Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Maddi Anjaneya Temple

2026-05-04T12:49:56Z

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{{moresources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Sri Maddi Anjaneya Swamy Temple''' is an ancient temple and pilgrimage site in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], 51 km from [[Eluru]], the headquarters of [[Eluru District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.templetourguide.com/2015/09/maddi-anjaneya-swamy-temple-the-famous-hanuman-temple-in-ap/|title=Maddi Anjaneya Swamy Temple - The Famous Hanuman Temple in AP|date=2 September 2015|publisher=Temple Tour Guide|accessdate=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708065653/http://www.templetourguide.com/2015/09/maddi-anjaneya-swamy-temple-the-famous-hanuman-temple-in-ap/|archive-date=8 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]

Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam

2026-05-02T22:14:20Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manaiviyey Manithanin Manickam.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = K. Vembu
| screenplay = Makkalanban (dialogues)
| story = Kovai Rajagopal
| producer = K. Madhanagopal Naidu
| starring = [[K. Balaji]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = Rajagopal
| editing = P. N. Rao
| music = S. Hanumantha Rao
| studio = K.M.D.V.N. Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|7|31|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam''''' ({{translation|Wife is the ruby of a man}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by K. Vembu. The film stars [[K. Balaji]], [[Pandari Bai]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]. It was released on 31 July 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1959 –மனைவியே மனிதனி் மாணிக்கம் – கே.எம்.டி.வி.என்.பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 –Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam – K.M.D.V.N.Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails41.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207005229/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails41.asp |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=7 February 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Lakshmi is a young woman living happily with her husband and child. Her life runs into adversity when her husband becomes involved in an affair with another woman. He neglects Lakshmi and the child and also spends the family wealth. Her husband's father who was living with them, leaves the house unable to bear his sons follies. Lakshmi tolerates her husband but she is kidnapped by another person. Then the husband realises his irrational behaviour and fights with the person who kidnapped his wife. He finally realises that a wife is the ruby of a man.

== Cast ==

;Male cast
*[[K. Balaji]]
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[M. R. Santhanam]]

;Female cast
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]
*[[M. Saroja]]

;Supporting cast
*[[Nagesh|Thai Nagesh]]

== Production ==
[[Nagesh]] featured in a minor role and he was credited in the titles as ''Thai'' Nagesh. This is one of the few films in K. Balaji played the role.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 November 2014 |title=Manaiviyey Manithanin Manickam (1959) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-manaiviyey-manithanin-manickam/article6646388.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205174138/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-manaiviyey-manithanin-manickam/article6646388.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=7 February 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[S. Hanumantha Rao]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=182 |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Thathi Thathi Tavazhum" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[P. Susheela]] || [[Kannadasan]]|| 03:23
|-
| "Kaathirupom Kaipidipom" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]] || Era. Pazhanichami ||
|-
| "Un Thiruvilaiyadal" || Thiruchi Loganathan || V. A. Gopalakrishnan || 02:38
|-
| "Fraudu Fraudu Fradu" || T. A. Mothi || Kovai Rajagopal || 01:38
|-
| "Annam Aval Nadai" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || S. D. S. Yogi ||
|-
| "Pongi Varum Nilavenave" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || Puratchidasan ||
|-
| "Ennai Ariyamale Enadhullam" || [[P. Kalinga Rao]] & K. Jamuna Rani || Adhimoolam || 03:53
|-
| "Podhai Tharum Sugathile" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kannadasan || 01:30
|-
| "Vetri Vandha Podhum" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kannadasan ||
|-
| "Kannil Pirandhu Vandha" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kannadasan ||
|-
| "Anbu Mugam Kaattinaan" || [[A. P. Komala]] || Kovai Rajagopal ||
|-
| "Buddharaiyum Muhamadhaiyum" || Thiruchi Loganathan || Salem Ramasami Pavalar ||
|-
| "Yengudhu Manasu Asai Machan" || [[Jikki]] & Group || [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 09:12
|-
| "Jeeviya Vilakke Nee" || T. A. Mothi & [[P. Leela]] || || 03:23
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film was a headache.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=23 August 1959 |title=மனைவியே மனிதனின் மாணிக்கம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-08-23/page/n39/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241004135216/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-08-23/page/n39/mode/2up |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=38–39 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film did not do well at the box office.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mathalamparai

2026-04-30T16:35:55Z

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{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathalamparai
| other_name =
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| settlement_type =
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| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.9068|77.3782|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
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'''Mathalamparai''' (''மத்தளம்பாறை'') is a Gram Panchayat, located in the Tenkasi Panchayat Union of [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/642767-mathalamparai-tamil-nadu.html | title=Mathalamparai Village Population - Tenkasi - Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu }}</ref> This panchayat falls under both the Tenkasi Assembly Constituency and the Tenkasi Lok Sabha Constituency. The panchayat comprises a total of 7 ward constituencies, from which 7 ward members are elected. [[Zoho Corporation]] has their branch office in this village.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mathalamparai BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Mathalamparai BO locality of Tamil Nadu - NDTV.com | url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli/mathalamparai-bo | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=How these Sambhajinagar youth became world-class AI engineers - The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/times-techies/how-these-sambhajinagar-youth-became-world-class-ai-engineers/articleshow/121150279.cms | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321044445/http://tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-21}}</ref>

According to the 2011 Census of India, the total population of the village is 1,811, of which 960 are women and 851 are men.

List of Villages located in this panchayat are:
* Aasad Nagar
* Maththalampaarai
* Muthu Vinayagarpuram

[[Category:Villages in Tenkasi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tenkasi district}}

Darshan (2004 film)

2026-04-30T01:14:18Z

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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darshan
| image = Darshan (2004 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Ramesh Kitty
| producer = R. B. S. Prasad
| writer = Ramesh Kitty
| based_on =
| starring = [[Darshan Thoogudeep|Darshan]] [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet]]
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| distributor = Super Shine Movies
| studio =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime =
| budget =
| gross =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|4|9}}
}}

'''''Darshan''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Ramesh Kitty and starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and newcomer [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet]] in [[leading role]]s, along with a supporting cast of [[Srujan Lokesh]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], and [[Chithra Shenoy]].

== Plot ==
Rahul returns to his foster father [[Appaji]], a terrorist after completing his studies. Appaji reveals the death of Rahul's parents at the hands of Ramamurthy and sends him to seek revenge, also to pioneer a terrorist attack.

Ramamurthy lives a happy life with his wife Janaki, mother Renukamma and daughters Surabhi and Nandini.
Surabhi's marriage is fixed with an NRI. Rahul and his fake mother Sumitra rescue Ramamurthy's family while they are attacked and soon become a part of the Murthy family. Nandini falls in love with him. An attack is made on the defense minister from which he miraculously escapes. After marriage Surabhi and her husband go to the airport to leave the country but are killed in the airplane blast. The defense minister was also travelling in the same plane. It is shown that Rahul is leader of the terrorist gang that killed the minister in the blast.

Murthy approaches Rahul with Nandini's marriage proposal to which he consents. On the day of engagement Nandini reveals the true nature of Rahul and the assistant police commissioner holds Rahul at point blank. However he manages to escape but dies in a car blast.

Rahul who has survived the blast asks Nandini to marry him which she refuses. A deranged Rahul turns into a killing machine vandalising the family of Nandini.
He kills the assistant commissioner with the help of a sub inspector. Eventually he kills Sanjay, Nandini's fiancé in front of her eyes. After confessing his crimes he asks Nandini to enter his life. However, unable to forgive and forget, an angry Nandini shoots Rahul. As she walks away he opens his eyes indicating that he is still alive and will be an immortal as long as there is war in this world.

== Cast ==
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Rahul
*[[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navaneeth]] as Nandini
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Ramamurthy
*[[Srujan Lokesh]] as Sanjay
*[[Renukamma Murugodu]] as Renukamma
*[[Chitra Shenoy]] as Janaki
*[[Satyajit (Kannada Actor)|Sathyajith]] as Appaji
*Renuka Prasad
*Satish Cadaboms

== Production ==
This film marks the directorial debut of Ramesh Kitty, who previously worked as an assistant director under like [[S. Narayan]] and [[Raj Kishore]] for fourteen years.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://newsfirstlive.com/2021/06/05/challenging-star-darshan-movie-director-ramesh-kitty-is-now-the-president-of-kichcha-sudeepa-charitable-society-working-for-the-needy/|title=Challenging Star Darshan movie director Ramesh Kitty is now the president of Kichcha Sudeepa charitable society working for the needy|work=News First Live|language=kn|date=5 June 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605033006/https://newsfirstlive.com/2021/06/05/challenging-star-darshan-movie-director-ramesh-kitty-is-now-the-president-of-kichcha-sudeepa-charitable-society-working-for-the-needy/|archive-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] accept to star in the film after hearing the story and his character is that of an orphan.<ref name="N"/><ref name="viggy">{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_darshan.asp|title=Darshan - a new film of Darshan Toogudeep|publisher=viggy.com|accessdate=2015-09-26|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817043631/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_darshan.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/third-time-lucky/articleshow/4435960.cms|title=Third time lucky?|date=23 April 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424193452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/third-time-lucky/articleshow/4435960.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first film that model [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navaneet]] shot for, but the Telugu film ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' (2004) ended up releasing first.<ref name="interview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/navneetkaur.php |title=Chitchat with Navneet Kaur | work = [[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190112/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/navneetkaur.php |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/navneet.htm |title=An Interview With Navneet Kaur |work = Cinegoer |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528184508/http://www.cinegoer.com/navneet.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Srujan Lokesh]] was cast in a "special" role.<ref name="viggy" /> After the censor board removed two thousand feet of the [[Film gauge|film]], the scenes had to be reshot.<ref name="N"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]] and released by [[Anand Audio]] Video.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darshan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/darshan/rbmk19WZLLk_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=18 April 2023 |date=9 March 2004 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033245/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/darshan/rbmk19WZLLk_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Darshan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Mar 9, 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 25:18
| label = Anand Audio Video
| producer = Sadhu Kokila
| prev_title = [[Daasa]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:18
| title1 = O Surya
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Manase Manase
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Nanditha]]
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length2 = 5:20
| title3 = Thangali
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Bharatha Matheya
| extra4 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Sadhu Kokila
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length4 = 6:01
| title5 = Salu Salinalli
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length5 = 4:15
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Darshan lives his role and excels in action scenes. Debutant actress Navneeth has done a good job in the first part. Srujan, veteran actor Lokesh’s son, plays a key role . Sadhu Kokila has scored the music."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr112004/mr3.asp|title=Darshan|first=S N|last=Deepak|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215212232/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr112004/mr3.asp|archive-date=15 December 2004|access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> The film had an average box office run and remains Kitty's only film to date.<ref name="interview"/><ref name="N"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4946252}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|darshan}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]

Vijaya Shanthi

2026-04-22T18:27:55Z

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{{short description|Indian actress, film producer and politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Moturi|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijaya Shanthi
| image = Vijaysahanti2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Vijaya Shanthi at an event
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|6|24}}
| birth_name = Satti Vijaya Shanthi
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
| spouse = {{marriage| Moturi Venkata Srinivasa Prasad |1988}}
| occupation = Actress, Film producer, Politician, Social Worker
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of Telangana Legislative Council]]<ref name="z725">{{cite web | title=MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed | website=The Times of India | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms | access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref>
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Elected by MLAs]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = [[A. Narendra]]
| successor1 = [[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
| party = *[[Indian National Congress]] (2014—2020; 2023-present)
| other_party = *Talli Telangana Party (2005-2009)
* [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2009–2014)
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1998-2005; 2020-2023)
}}

'''Moturi Vijaya Shanthi<ref>{{cite web
| title = Affidavit of Vijaya Shanthi M (2025)
| url = https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Council/Affidavits/ByMLAs_Affidavits_2025/AFFIDAVITS/VIJAYA%20SHANTHI%20M_0001.pdf
| website = Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana
| date = 2025
| access-date = 20 October 2025
| format = PDF
}}</ref>''' (born 24 June 1966) is an Indian actress, film producer and politician. In a film career spanning 40 years, she has acted in 200 feature films in a variety of roles in various languages predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, in addition to [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]] films. She is widely referred to as the "Lady Superstar", "Lady [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh]]"<ref name="On Vijayashanthi's birthday, 6 powerful films which established her as 'Lady Amitabh'">{{cite news |title=On Vijayashanthi's birthday, 6 powerful films which established her as 'Lady Amitabh' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/on-vijayashanthi-birthday-6-powerful-movies-which-established-her-as-lady-amitabh-7372121/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313165209/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/on-vijayashanthi-birthday-6-powerful-movies-which-established-her-as-lady-amitabh-7372121/ |archive-date=13 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-pic-teenage-mahesh-babu-with-lady-superstar-vijayashanti-in-1989/articleshow/71107166.cms |title=Throwback pic: Teenage Mahesh Babu with Lady Superstar Vijayashanti in 1989 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/south-indian-film-industry-rajnikanth-chiranjeevi-mammootty-shobana/ |title=Beyond Bollywood: The biggest icons of the south film industry |date=21 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960731-vijayashanti-shoots-with-amitabh-bachchan-for-hindi-film-in-madras-833594-1996-07-31 |title=Vijayashanti shoots with Amitabh Bachchan for Hindi film in Madras}}</ref> and "Action Queen of Telugu Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/ |title=Telugu Filmnagar | F3: Fun and Frustration | #RC15 |Tollywood Latest News | New Upcoming Telugu Movies 2022 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062338/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19931015-telugu-actress-vijayashanthi-all-set-to-woo-hindi-movie-audiences-in-tejasvini-811650-1993-10-15 |title=Telugu actress Vijayashanthi all set to woo Hindi movie audiences in Tejasvini}}</ref> Vijayashanti holds the record for the most "Industry Hits" in Telugu cinema for a heroine, with five films emerging as the top-grossers of their time—a feat unmatched by any actress in the industry's 100-year history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/87470/1932-2022-industry-hits-of-tollywood.html |title=1932 - 2022: Industry Hits of Tollywood}}</ref> She won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her work as a female cop in ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Kartavyam]]'' for depicting both aggression and femininity with balance and restraint (1990).<ref name="page28">{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |title=38th National Film Festival - 1991 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=28 |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174944/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a recipient of several accolades, including four [[Andhra Pradesh]] state [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Nandi Awards for Best Actress]], seven [[Filmfare Awards South]] together with a [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2003, and the [[Kalaimamani Award]] from [[Tamil Nadu Government]].

Having made her acting debut in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' (1980), she went on to star in successful films like ''[[Netrikkan]]'' (1981), ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' (1983), ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' (1985), ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' (1984), ''[[Pratighatana]]'' (1985), Muddula Krishnayya (1986), ''[[Repati Pourulu]]'' (1986), ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' (1987), ''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]'' (1987), ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988), ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989), ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' (1988), ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989), ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990), Karthavyam (1990), ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]'' (1989), ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'' (1990), ''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1990), ''[[Gang Leader]]'' (1991), ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992), ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' (1992), ''[[Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam]]'' (1992), ''[[Chinarayudu]]'' (1993) and ''Police Lockup'' (1993), ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' (1997). Vijaya Shanthi had established herself as one of the leading actresses of [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/04/stories/2005060402710300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Metro Plus Visakhapatnam / Personality : Glam girl to Nayudamma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317121040/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/04/stories/2005060402710300.htm|archive-date=17 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/29/stories/04294036.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Hail rainmakers!|access-date=6 December 2023|date=29 August 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130072258/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/08/29/stories/04294036.htm|archive-date=30 November 2004}}</ref> In 1987, she appeared in ''[[Swayam Krushi]]'' alongside [[Chiranjeevi]], which was screened at the [[Moscow International Film Festival]], and ''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]'' with Hollywood actor [[Thomas Jane]], which was screened at the Louisville International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/us/2000/may/10us11.htm |title=US edition: Inscrutable Americans - soon at a theatre near you |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

She entered state politics in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980112-andhra-pradesh-post-ntr-host-of-film-artistes-join-politics-825287-1998-01-12 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Post-NTR, host of film artistes join politics |website=India Today |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vijayashanthi-meets-fluorosis-victims/article1782302.ece |title=Vijayashanthi meets fluorosis victims |date=13 January 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She served as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[15th Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak constituency]] from [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]. {{As of|2023|11}}, she is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Early life==
Vijaya Shanthi was born on 24 June 1966<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fr4G9lOXe68 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/fr4G9lOXe68 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Vijayashanti Personal Interview | Vanitha TV |via=[[YouTube]] |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=12 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4339 |title=Detailed Profile - Smt. M. Vijaya Shanthi - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095456/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4339 |archive-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> in Madras to Satti Srinivasa Prasad, a native of Anaparthi, in [[East Godavari]], and his wife, Satti Varalakshmi, a native of [[Warangal]] and elder sister of actress and producer [[Vijaya Lalitha|Vijayalalitha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/madhu80/--1.211429 |title=മധുവിന്റെ പ്രമുഖ നായികമാര്‍ |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606132654/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/madhu80/--1.211429 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/dec/15vijay.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Telugu superstar Vijayashanti eyes politics |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> Vijaya Shanthi has said that she prefers to think of herself as being from [[Telangana]] rather than Madras, although as of 2004 she had never visited her ancestral village of Ramannagudem near [[Eturnagaram]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Ch Sushil |date=20 March 2004 |title=I was not born in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/I-was-not-born-in-Telangana/articleshow/570757.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719060645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-20/hyderabad/28338309_1_telangana-vijayashanti-separate-state |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 July 2013}}</ref>

She completed her 10th class at [[Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]], Chennai, before starting her film career.<ref name="ceoandhra1">{{Cite web |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS_PCs/06-MEDAK/M_Vijayashanthi.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 September 2013 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090416190919/http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS_PCs/06%2DMEDAK/M_Vijayashanthi.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Film career ==

===Early career (1980-1982)===
Vijaya Shanthi began her acting career at the age of 14 in 1980, [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'', directed by Bharathiraja. In the same year, she debuted in Telugu cinema with the movie ''Kilaadi Krishnudu'', opposite [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], directed by [[Vijaya Nirmala]]. She got a role in the Telugu film ''Satyam-Sivam'' (1981), the cast of which included [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]].

=== Balance of glamour and women-centric roles (1983–1993) ===
Initially she played many character role like sister, daughter and then after a couple of inconsequential movies came ''[[Pellichoopulu]]'' (1983), which brought recognition to her as a star. This was a remake of [[K. Bhagyaraj]]'s Tamil film ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]''. Her breakthrough movie was ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' (1983), and from there she started acting in women-centric roles, teaming up with [[T. Krishna]]. He spotted her on the sets of his friend Madala Rangarao's ''Navodayam''. He saw her perform and predicted that she would turn out to be a good actress. In 1985, ''[[Pratighatana]]'', one of the biggest blockbusters of the year, won her accolades and a state [[Nandi Award]] for the first time. She delivered a powerful performance in the song "Ee Dhuryodhana Dusshasana", penned by legendary lyricist [[Veturi]] and powerfully sung by [[S. Janaki]]. In K. Viswanath's ''[[Swayam Krushi]]'', where she acts as an illiterate woman who falls in love with a cobbler. Her dialogue "Atta Soodamakayya" is highly applauded along with her performance in ''Swayam Krushi''.

In 1992 ''Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam'' was a huge success. Vijaya Shanthi played a bold lady speaking Telangana slang and delivered the career-defining song "Laloo Darwaja Laskar". In 1994 it was remade into Hindi as ''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin]]''. In the 1990s, Vijayashanti was the highest-paid heroine in India and her remuneration was equal to her co-stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Girish |last=Nikam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19920831-bachchans-and-sridevis-outstripped-by-chiranjeevi-and-rajnikanth-in-terms-of-earning-power-766809-2013-01-02 |title=Southern superstars Chiranjeevi, Rajnikant and Vijaya Shanthi are paid more than Amitabh Bachchan or Sridevi |work=India Today |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Her collaboration with [[Chiranjeevi]] (19 films) and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] (17 films) were huge hits at the box office. She starred alongside Rajinikanth as the antagonist in the film ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'', and with [[Kamal Haasan]] as an investigative reporter in ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''. She acted in two movies with [[Suresh Gopi]], ''[[Yuvathurki]]'' and ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]''. She produced the film ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' (1993), starring Balakrishna, under the banner Yuvarathna Arts.

=== Hindi cinema (1989–1997) ===
In 1989, she was introduced to Hindi cinema by [[K. Viswanath]] alongside [[Anil Kapoor]] in the film ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'', a remake of his Telugu film ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''. Her second Hindi film was ''Muqaddar Ka Badshaah'', a remake of the Telugu film ''Aswaddama''. In the Hindi version, she acted with another National Award-winning actress - Shabana Azmi. Her other starrers are ''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]'', in which she is co-starring with [[Anil Kapoor]] and ''Tejaswini'', a remake of ''Karthavyam'', directed by [[N. Chandra]]. Another Bollywood movie of hers is ''[[Gundagardi]]'' (1997), starring [[Dharmendra]] in an action role. In 1996, she was paired opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in ''[[Zamaanat]]'', directed by [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} but the film was shelved.

=== National Award and woman-oriented roles (1990–2006) ===
In a carefully nurtured career, Vijayashanthi reached the status of a "HERO" at box office parlance. In the blockbuster movie ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]'' (1990), her performance as a tough cop under the direction of Mohan Gandhi won her the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] from the [[Government of India]] and an [[Andhra Pradesh]] State award for best actress. Actor [[Ravi Teja]] was introduced in the film as a side artist. The film was made with a budget of about 90 lakh rupees and grossed over 7 crores in southern territories alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19931015-telugu-actress-vijayashanthi-all-set-to-woo-hindi-movie-audiences-in-tejasvini-811650-1993-10-15 |title=Telugu actress Vijayashanthi all set to woo Hindi movie audiences in Tejasvini |website=India Today |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> The film was screened at the 14th [[International Film Festival of India]] in the mainstream section.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm14IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=14IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130012438/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm14IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=14IIFA.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the third woman from Telugu cinema to win the award after [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] and [[Archana (actress)|Archana]].

The success of this movie saw her moving away from glamorous roles and limiting herself to woman-oriented roles. "There were people who questioned how can a Heroine attain the image of Hero & charge highest remuneration. But, I had overcome all the hurdles and answered critics with successful films," she answered.

Vijaya Shanthi didn't rely on stunt doubles for performing risky stunts in many films. There were times when she jumped from a height of 30 feet and she hardly cared about the injuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/heroine-vijaya-shanthi-special-interview-499175 |title=నేనె హీరో |date=13 August 2017 |website=Sakshi.com |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1990, ''Karthavyam'' was dubbed into Tamil as ''[[Vyjayanthi IPS]]'' and its success brought her fame in Tamil cinema. (It was also remade in Hindi as ''Tejaswini'', with herself playing the lead role. This, too, did very well at the Hindi box office.) The film inspired the then 10-year old C. Indhumathi to take up the civil services exam; she cleared the UPSC exam and bagged 151st rank and placed in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Inspired-by-Vijayanthi-IPS-she-cracks-UPSC/articleshow/13004551.cms |title=Inspired by 'Vijayanthi IPS', she cracks UPSC |website=The Times of India |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> ''Vyjayanthi IPS'' ran for 50 days in Vetri theater in Chennai. This record was broken by a dubbed version of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2015/08/26/Prabhas-Broke-Vijayashanti--039-s-Record/10713 |title=Prabhas Broke Vijayashanti's Record |website=Iqlikmovies.com |date=26 August 2015 |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

[[A. M. Ratnam]], Vijaya Shanthi's personal make-up man, turned out to be a money-making producer. As an executive producer for Vijaya Shanthi, he made the award-winning ''Karthavyam'' on the banner of Sri Surya Movies. On the same banner, she produced and acted in ''[[Aashayam]]'' released in 1993, which had a decent run. In ''Police Lockup'' she played a dual role, directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], for which she won another [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]. Later she continued her career in action roles. In ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' (1997), she played a downtrodden woman who rose against her oppressors. Directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], this was the biggest blockbuster of the year, giving Vijaya Shanthi her fourth [[Nandi Award]] and sixth Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205073121/https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses |url-status=dead |title=45th Filmfare South Best Actresses : Santosh : Free Download & Stream... |date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |website=Archive.org |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> This film gave her another name, called as "Ramulamma/Ramulakka" by the people. The music of this film, composed by Vandemataram Srinivas, also won the Nandi Award.

Later, she appeared in women oriented movies like ''Adavi Chukka'' and ''[[Rowdy Durbar]]'', directed by Dasari Narayana Rao.

Vijayashanthi has also worked for many commercials like Chandana Bros., and Power Detergent soap. She was the first actress to be first featured in a saree commercial.

=== Comeback into films (2019–present) ===
Vijaya Shanthi returned to cinema after a sabbatical of 13 years, starring in the 2020 film ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' where [[Mahesh Babu]] played the main protagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijaya-shanti/article28178588.ece |title=Vijayashanti is back to her first love |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 June 2019 |last1=Thatipalli |first1=Mallik}}</ref>

Her last seen movie is ''Nayudamma'', released in 2006. [[Anil Ravipudi]] shared a welcome picture on Twitter on 12 August 2019 announcing her return to films with a makeup mirror placed in front of her. He wrote "After 13 years.. It's make up time for Vijayashanthi garu.. Nothing has ever changed in all these 13 years. Same discipline, same attitude and same dynamism. Welcome on-board".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarileru-neekevvaru-vijayashanthi-joins-the-sets-of-mahesh-babu-s-film-1580313-2019-08-13 |title=Sarileru Neekevvaru: Vijayashanthi joins the sets of Mahesh Babu's film |date=13 August 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/after-13-years-vijayashanti-returns-to-face-the-arc-lights-as-a-professor/story-8h5p2hD4CfHyVVVQPywICJ.html |title=After 13 years, Vijayashanti returns to face the arc lights as a professor |date=13 August 2019}}</ref> She was paid four crores for her re-entry film ''Sarileru Neekevvaru''. 2025 marks her second re-entry film ''[[Arjun Son of Vyjayanthi]]'' is scheduled to release on April 18, herself starring in a powerful cop role alongside [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]].

== Political career (1998–present) ==
In 1998, Vijaya Shanthi joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was soon made the secretary of BJP's Women's Wing (Bharateeya Mahila Morcha).<ref>{{cite news |title=When entertainers turned to politics |work=Rediff |date=14 February 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-entertainers-turned-politicians/20120214.htm |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> In 1998, her first public meeting was held at Nellore, a big hit in support of BJP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/13vijaya.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT Elections '98: 'Lady Amitabh' Vijayashanti plays a double role in politics, too |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> During the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]] she was named BJP's contestant from the Kadapa Lok Sabha seat against [[Sonia Gandhi]] of [[Congress(I)]]. However, she withdrew from the race after Sonia Gandhi decided to contest from [[Bellary]]. In 1996, Vijaya Shanthi, who is pro-BJP, vowed her support to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and was a star campaigner for then Chief [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&q=vijayashanti+jayalalitha+1998&pg=PA301 |title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998 |first=M. L. |last=Ahuja |date=14 October 1998 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170997115 |access-date=14 October 2018 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Vijayashanti is the star campaigner for BJP Lok Sabha Polls in Tamil Nadu along with Cricketer [[Srikkanth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/10/stories/2004031011820400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Srikkanth, Vijayashanthi star campaigners for BJP |access-date=14 October 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

She started her own political party, Talli Telangana, in January 2005, which she merged into [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS) due to lack of strength and support. From 1999, her movie appearances decreased as she focused on her political career. By 2004, she had stopped signing up for new films. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], she won as a Member of Parliament from the [[Medak]] constituency from BRS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/Results.htm |title=political results |website=Eciresults.nic.in |access-date=16 May 2009 |archive-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519095719/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/Results.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2009, she resigned from the post of secretary general of BRS, expressing solidarity with the resignation of [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijayshanti resigns from TRS party post's and lost the election |work=Rediff |date=20 June 2009 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/vijayshanti-resigns-trs-party-post/20090620.htm |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, she submitted her resignation as an [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]] along with Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao in agitation of Telangana movement. The resignation was later rejected by the speaker of the house, as it was not in the proper format. Later, she actively participated in politics for separate [[Telangana]] State (region), in which she played a key role.

Vijaya Shanthi joined the Indian National Congress party in February 2014 after a split with [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] chief KCR.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRS MP Vijayashanthi joins Congress day after party rules out merger |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 February 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/trs-mp-vijayashanthi-joins-congress-day-after-party-rules-out-merger/ |access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> She contested in the assembly elections from [[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]] in the 2014 general elections from Indian National Congress party and lost as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. After some inactive years, in 2018 [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] president [[Rahul Gandhi]] appointed Vijaya Shanthi as star campaigner and adviser to the election campaign committee of [[Telangana]] PCC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/rahul-approves-coordination-publicity-comm-for-telangana-appoints-vijayashanti-as-star-campaigner/india/news/1355877.html |title=Rahul approves coordination & publicity comm for Telangana, appoints Vijayashanti as star campaigner}}</ref>

Vijaya Shanthi in March 2019, started a controversy after she compared Narendra Modi to a terrorist and claimed he was "ruling like a dictator". She made these statements at a rally in Telangana's Shamshabad village in [[Ranga Reddy district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/latest/916056/telangana-congress-leader-compares-modi-to-terrorist-at-a-rally-in-presence-of-rahul-gandhi |title=Telangana Congress leader compares Modi to terrorist at a rally in presence of Rahul Gandhi |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Vijaya Shanthi said, "He is appearing like a terrorist. Instead of loving his people, he is scaring them. And said this is not a characteristic of a prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Rahul Gandhi's Presence, Congress Leader Says PM Modi Like "Terrorist" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-rahul-gandhis-presence-congress-leader-vijayashanti-says-pm-modi-like-terrorist-2005310 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

She resigned from the Congress in November 2020 and rejoined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 6 December 2020 in the presence of Home Minister [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telugu-actress-vijayashanti-meets-home-minister-amit-shah-to-join-bharatiya-janata-party-tomorrow-2335054 |title=Telugu Actor Vijayashanti Meets Amit Shah, To Join BJP Today |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In November 2023, she left BJP and rejoined Congress on 17 November 2023, in the presence of Congress president, [[Mallikarjun Kharge]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mustafa |first=Gulam |date=2023-11-16 |title=Vijayashanti quits BJP, likely to join Congress |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/vijayashanti-quits-bjp-likely-to-join-congress-838105 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

She was unanimously Elected as Member of Telangana Legislative Council on 13 March 2025.<ref name="Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 March 2025 |title=Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313150415/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref name="z725">{{cite web | title=MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed | website=The Times of India | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms | access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref>

On April 7, 2025, Vijaya Shanti has taken oath as elected Member of Legislative Council (MLC) from Congress along with Addanki Dayakar and Shankar Nayak.

