m}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} In its first week it grossed {{INRConvert|29.8|m}}.<ref name="BH">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/754733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019172830/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/754733|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2015|title=LoveShhuda 2016 Box Office – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5209420}}

{{Tips Industries Limited}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mithoon]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about divorce]]
[[Category:Films about alcohol]]
[[Category:Films about casual sex]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha

2026-03-02T09:38:44Z

Accuntpayable1: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|2017 Indian Hindi-language romantic musical drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha
| image = Ek_Haseena_Thi_Ek_Deewana_Tha_Official_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Suneel Darshan]]
| producer = Suneel Darshan
| writer = Suneel Darshan
| screenplay = Suneel Darshan Akash Deep Kushal Bakshi (dialogues) Uddeept Gaur (dialogues) Vikash Tiwari (dialogues)
| story = Suneel Darshan
| starring = Shiv Darshan Natasha Fernandez [[Upen Patel]] Soni Kaur
| music = [[Nadeem Saifi]]
| cinematography = Amarjeet Singh
| editing = Archit Rastogi
| studio = Shree Krishna International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|30|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha''''' ({{translation|There was a beauty, there was a crazy lover}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[musical drama film|musical drama]] film written, produced and directed by [[Suneel Darshan]] starring Shiv Darshan, Natasha Fernandez and [[Upen Patel]] in lead roles.<ref name="Suneel Darshan ends his sabbatical with a romantic thriller">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suneel-darshan-ends-his-sabbatical-with-a-romantic-thriller/articleshow/58547921.cms|title=Suneel Darshan ends his sabbatical with a romantic thriller|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 May 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Suneel Darshan's next a musical mystery">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suneel-darshans-next-a-musical-mystery/articleshow/57474608.cms|title=Suneel Darshan's next a musical mystery|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> The music was composed by Nadeem Saifi.<ref name ="I’d have done Aashiqui 2 ten times better: Nadeem Saifi">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-d-have-done-aashiqui-2-ten-times-better-nadeem-saifi-2430379|title=I'd have done Aashiqui 2 ten times better: Nadeem Saifi|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name ="Composer Nadeem returns to Bollywood">{{cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/composer-nadeem-returns-to-bollywood-60611.html|title=Composer Nadeem returns to Bollywood|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name ="Happy to Learn About Gulshan Kumar's Biopic: Nadeem Saifi">{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/bollywood/2017/05/01/nadeem-saifi-on-gulshan-kumar-biopic|title=Happy to Learn About Gulshan Kumar's Biopic: Nadeem Saifi|date=1 May 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Young and naive Natasha starts a chain of events when she creates a dilemma for herself. She sets off for her destination wedding with her fiancé, Sunny, to her ancestral property, Mt. Unique Estate, only to fall helplessly in love with its stud farmkeeper, Devdhar. Consumed by his robust yet poetic, aggressive yet persistent advances, she realises that his arms were the ultimate destination of her dreams. But who really is Devdhar? A conman hired to destroy her bliss, a supernatural being, or just a figment of her imagination? Torn between her lover and the one she dares to love, Natasha learns that love is the deadliest deception when she is engulfed in a vortex of devastating upheavals that leaves all those touched by its intensity heartbroken and in a state of bewilderment.

==Cast==
*Shiv Darshan as Devdhar
*Natasha Fernandez as Natasha
*[[Upen Patel]] as Sunny
*San Mahajan as villain
*Soni Kaur as Rita
*Dimppy Ramdayal
*Krishan Tandon
*Lalitmohan Tiwari
*Rumi Khan
*Grant Crookes

== Production ==
The film was shot in the United Kingdom, across several sites including Cornwall, Dartmouth, Cardiff and Manchester.<ref name ="Suneel Darshan to relaunch his son Shiv Dharshan">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-suneel-darshan-to-relaunch-his-son-shiv-dharshan-2338783|title=Suneel Darshan to relaunch his son Shiv Dharshan|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Nadeem Saifi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 June 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:50
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Shree Krishna International
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's music and lyrics were composed and penned by Nadeem (of [[Nadeem-Shravan]] fame).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://textsens.com/album/ek-haseena-thi-ek-deewana-tha-2017-movie|title=Staggering Music of Nadeem Saifi bring backs the golden 90's|accessdate=3 June 2017|via=Textsens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183017/https://textsens.com/album/ek-haseena-thi-ek-deewana-tha-2017-movie|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 13 July 2017 by Shree Krishna International, and consists of six songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7f6DAVp4730|title= Audio Jukebox Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha|accessdate=3 June 2017|via=Youtube}}</ref> The full album is recorded by [[Palak Muchhal]] & Yasser Desai. Songs have got more than 1.2 Billion views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://123subs.com/movie/srt9019202|title=Add This To Upen Patel's List Of Duds|accessdate=1 July 2017|via=ndtv.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032349/https://123subs.com/movie/srt9019202|archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-haseena-thi-ek-deewana-tha-upen-patel-suneel-darshan-star-rating-4729303/|title= Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha movie review: We rate this movie zero|accessdate=30 June 2017|via=indianexpress.com}}</ref>..

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:50
| title1 = Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha
| lyrics1 = Nadeem Saifi
| music1 = Nadeem Saifi
| extra1 =Yasser Desai
| length1 =
| title2 = Hue Bechain
| extra2= [[Palak Muchhal]], Yasser Desai
|music2 = Nadeem Saifi
| lyrics2 = Nadeem Saifi
|length2 =
| title3= Hanste Hanste
| length3=
| extra3 = Palak Muchhal, Yasser Desai
| lyrics3= Nadeem Saifi
| music3= Nadeem Saifi
| title4= Nain
| length4=
| extra4= Palak Muchhal, Yasser Desai
| lyrics4= [[Faaiz Anwar]]
| music4= Nadeem Saifi
| title5= Aankhon Mein Aansoon
| extra5= Palak Muchhal, Yasser Desai
| length5=
| lyrics5= Nadeem Saifi
| music5= Nadeem Saifi
| title6= Tum Kahaan The
| extra6= Palak Muchhal, [[Yasser Desai]]
| length6=
| lyrics6= Nadeem Saifi
| music6= Nadeem Saifi
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ek-haseena-thi-ek-deewana-tha}}
* {{IMDb title|6349528}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|ek_haseena_thi_ek_deewana_tha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha, Ek}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suneel Darshan]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]

Gauḍa (region)

2026-03-01T18:56:40Z

Accuntpayable1: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Territory located in Bengal in ancient and medieval time}}
{{about|the territory in ancient and medieval Bengal|the historical town with same name|Gauḍa (city)|other uses|Gauda (disambiguation){{!}}Gauda}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Gauda''' ({{langx|bn|গৌড়}} ''Gauṛ''), was a territory located in [[Bengal]] in ancient and medieval times,<ref name = Banglapedia>{{cite web | url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gauda,_Janapada
| title = Gauda| access-date = 2009-08-22 | last = Ghosh | first = Suchandra | work = [[Banglapedia]] | publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref> as part of the [[Gauda Kingdom]].

==Location and extent==
The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' of [[Chanakya]] (around 350–283 BC) refers to it along with [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Pundravardhana|Pundra]]. This geographical idea continues with some of the ancient texts.<ref name = Banglapedia/> Gauda and Vanga are sometimes used side by side.<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=961157849}}.</ref> In the Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]] (1129 CE), the name ''Gauda-Vangala'' was used to denote the whole of [[Bengal region]].

[[Shashanka]], the first important king of ancient Bengal who is believed to have ruled between 590 AD to 625 AD, had his capital at [[Karnasubarna]], {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of [[Baharampur]], headquarters of Murshidabad district.<ref name = Majumdar/> The Chinese monk, [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) travelled from the country of Karnasubarna to a region in Orissa ruled by Shashanka.<ref name = Banglapedia/> There is mention of [[Pundravardhana]] being part of Gauda in certain ancient records.<ref>[[R. D. Banerji|Bandopadhyay, Rakhaldas]], ''Bangalar Itihas'', {{in lang|bn}}, first published 1928, revised edition 1971, vol I, p 101, Nababharat Publishers, 72 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata.</ref>

Evidence seems to be discrepant regarding links of Gauda with the [[Rarh region]]. While [[Krishna Mishra]] (eleventh or twelfth century AD), in his ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', mentions that Gauda rashtra includes Rarh (or Rarhpuri) and Bhurishreshthika, identified with [[Bhurshut]], in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]] districts, but the Managoli inscription of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] king [[Jaitugi I]] distinguishes Lala (Rarh) from Gaula (Gauda).<ref name = Majumdar/>

The [[Pala Empire|Pala]] emperors were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then Gauda and Vanga seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.<ref name = Majumdar/>

According to Jain writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Gauda included Lakshmanavati in present-day [[Malda district]].<ref name = Majumdar/>

[[File:Gourruins.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Early 19th century [[lithograph]] of the Muslim ruins of [[Dakhil Darwaza]] at [[Gaur, West Bengal]].]]
In the early Muslim period the name Gauda came to be applied to [[Gaur, West Bengal|Lakhanavati]] in Malda district.<ref name = Majumdar/>
In the narrower sense Gauda is the territory between the river Padma and Bardhamana region.

==City of Gauda==
{{Main|Gauḍa (city)}}
[[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] or Gaur, as it is spelled mostly in modern times, refers to '''Lakhnauti''' the ruined city located on the India-Bangladesh border. Most of the former citadel is located in present-day the [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]], India, while a smaller part is located in [[Chapainawabganj District]] of [[Bangladesh]]. This city was on the east bank of the [[Ganges|Ganges river]], 40 kilometers (25 mi) downstream from Rajmahal. However, the current course of the Ganges is far away from the ruins.
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}

[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North 24 Parganas

2026-02-22T04:13:47Z

Accuntpayable1: general update formatting for consistency and corrected details

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North 24 Parganas
| native_name = JNV Banipur
| image_size = 150px
| alt = Logo of Navodaya schools
| caption = Pragyanam Brahma
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}} {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Pragñānam [[Brahma]]}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]) {{Translation|"Pure Knowledge is [[Brahma]]"}}
| motto_translation =
| location = Banipur
| city = [[Habra]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|49|33|N|88|38|46|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code = 743233
| type = Public
| established = {{Start date and age|2003}}
| closed =
| district =
| superintendent =
| principal = BIPLAB HAWLI
| faculty = 39
| grades = VI - XII
| enrollment = 503 (31 Jan 2021)
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Urban
| houses = {{color box|#3366FF}}  [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] {{color box|#3B7A57}}  [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri]] {{color box|#FF3300}}  [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] {{color box|#FFFF00}}  [[Rajgir Hills|Udaygiri]]
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = [https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NORTH24PARGANAS/en/home/ JNV Banipur]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North 24 Parganas''' or locally called as '''JNV Banipur''' is a [[Boarding school|boarding]], [[co-educational]] school in [[North 24 Parganas district]] of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Human Resources Development]] and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1/|title=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|website=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|access-date=10 Nov 2018|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417144104/http://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was founded in 2003, and is a part of [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] schools. This school is administered and monitored by [[Patna]] regional office of [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti|Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nvspatna.bih.nic.in/WB.html|title=NVS RO Patna - JNVs in West Bengal|website=NVS Patna|access-date=10 Nov 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185243/http://nvspatna.bih.nic.in/WB.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially the school was operational at SCERT, west Bengal and shifted to its permanent site at Banipur on 1 May 2008.

== Affiliations ==
JNV North 24 Parganas is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] with affiliation number 2440003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2440003|title=CBSE affiliation details of JNV North 24 Parganas|website=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] - Online School Affiliation & Monitoring System|access-date=10 Nov 2018|archive-date=10 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110160020/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2440003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya#List of schools|List of JNV schools]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South 24 Parganas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NORTH24PARGANAS/en/home/ Official Website of JNV North 24 Parganas]

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in West Bengal|North 24 Parganas]]
[[Category:Schools in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Delhi Ring Railway

2026-02-15T12:41:07Z

Accuntpayable1: improved article

{{short description|Railway line in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Delhi Ring Railway
| image = Delhi ring rail.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Commuter Rail|Suburban Rail]]
| system = [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
| status =
| locale = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| start = [[Nizamuddin Railway Station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
| end = [[Nizamuddin Railway Station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
| stations =
| daily_ridership = 3,700
| open = 1975
| close =
| owner =
| operator = [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]]
| character = At-grade
| stock =
| linelength_km = 35
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[Broad gauge]]
| electrification =
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Delhi Ring Railway|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Delhi Ring railway''', part of [[Delhi Suburban Railway]], is a {{convert|35|km}} circular railway network in Delhi with 21 stations that runs parallel to the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Inner Ring Road]]. Operational from 8 am to 7 pm, it offers clockwise and anti-clockwise services via [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]], completing a full circuit in 90–120 minutes. During peak hours, it has seven clockwise and six anti-clockwise trains, maintaining a 60–90 minute frequency. With a full-circuit fare of approximately {{INRConvert|12}}, significantly lower than the Delhi Metro's {{INRConvert|60}}, it serves as a cost-effective transit option.<ref name=histr1>{{cite news |last=George |first=Rajni |date=21 February 2012 |title=The road around progress |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jyHVCM15bOxKeqZZTyrW1I/The-road-around-progress.html |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Vishnu |date=11 March 2016 |title=Ring Railway left behind as Delhi swells beyond boundaries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ring-railway-in-an-ever-expanding-delhi-a-ghost-railway-service-lingers/ |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=19 November 2017 |title=Travelling between hope and despair: Delhi’s own local awaits a revival push |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/travelling-between-hope-and-despair-delhi-s-own-local-awaits-a-revival-push/story-IG9ZCKrPJRRG2BNOk1R63N.html |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> It was laid in 1975 primarily to service freight trains that could bypass the crowded and passenger-heavy [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] railway stations.<ref name=histr1/>

==History==

Prior to the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], seven stations near the sports venues, namely Chanakyapuri, Sarojini Nagar, Inderpuri Halt, Lajpat Nagar, Sewa Nagar, Lodhi Colony and Safdarjung, received a facelift at the cost of {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}}.<ref name=metupr1>{{cite news|date=22 February 2011|title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/752994/0}}</ref><ref name="deccan">{{cite news|date=4 February 2012|title=Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/224687/ring-rail-service-chugs-oblivion.html}}</ref>

The ring-railway service was introduced in 1975 with a stretch from Lajpat Nagar station to [[Adarsh Nagar railway station|Adarsh Nagar station]] via Delhi Safdarjung and Patel Nagar stations so that the large number of goods trains originating, terminating, or passing through the city, could bypass the main passenger stations at New Delhi, Old Delhi and Hazrat Nizamuddin.<ref name="deccan" /> Hence, the track was named the 'Delhi Avoiding Line'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://online.dda.org.in/mpd2041dda/_layouts/MPD2041FINALSUGGESTION/Baseline_Transport_%20160721.pdf |title= Baseline Report - Enabling Strategic Plan: Master Plan for Delhi 2041 |date= 16 July 2021 |website= online.dda.org.in |publisher= DDA |access-date= 13 November 2023 |page=29 |quote= The stretch from Lajpat Nagar to Adarsh Nagar station via Delhi Safdarganj (sic) and Patel Nagar stations was originally planned for freight movement to by-pass Delhi by avoiding the major stations and was thus named the “Delhi Avoiding Line” (DAL).}}</ref> It was during the [[1982 Asian Games]] that the service was extended to cater to the movement of people with the introduction of 24 new services.<ref name=histr1/>

Today, however, the Northern Railway's service for passengers within the city has become something which Delhiites are avoiding. As of July 2021, nine services were operational on the line in the clockwise and anti-clock-wise directions, with four express/mail and five passenger trains. The average peak hour occupancy of passenger trains is 50 per cent, while their average daily occupancy is 30 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://online.dda.org.in/mpd2041dda/_layouts/MPD2041FINALSUGGESTION/Baseline_Transport_%20160721.pdf |title= Baseline Report - Enabling Strategic Plan: Master Plan for Delhi 2041 |date= 16 July 2021 |website= online.dda.org.in |publisher= DDA |access-date= 13 November 2023 |page=29}}</ref> The ridership numbers hover around 3500-4000 per day. In 2018, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] announced plans to integrate the ring railway into the [[Delhi Metro]] system through [[Interchange station|interchanges]] and convert it into a robust [[Suburban rail in India|suburban rail system.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-15 |title=Decongesting Delhi: Mega plan to link Capital’s ring rail, Metro network |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Stations==
List of the 21 railway stations in clockwise direction (starting from [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]) is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html |title=Decongesting Delhi: Mega plan to link Capital’s ring rail, Metro network |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Station name
! Note
|-
| [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
| Interchange with [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]], the [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]] and the [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station]] on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
|-
| [[Lajpat Nagar railway station|Lajpat Nagar]]
| Interchange with [[Lajpat Nagar metro station]] on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] and Pink Line and the [[Jangpura metro station]] on the Violet Line
|-
| {{rws|Sewa Nagar}}
|
|-
| [[Lodhi Colony railway station|Lodhi Colony]]
|
|-
| {{rws|Sarojini Nagar}}
|
|-
| [[Safdarjung railway station|Delhi Safdarjung]]
|
|-
| {{rws|Chanakyapuri}}
|
|-
| {{rws|Sardar Patel Marg}}
|
|-
| {{rws|Barar Square}}
|
|-
| {{rws|Indrapuri}}
|
|-
| {{rws|Naraina Vihar}}
| Interchange with [[Naraina Vihar metro station]] on the Pink Line
|-
| [[Kirti Nagar railway station|Kirti Nagar]]
| Interchange with [[Kirti Nagar metro station]] on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
|-
| [[Patel Nagar railway station|Patel Nagar]]
| Interchange with [[Satguru Ram Singh Marg metro station]] on the Green Line
|-
| [[Dayabasti railway station|Daya Basti]]
|
|-
| [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]]
| Interchange with [[Shastri Nagar metro station]] on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
|-
| [[Delhi Kishanganj railway station|Delhi Kishanganj]]
|
|-
| [[Sadar Bazar railway station|Sadar Bazar]]
| Interchange with [[Tis Hazari metro station]] on the Red Line
|-
| [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
| Interchange with [[New Delhi metro station]] on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] and the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
|-
| [[Shivaji Bridge railway station|Shivaji Bridge]]
|
|-
| [[Tilak Bridge railway station|Tilak Bridge]]
|
|-
| [[Pragati Maidan railway station|Pragati Maidan]]
| Interchange with [[Supreme Court metro station]] (erstwhile Pragati Maidan) on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
|}