==Personal life==
Vijaya Shanthi is married to Moturi Venkata Srinivasa Prasad in 1988.<ref name="ceoandhra1"/> He does real estate business around Chennai and Hyderabad. He is a nephew to [[Daggubati Purandeswari]].

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Award category
! Awarded work
! Ref.
|-
| 1990 || [[National Film Awards]]|| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Kartavyam]]'' || <ref name="page28"/>
|-
| 2002 || [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State Awards]] || [[Kalaimamani Award]]|| Art - Contribution to Tamil Cinema Industry ||
|-
| 1985 || rowspan="7" | [[Filmfare Awards South]] || rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]|| ''[[Pratighatana]]'' ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'' ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Bharathanaari'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Kartavyam]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Police Lockup'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement Award (South)]]|| Contribution to South Indian Film Industry ||
|-
| 1985 || rowspan="4" | [[Nandi Awards]] || rowspan="4" | [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]] || ''Pratighatana'' ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Bharathanaari'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Kartavyam'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''Osey Ramulamma'' ||
|-
| [[Cinema Express Awards]] || [[Cinema Express Awards|Best Telugu Actress]] || ''Osey Ramulamma'' ||
|-
| 2010 || TSR-TV9 Awards || Silver Screen Empress Award || Contribution to Indian Cinema ||
|}

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1980
| ''Khiladi Krishnudu'' || ||Debut in Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981 || ''[[Satyam Shivam]]''|| Shanti ||
|-
| ''Pandanti Jeevitham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1982
| ''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]''||Santhi||
|-
| ''Vamsha Gouravam''|| Sasi||
|-
| ''Prathikaram''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnavataram]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1983 || ''[[Sri Ranga Neethulu]]''|| Lakshmi||
|-
| ''Rakasi Loya'' || ||
|-
| ''Pelli Choopulu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neti Bharatam]]''|| || Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| ''Mukku Pudaka'' || ||
|-
| ''Navodayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sangharshana]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''Amaayaka Chakra Varthy'' || ||
|-
| ''Pelli Chesi Chupistam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmaatmudu]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| rowspan="16" |1984 || ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Pandanti Kaapuraniki Pannendu Suthralu''|| Jaya ||
|-
| ''Sundari Subbarao'' || ||
|-
| ''[[S. P. Bhayankar]]'' ||Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' || Haarika ||
|-
| ''Abhimanyudu'' || ||
|-
| ''Ee Charithra Inkennallu''|| Satyavathi||
|-
| ''Jadagantalu'' || ||
|-
| ''Raaraju'' || ||
|-
| ''Dongallo Dora'' || ||
|-
| ''Veerabhadhrudu'' || ||
|-
| ''Adadhani Sawal'' || ||
|-
| ''Kutumba Gouravam'' || ||
|-
| ''Kurra Cheshtalu'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kathanayakudu (1984 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1985 || ''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' ||Hema ||
|-
| ''Kottha Pelli Kuthuru''|| ||
|-
| ''Bhandhi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Devalayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Desamlo Dongalupaddaru'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' || Vijaya||
|-
| ''Thirugubaatu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chiranjeevi (1985 film)|Chiranjeevi]]'' || Lalitha||
|-
| ''[[Darja Donga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ooriki Soggadu'' || Radha||
|-
| ''Srivaru''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srivaru 1985 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Srivaru Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/srivaru-8573/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>|| Gayathri||
|-
| ''[[Pratighatana]]''|| Jhansi ||
|-
| rowspan="15" |1986 || ''[[Muddula Krishnaiah]]''|| Vijaya ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Sakkanodu''|| ||
|-
| ''Sravana Sandhya''|| Sravani ||
|-
| ''Naaga Devata''|| Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]''||Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya Shapadham]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Repati Pourulu]]''|| Saraswathi ||
|-
| ''[[Dhairyavanthudu]]''|| Lavanya ||
|-
| ''Brahmasthram''|| ||
|-
| ''Samaajamlo Stree''|| Karuna ||
|-
| ''Aruna Kiranam''|| Aruna ||
|-
| ''Samsaaram Oka Sangeetam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Poratam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Deshoddharakudu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |1987 || ''[[Sahasa Samrat]]''|| Rani||
|-
| ''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]''|| Nirmala ||
|-
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]''|| Geetha ||
|-
| ''Dongagaru Swagatam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Swayam Krushi]]''|| Ganga ||
|-
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''
|
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Muddayi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]''|| Bhanumati ||
|-
| ''Kalyana Thambhulam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''|| Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]''||Sandhya|| Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu
|-
| ''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|1988 || ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]''||Janaki/Lakshmi|| Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu
|-
| ''[[Manchi Donga]]''|| Vijaya ||
|-
| ''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]''|| Kumari ||
|-
| ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]''||Gowri||
|-
| ''Aswadhdhaama''|| ||
|-
| ''Donga Pelli''|| Shanti ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Pratap]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1989 ||''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''|| Reporter Durga ||
|-
| ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' || Sasi Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Rudranetra]]'' || Pratima ||
|-
| ''Dorikite Dongalu'' || Shanti||
|-
| ''Bharatha Naari'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''Gunda Raajyam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Koduku Diddina Kapuram]]''|| Sasi Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]''|| Latha||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Donga]]''|| Rekha ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1990 || ''[[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]]''|| Vijaya ||
|-
| ''Naagaastram''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]''|| Srilekha ||
|-
| ''Palnaati Rudraiah''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Kartavyam]]''|| Vyjayanthi IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Muddula Menalludu]]'' || Shanti||
|-
| ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'' || Jayamma ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991 || ''[[Surya IPS]]'' || Sirisha ||
|-
| ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]''|| Kavitha ||
|-
| ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]''||Alakananda||
|-
| ''[[Gang Leader]]''|| Kanyakumari ||
|-
| ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]''|| Aruna||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
| ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]''|| Rani ||Dubbed in Tamil as ''Auto Raani''
|-
| ''[[Chinarayudu]]''|| Gowri ||
|-
| ''Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam''||Ammulu / Chandrakala||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993 || ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]''|| Chitti ||
|-
| ''Police Lockup''|| Vijaya, Shanti || Dual roles
|-
| ''[[Nippu Ravva]]''|| || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Aashayam]]''|| Sarojini || Also producer; dubbed in Tamil as ''Aasayam''
|-
| ''Kunthi Putrudu''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1994 || ''Rowdy Mogudu''|| ||
|-
| ''Doragaariki Donga Pellaam''|| Rani ||
|-
|''[[Madam (film)|Madam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Atha Kodallu''|| ||
|-
| ''Maga Rayudu''||Sudharani||
|-
| ''Lady Boss'' || ||Dubbed in Tamil as ''Lady Boss''
|-
|1995 || ''Street Fighter''|| Ujjaini||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997 || ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]''|| Ramulamma
|Dubbed in Tamil as ''Adimai Penn''
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Durbar]]''|| Yellamma, Durgi ||
|-
|1998
| ''Srivaarante Maa Vaare''||Nagamani||
|-
|1999
| ''[[Bharata Ratna]]''|| Vijaya / Bhavani || Also singer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000 || ''[[Sri Srimati Satyabhama]]''||Satyabhama||
|-
| ''Adavi Chukka''|| Chukkamma, Santhi ||Also producer
|-
|2001 || ''Vyjayanthi''||Vyjayanthi||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
| ''Saahasa Baludu Vichitra Kothi''|| ||
|-
| ''Sambhavi IPS''||Sambhavi||Dubbed in Kannada as ''Vijayashanthi''
|-
| ''Rifles'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news131.html|title=Dasari's Rifles|work=Idlebrain.com|date=7 May 2001|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2003
| ''Sivani''||Sivani||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Indiramma]]''||Indira||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Naayudamma]]''|| Naayudamma, Jhansi ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''||Bharathi||
|-
|2025
|''[[Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi]]''
|Vyjayanthi
|
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1980 || ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' || Kaathi ||Debut in Tamil
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981 || ''Rajangam'' || Sathya ||
|-
| ''[[Netrikkann]]''|| Sangeetha ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjile Thunivirunthal]]'' ||||
|-
| ''Sandhana Malargal'' || ||
|-
| ''Pattam Parakkattum'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1982
| ''[[Ilanjodigal]]''|| Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Manjal Nila]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Nizhal Thedum Nenjangal]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Vedikkai Manidhargal''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1983 || ''Neeru Pootha Neruppu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Villiyanur Matha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thalaimagan'' || ||
|-
| ''Kalyana Kanavugal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |1992 || [[Mannan (film)|''Mannan'']]|| Shanti Devi ||
|-
|1997
| ''[[Thadayam]]''|| Jyothi ||Producer; dubbed into Telugu as ''Chattam''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999 || ''[[Suryodayam]]''|| Indra ||
|-
| [[Rajasthan (film)|''Rajasthan'']]|| Gayathri ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]''||Amman||Dubbed in Telugu as ''Maha Chandi''
|-
|}

=== Hindi films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' || Lalitha || Debut Hindi film
|-
|1990 || ''[[Muqaddar Ka Badshaah]]''|| Bharthi Rathod ||
|-
|1992 || ''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Aparadhi]]''|| Paro ||
|-
|1994
| ''Tejasvini''|| ASP Tejasvini Joshi ||Also producer
|-
|1997
| ''[[Gundagardi]]''|| Deepa ||
|-
|}

=== Kannada films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983 || ''Keralida Hennu''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Simha Gharjane]]''|| Lalitha||
|-
|2001 || ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]''||Gayatri ||
|-
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1996 || ''[[Yuvathurki]]''|| || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Delhi Diary''
|-
|2000|| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]''|| Sita
||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0897227}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vijayashanti}}
* {{Twitter|vijayashanthi_m}}

{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef| before= [[A. Narendra]]}}
{{S-ttl| title= [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]] |years= 2009 – 2014}}
{{S-aft | after= [[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayashanti}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women in Telangana politics]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

Santosh Shukla

2026-04-21T04:23:37Z

AbrandaStudio: adding a details!

{{Short description|Politician from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Shukla
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| death_date = October 2001
| death_place = [[Shivli]] police station, [[Kanpur Dehat district]], Uttar Pradesh, India<ref name=dead/>
| constituency =
| office = [[Minister of State]] (Uttar Pradesh)
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2001
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Santosh Shukla''' was a politician from [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served as the [[Minister of State]] in chief minister [[Rajnath Singh]]'s cabinet from 2000 to 2001.

== Political career ==
In 1996, Santosh Shukla contested the assembly election from the [[Chaubepur Assembly constituency]] on a BJP ticket. He stood second by securing 43418 votes. He was made the [[Minister of State]] in [[Rajnath Singh]]'s ministry. He was also the chairman of the Labor Contract Board.<ref name=dead/>

== Death ==
In October 2001, he was shot dead<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Kapil |title=CM visits Shukla's family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cm-visits-shuklas-family/articleshow/179130338.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 October 2001}}</ref> allegedly by [[Vikas Dubey]], a [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] leader and gangster along with his 7 henchmen armed with rifles and country-made pistols inside the [[Shivli]] police station.<ref name=dead>{{cite news |title=BJP leader killed inside police station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bjp-leader-killed-inside-police-station/articleshow/1000663100.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 October 2001 | accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref> [[Vikas Dubey]] was the prime accused in the killing of Santosh Shukla.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikas Dubey wanted 'dead or alive' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/vikas-dubey-wanted-dead-or-alive/articleshow/1885117737.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 October 2001 | first=Kapil | last=Dixit | accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref> Dubey was arrested but was later released, allegedly due to his political influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=SO, 10 others arrested in Shukla murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/so-10-others-arrested-in-shukla-murder-case/articleshow/152848841.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2001 | accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Santosh}}
[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2001]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mandi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-17T10:30:00Z

AbrandaStudio: stub...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mandi {{Small|HP-2}}
| map_image = File:Mandi Lok Sabha Constituency, Himachal Pradesh.svg
| map_caption = Mandi Lok Sabha constituency within Himachal Pradesh
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| reservation= None
|incumbent_image =Kangana Ranaut graces the special screening of Manikarnika – The Queen Of Jhansi at Sunny Super Sound in Juhu (16).jpg
|assembly_cons = 17: [[Kinnaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kinnaur]], [[Bharmour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bharmour]], [[Lahaul and Spiti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahaul & Spiti]], [[Manali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manali]], [[Kullu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kullu]], [[Banjar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banjar]], [[Anni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anni]], [[Karsog (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karsog]], [[Sundernagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sundernagar]], [[Nachan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nachan]], [[Seraj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraj]], [[Darang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darang]], [[Jogindernagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jogindernagar]], [[Mandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandi]], [[Balh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balh]], [[Sarkaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarkaghat]] and [[Rampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]
}}

'''Mandi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the four [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]] represented by [[Kangana Ranaut]], a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since [[2024 Indian general election|2024]].

== History ==
Mandi Parliamentary constituency already emerged as a hot bed of politics where not only the BJP and the Congress will fight for their prestige, but is the only seat in the state where the Left front has popped up a candidate.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/BKGROUND/PC%20wise%20Result%20of%20H.P.pdf |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Result of H.P. of Lok Sabha Elections-2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website |accessdate=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163528/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/BKGROUND/PC%20wise%20Result%20of%20H.P.pdf |archivedate=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
The constituency then was named as Mandi - Mahasu was represented by Rani Amrit Kaur of the erstwhile [[Patiala]] state and Sh Gopi Ram Mandi during 1952–57. In the Lok Sabha elections that followed in 1957, the seat was represented by Raja Joginder Sen of the erstwhile [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] state, who represented the seat till 1962. In the following elections that year Raja Lalit Sen of [[Sundarnagar]] or the erstwhile [[Suket State]] was elected. He repeated his victory in the 1967 elections.

However, in period from 1977 to 1979, the constituency was represented by Ganga Singh who represented the [[Janata Party]], which came to power at the centre immediately after the elections that followed the imposition of emergency in the country and the Congress, under [[Indira Gandhi]] was routed. He defeated Congress candidate [[Virbhadra Singh]].

Then came along the man, who called himself the son-of-the-soil, [[Sukh Ram]]. He switched from state politics to the Parliament and won comfortably in 1985. In the next election, however, it was again another blue-blooded royal, [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]], scion of the erstwhile Kullu state who drubbed the son-of-the-soil at the polls.

But [[Sukh Ram]] bounced back and won again in 1994, but was expelled from the Congress a couple of years later, following the reported recovery of large amounts of cash from his residence. To re-establish his political dominion [[Sukh Ram]] floated [[Himachal Vikas Congress]] and came back into politics with a bang – winning five Assembly seats in 1998 along with wresting Shimla (reserved) parliamentary seat from the Congress in 1999. In 1998, Sukh Ram's HVC under an alliance with the BJP supported the candidature of [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]], who won easily. In 2004, Congress candidate [[Pratibha Singh]] defeated Maheshwar Singh. In 2009, Congress candidate [[Virbhadra Singh]] defeated [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]] by a very small gap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himvani.com/news/2009/03/11/mandi-seat-a-test-of-nerves-for-cong-bjp/2404|title=Mandi Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Himvani}}</ref>

In 2014 and 2019, [[Ram Swaroop Sharma]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was elected.

In 2024, actress [[Kangana Ranaut]], a BJP member was elected.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Mandi Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following 17 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|2
|[[Bharmour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bharmour]] (ST)
|[[Chamba district|Chamba]]
|Janak Raj
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|21
|[[Lahaul and Spiti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahaul and Spiti]] (ST)
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul & Spiti]]
| Anuradha Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|22
|[[Manali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manali]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kullu district|Kullu]]
|Bhuvaneshwar Gaur
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=3}}
|-
|23
|[[Kullu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kullu]]
|Surinder Singh Thakur
|-
|24
|[[Banjar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banjar]]
|[[Surender Shourie]]
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=11}}
|-
|25
|[[Anni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anni]] (SC)
|Lokender Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|26
|[[Karsog (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karsog]] (SC)
| rowspan="9" |[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|Deepraj Kapoor
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=9}}
|-
|27
|[[Sundernagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sundernagar]]
|Rakesh Jamwal
|-
|28
|[[Nachan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nachan]] (SC)
|Vinod Kumar
|-
|29
|[[Seraj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraj]]
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|-
|30
|[[Darang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darang]]
|[[Puran Chand Thakur]]
|-
|31
|[[Jogindernagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jogindernagar]]
|[[Prakash Rana|Prakash Prem Kumar Rana]]
|-
|33
|[[Mandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
|[[Anil Sharma (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
|-
|34
|[[Balh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balh]] (SC)
|Inder Singh
|-
|35
|[[Sarkaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarkaghat]]
|Dalip Thakur
|-
|66
|[[Rampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Rampur]] (SC)
|[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|[[Nand Lal (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Nand Lal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|68
|[[Kinnaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kinnaur]] (ST)
|[[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
|[[Jagat Singh Negi]]
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name<ref name="Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise |language=en |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |accessdate=18 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918103330/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |archivedate=18 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Congress wins Mandi Lok Sabha and all 3 Assembly seats in Himachal">{{cite news |last1=Tribune India |first1= |date=3 November 2021 |title=Congress wins Mandi Lok Sabha and all 3 Assembly seats in Himachal |language=en |work= |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-wins-mandi-lok-sabha-and-all-3-assembly-seats-in-himachal-333310 |accessdate=27 November 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127163545/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-wins-mandi-lok-sabha-and-all-3-assembly-seats-in-himachal-333310 |archivedate=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tribune India |first1= |title=Congress wins Mandi Lok Sabha and all 3 Assembly seats in Himachal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-wins-mandi-lok-sabha-and-all-3-assembly-seats-in-himachal-333310 |accessdate=27 November 2022 |work= |date=3 November 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127163545/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-wins-mandi-lok-sabha-and-all-3-assembly-seats-in-himachal-333310 |archivedate=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
! Colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Gopi Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|1952^
|[[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Raja Joginder Sen Bahadur
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lalit Sen]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Ganga Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Sukh Ram]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sukh Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Pratibha Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|-
|2013^
|[[Pratibha Singh]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|2021^
|[[Pratibha Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kangana Ranaut]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2024 election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mandi">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mandi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S082.htm |access-date=25 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625100845/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S082.htm |archive-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kangana Ranaut]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=537,022|percentage=52.71|change={{increase}}4.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 462,267 |percentage=45.51|change={{decrease}}3.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,645|percentage=0.56|change={{decrease}}1.12}}

{{Election box majority||votes=74,755|percentage=7.36|change={{increase}}6.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,18,685|percentage=73.97|change={{increase}}14.17}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= Bye-elections, 2021 : Mandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratibha Singh]]
|votes = 369,565
|percentage = 49.14
|change = {{increase}}23.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brig. Khushal Thakur
|votes = 362,075
|percentage = 48.14
|change = {{decrease}}20.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,661
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{increase}}1.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,490
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{decrease}}42.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 752,071
|percentage = 57.98
|change = {{decrease}}15.62
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
|votes = 647,189
|percentage = 68.75
|change = {{increase}}18.81
}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Aashray Sharma|votes=241,730|percentage=25.68|change={{decrease}}18.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Dilip Singh Kayath|votes=14,838|percentage=1.58|change={{decrease}}0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ses Ram|votes=9,060|percentage=0.96|change={{increase}}0.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,298|percentage=0.56|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box majority||votes=405,459|percentage=43.07|change={{increase}}37.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=943,148|percentage=73.60|change={{increase}}10.48}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Mandi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
|votes = 362,824
|percentage = 49.94
|change = {{up}}12.71
|Result = winner
}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pratibha Singh]]|votes=322,968|percentage=44.46|change={{decrease}}16.25|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kushal Bhardwaj|votes=13,965|percentage=1.92|change=''New''|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Jai Chand Thakur|votes=9,359|percentage=1.29|change=''New''|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Lala Ram|votes=21,780|percentage=3.0|change=''New''|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,191|percentage=0.85|change=N/A|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,856|percentage=5.48|change={{decrease}}18.00}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=726,094|percentage=63.12|change={{increase}}11.33}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}10.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2013: Mandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratibha Singh]]
|votes = 3,53,492
|percentage = 60.71
|change = {{increase}}12.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|votes = 2,16,765
|percentage = 37.23
|change = {{decrease}}8.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subhash Mohan Snehi
|votes = 6,057
|percentage = 1.04
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = PRISM
|candidate = Lawan Kumar
|votes = 5,932
|percentage = 1.02
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,36,727
|percentage = 23.48
|change = {{increase}}21.52
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,82,249
|percentage = 51.80
|change = {{decrease}}12.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}12.89
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
|votes = 3,40,973
|percentage = 47.82
|change = {{decrease}}5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 3,26,976
|percentage = 45.85
|change = {{increase}}2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Onkar Shad
|votes = 20,664
|percentage = 2.89
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lala Ram
|votes = 10,131
|percentage = 1.42
|change = {{increase}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtrawadi Sena
|candidate = Hookam Chand Shastri
|votes = 7,877
|percentage = 1.10
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shan Mohammad
|votes = 6,405
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,997
|percentage = 1.97
|change = {{decrease}}7.97
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,13,026
|percentage = 64.09
|change = {{increase}}1.18

}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratibha Singh]]
|votes = 357,623
|percentage = 53.41
|change = {{increase}}16.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 291,057
|percentage = 43.47
|change = {{decrease}}18.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Lal Sahni
|votes = 8,671
|percentage = 1.30
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shah Mohammad
|votes = 8,076
|percentage = 1.21
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kashmir Singh Guleria
|votes = 4,125
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,566
|percentage = 9.94
|change = {{decrease}}15.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 669,552
|percentage = 62.91
|change = {{increase}}8.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 3,25,929
|percentage = 62.05
|change = {{decrease}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kaul Singh]]
|votes = 1,94,904
|percentage = 37.11
|change = {{increase}}1.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ravi Thakur
|votes = 3,657
|percentage = 0.7
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amar Nirgotra
|votes = 750
|percentage = 0.14
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,31,025
|percentage = 24.94
|change = {{decrease}}2.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,28,636
|percentage = 54.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 3,04,210
|percentage = 62.44
|change = {{increase}}29.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratibha Singh]]
|votes = 1,72,378
|percentage = 35.38
|change = {{decrease}}27.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = [[Sukh Ram]]
|votes = 8,304
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = Dina Nath
|votes = 1,265
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amar Nirgotra
|votes = 1,081
|percentage = 0.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,31,832
|percentage = 27.06
|change = {{increase}}2.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,90,660
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukh Ram]]
|votes = 3,28,186
|percentage = 62.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adan Singh Thakur
|votes = 1,74,963
|percentage = 33.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ganga Singh]]
|votes = 6,460
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Subh Ram Thakray
|votes = 790
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Chandermani Sharma
|votes = 3,717
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amar Nirgotra
|votes = 4,608
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kanshi Ram
|votes = 1,954
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Devender Sharma
|votes = 1049
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bal Krishan
|votes = 936
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Diwan Chand Gupta
|votes = 768
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Chand Gautam
|votes = 739
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jeevan Parkash Sharma
|votes = 695
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brikam Ram
|votes = 449
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Garla
|votes = 294
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,53,223
|percentage = 29.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,25,608
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukh Ram]]
|votes = 2,33,380
|percentage = 49.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 2,06,753
|percentage = 44.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Karam Singh
|votes = 18,112
|percentage = 3.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Subh Ram Thakray
|votes = 790
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 3970
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Prem Singh Thakur
|votes = 2,829
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Om Dutt Sharma
|votes = 1,954
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Krishan Lal Sharma
|votes = 1049
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amar Nirogotra
|votes = 936
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nawal Thakur
|votes = 768
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gian Chand Paniala
|votes = 739
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jeevan Parkash Sharma
|votes = 695
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brikam Ram
|votes = 449
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Garla
|votes = 294
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,627
|percentage = 5.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,72,718
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|votes = 2,34,164
|percentage = 50.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukh Ram]]
|votes = 2,06,095
|percentage = 44.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = D.N. Kapoor
|votes = 9,736
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = O.M. Prakash
|votes = 5,510
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharam Singh
|votes = 4,489
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Naval Thaur
|votes = 3,423
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Raj Kumar
|votes = 1,530
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,069
|percentage = 6.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,64,947
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|General Election, 1984]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukh Ram]]
|votes = 2,24,146
|percentage = 67.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhukar Singh
|votes = 92,495
|percentage = 27.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Congress (J)
|candidate = Nand Singh
|votes = 3,817
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Het Ram
|votes = 2,331
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kamal Kishore
|votes = 2,921
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Narpat Ram Chauhan
|votes = 2,616
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nawal Thakur
|votes = 2,453
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Durga Singh Rathore
|votes = 1,194
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,31,651
|percentage = 39.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,31,973
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress (Socialist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|General Election, 1980]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Socialist)
|candidate = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
|votes = 1,66,949
|percentage = 56.60
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ganga Singh]]
|votes = 1,08,595
|percentage = 36.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = Bhagat Guru
|votes = 12,544
|percentage = 4.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Puran Mal
|votes = 4,626
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Naval Thakur
|votes = 2,255
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (Socialist)
|loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election|General Election, 1977]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|change =
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Ganga Singh Thakur
|votes = 1,38,638
|percentage = 53.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|change =
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
|votes = 1,02,143
|percentage = 39.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tara Chand
|votes = 8,950
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nawal Thakur
|votes = 7,817
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ani Rudh
|votes = 2,167
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election|General Election, 1971]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
|votes = 1,14,957
|percentage = 71.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh
|candidate = Mandhar Lal
|votes = 25,780
|percentage = 16.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = Gauri Prashad
|votes = 6,344
|percentage = 3.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nawal Thakur
|votes = 4,914
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mahavr Prashad
|votes = 4,587
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tulsi Ram
|votes = 3,182
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election|General Election, 1967]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalit Sen
|votes = 62,596
|percentage = 51.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = I. Singh
|votes = 28,331
|percentage = 23.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = D.S.Ram
|votes = 26,877
|percentage = 22.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = N.D. Joshi
|votes = 3,377
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election|General Election, 1962]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalit Sen
|votes = 46,856
|percentage = 63.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Ambika Kumari
|votes = 20,600
|percentage = 27.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Kuldip Singh
|votes = 2,742
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tej Singh
|votes = 3,516
|percentage = 4.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957 election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election|General Election, 1957]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Joginder Sen]]
|votes = 57,530
|percentage = 63.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Anand Chand]]
|votes = 33,110
|percentage = 36.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1951 election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election|General Election, 1951]]: [[Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mandi]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amrit Kaur
|votes = 47,152
|percentage = 26.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gopi Ram
|votes = 41,433
|percentage = 26.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|candidate = Tej Singh
|votes = 19,872
|percentage = 11.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scheduled Castes Federation
|candidate = Anokhi Ram
|votes = 18,988
|percentage = 10.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Party
|candidate = Muni Lal
|votes = 16,780
|percentage = 9.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Hari Dutt
|votes = 12,053
|percentage = 6.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kahan Singh
|votes = 19,099
|percentage = 10.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Mandi district}}

{{coord|31.7|76.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Chamba district]]
[[Category:Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Kinnaur district]]
[[Category:Shimla district]]

Vikramajit Sen

2026-04-13T22:29:51Z

AbrandaStudio: adding new data

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikramajit Sen
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Chairman]] of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
| predecessor = Sethuraman Ravi
| successor = S. S. Mundra
| term_start = 22 May 2019
| term_end = 17 May 2022
| office1 = [[Supreme Court of India|Judge, Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 24 December 2012
| term_end1 = 30 December 2015
| nominator1 =
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Karnataka High Court|Chief Justice, Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 December 2011
| term_end2 = 24 December 2012
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| predecessor2 = [[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
| successor2 = [[Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1950|12|31}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = Campus Law Centre, [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
| education = Graduation
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vikramajit Sen''' (born 31 December 1950) is a retired Indian judge, who served as a [[List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India|judge of the Supreme Court of India]] from 2012 to 2015. He has also served as the [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]] from 2011 to 2012. From May 2019 to May 2022, he served as the chairman of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BSE appoints former Judge Sen and IAS officer Bose as directors |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/bse-appoints-ex-sc-judge-vikramjit-sen-and-ex-expenditure-secretary-sumit-bose-as-directors/46999.html#:~:text=BSE%20appoints%20former%20Judge%20Sen%20and%20IAS%20officer%20Bose%20as%20directors&text=The%20BSE%2C%20India's%20oldest%20stock,Sumit%20Bose%20on%20its%20Board. |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Moneylife |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
Sen was born into a Bengali Baidya Brahmin family. Sen pursued law from the prestigious Campus Law Centre of the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]. He graduated in History from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].

==Career==

On 7 July 1999, Sen was appointed an additional judge of the [[Delhi High Court]] and on 30 October 2000, he was appointed a permanent judge. On 12 September 2011 he was transferred to Karnataka High Court as an acting Chief Justice and subsequently on 24 December 2011, he assumed office as Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court. On 24 December 2012, he was elevated and appointed a judge at the Supreme Court of India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Chief Justice of India & Sitting Hon'ble Judges Justice Vikramajit Sen|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/vsen.htm|publisher=Supreme Court of India portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/Images/judges/hck_formerjudges/details/VSJ.PDF|title = Hon'ble Chief Justice Mr. Vikramajit Sen|date = |accessdate = 5 May 2015|website = |publisher = Karnataka High Court|last = |first = }}</ref>

He is also the chairman of the three-member panel to investigate sexual harassment charges against S K Gangele, a sitting judge of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/04/vp-appoints-panel-justice-sen-justice-chellar-and-kkv-to-examine-charges-against-mp-high-court-judge/|title = VP appoints panel (Justice Sen, Justice Chellar and KKV) to examine charges against MP High Court judge|date = 16 April 2015|accessdate = 5 May 2015|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

From May 2019 to May 2022, for a terms of 3 years, he served as the chairman of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. On 18 May 2022, he was succeeded by former RBI Deputy Governor S. S. Mundra.<ref>{{cite news |title=BSE appoints S S Mundra as chairman |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/bse-appoints-s-s-mundra-as-chairman-1110077.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Vikramajit}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Chitoor Gopalakrishnan

2026-04-09T16:17:59Z

AbrandaStudio: New.

{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=November 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2023}}
}}
'''Chitoor Gopalakrishnan''' (1921 - 27 August 2006) was a violinist in [[Carnatic music]].<ref name=kutcheri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/general/1093-obit-chitoor-gopalakrishnan|title= Obit: Violinist Chitoor Gopalakrishnan|work=www.kutcheribuss.com|date=3 September 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231106055047/http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/general/1093-obit-chitoor-gopalakrishnan|archive-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> He came from a family of musicians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/A-life-dedicated-to-classical-music/article15771973.ece|title=A life dedicated to classical music|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=V.|last=Balasubramanian|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109042819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/A-life-dedicated-to-classical-music/article15771973.ece|archive-date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in Chennai in 1921 in a family of musicians, he learnt to play violin from his father Vedachala Iyer. Iyer was Asthana Vidwan in two Samasthanams (princely states) namely [[Venkatagiri]] and [[Chandragiri]].<ref name=kutcheri />

== Career ==
Gopalakrishnan began his career at the age of 13 as a supporting artiste. He accompanied most of the musicians at that time - like [[Tiger Varadachariar]], [[Chembai|Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], [[D. K. Pattammal]] and many others.
He worked in the music department of [[All India Radio]] in its Delhi and Madras (now Chennai) radio stations. His work with AIR lasted 40 years.
While in Delhi, he gave a solo violin Carnatic music performance for Viceroy Lord Wavel.
He retired from All India Radio in 1981.
After retirement, he established a school in a village at North Arcot district to coach students in Carnatic music.<ref name=kutcheri />

== Death ==
Gopalakrishnan died on 27 August 2006 at the age of 86.<ref name=kutcheri />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalakrishnan, Chitoor}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]

== External links ==
*{{youtube|2siuz7TtrRM|Violin recital}} - Chitoor Gopalakrishnan accompanied on Violin during the music concert by [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]].

Aghanashini River

2026-04-08T05:39:37Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Aghanashini
| name_other = Tadadi HoLe
| name_etymology =


| image = River Aghanashini.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Aghanasi River
| map_size =
| map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = States
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malenadu]]
| subdivision_type4 = Origin
| subdivision_name4 = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

|length_km=117
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location=
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge2_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Laccadive Sea]]
| mouth_location = [[Aghanashini (village)]] near Kumta
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
|map_caption=}}
The ''' Tadadi HoLe''' or '''Aghanashini River''' is a river located in [[India]] about 29 km south east of [[Anjediva Island]].<ref name="Milburn">{{cite book |last1=Milburn |first1=William |title=Oriental Commerce: Containing a Geographical Description of the Principal Places in the East Indies, China, and Japan, with Their Produce, Manufactures, and Trade |date=1813 |publisher=Black, Parry & Company |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181513 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181513/page/n448 314] |quote=Merjee. |language=en}}</ref> The village of [[Aghanashini (village)|Aghanashini]] is located at the mouth of the river. The river originates from Gadihalli village, near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] city ([[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] taluka) at an altitude of 676m above MSL in the Western Ghats of [[Karnataka]] State (District: [[Uttara Kannada]]) (Ref: https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=aghanashini | 24/08/2021). This Gadihalli is approx 8.4 kms distance from the older source Shankara Honda. So due to time and weather change, urbanisation the source become a bit shifted from its older originating point. The water from this river flows unobstructed through the [[Western Ghats]] range and then joins the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]]. Karnataka's one of the famous waterfall [[Unchalli Falls|unchalli]] waterfalls situated on this river.

==References==
{{reflist}}

2. INDIA WRIS Site: https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=aghanashini

[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]

Kaduva

2026-04-08T04:09:16Z

AbrandaStudio: Done!

{{short description|2022 Indian film directed by Shaji Kailas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaduva
| image = Kaduva.film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[Supriya Menon]] [[Listin Stephen]]
| writer = Jinu V. Abraham
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Vivek Oberoi]] [[Samyuktha Menon]]
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Prithviraj Productions [[Magic Frames]]
| distributor = Magic Frames
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|07|07}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}50 crore<ref name="BO">{{cite web |date=2 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-kaduva-crosses-rs-50-crores-in-the-box-office-collection/articleshow/93301604.cms|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Kaduva' crosses Rs 50 crores in the box office collection |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Kaduva' crosses Rs 50 crores in the box office collection - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-kaduva-crosses-rs-50-crores-in-the-box-office-collection/articleshow/93301604.cms |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kaduva''''' ({{Translation|Tiger}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], written by Jinu V. Abraham and produced by Prithviraj Productions and [[Magic Frames]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], alongside [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Baiju Santhosh]] and [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]. Set in 1990s, ''Kaduva'' revolves around an ego war between Kaduvakunnel Kuriyachan, an arrogant businessman and [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Joseph Chandy.

[[Principal photography]] took place from April 2021 to March 2022 at [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Erattupetta]], [[Vandiperiyar]], [[Mundakkayam]] and [[Ernakulam]]. [[Jakes Bejoy]] composed the soundtrack and [[film score]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] and [[Shameer Muhammed]] respectively.

''Kaduva'' was released on 7 July 2022 to mixed reviews from critics and became the [[List of Malayalam films of 2022|third highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2022]].

==Plot==
In the late 1990s, Kaduvakunnel Kurian Koruthu alias Kuriyachan "Kaduva", a wealthy and arrogant businessman in [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], is brought to the district jail in [[Kottayam]], where a murder attempt is made on him by three goons from [[Kottarakkara]] sub-jail under the orders of [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Joseph Chandy alias Ousepputty, but Kaduva defeats them. Before getting arrested, Kaduva was living a happy life with his family consisting of his wife Elsa and children Tessa, Eva and Chacko. However, Kaduva, due to his arrogance, had an ego-war with Joseph by speaking bad about Joseph's son, who has [[down syndrome]], resulting Joseph to dislike Kaduva. When Joseph's mother Theruthi Chedathi lied that a piano was gifted to the church's perverted priest [[Church Father|Fr.]] Robin Poovampura, instead of the church, Kaduva insults Joseph's late father Karikandhathil Chandichayan, making Joseph and Theruthi Chedathi to swear vengeance on Kaduva for the humiliation.

Joseph swore vengeance against Kaduva and transfers all the cops in Pala and appoints [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Dominic and new officers to replace them. Dominic already had a grudge on Kaduva as his father Benjamin was thrashed by Kaduva earlier. Joseph bought land that belonged to an American family, which was sold by Kaduva, and closes down his bar. With his influence, Joseph issues a search warrant on Kaduva's house. On his way back home, Kaduva was stopped by [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Johny Antonio, who tried arresting Kaduva in an [[firearms licence|arms licence]] case, but Kaduva thrashed them and was subsequently surrendered. Kaduva's bar licence gets revoked due to his alleged involvement in [[Rum running|spirit smuggling]].

After narrating his past, Kaduva is released two weeks later and learns that his father's [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador car]] has been seized by Benjamin and that Tessa has fractured her leg. Tessa secretly tells him that Robin had caused her injury and attempted to molest Elsa. When Tessa tried intervening, Robin pushed her down the stairs. Tessa makes Kaduva promise not to cause any problems. Kaduva meets his friend Victor and learns that Dominic had thrashed him as he was about to file a complaint against Benjamin and other officers to the [[Director General of Police|DGP]].

Meanwhile, Ananthanathan is ousted from his [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] post due to his corrupt activities, which comes into limelight. It is revealed that Kaduva had met his sister Leena's classmate Sunny in prison, where he learns that the evidence linking the politician's illegal activities are with Francis Paul and Kunjithomman. After his release, Kaduva, with Sunny's help, makes a deal with Francis and Thomman to provide the video evidence of the party's corruption in exchange for money and leadership changes in the party, to which they agree. Due to the deal, Kaduva had sold some of his estate. After Thomman becomes the CM and Sunny's release from prison, Kaduva brutally thrashes Robin and throws him into the church's well. Kaduva also makes Thomman to issue an order to freeze the promotion of Joseph to [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] due to multiple accusations against him.

Kaduva thrashes Dominic and retrieves his father's Ambassador car. Ananthanathan learns that there will be a raid in his house by the [[Central Vigilance Commission|CVC]] and asks Joseph to transport the goods to a safe place. Joseph attempts to transports the goods to his plantation in [[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]], only to be thwarted by Kaduva. The goods are discovered and Joseph gets suspended. Enraged, Joseph hires a goon from a [[mental asylum]] to kill Kaduva at a church festival, but Kaduva manages to thrash him and his goons to death, where he fights Joseph and defeats him. Joseph is later arrested on charges of corruption. Kaduva also blackmails Thomman and Paul for a ''lifetime commitment'' when he shows them the video of the meeting between him and them. Whilst leaving for prison, Joseph tells Kaduva that their feud has not finished and promises to meet him soon, to which Kaduva agrees.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Kaduvakunnel Kurian Korthu / Kuriyachan "Kaduva"
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Joseph Chandy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (voice dubbed by [[Vineeth]])
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Victor, Kuriyachan's friend
* [[Samyuktha Menon]] as Elsa Kurian, Kuriyachan's wife
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as [[Advocate]] Kora
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Varkey, Kuriyachan's mentor
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Dominic Benjamin
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Fr. Robin Poovampara
* [[Priyanka Nair]] as Merin, Joseph's wife
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Ananthanathan, former [[Chief Minister|CM]] of [[Kerala]]
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Theruthi Chedathi, Joseph's mother (voice dubbed by [[Mallika Sukumaran]])
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Fr. Vattasheryil
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as [[Chief Minister|CM]] Kunji Thomman
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Revenue Minister Thomas Poovampara
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandhu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Manmadhan
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Bishop of [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]] as Sunny
* [[Sudheesh]] as Mathai
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Basheer, Jail Superintendent
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Rajeevan
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Benjamin, Dominic's father
* [[Chali Pala]] as Charlie
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Bishop of [[Thrissur]]
* Angelina Abraham as Tessa Kurian, Kuriyachan's elder daughter
* Vriddhi Vishal as Eva Kurian, Kuriyachan's younger daughter
* Arish Anoop as Chacko Kurian, Kuriyachan's son
* [[Jolly Chirayath]] as Victor's mother
* Gouri Parvathi as Victor's sister
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr. Paulachan
* [[Malavika Menon]] as Mary
* Ranjini George as Varkey's wife
* [[Saju Navodaya]] as Shankaran
* [[Balaji Sarma]] as Jail Warden
* Jaise Jose as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Chandrababu
* Kottayam Ramesh as Fr. Gabriel
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Judge of District Court ([[voiceover]])
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Karikandathil Chandychan, Joseph's late father (photo presence)
* [[Mammootty]] as Kaduvakunnel Koruthu, Kuriyachan's late father (photo presence)

{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
''Kaduva'' was officially announced on 16 October 2019 on [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]'s birthday, to be directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] and written by Jinu V. Abraham, along with a poster featuring Prithviraj captioned "inspired from a true story".<ref>{{cite news |author1=FE Online |title='King' maker Shaji Kailas to direct Prithviraj's next film 'Kaduva' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/prithviraj-kaduva-shaji-kailas-malayalam-movie-poster-release/1737170/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Jointly produced by Prithviraj's Prithviraj Productions and [[Listin Stephen]]'s Magic Frames.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrijith |first1=Sajin |title=Director Shaji Kailas back with Prithviraj-starrer 'Kaduva' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/oct/16/director-shaji-kailas-back-with-prithviraj-starrer-kaduva-2048603.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Abraham said, although the film is inspired by a true story, it constitutes only five percent of the film and rest is fictional, which is set in 1990s. He first narrated the screenplay to Prithviraj, who suggested Shaji Kailas' name as director and brought him on board. The film was expected to begin production in March 2020 as soon as Prithviraj completes ''[[Aadujeevitham (film)|Aadujeevitham]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Prithviraj's Kaduva is a mass action thriller set in the 90s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithvirajs-kaduva-is-a-mass-action-thriller-set-in-the-90s/articleshow/71612920.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

Prithviraj plays the character of Kaduvakunnel Kuryachan, a young [[Plantation|planter]] from a Christian family in [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]. Prithviraj said, though he received the screenplay only in early 2019 he had heard about the character even before that. Prithviraj was filming for ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' when he called Shaji Kailas for directing the film. It was after Shaji Kailas agreed to do the film Prithviraj and Listin decided to produce it.<ref name="MM">{{cite news |last=കുര്യാക്കോസ് |first=റെഞ്ചി |title=കടുവയിൽ പൃഥ്വിക്കൊപ്പം മോഹന്‍ലാലിനെ കൊണ്ടുവരാൻ ആഗ്രഹിച്ചു, പക്ഷേ: ഷാജി കൈലാസ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/06/26/interview-with-shaji-kailas.html |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=26 June 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> Shooting which was scheduled to begin somewhere in mid-2020 was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. |first1=Janani |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran shares update about new film Kaduva: Rolling soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-update-about-new-film-kaduva-rolling-soon-1699182-2020-07-10 |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 July 2020}}</ref> In June that year, an untitled film to be directed by Mathews Thomas, produced by [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]], and starring [[Suresh Gopi]] was announced, which bears the same character name Kaduvakunnel Kuruvachan.<ref>{{cite news |author1=CE Features |title=Pulimurugan producer to back Suresh Gopi's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jun/17/pulimurugan-producer-to-back-suresh-gopis-next-18959.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 June 2020}}</ref> This prompted Abraham to file a case against them at District Court, [[Ernakulam]] alleging plagiarism. The court [[Stay of proceedings|stayed]] its production and promotional activities as Abraham's screenplay was registered under copyright law.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/court-stays-250th-movie-of-suresh-gopi-for-copyright-violation-1.4880452 | title=Court stays 250th movie of Suresh Gopi for copyright violation | date=4 July 2020 }}</ref> Beside character name, promotional materials of ''SG250'' (working title) also bears similarity to what is depicted in ''Kaduva''{{'s}} poster, said Abraham. The initial title he found for ''Kaduva'' was ''Kaduvakunnel Kuruvachan'' and the screenplay was also registered under that title, it was changed after producer Stephen asked him to choose a shorter title. Abraham said Mathews had worked under him as an [[assistant director]] and had known him since 2011, with whom he had discussed stories, including ''Kaduva''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Kaduva scriptwriter Jinu Abraham: They can go ahead with Suresh Gopi film if they prove there is no copyright violation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaduva-scriptwriter-jinu-abraham-they-can-go-ahead-with-suresh-gopi-film-if-they-prove-there-is-no-copyright-violation/articleshow/76782758.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 July 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, upholding the order of District Court, the [[High Court of Kerala]] gave clearance to ''Kaduva'' to proceed with production while restricting ''SG250'' from making a film unless they create a new character and make major changes in the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Kaduva issue: Prithviraj film gets clearance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/22/kaduva-issue-prithviraj-film-gets-clearance-2213384.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2020}}</ref> A plea challenging the stay order of District Court was filed by the makers of ''SG250'' (officially titled ''Ottakkomban''), but it was dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Prithviraj's 'Kaduva' topples Suresh Gopi's 'Ottakomban' in legal tussle |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/04/12/prithviraj-kaduva-suresh-gopi-ottakomban-legal-tussle.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

A petitioner, Kuruvinakunnel expressed doubt as whether ''Kaduva'' and ''SG250'' are based on his life. Clarifying that, Shaji Kailas said it was Abraham who came to him with the screenplay which he originally wrote for another director, and ''Kaduva'' is not based on Kuruvinakunnel's life and Abraham's Kuruvachan is an imaginary character who also happens to be a planter.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=People are creating unnecessary controversies: Shaji Kailas on Kaduvakunnel Kuruvachan row|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/07/15/shaji-kailas-on-kaduvakunnel-kuruvachan-row-prithviraj-movie.html|access-date=16 June 2022|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sreedharan|first=K. B.|title='എന്റെ കഥയിൽ ത്രില്ലറുണ്ട്, ഒപ്പം ഒന്നൊന്നര സർപ്രൈസും; ഇറങ്ങിയാൽ ബംബർ ഹിറ്റാകും'|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/kuruvinakunnel-kuruvachan-story-interview-movie-controversy-prithviraj-suresh-gopi-shaji-kailas-1.4932407|access-date=16 June 2022|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=26 July 2020|language=ml}}</ref> The District Court s quashed the petition and questioned the intentions of the petitioner in filing a case just before the release of the movie.

===Casting===
Prithviraj said that they shortlisted several names for the character of Joseph Chandy, and at one time considered [[Biju Menon]] for the role, but since both Prithviraj and Menon has done similar roles in ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' they ruled out Menon and ultimately zeroed in [[Vivek Oberoi]] as per majority opinion. There were rumours that [[Mohanlal]] was part of the cast, appearing in a cameo role. Addressing it, Shaji Kailas clarified that they indeed had planned to cast Mohanlal in a cameo role, but it did not work out.<ref name="MM"/>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 17 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news|author=TimesofIndia.com|title=Confirmed! Vivek Oberoi and Samyuktha Menon are part of 'Kaduva' cast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/confirmed-vivek-oberoi-and-samyuktha-menon-are-part-of-kaduva-cast/articleshow/82178162.cms|access-date=16 June 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 April 2021}}</ref> However, by the end of that month, filming was suspended after a surge in [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 cases in Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Entertainment Desk |title=Prithviraj's Kaduva shooting stopped amid surging Covid-19 cases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-kaduva-shooting-stopped-amid-surging-covid-19-cases-7292280/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 April 2021}}</ref> After completing ''[[Alone (2022 film)|Alone]]'', Shaji Kailas began the second schedule of ''Kaduva'' on 24 October, which was expected to last for 70 days. Prithviraj joined in the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news|author=TimesofIndia.com|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran begins shooting for the second schedule of Shaji Kailas' 'Kaduva' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-begins-shooting-for-the-second-schedule-of-shaji-kailas-kaduva/articleshow/87256014.cms|date=25 October 2021|access-date=2021-11-18|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Oberoi joined the set in November.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vivek Oberoi joins set of Prithviraj's Kaduva|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/11/vivek-oberoi-joins-set-of-prithvirajs-kaduva-2381996.html|access-date=2021-11-18|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] was the cinematographer. Filming was completed in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Filming of Prithviraj's Kaduva wrapped up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/mar/02/filming-of-prithvirajs-kaduva-wrapped-up-2425200.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

The film was mainly shot at locations in [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] and [[Erattupetta]] in [[Kottayam district]] and [[Vandiperiyar]] in [[Idukki district]]. Since the film is set in 1990s, they wanted to recreate old District Court, [[Kottayam]], it was created as set in a 4-5 acre land at [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=പ്രജിത്ത് |first=പി. |title='മോനേ ഇതെനിക്ക് ചെയ്യണം' എന്നാണ് കടുവയുടെ തിരക്കഥ വായിച്ച് ഷാജിയേട്ടൻ പറഞ്ഞത് -പൃഥ്വി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/interview-with-actor-prithviraj-sukumaran-kaduva-movie-by-shaji-kailas-1.7638647 |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=26 June 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> While filming in [[Mundakkayam]], there was a 50-person limit pertaining to COVID-19 restrictions set by the government. At Mundakkayam, the crew suffered flood and [[landslide]], the set constructed was damaged. Filming went past three waves of COVID-19 in India. Prithviraj and Shaji Kailas was tested COVID-19 positive. Five fight sequences and three songs were filmed for the film. [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] was tested COVID-19 positive while filming in [[Kochi]]. The film took two years to complete, overcoming COVID-19 pandemic, flood, and landslide.<ref name="MM"/>

==Music==
The film was announced with [[Thaman|Thaman. S]] as the music director, making his Malayalam debut. But after the project was delayed, Thaman was replaced by [[Jakes Bejoy]]. The first single was released on 19 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran Starrer Kaduva's First Lyrical Video Released |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-kaduvas-first-lyrical-video-released-5412907.html |website=[[News18 India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 11:57
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Paalvarnna Kuthiramel
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| extra1 = [[Jakes Bejoy]], Libin Scaria, Midhun Suresh, [[Swetha Ashok]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Pala Palli
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma, Sreehari Tharayil
| extra2 = Athul Narukara
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Kudamattam Palli
| lyrics3 = Santhosh Varma
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Swetha Ashok]], Sachin Raj
| length3 = 3:03
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Kaduva'' was released on 7 July 2022. In addition, the film will be released in dubbed versions of Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prithvirajs-kaduva-to-release-on-june-30-5413465.html|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's Kaduva To Hit Theatres in 5 Languages|date=21 June 2022 }}</ref> It was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 30 June 2022. The team promoted the film at an event in [[Bangalore]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=TNN |title=Would love to do Kannada cinema: Prithviraj says at Kaduva promotional event in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/would-love-to-do-kannada-cinema-prithviraj-says-at-kaduva-promotional-event-in-bengaluru/articleshow/92438784.cms |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 June 2022}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming and satellite rights of the film are acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Surya TV]], while the Hindi version was sold to [[Disney+ Hotstar]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The film was digitally streamed on 4 August 2022<ref>{{cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's Kaduva to release on Prime Video on August 4 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-sukumarans-kaduva-to-release-on-prime-video-on-aug-8058408/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

===Controversies===
The protagonist, played by Prithviraj Sukumaran, was seen making inappropriate comments against disabled persons and their parents. The dialogue was eventually removed from the film.<ref name=":0"/>

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
On its opening day, ''Kaduva'' grossed around {{INR}}7 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaduva-box-office-collection-day-1-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-earns-more-than-rs-8-crores-on-its-opening-day/articleshow/92743799.cms|title='Kaduva' Box Office Collection Day 1: Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer earns more than Rs 4 crore on its opening day|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> On its third day, the film has earned around {{INR}}15 crore at the [[Kerala]] box office.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} On the seventh day of its release, the film has grossed around {{INR}}30.20 crore and became one of successful ventures in [[Malayalam cinema]] after ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'', ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' and ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaduva-box-office-collection-day-4-prithviraj-starrer-rakes-in-rs-15-crores/articleshow/92805594.cms|title='Kaduva' Box Office Collection Day 4: Prithviraj starrer rakes in Rs 15 crore|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The film grossed over {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2022}} and became one of the [[List of Malayalam films of 2022#Box office collection|highest grossing Malayalam films of 2022]].<ref name="BO"/>

=== Critical response ===
''Kaduva'' received mixed reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=40|count=5|average=3.5|ref=yes}}

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and stated "We need to see the bad guys do something that would provoke our ire so that when, finally, the hero returns for payback, we take delight in every punch that lands. Thankfully, Kaduva follows this philosophy to a T, and I had quite a blast."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/08/kaduva-movie-review-director-shaji-kailasreturns-to-form-with-prithviraj-starrer-2474074.html|title='Kaduva' movie review: Director Shaji Kailas returns to form with Prithviraj-starrer|date=9 July 2022 }}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars stating that "However, the film is a made-for-theatre watch, aided by a splendidly enjoyable background score from Jakes Bejoy and the thunderous frames that elevate the commonplace plot to new heights of first-rate commercial filmmaking that is meant to be experienced with a bunch of strangers in a dark room. Yes, Kaduva might have just saved Malayalam cinema for all we know or set off a new focus on narrating larger-than-life tales with the grounded, economy of new-age storytelling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaduva-review-well-designed-commercial-entertainer-prithviraj-sukumaran-delivers-another-paisa-vasool-film|title=Kaduva Review: A well-designed commercial entertainer; Prithviraj Sukumaran delivers another paisa vasool film|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135400/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaduva-review-well-designed-commercial-entertainer-prithviraj-sukumaran-delivers-another-paisa-vasool-film|archive-date=7 July 2022|access-date=30 June 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The film starts and ends in the middle of nowhere, extracting a slice of Kuriachan's life. You do get to taste a bit of nostalgia in seeing land phones, Doordarshan's intro theme and a single television reporter in front of the CM. But the rest of the film is just a nicely edited long and unexciting script."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaduva-review-shaji-kailas-prithviraj-mass-film-too-formulaic-165640|title=Kaduva review: Shaji Kailas-Prithviraj mass film is too formulaic|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "If you are in the mood for a Prithviraj mass thriller, you might enjoy the movie, but don't expect to be wow-ed."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kaduva/movie-review/92722230.cms|title=Kaduva Movie Review: A thriller without spark|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kaduva is entertaining despite its predictability. But, a little bit of inventiveness could have elevated Kaduva more."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaduva-movie-review-prithviraj-s-film-is-a-battle-between-men-with-fragile-egos-1973020-2022-07-07|title=Kaduva Movie Review: Prithviraj's film is a battle between men with fragile egos|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref> Jayadeep Jayesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'Kaduva' can be appreciated for representing a style of filmmaking that Malayalam cinema has long forgotten. There are many nostalgia-inducing moments and Prithviraj's charisma is captivating. Apart from these aspects, the film is just average.<ref name= "average" >{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kaduva-review-this-90s-masala-lacks-fun-1124888.html|title='Kaduva' review: This 90s masala lacks fun|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 1.75/5 stars and wrote "There is a lot of physical movement in Kaduva – fists and legs swing across the screen, vehicles speed and overturn, bodies spin in mid-air. Shaji Kailas' storytelling though remains frozen in time, back in the 1990s when he first shot into the limelight, as unmoving as the mundu tucked around Kuriyaachan's waist."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaduva-movie-review-caution-underpants-on-display-10892291.html|title=Kaduva movie review – Caution: underpants on display|date=10 July 2022 }}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "And this entire movie, which is a celebration of vanity, is so excruciatingly dull. One can't help but wonder, who still finds slow-motion walks and frequent twirls of moustache a product of big-screen entertainment?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaduva-movie-review-prithviraj-plays-a-corrupt-man-pretending-to-be-a-hero-8017267/|title=Kaduva movie review: Prithviraj plays a corrupt man pretending to be a hero|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "Shaji does manage to deliver that, dipped in more than an ounce of predictability, but for those looking for some novelty, Kaduva might not be it. This is despite it being a notch better than all of the work that Shaji has done post-2000."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaduva-film-review-shaji-kailas-prithviraj-team-delivers-a-predictable-old-school-mass-action-film/article65611605.ece|title='Kaduva' film review: Shaji Kailas-Prithviraj deliver a predictable, old-school actioner|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 July 2022 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. }}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Yet you have to give it to [[Jakes Bejoy]]'s background score and Abhinandan Ramanujam's camera for working overtime to re-interpret what could have been a 30-year-old film. Not only do they get exactly what the director's trying to make, but they also give it their own individual tributes to make something old feel new. The result is a balls-out unpretentious action movie that owns every second of its pitch as an ultimate male revenge fantasy."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/kaduva-movie-review-prithviraj-sukumaran-old-school-mass-movie-that-pulls-no-punches/|title=Kaduva Movie Review: An Unabashedly Old-School Mass Movie That Pulls No Punches|website=[[Film Companion]]|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11127404}}
{{Shaji Kailas}}

[[Category:2022 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peermade]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kattappana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language action drama films]]

Third Chaliha ministry

2026-04-06T04:58:52Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{Short description|1967 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 16 March 1967
| date_dissolved = 11 November 1970
| government_head = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| state_head = [[Vishnu Sahay]] [[Braj Kumar Nehru]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| opposition_party = [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|AHL]]
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[Second Chaliha ministry|Chaliha II]]
| successor = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Choudhry ministry]]
| image = Bimala Prasad Chaliha.jpg
| election = [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
}}