== Popularity ==
The ring railway service was quite popular through the 1980s and '90s when Delhi's transport infrastructure was just gathering pace, but since then, with the rapid expansion of the [[Delhi Metro]] coupled with an [[Delhi Transport Corporation|extensive bus network]] and more recently, the opening of the [[RapidX|RRTS]], the ring railway has remained neglected by the city as well as the [[Indian Railways|Railways]]. On average, only 3,700 passengers take the trains every day. The biggest reason for the failure of the railway is a lack of a feeder network, such as approach roads and feeder buses to the stations. The stations are situated at remote locations and are difficult to access by passengers. There is also a problem of security as many stations have been encroached. The trains on this network also run behind schedule most of the time. The network is now utilized as a freight corridor and limited passenger train services are available during peak hours.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Vishnu |date=11 March 2016 |title=Ring Railway left behind as Delhi swells beyond boundaries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ring-railway-in-an-ever-expanding-delhi-a-ghost-railway-service-lingers/ |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/752994/0 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 Feb 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2012|title=Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/224687/ring-rail-service-chugs-oblivion.html}}</ref>

=== Plans for Revival ===

The Master Plan for Delhi, 2041 (MPD 2041), recommends that the ridership numbers of the ring railway can be increased by implementing accessibility improvements for major halt stations by creating public plazas, providing walking and cycling infrastructure, and installing proper signage. Interchange facilities may also be planned to integrate ring rail stations with existing metro stations. Additionally, since the ring rail alignment connects areas of heritage, ecological assets of Delhi and many commercial areas, a special hop-on and hop-off service may be considered for movement of tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Master Plan of Delhi 2041: Ring Rail revamp, intelligent transport system |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/master-plan-of-delhi-2041-strategic-corridors-ring-rail-revamp-intelligent-transport-system-11623247381566.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dda.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Draft%20MPD%202041%20%28English%2909062021_compressed_0.pdf |title= Master Plan for Delhi-2041 (MPD-2041) |date= 9 June 2021 |website= dda.gov.in |publisher= DDA |access-date= 13 November 2023 |page= 70}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
* [[Delhi Metro]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Suburban railways in India}}{{Railways in Northern India}}{{Greater Delhi transit}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Suburban rail in India]]
[[Category:Urban ring railways]]

Sub-inspector

2026-02-06T15:15:42Z

Accuntpayable1: small changes

{{Short description|Police rank}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
'''Sub-inspector''' ('''SI'''), or '''sub-inspector of police''' or '''police sub-inspector''' ('''PSI'''), is a rank used extensively in South Asia: in the [[police]] forces of Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka, which are primarily based on the [[UK police ranks|British model]]. It was formerly used in most [[British Empire|British colonial]] police forces and in certain [[British police]] forces as well. The rank usually was in charge of a [[police substation]] or assisted an [[inspector]].

== United Kingdom ==
The rank of sub-inspector was introduced into the [[Metropolitan Police]] in the late 19th century. It did not last long, being effectively replaced by [[station sergeant]] in 1890. Officers who already held the rank retained it, and were promoted to inspector as soon as a vacancy arose.

In the Metropolitan Police, a rank wearing one star was formerly officially known as a "[[station inspector]]" to distinguish it from the more senior rank of sub-divisional inspector that was abolished in 1949.

== Canada ==
The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] rank of sub-inspector was introduced in 1942 with the insignia of one star, similar to an army [[second lieutenant]]. This was changed in 1960 to three stars, similar to an army captain. It was disestablished in the reorganization of 1990, which eliminated the RCMP's subaltern ranks.<ref>{{cite book |page=37 |last1=Ross |first1=David |first2=May |last2=Robin |title=The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873-1987 |year=1988 |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}</ref>

==Hong Kong==
The rank of sub-inspector was eliminated in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |page=32 |last1=Gaylord |first1=Mark S. |last2=Traver |first2=Harold |title=Introduction to the Hong Kong Criminal Justice System |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |date=1 June 1994}}</ref>

==British South Africa Police==
The rank of sub inspector was replaced after the Rhodesian [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] with three grades of; patrol officer, senior patrol officer and section officer with one, two, and three gold coloured bars respectively.

== India ==
{{Infobox military rank|branches=|abbreviation=SI, PSI|rank group=Non-Gazetted Officer (NGO) / Subordinate Police Service|rank=|higher rank=[[Inspector of Police]]|lower rank=[[Assistant sub-inspector of police]]|name=Sub-Inspector of Police|equivalents=[[Sergeant]]|service branch=
* Civil Police (General Executive)
* Armed Reserve Police
* Technical
|image=[[File:Police Sub-Inspector.png|50px]]|image_size=|caption=Sub-Inspector insignia: two stars with red-blue striped ribbon}}

A sub-inspector (SI) is generally in command of few police personnel but this is the junior in-charge of a [[Police station|Police Station]] (with [[head constable]]s, the equivalent of [[corporal]]s, commanding police outposts). It is the lowest rank of officer who, under Indian Police rules and regulations, can file a charge sheet in court, and is usually the first investigating officer. Officers subordinate to them cannot file charge sheets, but can only investigate cases on their behalf.

Sub-Inspectors function as principal sub-inspectors, serving as officers in charge of law and order, or as crime sub-inspectors responsible for crime investigation at the [[police station]] level. They may also be posted to specialised units, such as traffic, special branches, or other operational wings. They can serve as [[Station House Officer|station house officers]] in rural areas in some states.

A sub-inspector ranks above an [[assistant sub-inspector of police]] (ASI) and below an [[Inspector of police#India|inspector of police]]. Most sub-inspectors are directly recruited into the police and have better educational qualifications than lower-ranking police officers.

In [[Kerala Police]], the designation of grade sub-inspector (Grade SI) is awarded to officers promoted from the lower ranks after 25 years of service. Although they wear the same rank insignia as regular sub-inspectors, they lack powers of regular sub-inspectors such as independent investigative authority, and cannot submit charge sheets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2023 |title=Grade SIs considered secondary: Police demand rectification of discrepancies in authority |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/grade-sis-considered-secondary-police-demand-rectification-of-discrepancies-in-authority-b407206e |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-28 |title=Kerala: Government relaxes grade norms for police officers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/govt-relaxes-grade-norms-for-police-officers/articleshow/71787592.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Specialised forces such as the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs), [[State Armed Police Forces]] and Armed Police Battalions use the same rank, but generally these officers do not have any investigative powers. There are also specialist non-investigative officers in the police forces, such as sub-inspector (band), sub-inspector (motor transport) and sub-inspector (telecommunication).

The rank insignia for a sub-inspector is two (five point) stars, and a red and blue striped ribbon at the outer end of the shoulder straps. This is similar to the insignia of a [[subedar]] in the [[Indian Army]]. An assistant sub-inspector has one (five point) star, and a red and blue striped ribbon at the outer end of the shoulder straps. This is similar to the insignia of a ''[[naib subedar]]'' in the [[Indian Army]]. The rank insignia for principal sub-inspector and additional sub-inspector are the same.

For the post of sub-inspector and assistant sub inspector, a [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC) recruits eligible candidates on national level in various [[Central Armed Police Forces]] like [[Border Security Force|BSF]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[ITBP]], [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]], [[CISF]], and other Central Police Organisations, such as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], [[Railway Protection Force|RPF]].
Sub Inspector of Central Armed Police Forces and State police Forces have same scale and pay level.

In 2024 Manvi Madhu Kashyap became India's first openly transgender police sub-inspector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/good-news/meet-manvi-madhu-kashyap-indias-first-transwoman-sub-inspector-article-111638815|title=Meet Manvi Madhu Kashyap, India's First Transwoman Sub-Inspector|date=10 July 2024|website=Times Now | author=Archisha Yadav}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manvi-madhu-kashyap-becomes-indias-first-ever-transwoman-sub-inspector/articleshow/111639376.cms | title=Manvi Madhu Kashyap becomes India's first-ever transwoman sub-inspector | date=10 July 2024 | website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Malaysia ==
[[Image:Sub Inspector of Police PDRM.svg|thumb|130px|Shoulder board of a [[Royal Malaysia Police]] officer with rank of police sub-inspector]]

In the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] (PDRM), the rank of sub-inspector is the senior-most of non-commissioned officers. They are also the lowest ranking police officers to wear their rank insignia on [[epaulettes]] on both shoulders. A sub-inspector of the PDRM ranks immediately above a [[sergeant major]] (SM) and below a probationary inspector (P/Insp).

== Nepal ==
In the [[Nepal Police]], the rank of sub inspector is generally the next senior rank from assistant sub inspector (ASI) and is less senior than an inspector. Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring two silver stars, the same rank badge as a sub inspector in the [[Armed Police Force (Nepal)|Armed Police Force]].

== Sri Lanka ==
In the [[Sri Lanka Police Service]], sub-inspector of police (SI) ranks above that of police sergeant major (PSM) and below an inspector (IP). Generally an SI is the officer in charge (OIC) of a small [[police station]], a detachment of police personal or deputy OIC of a larger police station in a metropolitan area.

Most sub-inspectors are directly recruited into the police service as [[probationary]] sub-inspectors for one year's training. The basic educational entry requirement is that an applicant has passed the [[Advanced Level (SL)|G.C.E Advance Level Examination]]. Annually, a number of other officers come up through the ranks and are promoted to rank of SI.
The rank insignia for a sub-inspector is one star.

== Romania ==
In the [[Romanian Police]], subinspector is the lowest commissioned rank, below inspector, and corresponds to the former rank of police second lieutenant (''see [[Romanian Police#Ranks|Romanian Police ranks]]'').

==Other police forces==
*[[Royal Hong Kong Police]]
*[[Palestine Police]] (before 1948)
*[[Mossos d'Esquadra]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Police ranks]]
[[Category:Police ranks of India]]
[[Category:Police ranks of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Police ranks in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Police ranks of Sri Lanka]]

Rhododendron ponticum

2026-02-06T12:54:52Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the heath family}}
{{About|''Rhododendron ponticum''|''Azalea pontica''|Rhododendron luteum{{!}}''Rhododendron luteum''}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum in Cambarinho Botanical Reserve, Portugal.JPG
|genus = Rhododendron
|species = ponticum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:333114-1#synonyms |title=''Rhododendron ponticum'' L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 March 2024 }}</ref>
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''Azalea arborea'' L.
*''Azalea lancifolia'' (Moench) Kuntze
*''Hymenanthes pontica'' (L.) H.F.Copel.
*''Rhododendron adansonii'' E.-A.Baumann
*''Rhododendron catesbaei'' J.Forbes
*''Rhododendron catesbaeum'' Dum.Cours.
*''Rhododendron deciduum'' Andrews ex Steud.
*''Rhododendron hyacinthiflorum'' Steud.
*''Rhododendron lancifolium'' Moench
*''Rhododendron lowei'' Loudon
*''Rhododendron obtusum'' P.Watson
*''Rhododendron odoratum'' Lodd. ex Steud.
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''angustilobum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''aurantiacomaculatum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''brachystamineum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''crispatum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''luteomaculatum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' var. ''obtusum'' (P.Watson) G.Don
*''Rhododendron ponticum'' f. ''parviflorum'' Rukhadze & Pachulia
*''Rhododendron speciosum'' Salisb.
}}}}
[[File:rhododendron-by-eiffel-public-domain-20040617.jpg|thumb|''R. ponticum'' flower]]
'''''Rhododendron ponticum''''', called '''common rhododendron''' or '''pontic rhododendron''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the ''[[Rhododendron]]'' genus of the heath family [[Ericaceae]]. It is native to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in southwest [[Europe]] and the [[Caucasus]] region in northern [[West Asia]].

==Description==
''R. ponticum'' is a dense, [[sucker (botany)|suckering]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, rarely {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], {{convert|6|to|18|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The [[flower]]s are {{convert|3.5|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, violet-purple, often with small greenish-yellow spots or streaks. The [[fruit]] is a dry [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, containing numerous small [[seed]]s.

It has two [[subspecies]]:
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Image !! Name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Rhododendron ponticum ssp baeticum.JPG|120px]] ||''R. p. baeticum'' (Boiss. & Reut.) Hand.-Mazz. || Found in central and southern [[Portugal]] and southern [[Spain]] (in the [[Province of Cádiz]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reuter) Hand.-Mazz. |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/5aefe782cfd3f46bef0d30887f496e41 |publisher=[[Catalogue of Life]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065226/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/5aefe782cfd3f46bef0d30887f496e41 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Странджанска зеленика Rhododendron ponticum.jpg|120px]] ||''R. p. ponticum'' || Found around the southern [[Black Sea Basin]] (eastern [[Bulgaria]], northern [[Turkey]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Northern Caucasus]]) and central [[Lebanon]].<ref name=ponticum>{{cite web |title=Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/5c72748064520a50e2edb7b26431c0ac |publisher=[[Catalogue of Life]] |access-date=21 November 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|}

And a [[variegated]] variety:
*''R. p. var. heterophyllum'' R. Ansin – Found in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum var. heterophyllum R. Ansin |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/6fd4966eff789ae0a76f4ac8e5217005 |publisher=[[Catalogue of Life]] |access-date=21 November 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The species has two [[Disjunct distribution|disjunct populations]], one in the southwestern [[Iberian Peninsula]] (central and southern [[Portugal]] and southwestern [[Spain]]) and the other near the southern [[Black Sea Basin]] (eastern [[Bulgaria]], northern [[Turkey]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and [[Northern Caucasus]]). It has also been introduced to [[Madeira]], [[Myanmar]], [[Belgium]], the [[British Isles]], [[Netherlands]] and [[France]].<ref name=POWO/><ref name=ponticum />

In the Iberian Peninsula, the range is limited to the montane environments of the [[Serra do Caramulo|Caramulo mountains]], the [[Serra de Monchique|Monchique range]] and the [[Los Alcornocales Natural Park|Aljibe range]]. These are remnants of the original [[laurissilva]] forests that covered the peninsula 66 million years ago.<ref name="Évora">{{cite web |title=A adelfeira de Monchique |date=13 March 2018 |url=http://www.liferelict.ect.uevora.pt/index.php/adelfeiras/ |publisher=[[University of Évora]] |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

Though the common rhododendron was present in [[Great Britain]] prior to the [[Last Glacial Period|most recent ice age]], it did not recolonise afterwards, meaning that the modern ecology of the island developed without it. Its presence today in Great Britain is due to human introduction, and it can easily become established and cause problems in some situations, often smothering entire hillsides (especially in [[Snowdonia]] and western Scotland). In the British Isles, it colonises moorlands, uplands and shady woodlands (alongside escaped laurels and the native holly), as well as areas with acidic soils.<ref name=Cross>{{cite journal |title=''Rhododendron ponticum'' L. |first=JR |last=Cross |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=63 |issue=1 |date=1975 |pages=345–364 |doi=10.2307/2258859 |jstor=2258859 |bibcode=1975JEcol..63..345C }}</ref>

===Historical range===
[[Fossil]] evidence shows it had a much wider range across most of southern and western Europe before the [[Late Glacial Maximum]], or until about 20,000 years ago.<ref name=Cross/>

The plant was noted by the botanist [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] during his travels in the Near East in 1700–1702. It was named by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] to commemorate the ancient kingdom of [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] on the southern shores of the [[Black Sea]] where it grew. At the other end of its range, in southern Spain, Linnaeus' friend and correspondent [[Clas Alströmer]] found it growing alongside [[oleander]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} It was introduced to Britain as an ornamental [[shrub]] in 1763 and was later planted to provide cover for game birds. It is now considered to be an [[invasive species]].<ref>Alice M. Coats, ''Garden Shrubs and Their Histories'' (1964) 1992, ''s.v.'' "Rhododendron"; http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/rhododen.htm#Introduction%20to%20Britain .</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Rhododendron ponticum 2.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of ''Rhododendron ponticum'']]''Rhododendron ponticum'' subsp. ''baeticum'' is one of the most extensively cultivated rhododendrons in western and central Europe. It is used as an [[ornamental plant]] in its own right and, more frequently, as a [[rootstock]] onto which other more attractive rhododendrons are [[grafting|grafted]]. The plants were first cultivated in Britain in the 1760s, supplied by [[Loddiges|Conrad Loddiges]], and became widely distributed through the commercial nursery trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The roots readily produce suckers below the graft, which can sometimes overtake the intended grafted rhododendron.

Honey produced with pollen from the flowers of this plant can be poisonous if consumed in sufficient quantities, causing severe [[hypotension]] and [[bradycardia]] in humans. It is known as [[mad honey]] due to its toxic diterpenes ([[grayanotoxin]]s).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Andrew Wallace|title=Principles and methods of toxicology|publisher=CRC Press|year=2007|page=998|isbn=978-0-8493-3778-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA998}}</ref> This poisonous honey plays a significant part in the 2023 film ''[[A Haunting in Venice]]''.