The '''Third Chaliha ministry''' was the Cabinet of Assam headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaliha ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 1967 to 11 November 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=assamassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|[[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
Chief Minister
|
* Home<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/All_India_Civil_List/vrLxpLcBH0AC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=bimala%20prasad%20chaliha%20home%20political |title=All-India Civil List: A Complete Directory of the Indian Civil and Administrative Services and Other Higher Services Under the Union and the State Governments |date=1969 |publisher=[Manager of Publications], Ministry of Home Affairs |language=en}}</ref>
* Political
* General Administration
* Secretariat Administration
* Information and Public Relations
* Minority Affairs
* Tourism
* Town and Country Planning
* Municipal Administration
* Transport
* Statistics
* '''Other portfolios not allocated to other ministers'''
|[[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy]]
|
* Finance
* Labour
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Biswadev Sarma
|
* Power (Electricity)
* Mines and Minerals
* Industries (and Cottage industries)
|Balipara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chatrasing Teron
|
* Tribal areas
* Backward classes
* Soil conservation
|[[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Joy Bhadra Hagjer]]
|
* Education
|[[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
|
* Revenue
* Forests
* Flood control
* Irrigation
* Parliamentary Affairs
|[[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ramesh Chandra Barooah]]
|
* Supply
* Excise
* Trade and commerce
|[[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Lakshmi Prasad Goswami
|
* Agriculture
* Veterinary and Livestock
* Panchayat (including development and cooperation)
|[[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Satindra Mohon Dev]]
|
* Health<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Assam (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Assam_Legislative_Assembly_Debates/QBXjeLexU9gC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Assam Legislative Assembly Debates: Official report |date=1967 |language=en}}</ref>
* Relief and Rehabilitation
* Registration and stamps
* Printing and stationery
|[[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohendra Nath Hazarika
|
* Jails
* Khadi and village industries
* Sericulture and weaving
* Fisheries
|Bokani
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]]
|
* Law
* Political sufferers
* Social Welfare
|[[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|Syed Ahmed Ali
|
* Education
* Wakf property
|[[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Padma Kumari Gohain]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Relief
* Rehabilitation
|[[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Prabin Kumar Chaudhuri|Prabin Kumar Choudhury]]
|
* Transport
* Parliamentary Affairs
|[[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Devendra Nath Hazarika
|
* Community development
* Panchayat
|Saikhowa
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Altaf Hussain Mazumdar]]
|
* Public Works (roads and buildings) Department
|[[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ranendra Basumatry
|
* Revenue
* Forests
* Welfare of Backward Classes
|[[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Deputy Ministers'''
|-
|Sai Sai Terang
|
* Tribal Areas
* Welfare of Backward Classes
|[[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Dandi Ram Dutta]]
|
* Agriculture
* Flood control
* Irrigation
|[[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1967]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1970]]
[[Category:1967 in Indian politics]]

Sandur Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T19:31:15Z

AbrandaStudio: rework information and fixed typos

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sandur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| map_image = 95-Sandur constituency.svg
| mla = [[E. Annapoorna Tukaram]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| latest_election_year =2024
| preceded_by = [[Santosh Lad]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:223337}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Sandur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |access-date= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Ballari district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || H. Rayana Gouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1959 elections in India#Mysore|1959 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1959}} || rowspan="4" | [[M. Y. Ghorpade]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || C. Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Heeroji. V. S. Lad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || U. Bhupathi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Santosh Lad]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[E. Tukaram]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 By-election]] {{efn|Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024}} || [[E. Annapoorna Tukaram]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15622-bye-elections-july-to-dec-2024/ |title= Bye-Elections, July to Dec, 2024 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[E. Annapoorna Tukaram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 93,616 |percentage = 52.25% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangara Hanumantha |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,967 |percentage = 46.87% |change = {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,649 |percentage = 5.39% |change = {{decrease}}15.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,189 |percentage = 76.22% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,402 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref name=ResultAcGenMay2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1095.htm?ac=95 |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[E. Tukaram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,223 |percentage = 49.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shilpa Raghavendra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,701 |percentage = 28.76% |change = {{decrease}}11.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Divakar |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 31,375 |percentage = 18.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Somappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,617 |percentage = 1.51% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,065 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,522 |percentage = 20.55% |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,039 |percentage = 77.48% |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,833}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[E. Tukaram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,106 |percentage = 49.53% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Raghavendra (Manju) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,096 |percentage = 40.64% |change = {{increase}}38.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangara Hanumantha |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,191 |percentage = 4.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Vasanth Kumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,343 |percentage = 2.75% |change = {{decrease}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,803 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramanjanappa |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,010 |percentage = 8.88% |change = {{decrease}}17.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,815 |percentage = 74.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,710}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,504 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[E. Tukaram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,246 |percentage = 46.82% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhananjaya. R |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,615 |percentage = 20.77% |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chinnabasappa. G |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 23,359 |percentage = 17.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Raviprakash |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 4,355 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marenna. E |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,314 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{decrease}}24.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,699 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Pandurangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,935 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivarama Bhimappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Veeranagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 950 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,631 |percentage = 26.05% |change = {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,453 |percentage = 74.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,941}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,854 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[E. Tukaram]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,535 |percentage = 46.63% |change = {{increase}}20.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Nagaraj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,816 |percentage = 27.12% |change = {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj. T |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,195 |percentage = 15.24% |change = {{decrease}}40.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Jayanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,019 |percentage = 5.67% |change = {{increase}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Venkanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,702 |percentage = 3.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,719 |percentage = 19.50% |change = {{decrease}}10.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,247 |percentage = 76.80% |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,339 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}12.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}9.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Santosh Lad]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 65,600 |percentage = 56.16% |change = {{increase}}53.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatarao Ghorpade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,056 |percentage = 25.73% |change = {{decrease}}27.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prathiba Kotrappa. T |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,448 |percentage = 7.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanthikeya Ghorpade |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,475 |percentage = 3.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekar Babu. B |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,881 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghavendra. G |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jilan Sab. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,503 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekar Goud. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,448 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa Nayaka. V. K |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,080 |percentage = 0.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,544 |percentage = 30.43% |change = {{increase}}20.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,875 |percentage = 73.72% |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,530 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,681 |percentage = 53.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heeroji Lad |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 38,688 |percentage = 43.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurubara Pompanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,961 |percentage = 2.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Raghunath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,993 |percentage = 10.01% |change = {{decrease}}23.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,775 |percentage = 70.59% |change = {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,877}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,865 |percentage = 7.09% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,176 |percentage = 53.24% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Hiremath |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 14,797 |percentage = 20.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. Bhupathi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 12,946 |percentage = 17.59% |change = {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinath Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,040 |percentage = 6.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maresha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,341 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,379 |percentage = 33.13% |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,777 |percentage = 64.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,588}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,189 |percentage = 4.15% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,766 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,475 |percentage = 58.19% |change = {{increase}}23.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyalu Thimmappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,605 |percentage = 37.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. Vrushabhendraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,850 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Dharna Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 523 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,870 |percentage = 20.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,135 |percentage = 67.54% |change = {{increase}}13.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,993}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,142 |percentage = 6.58% |change = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,694 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. Bhupathi |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,748 |percentage = 56.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Veerabhadrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,628 |percentage = 34.91% |change = {{decrease}}28.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Prakash |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,093 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Basavaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revadi Kumaraswamy Setty |party = Independent politician |votes = 396 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,120 |percentage = 21.25% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,821 |percentage = 54.42% |change = {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,631}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,716 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Heeroji. V. S. Lad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,496 |percentage = 63.67% |change = {{increase}}56.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aravind Malebennur |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 17,404 |percentage = 36.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,092 |percentage = 27.33% |change = {{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,035 |percentage = 59.74% |change = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,900}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,135 |percentage = 4.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,755 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,206 |percentage = 62.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Thimmappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,318 |percentage = 30.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heeroji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,628 |percentage = 7.23% |change = {{decrease}}53.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,888 |percentage = 31.68% |change = {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,728 |percentage = 66.44% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,152}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,576 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,364 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,030 |percentage = 60.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yali Thimmappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 16,608 |percentage = 38.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maleppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 436 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,422 |percentage = 21.87% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,889 |percentage = 66.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,074}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,707 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,684 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,893 |percentage = 81.40% |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 4,118 |percentage = 14.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmapa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 4.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,775 |percentage = 67.37% |change = {{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,651 |percentage = 50.49% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,354}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,687 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1959 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1959 elections in India#Mysore|1959 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Ghorpade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,334 |percentage = 73.47% |change = {{increase}}22.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Veerabhadraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,269 |percentage = 23.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. M. Gowd |party = Independent politician |votes = 618 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,065 |percentage = 49.56% |change = {{increase}}35.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,399}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Rayana Gouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,955 |percentage = 50.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shadakshari Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,101 |percentage = 36.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Husain Peera Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,536 |percentage = 12.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,854 |percentage = 13.97% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,592 |percentage = 50.82% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,592}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,292 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ballari district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.09|76.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Ho language

2026-03-23T03:11:13Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in India}}
{{about|the Austroasiatic language of India|the Tibeto-Burman language also known as Ho of China, Vietnam and Laos |Hani language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ho
| nativename = {{huge|{{lang|hoc-Wara|𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜}}}} {{lang|hoc-Deva|हो जगर}}, {{lang|hoc-Orya|ହୋ ଜାଗାର}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|hoc|d͡ʑägär|}}
| image = howarang.png
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Ho people]]
| speakers = 1,421,418
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX
|title=C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| fam2 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| fam3 = North
| fam4 = [[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]]
| fam5 = Mundaric
| script = *[[Warang Chiti]]
*[[Devanagari]]
*[[Latin script]]
*[[Odia script]]
*[[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=hoc |title=Scripts of Ho |publisher=Scriptsource.org |date= |access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref>
| nation = {{flag|India}}
* [[Jharkhand]] (additional)
| iso3 = hoc
| notice = IPA
| glotto = hooo1248
| glottorefname = Ho
| imagecaption = 'Hoo Jagar' written in [[Warang Chiti]]
| map = Ho language distribution map.svg
| mapcaption = {{align|center|Ho language speaking region}}
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Ho is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=46–47}}</ref>}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Warang Chiti}}
'''Ho''' ([[Warang Chiti]]: {{lang|hoc|{{script|Wara|𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜}}}}, {{IPA|hoc|hoː dʑägär}}{{efn|Also known as Ho-Kaji; ''Jagar'' is a general term for used across languages like Mundari as well.}}<ref name="ls_Jharkand">{{cite web|title=Linguistic Survey of India - Jharkhand Report|url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/2.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|page=70-71|date=21 January 2026}}</ref>) is a [[Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken primarily in [[India]] by about 2.2  million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the [[Ho people|Ho]], Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/tribals-seek-official-tag-for-ho-(𑢹𑣉𑣉)-language/|title=Tribals seek official tag for Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) language - OrissaPOST|date=27 October 2018|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> and is written using [[Warang Chiti]] script. [[Devanagari]], [[Latin]] and [[Odia script]] are also used,<ref name=swarthmore>{{cite web|title=The Warang Chiti Alphabet|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/alphabet.html|website=Swarthmore.edu|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by [[Lako Bodra]].<ref name=harrison>{{cite web |author=K David Harrison |author2=Gregory Anderson |title=Review of Proposal for Encoding Warang Chiti (Hoorthography) in Unicode|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/alphabet/Ho_Unicode_review.pdf|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

The name Ho is derived from the native word ''hoo'' meaning ''human being,<ref name="livingtongues">{{cite web |title=Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) Web Sketch:Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) writing |url=http://www.livingtongues.org/pdf/Ho%20Web%20Sketch.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317100405/http://livingtongues.org/pdf/Ho%20Web%20Sketch.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2015 |website=Livingtongues.org}}</ref>'' with cognates in its sister languages ''hoṛo'' in Mundari, ''ho̠ṛ'' in Santali and ''koro'' in [[Korku language|Korku]].

Ho is closely related to [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and [[Santali language|Santali]]. Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages.<ref name=livingtongues/><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Anderson|editor-first1=Gregory S.|title=The Munda languages|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Ho is closer to the Hasadaḱ dialect of Mundari than the other varieties spoken in Jharkhand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=John |title=Encyclopaedia Mundarica |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa |year=1932 |location=Patna |pages=1763}}</ref> While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities.

==History==
Ho has developed into an independent language as a result of various phonological and semantic changes from earlier forms common to North Munda languages. Most notable among these is the loss of intervocalic /ṛ/, leading to vowel length becoming phonemic. A common North Munda verb ''doho'' 'to put, to place''','' Santali ''do̠ho̠,'' Mundari ''dō'' takes on a vulgar meaning in Ho, many such semantic shifts make conversations with speakers of these related languages difficult.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deeney |first=John |url=https://michaelyorke.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Ho-Grammar-by-J-Deeney.pdf |title=Ho Grammar (𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢷𑣁𑣌𑣐𑣁) |date=n.d. |pages=83}}</ref> Ho speakers are believed to have entered [[West Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] form the North where Mundari, with two major dialects Hasadaḱ and Naguri is spoken. In terms of affinity, Ho is closer to the Hasadaḱ dialect in most respects, including the mutation of the glottalized final consonant {{IPA|/ʔɟ̥̚/}} into {{IPA|/ʔᵉ/}} or {{IPA|/ʔⁱ/}}. John Hoffmann considers there to be much less difference between Hasadaḱ and Ho than between Hasadaḱ and Naguri.<ref name=":0" /> Some forms in southern Kolhan resemble Naguri forms, such as the conjunction ''anḍoḱ'' 'moreover, and', while in northern Singhbhum it's ''oṛoḱ'', as in Hasadaḱ. Ho in the north also maintains the Hasadaḱ contractions in certain verb forms like ''kić'' from ''ket́ić, lić'' from ''let́ić'' and ''-aić'' from ''-at́ić''. Ho is also notable for its tendency to simplify common North Munda forms, Mundari ''oṛoṅ/uṛuṅ/oḍoṅ'', Santali ''oḍok/oḍoṅ'' to /oːʔl/, Mundari, Santali ''selet́'', ''seret́'', ''irit́'', ''ilat́'' etc. to /seːʔl/, /seːʔr/, /iːʔr/ and /iːʔl/.

The first published written record of the Ho language is from 1844,<ref name=":1" /> which has a short word list dated 2 April 1824. [[Samuel Tickell]] published ''Grammatical construction of the Ho language'' in 1840.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tickell |first=Samuel Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-293057/mode/2up?q=tickell+grammatical+construction |title=IV.—Grammatical construction of the Ho language |date=1840 }}</ref> The first published Ho writing by an ethnic Ho is poetry of Kanuram Deogam in 1930.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-asiatic-society-of-bengal/1926-27_num_supp/page/n61/mode/2up?q=kanuram+deogam |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1930}}</ref>

The Latin, Devanagari and Warang Chiti scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate level courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University and Kolhan University.<ref>University Department Of Tribal And Regional Language, Ranchi University, Jharkhand</ref>
[[File:Ho language Adiwasi community by D. Naresh.webm|thumb|With TATA foundation help how HO community developed.]]
In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in Devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik.

There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti Evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 titled ''Ho Hayam Paham Puti'' in Warang Chiti and introduced the letters of Warang Chiti.<ref>Eteh Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani</ref>

A. Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Chiti with [[Indus script]] in ''Echoes of Indus Valley''.<ref>Echoes of Indus valley by A.Pathak and N.K. Verma</ref> Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.<ref>Indus Script by Sudhanshu Kumar Ray</ref>

Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing Ho books in the Devanagri script. John Deeney published ''Ho Grammar and Vocabulary'' in 1975.<ref>Xavier Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) Publication, Lupungutu,1975</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Ho language in the state of India (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|value1 = 70
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 29
|label2 = Odisha
|value3 = 0.4
|label3 = West Bengal
|value4 = 0.2
|label4 = Madhya Pradesh
|other = yes
|other-color = orange
}}
Around half of all Ho speakers reside in [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] district of Jharkhand, where they form a majority. Ho speakers are also found in districts of [[East Singhbhum]] in southern Jharkhand, [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Keonjhar]] in northern Odisha.

==Phonology==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Hoc-Ruum Sakam-Ladura Singh Haiburu-Lalit Singh Banra-Body Parts.webm|thumb|A Ho speaker demonstrates and says the names of body parts in Ho]]

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|({{IPA link|ɳ}})
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

* /b, ɖ/ can be heard as preglottalized [ˀb̥̚, ˀɖ̥̚] when in word-final position.
* /b/ can be heard as a fricative [β] in intervocalic positions.
* /ɳ/ has a limited phonemic distribution, and is typically a realization of /n/ before retroflex sounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pucilowski |first=Anna |title=Topics in Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) morphophonology and morphosyntax |publisher=University of Oregon |year=2013}}</ref>
* /w/ and /j/ only occur in medial or final positions.

===Vowels===
Ho has 5 basic vowels, these can be short, long, nasalized and long and nasalized. Long vowels either result from gemination of short vowels resulting from loss of intervocalic consonants or due to the bimoraic constraint inherited from Proto-Munda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse |title=The Munda languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-415-32890-6}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Oral vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Nasal vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ẽ}}
|
|{{IPA link|õ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ã}}
|
|}

==Grammar==
Like other languages of the Munda family, Ho has a mostly suffixing agglutinative inflectional morphology and follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. There is some debate on whether Munda languages have word classes, an item from any word class can function as a verb in Ho. Ho does not have relative pronouns natively and relies on the participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses.

===Nouns and noun phrases===
Number, possession and case suffixes are added to nouns. Alienable and inalienable possessions are distinguished.

====Number and possession====
Ho distinguishes singular, dual and plural numbers. Number suffixes are generally written separate from base nouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
|
!Possessive
|-
! Singular
| {{lang|hoc|Kula}} "tiger"
| {{lang|hoc|Kula'''aḱ'''}} "tiger's"
|-
! Dual
| {{lang|hoc|Kula '''kin'''}} "two tigers"
| {{lang|hoc|Kula kin'''aḱ'''}} "of the two tigers"
|-
! Plural
| {{lang|hoc|Kula '''ko'''}} "tigers"
| {{lang|hoc|Kula ko'''aḱ'''}} "of the tigers"
|}

====Number and inalienable possession====
Construction for alienable possessions is different form inalienable possessions, {{lang|hoc|En Eraaḱ Kolom}} "That woman's threshing floor", and {{lang|hoc|En Era Gauńte}} "That woman's aunt". Suffixes for inalienable possessions only occur in the singular.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
|
!1st person possessor
!2nd person possessor
!3rd person possessor
|-
! Singular
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń}} "aunt"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''iń'''}} "my aunt"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''me'''}} "your aunt"
| | {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''te'''}} "his/her aunt"
|-
! Dual
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń kin}} "two aunts"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''iń''' '''tekin'''}} "my two aunts"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''me''' '''tekin'''}} "your two aunts"
| | {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''te''' '''tekin'''}} "his/her two aunts"
|-
! Plural
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń kin}} "two aunts"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''iń''' '''teko'''}} "my aunts"
| {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''me''' '''teko'''}} "your aunts"
| | {{lang|hoc|Gauń'''te''' '''teko'''}} "his/her aunts"
|}

===Pronouns===
Ho personal pronoun distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns
| colspan="4" rowspan="1" |
|'''Singular'''
|'''Dual'''
|'''Plural'''
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''1st person'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" |'''Exclusive'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''ań''
|''aliń''
|''ale''
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" |'''Inclusive'''
|''alaṅ''
|''abu''
|-
| colspan="4" rowspan="1" |'''2nd person'''
|''am''
|''aben''
|''ape''
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |'''3rd person'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" |'''Anaphoric'''
|''ać''
|''akin''
|''ako''
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |'''Demonstrative'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Proximal'''
|''neić''
|''nekin''
|''neko''
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''Distal'''
|'''Visible'''
|''enić''
|''enkin''
|''enko''
|-
|'''Audible'''
|''etić''
|''etekin''
|''eteko''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Remote'''
|''hanić''
|''hankin''
|''hanko''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Interrogative pronouns
|-
!
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Referential
| {{lang|hoc|okoe}}
| {{lang|hoc|okon}}
|-
! Non-referential
| {{lang|hoc|cenić}}
| {{lang|hoc|cenaḱ}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite pronouns
|-
!  
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
| 'any'
| {{lang|hoc|jahć}}
| {{lang|hoc|jahnaḱ}}
|-
| 'another'
| {{lang|hoc|eṭaḱć}}
| {{lang|hoc|eṭaḱaḱ}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstratives
|-
!
! Simple
! Particular
|-
! Proximate
| {{lang|hoc|ne, nen}}
| {{lang|hoc|nea, nena}}
|-
! Distal
| {{lang|hoc|en}}
| {{lang|hoc|ena}}
|-
! Remote
| {{lang|hoc|han}}
| {{lang|hoc|hana}}
|}

===Numerals===
Short forms are used in compound words, general counting and counting money, the long forms are used when counting specific objects.
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;"
|-
| rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Cardinal
! colspan="2" | Distributive
|-
! Short form
! Long form
! Short form
! Long form
|-
! 1
| {{lang|hoc|mí}}
| {{lang|hoc|miat́}}
| {{lang|hoc|mimit́}}
| {{lang|hoc|mí-miat́}}
|-
! 2
| {{lang|hoc|bar}}
| {{lang|hoc|baria}}
| {{lang|hoc|bá-bar}}
| {{lang|hoc|bá-baria}}
|-
! 3
| {{lang|hoc|apé}}
| {{lang|hoc|apeia}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-pé}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-peia}}
|-
! 4
| {{lang|hoc|upun}}
| {{lang|hoc|upunia}}
| {{lang|hoc|ú-pun}}
| {{lang|hoc|ú-punia}}
|-
! 5
| {{lang|hoc|moe}}
| {{lang|hoc|moeia}}
| {{lang|hoc|mó-moe}}
| {{lang|hoc|mó-móeia}}
|-
! 6
| {{lang|hoc|turui}}
| {{lang|hoc|turuiia}}
| {{lang|hoc|tú-turui}}
| {{lang|hoc|tú-turuiia}}
|-
! 7
| {{lang|hoc|ai}}
| {{lang|hoc|aiia}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-ai}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-aiia}}
|-
! 8
| {{lang|hoc|iril}}
| {{lang|hoc|irilia}}
| {{lang|hoc|í-iril}}
| {{lang|hoc|í-irilia}}
|-
! 9
| {{lang|hoc|are}}
| {{lang|hoc|areia}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-are}}
| {{lang|hoc|á-areia}}
|-
! 10
| {{lang|hoc|gel}}
| {{lang|hoc|gelia}}
| {{lang|hoc|gé-gel}}
| {{lang|hoc|gé-gelia}}
|-
! 20
| {{lang|hoc|hisi}}
| {{lang|hoc|hisiia}}
| {{lang|hoc|hí-hisi}}
| {{lang|hoc|hí-hisiia}}
|}

===Postpositions===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Postposition
! Function
|-
| {{lang|hoc|lagit́}}
| Dative
|-
| {{lang|hoc|loḱ}}
| Comitative, along with
|-
| {{lang|hoc|paa}}
| Towards, around
|-
| {{lang|hoc|re}}
| Spatio-temporal location, locative
|-
| {{lang|hoc|paṅ}}
| Temporal, indicates time
|-
| {{lang|hoc|japaḱ}}
| Near
|-
| {{lang|hoc|te}}
| Instrumental, instrument, cause, motion, direction, allative
|-
| {{lang|hoc|leka}}
| Semblative
|-
| {{lang|hoc|taḱ}}
| Adessive
|-
| {{lang|hoc|aete}}
| Ablative, source, origin
|-
| {{lang|hoc|cetan}}
| On top of
|-
| {{lang|hoc|latar}}
| Below
|-
| {{lang|hoc|suba}}
| Under
|-
| {{lang|hoc|jóṅ}}, {{lang|hoc|joka}}
|Terminative
|-
| {{lang|hoc|mutit́}}/''partet́''
| Distributive
|}

===Particles===
{| class="wikitable"
! Particle
! Function / Meaning
!Examples
|-
| {{lang|hoc|do}}
| Topic marker
|''En Kaji '''do''' nahḱ at́ yna,'' 'That word is now forgotten'
|-
|''ó''
|'''Even/also''<nowiki/>'
|''En Kaji '''ó''' nahḱ do at́ yna'', 'Even that word is forgotten now'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|ge}}
| Emphasis marker
|''En Kaji '''ge''' at́ yna'', 'That very word is forgotten'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|chi}}
| Question particle
|''En Kaji at́ yna '''ci'''?'', 'Has that word been forgotten?'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|ma}}
| ''<nowiki/>'As for that'''
|''En Kaji '''ma''' at́ yna nahḱ do'', 'As for that word, it is lost now'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|rená}}, {{lang|hoc|rengá}}
| Intensifier
|''En Kaji at́ '''rená/rengá''' yna'', 'That word is absolutely forgotten'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|toraṅ}}
| Speculative
|''En Kaji do at́ yna '''toraṅ''''', 'That word is forgotten I suppose'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|ciat́}}/''cit́laṅ/cimat́''
| ''<nowiki/>'As far as I know'''
|''En Kaji do at́ yna '''cimat́''''', 'That word is forgotten (as far as I know)'
|-
|''deraṅ''
|Hearsay
|''En Catom do at́ yna '''deraṅ''''', 'That umbrella was lost (they say)'
|-
| {{lang|hoc|batit́}}/''batit́laṅ/batikam/batil''
| Realization/correction particle
|''En Urić doć at́ yna '''batit́''''', 'That cow has gone missing (I just realized)'; ''Nen Urić batit́ at́ lena'', 'It was this cow that was lost (not the other one, I was mistaken)'
|-
|''honaṅ''
|Irrealis marker
|''En Kaji do at́ yna '''honaṅ''''', 'That word would have been forgotten'
|-
|''auri''
|''<nowiki/>'Not yet'''
|''En Kaji do '''auri''' at́oḱa'', 'That word is yet to be forgotten'
|-
|''gatát́/gatalt́''
|''<nowiki/>'All without exception'''
|''Upun hoo '''gatát́/gatalt́'''kô at́ yna'', 'All the four persons were lost'
|-
|''jaket́/sante''
|''<nowiki/>'As far as even'''
|''En Kaji '''jaket́/sante''' at́oḱ ge'', 'To the extent that even that word may be forgotten'
|-
|''mar''
|Prompt hearer to do something
|''En Merom '''mar''' kumbuu yna'', 'That goat has been stolen (how disappointing, what would you even say to that?)'
|-
|''halte''
|''<nowiki/>'So it was...'''
|''Nen Seta '''halte''' at́ lena,'' 'So it was this dog that was lost'
|-
|''idu''
|Dubitative
|''Nayl kale kumbuu kenakô menea, '''idu''','' 'They say we did not steal the plough (but who knows?)'
|-
|''sumat́/sungat́/suat́/sual''
|''<nowiki/>'Only'''
|''Nen Oaḱ '''sumat́''' sareć yna'', 'Only this house was spared'
|-
|''cite''
|Disbelief
|''En cokoć lekan Oaḱ '''cite'''kô kiriṅ ket́a?'', 'Did they really buy this small house?'
|-
|''oṛoḱ/onḍoḱ''
|''<nowiki/>'What else do you expect?'''
|''Parkom do Gama rem bage let́a, soya yna '''oṛoḱ''''', You had left the cot in the rain, it started rotting, what else do you expect?
|-
|''rongam/rongate''
|''<nowiki/>'I tell you / of course'''
|''Kolom ren Guḍu '''rongam''' Bilae imineć maraṅa,'' 'The bandicoot rat from the threshing floor is big as a cat I tell you'
|}

===Verbs===
There is no restrictions as to which word may occupy the role of a verb. Therefore, even proper nouns may act as verbs, ''Lako ket́ińako,'' 'They named me Lako'. Verbs may be serialized or modified with affixes before being put in this verb template:

'''Verb stem + (Aspect marker) + (Transitive/Intransitive marker) + (Object pronoun) + (Mood marker) + (Subject pronoun)'''

The verb stem may be modified in the following ways:
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''Root modification'''
|'''Example with ''kaji'', 'to tell''''
|-
|'''Reciprocal'''
|''-p-''
|''ka'''p'''aji'', 'to tell each other / argue'
|-
|'''Benefactive'''
|''-a''
|''kaji'''a''''', 'to tell someone'
|-
|'''Habitual'''
|''lengthening or reduplication of the first syllable''
|'''''kaá'''ji'', 'to tell habitually'
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ho aspect markers
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |
|'''Transitive'''
|'''Intransitive'''
|'''Examples with ''nutum,'' 'to name''''
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |'''Past'''
|'''Pluperfect'''
|''let́''
|''len''
|''nutum '''let́'''ań,'' 'I had previously named'; ''nutum '''len'''ań,'' 'I was previously named'
|-
|'''Aorist'''
|''ket́''
|''ken*''
|''nutum '''ket́'''ań'', 'I named'; ''nutum '''ken'''ań'', 'I used to name'
|-
|'''Ingressive'''
|''**''
|''yan***''
|''nutum '''yan'''ań'', 'I had begun to be named / I was named'
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|''akat́''
|''akan''
|''nutum '''akat́'''ań'', 'I have named'; ''nutum '''akan'''ań'', 'I have been named (I'm famous)'
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |'''Non-past'''
|'''Progressive/Continuous/Punctual'''
|''tat́''
|''tan****''
|''nutum '''tat́'''ań'', 'I have (just) named'; ''nutumè '''tan'''ań,'' 'I am naming it'
|-
|'''Present/Future'''
|''-Ø''
|''-oḱ''
|''nuútumań,'' 'I name (habitually)'; ''nutum'''oḱ'''ań,'' 'I will be named'
|-
|
|''lee''
|''leenoḱ''
|''nutum '''lee'''ań'', 'I will first name it'; ''nutum '''leenoḱ'''ań'' 'I will first be famous'
|-
|
|''kee''
|''keenoḱ''
|''nutum '''kee'''ań'', 'I will name it (before doing something else)'
|-
|
|''akaa''
|''akaanoḱ''
|''nutum '''akaa'''àń'', 'I will keep naming'; ''nutum '''akaanoḱ'''ań'', 'I will continue to be named'
|-
|
|''taa''
| -
|''nutum '''taa'''àń'', 'I will name it now'
|}

* presence of a transitivity marker indicates past tense and the absence non-past.
* ''ken'' is only used in its original function as an intransitive with a small number of verbs, like ''oṛa '''to bathe' and ''sen'' 'to go', it has now been extended even to transitive verbs, where it shifts the focus from the object of the verb to the subject.
* intransitive counterpart of the ingressive ''yan'' is lost in Ho, while being maintained in Mundari as ''yada/jada'' and in Santali as ''eda. ean'' maintains ingressive meaning only with a limited number of verbs, it mostly functions as the intransitive counterpart of aorist ''ket́.''
* ''tan'' is conjugated differently than other aspect markers, where the object marker occurs right before ''tan'', rather than after the transitivity marker, enabling it to be used even on transitive verbs, where it has taken over the function of ''tat́'' with many verbs, as in ''gama tat́ać'' vs. ''gamaè tanać,'' both having the same meaning with the latter being more common''.'' With a number of transitive verbs, ''tan'' and ''tat́'' contrast and produce progressive-continuous distinction, ''tusiṅ tat́ać'', 'he is wearing' (continuous aspect), ''tusiṅè tanać'', 'he (now) is (in the process of) wearing it' (progressive aspect).
* benefactive stem with ''-a'' cannot take any of the aspect markers, it can only take a transitivity marker, limiting its occurrence either with the past or the non-past tense.

== Vocabulary ==
Most of the Ho basic vocabulary is of Munda origin, with cognates in other Kherwarian languages, undated old borrowings from Indo-Aryan languages also exist, such as ''kolom'', 'threasing floor', ''datarom'' 'a sickle', ''sutam'' 'a thread', ''gotom'' 'ghee' and ''parkom'' 'a cot'. In recent years, increased number of words from Hindi, English and Odia have been entering the language due to increased contact. Ho numbers are almost entirely out of practical use, being supplanted by Hindi numbers, except for one, two and three.

Ho lexicon reflects close association with nature, including numerous onomatopoeias arising from cries of different animals along with 'expressives' to describe sounds in nature.<ref>Badenoch, Nathan & Osada, Toshiki. (2019). Dictionary of Mundari Expressives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335125477_Dictionary_of_Mundari_Expressives</ref>

Ho, like other Kherwarian languages, has lexical differentiation in many of its verbs, whereby different words exist to express distinctions within a single concept. For example, ''maḱ'' 'to cut with a striking motion', ''hat́'' 'to cut with a sawing motion', ''ir'' 'to reap with a sickle', ''get́'' 'to cut with cutting tool being stationary', ''paaḱ'' 'to split firewood with an axe', ''laṭaṕ'' 'to clip hair etc.', ''hese'' 'to clear branches etc. by cutting', ''banḍić'' 'to cut the extremities', ''topaṅ/tobaṅ '''to sever with a single striking motion', ''samaḱ'' 'to cut into small pieces'.

Many words are derived using affixes.
{| class="wikitable"
!Affix
!Examples
|-
|'''a-'''
|''nú'' 'to drink' → ''anu'' 'to cause/make to drink', ''jom'' 'to eat' → ''ajom'' 'to feed', ''kiriṅ'' → ''akiriṅ'' 'to cause to buy (to sell)', ''sen'' 'to walk' → ''asen'' 'to cause to walk (to help someone walk), to transport'
|-
|'''-n-'''
|''nel'' 'to see' → ''nenel'' 'a view, an opinion', ''duṕ'' 'to sit' → ''dunuṕ'' 'a meeting', ''saṕ'' 'to hold' → ''sanaṕ'' 'a handle', ''roḱ'' 'to carve' → ''ronoḱ'' 'a carving'
|-
|'''-p-'''
|''got́'' 'to pluck' → ''gopot́'' 'the petiole', ''kuli'' 'to ask' → ''kupuli'' 'to ask each other', ''kupul'' 'a relative', ''hon'' 'a child' → ''hopon'' 'descendants', ''seet́'' 'son' → ''sepeet́'' 'a youth'
|-
|'''-t-'''
|''numu'' 'a name' → ''nutum'' 'to name; a name', ''bor'' 'to pull out a string etc.' → ''botor'' 'a train of cloth etc.', ''aagom'' 'a levelling plank' → ''ataagom'' 'to level with a plank; a levelling plank'
|-
|'''-m-'''
|''hon'' 'son' → ''homon'' 'a woman's brother's son', ''hoo'' 'human' → ''homoo'' 'the body', ''laḱ'' 'to scrape' → ''lamaḱ'' 'the bean pod of a tree (used as a scraper)'
|-
|'''m-'''
|''arsal'' 'to shine light' → ''marsal'' 'light', ''raḱ'' 'to cry' → ''maraḱ'' 'a peacock'
|-
|'''-r-'''
|''oṅ'' 'to blow' → ''oroṅ'' 'to play a wind instrument', ''ugum'' 'hot and sultry' → ''urgum'' 'warm', ''kaji'' 'to say' → ''karji'' 'a messenger', ''akit́'' 'to gather' → ''arkit́'' 'to abduct', ''teteć'' 'moonlight' → ''terteć'' 'dim light'
|-
|'''r-'''
|anjet́ 'to dry up' → ranjet́ 'to cause to dry up'
|-
|'''k-'''
|eset́ 'to block' → keset́ 'to cause to block'
|}

==Writing system==
Ho has been written in various scripts, starting from the first written record of 1824<ref name=":1">Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. : Asiatic Society of Bengal : Free download, borrow, and streaming : Internet Archive. (1844). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic1314asia/page/n47</ref> to the present day, mostly using the [[Latin alphabet]], [[Devanagari]], [[Odia alphabet|Odia]] and more recently using the [[Warang Chiti]] script. Most writing done in Jharkhand tends to use the Devanagari script, while in Odisha it is the Odia script. While community intellectuals have been promoting the usage of Warang Chiti, it is yet to be widely used among Ho people due to it not being a part of school education. In 1985, a committee consisting of intellectuals including [[Ram Dayal Munda]] and [[Bhagey Gobardhan]] deliberated on common script for Ho, and decided in favor of Warang Chiti, eliminating competition from scripts put forth by other inventors such as Sangram Sindhu's Owar Anka Gār Lipi, disseminated by an institution called Sindhu Jumur, [[Rohidas Singh Nag]]'s [[Mundari Bani|Mundari Bani Hisir Champa]], Raghunath Purty's Ho Ol Lipi, Purushottam Godsora's Srishti Lipi among others.<ref>Gagrai, S. (2017). Ho Bhasha Ka Vaigyanik Adhyayan. K. K. Publications, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. https://bharatavani.in/home/book?post_category=book&id=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%20%7C%20Ho%20Bhasha%20Ka%20Vaigyanik%20Adhyayan</ref>

==Sample Text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], written in Ho: 
=== Warang Chiti Script ===
{{lang|hoc-Wara|𑣞𑣗𑣂𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣂𑣅𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣁𑣓‍𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣌𑣕𑣂𑣅𑣜 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣖𑣚𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣖𑣈𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣔𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣃𑣚 𑣁𑣓‍𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣗𑣜𑣁𑣗𑣜𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣓𑣖𑣁 𑣌𑣓𑣁. 𑣂𑣓𑣂𑣌𑣃 𑣗𑣃𑣔‍𑣔𑣂 𑣁𑣓‍𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣎𑣂𑣗𑣉𑣓 𑣗𑣂𑣕𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣈𑣓𑣈𑣖 𑣓𑣖𑣁 𑣌𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓‍𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉-𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣋𑣈𑣅𑣁-𑣗𑣉𑣙𑣅𑣁 (𑣗‍𑣙𑣁𑣆𑣏𑣁𑣜𑣈) 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣎𑣂𑣗𑣉𑣓 𑣃𑣊𑣃𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣌𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣜 𑣕𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣌𑣜.}}<ref name="UDHR_Ho">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/Hoc.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Ho|trans-title=𑣖𑣓𑣉𑣟𑣁 𑣈𑣌𑣕𑣂𑣅𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣞𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣟: 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣑𑣁𑣌𑣜𑣁|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=hoc|page=2|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
 
=== Devanagari Script ===
{{lang|hoc-deva|सबिन मानमि कोअः हियातिङ अन्डोः एकतियर को रेयः मामले रे जोनोमेए तेगे दनामुल अन्डोः बराबरि रेयः नमा कना। इनिकु बुद्दि अन्डोः जिबोन बितर रेयः एनेम नमा कना अन्डोः अको-अको रे हगेया-बोहया (भाईचारे) रेयः जिबोन उङुः तेको जानागर तेयः दोरकर॥}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/ho.htm#google_vignette|title=Ho Alphabet and Language|website=Omniglot.com |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
 

=== IPA transcription ===
sɐbin mʌnmi koɐː hijʌt̪iŋ ənɖoː ekt̪ijɐɾ ko ɾejɐː mʌmle re ɟonomeeː t̪eɡe d̪ɐnʌmul ənɖoː bɐɾɐbɐɾi ɾejɐː nɐmʌ kənʌ. iniku budwi ənɖoː ɟibon bit̪ɐɾ ɾejɐː enem nɐmʌ kənʌ ənɖoː ɐko ɐko ɾe hɐɡejʌ bohɐjʌ ɾejɐː ɟibon uɖuː t̪eko ɟʌnʌɡɐɾ t̪ejɐː doɾkɐr.
 

=== Alternative version (Ho Latin) ===
Honoo sanam raate anḍoḱ Tingunum· Tíjoṅ mipit́teko unduṕ akana. Urumsẽa· Jivmet́'ko emvan te, Hagaea Mepen loḱko ripika enaṅà.

=== IPA transcription ===
honoː sanam raːte anɖoʔ tiŋgunum tiːd͡ʑoŋ mipiˀt̚teko undubakana. urumsẽa jiːmeˀt̚ko eman te, hageja mepen loʔko ripikɛ enaŋaʔ.
 

=== English ===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Usage==
Under the Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, Odisha government has been providing primary education in Ho speaking areas.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Multilingual Education (MLE) for Tribal Children of Odisha | url=https://repository.education.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/multilingual-education-mle-for-tribal-children-of-odisha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124024658/https://repository.education.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/multilingual-education-mle-for-tribal-children-of-odisha.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>

[[National Eligibility Test]] conducted by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission of India]] includes Ho literature along with literature from other tribal languages under Tribal and Regional Language/Literature subject.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcnetexam.co.in/ugc-net-tribal-regional-language-literature-syllabus.html|title=Tribal and Regional Language - Literature Syllabus UGC NET 2019-2020|date=26 October 2010|website=UGC NET Exam|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224080355/http://www.ugcnetexam.co.in/ugc-net-tribal-regional-language-literature-syllabus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Odisha and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms|title=High hopes for Ho | Bhubaneswar News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2011 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jharkhand-school-books-to-go-local/|title=Jharkhand school books to go local|date=16 January 2016|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

For the past few years, [[All India Radio]] (AIR) has been airing Ho programs from centres in [[Keonjhar]], [[Rourkela]] and [[Cuttack]] besides [[Baripada]] in [[Mayurbhanj]]. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from [[Chaibasa]] and [[Jamshedpur]] AIR centres. Similarly, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week from AIR [[Ranchi]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

===Universities===
The following universities offer courses on Ho:
* Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ranchi-universitys-trl-to-have-nine-departments-for-tribal-languages-213497-2013-10-07|title=Ranchi University's TRL to have nine departments for tribal languages|date=7 October 2013 |magazine=India Today|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
* Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand<ref>[https://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/gallery/category/3-trl-book-release-and-hon-ble-governors-interaction-with-students]{{dead link|date=August 2021}}</ref>

===Educational institutions===
The following educational institutions offer courses on Ho:
* Ho Language Education Council, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref>{{cite web|url=http://holanguageodishaedu.in/|title=HO(𑢹𑣉𑣉) LANGUAGE EDUCATION COUNCIL ODISHA|website=holanguageodishaedu.in|access-date=16 December 2019}}{{sps|certain=y|date=September 2025}}</ref>
* Ho Language +2 Junior College, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in">{{cite web|url=http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html|title=HO(𑢹𑣉𑣉) LANGUAGE EDUCATION COUNCIL ODISHA|website=holanguageodishaedu.in|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210175756/http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html|url-status=dead}}{{sps|certain=y|date=September 2025}}</ref>
* Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High school, Birbasa, Bhubaneswar, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Banajyoti Bahubhasi Vidya Mandir, Purunapai, Deogorh, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Veer Birsa Warangchity Mondo, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Birsa Munda Ho Language High school, Jamunalia, Keonjhar, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Padmashree Tulasi Munda Ho Language High School, Machhgorh, Keonjhar, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Kol guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Dobati, Balasore, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Nuagaon, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Atteh Turtung Rumtulay mondo, singda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Bankipirh Marshal Mondo, Bankidihi, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Similipal Baa bagan mondo, Thakurmapatna, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Gokul Chandra pur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Hadagutu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Kolhan High School, Satakosia, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Ho Hayam Seyannoh Moond, Madkamhatu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* Sitadevi Warang chiti(𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂) Moond, Khunta, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>
* P.C.Haibru Warang chiti(𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂) School, Kadadiha, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<ref name="holanguageodishaedu.in"/>

==Literature==
{{Prose|section|date=June 2018}}
* Ho folk literature's collection of folk songs by Sharatchandra Rai, Dr. D.N. Majumdar, B. Sukumar, Haldhaar, Kanhuram Devgum etc. (1915–26).
* Tuturd, Sayan Marsal by Dr. S.K. Tiyu.
* The Affairs of a Tribe by Dr. D.N. Majumdaar.
* Aandi and Sarjom Ba Dumba by Jaidev Das.
* Ho Durang by [[W.G. Archer]].
* Folklore of Kolhaan by C.H. Bompaas.
* Sengail (Poems), Satish Rumul (Poems), Ho Chapakarh Kahin, Satish Chandra Sanhita, and Chaas Raiy Takh by Satish Kumar Koda.
* Dishum Rumul Mage Durudh by Shivcharan Birua.
* Adivasi Sivil Durang, Adivasi Deyoan, Adivasi Muni and Urri Keda Kova Red-Ranu by Durga Purti.
* Bonga Buru Ko (Ho Religion), Horoh Hoan Ko, Maradh Bonga, and Gosain-Devgum Mage Poraab (on Maage Parv) by Pradhan Gagrai.
* Warangchiti (on 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂), Pompo, Shaar Hora 1-7 (Play), Raghuvansh (Play), Kol ruul(Hindi and Ho(𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂) , Homoyom pitika, Hora-Bara, Ho Hayam paam puti, Halang halpung, Ela ol itu ute, Jiboan * * Gumpai Durang, Baa buru Bonga buru and Bonga Singirai (Novel) by Ot Guru Kol [[Lako Bodra]].
* Ho Kudih (Novel) by Dumbi Ho.
* Ho Kudih (Novel) and Adhunik Ho Shishth Kawya by Prof. [[Janum Singh Soy]].
* Jaira Jeebon Dastur, Durrn Dudugar, and Ho Bhasha Shastra Ayun Vyakaran by Prof. Balram Paat Pingua.
* Ho Dishum Ho Hoon Ko by Dhanusingh Purti.
* Eitaa Bataa Nalaa Basaa, Joaur, Parem Sanadh (Poems), Sarjom Ba Taral, etc. By Kamal Lochan Kohaar.
* Ho Lokkatha by Dr. Aditya Prasad Sinha.
* Magazines like Johar, Turturd, Ottoroad, and Sarnaphool also have Ho language articles.
* Ho Language Digital Journal "Diyang"
* Ho Language monthly journal"Dostur Korang"by Kairasingh Bandiya
* Ho Kaboy (Poem) poti "''Tangi Meyanj Sorogo Kore''" by Ghanshyam Bodra
* Ho language song"Dureng Dala"by Dibakar Soy
* Ho language learning books "Ol initu" and "Mage Porob"by Kairasingh Bandiya"
* Ho hayam sibil dureng(Ho and Hindi) by Doboro Buliuli

==Demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule==

Apart from the Ho peoples themselves, the governments of [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]] have been making demands for Ho to be included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-communities-in-odisha-are-speaking-up-to-save-their-dialects/article18713925.ece#!| title = Tribal communities in Odisha are speaking up to save their dialects - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 3 June 2017| last1 = Barik| first1 = Satyasundar}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/pradhan-for-inclusion-of-ho-in-8th-schedule/|title=Pradhan for inclusion of 'Ho'(𑢹𑣉𑣉) in 8th Schedule - OrissaPOST|date=6 December 2018|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Rajya Sabha member and Union Petroleum and Steel Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] had also submitted a memorandum demanding that the Government of India include Ho in the Constitution to give it an ''official status''.The same request has also been made by the Department of Personnel, Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/include-ho-language-in-8th-schedule-bjp-mp-113082201216_1.html|title=Include Ho language in 8th Schedule: BJP MP|agency=Press Trust of India|date=22 August 2013|access-date=16 December 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref> Former Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] had assured that Ho would be included in the eighth schedule, said union minister Dharmendra Pradhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/rajnath-assures-for-ho-inclusion-in-8th-schedule.html|title=Rajnath assures for Ho(𑢹𑣉𑣉) inclusion in 8th Schedule|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

Erstwhile Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren has written to the Home Ministry for the inclusion of Ho into the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/news/hemant-soren-demands-inclusion-of-mundari-ho-and-kudkhu-tribal-languages-in-eighth-schedule-127640748.html| title =झारखंड: सीएम हेमंत सोरेन ने गृहमंत्री अमित शाह को लिखा पत्र, मुंडारी, कुड़ुख एवं उरांव भाषा को संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग - Jharkhand News| work =Dainik Bhaskar| date =22 August 2020}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. ''Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages'' In Gregory Anderson (ed.) ''Munda Languages''. (2008). Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32890-6}}
* Burrows, L. (1915). ''[https://archive.org/details/hogrammarwithvoc00burruoft Ho grammar: with vocabulary]''.
* Deeney, J. J. (1991). ''Introduction to the Ho language: Learn Ho Quickly and Well''. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
* Deeney, J. J. (1975). ''Ho Grammar and Vocabulary''. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
* Deeney, J. J. (1978). ''Ho-English Dictionary''. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
* Deogam, Chandrabhusan, ''Larka Ho''.
* Hoffmann, Johann [Baptist] & Arthur Van Emelen. 1930-1950. ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica'' [Mundari encyclopaedia]. Patna, Bihar: Superintendent Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa. xv+10+4889+xiipp. (13 vols.)
* Nottrott, A., Fitzgerald, A. G. F. (1905). Grammar of the Kol-language. India: Printed at the G.E.L. Mission Press.
* Perumalsamy P (2021) "Ho language" in Linguistic Survey of India: Jharkhand Volume, Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp: 339 – 431. [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45248]
* Pucilowski, A. (2013). [https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/13241/Pucilowski_oregon_0171A_10666.pdf Topics in Ho Morphophonology and Morphosyntax] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon).
* Uxbond, F. A. (1928). Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian Link Between the Antipodes, New Tracks of Hungarian Origins. Luzac.

==See also==
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=hoc}}
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College]
* [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI | RWAAI, Lunds universitet] RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* {{Cite web|title=Ho(𑢹𑣉𑣉) language|url=https://corpora.humlab.lu.se/ds/asv/;jsessionid=993AE7A4210859D631621012CBFF3FA9?0&openhandle=hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lund University Humanities Lab Archive|hdl=10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105153015/https://corpora.humlab.lu.se/ds/asv/;jsessionid=993AE7A4210859D631621012CBFF3FA9?0&openhandle=hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|title=Ho(𑢹𑣉𑣉) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45248|website=Census India}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ho language|𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢹𑣅𑣖]]
[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Pallabi Munsi

2026-03-22T20:56:29Z

AbrandaStudio: made a post first draft - done

{{short description|Indian investigative journalist and producer}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pallabi Munsi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[History]]) [[Asian College of Journalism, Chennai]] ([[Postgraduate degree]] in [[Journalism]])
| employer = [[CNN]] [[OZY Media]] [[Hindustan Times]] [[The Indian Express]] [[Mumbai Mirror]]
| relatives = [[Annada Munsi]] (grandfather) [[Munshi family]]
| occupation = {{hlist | Journalist | Investigative reporter | News producer}}
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Pallabi Munsi''' is an Indian [[investigative reporter]] and [[News producer|producer]] working from [[CNN]]’s [[London]] bureau. She covers [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[Africa]] and the [[Asia-Pacific region]], leading in-depth investigations for [[CNN]]’s television and digital platforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= https://edition.cnn.com/profiles/pallabi-munsi#about|title=Pallabi Munsi on CNN|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url= https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/pallabi-munsi|title=Pallabi Munsi|website=[[International Journalism Festival]]|language=en|access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref>

==Career==
Munsi joined [[CNN]] in 2021 as the Asia reporter for the network’s 'As Equals' initiative, initially based in [[New Delhi]] before relocating to [[London]] in 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/india-based-pallabi-munsi-named-reporter-for-cnns-as-equals/|title=India-based Pallabi Munsi named Reporter for CNN's 'As Equals'|website=medianews4u.com|language=en|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.adgully.com/cnn--s--as-equals--appoints-pallabi-munsi-as-india-based-reporter-106901.html|title=CNN's 'As Equals' appoints Pallabi Munsi as India-based reporter|website=Adgully|language=en|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref> After the 2023 outbreak of the [[war in Sudan]], she became a key contributor to CNN’s reporting on the conflict, collaborating with Chief International Investigative Correspondent [[Nima Elbagir]] on inquiries into alleged war crimes, human rights violations and arms-supply networks.<ref name="Ukraine">{{cite web |last1=Butenko |first1=Victoria |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Qiblawi |first4=Tamara |last5=Goodwin |first5=Allegra |last6=Carey |first6=Andrew |last7=Munsi |first7=Pallabi |last8=Zene |first8=Mahamat Tahir |last9=Arvanitidis |first9=Barbara |last10=Platt |first10=Alex |last11=Baron |first11=Mark |last12=Lauren |first12=Kent |date=19 September 2023 |title=Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011090624/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> She led the research for Elbagir’s documentary ''Going Home: The War in Sudan'', which won the 2024 [[Emmy Award]] for 'Outstanding Investigative News: Long Form'.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ABC, CNN and National Geographic Among Top Winners at 2024 News Emmys |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2024-news-documentary-emmys-night-one-winners-1236012051/#:~:text=ABC%20World%20News%20Tonight%20With,Adam%20Sharp%20defended%20the%20nomination. |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= |access-date=25 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to her work on Sudan, Munsi has led long-form investigations covering the [[Gaza war]], the protests in [[Iran]] following the death of [[Mahsa Amini]], and the [[civil war in Myanmar]] after the 2021 military coup.<ref name="NetzahYehuda2024">{{cite web |last1=Polglase |first1=Katie |last2=Munsi |first2=Pallabi |last3=Brown |first3=Benjamin |last4=Arvanitidis |first4=Barbara |last5=Platt |first5=Alex |last6=Baron |first6=Mark |last7=Anthony |first7=Augusta |last8=Mier |first8=Alberto |last9=Hancock |first9=Toby |last10=Mezzofiore |first10=Gianluca |last11=Smith-Spark |first11=Laura |last12=Mackintosh |first12=Eliza |last13=Wright |first13=Dan |last14=Wells |first14=Matt |last15=Kaufman |first15=Ami |last16=Hansler |first16=Jennifer |date=13 July 2024 |title=The US held off sanctioning this Israeli army unit despite evidence of abuses. Now its forces are shaping the fight in Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-netzah-yehuda-human-rights-abuses-investigation-intl |publisher=CNN |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Helen Regan|author2=Angus Watson|author3=Anna Coren|author4=Su Chay|author5=Pallabi Munsi|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/27/asia/myanmar-military-junta-civilian-attacks-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|title=Burnings and beheadings: Myanmar junta escalates terror tactics against its people|date=2024-03-27|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402140504/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/27/asia/myanmar-military-junta-civilian-attacks-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|archive-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> While working with 'As Equals' she initiated several [[Asia-Pacific]] investigations, including reporting on skin-whitening practices in [[India]] and on the doxxing of female pro-democracy activists in [[Myanmar]]; the latter project was among CNN’s early uses of [[artificial intelligence]] in newsgathering.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Pallabi Munsi|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2021/11/health/skin-lightening-india-health-risks-intl-cmd/|title=Burnings and beheadings: Myanmar junta escalates terror tactics against its people|date=2024-03-27|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402140504/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/27/asia/myanmar-military-junta-civilian-attacks-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|archive-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> Before her appointment at CNN, Munsi worked as a features correspondent at [[OZY Media]], contributing to and producing stories on [[politics]], [[gender]], [[technology]] and [[human-rights]] issues. Earlier in her career, she held newsroom roles at the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', gaining experience across major Indian publications.<ref name=":1"/>

==Awards==
* Led the research for [[Nima Elbagir]]'s ''Going Home: The War in Sudan'', which won the [[Emmy Award]] for 'Outstanding Investigative News: Long Form (2024)'.<ref name=":0"/>
* Member of a team that was runner-up at the [[the AIBs|AIB]] Awards (2023) and shortlisted for the [[Foreign Press Association]] awards for work on [[Sudan]].
* Part of the 'As Equals' team that received the [[Society of Professional Journalists]]’ [[Sigma Delta Chi Award]] (Inequalities in Society, 2022), a Silver Lovie Award (2023) and a commendation at the Drum Online Media Awards (2022).
* Munsi's work was shortlisted for the [[British Journalism Awards]].

==Education==
Munsi was educated at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] (now [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]) with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[History]] from the [[University of Calcutta]]. She earned [[postgraduate degree]] in [[journalism]] from the [[Asian College of Journalism, Chennai]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/>

==Personal life==
A member of [[Munshi family]] and granddaughter of Indian [[commercial artist]] [[Annada Munsi]], Munsi was born and brought up in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], to Pabitrajit Munsi and Kabita Munsi.<ref name=":3"/> She lost both of her parents during the ongoing crisis of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Pallabi Munsi|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/01/opinions/india-covid-ventilator-crisis-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html|title=India's Covid-19 Crisis: Why I'm Grateful I Lost My Parents Before The Current Surge|date=2021-06-01|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tara John|url=https://www.wral.com/story/the-stigma-of-variant-names/19705438/|title=The stigma of variant names|date=2021-06-01|work=[[WRAL-TV|WRAL NEWS]]|quote="CNN's Pallabi Munsi lost both of her parents to Covid-19 last year in the span of 10 days. Despite the grief, she explains why she is grateful that they did not live to witness this year's second wave in India -- where systemic failures in central and state governments exacerbated a steep shortage of resources in the country's health infrastructure."}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* Munsi, Pallabi. [https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2021/11/health/skin-lightening-india-health-risks-intl-cmd/ 'Fairness mania' is fueling a dangerous drug dependence in India]. ''[[CNN]]''. Retrieved on 23 November 2021.
* Banik, Soma. [https://cosmeticsarenas.com/cnn-features-on-topical-steroid-and-the-skin-whitening-dangers/ Why CNN International Featured ‘Me’ in Their Latest Edition]. ''Cosmetics Arena''. Retrieved on 25 November 2021.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://muckrack.com/pallabiii/articles Pallabi Munsi on ''Muck Rack'']
* [https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/pallabi-munsi/2/ Pallabi Munsi on The ''Indian Express'']
* [https://thewire.in/author/pallabi-munsi Pallabi Munsi on ''The Wire'']
* [https://www.news18.com/byline/pallabi-munsi-20492.html Pallabi Munsi on ''News 18'']
* [https://x.com/PallabiMunsi Pallabi Munsi on ''x.com'']
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munsi, Pallabi}}
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kartavya Bhavan

2026-03-21T23:37:42Z

AbrandaStudio: Stub!