The sap from a freshly cut branch can be used to treat toothache.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Erdemoglu |first1=Nurgun |last2=Akkol |first2=Esra Küpeli |last3=Yesilada |first3=Erdem |last4=Calış |first4=Ihsan |date=2008-09-02 |title=Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles from a folk remedy, Rhododendron ponticum L. leaves |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874108003395 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=172–178 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.021 |pmid=18638535 |issn=0378-8741|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Invasive species==
Suckering of the root, together with its abundant seed production, has led to it becoming an [[invasive species]] over much of western Europe and in parts of [[New Zealand]]. Rhododendron control is a key element in nature conservation in those areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://forests.org/archive/general/newflfau.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010728005428/http://forests.org/archive/general/newflfau.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2001-07-28|title=New flora and fauna for old|date=2000-12-21|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2008-12-14}}</ref>
Conservation organisations in Britain now believe ''R. ponticum'' has become "a severe problem" in the native [[Atlantic]] [[oak]]woods of the [[Scottish Highlands|west highlands]] of [[Scotland]] and in [[Wales]] and [[Ireland]], and on [[heathland]]s in southern [[England]], crowding out the native flora.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Rhododendron: A killer of the Countryside
| publisher = Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/rhododen.htm
| access-date = 30 May 2010 }}
</ref> Clearance strategies have been developed, including the flailing and cutting down of plants with follow-up [[herbicide]] spraying. Injection of herbicide into individual plants has been found to be more precise and effective.<ref>{{cite web| title =BREAKTHROUGH IN BATTLE AGAINST PROBLEM PONTICUM| publisher =[[Forestry Commission]]| date =30 July 2004| url =http://www.forestry.gov.uk/news1/196010F167115B7180256ED9004A090C| access-date =30 May 2010| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110305175422/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/news1/196010F167115B7180256ED9004A090C| archive-date =5 March 2011}}</ref>

In [[Ireland]], particularly in the [[Killarney National Park]] it is extremely invasive and the exact date that Rhododendrons were introduced is unknown. It has no natural predators in Ireland and is avoided by grazing animals as the stems and leaves contain toxic levels of grayanotoxins. It is suggested that the shrub was planted in Derrycunihy wood in the 19th century or before.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Christina |last2=Kelly |first2=Daniel L. |last3=Smyth |first3=Noeleen |last4=Lockhart |first4=Neil |last5=Holyoak |first5=David T. |last6=Long |first6=David |date=2023-06-09 |title=Investigation of the Copper Requirements of the Metallophyte Liverworts Cephaloziella nicholsonii Douin and C. massalongoi (Spruce) Müll.Frib |journal=Plants |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2265 |doi=10.3390/plants12122265 |doi-access=free |pmid=37375890 |pmc=10300965 |bibcode=2023Plnts..12.2265C |issn=2223-7747}}</ref>

A study<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tiedeken|first1=Erin Jo|last2=Egan|first2=Paul A.|last3=Stevenson|first3=Philip C.|last4=Wright|first4=Geraldine A.|author-link4=Geraldine Wright|last5=Brown|first5=Mark J. F.|last6=Power|first6=Eileen F.|last7=Farrell|first7=Iain|last8=Matthews|first8=Sharon M.|last9=Stout|first9=Jane C.|last10=Manson|first10=Jessamyn|title=Nectar chemistry modulates the impact of an invasive plant on native pollinators|journal=Functional Ecology|date=November 2015|pages=885–893|doi=10.1111/1365-2435.12588|volume=30|issue=6|hdl=2262/74965 |url=http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/14020/1/14020_STEVENSON_Nectar_Chemistry_Modulates_2015.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> in the journal ''[[Functional Ecology (journal)|Functional Ecology]]'' also showed that invasive rhododendron nectar was toxic to European honeybees (''[[Apis mellifera]]''), killing individuals within hours of consumption. It also paralyzed bees of the species ''[[Andrena carantonica]]'', a solitary mining bee. Bees became paralysed and exhibited excessive grooming or other distress behaviours after feeding on Rhododendron nectar, and ate less food than bees fed a control nectar. In contrast the buff-tailed bumblebee (''[[Bombus terrestris]]'') was not affected by the rhododendron nectar. It is important not to see Rhododendron as a problem species for honey bees as they actually avoid the flowers owing to their ability to detect the toxin nectar. The toxicity is caused by [[grayanotoxin]] 1 which is one of several highly hydroxylated diterpenoid defence chemicals produced in the leaves of ''Rhododendron'' to protect against [[herbivore]]s – e.g. the ''[[Thrips (genus)|Thrips]]'' ''Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott-Brown, AS, Gregory, T, Farrell, IW, Stevenson PC. |title=Leaf trichomes and foliar chemistry mediate defence against glasshouse thrips; ''Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis'' (Bouché) in ''Rhododendron simsii''. |journal=Functional Plant Biology |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1170–1182 |doi=10.1071/FP16045 |pmid=32480536 |bibcode=2016FunPB..43.1170S |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/fp/FP16045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some species of honey bee (''Apis mellifera'' sub spp ''caucasica'') tolerate the toxin and make so-called "[[mad honey]]".

===Identification difficulties===
Recent efforts to control the spread of ''Rhododendron ponticum'' in the United Kingdom have led to controversy, particularly at [[Taymouth Castle]] in Highland Perthshire. The accurate identification of the plant remains a topic of debate, particularly where it is interspersed amongst clumps of cherry laurel (''Prunus laurocerasus'') in areas of mixed woodland. Tensions surrounding the management of these cohabiting species came to a head in early December 2022, when prominent arboriculturalists encountered strong opposition from machine operators on the estate regarding the correct identification and subsequent management of the plant. This culminated in the destruction of a large laurel thicket. While the similarities and differences between the plants remains a subject of debate, cherry laurel may indeed be viewed and treated in the same way as rhododendron in this habitat niche.<ref>Milne, R.I. and Abbott, R.J., 2000. Origin and evolution of invasive naturalized material of Rhododendron ponticum L. in the British Isles. ''Molecular Ecology'', 9(5), pp. 541–556.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Catawbiense hybrid]] – hybrid with ''R. ponticum''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Rhododendron ponticum}}
*[https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Rhododendron+&SPECIES_XREF=ponticum+&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Rhododendron ponticum'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115214544/http://www.strandja.bg/BG/protected-territory_bg.html ''Rhododendron ponticum'' is the emblem and symbol of Bulgaria's most exotic National Park – The Strandja mountains]
*{{GRIN}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061011234354/http://www.ccs.st-and.ac.uk/rhodo.php Centre for Conservation Strategy: ''Rhododendron ponticum'' in Britain]
*[https://www.rhododendron.dk/arter/p/ponticum/ Danish Rhododendron Society: ''Rhododendron ponticum'' in Europe]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q557928}}

[[Category:Rhododendron|ponticum]]
[[Category:Flora of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Flora of Portugal]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1762]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Tribe

2026-02-03T09:49:34Z

Accuntpayable1: further correct structure after review and added references

{{Short description|Human social group}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Tribal}}
{{redirect|Tribals|the ancient Thracian tribe|Triballi}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2020}}}}
[[File:War on the Plains Comanche vs Osage by George Catlin 1834.png|thumb|Tribal war on the plains. [[Comanche]] (right) trying to lance an [[Osage Nation|Osage]] warrior. Painting by [[George Catlin]], 1834]]
{{political anthropology|expanded=Basic concepts}}
The term '''tribe''' is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of [[human]] [[social group]]. The predominant worldwide use of the term in [[English language|English]] is in the discipline of [[anthropology]]. The definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to extremely diverse human societies. Its concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other social and [[kinship]] groups, being hierarchically larger than a [[lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] or [[clan]], but smaller than a [[chiefdom]], [[ethnicity]], [[nation]] or [[state (polity)|state]]. These terms are similarly disputed. In some cases tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.

In the United States (US), [[Tribe (Native American)|Native American tribes]] are legally considered to have "domestic dependent nation" status within the territorial United States, with a [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|government-to-government]] relationship with the federal government.<ref name=JusticeGov>{{Cite web|title=FAQ About Native Americans |date=16 June 2014 |url=https://www.justice.gov/otj/about-native-americans#otj26 |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The modern English word ''tribe'' stems from Middle English ''{{Lang|enm|tribu}}'', which ultimately derives from Latin ''{{Lang|la|tribus}}''. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], it remains unclear if this form is the result of a borrowing from a Romance language source (such as [[Old French]] ''{{Lang|fro|tribu}}'') or if the form is a result of borrowing directly from [[Latin]] (the Middle English plural ''{{Lang|enm|tribuz}}'' 1250 may be a direct representation of Latin plural {{Lang|la|tribūs}}). Modern English ''tribe'' may also be a result of a common pattern wherein English borrows nouns directly from Latin and drops suffixes, including ''-us''. Latin ''{{Lang|la|tribus}}'' is held to derive from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] *''tri-dʰh₁u/o-'' ('rendered in three, tripartite division'; compare with [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] ''trifu'' 'trinity, district', [[Sanskrit]] ''trídha'' 'threefold').<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Vaan|first=Michiel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages|date=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16797-1|pages=629|publisher=Leiden · Boston |language=en|author-link=Michiel de Vaan}}</ref>

==Classification==
Considerable debate has accompanied efforts to define and characterize tribes. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a primordial social structure from which all subsequent civilizations and states developed. [[Cultural anthropology|Anthropologist]] [[Elman Service]] presented<ref>{{Cite book|title=Primitive social organization : an evolutionary perspective|last=Service, Elman Rogers|date=1962|publisher=Random House|oclc=318447878}}{{page needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> a [[Sociopolitical typology|system of classification]] for societies in all human cultures, based on the evolution of [[social inequality]] and the role of the [[Sovereign state|state]]. This system of classification contains four categories:

* [[Hunter-gatherer]] [[Band society|bands]] that are generally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]]
* Tribal societies with some limited instances of [[social rank]] and prestige
* [[Social stratification|Stratified]] tribal societies led by [[tribal chief|chieftains]] (see [[Chiefdom]])
* [[Civilization]]s, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments

Tribes are therefore considered to be a political unit formed from an organisation of families (including clans and lineages) based on social or ideological solidarity. Membership of a tribe may be understood as being based on factors such as [[kinship]] ("clan"), [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] ("race"), language, dwelling place, political group, religious beliefs, [[oral tradition]] or [[cultural practice]]s.

[[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research suggests that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus. [[Cultural Anthropology|Anthropologist]] [[Morton Fried]] argued in 1967 that bands organized into tribes in order to resist the violence and exploitation of early kingdoms and states. He wrote:

{{blockquote|In fact, there is no absolute necessity for a tribal stage as defined by Sahlins and Service, no necessity, that is, for such a stage to appear in the transit from a single settlement with embedded political organization, to a complex-state structured polity. Such a developmental process could have gone on within a unit that we may conceptualize as a city-state, such a unit as Jericho might have become in its later stages ... tribalism can be viewed as reaction to the formation of complex political structure rather than a necessary preliminary stage in its evolution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fried |first=Morton H. |title=The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology |publisher=Random House |year=1967 |location=New York |pages=169–70}}</ref>}}

===Controversy and usage deprecation===
The term "tribe" was in common use in the field of anthropology until the late 1950s and 1960s. The continued use of the term has attracted controversy among anthropologists and other academics active in the [[social science]]s with scholars of [[Anthropology|anthropological]] and [[Ethnohistory|ethnohistorical]] research challenging the utility of the concept. In 1970, anthropologist [[J. Clyde Mitchell]] wrote:

:The tribe, a long respected category of analysis in anthropology, has recently been the object of some scrutiny by anthropologists ... Doubts about the utility of the tribe as an analytical category have almost certainly arisen out of the rapid involvement of peoples, even in the remotest parts of the globe, in political, economic and sometimes direct social relationship with industrial nations. The doubts, however, are based ultimately on the definition and meaning which different scholars give to the term 'tribe', its adjective 'tribal', and its abstract form 'tribalism'.<ref name="MITCHELL-1970-83">Mitchell, Clyde J. (1970). "Tribe and Social Change in South Central Africa: A Situational Approach" in Gutkind, Peter C. W. Editor. ''The Passing of Tribal Man in Africa'', p. 83. [[Brill Publishers|Brill]].</ref>

Despite the membership boundaries for a tribe being conceptually simple, in reality they are often vague and subject to change over time. In his 1975 study, ''The Notion of the Tribe'', Fried provided numerous examples of tribes that encompassed members who spoke different languages and practiced different rituals, or who shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes in which people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries, heterogeneity and dynamism, and are not parochial.<ref>Morton H. Fried (1972). ''The Notion of Tribe''. Cummings Publishing Company{{page needed|date=February 2020}}</ref>

Part of the difficulty with the term is that it seeks to construct and apply a common conceptual framework across diverse cultures and peoples. Different anthropologists studying different peoples therefore draw conflicting conclusions about the nature, structure and practices of tribes. Writing on the Kurdish peoples, anthropologist Martin van Bruinessen argued, "the terms of standard anthropological usage, 'tribe', 'clan' and 'lineage' appear to be a straitjacket that ill fits the social reality of Kurdistan".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agha, shaikh, and state : the social and political structures of Kurdistan|last=Bruinessen, Martin van|date=1992|publisher=Zed Books|oclc=555395702}}{{page needed|date=February 2020}}</ref>

There are further negative connotations of the term "tribe" that have reduced its use. Writing in 2013, scholar Matthew Ortoleva noted that "like the word ''Indian'', ''[t]ribe'' is a word that has connotations of colonialism."<ref name="ORTOLEVA-2013-95">Ortoleva, Matthew (2013). "We Face East" in Goggin, Peter N. Editor. ''Environmental Rhetoric and Ecologies of Place'', p. 95. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|9781135922658}}</ref> [[Survival International]] says "It is important to make the distinction between ''tribal'' and ''indigenous'' because tribal peoples have a special status acknowledged in international law as well as problems in addition to those faced by the wider category of indigenous peoples."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://survivalinternational.org/info/terminology|title = Terminology - Survival International}}</ref>

== Present-day ==
{{Seealso|Pashtun tribes|Kurdish tribes|Albanian tribes|Tribes of Yemen|Arab tribes of Algeria|India tribal belt|List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States|Iwi}}
[[File:Isolierte-Völker.png|thumb|300px|A map of [[uncontacted tribes]], around the start of the 21st century]]
Few tribes today remain isolated from the development of the modern state system. Tribes have lost their legitimacy to conduct traditional functions, such as [[tithing]], delivering [[justice]] and defending territory, with these being replaced by states functions and institutions, such as taxation, law courts and the military. Most have suffered decline and loss of cultural identity. Some have adapted to the new political context and transformed their culture and practices in order to survive, whilst others have secured legal rights and protections.

Fried proposed that most surviving tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, developed as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak [[leadership]]. They do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes, and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called tribes of the United States or British India provide good examples of this). The British favored the label "aboriginal tribe" for some communities.

[[File:Afghan men of the Alizay Kulay village in Kandahar Province.jpg|thumb|[[Pashtuns]] in Afghanistan and Pakistan form the world's largest [[Pashtun tribes|tribal society]], comprising over 60 million people and between 350 and 400 tribes and clans.]]
India adopted a republican constitution in 1950, after three years of debate in its Constituent Assembly. During the debate, Jaipal Singh, a member of [[Munda people|Munda tribe]] from Central India advocated for special provisions for the '[[Adivasi|Adibasi]]' -- a translation into Hindi of 'aboriginal'. His arguments proved persuasive. These communities were to have seats in the legislatures and positions in government employment 'reserved' for them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha/page/126/mode/2up|publisher=Harper Collins |year=2008 |isbn=9780060958589 |edition=paperback |location=New York |pages=126–128}}</ref> Each of the assembly members prepared a list of communities that deserved special protections. These names were listed in a "Schedule" (appendix) to the Constitution. So these came to be called the 'Scheduled Tribes', often abbreviated to ST.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhry |first=Sujit |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780198704898 |location=New York |pages=720–724}}</ref>

Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.