{{Infobox building
| name = Kartavya Bhavan
| native_name = कर्तव्य भवन
| image = Kartavya_Bhavan,_New_Delhi_,_India.jpg
| caption = Kartavya Bhavan-3, the first building of the Common Central Secretariat (CCS), located on [[Kartavya Path]], [[New Delhi]]
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| map_caption = Location in New Delhi, India
| location = [[Kartavya Path]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6142|N|77.2080|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = KB-3 inaugurated on 6 August 2025
| current_tenants = [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|Various Union ministries]]
| construction_start_date = 2020
| completion_date = 2026
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| cost = {{INRConvert|3690|c}} (KB-1,2,3)
| floor_count = 7 (plus 2 basements)
| floor_area = 150,000 m² (~1.5 lakh square metres)
| architect = [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD)
| architecture_firm = HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd.
| main_contractor = [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]
| developer = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| architectural_style = Modern sustainable governance architecture
| website =
}}

'''Kartavya Bhavan''',<ref>{{cite news |title=All 10 new Central Secretariat buildings likely to be completed in 2027, says govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-10-new-central-secretariat-buildings-likely-to-be-completed-in-2027-says-govt-10172196/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> also referred to as the '''Common Central Secretariat''' (CCS), is a complex of ten newly-constructed office buildings in New Delhi, India, developed under the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]]. Intended for usage by the various ministries of the [[Government of India]], the project aims to replace older structures, such as [[Shastri Bhawan]], Nirman Bhawan, and Krishi Bhawan, with a contemporaneous, centralised administrative complex.<ref name=firstpost>{{cite web |title=Key features of Kartavya Bhavan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/kartavya-bhavan-pm-modi-inauguration-ccs-13920443.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

== Development ==
Since India's independence, key ministries such as Home, Finance, Defence, External Affairs, and the Prime Minister’s Office have been housed in the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|North and South Block buildings]], while others have occupied offices in structures like Krishi Bhawan, Shastri Bhawan, and Nirman Bhawan. Some departments have also operated from rented premises, reportedly costing the government approximately ₹1,500 crore (US$180 million) annually in rent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre spent Rs 1,500 crore on ministry rent, not anymore: PM at Kartavya Bhavan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-was-spending-rs-1500-crore-on-rent-for-ministries-says-pm-from-newly-unveiled-kartavya-bhavan-2767340-2025-08-06 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=India Today |date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Central Vista Redevelopment Project was initiated in part to consolidate these ministries into a single complex, with the aim of improving coordination and reducing operational costs.<ref>{{cite news |title=CENTRAL VISTA PROJECT Smarter Administration, Seamless Governance, Stronger India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=154974&NoteId=154974&ModuleId=3#:~:text=Need%20For%20Redevelopment,administrative%20core%20for%20the%20nation. |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=PIB |date=5 August 2025}}</ref>

The Central Vista Redevelopment Project, launched in 2019, includes plans to construct ten new buildings to house various central government ministries. According to official statements, the project aims to replace older government buildings that are reportedly facing issues such as insufficient space and aging infrastructure.<ref name=livemint>{{cite web |title=5 key things to know about Kartavya Bhavan that PM Narendra Modi will inaugurate today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5-key-things-to-know-about-kartavya-bhavan-that-pm-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-today-11754458505637.html |website=LiveMint |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

Kartavya Bhavan-3, the first of these ten, was completed and inaugurated on 6 August 2025.<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kartavya Bhavan, spread over 1.5 lakh sq metres; it will house key ministries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-kartavya-bhavan-spread-over-15-lakh-sq-metres-it-will-house-key-ministries-2767064-2025-08-06 |website=India Today |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref> The full CCS campus is forecasted to be operational by mid-2027.<ref name=toi-camp>{{cite web |title=Kartavya Path enters final stretch; key buildings including PM’s residence to be completed by mid-2027 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/kartavya-path-enters-final-stretch-key-buildings-including-pms-residence-to-be-completed-by-mid-2027-no-demolition-for-museum-bhavans/articleshow/123136804.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The building was designed by HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd., the same firm behind the overall Central Vista master plan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartavya Bhavan blends tradition and modernity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/part-of-central-vista-project-kartavya-bhawan-inaugurated-key-things-to-know-about-the-high-tech-building/articleshow/123137248.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=16 August 2025}}</ref> The structure incorporates elements of Lutyens' architectural style, such as colonnaded facades and symmetrical layouts, while integrating modern sustainability features like solar panels, rainwater harvesting, and energy-efficient HVAC systems.

The seven-storey structure, with two subterranean levels, spans approximately {{cvt|150,000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=firstpost/> The design includes features intended to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Key elements include:<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Kartavya Bhavan in Delhi? 5 things about swanky new address for central ministries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-kartavya-bhavan-in-delhi-5-things-about-swanky-new-address-for-central-ministries-101754464644835.html |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Double-glazed facade and noise-insulating glass.
* Energy-saving LED lights, sensor-based and smart HVAC systems, reducing consumption by ~30%.<ref name=livemint/>
* Rooftop solar panels (366 kWp + 200 kW) generating over 534,000 kWh annually.<ref name=ddindia>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kartavya Bhavan in New Delhi |url=https://ddindia.co.in/2025/08/pm-modi-inaugurates-kartavya-bhavan-in-new-delhi/ |website=DD India |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
* Aiming for GRIHA-4 green rating.<ref name=livemint/>
* Zero-discharge wastewater management (1.1 million L/day recycled), rainwater harvesting, and composting (~1,000 kg/day).<ref name=businessstd>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kartavya Bhavan, new secretariat under Central Vista |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/modi-inaugurates-kartavya-bhavan-new-secretariat-under-central-vista-125080700588_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
* Recycled materials, EV charging infrastructure, smart elevators, and motion-sensor lighting.<ref name=jagranjosh>{{cite web |title=Kartavya Bhavan: location, significance, and key features |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/kartavya-bhavan-check-its-location-significance-and-key-features-1820001317-1 |website=Jagran Josh |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

===Facilities===
Each of the buildings includes 24 large conference rooms, 26 small ones, and 67 compact team-meeting spaces, along with facilities such as a crèche, yoga room, medical center, café, multipurpose hall, and parking for about 600 cars.<ref name=livemint/> Entry is controlled via smart ID cards, biometric systems, and a centralized surveillance control centre.<ref name=ndtvprofit>{{cite web |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Kartavya Bhavan on Aug 6 |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-kartavya-bhavan-on-aug-6-central-secretariat-building-to-house-these-ministries |website=NDTV Profit |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

== Buildings and ministries ==
[[File:Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi during the inauguration of Kartavya Bhavan 3.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi during the inauguration of Kartavya Bhavan 3]]
A total of ten Common Central Secretariat buildings will be built along the [[Kartavya Path]] to house all the ministries and important departments. Some old ministerial buildings like Krishi Bhawan, Nirman Bhawan, [[Shastri Bhawan]], Udyog Bhawan, and [[Vigyan Bhavan]] will be demolished to make way for these new buildings.

'''Kartavya Bhavan-3''', the first among the ten buildings, was inaugurated on 5 August 2025. '''Kartavya Bhavan 1''' and '''2''', along with '''Seva Teerth''' were inaugurated on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seva Teerth, Kartavya Bhawan are important milestone in India's journey towards Viksit Bharat: PM Modi {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/seva-teerth-kartavya-bhawan-are-important-milestone-in-indias-journey-towards-viksit-bharat-pm-modi-11770991690031.html |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=mint |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> While the rest of the buildings are expected to be completed by June 2027.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Vista Project: All 10 Common Central Secretariat Buildings to Be Completed in 22 Months |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/all-ten-buildings-of-common-central-secretariat-to-be-constructed-in-22-months-says-centre-3667090 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ '''Housing of the Secretariat Building'''
|-
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:33%;" | Kartavya Bhavan 1
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:33%;" | Kartavya Bhavan 2
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:34%;" | Kartavya Bhavan 3
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] 
| colspan="2" | [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]] 5th–6th floor
| colspan="2" | [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] 4th–6th floor
|-
|  
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] 3rd floor
| [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]] 3rd–4th floor
| [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] 3rd floor
| [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Adviser]] 3rd floor
|-
|  
| [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]] 2nd floor
| [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]] 2nd floor
| [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]] 2nd floor
| [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises]] 2nd floor
|-
|  
| [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]] 2nd–3rd floor
| [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] Ground–1st floor
| [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel & Training]] UG–1st floor
| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]] Ground–1st floor
|}

== Connectivity ==
Kartavya Bhavan is accessible via major arterial roads including ''Rafi Marg'', ''Rajendra Prasad Road'', ''[[Janpath]] Road'', and ''Mann Singh Road'', and is in close proximity to the [[Central Secretariat metro station]] on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] and [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]].

At the onset, a plan was proposed to install a loop-line of underground moving walkways connecting all buildings of the Common Central Secretariat. However, the proposal was eventually dropped. During the inauguration of Kartavya Bhavan-3, the government announced a new 7-kilometre extension of the Delhi Metro’s [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]], running from [[Indraprastha metro station]] to [[Ramakrishna Ashram Marg metro station|Ramakrishna Ashram Marg]]. The extension will include nine new stations at [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[Baroda House]], [[India Gate]], Kartavya Bhavan, [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]], Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum, and [[Shivaji Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro to India Gate, T1, and Kalindi Kunj: Delhi to get 3 new metro corridors worth Rs 11,150 crore; cabinet nod likely to be soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-to-india-gate-t1-and-kalindi-kunj-delhi-to-get-3-new-metro-corridors-worth-rs-11150-crore-cabinet-nod-likely-to-be-soon/articleshow/121720806.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Proposal for Metro to link Central Vista, North Block |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/proposal-for-metro-to-link-central-vista-north-block-101733853918920.html |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet approves 3 new corridors for Delhi Metro, including one with connectivity to India Gate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-approves-3-corridors-delhi-metro-connectivity-india-gate-10436968/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kartavya Path]]
* [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://centralvista.gov.in/ Official Central Vista Redevelopment Project Website]
* [https://cpwd.gov.in Central Public Works Department]
* [https://www.mohua.gov.in Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]

{{Administrative headquarters in India}}
{{Delhi landmarks|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]

Mizoram cricket team

2026-03-21T12:49:09Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Mizoram cricket team
| image = Cricket Association of Mizoram logo.png
| captain = Joseph Lalthankhuma
| coach = Mohammad Saif
| founded = 2018
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Cricket Association of Mizoram]]
| first_fc = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium, Sovima]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website =
}}

The '''Mizoram cricket team''' represents the state of [[Mizoram]] in Indian domestic [[cricket]] competitions. In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> However, the [[Telangana Cricket Association]] questioned the decision to include the team in the Ranji Trophy, stating that there should be qualification criteria to allow a team to compete.<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/telangana-cricket-association-questions-bcci-over-inclusion-of-teams-from-north-east-in-ranji-trophy-4855481.html |title=Telangana Cricket Association questions BCCI over inclusion of teams from North East in Ranji Trophy |work=First Post |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, they lost their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], to [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], by 4 wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-bihar-make-winning-return-to-domestic-cricket/articleshow/65873882.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bihar make winning return to domestic cricket |work=Times of India |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156794.html |title=Plate, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Nadiad, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in eighth place in the Plate Group, with one win and six defeats from their eight matches. One match also finished as a [[result (cricket)#No result|no result]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Taruwar Kohli]] finished both as the leading run-scorer, with 373 runs, and the leading wicket-taker for the team, with eight dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6560;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Mizoram: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they lost to [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] by an innings and 333 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-unadkat-picks-seven-mumbai-in-command-against-railways-1928981.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Unadkat Picks Seven; Mumbai in Command Against Railways |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2018 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> It was the biggest defeat for a team making its debut in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-digest-mixed-bag-for-india-stars-new-states-take-baby-steps-1930305.html |title=Ranji Trophy Digest: Mixed Bag For India Stars, New States Take Baby Steps |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament in the ninth and last place in the table, with no wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table – 2018–19 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Mizoram finished in last place in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D|Group D]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with no wins from their seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Taruwar Kohli]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 222 runs, and [[Sinan Khadir]] was the leading wicket-taker, with seven dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6564;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Mizoram: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! align=center| Name
! align=center| Birth date
! align=center| Batting style
! align=center| Bowling style
! align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| Joseph Lalthankhuma || {{birth date and age|2000|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Captain
|-
| Sahil Reza || {{birth date and age|2001|9|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Lalhruaizela]] || {{birth date and age|1996|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| F Lalmuanzuala || {{birth date and age|1998|8|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Armaan Jaffer]] || {{birth date and age|1998|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Sahil Sharma || {{birth date and age|2002|12|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Lalroluahpuia Ngente || {{birth date and age|1997|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Johan Lalbiakkima || {{birth date and age|2006|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Marty Lalrinhlua || {{birth date and age|1998|8|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Vikash Kumar]] || {{birth date and age|1996|12|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Zothanzuala || {{birth date and age|1999|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| B Lalnunfela || {{birth date and age|2002|4|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Lalhriatrenga || {{birth date and age|1999|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Jehu Anderson]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Spin bowlers
|-
| [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]] || {{birth date and age|1994|4|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Lalrempuia]] || {{birth date and age|1993|1|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Bobby Zothansanga]] || {{birth date and age|1986|8|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| TC Vanlalremruata || {{birth date and age|2000|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
| Khiangte Vanrotlinga || {{birth date and age|2004|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| CA Karthik || {{birth date and age|1993|10|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Sumit Lama]] || {{birth date and age|1996|2|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Naveen Gurung || {{birth date and age|2002|3|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[G Lalbiakvela]] || {{birth date and age|1988|1|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/mizoram-1156780/squads | title=Mizoram Squads for all cricket series and tournaments }}</ref>''Updated as on 3 January 2026''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Mizoram]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]

Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay

2026-03-16T20:02:55Z

AbrandaStudio: Made a entry

{{Short description|Indian Economist and Statistician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay
| school_tradition =
| color =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|05|25}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| institution = [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| field = Economics of Education, Economics of Health, [[Labour Economics]], Empirical Development Economics
| alma_mater = [[Kirori Mal College]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[Delhi University]] [[Pennsylvania State University]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 
| repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pmu75
}}
'''Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay''' (born 25 May 1974) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]] and [[statistician]] who is currently a professor in the
Economics and Planning Unit at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], New Delhi. He was previously Sir Ratan Tata Senior Fellow at the [[Institute of Economic Growth]], an academic visitor at the [[India Observatory]], [[London School of Economics]], London; a visiting researcher at the Chr. Michelson Institute (Bergen), Groupement de Recherche en Economie Quantitative d'Aix Marseille, Marseille and at [[Charles III University of Madrid]]. He was also a research associate at the [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]]. He was awarded the Mahalanobis Medal<ref>(http://www.tiesindia.net/awards.html)</ref> 2018 by The Indian [[Econometric Society]].

==Education==
Abhiroop received his doctorate from [[Pennsylvania State University]] in 2004. He also received his master's degree in economics from the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1997. He completed his under graduation in economics from [[Kirori Mal College]] of the [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Prof Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay C.V.|url = https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2014/08/CV-Abhiroop-Mukhopadhyay.pdf}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Mahalanobis Memorial Medal (The Indian Econometric Society) 2018
*Honorary Research Fellow, IZA (Institute for the Study of Labour), Bonn 2012 to date
* Sir Ratan Tata Senior Fellowship, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi 2010.
* Hermes Post Doctoral Fellowship, Fondation Maison des Sciences de l' Homme, France, 2008.
* Dissertation Fellow, The [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland]], Summer 2001.

== Published/accepted papers and chapters for books ==

*“Science education and labor market outcomes in a high STEM economy" (with Tarun Jain, Nishith Prakash and Raghav Rakesh), Forthcoming, Economic Inquiry 2021
*“Income Guarantees and Borrowing in Risky Environments. Evidence from India' Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme" (with Clive Bell), Forthcoming, Economica 2020
*"Socioeconomic inequality in life expectancy in India" an analysis of the fourth round of National Family Health Survey" (with M. Asaria, S. Mazumdar, S. Chowdhury, P. Mazumdar and I. Gupta): BMJ-Global Health, 2019;4:e001445.
*"Redistributing Teachers using Local Transfers" (with Siddhant Agarwal, Athisii Kayina and Anugula Reddy) : World Development, Volume 110 (October), pp. 333–344, 2018
* "Gender differences in health expenditure of rural cancer patients: Evidence from a public tertiary care facility in India" (with Akansha Batra and Indrani Gupta): Journal of Quantitative Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-017-0113-4 Forthcoming 2018
*"Higher Education and Prosperity: From Catholic Missionaries to Luminosity in India" (with Amparo Castelló-Climent and Latika Chaudhry): The Economic Journal, DOI: 10.1111/ecoj.12551
*"Does Access to Secondary Education Affect Primary Schooling? Evidence from India” (with Soham Sahoo): Economics of Education Review, Volume 54, October 2016, pp 124–142
* “Female Labour Force Participation and Child [[Education in India]]: Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme” (with Farzana Afridi & Soham Sahoo): IZA Journal of Labor and Development, 5:7, April 2016
* “Local Funds and Political Competition: Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India” (with Bhanu Gupta): European Journal of Political Economy, Volume 41, January 2016, pp 14–30
* “The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in Rajasthan: Rational Funds and their Allocation across villages” (with Himashu and M. Sharan): [[Economic and Political Weekly]], Volume 50, Issue 6, February 6, 2015
* “Mass Education or a Minority Well Educated Elite in the Process of Growth: the Case of India” (with Amparo Castelló Climent): [[Journal of Development Economics]], Volume 106, Nov 2013
* "Multiple-Dimensions of Urban Well Being: Evidence from India” (with S Chandrasekhar): Asian Population Studies, Volume 8 (2), March 2012, 173-186
* “Rural Housing Quality as an Indicator of Consumption Sustainability” (with Indira Rajaraman), Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 47, No 2 March 2012.
* “The Economic Burden of Cancer” (with B. K. Mohanti, S. Das, K. Sharma & S. Dash): Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43(46), 22 October 2011, pp. 112–117
* “Poverty and Well-Being in Indian Cities during the Reforms Era” (with S Chandrasekhar): Berkley Electronic Press: Poverty and Public Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2, April 2010.
* “Ranking Countries: What Can We Learn from India’s Imports?” (with S. Chandrasekhar and R. Vaidya), Journal of Quantitative Economics, Forthcoming 2009.
* “Integrating Mental Health in Welfare Evaluation: An Empirical Application to the case of HIV-AIDS in India” (With S. Das and T. Ray), The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: Vol. 9 : Iss. 1 (Topics), 2009, Article 41.
* “Is India better off today than 15 years ago? A Robust Multidimensional Answer” (with N. Gravel), Journal of Economic Inequality, Forthcoming 2009.
* “Economic Cost Analysis in Cancer Management and its Relevance Today” (with K. Sharma, S. Das, G. K. Rath and B. K. Mohanti), Indian Journal of Cancer, Vol 46, Issue 3, July–September 2009, pp. 184–189.
* “Economic Cost of HIV and AIDS in India,” (with S. Das and T. Roy), in Markus Haacker and Mariam Claeson, edited, HIV and AIDS in South Asia: A Development Risk, The World Bank (Washington D.C.), Feb. 2009, pp. 123–151.
* “A Robust Normative Evaluation of India’s Performance in Allocating Risks of Death” (with N. Gravel and B. Tarroux), Indian Growth and Development Review, Vol. 1, May 2008. pp. 95–111.
* “Socioeconomic Heterogeneity in Urban India”, (with S. Chandrasekhar), in George Martine, Gordon McGranahan and Mark Montgomery ed. Living in an Urban World (Earthscan), 2008.
* “Rural Unemployment 1999–2005: Who Gained, Who Lost?”, (with I. Rajaraman), Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 42 (30) 28 July – 3 August 2007, pp. 3116–3120.
* “Does Cost of Primary Education Matter: Evidence from Rural India” (with S. Chandrasekhar), Economic and Political Weekly, September 2006.
* "Univariate Time Series Analysis of Public Debt" (with I. Rajaraman), Journal of Quantitative Economics, New Series Vol. 2 (1), 2004, pp. 122–134.
* “Trade with Labor Market Distortions and Heterogeneous Labor: Why Trade Can Hurt” (with K. Krishna and C. Yavas), WTO & World Trade: Challenges in a New Era, 2004.
* "Sustainability of Public Debt" (with I. Rajaraman), in Amaresh Bagchi ed. Readings in Public Finance ([[Oxford University Press]]), 2004.

== Refereed working papers ==
* “Local Funds and Political Competition: Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India” (with Bhanu Gupta) ESID Working Paper No. 42 (University of Manchester), November 2014
* "The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in Rajasthan: Rationed Funds and their allocation across villages" (with Himanshu and M. Sharan) ESID Working Paper No. 35 January 2015
* ”The Political Economy of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme“ ESID Working Paper No. 15 September 2012
* “Mass Education or a Minority Well Educated Elite in the Process of Development: the Case of India” (with Amparo Costelló Climent), CEP (London School of Economics) Discussion Paper No 1086, November 2011.
* “Female Labour Force Participation and Child Education in India: The Effect of the National Employment Guarantee Scheme” (with Farzana Afridi and Soham Sahoo), Young Lives Working Paper 95 March 2013
* “Stepping out of Palanpur: Employment outside Palanpur” Asia Research Centre Working Paper No. 46, London School of Economics, London, UK 2011.
* "Non-Farm Diversification and Rural Poverty Decline: A perspective from Indian Sample survey and village study data” (with Himanshu, Peter Lanjouw and Rinku Murgai) Asia Research Centre Working Paper No. 44, London School of Economics, London, UK 2011.
* “Multiple Dimensions of Urban Poverty: Evidence from India” (with S. Chandrasekhar) Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 11, Population Council, New York City, 2008
* “Quota Brokers” (with S. Imai, Kala Krishna and Ling Hui Tan), IMF Working Paper 179, September 2004.
* “Trade with Labor Market Distortions and Heterogeneous Labor: Why Trade Can Hurt” (with K. Krishna and C. Yavas) NBER Working Paper 9086, 2004

== Other working papers ==
* "Tertiary Education and Prosperity: Catholic Missionaries to Luminosity in India" (with Amparo Castelló-Climent and Latika Chaudhary): IZA Discussion Paper No. 9441, October 201
* “Income Guarantees and Borrowing in Risky Environments. Evidence from India' Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme" (with Clive Bell) IZA Discussion Paper No. 9357, September 2015
* “Does Access to Secondary Education affect Primary Schooling?: Evidence from India” (with Soham Sahoo), Institute of Economic Growth Working Paper No. 312, 2012
* “The Effects of NREGS on Rural Households in India: Evidence from Karauli District in Rajasthan”. (Paper submitted to Fondation Maison des Sciences de L’Homme, France), 2008.
* “Negative Reality of the HIV Positives: Evaluating Welfare Loss in a Low Prevalence Country”, with Sanghamitra Das and Tridip Ray, ISI Discussion Paper 08-02, Indian Statistical Institute (Delhi Centre), New Delhi, India, February 2008.
* “An Empirical Investigation Into How Middlemen Affect Markets”, with Susumu Imai and Kala Krishna, ISI Discussion Paper 05-02, Indian Statistical Institute (Delhi Centre), New Delhi, India, December 2004

Amongst other courses, Abhiroop has taught the Introductory and Advanced Econometrics and Structural Estimation Methods: Empirical Industrial Organization courses at the Indian Statistical Institute (Delhi), at the [[Indian School of Business]] (Hyderabad) and the Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore).

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.isid.ac.in/~abhiroop/]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century statisticians]]

Telangana State Road Transport Corporation

2026-03-16T18:33:37Z

AbrandaStudio: added info

{{Short description|State-owned corporation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
| native_name = Telaṅgāṇa Rāṣṭra Rōḍḍu Ravāṇā Sanstha
| native_name_lang = te
| logo = Telangana State Road Transport Corporation logo.png
| industry = [[Public transport bus service]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2015|06|03}}
| area_served = '''Intrastate (Primary Base)''' {{bulleted list
| [[Telangana]]
}}
'''Interstate''' {{bulleted list
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Goa]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
}}
| key_people = {{bulleted list
| [[Ponnam Prabhakar]] ([[Department of Transport (Telangana)|Minister of Transport]], [[Government of Telangana]])
| Y. Nagi Reddy, IPS (Vice-Chairman and Managing Director)
}}
| owner = [[Government of Telangana]]
| predecessor = [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]
| parent = [[Department of Transport (Telangana)|Ministry of Transport]], Government of Telangana
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INR Convert|130400000|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tsrtc-rakes-in-a-per-day-revenue-of-1304-crore/article36082740.ece|title = TGSRTC rakes in a per day revenue of ₹13.04 crore|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 24 August 2021|last1 = Mohammed|first1 = Syed}}</ref>
| num_employees = 41,958 (March 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSRTC |url=https://tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in/corporationprofile.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909062549/https://tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in/corporationprofile.php |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| subsid =
| services = {{bulleted list
|[[Public transport]]
|[[Logistics|Logistic services]]
}}
| num_locations = {{bulleted list
| 11 Regions
| 3 Zones
| 97 Depots
| 364 Bus Stations
}}
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| website = {{URL|http://www.tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in|TGSRTC official website}}
}}

The '''Telangana State Road Transport Corporation''' (abbreviated as '''TGSRTC''') is a state-owned corporation that runs bus transport services to and from the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. It was formed in 2014 by bifurcating the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref name="TGSRTC">{{cite news|title=It will be TGSRTC from June 2 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/it-will-be-tgsrtc-from-june-2/article6014676.ece |first=Suresh |last=Krishnamoorthy |date=16 May 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> Many other Indian metro towns in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Odisha]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] are also linked with the TGSRTC services. It serves about 6 million passengers every day, having three zones and services operating through 99 depots.<ref name="acc1">{{cite web |title=TGSRTC Profile |url=https://www.tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in/corporationprofile.php |access-date=15 Aug 2020 |website=www.tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Road transport corporation in Telangana State was first established as NSRRTD ([[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|Nizam State Rail & Road Transport Department]]), a wing of Nizam State Railway in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]], in 1932, with 27 buses and 166 employees. [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|(APSRTC)]] was established on 11 January 1958 in pursuance of the Road Transport Corporations Act 1950. Consequent upon [[Telangana movement|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh state]] into Telangana and residual Andhra Pradesh, TSRTC operated as a separate entity from 3 June 2015 with a fleet of 10,500 buses, including 1,500 hired buses. The [[Government of Telangana]] subsequently established Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC), on 27 March 2016, under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950. The Telangana government, on 31 July 2023, decided to merge Telangana State Road Transport Corporation with the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-07-31 |title=Telangana Cabinet decides to merge TSRTC with Government |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-cabinet-decides-to-merge-tsrtc-with-government |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> On 23 May 2024, [[Government of Telangana]] decided to change the name from TSRTC to TGSRTC to avoid confusion with [[Tamilnadu]] [[State Express Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Desk |date=2024-09-30 |title=Karimnagar Depot Welcomes 70 New TGSRTC Electric Buses |url=https://coachbuildersindia.com/70-new-tgsrtc-electric-buses-in-karimnagar/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Divisions==
TGSRTC has three zones: Hyderabad Rural (HR), Greater Hyderabad (GHz), and Karimnagar (KRMR). It is further subdivided into 11 regions and 25 divisions. It has a fleet of 9,094 buses,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSRTC |url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/corporationprofile.php |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> of which around 2,822 are hired vehicles. TGSRTC buses undertake operations on 36,593 routes.

==Types of services==
TGSRTC operates a number of different kinds of services, both for urban transport as well as intercity and village transport.

=== Premium services ===
Air-conditioned buses are branded as "Vajra", "Garuda Plus", "Garuda" and "Rajadhani" (previously known as Indra), "Lahari" (A/c Sleeper).

*'''Vajra/Cyberliner'''
TGSRTC started its new service named Vajra with tag line 'Mobility Redefined' and 'Service At Doorstep'. These are the Mahindra's COSMO 3.3 Liter BS-IV AC Buses. The goal of Vajra was to reduce the hassle of commuters having to travel to a bus station in Hyderabad in order to board an intercity service. Vajra bridged that gap by providing intercity services from various colonies in [[Hyderabad]] to [[Warangal]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]], [[Godavarikhani]] and [[Karimnagar]] city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/vajra/AboutVajraServices.pdf | title=Telangana State Road Transport Corporation | publisher=tsrtc.telangana.gov.in | access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> Few buses are renamed as 'Cyberliner', for the IT employees in the Hyderabad.

*'''Garuda Plus'''
[[File:TSRTC GARUDA Plus VOLVO B9R.JPG|thumb|TSRTC GARUDA Plus VOLVO B9R]]
TGSRTC operates multi-axle buses of Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, and Scania branded as Garuda Plus buses. Designed for superior ride quality, these buses have reclining seats, while a few older buses also have calf rests. There are two/three LED TVs in each coach with pre-loaded movies depending on the make. As in Vennela, passengers are given a 500ml water bottle, a blanket and a packet of facial wipes. TGSRTC operates Garuda plus buses on intercity and interstate routes between urban centers such as [[Khammam]]-Bengaluru, [[Hyderabad]]-[[Adilabad]], Hyderabad-[[Karimnagar]], Hyderabad-[[Mumbai]], Hyderabad-[[Vijayawada]], Hyderabad-Bengaluru, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]-Bengaluru, Nizamabad-[[Tirupati]],<ref>{{cite news |title=బస్ టికెట్‌తో పాటు దర్శనం టికెట్.. టీఎస్ఆర్టీసీ కొత్త పథకం |url=https://teluguglobal.in/2022/07/01/tirumala-darshanam-ticket-along-with-bus-ticket-tsrtc-new-scheme/ |agency=teluguglobal.in}}</ref> [[Warangal]]-Bengaluru, [[Godavarikhani]]-Bengaluru, Karimnagar-Bengaluru, Hyderabad-[[Pune]], Hyderabad-[[Chennai]], Hyderabad-[[Nagpur]], Hyderabad-[[Bhadrachalam]], Hyderabad-[[Kakinada]].

*'''Garuda & E- Garuda'''
TGSRTC operates bi-axle buses of [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] and Isuzu make branded as Garuda. There have been no additions to the fleet since 2009 apart from a few Vennela which were downgraded as Garuda. This class of service is being phased out. Designed for superior ride quality, these buses have reclining seats. As in Vennela, passengers are given a 500ml water bottle, a blanket and a packet of facial wipes. Some popular Garuda routes are [[Hyderabad]]-[[Warangal]] and [[Karimnagar]], [[Vijayawada]].

TGSRTC launched 10 Electric Intercity AC buses built by Olectra (CX2 model) which are branded as 'E-Garuda' on 16 May 2023. As of now these buses will ply between Hyderabad and Vijayawada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-05-15 |title=RTC electric AC buses 'E-Garuda' set to be launched in Hyderabad on Tuesday |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rtc-electric-ac-buses-e-garuda-set-to-be-launched-in-hyderabad-on-tuesday |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

*'''Rajadhani'''
[[File:TSRTC's Rajadhani Bus.jpg|thumb|Rajadhani A/c]]
TGSRTC operates AC buses built on [[Ashok Leyland]]'s 12M Viking chassis and Volvo 8400 City Buses branded as <nowiki>''</nowiki>Rajadhani<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Introduced in 2011, these buses were earlier branded as Indra. Rajadhani buses act as a bridge between mid-level service "Super Luxury" and premium service "Garuda Plus". These buses are generally operated to state capital Hyderabad from various district headquarters. These are also operated on high-frequency long-distance routes. Only water bottles are provided in these buses.

*'''Lahari Sleeper'''
For the first time in the State, the TGSRTC has introduced sleeper buses(both A/c<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=TSRTC launches AC sleeper buses with free Wi-Fi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/policy-and-industry/tsrtc-launches-ac-sleeper-buses-with-free-wi-fi/articleshow/99053217.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Non-A/c<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-01-05 |title=TSRTC flags off 10 non-AC sleeper buses |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/tsrtc-flags-off-10-non-ac-sleeper-buses-776283 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>) into its fleet for the convenience of passengers travelling long distances. These buses, which are AC sleeper are built on Ashok Leyland chassis and Non-A/c Sleeper cum seater are built on Eicher chassis. These buses have been named ‘Lahari’, which have been made available for the first time in the State, as an alternative to the services of private operators.

=== Mid-level services ===

Mid-level services are branded "Super Luxury", "Deluxe" and "Express".
* '''Super Luxury'''

These are non-air conditioned 2+2 [[Recliner|push back]] services which are run from major cities. These are video coaches in which various movies are played. Most of the buses are of [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]], [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] etc. Recently Tsrtc, has started inducting its own BS6 stage buses into its fleet. The first batch of BS6 Super luxury buses built on Ashok Leyland chassis was inaugurated in the capital city of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-12-23 |title=TSRTC's new super luxury buses equipped with smart features |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tsrtcs-new-super-luxury-buses-equipped-with-smart-features |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:TSRTC's Deluxe.JPG|thumb|236x236px|Deluxe Service]]
*'''Deluxe'''

These are non-air conditioned 2+2 services which are run as intercity services. The color of a Deluxe bus is [[Violet (color)|violet]]. Most of the buses are of Ashok Leyland, Tata, Eicher, etc.
* '''Express and Semi Express'''
These are non-air conditioned 3+2 services which are run as intercity services. The color of an Express bus is light blue and dark blue. Most of the buses are of Ashok Leyland, Tata, and Eicher.

TSRTC runs city route buses in urban areas like [[Suryapet]], [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Siddipet]], [[Godavarikhani]] and [[Khammam]].

=== Entry-level services ===
[[File:TSRTC's JnNURM Metro Express bus in Khammam.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Metro Express]]
Entry-level ordinary service is branded as "Palle Velugu" and "Mini-Pallevelugu". These buses constitute the majority of TGSRTC's fleet, and are used to provide connectivity to villages and small towns. Palle Velugu are typically used on short routes connecting villages and small towns to larger towns.
[[File:TSRTC'S JnNURM 2 VOLVO MetroLuxury.jpg|thumb|191x191px|Hyd City Metro Luxury A/C]]

=== Urban services ===

City buses in Hyderabad and Warangal are also branded in a similar fashion. Air-conditioned city buses are branded "Metro Luxury". The city buses to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (RGIA) are branded "Pushpak(Airport Liner)". Mid-level city services are branded "Metro Deluxe" and "Metro Express" whereas the entry-level "Ordinary" buses are not given any name but are commonly referred to as a "City Bus". These service categories should not be confused with local arrangements like "Merupu", "Trisul" and "Ramabanam".

=== Special Hire Services ===

TGSRTC also provides buses for special hire to individuals and organisations for any purpose such as tours, pilgrimage, marriage transport, excursions etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/HowtoCharteraBus.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108140328/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/HowtoCharteraBus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> All kinds of buses are available for Special Hire, each with their own tariff rate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/TariffTable.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020141415/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/TariffTable.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Olectra - BYD Electric Bus Hyderabad 4.jpg|thumb|231x231px|Pushpak Airport Liner]]

=== Electric Buses ===
TGSRTC inaugurated 40 Electric buses<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fleet of 40 electric buses hits Hyderabad roads|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/mar/06/fleet-of-40-electric-buses-hits-hyderabad-roads-1947386.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> in the capital city, which is the first STU to add electric buses under FAME scheme and named it as the 'Pushpak Airport Liner', which has replaced the '[[Tata Marcopolo|Tata Marcopolo AC]]' buses with '[[BYD K9|Olectra BYD eBuzz K9]]' buses which connects the Hyderabad International Airport from different locations in the city. Additionally, in 2024, TSRTC launched electric bus services (i.e., e-METRO AC and e-CITY ORDINARY) on various routes from the Hyderabad Central University (HCU) and Secunderabad Cantonment depots.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-02 |title=Twin cities set to have 100% e-buses by 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-aims-for-100-electric-buses-by-2025-a-green-revolution-in-public-transport/articleshow/114890914.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 10 December 2025, Telangana '''Transport Minister''' [[Ponnam Prabhakar]] flagged off 65 new 12-metre low-floor electric buses at Ranigunj Depot in Hyderabad, bringing the total delivered under TGSRTC’s 500-bus project to 325. Operated by Evey Trans, the air-conditioned buses feature lithium-ion batteries, real-time tracking, fire-suppression systems, USB charging, and accessibility for senior citizens and differently-abled passengers. The remaining buses are scheduled for delivery by January 2026.<ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/tgsrtc-introduces-65-new-electric-buses-in-hyderabad-1922926</ref>

==== Hyderabad Pushpak Airport Liner bus routes ====
{{anchor|List of Bus Routes in Hyderabad}}The following is a list of the airport bus routes operated by TGSRTC in [[Hyderabad]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:4%;" |Route
number
! style="width:17%;" |Origin
! style="width:17%;" |Destination
|-
!AJ Route
| rowspan="5" |RGIA
|Miyapur
|-
!AK Route
|Lingampally (Via Hafeezpet)
|-
!AL Route
|JBS (Via LB Nagar)
|-
!AC Route
|JBS (via Care hospital)
|-
!AA Route
|Secundrabad Railway Station (via Afzalgunj, MGBS)
|-
|}

=== Cargo Services ===

In June 2020, TGSRTC launched its Cargo Services division.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tsrtc-launches-cargo-services/article31873476.ece|title = TSRTC launches cargo services|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 June 2020}}</ref> These cargo vehicles were refabricated from older, retired passenger buses, and were launched with the goal of transporting governmental goods such as books, departmental materials, question papers and answer sheets for educational institutions and other goods being supplied by the government. Each depot has been supplied with 2 cargo vehicles, and are available for hire by private parties as well.

During the [[COVID-19]] crisis, TGSRTC cargo vehicles were used extensively to transport pharmaceuticals and medicinal supplies, as well as farm goods, groceries, and other logistics for the government.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1261934433650667526|user=drusawasthi|title=In #Telangana the #IFFCO field team...|date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

=== TGSRTC Tourism ===
TGSRTC offers [https://www.tgsrtcbus.in/oprs-web/services/packagetours.do Tourism Packages] such as Singareni Darshan, Kaarthika Masam Divya Darshini, TTD Special Darshan, and more.

==Fleet==

With the addition of 65 electric buses on December 10th , the overall electric buses's serving Hyderabad reached 325.
<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/tgsrtc-inducts-65-new-electric-buses-into-fleet-in-hyderabad</ref>

The below table consists of buses of TGSRTC in '''HYDERABAD''' which are owned and hired.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ TGSRTC FLEET-Fleet
|-
! Name !! Total
|-
| Vajra AC || 8
|-
| Super Luxury || 23
|-
| Metro Express || 448
|-
| Metro Deluxe || 275
|-
|E- Metro Express
|167
|-
|City Ordinary
|812
|}

== Initiatives ==
The TGSRTC has introduced several initiatives aimed at improving services and facilities:
* '''Bio Mobile Toilets''': TGSRTC has repurposed a few scrapped buses into bio mobile toilets, equipped with dedicated units for different users: one for transgender individuals, two for women and one for men. These mobile toilets will be stationed in high-footfall areas and locations hosting public gatherings across the state.
* '''Pushpak Airport Bus Live Tracking App''': TGSRTC launched the Pushpak Airport bus live tracking app for city airport bus services. The app allows users to view route maps, live track buses, access bus numbers and check travel durations. It also features a "View on Map" option to track the real-time location of buses.
* '''TGSRTC College of Nursing''': To meet the requirements of its hospital, TGSRTC established the TGSRTC College of Nursing. Starting from the academic year 2022–23, the college began offering nursing classes at the TGSRTC Hospital in Tarnaka. The hospital, which initially catered only to TGSRTC employees, now accepts out-patients from the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-03-18 |title=TSRTC to establish Nursing college in Tarnaka |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tsrtc-to-establish-nursing-college-in-tarnaka |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''QR Code-based UPI Payments''': In 2021, TGSRTC implemented QR code-based UPI payment systems at OPRS counters, cargo counters in [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] (MGBS) and [[Jubilee Bus Station]] (JBS), as well as at all bus pass counters in Hyderabad and Secunderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2021-10-26 |title=TSRTC's UPI payment service now available at Jubilee bus stand |url=https://www.siasat.com/tsrtcs-upi-payment-service-now-available-at-jubilee-bus-stand-2214889/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Gamyam App''': TGSRTC has launched the Gamyam mobile application, which extends the live vehicle tracking system previously available for Pushpak Airport buses to all its services. The app offers a range of features, including driver and conductor details, route numbers, live bus tracking, nearby bus stops and route maps. Designed to cater to a wider audience, the app is available in both Telugu and English, ensuring accessibility and convenience for users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-06-25 |title=TGSRTC to install vehicle tracking system across the fleet |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tgsrtc-to-install-vehicle-tracking-system-across-the-fleet |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-08-13 |title=TSRTC launches 'Gamyam' app to track bus services |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/Aug/13/tsrtc-launches-gamyam-app-to-track-bus-services-2604786.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and Achievements==
* 2nd best STU at National Level in KMPL improvement during the period from October 2019 to September 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=National-level award for TSRTC|url=https://telanganatoday.com/national-level-award-for-tsrtc|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
*TSRTC has been adjudged as “WINNER” in the category “(4) Initiatives taken for adoption of Fossil Fuel/EV vehicles /Alternative Fuel in public transport” for introduction of “Electric Vehicles”<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSRTC|url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/awards.php|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
*Telangana State Renewable Energy Development Corporation has presented Golden and Silver awards for the year 2019–20 on improvement in fuel efficiency<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSRTC|url=https://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/awards.php|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
*Highest KMPL fuel efficiency for the year 2014-15<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tsrtc-bags-mileage-award/article8325797.ece TSRTC bags mileage award]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230316/tsrtc-bags-two-major-awards.html TSRTC bags two major awards]</ref>
* Award for Excellence 2016 - Best Bus Transportation<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-07-07/TSRTC-gets-award-for-excellence/240254 TSRTC gets award for excellence]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tsrtc-bags-award-for-the-second-time/article8817722.ece TSRTC bags award for the second time]</ref>

== Accidents and incidents ==
* On 11 September 2018 India's worst bus tragedy took place in Telangana when a bus belonging to Jagtial depot was jam-packed with 88 passengers swerved off a ghat road and hurtled 30 feet down onto a valley at Sanivarampet killing 56 people and injuring 32 on board. The mishap occurred when bus driver Srinivas lost control over the wheel near Sanivarampet. Srinivas reportedly failed to slow down the vehicle as he failed to see a speed-breaker. When the bus hit the bump at high speed, Srinivas lost control over the wheel, resulting in the mishap. The vehicle rolled four times before falling onto the valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kondagattu-bus-accident-at-least-55-feared-dead-as-tsrtc-bus-falls-into-gorge/articleshow/65766302.cms|title=57 dead, 32 hurt in India's worst bus tragedy in Telangana - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

== Protest ==
48000 employees stayed off work for a period of 52 days starting 5 October 2019, protesting against hostile working environments, arbitrary pay cuts and loan denials, unsanitary workplaces, long working hours, as well as asking for a merger of the corporation into the state government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-why-4-rtc-employees-have-died-and-48000-are-strike-telangana-111420|title = Explainer: Why 4 RTC employees have died and 48,000 are on strike in Telangana|newspaper = The News Minute|date = 30 October 2019}}</ref>

The transport strike was met with solidarity from other unions such as the Teachers' Union, Employees Union, TNGO, TS TRANSCO etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bouyed-by-tngo-support-tsrtc-jac-to-intensify-strike/article29693923.ece|title = Bouyed by TNGO support TSRTC-JAC to intensify strike|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 15 October 2019}}</ref>

The strike was met with brutal suppression from the state government and [[Telangana Police]], who fired non lethal rounds into crowds of protestors, as well as taking a large number of them into custody.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/hyderabad/tsrtc-strike-police-take-agitators-into-custody-in-telangana/videoshow/71661682.cms|title=TSRTC strike: Police take agitators into custody in Telangana | City - Times of India Videos|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Unable to continue amid the brutal suppression, the workers were finally forced into calling off the strike on 25 November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/944874/telangana-transport-employees-strike-called-off-after-52-days|title=Telangana transport employees' strike called off after 52 days|date=25 November 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://tgsrtc.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
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[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2014]]
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[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]

Mau, Dih, Raebareli

2026-03-14T05:30:03Z

AbrandaStudio: new

{{other uses|Mau (disambiguation){{!}}Mau}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dih block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Mau (#305) in Dih CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.194572|N|81.450304|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.441
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7121
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mau''' is a large village in [[Dih, Raebareli|Dih]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=393–409 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> It is located on the road from [[Fursatganj]] to the Gukana ghat on the [[Ganges]], 4 miles west of [[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]] and 8 miles from [[Jais]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=195–6, 200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> A road branches off at Mau and connects to Nasirabad.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> To the northwest of the village is a large lake called the [[Raja Ka Tal|Bara Tal]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

As of 2011, Mau has a population of 7,121 people, in 1,371 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 4 primary schools and a maternity and child welfare centre.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It hosts markets twice per week, on Mondays and Thursdays.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The main items traded are cloth, grain, [[Jaggery|gur]], ornaments, and vegetables.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Mau is the headquarters of a [[nyaya panchayat]], which also includes 8 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==History==
At the turn of the 20th century, Mau was described as a large agricultural village that was mainly notable for the size of its population.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of 1901, it was home to 3,075 people, including 266 Muslims; [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]s formed a majority of the local cultivators.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> The village was part of the [[taluqdar]]i estate belonging to the Raja of [[Tiloi]], although three small [[mahalla|mahal]]s were held in subsettlement by [[Kayasth]] proprietors.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Mau was the site of a police station until 1900, when it was moved to [[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of 1905, Mau had a post office, a school maintained by the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]], and a small bazar in the hamlet of [[Pura Lokai]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Mau as comprising 17 hamlets, with a total population of 3,014 people (1,561 male and 1,453 female), in 741 households and 700 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=164–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,659 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 85 residents were literate, 82 male and 3 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Rokha]] and the [[thana]] of Nasirabad.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mau as comprising 15 hamlets, with a total population of 3,349 people (1,748 male and 1,601 female), in 781 households and 768 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=176, cii-ciii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,659 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 1,000 people.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mau as having a population of 4,362 people, in 1,080 households, and having an area of 1,365.81 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=204–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Mau as having a total population of 4,957 people (2,547 male and 2,410 female), in 1,101 households and 1,096 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 238–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 1,544 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 979, or 18% of the total; this group was 50% male (487) and 50% female (492).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 47% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 14.5% (636 men and 85 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 1,731 people were classified as main workers (1,387 men and 344 women), while 512 people were classified as marginal workers (60 men and 452 women); the remaining 2,714 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 1,040 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 553 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 9 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 74 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 4 [[construction worker]]s; 25 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 25 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Berar sultanate

2026-03-12T19:13:09Z

AbrandaStudio: Made a details!

{{Short description|Indian kingdom in the Deccan (1490–1574)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{lang|fa|{{nq|عمادشاهیان}}}} वऱ्हाड
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Berar
| year_start = 1490
| date_start =
| event_start = [[Deccan sultanates|Independence]]
| year_end = 1574
| date_end =
| event_end = Conquered by the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = Sultan
| leader1 = [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1490 – 1504
| leader2 = [[Tufail Khan]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1568 – 1574
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s1 = Ahmadnagar Sultanate
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| flag_caption =
| image_coat =
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Sunni Islam]]{{sfn|Burton-Page|1970|p=64}}
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| image_map = File:Berar Sultanate.png
| image_map_caption = Berar Sultanate at its Peak under [[Tufail Khan]] before being annexed by [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras) |url=https://archive.org/details/vijaynagar-history-rev.-h.-heras/page/n379/mode/1up |title=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras) |pages=379}}</ref>
| capital = [[Ellichpur]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist|[[Persian Language|Persian]], [[Marathi language]], [[Dakhini]]}}
| stat_area1 = 29340
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Berar}}
| today = India
| demonym =
}}

The '''Berar Sultanate''' was an [[early modern]] Indian kingdom in the Deccan, ruled by the '''Imad Shahi dynasty'''.<ref group=n>{{langx|fa|{{nq|عمادشاهیان}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uFTRAAAAMAAJ&q=brahman+convert+berar |title= A History of India |page= 200 |author= John Cadwgan Powell-Price |date= 1955 |publisher= T. Nelson }}</ref> It was one of the [[Deccan sultanates]], and was established in 1490 following the disintegration of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] by [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=117–119}}</ref> It was annexed by the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] in 1574 following an invasion.

== History ==
On the establishment of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the Deccan in 1347, Berar was constituted one of the five provinces into which their kingdom was divided, being governed by a [[tarafdar]], with a separate army. The perils of this system became apparent when the province was divided (1478 or 1479) into two separate provinces, named after their capitals [[Gawilghur|Gawil]] and [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1490, [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]], who had been appointed governor of Berar by [[Mahmud Gawan]] after assisting him in his campaigns,{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=11}} proclaimed his independence amidst the civil unrest in the Bahmani Sultanate and founded the Imad Shahi dynasty of Berar.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=463}} He proceeded to annex [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] to his new kingdom and had its capital at [[Ellichpur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Imad-ul-Mulk was by birth a [[Kannada|Kanarese]] Hindu, but had been captured as a boy in one of the expeditions against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and brought up as a Muslim.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=463}} [[Gavilgad]] and [[Narnala]] were also fortified by him.{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=11}}

Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk died in 1504 and his successor, [[Aladdin Imad Shah]] resisted the aggression of Ahmadnagar with the help from [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], sultan of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=463–464}} The next ruler, Darya, ascended the throne in 1530 and tried to align with [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] to prevent aggression from Ahmadnagar, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=11}} Early in his reign, the minor [[Burhan Imad Shah]], who succeeded his father in 1562, was deposed by his minister and regent [[Tufail Khan]], who assumed rule of the Sultanate. This gave a pretext for the intervention of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah]] of Ahmadnagar, who invaded Berar, imprisoned and put to death Tufail Khan, his son [[Shams-ul-Mulk]], and the former-king Burhan, and proceeded to annex Berar into his own dominions of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in 1574.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=465–466}}{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=11}}

== List of rulers ==
[[File:Gawilgarh Fort - C.SHELARE (5).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Gavilgad]] Fort, built by [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]] of Berar (1490 – 1504).]]

The sultans of Berar belonged to the Imad Shahi dynasty:
# [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]]: 1490 – 1504
# [[Aladdin Imad Shah]]: 1504 – 1529
# [[Darya Imad Shah]]: 1529 – 1562.
# [[Burhan Imad Shah]]: 1562 – 1574{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=275}} (''de facto'' 1562 – 1568)
# [[Tufail Khan]] (usurper): 1568<ref name="Sewell_166">Robert Sewell. ''Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of southern India'' (''The New Cambridge History of India'' Vol. I:7), Printed by E. Keys at the Government Press, 1884, p.166</ref> – 1574{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=465–466}}

== See also ==
*[[Berar Subah]]
*[[Berar Province]]
*[[Battle of Talikota]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=n}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |chapter=The Sultanates of the Deccan, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |first=J. |last=Burton-Page |pages=63–66 |editor-first1=Ann K.S. |editor-last1=Lambton |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first3=Peter Malcolm |editor-last3=Holt |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books/?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629153707/http://www.hostkingdom.net/india.html#Berar List of sultans of Berar]

{{Berar}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1574]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1490]]
[[Category:Berar Sultanate]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]

Bhor (film)

2026-03-07T07:16:22Z

AbrandaStudio: Made article

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhor
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kamakhya Narayan Singh]]
| producer = Rohit Singh
| writer =
| starring = [[Nalneesh Neel]] Saveree Gaur Devesh Ranjan
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Gyanesh Films Production House
| distributor = [[Amazon MX Player|MX Player]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|||IFFI|ref1=<ref>https://ddinews.gov.in/entertainment/day-3-iffi-explores-lives-marginalised-through-bhor</ref>|2021|02|05|df=yes}}
| runtime = 93 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Bhor'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=BHOR|url=https://filmfreeway.com/BHOR549|access-date=2021-02-08|website=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro inspired Nalneesh Neel's award-winning act|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2020/nov/14/marlon-brando-robert-de-niro-inspired-nalneesh-neels-award-winning-act-2223686.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> is an Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|Drama film]] directed by [[Kamakhya Narayan Singh]] and Produced by Anjani Kumar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-26|title=IFFI में चुनी गई कामाख्या नारायण सिंह की भोर ले जाएगी आपको एक दूसरी ही दुनियां में|url=https://www.inkhabar.com/entertainment/bhor-movie-review-a-film-of-kamakhya-narain-singh-bhor-movie-review|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Inkhabar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=our-film-has-showed-how-a-person-stakes-claim-to-his-constitutional-rights-kamakhya-narayan|work=Uniiindia|url=https://www.uniindia.com/-our-film-has-showed-how-a-person-stakes-claim-to-his-constitutional-rights-kamakhya-narayan-singh/west/news/2299982.html|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=International award brings new 'bhor' for Nalneesh!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/international-award-brings-new-bhor-for-nalneesh/story-nXcQNMSakc2KVSZdN16KqN.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Nalneesh Neel]], Saveree Sri Gaur, Devesh Ranjan, [[Pavleen Gujral]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWN (BHOR)|url=https://www.oiffa.com/dawn-bhor/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=OIFFA|language=en-CA|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120154902/https://www.oiffa.com/dawn-bhor/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bhor Movie Review: Drives home a powerful message without being preachy|url=https://www.ekwanderingastronome.com/2021/02/bhor-movie-review-film-story.html|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> The movie is streaming on [[MX Player]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Bhor Movie Review {{!}} Bhor Movie Streaming on MX Player {{!}} Award Winning Bhor Film Review {{!}} Must Watch|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7DtT6p67ns|language=en|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 5 February 2021 on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Bhor Movie Online for Free Anytime {{!}} Bhor 2018 - MX Player|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-bhor-movie-online-41ab51bb0c68a7838cd1635fddd8f320|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.mxplayer.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-20|title=देश के सबसे बड़े फिल्म फेस्टिवल IFFI में होगी नई "भोर", दिखेगी एक महिला के संघर्ष की कहानी|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhor-movie-premiere-in-goa-international-film-festival-of-india/470152|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Zee Bihar Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-23|title='Alternate cinema getting OTT platforms a good sign'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alternate-cinema-getting-ott-platforms-a-good-sign/article25580452.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Nalneesh Neel]]
* Saveree Sri Gaur
* [[Pavleen Gujral]]
* Devesh Ranjan
* Annukampa Harsh
* Devendra Patel
<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
It's a story about Budhni married before legal age of getting married, a poor and backward girl who fights for living life in her own way, right from completing her studies after marriage to having a toilet in her village to avoid open defecation. This later becomes an inspiration and turns into a national movement.

== Premiere ==
*[[International Film Festival of India]], Goa 2018 (November)
*Cairo International Film Festival, Cairo, Egypt 2019
*[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], Australia
*Indo-Germany Bollywood week
*[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]], Bengaluru.
*Asian Film Festival, Pune
*Aurangabad International Film Festival
*[[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]], Delhi
*[[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards|Jharkhand International Film Festival]], Ranchi
*India Habitat International Film Festival, Delhi
*Chalachitra, Guwahati
*[[Jagran Film Festival]], Patna
*Jagran Film Festival, Ranchi
*Jagran Film Festival, Mumbai
*Azamgrah International Film Festival, Uttar Pradesh
*Kalinga International Film Festival, Bhubneshwar
*Raipur International Film Festival, Raipur,
*Woodpecker International Film Festival, Delhi
*Lonavla International Film Festival, Lonavla
*Siliguri International Film Festival, Chennai,
*India Panorama, Chennai
*India Panorama, Cochin
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-09|title=Bhor helmed by Kamakhya Narayan Singh speaks about women empowerment and a lot more|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bhor-helmed-by-kamakhya-narayan-singh-speaks-about-women-empowerment-and-a-lot-more-23159141|access-date=2021-02-10|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Won Best Director at Ottawa Indian Film Festival, Ottawa, Canada 2019<ref name=":0" />
* Won Best Film Social Issue at Caleidoscope Indian Film Festival of Boston, 2020<ref name=":0" />
*Won Best Actor in Negative Role at Caleidoscope Indian Film Festival of Boston, 2020<ref name=":1" />
<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Bharat Bhushan Mandal

2026-03-06T21:37:13Z

AbrandaStudio: Made a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharat Bhushan Mandal
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2020
| term_end = 2025
| office1 = District President of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] of [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| term_start1 = 9 February 2020
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|11|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| spouse = Ragini Devi<ref name="RJD President"/>
| profession = Politician
| father = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-socialist-leader-dhanik-lal-mandal-passes-away/articleshow/95496681.cms|title=Bihar: Socialist leader Dhanik Lal Mandal passes away|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 November 2022}}</ref>
| predecessor = Lakshmeshwar Roy
| successor = [[Satish Kumar Sah]]
}}

'''Bharat Bhushan Mandal''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] since 2020 and currently affiliated with [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] party. He was elected as MLA from [[Laukaha Assembly constituency]] in [[Madhubani district]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/bharat-bhushan-mandal|title=Bharat Bhushan Mandal|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/laukaha-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023091/|title=Laukaha (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2020 Live: Winner, Runner-up|date=10 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/supporters-distribute-sweets-on-bharat-bhushan-mandals-victory-127905509.html|title=बांटी मिठाई: भारत भूषण मंडल की जीत पर समर्थकों ने बांटी मिठाई - Madhubani News|date=12 November 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mandal was born to [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]] in 1958 in [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], Bihar.<ref name="RJD President"/>

==Political career==
Following the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the [[Laukaha Assembly constituency]] by defeating Lakshmeshwar Ray of the [[Janata Dal (United)]] with a margin of 9,471 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/laukaha-assembly-elections-br-40/|title=Laukaha Election Result 2020 LIVE: Laukaha MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/laukaha|title=Laukaha (Bihar) Elections Results 2020 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-laukaha-assembly-election-result-2020-40.html|title=Laukaha Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Laukaha Assembly Election Latest News & Updates|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/list-of-bla-under-madhubani-district/|title=List of BLA under Madhubani District | District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar | India}}</ref>

Mandal was nominated as the new district president of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] on 9 February 2020.<ref name="RJD President">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-bharat-bhushan-becomes-district-president-of-rjd-3013792.html|title=भारत भूषण बने राजद के जिलाध्यक्ष|website=Hindustan}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Ragini Devi.<ref name="RJD President"/> He is a brother-in-law of another Bihar politician and former minister for transport in Government of Bihar [[Sheela Kumari|Sheela Mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/know-here-who-is-sheela-mandal-who-got-a-place-in-nitish-kumars-cabinet-as-soon-as-she-became-mla-for-the-first-time-ann-1643321|title=Who is Sheela Mandal|website=Abp news|date=18 November 2020 |accessdate=13 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]

Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman

2026-03-06T14:08:26Z

AbrandaStudio: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|1992 Indian film directed by Aziz Mirza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman
| image = Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aziz Mirza]]
| producer = [[G. P. Sippy]] [[Vivek Vaswani]] (co-producer)
| writer = Manoj Lalwani
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Amrita Singh]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Nana Patekar]]
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| editing = Javed Sayyed
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| studio = Sippy Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1992|11|13}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|3.44 [[crore]]|link=yes}} (India)
}}

'''''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman''''' ({{translation|Raju became a Gentleman}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]]-[[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Aziz Mirza]] starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Nana Patekar]]. Khan plays Raju, a young Diploma Holder in Civil Engineering from [[Darjeeling]] who comes to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] hoping to become a successful engineer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy birthday, Shahrukh Khan: His 5 most iconic roles of all times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-shahrukh-khan-his-5-most-iconic-roles-of-all-times/photo2-ML4wlBBnSbVOYjab4pXT3K.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807212049/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-shahrukh-khan-his-5-most-iconic-roles-of-all-times/photo2-ML4wlBBnSbVOYjab4pXT3K.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 May 2016|date=11 November 2014}}</ref> The film emerged as a commercial success. The movie plot is loosely inspired by the 1987 movie ''[[The Secret of My Success (1987 film)|The Secret of My Success]]'', ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman movie plot |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/raju-ban-gaya-gentleman-movie-108742}}</ref> and ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' (1959).{{cn|date=February 2026}}

At the [[38th Filmfare Awards]], ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'' won [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Mirza and Lalwani), in addition to a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] nomination for Patekar.

== Plot ==

Raj Mathur is a young diploma holder in civil engineering from Darjeeling who comes to Bombay with only one ambition — to become a big engineer. In Bombay, he arrives in a lower-middle-class locality in search of a distant relative, only to discover the relative has left years ago. He spends the night at a temple, where he meets a philosophical streetside performer Jai, who becomes a close friend and gives him a place to stay.

With no connections and no experience, he finds it hard to get a job in the city until a beautiful girl Renu, finds him a job as a trainee with the construction company where she works as a secretary to Chabbria. They eventually fall in love with each other.