In the [[Tribe (Native American)|Native American tribes]] of North America, tribes are considered [[sovereign nation]]s, that have retained their sovereignty or been granted legal recognition by the federal government.<ref name=JusticeGov/><ref name=TribalSov>Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)</ref>

[[Yemen]] is notable as the most tribal nation in the [[Arab world]], largely due to the significant influence of tribal leaders and their deep integration into various aspects of the state.<ref>J. E. Peterson, Tribes and Politics in Yemen p.1</ref> Estimates vary, with approximately 200 tribes in Yemen, although some reports list more than 400.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaydi Islam |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-zaydi.htm |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/556da5f4-a5f6-4551-9edc-a8fb099dbbf4 الجزيرة نت] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319005058/http://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/556da5f4-a5f6-4551-9edc-a8fb099dbbf4|date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shahsevan]]
* [[Adivasi]]
* [[Tribes of Arabia]]
* [[Band society]]
* [[Ethnic religion]]
* [[Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]
* [[Gens]]
* [[Matrilineality]]
* [[Meenas]]
* [[Micronation]]
* [[New Tribal Revolution]]
* [[Nomad]]
* [[Pantribal sodalities]]
* [[Patrilineality]]
* [[Segmentary society]]
* [[Social group]]
* [[Stateless society]]
* [[Tribal chief]]
* [[Tribal name]]
* [[Tribal sovereignty]]
* [[Tribal warfare]]
* [[Tribalism]]
** [[Neotribalism]]
* [[Anarcho-primitivism]]
* [[Tribe (Internet)]]
* [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]
* [[Faz'ah]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Émile Benveniste|Benveniste, Émile]] (1973). ''Indo-European Language and Society'', translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|0-87024-250-4}}.
* [[Émile Benveniste|Benveniste, Émile]] (1935). ''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen''.
* Fried, Morton H. (1975). ''The Notion of Tribe''. Cummings Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-8465-1548-2}}.
* Helm, June, ed., (1968). ''Essays on the Problem of Tribe,'' Proceedings, American Ethnological Society. Seattle: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url= https://www.academia.edu/1642214 |year=2006 |publisher= Sage Publications |location=London }}
* {{Cite journal |year=2001 |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Relating Global Tensions: Modern Tribalism and Postmodern Nationalism |url=https://www.academia.edu/6874068 |journal=Communal/Plural |volume=9 |issue=1|pages=11–31 |doi=10.1080/13207870124780 |hdl=1885/41671 |hdl-access=free }}
* Nagy, Gregory (1990). ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', Cornell University Press. Chapter 12, beginning on p. 276, explores the meaning of the word origin and social context of a tribe in ancient Greece and beyond.
* Sutton, Imre (1975). ''Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature''. Clearwater, NY: Tribe. pp. 101–02, 180–82, 186–87, 191–93. {{ISBN?}}
* Renfrew, Colin & Paul G. Bahn (2008). ''Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice''. New York: Thames and Hudson {{ISBN?}}

{{Wiktionary|tribe|tribal}}

{{Ethnicity}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tribe}}
[[Category:Tribes| ]]
[[Category:Ethnology]]
[[Category:Self-sustainability]]
[[Category:Political anthropology]]

Bibipur Model

2026-01-23T09:02:35Z

Accuntpayable1: new the details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Social program in Haryana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{Usemdy|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox
| title = Bibipur Model
| label1 = Country
| data1 = [[India]]
| label2 = Inception
| data2 = 2016
| label3 = Founder
| data3 = [[Sunil Jaglan]]
| label4 = Patron
| data4 =
| label5 = Motive
| data5 = [[Women's empowerment]]
| label6 = Full name
| data6 = Bibipur Model of Women Empowerment and Village Development
}}

'''Bibipur Model of Women Empowerment and Village Development,''' commonly known as the '''Bibipur Model''', is a program aimed at promoting gender equality and enhancing the socio-economic conditions of women in rural [[India]].

It was introduced by [[Sunil Jaglan]], a former [[sarpanch]] of [[Bibipur]] village in 2016, and gained national recognition when it was adopted in 2017 by the former President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for implementation in 100 villages across [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2023-03-03 |title=Daughters spell magic: Haryana man on mission to empower women |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Mar/19/daughters-spell-magic-haryana-man-on-mission-toempower-women-2557330.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Women shun veils, take centre stage in village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/women-shun-veils-take-centre-stage-in-village/articleshow/64725136.cms |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-07 |title=बेटियों के नाम से मिली घरों को पहचान: अयोध्या का पलिया लोहानी बना यूपी का पहला बीबीपुर मॉडल गांव; लड़कियां बोलीं- यह मेडल जीतने के जैसा एक्सपीरियंस |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/news/palia-lohani-became-the-first-bibipur-model-village-of-up-international-campaign-fame-sunil-awakened-129625528.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419181019/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/news/palia-lohani-became-the-first-bibipur-model-village-of-up-international-campaign-fame-sunil-awakened-129625528.html |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=200 साल में पहली बार चढ़ीं चौपाल पर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/other-news/chopped-for-the-first-time-in-200-years/articleshow/62087393.cms |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-12 |title=Now, 'library for women' opened in Jind village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jind/now-library-for-women-opened-in-jind-village/articleshow/61612440.cms |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Bibipur Model was conceived as a response to the pervasive [[gender discrimination]] and societal biases prevalent in rural India. The initiative aims to empower women and promote [[gender equality]] through various strategies, including [[community engagement]] and [[awareness campaigns]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2024-09-20 |title=His Daughter's Birth Turned Him Into a Feminist: Sunil Jaglan's Fight Against Female Foeticide |url=https://thebetterindia.com/366915/sunil-jaglan-selfie-with-daughter-bibipur-village-haryana-daughters-day-women-empowerment-female-foeticide/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Sunil Jaglan: Champion of Gender Equality in Rural India |url=https://dnn24.com/sunil-jaglan-change-maker-of-gender-equality-in-rural-india |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Area of work ==
The model aims to empower women by encouraging them to participate in decision-making and governance. It seeks to develop villages by addressing issues like [[female foeticide]], [[education]], [[health]], and [[Right to property|property rights]]. The model also aims to fight [[gender bias]] by encouraging women to attend meetings and speak up about their concerns, and works to ban abusive slurs against women by encouraging open discussions in the [[gram sabha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=Haryana: Bibipur model of women empowerment to be introduced in 100 villages adopted by President |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-bibipur-model-to-be-introduced-in-100-villages-adopted-by-president-4669140/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Implementation ==

* In 2017, President Pranab Mukherjee adopted 100 villages in Haryana and asked Jaglan to help implement the Bibipur model in those villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ayesha |title=Unwanted daughters: Fighting female foeticide in India |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/unwanted-daughters-fighting-female-foeticide-in-india/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaglan |first=Sunil |title="Congratulations! It's a girl!" How one crusader helped change attitudes toward daughters in an Indian state |url=https://www.southasiamonitor.org/medley/congratulations-its-girl-how-one-crusader-helped-change-attitudes-toward-daughters-indian |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=South Asia Monitor |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social programs]]
[[Category:Women's empowerment]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Feminism in India]]
[[Category:Social welfare charities]]

Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue

2026-01-18T16:21:46Z

Accuntpayable1: made stub

{{Short description|Former synagogue in Kochi, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{page numbers needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue
| native_name = {{ubl|{{langx|he|בית הכנסת}}|{{langx|ml|കടവു൦ഭാഗ൦ മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി ജൂതപള്ളി}}}}
| religious_affiliation = {{nowrap|[[Judaism]] {{small|(former)}}}}
| image = Museu de Israel P1130210 (24400166033).jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The former synagogue interior, now part of the [[Israel Museum]], in [[Jerusalem]]
| location = [[Mattancherry]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]
| geo = {{coord|9.953125|N|76.2603797|E|region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| rite = [[Nusach Sefard]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former synagogue in [[Kerala]]
| consecration_year =
| status = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Synagogue]] {{small|(1544–1950s)}}}}|[[Jewish museum]] {{small|(in development)}}}}
| functional_status = '''Under restoration'''
| leadership =
| website =
| founded_by = [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jews]]
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Synagogue architecture]]
| architecture_style = Cochin Jewish
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1544 [[Common Era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = South
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| materials =
}}
The '''Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue''' ({{langx|he|בית הכנסת}}; {{langx|ml|കടവു൦ഭാഗ൦ മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി ജൂതപള്ളി}}), also known as the '''Kadavumbhagam Synagogue''', is a former [[synagogue]], located in [[Mattancherry]], a locality in [[Kochi]], in the [[Ernakulam district]], in the coastal state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].

Abandoned in the 1950s, the former synagogue in to be preserved as a [[Jewish museum]].

== History ==
Completed in 1544 [[Common Era|CE]] by the [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jews]], it is one of the oldest extant synagogues in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=http://cochinsyn.com/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=The Synagogues of Kerala }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Daniel, Ruby |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1243580690 |title=Ruby of Cochin : an Indian Jewish woman remembers|date=2002 |publisher=Varda Books |isbn=1-59045-649-1 |oclc=1243580690}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Cochin Jews |date=2018 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_100544|work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=181 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_100544 |isbn=978-94-024-1266-6 |access-date=2021-10-11|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Malabar Jews are the earliest Jewish settlers in India, believed to have arrived as traders in the ancient port city of [[Muziris]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author=Johnson, Barbara C. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1082267935 |title=Barbara C. Johnson collection of Malayalam Jewish songs from Kerala, India |oclc=1082267935}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |author=Katz, Nathan |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/246707556 |title=The last Jews of Cochin: Jewish identity in Hindu India |date=1993 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=0-87249-847-6 |oclc=246707556 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |author=Fernandes, Edna |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/705537625 |title=The last Jews of Kerala |date=2009 |publisher=Portobello |oclc=705537625}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |author=Waronker, Jay |date=2010-10-20 |title=The Synagogues Of Kerala, India: Their Architecture, History, Context, And Meaning |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/17604 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was the second to be built in Mattancherry, and is one of three synagogues in the area.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

The name of the synagogue is believed to refer to a much older synagogue that once stood in [[Kodungallur|Kodungaloor]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> The former Kadavumbhagam Synagogue is considered as one of the most ornately carved and decorated of the [[List of synagogues in Kerala|Malabar Synagogues in Kerala]], particularly its wooden furnishes and interior sanctuary.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |author=Rabinowitz, Isaac Louis |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1116199220 |title=Far East mission |date=1952 |publisher=Eagle Press |oclc=1116199220}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |author=Kumar, M. K. Sunil |date=3 July 2021 |title=Synagogue should be a hub of Kerala Jews history: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/synagogue-should-be-a-hub-of-kerala-jews-history-experts/articleshow/84075537.cms |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The name means "by the riverside" and refers to a boat dock that stood opposite the complex until the 1960s.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |author=Koder, S. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/3415398 |title=History of the Jews of Kerala |date=1974 |publisher= |oclc=3415398}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> This palli (synagogue) was renowned for its divine miracles and stories associated and was revered by both the Malabar Jews and non Jewish locals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=אופירה |first=גמליאל |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/457121154 |title=Jewish Malayalam women's songs |date=2009 |publisher= |oclc=457121154}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |author=Kumar, M. K. Sunil |date=13 September 2021 |title=Ernakulam: Archaeology department erects a roof over synagogue in Mattancherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ernakulam-archaeology-department-erects-a-roof-over-synagogue-in-mattancherry/articleshow/86159065.cms |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 1955, the entire congregation made ''[[aliyah]]'' to [[Israel]] leaving the synagogue in disuse. It was initially encroached upon and later made into a warehouse for coir storage.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The interior furniture and women's ''bimah'' were shipped and preserved in the [[Israel Museum]] while its ''hekal'' is presently in moshav [[Nehalim]] in Israel.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />

In September 2019, after decades of neglect, the entire front portion of the [[sanctuary]] collapsed in the heavy [[monsoon]] rainfall.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |author=Harigovind, Abhinaya |date=2019-09-11 |title=Piece of Jewish history reduced to rubble in rain in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/piece-of-jewish-history-reduced-to-rubble/article29386464.ece |access-date=2021-10-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After much public outcry,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kumar, M. K. Sunil |date=29 June 2021 |title=Kochi: Call to protect Malabari synagogue gets louder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/call-to-protect-malabari-synagogue-gets-louder/articleshow/83934117.cms |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> the Kerala Archaeology Department took possession of the monument to save it.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> The former synagogue is being restored to function as a [[Jewish museum|Jewish heritage museum]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kadavumbhagam Synagogue on a path to revival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/aug/14/kadavumbhagam-synagogue-on-a-path-to-revival-2344390.html |access-date=2021-10-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":9" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Kadavumbagam Synagogue}}

{{Synagogues in India}}
{{Kochi (India)}}

[[Category:1950s disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:16th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:16th-century synagogues in Asia]]
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]
[[Category:Former synagogues in India]]
[[Category:Mattancherry]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Sephardi synagogues in India]]
[[Category:Synagogues completed in 1544]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Kerala]]
[[Category:Synagogues preserved as museums]]
[[Category:Jewish museums in India]]

Auniati Satra

2026-01-05T05:03:12Z

Accuntpayable1: new first info more to come

{{Infobox Mandir|name=Sri Sri Auniati Satra|image=মাজুলীৰ আউনিআটী সত্ৰৰ সিংহাসন ভাগৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ।.jpeg|image_size=|alt=The ''singhason'' (throne) of the main idol Govinda in the Manikut of the Auniati Satra|caption=The ''singhason'' (throne) of the main idol Govinda in the Manikut of the Auniati Satra|map_type=|map_caption=|coordinates={{coord|26.9402|94.1238|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|other_names=|proper_name=|country=[[India]]|state=[[Assam]]|district=[[Majuli]]|elevation_m=|deity=[[Krishna|Govinda]]|festivals=[[Rasa lila|Raasleela]], Paal Naam|architecture=[[Assamese people|Assamese]]|temple_quantity=|monument_quantity=|inscriptions=[[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Brajavali language|Brajavali]]|year_completed=1653 CE|creator=Sri Sri Niranjana Deva Goswami (first satradhikar), Swargadeo [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] (patron king)|website=}}'''Sri Sri Auniati Satra''' is a [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|satra]] or monastery located in the [[Majuli]] river island in [[Assam]], [[India]], that adheres to the Brahma Sanghati of the [[Ekasarana Dharma]], a socio-religious and cultural movement initiated by [[Sankardev|Srimanta Sankaradeva]], who was born in 1449 CE. It is one of the four "raj satras" or royal satras associated with the [[Ahom dynasty]]. It is the first satra patronised by the kingdom. It is usually believed that this satra was established in the year 1653 CE, with the initiative of Ahom king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]], the first head monk or satradhikar being Sri Sri Niranjana Deva Goswami, even though different opinions exist.

The monks of the satra are ''udaseen Vaishnava''s, meaning, they are celibate and avoid every worldly affair to focus entirely on [[Krishna]], who is the supreme deity in Ekasarana Dharma and considered to be [[Para Brahman|Param Brahma]], the ultimate reality. Out of the ''sari bostu'', or the four objects of prime importance in Ekasarana, namely Deva, Naam, Guru and Bhokot, Deva is given the most importance. Krishna is worshipped as Govinda in this satra.<ref name="auniati.org">https://auniati.org/about.php</ref> Monks are trained in the thoughts of Sankaradeva and other preceptors, as well as Satriya life, theatrical performance called [[bhaona]]s, playing instruments like [[khol]] and [[Taal (instrument)|taal]] and [[Sattriya|Sattriya dance]]. Many festivals, like Paal Naam, Ras Lila, [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], ''tithi''s of Sankaradeva and [[Madhavdev|Madhavadeva]], [[Bihu]] etc. are celebrated in this satra.

== Etymology ==
The name "auniati" is traditionally believed to have come from the words "auni", which is a variety of [[betel]] and "ati", which means a place with high altitude.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sri Sri Auniati Satra |url=https://majuli.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/218 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Official Website of the Majuli District}}</ref> It was built at an elevated place where the auni variety of betel used to grow, giving the satra its name. Kavichandra Dvij, in his "Keshava Charita Pada", writes:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=3 |language=As}}</ref>

"Aunipan ek brikhyot asil 
Tar xomipot zotu xotro xazisil 
Etekexe auni asi nam xotro kohe 
Dokhyine Dihing nodi mohabege bohe"

(There was an auni betel tree 
Near that a satra was built 
Therefore, it is named Auni Asi Satra 
In its south, the river Dihing flows fast)

== History ==
The exact year in which the satra was established is a matter of debate. The most commonly accepted theory places the origin of the satra in 1653 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |pages=2 |language=As}}</ref> This was the time when the area was under [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom rule]], with [[Sutamla]] as the king. The establishment of the satra was a part of his bid to provide patronage to the [[Hinduism|Hindu faith]], whereby he asked the pathak of the Kurubahi Satra to set this new satra up. After the establishment of the satra, he adopted the [[Ekasarana Dharma|Vaishnava faith]] and received the name Jayadhwaja Singha from the first satradikar of the Auniati Satra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Auniati Satra |url=https://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/10/auniati-satra.htm |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Assam Info}}</ref> However, other historians believe that the satra was actually established at the behest of Sutamla's predecessor king [[Sutingphaa|Sutingpha]] in the year 1644 CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sarma, Tirthanath. (1975) Auniati Satrar Buronji. (In [[Assamese language|Assamese]]). Majuli: Auniati Satra.</ref> Yet another opinion is that Jayadhwaj Singha got it established as a "raj satra" in 1656, donating land and [[Paik system|paiks]] or labour. The Satsari Assam Buronji states that the foundational pillar of the home of the Gosain was laid in 1656 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhuyan |first=Suryya Kumar |title=Satsari Assam Buranji |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |year=1960 |location=Guwahati |language=As}}</ref> Auniati was the first satra to be patronised by the [[Ahom kingdom]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Saharia |first=Diplina |date=2021 |title=The Interplay of State and Religion in the Brahmaputra Valley from 16th to the 18th Centuries |url=https://www.jneis.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/11.2.1.pdf |journal=Journal of Northeast India Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–16}}</ref>

The Sri Sri Auniati Satra is associated with the Brahma Sanghati, one of the [[Ekasarana Dharma#Denominations|four orders]] of Ekasarana satras. It is the most tolerant of [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahminical practices]] out of the four, and has historically been headed by [[Brahmin]] monks. This sanghati has historically maintained ties with the [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] and Ahom monarchy. The founder of this sanghati, Sri Sri [[Damodardev|Damodaradeva]], had initiated Koch king [[Nara Narayan|Naranarayana]] into the Ekasarana fold.<ref name=":5">Shin, Jae-Eun (2017), "Transition of Satra from a Venue of Bhakti Movement to the Orthodox Brahmanical Institution", in Ota, Nobuhiro (ed.), ''Clustering and Connections in Pre-Modern South Asian Society'', Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, pp. 248</ref> On the other hand, the first satradhikar of the Auniati Satra, Sri Sri Niranjana Deva Goswami had initiated the Ahom king [[Sutamla|Jayadhwaj Singha]] into the Vaishnava fold,<ref name=":1" /> effectively [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritising]] the dynasty. While the [[Ahom people|Ahoms]], who migrated from southeastern [[China]] in the 1200s had their own religion, they began adopting Hindu ways since the time of [[Suhungmung]], particularly Brahminical [[Shaktism|Shakta]] ways, often persecuting Ekasarana monks. Despite this, the Ahom dynasty's formal adoption of Hinduism only took place with Jayadhwaja Singha's initiation into the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] fold under the Sri Sri Auniati Satra.<ref name=":4" /> The Auniati Satra became one of the four "raj satras" or royal satras,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> the others being [[Dakhinpat Satra|Dakhinpat]], Garamur and Kuruwabahi. The Ahom kings considered Auniati to be of the highest position among the various satras.<ref name=":2" /> After the initiation of Jayadhwaja Singha, the Ahom kings largely spared the Vaishnavas of the Brahma Sanghati from persecution, but continued to persecute the monks of the satras of the other sanghatis (except during the rule of [[Gadadhara Singha]], where even the satras of the Brahma Sanghati faced persecution).

[[File:Auniati satra entry path.jpg|Front view of the Namghar (prayer Hall) in Sri Sri Auniati Satra|thumb]]

The relationship between satras of the Brahma sanghati and others has been complex historically. During the reign of Jayadhwaj Singha, the abbot of the Mayamara Satra, one of the primary satras of the Kal Sanghati, had to go into hiding in fear of persecution by the king. It was at the instance of the Auniati abbot that he was brought back.<ref>Barpujari, HK (1992). Barpujari, H K (ed.). ''The Comprehensive History of Assam''. Vol. 2. Guwahati: Publication Board Assam. pp. 263.</ref> During the reign of Gadadhara Sungha's son, [[Sukhrungphaa|Rudra Singha]], satras of the Brahma Sanghati were patronised (Rudra Singha even accepted initiation under the Auniati satradhikar Sri Sri Harideva Goswami),<ref name=":3" /> while restrictions were placed on other satras. Non-Brahmin satradhikars were barred from initiating Brahmin disciples by the king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhuyan |first=S. K. |title=Tungkhungia Buranji or the History of Assam 1681-1806 A.D. |publisher=DHAS |year=1968 |location=Guwahati |pages=32–33}}</ref> This was done in a meeting where both Brahmin and non-Brahmin mahantas were present, and allegedly, the Brahmin Mahantas sided with the king, infuriating the non-Brahmin Mahantas.<ref name=":4" /> During the reign of his son [[Sutanphaa|Siva Singha]], the stature of Shaktism rose even more. Following astrological advice, Siva Singha offered his throne to his three queens, Phuleswari Devi, Ambika Devi and Sarveswari Devi, with Phuleswari being the chief queen. Phuleswari Devi was a staunch Shakta and tried to make Shaktism the state religion. Once, she invited the adhikars of the major satras to a [[Durga Puja]] function and after the event, made the mahantas and gosains of other sanghatis bow their heads before the satradhikars of the Sri Sri Auniati and the Sri Sri Garamura Satra, further infuriating them.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Bhuyan, S.K. ed. (1962). Asam Buranji : A history of Assam from the commencement of the Ahom rule to the British occupation in 1826. Guwahati : DHAS.</ref> During the [[Moamoria rebellion|Moamaria rebellion]] against the Ahom monarchy, which took place from 1786 to 1789, the rebels who were associated with the Kal Sanghati burned the royalist satras, including the Auniati Satra.<ref>Sharma, Chandan Kumar (1996). "Socio-Economic Structure and Peasant Revolt : The Case of Moamoria Upsurge in the Eighteenth Century Assam". ''Indian Anthropologist''. '''26''' (2): 33–52. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 41919803. pp. 47.</ref>

=== Satradhikars ===
The first head monk or satradhikar of this satra was Niranjanadeva Goswami and the current one is Pitambaradeva Goswami. The following is the list of the satradhikars of Auniati Satra:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=3–4 |language=As}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sri Auniati Satra {{!}} Past Satradhikar |url=https://www.auniati.org/past_satradhikar.php |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.auniati.org}}</ref>

[[File:Aauniati satra gate.jpg|The entrance gate (known as "Batcora") of the Sri Sri Auniati Satra in Majuli|thumb]]

# Sri Sri Niranjana Deva Goswami (1653 to 1658 CE)
# Sri Sri Keshavadeva Goswami (1658 to 1726 CE)
# Sri Sri Ramachandradeva Goswami (1726 to 1727 CE)
# Sri Sri Damodaradeva Goswami (1727 to 1737 CE)
# Sri Sri Harideva Goswami (1737 to 1760 CE)
# Sri Sri Pranaharideva Goswami (1760 to 1785 CE)
# Sri Sri Lakshminathadeva Goswami (1785 to 1804 CE)
# Sri Sri Padmapanideva Goswami (1718 to 1821 CE)
# Sri Sri Kusharadeva Goswami (1821 to 1838 CE)
# Sri Sri Dattadeva Goswami (1838 to 1904 CE)
# Sri Sri Kamalachandradeva Goswami (1904 to 1922 CE)
# Sri Sri Leelakantadeva Goswami (1922 to 1926 CE)
# Sri Sri Hemachandradeva Goswami (1926 to 1983 CE)
# Sri Sri Vishnuchandradeva Goswami (1983 to 1998 CE)
# Dr. Sri Sri Pitambaradeva Goswami (1998 CE to present)

== Organisation and activities ==

=== Deity ===
Being a part of the Ekasarana Dharma, [[Krishna]] is worshipped as the supreme deity. Adhering to the Brahma Sanghati, the worship of idols is allowed in this satra, unlike some other sanghatis. The primary deity is worshipped as Govinda,<ref name="auniati.org"/> and his idol was brought in from [[Jagannatha Puri|Jagannath Puri]] in what is now the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name=":2" /> In addition, other idols of Krishna are also worshipped, namely, Bansigopala, Madana Mohana and Bhuvana Mohana, who are all worshipped together with Govinda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=6 |language=as}}</ref> During the time of [[Raslila]], Govinda is placed in a throne and worshipped.

=== Monkhood and responsibilities ===
[[File:Little monk in Sri Sri Auniati satra.jpg|thumb|150px|Young monk in the satra, dressed in a white cotton [[:en:Dhoti|dothi]] and [[:en:Angavastra|angavastra]]]]

The overall responsibility of overseeing all the activities of the Satra, like in other satras, rests on the head monk, or the Satradhikar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Puja |last2=Barua |first2=Upala |date=2022 |title=The Importance of Satra and Namghar in the Greater Assamese Society: An Appraisal |url= |journal=Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=671–676}}</ref> Following the satradhikar, the next highest position is held by the Deka Adhikar.

Auniati monks are ''kewoliya'', which means they are celibate. They are ''udaseen'' ''Vaishnavas'' (literally, indifferent), meaning they leave every worldly thought and focus entirely on Krishna.<ref name=":2" /> Many join the satra as monks at very young ages. The satra arranges for both their formal (secular) education and training on the thoughts of Sankaradeva, Sattriya or monastic culture and the rules of monkhood.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |pages=6–7 |language=as}}</ref> Young monks leave ties with their families, reside in the satra premises and partake in its activities. The monks are dressed very simply in a white cotton [[:en:Dhoti|dothi]] and [[:en:Angavastra|angavastra]], they are bare-chested and barefoot. Only the adhikar wears an angavastra decorated with a golden motif. They sometimes wear a mala made of tulsi wood around their necks. They do not have shaved heads, on the contrary they wear long hair, following the example of the founder Sankardev who is represented with long hair. They eat vegetarian food, no alcohol, no tobacco, no drugs. They participate in daily prayers. They live in range of houses known as "Hati".
[[File:আউনীআটী সত্ৰৰ ভকত থকা ঘৰ.jpg|Residence of monks at the satra (known as "Hati")|thumb|center|400px]]
They are taught the art of [[Gayan-bayan|Gayan Bayan]], which is singing (particularly the works of preceptors such as the [[borgeet]]s) and playing instruments such as the [[khol]] and [[Taal (instrument)|taal]]. The style of dance developed in the satras, called [[Sattriya]], is recognised as one of India's eight major [[Indian classical dance|classical dance forms]] by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref> the [[Government of India]] and other scholars of Indian culture.<ref name="Brown2013p1952">{{cite book |author=Frank Burch Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-972103-0 |pages=195–196}}, '''Quote:''' All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."</ref> Natua, Apsara, Sutradhar, Ozapali (Panchali and Dulari), Sali, Jumura, Krishna Gopi Nritya, Maati Akhara and Gayan-Bayan are some of the dances practiced in this satra.<ref name=":1" /> In addition, theatrical performances called [[bhaona]]s are practiced and performed on various occasions.

The laity who wish to associate with the satra but are unable to adopt monkhood in its entirety are initiated into the fold via institutions called ''xoron'' and ''bhojon''.<ref name=":2" /> ''Xoron luwa'' (literally, taking shelter) is the ceremony whereby a member of the laity accepts the Satradhikar as guru, and vows to follow certain principles preached in the Ekasarana dharma, such as devotion to [[Krishna]], forgoing the consumption of [[Alcoholism|alcohol]], treating guests at home well etc. ''Bhojon luwa'' is a more extensive version of it.

=== Festivities ===

Several festivals are organised in the Satra, associated with the Ekasarana faith, such as the anniversaries of preceptors and various occasions marking events in the life of Krishna.
[[File:Mayurpokhyi Kehl-Nao (Pleasure boat) of Kamalabari Satra.jpg|thumb|150px|boat of the Name (naam nouka)]]
'''Paal Naam''' 
A major festival associated with the Auniati Satra is the Paal Naam, first organised at the satra in 1695 by the fifth Sattradhikar, Hari Dev Goswami. It is celebrated annually in the Assamese month of Kartika, from the 25th to the 29th day.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |pages=13–14 |language=as}}</ref> During the festival, a naam nouka (“boat of the Name”) is placed at the centre, and continuous ''naam'' (chanting of the name of God) is performed, symbolising that the divine name is the vessel that carries devotees across the ocean of ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' (illusion) to ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation).
The boat used during this festival is on permanent display in the museum.
[[File:Sky lamps at Sri Sri Auniati Satra, Majuli.jpg|Akax bonti (sky lamps), lit yearly at the satra in the Kati month|thumb|150px]]
'''Akash Bonti (Sky Lamps)''' 
As part of the [[Bihu#Kati Bihu|Kati Bihu]] festival (mid-October), Auniati Satra continues a centuries-old tradition of lighting Akash Bonti—oil lamps set atop tall bamboo poles—symbolizing hope at the close of the planting season. This ritual, observed without interruption since the satra’s founding in 1653, involves erecting bamboo scaffolds and hoisting the lamps by pulley. The monks congregate to perform devotional singing (naam-prasanga), while lay spectators observe respectfully from nearby. In 2021, the satra marked its 368th consecutive celebration by lighting 21 pairs of sky lamps; in 2024, the tradition continued with the 371st observance.
During Akax Bonti, the air resonates with joyful singing and laughter. Even the youngest monks frolic and leap with carefree delight, embodying the communal joy of the festival. While lay spectators watch respectfully from the sidelines, the satra family shares its devotional energy in full freedom.

Other festivals celebrated include the ''tithi''s or anniversaries of the two principal preceptors of Ekasarana Dharma, Srimanta [[Sankardev|Sankaradeva]] and Sri Sri [[Madhavdev|Madhavadeva]]; the [[Raslila|Ras festival]], celebrating Krishna's dance with the [[gopi]]s of [[Braj]]; [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], celebrating the birth of Krishna; the three [[Bihu]]s, marking different phases of agriculture in Assam etc.<ref name=":7" />

== Influence ==

=== Performing arts ===
The monks of the Sri Sri Auniati Satra have been involved in numerous cultural and literary activities for centuries. The monks are routinely trained in theatre ([[bhaona]]), dance ([[Sattriya]]), singing ([[borgeet]]) and playing instruments ([[khol]] and [[Taal (instrument)|taal]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> [[Sattriya]] is one of the eight major classical dance forms of India. The monks of the Sri Sri Auniati Satra are often invited as delegations for Sattriya performances at various places, including the Indian [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in [[New Delhi]]; in the presence of the [[President of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rashtrapati Bhawan]] and other cultural institutions such as the [[National Museum of India|National Museum]] in Delhi and various places in India and abroad.<ref name=":2" />

=== Literature ===
The monks of the Sri Sri Auniati Satra have over hundreds of years, engaged in the writing of several manuscripts and books. Several of these are works of play, such as<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=15–16 |language=as}}</ref> Godaporbo, Bhismoporbo, Bhorotagomon etc. by Sri Sri Dattadeva Goswami, Prahlad Soritro, Birat Porbo etc. by Kamalachandradeva Goswami, Tripur Toron by Lilakantadeva Goswami, Dondi Porbo, Droupodir Xomonwoy, Sri Krisnor Jonmolila, Jonmastomi etc. by Sri Sri Hemachandradeva Goswami, Jotanol Gitabhinoy, Dut Krisno, Bolisolon, Mohix Mukti etc. by Vishnuchandradeva Goswami etc.

Charita Puthis are a distinctive genre of Ekasarana literature, where hagiograpphies of the faith's gurus are written. Among the Charit Puthis, the charitas of Sri Sri Damodaradeva, Sri Sri Vansigopala Deva and Sri Sri Harideva were composed in the Sri Sri Auniati Satra itself.<ref name=":8" />

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Sri Sri Auniati Satra played an important role in the development of modern [[Assamese literature]]. The first Assamese newspaper was published by [[Baptist Missions|Baptist missionaries]], by the name of ''[[Orunodoi]]'', in 1846. Soon after that, in the year 1871, the Sri Sri Auniati Satra began the publication of the second oldest newspaper in the Assamese language, ''Asam Bilasini''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Assam Bilasini and the Freedom Movement |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?13855 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> The Auniati satradhikar Sri Sri Dattadeva Goswami personally oversaw the procurement and use of the "Dharmaprakasha Yantra", a modern printing press, for the purpose.<ref name=":8" /> Some other periodicals published by the Sri Sri Auniati Satra include ''Assam Dipika'' (1976), ''Assam Tora'' (1989) etc. Currently, ''Sanskriti Biplav'' is in publication.

=== Politics ===
The Sri Sri Auniati Satra is one of the ''raj satra''s or royal satras of the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The Ahom kingdom was established in [[Upper Assam division|upper Assam]] after a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] prince from [[Möng Mao|Mong Mao]] (present day southeastern [[China]]), [[Sukaphaa|Chao Lung Sukaphaa]], migrated to Assam in 1228. While it remained relatively small for centuries, it suddenly expanded under the rule of king [[Suhungmung]] and went on to become the most influential power in the [[Northeast India|northeast of India]]. As a result of the expansion, by 1536, the [[Hindus|Hindu]] subjects greatly outnumbered the [[Ahom people|Ahoms]] in the kingdom. To gain legitimacy in the Hindu society, the [[Ahom dynasty]] underwent [[Sanskritisation]], with Suhungmung adopting the [[Sanskrit]] name Swarganarayana.

However, the formal initiation of the Ahom dynasty into Hinduism did not take place till 1648, when [[Sutamla]] became the king.<ref>{{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |title=The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714) |journal=Social Scientist |volume=11 |date=December 1983 |doi=10.2307/3516963 |issue=12 |jstor=3516963 |url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259 |pages=21–22}} "The Ahom kings also began to assume Hindu names in addition to their Tai patronymics It was from the days of Pratap Simha again, that they started patronising Hindu temples with land grants. Their formal conversion to Hinduism did not however take place before 1648 and the new attachment became stable only towards the end of the century."</ref> Sutamla established the Sri Sri Auniati Satra and took formal initiation under its first Satradhikar Sri Sri Niranjana Deva Goswami, effectively Sanskritising the dynasty. This was a major event in the [[history of Assam]]. Sutamla adopted the name Jayadhwaj Singha following this. Following this, the Ahom state was largely lenient towards the satras of the Brahma Sanghati, while continuing the persecution of the satras of other sanghatis. Rudra Singha even provided the position of ''raj satra'' to Auniati, [[Dakhinpat Satra|Dakhinpat]], Garamur and Kuruwabahi and received initiation from the satradhikar of the Sri Sri Auniati Satra, Sri Sri Harideva Goswami, who was the most prominent of the Brahmin satradhikars of the time.<ref>Gogoi, Lila (1986). ''The Buranjis, Historical Literature of Assam''. the University of Michigan: Omsons Publications.</ref> Despite this, the relationship was not always cordial. For example, during the reign of [[Supatphaa|Gadadhara Singha]], even satras of the Brahma Sanghati faced persecution. Even at other times, the Ahom kings kept patronising [[Shaktism]] in opposition to [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>Baruah, S.L. (1985), ''A Comprehensive History of Assam'', Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 294.</ref><ref>Dutta, Sristidhar (1985), ''The Mataks and their Kingdom'', Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 88.</ref>

=== Conservation of manuscripts and artefacts ===

[[File:Gajendra Chintamoni of Auniati Sattra.jpg|The manuscript of Gajendra Chintamani, conserved in the satra|thumb|150px]]
[[File:মাজুলীৰ আউনীআটি সত্ৰত থকা তুলসী গছৰ কাঠ.jpg|The 'Laikhuta' (main pillar), known as the "Tulsi Khuta" conserved at the satra|thumb|150px]]

The satra premises conserve manuscripts and artefacts dating back hundreds of years. These have either been created in the satra itself or gifted by disciples to the satra over the span of several centuries. Almost 150 manuscripts are preserved in the satra's premises, some of which include ankia nats of Srimanta Sankaradeva and Sri Sri Madhavadeva in Brajavali, Adbhut Ramayana by Raghunath Mahanta in old Assamese, Anadi Patan by Sankaradeva in old Assamese, Amara Koshha by Amar Singha in Sanskrit etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=38–50 |language=As}}</ref>

Several of the artefacts are those gifted by [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom kings]] after taking ''xoron'' in the satra. A mat of [[ivory]] tusks, an inscription with the Srihasta Muktavali translated by Suchananda Oja etc. were gifted by [[Rudra Singha]]. He also gifted the plates used by his father [[Gadadhara Singha]] to the satra. Gajendra Chintamani, detailing how elephants are caught and tamed, illustrated by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] painters Dilbar and Dosai, was gifted by [[Sutanphaa|Siva Singha]]. A musical instrument named Bheri was gifted by [[Suremphaa|Rajeswara Singha]]. He also gifted a bortaal, a musical instrument weighing 7.5 kilograms. The ''hendang'' or sword of [[Lachit Borphukan|Lachit Barphukan]] is also stored in the satra's museum. The satra has also received gifts from other royalties. The king of [[Konbaung dynasty|Burma]] Bodofa had gifted Maan Xofura to the then satradhikar Sri Sri Kusharamadeva Goswami, asking his forgiveness, as he was retreating to Burma after the invasion of Assam. Apart from royal gifts, many of the artefacts also include artistic creations by monks themselves. For example, the Rangoli Xorai, Onaroxi Lota etc. Some gifts from disciples include a Naga spear by [[Naga people|Naga]] disciples and Khamti da from [[Khamti people|Khamti]] disciples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakoti |first=Keshav |title=Sri Sri Auniati Xotror Ruprekha |publisher=A. K. Publications |year=2018 |edition=2nd |location=Majuli |pages=28–37 |language=As}}</ref>

=== Natural environment ===
[[File:Adrian Scottow, The greenery of Auniati Satra IMG 7937.jpg|thumb|left|the greenery of Auniati Satra]]
The grounds of Auniati Satra evoke the tranquility of a countryside retreat, fostering a close harmony with nature. Visitors may encounter a diverse range of animals, including rabbits, cats, dogs, cows, pigeons, as well as fishes housed in ponds and aquariums. The landscape is richly adorned with various trees, plants, and flowers, among them the foxtail orchid ([[Rhynchostylis retusa]]), commonly known in Assamese as Kopouful, which is also the state flower of Assam. This serene, garden-like environment offers refuge from modern urban stress and serves as a place of spiritual renewal. The monks lead lives of striking simplicity, possessing only essential items, devoid of luxury or excess. The Namghar—a vast prayer hall—is entirely empty, reflecting the austere and focused devotional ethos of the satra.

=== Words of wisdom ===
[[File:Adrian Scottow, Sri Sri Auniati satra, Majuli IMG 7977.jpg|thumb|300px]]
There are 56 moral verses in assamese inscribed on Goldfish-shaped panels, arranged along the path leading to the Namghar (prayer hall), 28 on each side.
The 56 maxims displayed along the path to the Namghar reflect the ethical and spiritual vision of the Assamese saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardev (1449–1568) and the Ekasarana Dharma (Neo-Vaishnavism), which emerged from the broader Shakta–Shaiva–Vaishnava synthesis of medieval Assam. They emphasise selfless service, moral discipline, and the cultivation of [[Vidya (philosophy)|vidyā]] – knowledge understood not merely as intellectual learning, but as transcendent wisdom that leads to liberation (moksha). This knowledge is seen as an inalienable treasure, attained through righteous conduct, self-discipline, and the company of the virtuous, devotion to the Guru, and above all exclusive surrender to Krishna, here referred to as Govinda, regarded as the ultimate source of liberation. Many of these aphorisms promote altruism, compassion towards all beings, detachment from material greed, and the remembrance of God as the central path to spiritual fulfilment.

[[File:Knowledge found in the Guru can be attained through devoted service.jpg|thumb|Knowledge found in the Guru can be attained through devoted service]]
* Treat your mother as a goddess, your father as a god, your teacher as a god, and your guest as a god ([[Taittiriya Upanishad]] XI.2).
* From knowledge comes growth; from growth comes righteousness; from righteousness comes happiness. Therefore, acquire knowledge through effort and study.
* To the narrow-minded, people are divided into “mine” and “others”; to the noble-minded, the whole world is one family (Maha Upanishad, Chapter 6).
* Avoid the company of the wicked, seek the company of the virtuous, perform good deeds day and night, and remember always the impermanence of life ([[Brihaspati]] Niti Sāra).
* Righteousness is the wish-fulfilling cow, contentment is the Nandana forest, desire is the river Vaitarani, and knowledge is said to grant liberation.
* The essence of righteousness lies hidden in a cave; the path is that which the great ones have trodden.
* In Kali Yuga, man lies down; in Dvapara, he begins to rise; in Treta, he stands; in Krita, he walks (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 33.3).
* Whatever the best man does, others imitate; the world follows the standard he sets (Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 3, Verse 21).
* Rivers flow for the benefit of others; cows give milk for the benefit of others.
* A snake is calmed by mantras and medicine; why then can a wicked man not be restrained?
* The hand is adorned by giving, not by bracelets; purity comes from bathing, not sandal paste; satisfaction comes from eating, not merely seeing; peace comes from renunciation, not decoration.
[[File:When one attains the pleasure of his father all the gods are pleased.jpg|thumb|When one attains the pleasure of his father all the gods are pleased (Padma Purana Verse 1.50.9)]]
* An elephant is bound by a thousand hands, a horse by a hundred, and a wicked man by simply being sent away.
* All this belongs to the Lord; enjoy what is given, and covet not another’s wealth.
* Even if a crow’s beak is made of gold, its wings inlaid with jewels, and its feet studded with pearls, it is still not a royal swan.
* Of what use is scripture to one without understanding, just as a mirror is useless to the blind?
* The jewel of knowledge is the greatest wealth—it is neither stolen by thieves nor diminished by giving nor divided among relatives.
* Even if Mount Meru moves and the seven seas dry up, a steadfast seeker never swerves from his goal.
* However much sugar you heap on a neem tree, however much milk you pour on it daily, its bitterness will not become sweetness.
* For the first five years, love your child unconditionally, for the next ten years, discipline him. From the sixteenth year onwards, treat him as a friend.
* The moon adorns the night, a husband adorns a woman, a king adorns the earth, and learning adorns a gentleman.
* Shun a friend who speaks sweetly to your face but works against you behind your back—like milk poisoned by a snake’s fang.
* Even small things, when united, can accomplish great tasks; a rope made of small strands can bind a mad elephant.
[[File:This body exists to serve others.jpg|thumb|This body exists to serve others]]
* As fragrance is in the flower, oil in the sesame seed, fire in wood, sugar in sugarcane—so in the body, seek the self through discrimination (Chanakya Neethi - Chapter 7 verse 21).
* In righteous conduct resides Lakshmi (fortune); in righteous conduct resides Saraswati (learning); all gods dwell in righteous conduct, and in unrighteous conduct is downfall.
* The tongue of the wise may slip, the foot of the elephant may slip.
* Even Bhima may be broken in battle; even sages may lose their judgment.
* One good tree with fragrant flowers scents the whole forest; likewise, one good son ennobles the whole family.
* As water enters the ground through a spade, so knowledge from the teacher enters the disciple through service.
* A well-refined untruth may seem sweeter than truth and even fit for the gods; hence it is called “the divine speech.”
* A learned man and a king are never equal—the king is honored in his own land, the learned everywhere.
* The father is heaven, the father is dharma, the father is the supreme austerity; when the father is pleased, all gods are pleased ([[Padma Purana]] Verse 1.50.9).
* Lakshmi dwells in trade, half in agriculture, and half in royal service—never in begging.
* From knowledge comes wisdom; from wisdom comes righteousness; from righteousness comes happiness. Therefore, acquire knowledge through effort and study.
[[File:Only devotion to God leads to union with Brahman.jpg|thumb|Only devotion to God leads to union with Brahman]]
* Milk to a serpent is only a binding of poison; advice to a fool causes anger, not peace.
* Learning is a friend in exile, a mother is a friend at home, medicine is a friend in sickness, righteousness is a friend after death.
* Trees bear fruit for the benefit of others; this body exists for the benefit of others.
* Avoid a wicked man even if learned—like a snake with jewels, he is still dangerous.
* The wise give away wealth for others’ benefit while alive; better to give for a cause than to lose it in destruction.
* There is no mother equal to forgiveness, no wealth equal to fame.
* One’s own dharma, even if imperfect, is better than another’s dharma well performed; dying in one’s own dharma is better, for another’s dharma is dangerous.
* Words without truth do not shine; a man without wisdom does not shine.
* A flower without fragrance does not please; a face without teeth does not please.
* All sins, such as killing a Brahmin, reside in food on the day of Hari’s worship.
* The poison of the Takshaka snake is in its fangs, of the fly in its head, of the scorpion in its tail, but the wicked have poison throughout their body.
[[File:Nothing equal the utterance of the name of Govinda.jpg|thumb|Nothing equal the utterance of the name of Govinda]]
* In the three ages, truth, knowledge, and renunciation were means to liberation; in Kali Yuga, only devotion to Brahman leads to it.
* Negligence causes loss of work, loss of growth, poverty, begging, loss of honor, and total ruin by evil deeds.
* Scholars have all virtues but only faults in speech; thus among a thousand speakers, one wise man is distinguished.
* Knowledge gives humility; from humility comes worthiness; from worthiness, wealth; from wealth, righteousness; from righteousness, happiness.
* There is no friend like knowledge, no enemy like disease, no love like that for a child, and no power greater than fate.
* There is no holy place like the Ganga, no mother like one’s own, no guru like one’s own.
* A true friend stands by you in festivals, in misfortune, in famine, in political upheaval, at the king’s gate, and at the cremation ground.
* The jewel of knowledge is not divided among relatives, stolen by thieves, or diminished by giving—it is the greatest treasure.
* The faithful, devoted, and self-controlled attain knowledge; through knowledge, they quickly reach supreme peace.
* One cannot act for the dead, just as one cannot reverse death; mourning the departed is futile—so say the knowers of the Veda.
* Nothing is as pure as knowledge; through self-discipline, in time one realizes it within oneself.
* The gift of ten million cows, the observance of a month at Prayag in Magha, the gift of gold equal to Mount Meru—none equal the utterance of the name of Govinda.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monasteries in India]]

Jyoti Gaikwad

2026-01-03T14:35:17Z

Accuntpayable1: made post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Jyoti Eknath Gaikwad''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. She is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Dharavi Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Dharavi, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Jyoti Gaikwad with 70727 defeats SHS's Rajesh Khandare |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dharavi-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638287-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2024-11-23 |title=Congress's Jyoti Gaikwad wins by 23,459 votes in Dharavi amid land grab charges against Adani, Mahayuti |url=https://theprint.in/elections/congresss-jyoti-gaikwad-takes-a-23459-vote-lead-in-dharavi-amid-land-grab-charges-against-adani-mahayuti/2370423/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 November 2024|accessdate=29 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|archivedate=29 November 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Dharavi election results 2024: Congress' Jyoti Gaikwad wins seat with 23,459 margin">{{cite news |title=Dharavi election results 2024: Congress' Jyoti Gaikwad wins seat with 23,459 margin |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/dharavi-assembly-election-2024-congress-jyoti-gaikwad-against-shiv-sena-rajesh-khandare-19513555.htm |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229083901/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/dharavi-assembly-election-2024-congress-jyoti-gaikwad-against-shiv-sena-rajesh-khandare-19513555.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dharavi">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dharavi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13178.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229084037/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13178.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>

Jyoti Eknath Gaikwad elected to the 15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the first time from the Dharavi Assembly Constituency reserved for Scheduled Castes in the 2024 Assembly Elections. Earlier, Jyoti Gaikwad's sister and sitting MP [[Varsha Gaikwad]] was elected for four consecutive terms from Dharavi assembly constituency. In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, [[Varsha Gaikwad]] became an MP from the Mumbai North constituency.<ref name="Dham">{{Cite news |last=Hiwale |first=Sandesh |date=2024-11-24 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील विद्यमान 10 बौद्ध आमदार (2024-29) - धम्म भारत |url=https://dhammabharat.com/buddhist-mlas-from-maharashtra-2024/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124000658/https://dhammabharat.com/buddhist-mlas-from-maharashtra-2024/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=धम्म भारत |language=en-GB |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jyoti Gaikwad belongs to the [[Ambedkarite]] [[Buddhist]] community.<ref name=Dham /> Her father [[Eknath Gaikwad]] was also a three-time MP. She is the only Buddhist woman MLA in the 15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. Apart from this, she is also the only woman MLA of [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]. In the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly elections, Jyoti Gaikwad secured 70,727 votes and defeated Shinde faction's Shiv Sena candidate Rajesh Shivdas Khandare by 23,459 votes.

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaikwad, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Mayana Kollai

2025-12-29T01:15:45Z

Accuntpayable1: New a data!

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Mayana Kollai
| image = Hindu Goddess Angala parameswary.jpg
| caption = Goddess Kali disguise at the Mayana Kollai festival
| observedby = [[Dravidian folk religion]] 
[[Shaktism]] [[Hindus]]
| date = Decided by the [[Hindu calendar]]
| frequency = Annual
}}
'''Mayana Kollai''' is a festival celebrated on the first full moon day of February or March or April at all the Angala Parameswari temples in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, after the holiday of after [[Maha Shivaratri]]. It celebrates the goddess [[Angala Devi|Angala Parameswari Amman]], a manifestation of [[Parvati]], in her form as the goddess [[Mahakali]].

==Mythological background==
The festival commemorates the story of when Parvati, in her manifestation as Angala Devi, saved her husband Shiva from peril through her wit and power.

Beset by demons [[Sunda and Upasunda]] who got killed by her, [[Tilottama]], a goddess of divine beauty, sought refuge in the [[Kailasha]], to which the creator god [[Brahma]] followed her. Brahma, like Parvati's husband Shiva the destroyer god, had five heads and therefore Parvati mistook him for her husband and fell at his feet in an act of submission. Angered by this act of betrayal, Shiva took the form of the god [[Rudra]] and beheaded the fifth head of Brahma, invoking a curse upon himself – the head became attached to Shiva's right hand and consumed all the available food, leaving Shiva himself with none. He therefore became a [[Sadhu|mendicant]] and roamed the earth begging for food, sleeping in graveyards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=Myths of Mayanakollai festival: From the grave to the goddess |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/myths-mayanakollai-festival-grave-goddess-82227 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Parvathi pleaded with her brother like god, the protector god Vishnu, for a solution. He came up with the idea to trick Brahma's head: Parvati and Shiva would to go to a graveyard, make a pond there, prepare food from hummingbird tree leaves and chicken meats and bloods, and serve that food to the head attached to Shiva. The head would then detach from Shiva's hand to eat the food. Thus Parvati freed Shiva from the head, and purified him in the pond, after which the head could not approach Shiva in his purified state. However, the head then attached itself to Parvati. Through a [[Tandava|sacred cosmic dance]], Parvati amassed sufficient power to destroy the head by crushing it with her right foot to ashes and fusing it with Brahma. In this fierce form, Parvati is known as '''Angara Ruba Amman''' and '''Angala Amman''', from which the Melmalayanur Angala Devi temple at which the festival mainly occurs takes its name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H. |date=2018-02-16 |title=Celebrating victory of good over evil |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/celebrating-victory-of-good-over-evil/article22779051.ece |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=2015-02-20 |title=The night of the dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-night-of-the-dead/article6916283.ece |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Practice ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2025}}
The holiday is a festival of Tamil origin, said to pre-date Vedic religion, which is called [[Dravidian folk religion]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The night of the dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-night-of-the-dead/article6916283.ece |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |date=February 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240310044553/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-night-of-the-dead/article6916283.ece |archive-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> The central activity of the festival is a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at the temple, followed by a procession, where an idol of Parvathi is carried to a graveyard or crematorium. An idol of Pavadairayan, a [[South Indian culture|Dravidian]] hero of legend, follows that of Parvathi. The procession concludes at the crematorium, where sacrifices including cooked foods and animals such as chickens and lambs are presented to the deities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Zakeer |title=Mayana Kollai Celebrated |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070319/mayana-kollai-celebrated.html |access-date=1 January 2025 |agency=The Deccan Chronicle |date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250101222245/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/congress-cancels-all-programmes-for-7-days-to-honor-pm-manmohan-singh-1849962 |archive-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All About Tamil Nadu's Famous Mayanakollai 'Graveyard' Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/india/all-about-tamil-nadus-famous-mayanakollai-graveyard-festival-8812193.html |access-date=1 January 2025 |agency=News18 |date=March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318115120/https://www.news18.com/india/all-about-tamil-nadus-famous-mayanakollai-graveyard-festival-8812193.html |archive-date=March 18, 2024}}</ref>

Local artists also craft effigies or figurines of deities from dry grass, paper, and paint. They are carried by devotees in the procession. This is a spiritual practice for many of the sculptors, who adhere to strict vegetarian diets while engaged in this work.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampath |first1=Rajalakshmi |title=Makkan artists give life to Mayana Kollai figurines |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/07/makkan-artists-give-life-to-mayana-kollai-figurines |access-date=1 January 2025 |agency=The New Indian Express |date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>

Due to the large events, security is generally deployed to manage crowds at Mayana Kollai observances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayana Kollai festival : Thousands of devotees throng graveyards to appease deity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/06/mayana-kollai-festival--thousands-of-devotees-throng-graveyards-to-appease-deity-1947612.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express|date=6 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-01 |title=Pandemic hit Mayana Kollai festival returns in Vellore, nearby districts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mayana-kollai-festival-returns-in-vellore-nearby-districts/article65155571.ece |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]

Roja (soundtrack)

2025-12-20T18:01:41Z

Accuntpayable1: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Roja
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Album roja cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 27 July 1992
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:33
| label = [[Lahari Music]] (Original) [[Magnasound Records]] (Hindi and Marathi) [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]
| next_year = 1992
}}
'''''Roja''''' is the debut [[soundtrack album]] of music composer [[A. R. Rahman]], featuring lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]]. It is the soundtrack to the 1992 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film [[Roja (film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], and starring [[Aravind Swamy]] and [[Madhoo]]. The album features seven tracks in Tamil and Hindi, and six tracks in Malayalam, Telugu, Marathi and five tracks in the instrumental adaptation album.

The song "Thamizha Thamizha" is a poem written by [[Subramanya Bharathi]]. "Chinna Chinna Aasai" was the first song Rahman had composed for the film. The song "Kadhal Rojave" has two versions in both Tamil and Hindi; a solo and a duet in the former. The Hindi version of the song was titled "Roja Jaaneman" has two versions – one by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and the other by Hariharan.

Released on [[Lahari Music]] & [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], it was also listed in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's "[[Time's All-Time 100 Movies#10 Best Soundtracks|10 Best Soundtracks]]" of all time.<ref name="Timetop10s" /> It also fetched the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for [[A. R. Rahman]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for [[Vairamuthu]].

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] versions of the album sold over {{#expr:2.8+0.2}}{{nbsp}}million units in India, with the Tamil version selling over 200,000 units<ref>{{cite news|title=A.R. Rahman makes history with record breaking audio cassette sales of his debut film Roja|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19940115-ar-rahman-makes-history-with-record-breaking-audio-cassette-sales-of-his-debut-film-roja-808663-1994-01-14|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 January 1994}}</ref> and the Hindi version selling 2.8{{nbsp}}million units.<ref name="boi90s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1990-1999 (Figures in Units)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> The Hindi version of the album earned {{INRConvert|7.5|c|year=1992|lk=c}} in sales.<ref>{{cite journal|title=India Today|journal=[[India Today]]|date=1994|volume=19|page=iv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHEZAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Mani Ratnam]] after his long relationship with [[Ilaiyaraaja]], decided to collaborate with a newcomer. He initially approached advertisement jingle composer [[Mahesh Mahadevan]], who refused since it required full-time commitment to the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Mukund |date=11 September 1994 |title=On a Song |page=10 |work=[[The Indian Express|Express Magazine]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kmFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GJQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391%2C1508777}}</ref> Ratnam happened to listen to some ad jingles, composed by Rahman, in an awards function, where Rahman received the award for Best Jingle Composer.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100214/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Golden Grammy boy |author=N. Ravikumar|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref>{{sfn|Mathai|2009|pages=65–66}} Impressed with Rahman's works, Ratnam visited [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|his studio]] and listened to a tune that Rahman had composed long back on the [[Kaveri River water dispute]] (later revealed to be "Tamizha Tamizha" from the soundtrack).<ref name="tfm">{{cite web|url=http://tfmmagazine.mayyam.com/jan06/?t=5568|title=Artist of the Month: AR Rahman |author=Thiru|publisher=TFM Magazine}}</ref> Ratnam signed him immediately for his next project, ''Roja'', which was the first one in his terrorism trilogy.<ref name="tribune"/> In an August 2016 interview with ''[[Filmfare]]'', Rahman recalled that he chose not to pursue education at [[Berklee College of Music]] because he got to work on ''Roja''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/exclusive-interview-ar-rahman-talks-about-music-movies-and-family-14831.html|title = Exclusive interview: AR Rahman talks about music, movies and family}}</ref>

==Development==
Rahman used instruments and grand arrangements to generate an expansive sound. Songs such as "Rukkumani" had a loud thumping feel and became ingrained in pop culture. The score was performed at the Panchathan Record Inn in Chennai. The song "Thamizha Thamizha" is a poem written by [[Subramanya Bharathi]]. According to some sources, "Chinna Chinna Aasai" was the first song Rahman had composed for the film.{{sfn|Mathai|2009|page=71}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Thirukkural-explained-life-centuries-ago-Kalam/articleshow/45057883.cms|title = Thirukkural, explained 'life' centuries ago: Kalam | Coimbatore News – Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 November 2014 }}</ref> However, there exists a different, conflicting account of how the melody came about. Veteran music director [[M. S. Viswanathan|M.S. Viswanathan]] has publicly stated that the tune to Chinna Chinna Aasai was, in fact, his composition, claiming it was one of the many melodies he composed during a composing session for director [[K. Balachander|K.Balachander]]'s 1977 movie [[Pattina Pravesam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ரோஜா பாட்டை பட்டிணப்பிரவேசம் பட கம்போஸிங்கில் கண்ணதாசனிடம் எப்படி இவர் பாடிக்காட்டியிருப்பார்ன்னு யாரும் கேட்காதீங்க. இது எம்.எஸ்.வியின் நினைவுப்பிழை... {{!}} By பொ. {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/100002271975431/videos/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F/918461462896801/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>

For the lyrics of song, Vairamuthu revealed that the song took two and half hours to write and he wrote 120 desires in the song but later shortened it into 16 and also revealed that he used the lines of a song which was originally composed for Doordarshan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/musical-medley-with-trivia-on-songs/article195190.ece|title = Musical medley with trivia on songs|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 August 2009}}</ref>{{sfn|Mathai|2009|page=71}} The song "Kadhal Rojave" is set in the [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/notes-that-intrigue/article4174187.ece|title = Notes that intrigue|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 December 2012|last1 = Mani|first1 = Charulatha}}</ref>

Regarding the music Mani Ratnam says, "I was trying to do a film, I wanted good music and I was searching for somebody who would and I heard a demonstration tape of his which he had sent across. I thought that in the first note of the piece that he had sent me was really brilliant, really outstanding piece. So I went across to his studio and he played me some more, lots of things which he had done for jingles and a few other musical pieces he has done for somebody else. They were quite amazing and I had no doubts that he would be right for my film."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html#1992|title=The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman |publisher=Gopalhome.tripod|access-date=2010-01-09}}</ref> For the Hindi version of the soundtrack, Alka Yagnik and Kumar Sanu were offered to sing the songs, but both declined as they did not know about Rahman at that time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tracking-rahman/article7774469.ece|title=Tracking Rahman|date=2015-10-17|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref>

== Release history ==
The soundtrack album was originally released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by [[Lahari Music]] on 27 July 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavithalayaa |author-link=Kavithalayaa Productions |date=22 August 2018 |title=Introducing A.R.Rahman at Roja Audio Launch {{!}} Rare Video {{!}} Kavithalayaa {{!}} Subtitled |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiChxsaCyO8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/UiChxsaCyO8 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=ta |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The soundtrack was later released in [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1993 and in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in 1994 by [[Magnasound Records|Magnasound]]. The instrumental special version featuring five songs was released in Tamil and Telugu by Lahari Music in 1993 and in Hindi by Magnasound in 1994.

==Reception and influence==
[[File:AR Rahman Shashi Gopal.jpg|thumb|right|A. R. Rahman receiving a Platinum sales disc at the MagnaSound Awards for ''Roja'']]

Rahman introduced new orchestral melodies in Indian film soundtracks, which till then was based on a few traditional Indian instruments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article365003.ece?homepage=true|title=A new level of recognition, legitimacy: Rahman|author=Sarfraz Manzoor|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2010|location=Chennai, India|date=2 April 2010}}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]]'s noted film critic, [[Richard Corliss]] stated in 2005 that the "astonishing debut work parades Rahman's gift for alchemizing outside influences until they are totally Tamil, totally Rahman," naming it one of the magazine's "[[Time's All-TIME 100 Movies|10 Best Soundtracks]]" of all time.<ref name="Timetop10s">{{cite magazine | author=Corliss, Richard| title=Best Soundtracks – ALL TIME 100 MOVIES – TIME | magazine= Time | url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/#roja | access-date=14 February 2012 | date=12 February 2005}}</ref><ref name="Timesecrets100">{{cite magazine| author=Corliss, Richard| title=That Old Feeling – Secrets of the All-Time 100 – TIME| magazine=Time| url=http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/columnist/corliss/article/0,9565,1068026-3,00.html| date=2 June 2005| access-date=24 February 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216083853/http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/columnist/corliss/article/0,9565,1068026-3,00.html| archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=Time>{{cite magazine|title="All-TIME" 100 Movies|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524004942/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2005|access-date=2009-02-25|date=12 February 2005}}</ref>

Through ''Roja'' several singers got their breakthrough in the Tamil music scene as well. [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Unni Menon]] and [[Minmini]], who is only known as the singer of "Chinna Chinna Aasai", probably her best known song in her entire career,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215202442/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 December 2007|title=It happened one day... |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> were noticed following their performances in ''Roja'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/15/stories/2006041500030200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130300/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/15/stories/2006041500030200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 September 2006|title=We get our due in stage shows|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-04-15}}</ref> while noted [[ghazal]] singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] made his Tamil debut through this album.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/11/stories/2005041100680300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507085947/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/11/stories/2005041100680300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 May 2005|title=Life at 50 |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 April 2005}}</ref> Rahman even had musically untrained elderly women sing. A Bengali song was made from song "Chinna Chinna Aasai", "Chotto ei grame choto ai aasha", from Bengali film Ranga Bou 1999.<ref>{{cite video| title = Jai Ho Rahman| medium = Interview| publisher = CNN IBN |year = 2009}}</ref>

In the 2023 film [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']], a medley of the instrumentals of Kadhal Rojave, Tamizha Tamizha and Chinna Chinna Aasai was used as background music during the introduction of [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's entry song: How Threeory Band's tribute to AR Rahman led them to Animal |url=https://www.news9live.com/videos/entertainment-videos/ranbir-kapoors-entry-song-in-animal-threeory-bands-tribute-to-ar-rahman-watch-2371804 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the 2025 film [[The Diplomat (2025 film)|''The Diplomat'']], the track "Bharat" was re-used during the end credits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-21 |title=‘Bharat’: Hariharan’s voice brings soul and patriotism in new song from The Diplomat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Feb/21/bharat-hariharans-voice-brings-soul-and-patriotism-in-new-song-from-the-diplomat |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
A. R. Rahman won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]], the first time ever by a debutant.<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php|title=A.R.Rahman's Profile|publisher=[[SS Music]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407104846/http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php|archive-date=7 April 2010}}</ref> Rahman also earned [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]] and [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)]] for his work.<ref name="Awards"/> [[Vairamuthu]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for "Chinna Chinna Aasai", while [[Minmini]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for the same song.

==Track listing==

===Tamil===
{{track listing
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]], except Thamizha Thamizha written by [[Subramanya Bharathi]]
| headline = Label : [[Lahari Music]] & [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Chinna Chinna Asai (Version 1)
| extra1 = [[Minmini]]
| length1 = 4:55
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title5 = Rukkumani Rukkumani
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 6:02
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title3 = Kaadhal Rojave
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:03
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title2 = Pudhu Vellai Mazhai
| extra2 = [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length2 = 5:16
| lyrics5 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title4 = Chinna Chinna Asai (Version 2- Bit)
| extra4 = [[Minmini]]
| length4 = 1:05
| lyrics4 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title6 = Thamizha Thamizha
| extra6 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length6 = 3:07
| title7 = Kaadhal Rojave
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length7 = 5:03
| length10 =
| lyrics6 = [[Subramanya Bharathi]]
| lyrics7 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| note4 = Bit
| note3 = Duet
| total_length =
| length8 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| title8 =
| all_writing =
| note7 = Solo
}}

===Hindi===
{{track listing
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| all_lyrics = P. K. Mishra
| headline = Label : [[Sony Music India]]
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Chhoti Si Asha (Version 1)
| extra1 = [[Minmini]]
| length1 = 4:56
| title2 = Rukmani Rukmani
| extra2 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Shweta Shetty]]
| length2 = 6:05
| title3 = Roja Jaaneman
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Yeh Haseen Vaadiyaan
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:21
| title5 = Roja Jaaneman
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Chhoti Si Asha (Version 2)
| extra6 = [[Minmini]]
| length6 = 1:07
| title7 = Bharat Hum Ko Jaane Se Pyaara Hai
| extra7 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length7 = 3:05
| length10 =
| note5 = Version 2
| note3 = Version 1
| total_length =
| length8 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| title8 =
| all_writing =
| note6 = Bit
}}

===Malayalam===
{{track listing
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| all_lyrics = [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| headline = Label : [[Sony Music India]]
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Oru Mandhasmitham
| extra1 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Unni Menon]]
| length1 = 5:18
| title2 = Chella Chella Asha (Version 1)
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Omal Poonkuyile
| extra3 = [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Thankamani Thankamani
| extra4 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Unni Menon]]
| length4 = 6:02
| title5 = Bharatham Ente
| extra5 = [[G. Venugopal]]
| length5 = 3:05
| title6 = Chella Chella Asha (Version 2)
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 1:07
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| note6 = Bit
}}

===Telugu===
{{track listing
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| all_lyrics = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| headline = Label : Lahari Music
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Chinni Chinni Aasha
| extra1 = [[Minmini]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Nagamani Nagamani
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 6:00
| title3 = Na Cheli Rojave
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Paruvam Vanaga
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Vinaraa Vinaraa
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length5 = 3:07
| title6 = Chinna Chinna Aasha
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 1:07
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| note6 = Bit
}}

===Marathi===
{{track listing
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| all_lyrics = [[Jagadish Khebudkar]]
| headline = Label : Sony Music India
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Bhole Man Majhe
| extra1 = Uttara Kelkar
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Rukmini Rukmini
| extra2 = [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Shweta Shetty]]
| length2 = 6:02
| title3 = Roja Priyatam
| extra3 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Dhundh Varshav Ha
| extra4 = [[Anupama Deshpande]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Bhole Man Majhe
| extra5 = Uttara Kelkar
| length5 = 1:07
| title6 = Bharath Majha
| extra6 = [[Ravindra Sathe]]
| length6 = 3:05
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| note5 = Bit
}}

===Instrumental adaptation===
An instrumental adaptation album was also released. The album was released in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Nagappan | first = Ramu | title =Speaking Havoc: Social Suffering & South Asian Narratives |chapter=Momentary Pleasures of Reconciliation| publisher = [[University of Washington Press]]| year = 2005 | location = [[Washington (state)|Washington]] | url=https://archive.org/details/speakinghavocsoc0000naga| url-access = registration |isbn = 978-0-295-98488-9 |pages=161–192 }}
*{{cite book|last=Mathai|first=Kamini|title=A.R. Rahman: The Musical Storm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfCTmjEAChIC|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08371-8}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:1992 debut albums]]
[[Category:1992 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

2024 Nileshwar temple fireworks disaster

2025-12-05T19:11:22Z

Accuntpayable1: new new place needs work.

{{Short description|Fatal building collapse in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Nileshwar temple fireworks disaster
| map = {{Location map|India#Kerala|lat_deg =12.2529577|lon_deg =75.126341|border=none|float=center}}
| date = {{start date|2024|10|28}}
| time = 00:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| venue = [[Nileshwaram]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]], India
| place = Anjootambalam Veererkavu temple, [[Nileshwaram]], [[Kasaragod]]
| type = [[Fireworks accident]]
| cause =
| deaths = 6
| injuries = 154
| arrests = 8
}}

On 28 October 2024, a [[fireworks accident]] occurred at the Theru Anjootambalam Veererkavu temple in [[Nileshwaram]] in [[Kasaragod district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Six people were killed and around 154 people were injured.

== Explosion ==
On 28 October 2024, a [[Theyyam]] ritual performance was held during the Kaliyattam festival at the Theru Anjootambalam Veererkavu temple in [[Nileshwaram]] in [[Kasaragod district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/10/29/kasaragod-veerarkavu-temple-festival-fire-breaks-out.html|title=150 injured as firecracker explodes at Anjoothambalam temple during Theyyam festival in Kasaragod|newspaper=[[Manorama News]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> At about half an hour past midnight [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], a fire ignited in a nearby building where [[firecrackers]] were stored. The fire resulted in a [[Fireworks accident|blast]] which collapsed the building and injured people nearby.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fireworks-accident-kasaragod-temple-several-injured-casualties/article68809120.ece|title=Fireworks explosion at temple in Kerala's Kasaragod injures over 150|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=6 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206155104/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fireworks-accident-kasaragod-temple-several-injured-casualties/article68809120.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Investigations show that the fireworks were worth around {{Indian rupee|30,000|link=yes}} and were stored in a room.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Poikayil |first=George |date=Feb 10, 2025 |title=Nileshwar temple blast victims abandoned despite 'state disaster' tag, no aid for follow-up treatment |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/10/nileshwar-temple-blast-victims-wait-for-compensation.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=[[Manorama News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Kerala Police]] were involved in the rescue activities along with the Theyyam performers and general public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-performer-policeman-rescues-child-from-flames-in-kasaragod-fire-accident-1.10029790|title=Kasaragod fire accident: Policeman and Theyyam performer rescues child from flames|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127221045/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-performer-policeman-rescues-child-from-flames-in-kasaragod-fire-accident-1.10029790|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 150 were injured in the accident and the injured were transferred to hospitals in [[Kannur]] and [[Mangalore]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kerala-fire-27-injured-being-treated-at-private-hospital-in-mangaluru/article68810500.ece|title=Kerala fire: 27 injured being treated at private hospital in Mangaluru|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last1=M|first1=Raghava|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=31 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031180858/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kerala-fire-27-injured-being-treated-at-private-hospital-in-mangaluru/article68810500.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kerala-kasaragod-temple-fire-fireworks-injury-latest-b2637234.html|title=Fireworks explosion at Indian temple injures more than 150 people|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=13 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113014721/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kerala-kasaragod-temple-fire-fireworks-injury-latest-b2637234.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As on 29 October, at least 110 people were undergoing treatment for injuries with few people in critical condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-temple-fireworks-explosion-101-continue-to-undergo-treatment-at-various-hospitals-one-critical/article68809861.ece|title=Kerala temple fireworks explosion: 101 continue to undergo treatment at various hospitals, one critical|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/29/over-150-injured-eight-critical-in-fireworks-accident-at-temple-festival-in-keralas-kasargod|title=Over 150 injured, eight critical in fireworks accident at temple festival in Kerala's Kasargod|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref> As on 4 November, four people had succumbed to their injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/death-toll-rises-to-4-in-nileshwar-fire-accident-1.10047362|title=Nileshwar fire accident: Death toll rises to 4 as another victim succumbs|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> Six deaths and 154 injuries were recorded in the accident.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-15 |title=Nileshwar fireworks tragedy: Toll rises to 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/nileshwar-fireworks-disaster-claims-six-lives-as-injuries-continue-to-mount/articleshow/115334228.cms |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The Kerala Police opened an investigation into the accident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fireworks-accident-at-kerala-temple-festival-9643697/|title=Fireworks explosion at Kerala's Kasaragod temple leaves over 150 injured|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> The [[District Collector]] of Kasargode stated that the investigation into the incident was being conducted by the appropriate authorities. The police highlighted a failure to comply with safety norms and guidelines as a possible cause of the accident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/10/29/mds3-kl-temple-festival-ld-accident.html|title=Over 150 injured 8 seriously in fireworks accident at Kerala temple festival|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/10/29/what-led-to-kerala-fireworks-accident-heres-what-happened-at-kasaragod-veererkavu-temple.html|title=What led to Kerala fireworks accident? Here's what happened at Kasaragod Veererkavu temple|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=29 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref> On 29 October, the police arrested eight temple officials including the president of the temple committee in connection with the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-eight-temple-officials-booked-after-kasaragod-fireworks-mishap-injures-over-100|title=Kerala: Eight temple officials booked after Kasaragod fireworks mishap injures over 100|work=News Minute|date=29 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/10/29/kasaragod-firecracker-explosion-custody-anjoothambalam-veererkavu-temple.html|title=Firecracker explosion: Temple committee president, secretary in police custody|newspaper=[[Manorama News]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> The [[Government of Kerala]] announced the formation of a special investigative team to probe the accident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-government-announces-formation-of-sit-to-probe-into-fire-accident-at-kasaragod-temple-3253670|title=Kerala government announces formation of SIT to probe into fire accident at Kasaragod temple|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024|archive-date=31 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031032948/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-government-announces-formation-of-sit-to-probe-into-fire-accident-at-kasaragod-temple-3253670|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The witnesses described that the sudden explosion triggered chaos and panic amongst the people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/explosion-at-fireworks-storage-unit-in-kasargods-anjoottambalam-veerarkavu-kaliyattam-festival-154-injured/|title=Explosion at fireworks storage unit in Kasargod's Anjoottambalam Veerarkavu Kaliyattam Festival, 154 injured|work=The South First|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> Various leaders expressed grief and condolences on the accident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/disturbed-by-kasaragod-fireworks-accident-priyanka-gandhi-3253021|title=Disturbed by Kasaragod fireworks accident: Priyanka Gandhi|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> In the aftermath, clashes were reported between the workers of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who were protesting against the accident and the workers of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which heads the Kerala government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-fire-clash-erupts-between-bjp-cpm-workers-in-kasargod-watch-video/articleshow/114724040.cms|title=Kerala fire: Clash erupts between BJP-CPM workers in Kasargod, watch video|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Fireworks accidents and incidents}}
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nileshwar temple fireworks disaster, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2024]]
[[Category:Religious building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:2024 in Kerala]]
[[Category:Fireworks accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2024]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses caused by fire]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires started by pyrotechnics]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:History of Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Hindu temple fires]]
[[Category:Collapses in religious buildings and structures]]

Komarthi

2025-11-28T01:15:56Z

Accuntpayable1: made a info

{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Komarthi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Telugu]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates ={{coord|18|23|35|N|84|00|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532421
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Komarthi''' is a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] village in [[Narasannapeta]] [[mandal]] of [[Srikakulam district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Postal Index Number]] of this [[village]] is 532421.

[[National Highway 16 (India)]] passes through Komarthi village.

== Demography ==

According to 2011 census population of Komarthi Village is 1,844. Komarthi population in 2021 is estimated to be 2,091.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Komarthi Population (2020/2021), Village in Narasannapeta Mandal, Pincode|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Narasannapeta/Komarthi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154934/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Narasannapeta/Komarthi|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
Komarthi is Well Connected by [[APSRTC]] Buses . Autos and Taxis are available to this Village.

Komarthi Junction is a major junction, where [[APSRTC]] Buses, Autos, Taxis are available.

Nearest Towns are [[Srikakulam]], [[Narasannapeta]], [[Singupuram]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]

{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}

Vishwamurti Shastri

2025-11-27T03:43:04Z

Accuntpayable1:

{{Short description|Sanskrit scholar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishwamurti Shastri
| image = Vishwamurti Shastri.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1946}}
| birth_place = [[Udhampur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]][[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Vishwamurti Shastri''' is a [[Sanskrit]] scholar with knowledge of Vedic literature and related subjects.<ref name="DailyExcelsior1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/moving-towards-spiritual-enlightenment/|title=Moving towards spiritual enlightenment|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He served as a principal of Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/news-detail-733296|title=Amarnath board reconstituted|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> He was appointed to Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/j-k-governor-reconstitutes-amarnath-shrine-board/articleshow/68126748.cms|title=J-K governor reconstitutes Amarnath Shrine Board | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 February 2019 }}</ref> He is director of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Gurukul, Katra.<ref name="DailyExcelsior2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/azad-among-5-from-jk-ladakh-get-padma-awards|title=Azad among 5 from J&K, Ladakh get Padma Awards|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=Jan 1, 2022}}</ref> He also serves as the chairman of J&K Dharmarth Trust Advisory Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-vishwa-murti-elected-chairman-dharmarth-trust-advisory-committee/|title=Dr Vishwa Murti elected Chairman Dharmarth Trust Advisory Committee|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=March 6, 2021}}</ref>

Prof Shastri has written a number of books in Sanskrit. He has organized many non-formal Sanskrit teaching programs in J&K. He has delivered religious discourses from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Bhawan, which are telecast live on national TV channels during Navratras.<ref name="DailyExcelsior2" />

The [[Government of India]] honored him in 2022, with the fourth-highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|date=January 26, 2022|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/full-list-of-padma-awards-2022/article38325003.ece|title=Full list of Padma Awards 2022|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 25, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Early life and Education ==
Professor Vishwa Murti Shastri was born on October 10, 1946.<ref name="Northlines">{{cite web |url=https://thenorthlines.com/padmashri-dr-vishwa-murti-shastri-relentlessly-pursuing-the-cause-of-sanskrit/ |title=Padmashri Dr. Vishwa Murti Shastri relentlessly pursuing the cause of Sanskrit! |publisher=The Northlines |date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> He was born in a small village in the Ramnagar tehsil of Udhampur District.<ref name="Northlines"/> His parents were Pandit Anant Ram Jyotshi and Uma Devi.<ref name="Northlines"/> He began his life in a small village in Ramban.<ref name="JammuUni">{{cite web |url=https://www.jammuuniversity.ac.in/node/2636 |title=Professor Vishwa Murti Shastri |publisher=Jammu University |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> His life story is considered an inspiration, showing how a person from humble beginnings can achieve national recognition.<ref name="JammuUni"/>

== Career and Contributions ==
Professor Shastri is a distinguished Sanskrit scholar.<ref name="JammuUni">{{cite web |url=https://www.jammuuniversity.ac.in/node/2636 |title=Professor Vishwa Murti Shastri |publisher=University of Jammu |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> He has served for over 50 years in teaching and administration.<ref name="DailyExcelsior">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/moving-towards-spiritual-enlightenment/ |title=Moving towards spiritual enlightenment |publisher=Daily Excelsior |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> He is an alumnus of the University of Jammu.<ref name="JammuUni"/> The Department of Sanskrit at the University of Jammu organized a felicitation program in his honour.<ref name="JammuUni"/> His work has been recognized for its distinguished contribution in the field of Sanskrit literature and education.<ref name="JammuUni"/>

== Published Works ==
He has authored several books, some of which were released by the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="RisingKashmir">{{cite web |url=https://risingkashmir.com/lg-releases-books-by-padma-shri-prof-vishwamurti-shastri/ |title=LG releases books by Padma Shri Prof Vishwamurti Shastri |publisher=Rising Kashmir |date=2024-02-14 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> His books focus on authentic methods of performing pūjā and rituals based on Jyotiṣa Vijñāna (Vedic astrology) and traditional śāstric knowledge.<ref name="RisingKashmir"/>

A Festschrift in his honour, titled ''Viśvamūrtivaibhavam'', was published in 2015.<ref name="PhilPapers">{{cite web |title=Viśvamūrtivaibhavam: Prof. Vishwa Murti Shastri Felicitation Volume |year=2015 |publisher=PhilPapers |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SASVPV |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> The volume contains scholarly articles on his life, contributions, and research in Vedic studies and Sanskrit literature.<ref name="PhilPapers"/>

== Awards and honours ==
Vishwamurti Shastri was awarded the President's award for classical language scholars in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/23-scholars-named-for-Presidentrsquos-Award/article16875197.ece|title=23 scholars named for President's Award|newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 16, 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He was awarded the fourth-highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]] by the Indian Government in 2022 <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf | title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS - PRESS NOTE}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Vishwamurti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Michael M. Sailo

2025-10-20T13:18:35Z

Accuntpayable1: New info!

{{short description|Rapper (b. 1979, d. 2017)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Michael M. Sailo
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1979|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_name = Michael Malsawmzela Sailo
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|4|07|1979|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place = Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| occupation = Singer
| children = 2 sons
| parents = Lalsanga Sailo and Nunthari Sailo
| awards = Lelte Award for Best Rapper
| website =
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = Mizo rap music
| spouse = B. Malsawmtluangi (SPI)
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Michael Malsawmzela Sailo''' (16 November 1979 – 7 April 2017), also known as '''Ace Man''', was a rap singer from [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phualvatimes.com/thousands-bids-adieu-to-mizorams-rap-artist-michael-m-sailo-pictures/|title=Thousands bids adieu to Mizoram's rap artist Michael M Sailo|website=Phulva Times|date=8 April 2017 |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> He introduced [[rap music]] in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2017/04/michael-m-sailo-man-with-golden-voice.html|title=Michael M Sailo - the man with the 'golden voice' from Mizoram|website=OK North East|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Michael Malsawmzela Sailo was born to Lalsanga Sailo and Nunthari Sailo in Aizawl. He first studied in Pune. He joined [[Spicer Adventist University]] where he won medals at singing competitions.

== Career ==
At university he met an African group that inspired him to take up rap music. Joining the group, he toured South Indian cities such as Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. He opened for various groups including VIVA. Returning to Mizoram, he brought along the rap music for which he received awards:<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael M Sailo live performance hmuh tur a awm thei dawn tawh lo! |url=http://zalen.co.in/michael-m-sailo-live-performance-hmuh-tur-a-awm-thei-dawn-tawh-lo/ |website=Zalen |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

He was a RJ for [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/thalai/23701|title=MZI-in hla hralh a hriatpui thui lo|website=Vanglaini|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> and FM Zoawi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.misual.com/2008/08/aizawl-fm-station-hawn-a-ni-ta/|title=Aizawl FM Station hawn a ni ta|website=misual.com|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> in Mizoram.

He owned a music studio called Spaceville Pro Sessions. He also practiced traditional singing, composing, DJing and recording techniques. He composed and produced tracks for various singers in his studio including Tini Mohini Thapa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1055%3Athe-return-of-tini-mohini-thapa&catid=59%3Ajuly&Itemid=8|title=The Return of Tini Mohini Thapa|website=Eastern Panorama|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> Zorinzuali Khiangte and DJ Lalvenhimi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zalen.co.in/135-telloin-zorini-khiangte-michael-m-sailo-kalsan-tak-track-hmangin-single-thar/|title=135 telloin Zorini Khiangte, Michael M Sailo kalsan tak track hmangin single thar|website=Zalen|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> At one time he was a member the rock band The Scavenger Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zorimawi.blogspot.com/2009/03/scavenger-project-atangin-michael-m.html|title=The Scavenger Project atangin Michael M Sailo a bâng|website=Zorimawi|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* Best Rapper of the Lelte Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phualvatimes.com/thousands-bids-adieu-to-mizorams-rap-artist-michael-m-sailo-pictures/|title=Thousands bids adieu to Mizoram's rap artist Michael M Sailo|website=Phulva Times|date=8 April 2017 |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* Best New Artist Award of Rimawi Khawvel.

==Death==
On 7 April 2017, Sailo died in an accident after his bike crashed into a police van.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizo Rapper Dies |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/04/09/mizo-rapper-dies/ |website=The Shillongtimes |date=9 April 2017 |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal==
He married well known mizo singer B. Malsawmtluagi (SPI) on 17 September 2009. They had two sons, Brooklyn Lalsangkima Sailo (born 2010) and Marshall Lalhruaizela Sailo (born 2012).<ref>{{cite news|title=Hip-hop music ṭha min hluitu Michael M Sailo Ui tak chungin thlah liam |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/thalai/69646 |website=Vanglaini |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

==Discography==
Michael M Sailo released the following albums:<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael M. Sailo |url=https://sakeibaknei.com/2015/06/michael-m-sailo/ |website=Sakeibaknei |date=June 2015 |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

===Album===
*''Duhaisam''
*''CHAPTER -2''

===Singles===
*"Ngaihlai Kan Bang Lo Che"
*''"''Thinlai Hnemtu"
*''"''Zawlkhaw Hermawii
*''"''A riang chan tawk
*''"''Thinlai Hnemtu" (posthumous)<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael M. Sailo A hla hnuhnung ber an tlangzarh |url=http://www.vanglaini.org/thalai/70533 |website=Vanglaini |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mizo music]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/aizawlcityace Michael M Sailo on Facebook]
*[https://www.instagram.com/therealsailova/ Michael M Sailo on Instagram]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/splashmore Michael M Sailo on Youtube]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sailo, Michael M}}
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

Mahasenagupta

2025-10-05T11:14:09Z

Accuntpayable1: New new entry!

{{short description|King of Magadha (562–575) and King of Malwa (575–601)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mahasenagupta
| image = File:Archer type coinage of King Mahasenagupta of the Later Gupta dynasty.png
| caption = Archer type coinage of King Mahasenagupta of the Later Gupta dynasty, c. 6th century CE<ref name=Kumar2024>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjeev |title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India |date=2024 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=9781803277967 |pages=491–514 |doi=10.2307/jj.17610828 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.17610828}}</ref>
| succession = [[King of Magadha]]
| reign = 562–575
| predecessor = [[Damodaragupta]]
| successor = Himself as ''King of Malwa''
| succession1 = [[King of Malwa]]
| reign1 = 575–601
| predecessor1 = Himself as ''Emperor of Magadha''
| successor1 = [[Devagupta]]
| house = [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta]]
| father = [[Damodaragupta]]
| mother =
| death_date = 601
| death_place =
}}
'''Mahasenagupta''' was [[King of Magadha]] from 562 until his defeat in 575 and thereafter the [[King of Malwa]] until his death in 601. He belonged to the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] of Magadha.<ref name=bio/>

Just before his death, Mahasenagupta sent his sons Kumaragupta and Madhavagupta to [[Thanesar]], where they became companions of [[Rajyavardhana]] and [[Harshavardhana]]. Madhavagupta was made the Kannauj vassal of Magadha after the war. In Malwa, he was succeeded by his son [[Devagupta]], who was defeated by Rajyavardhana of Kannauj in 605.<ref name=MalwaGaudaAlliance>{{cite book|quote=This Mālava king has been taken to be Devagupta who may have succeeded Mahasenagupta's kingdom in Malwa or certainly East Malwa. 56 The Maukhari-Vardhana entente may have contributed to Malwa-Gauda alliance;|author=George E. Somers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC|title=Dynastic History Of Magadha|date=1977 |page=140|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-059-4 }}</ref>
{{Later Guptas of Magadha}}
== Reign ==
In order to counter the hostility of the Kingdom of Kannauj, near the start of his reign he allied himself with the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Kingdom of Thanesar]] by giving his sister's hand in marriage to [[Adityavardhana]]. Mahasenagupta went to war with the [[Kamarupa Kingdom]] around 575 during a period of anarchy in [[Bengal]], and defeated the king of Kamarupa, [[Susthitavarman]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Ronald |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231126199 |pages=37–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsgzCgAAQBAJ&q=Mahasenagupta}}</ref>

However, he soon faced two disastrous invasions following this event. A king of the Deccan, [[Kirttivarman I]] of the [[Chaulukya]] royal family, subdued Anga, Vanga, Kalinga and Magadha. The Tibetan ruler, [[Namri Songtsen]] (AD 570–618) successfully campaigned into central India (modern day Bihar and perhaps also Uttar Pradesh). This raid considerably weakened Magadha and the king of Kannauj, [[Sharvavarman]] succeeded in conquering a part of the already crumbling empire of Magadha. Mahasenagupta, therefore, fled to Malwa, which he ruled as rump state. Here too he faced adversaries in the form of the Kalachuri king, [[Shankaragana]]. The [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati]] occupied [[Vidisa]] in AD 608-9 and the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]] took over [[Ujjain]] in AD 616–17.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization| date=1999 |pages=247–8| publisher=New Age International | isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Later Gupta dynasty]]
[[Category:Kings of Magadha]]
[[Category:Kings of Malwa]]