As he becomes successful, he gets the attention of Chhabria's daughter Sapna. They spend more and more time together and he soon gets caught up in the rich and glamorous lifestyle. Sapna has fallen in love with Raju, but when she finds out that he loves Renu, she is heartbroken.

In the meantime, Raju's enemies are conspiring against him, and they collapse a bridge which was under Raju's supervision. He gets the blame and soon realizes that the glamorous world of the rich is not what he wants. In the end, Raju decides to leave. Most people were asking Jai when Raju would come back. Jai told them when Raju turns his head around and looks at Renu, he will have no choice but to come back. Just a second later, Jai says "Palat" (meaning turn) then Raju turns and looks at Renu. He and Renu are finally reunited.

== Cast ==
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Jai
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Raju "Raj" Mathur
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Sapna L. Chhabria, Lalkishan's daughter.
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Renu Singh
*[[Navin Nischol]] as Lalkishan Chhabria, Sapna's father.
*Sameer Chitre as Deepak Malhotra
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Joshi
*[[Neeraj Vora]] as Abdul
*[[Ajit Vachani]] as Malhotra
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Saxena
*[[Amrit Patel]] as Gullu Dada
*[[Lalit Tiwari]] as Rafique
*[[Vivek Vaswani]] as Lovechand Kukreja
*[[Ravi Patwardhan]] as Prosecuting Lawyer
*[[Pramod Moutho]]

== Soundtrack ==
The entire composition and background score was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman by Jatin-Lalit on Apple Music |date=1992-11-13 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raju-ban-gaya-gentleman/1536820044 |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Audio is available on [[Tips Music Films]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman – Music – Tips |url=https://tipsfilms.in/album-details/Raju-Ban-Gaya-Gentleman/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Tips Industries Limited |language=en-US}}</ref>. The music of this album was a hit with songs like "Loveria Hua", "Dil Hai Mera Deewana" and "Seene Mein Dil Hai". The film's [[soundtrack album]] sold 1.8 million units in India, making it the eleventh top-selling [[Bollywood music]] album of 1992. Most of the songs are sung by [[Kumar Sanu]], along with [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] and [[Jolly Mukherjee]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) || Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Kya Hua-Loveria Hua"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Vinod Mahendra
|-
| 2
| "Dil Hai Mera Deewana"
| Kumar Sanu
| [[Dev Kohli]]
|-
| 3
| "Kehti Hai Dil Ki Lagi"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| Vinod Mahendra
|-
| 4
| "Seene Mein Dil Hai"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| Madan Pal
|-
| 5
| "Tu Mere Saath Saath"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| Mahendra Dehlvi
|-
| 6
| "Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman"
| Kumar Sanu, Jolly Mukherjee, [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Dev Kohli
|-
| 7
| "Tham Tham Tham"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| Manoj Darpan
|-
| 8
| "Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman" (Sad)
| Sadhana Sargam
| Dev Kohli
|}

== Production ==
[[G. P. Sippy]] initially wanted to cast a better-known actor than [[Shah Rukh Khan]] who was still a newcomer at the time. Original choices for the male lead included [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Vivek Mushran]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=First Day First Show |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn= |pages=87}}</ref> But the co-producer [[Vivek Vaswani]] eventually convinced him. However, Sippy decided to cap the budget of the film at only ₹0.6 crore. Vaswani talked to [[Juhi Chawla]] into playing the female lead. Chawla was an established actress at the time. Vaswani convinced her to take the role by promising that Khan was the "next Aamir Khan". Chawla had heard of Khan but had never met or seen him. She was taken aback by his skinny frame and untidy hair when they first met on the sets. That night, she called Vaswani and yelled, "Eeek! Is this the next Aamir?!"<ref name="Chopra">{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema |date=2007 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |edition= 1st}}</ref>

Khan got married during the making of the film. Still struggling financially, he borrowed suits from the film's costume department for the wedding. [[Aziz Mirza]] and Vaswani attended the ceremony.<ref name="Chopra"/>

== Box office ==
In India, the film grossed {{INR|3.44 [[crore]]|link=yes}}. This made it 1992's 22nd highest-grossing film in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1992 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg== |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=15 March 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131152332/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg== |archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref>

''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'' was released in [[Japan]] on 17 May 1997. While Indian [[parallel cinema]], including [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]] such as ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'', was known in Japan, ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'' introduced the commercial [[masala film]] style, which was well received by Japanese audiences, with the film becoming a commercial success in the country. This sparked a short-lived boom in Indian films released in Japan, for the next two years, paving the way for the Japanese success of [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995) in 1998.<ref name="Japan">{{cite book | url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | title=Asia to Watch, Asia to Present: The Promotion of Asian/Indian Cinema in Japan | publisher=Senri Ethnological Studies, Reitaku University | last=Matsuoka | first=Tamaki | year=2008 | page=246 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

== Awards ==
'''[[38th Filmfare Awards]]''':

'''Won'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Aziz Mirza]] and Manoj Lalwani
'''Nominated'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Nana Patekar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0173102}}

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aziz Mirza]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Jan Pahechan

2026-03-04T04:11:46Z

AbrandaStudio: reworked content and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jan Pahchan
| image = Jan Pahchan.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Fali Mistry]]
| producer = Fali Mistry Robin Chaterjee
| writer = [[Ramanand Sagar]] R.P. Sharma
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Nargis]] [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]
| music = [[Manna Dey]] [[Khemchand Prakash]] Cecil Mendoza
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1950}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Jan Pahechan''''' is a 1950 Hindi-language film directed by Fali Mistry, and starring [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]] in lead roles, with Jeevan, Shama Dulari, Neelam and Sankatha in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jan-pahechan/cast/|title=Jan Pahechan Cast List - Jan Pahechan Movie Star Cast - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807115746/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jan-pahechan/cast/|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The producers are Robin Chatterjee and [[Fali Mistry]]. The film's music was composed by [[Manna Dey]] (as Mana Dey), Cecil Mendoza and Khemchand Prakash. The film was based on a story written by Ramanand Sagar and R.P. Sharma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema|last=Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi)|first=Produced Between 1913-1988|publisher=Screen World Publication|year=1988|location=University of California|pages=57}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Asha is a very poor woman from a village who is living with her mother and blind father. When her mother dies, her father marries another woman named Rukmani who is very abusive to Asha. Rukmani wants Asha to marry an old villager named Lallu, but her plan fails. Meanwhile, an artist named Anil comes to the village to stay with his friend Jeevan. Anil and Asha fall in love but their affair is kept secret. Later Asha becomes pregnant. Anil suffers from an accident when he returns from his hometown after seeing his dying father. Anil is reluctant to meet Asha as his face gets disfigured in the accident. In order to save Asha from being shamed, Jeevan takes responsibility for Asha's pregnancy. Later Asha returns and meets Anil again.

== Cast ==
*[[Nargis]] as Asha
*[[Raj Kapoor]] as Anil
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Jeevan
*[[Shama Dulari]]
*Neelam
*Amar
*Sankatha Prashad
*Amir Banoo
*[[Mukri]] as Lallu

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Armanbhare Dil Ki Lagan Tere Liye Hai"
| [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Bhulnewale Tujhe Apni"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Nain Mila Ke Dil Cheena"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Duniya Mohabbat Karne"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Pardesi Se Lag Gayi Preet"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Aaoge Na Sajan, Aaoge Na"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Zamana Ulfat Ke Gun Gaye"
| [[Rajkumari Dubey|Rajkumari]]
|-
| "Dukh Se Bhara Hua Hai"
| [[Shankar Dasgupta]]
|-
| "Hum Kya Batayen"
| [[Shankar Dasgupta]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|0386542}}

[[Category:1950 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1950 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fali Mistry]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

Katha (1982 film)

2026-03-03T23:52:59Z

AbrandaStudio: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Katha
| image = Katha, 1983 Hindi film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sai Paranjpye]]
| producer = Suresh Jindal
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Farooq Shaikh]] [[Deepti Naval]]
| music = [[Raj Kamal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982|12|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Katha''''' (English: Story) is a 1982 Indian [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Sai Paranjpye]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085776 Katha] [[IMDb]]</ref> starring [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Deepti Naval]] in the main roles. The film is about the daily lives of people living in a Mumbai ''[[chawl]]''.<ref>[http://www.filmigeek.com/2008/06/katha-1983.html Katha synopsis]</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. The story is based on S.G. Sathye's [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play ''Sasa Aani Kasav'' (Hare and Tortoise), which was also adapted into the 1988 movie ''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]''. Film and music expert Rajesh Subramanian reveals that [[Kishore Kumar]] sang ''Maine tumse kuch nahin manga'' without a remuneration. Since he wanted to render a song for an art house cinema he told director Sai Paranjpe he will do it without a fee.

It was shot on location at ''Salunke Chawl'' in [[Pune]]. [[Jalal Agha]] and [[Sarika]] made guest appearances in the movie. The principal character played by Farooque Shaikh was named Bashu Bhatt after film maker [[Basu Bhattacharya]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080427/spectrum/main5.htm There's a lot in a name: The names of characters in movies are often well thought out..] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 27 April 2008. "Basu Bhattacharya who had earlier produced Sparsh (1980) which Sai directed. Some bitterness was generated between the two over the film's release."</ref>

==Plot==
The film is loosely based on the classic folktale of the hare and the tortoise, providing a modern interpretation. It is based on S.G. Sathye's Marathi play ''Sasa Aani Kasav'' (Hare and Tortoise).

The tortoise — Rajaram P. Joshi ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) — is a middle-class clerk living in a chawl (a common lower middle-class apartment complex which has several families living in small rooms with common toilets) in Bombay. He is secretly in love with his neighbour Sandhya Sabnis ([[Deepti Naval]]), but is unable to express his love due to his timid nature. Rajaram is a good natured and hardworking man. His neighbours and colleagues take advantage of his simplicity.

One day Rajaram's smooth-talking, roguish friend Vasudev aka Bashu ([[Farooque Shaikh]]) — the hare — comes visiting as a house guest and makes himself at home in the chawl. Bashu makes a good impression on everybody with his charming, friendly demeanor, his extraordinary good looks and exaggerated stories of success.

Bashu starts wooing Sandhya, and she falls in love with him. He then joins Rajaram's company Footprint Shoes by impressing the owner Mr. Dhindhoria with untrue stories about his work experience in "good ol' England" and his newfound love of golf. Dhindhoria has a passion for golf and is easily impressed. Typically, Bashu soon starts flirting with Dhindhoria's beautiful and young wife Anuradha ([[Mallika Sarabhai]]) as well as his daughter Jojo ([[Winnie Paranjape]]) by his first marriage, courting both women at the same time.

In the chawl, meanwhile, the Sabnis family decides to get Sandhya married to Bashu much to Rajaram's shock and disappointment. But on the day of the engagement, Bashu disappears. The footloose and fancy free youth does not wish to be tied down by marriage. The engagement is called off. Rajaram then offers to marry the devastated Sandhya, but she hints that she has been intimate with Bashu and is therefore unworthy of Rajaram. Still, Rajaram shows his love by offering to accept her and finally expresses his long repressed love towards her. They get married. Meanwhile, Bashu ensnares an [[Arab]] employer and flies off to the [[Middle East]] on his next adventure.

==Cast==
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Rajaram Purshottam Joshi
*[[Farooque Shaikh]] as Vasudev (Bashu) Bhatt
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Sandhya Sabnis
*[[Nitin Sethi]] as Mr. Dhindhoria
*[[Sudha Chopra]] as club singer
*[[Arun Joglekar]] as Bhau Sabnis (Sandhya's father)
*[[Suhasini Deshpande]] as Mai (Sandhya's mother)
*[[Winnie Paranjape Joglekar]] as Jaijaiwanti Dhindhoria a.k.a. Jojo
*[[Yatin Karyekar]] as Dancer
*[[Rita Rani Kaul]] as Rajaram's colleague
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Granny ('dadi amma')
*[[Mallika Sarabhai]] as Anuradha Dhindhoria
*[[Jalal Agha]] as Himself
*[[Sarika]] as Herself
*[[Tinu Anand]] as Himself

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by Raj Kamal, while lyrics were written by Indu Jain.

# "Maine Tumse Kuch Nahin Maanga" - Kishore Kumar

==Trivia==
Sai Paranjpye was very annoyed with producer Basu Bhattacharya when the release of ''Sparsh'' got delayed. 3 years later when she made ''Katha'', she purposely named Farooque Shaikh's character, which had negative shades, Basu Bhatt.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0085776|Katha}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj Kamal]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1983 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Paranjpye]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]

Kannadiga (film)

2026-03-03T12:15:48Z

AbrandaStudio: Started

{{short description|2021 Indian Kannada period drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Kannadiga
| image =
| caption =
| director = B.M.Giriraj
| writer = B.M.Giriraj
| story = B.M.Giriraj
| based_on =
| producer = N.S.Rajkumar
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Paavana Gowda]]
| cinematography = G.S.V.Seetharam
| editing = Arjun Kittu
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| studio = Omkaar Movies
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2021|11|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kannadiga''''' ({{translation|A Kannada Person}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[period drama]] film written and directed by B.M. Giriraj. The film is produced by N.S.Rajkumar under the banner Omkaar Movies. It features [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and [[Paavana Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=I've finally got the stamp of a glamorous heroine, says actress Pavana gowda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/31/ive-finally-got-the-stamp-of-a-glamorous-heroine-says-actresspavana-gowda-2309622.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608180657/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/31/ive-finally-got-the-stamp-of-a-glamorous-heroine-says-actresspavana-gowda-2309622.html |url-status=live}}</ref> in the lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Achyuth Kumar]] and Jeevika. The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film is by [[Ravi Basrur]] and the cinematography is by G.S.V.Seetharram. The film owing to the [[COVID-19|COVID -19]] pandemic was released directly on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannadiga gets direct OTT release - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannadiga-gets-direct-ott-release/articleshow/88253422.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=13 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216184608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannadiga-gets-direct-ott-release/articleshow/88253422.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Gunabhadra
* [[Paavana Gowda]] as Gunabhadra's wife
* Jeevika as Hena
* Balaji Manohar
* Jagadish Mythri
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Harigopala
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]
* Jamie Alter as Reverend Ferdinand Kittel
* Rachanaa G N as Tunga

== Production ==
The filming of the film began in later mid-2020 and had wrapped by early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravichandran to resume shooting with a song for 'Kannadiga' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/28/ravichandran-to-resume-shooting-with-a-song-for-kannadiga-2322298.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010508/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/28/ravichandran-to-resume-shooting-with-a-song-for-kannadiga-2322298.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film had Ravichandran as a lead<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am very dominating, says veteran actor Ravichandran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/31/i-am-very-dominating-says-veteran-actor-ravichandran-2309620.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608180655/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/31/i-am-very-dominating-says-veteran-actor-ravichandran-2309620.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Pavana Gowda as the female lead on board.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revealed: Paavana's look from Kannadiga - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/revealed-paavanas-look-from-kannadiga/articleshow/81928609.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=6 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406074519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/revealed-paavanas-look-from-kannadiga/articleshow/81928609.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film also had Balaji Manohar playing the pivotal character in film.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kannadiga
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 2:34
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = N. S. Rajkumar
| prev_title = [[Girmit (film)|Girmit]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[100 (2021 film)|100]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Ravi Basrur]]. The music rights were acquired by [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sung by Shiva Rajkumar and penned by Santhosh Ananddram, here's the newtitle track from 'Kannadiga' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/sung-by-shiva-rajkumar-and-penned-by-santhosh-ananddram-heres-the-newtitle-track-from-kannadiga/articleshow/87895031.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivarajkumar croons for Ravichandran's Kannadiga - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/shivarajkumar-croons-for-ravichandrans-kannadiga/articleshow/80877939.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=12 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518020617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/shivarajkumar-croons-for-ravichandrans-kannadiga/articleshow/80877939.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 2:34
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Kannadiga Title Track
| lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
| extra1 = [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 2:34
| title2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| length2 =
| title3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
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| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
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| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

==Release==
The film was slated to release in the theaters initially in April 2021 but later owing to the COVID-19 pandemic it skipped the theatrical release and was released directly on the streaming platform [[ZEE5]] on 17 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Balakumar K. last |date=17 December 2021 |title=5 new movies on Indian OTT platforms this week |url=https://www.techradar.com/in/news/5-new-movies-on-ott-platforms-in-india-Dec17-weekend |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=TechRadar India |language=en-IN |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225162031/https://www.techradar.com/in/news/5-new-movies-on-ott-platforms-in-india-Dec17-weekend |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received a mixed response from both critics and the audience and failed to impress the audience.

[[The Times of India]] gave 3/5 and stated "Kannadiga is a film that is pertinent and worth a watch for those who like this genre. The length could get the better of you, but it is an earnest film if you persist.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kannadiga Review: A tale of uplifting and upholding Kannada |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/kannadiga/ottmoviereview/88337571.cms |access-date=2022-01-13 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220171409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/kannadiga/ottmoviereview/88337571.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>"

[[The New Indian Express]] gave 3/5 and stated "If the Kannada language is thriving even today, it is all because of the sacrifices made by the scriptwriters in the past, who have managed to preserve the Kannada work, and culture for generations now. And ''Kannadiga'' is important documentation that showcases the love of our mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannadiga Movie Review: Ravichandran's film showcases the love of our mother tongue |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2021/dec/20/kannadiga-movie-reviewravichandrans-filmshowcases-the-love-of-our-mother-tongue-28523.html |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220030643/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2021/dec/20/kannadiga-movie-reviewravichandrans-filmshowcases-the-love-of-our-mother-tongue-28523.html |url-status=live}}</ref>"

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt16436466}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. M. Giriraj]]

Chhatriwali (film)

2026-03-02T04:01:20Z

AbrandaStudio: added info

{{Short description|2023 film by Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhatriwali
| image = Chhatriwali film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = Sanchit Gupta Priyadarshee Srivastava
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
*[[Sumeet Vyas]]
*[[Satish Kaushik]]
*[[Rajesh Tailang]]
*[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Mangesh Dhakde [[Rohan-Rohan]] '''Songs:''' [[Akhil Sachdeva]] [[Rohan-Rohan]] Sumeet Bellary Durgesh R Rajbhatt
| cinematography = Siddharth Vasani
| editing = Shruti Bora
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]]
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|01|20}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chhatriwali''''' ({{Translation|woman with umbrella}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy of manners|social comedy]] film directed by [[Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]]. The film stars [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] and [[Rajesh Tailang]]. The film premiered on 20 January 2023 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakul Preet Singh's film Chattriwali gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-film-chattriwali-gets-release-date-8361323/ |date=4 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> The film aims to promote the importance of [[Male contraceptive|male contraceptives]] and [[safe sex]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Lockdown: Madhur Bhandarkar To Focus On The Repercussions Of Pandemic In His Next |url=https://theprint.in/features/rakul-preet-singhs-chhatriwali-ditches-theatre-release/1244981/ |work=The Print |date=December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> It marked the last film of Satish Kaushik before his death on 9 March 2023, while he was alive.

== Plot ==
Set in Karnal, Sanya Dhingra is an unemployed chemistry genius who makes a living by taking Chemistry tuitions. She is on the lookout for a job but gets rejected everytime. One day, while flying kites, she chances upon Ratan Lamba, the owner of Cando Condoms. He is impressed by Sanya's knowledge and proposes a job offer as the Quality Control Head at his factory. Though initially hesitant about the nature of the job, Sanya agrees to work for him for a salary of 50,000 Rs. under the condition that he does not disclose to anyone that she works at a condom factory. In exchange, Lamba makes a demand that she signs a contract to work for a year before quitting. She agrees and hides her true job from her family, telling them that she works at an umbrella factory, due to fear of being ridiculed.

At a friend's engagement, she has a brief encounter with Rishi, who is engaged in a business of selling Puja items and deity figures. Over time, the duo fall in love and their marriage gets fixed. Sanya hides her true job from Rishi and his family due to their highly religious background and confides in her sister about the same. One day, Nisha, her sister-in-law, collapses in the kitchen. Upon taking her to the doctor, she learns that Nisha has had two abortions and two miscarriages in the past, and her body had gotten weak over continuously consuming birth-control pills. Sanya confronts Nisha about not using condoms during sex, who in turn tells her how much Rajan, despite being a Biology teacher, despises it due to religious beliefs.

This prompts Sanya to coerce Rishi into using condoms who initially hesitant, finally yields. Sanya conveys to Nisha that Rishi has agreed to use condoms and encourages her to ask Rajan to do the same. Nisha tells Sanya that she would only talk about this to Rajan if all the women in Karnal forced their husbands to use condoms. Sanya arranges a meeting with the women of Karnal and makes them aware about the side-effects of pills, and ask them to force their husbands to use condoms. This proves successful. An increasing number of men turn up at Madan Chacha's store to buy condoms, who believes that condoms are a disgraceful thing. Upon Madan Chacha's insistence, the men decide to avoid their wives' advances in hopes they would finally agree to sex without condoms. Their plan works. An enraged menfolk storm the Kalra's household holding a newspaper with an article showing Sanya being the first condom quality tester of Karnal. This breaks Sanya's lie to all in the house and Rajan orders Sanya to choose between her marriage or her job. Sanya insists that her work is for a noble cause and chooses to leave the house. She decides to tackle the problem head-on from the root.

She sets up a shed outside the school in which Rajan teaches hoping to provide sex-education to students, who are otherwise shied away from the topic by Rajan, who opted to segregate both genders into different classes to teach the topic. Her plan sees some success as a considerable number of students turn up at her shed to get their doubts cleared on the same. Rajan calls the cops on her who arrest her for indecency. Rishi sees this and bails her out against his brother's wish. Rishi apologises to Sanya and informs her about his support in her fight. They set up classes at the Kalra's household for students with the support of everyone except Rajan. Rajan tries to stop the classes but Nisha and Mini stand up to him. Rajan understands his mistake and apologises to Sanya further proclaiming his support for her.

== Cast ==
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Sanya Dhingra
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Rishi Kalra, Sanya's husband
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Ratan Lamba, Sanya's employer
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Dhingra Aunty
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Rajan Kalra / Bhai Ji (Sanya's brother-in-law)
* [[Prachee Shah Paandya]] as Nisha Kalra
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Madan Chacha
* [[Riva Arora]] as Mini Kalra

== Production ==
The shoot of the film started soon in November 2021. It was mostly shot in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huge responsibility to shoulder a film: Rakul Preet Singh on headlining 'Chhatriwali' |url=https://www.orissapost.com/rakul-preet-singh-commences-shooting-for-chhatriwali/ |work=Orissa Post |date=5 November 2021 |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> The shoots were wrapped by December 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakul Preet Singh wraps shooting for Chhatriwali |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/dec/23/rakul-preet-singh-wraps-shooting-for-chhatriwali-37943.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Huge responsibility to shoulder a film: Rakul Preet Singh on headlining 'Chhatriwali' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/huge-responsibility-to-shoulder-a-film-rakul-on-headlining-chhatriwali/2654269/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="‘Chhatriwali’ movie review: Rakul Preet Singh shines in this timely tale on sex education">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=20 January 2023 |title='Chhatriwali' movie review: Rakul Preet Singh shines in this timely tale on sex education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chhatriwali-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-shines-in-this-timely-tale-on-sex-education/article66412623.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162014/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chhatriwali-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-shines-in-this-timely-tale-on-sex-education/article66412623.ece |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and concluded it "could have been packaged and delivered more creatively and uniquely," but was still "watchable".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhatriwali Review: Rakul Preet Singh and Sumeet Vyas's social commentary promotes 'safe sex' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chhatriwali/ottmoviereview/97053818.cms |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 January 2023 |title=Chhatriwali Movie Review: CHHATRIWALI is a decent entertainer and makes an important social comment |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhatriwaali/critic-review/chhatriwaali-movie-review/chhatriwali-is-a-decent-entertainer-and-makes-an-important-social-comment/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, Phelian of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 3/5, and described it as "Lackluster, despite earnest and crucial messaging"<ref>{{Cite web |last=phelian |date=20 January 2023 |title='Chhatriwali' Review: Lackluster Film Despite Earnest And Crucial Messaging |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/chhatriwali-review-lackluster-film-despite-earnest-and-crucial-messaging-rakul-preet-singh-sumit-vyas-satish-kaushik-dolly-ahluwalia-rajesh-tailang |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In rating the film 2.5/5, ''[[India Today]]'' critic Anindita Mukherjee wrote that it "tends to get preachy in parts," but "is a decent weekend watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhatriwali Movie Review: Rakul Preet Singh's film is informative but lags in bits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/chhatriwali-movie-review-rakul-preet-singhs-film-is-informative-but-lags-in-bits-2323928-2023-01-20 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=20 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In her review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Monika Rawal Kukreja wrote, "There are some flaws here and there, but with all the humour and lighter moments, they can be somewhat overlooked."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Chhatriwali review: Rakul Preet Singh shines as she sets out to teach not preach |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chhatriwali-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-shines-as-she-sets-out-to-teach-not-preach-101674180962553.html |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' was far more critical in her review. Rating the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, she wrote, "Rakul Preet Singh has delivered a perky performance in a film hamstrung by a script that is afraid to fully embrace its message."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Chhatriwali movie review: This film about safe sex is too coy to embrace its message |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chhatriwali-review-rakul-preet-singh-zee5-film-8393364/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Chhatriwali
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Rohan-Rohan]], Sumeet Bellary and Durgesh R Rajbhatt
| released = 13 January 2023<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Chhatriwali – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chhatriwali/DNLqcu00KkE_ |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Hindi
| length = 14:25
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|HJuqVsFNMSY|Chhatriwali - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music for the film composed by [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Rohan-Rohan]], Sumeet Bellary and Durgesh R Rajbhatt. Lyrics are written by Tejas Prabha, Vijay Deoskar, Akhil Sachdeva, Satya Khare and Saaveri Verma.<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(S)
| total_length = 14:25
| title1 = Chhatriwali (Title Track)
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics1 = Tejas Prabha, Vijay Deoskar
| music1 = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Main Teri Hi Rahoon
| extra2 = Akhil Sachdeva, [[Shirley Setia]]
| lyrics2 = [[Akhil Sachdeva]]
| music2 = Akhil Sachdeva
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Special Edition Kudi
| extra3 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Gandhharv Sachdeva
| lyrics3 = Satya Khare
| music3 = Sumeet Bellary
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Toot Hi Gaya
| extra4 = [[Himani Kapoor]], Durgesh R Rajbhatt
| lyrics4 = Saaveri Verma
| music4 = Durgesh R Rajbhatt
| length4 = 4:05
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15516226}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]

Statue of Belief

2026-02-27T15:53:03Z

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{{italic title}}
{{Short description|World's 4th tallest statue in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox monument
|name=''Vishwaas Swaroopam''
|begin={{start date|df=y|2013|4}}<ref name="India.com">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Charu |title=Statue of Belief in Nathdwara Will Soon be Open For Public Viewing {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/statue-of-belief-in-nathdwara-will-soon-be-open-for-public-viewing-3726738/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
|image_size= 250px
|website= {{URL|www.statueofbelief.com/}}
|coordinates={{coord|24.9190|73.8178|type:landmark_region:IN-GJ|display=it}}
|dedicated_to=[[Lord Shiva]]
|open=29 October 2022
|complete=17 August 2019
|visitors_year=2019-20
|image=Vishwas Swaroopam after completion of work.jpg
|visitors_num=
|height={{Convert|369|ft|meter}}
|width=
|length=
|material=Steel framing, reinforced by concrete and brass coating, [[bronze]] cladding |type=[[Statue]]
|designer=
|location=Ganesh Tekri, [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
|monument_name=Statue of Belief
|builder=[[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]
|caption=Vishwas Swaroopam
}}

'''''Vishwas Swaroopam''''' (also known as '''''Statue of Belief''''') is a [[statue]] of the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]] constructed at [[Nathdwara]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It opened on 29 October 2022. Vishwas Swaroopam is the tallest statue of [[Shiva]] in the world and [[List of tallest statues|4th tallest statue worldwide]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/worlds-tallest-shiva-statue-to-be-inaugurated-in-rajasthan/articleshow/95160636.cms |title=World's tallest Shiva statue to be inaugurated in Rajasthan |work=The Economic Times|date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

==Description==
Shiva is depicted in a seated position with his legs crossed and holding a [[trishula]] in his left hand. Shiva's left foot is thrown over the knee of his right leg. The facial expression is detached, meditative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World's tallest Shiva statue to be inaugurated in Rajasthan|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/news-worlds-tallest-shiva-statue-to-be-inaugurated-in-rajasthan-205246|access-date=2022-11-28|work=zeebiz.com|date=29 October 2022 }}</ref> The statue has a distinctive copper shade.
There are two vantage points that offer a panoramic view of the surrounding countryside. Design for the statue began in 2011, construction began in 2016, and it was completed in 2020.
The overall statue is {{Convert|369|ft|meter}} tall; the pedestal is {{Convert|110|ft|meter}} tall.<ref name="TimesNowNews">{{cite news |title=Statue of Belief: World's tallest Lord Shiva statue expected to be completed by August |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/statue-of-belief-worlds-tallest-lord-shiva-statue-expected-to-be-completed-by-august/427447 |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> The statue can be seen from as far as {{Convert|20|km|mi}} away.<ref name="TimesOfIndiaMarch2019">{{cite news |title=Largest statue of Lord Shiva to be inaugurated in Rajasthan this March, 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/largest-statue-of-lord-shiva-to-be-inaugurated-in-rajasthan-this-march-2019/as66951535.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Times of India Travel |date=4 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The interior of the statue contains an exhibition hall as well as public viewing galleries accessible by elevator at {{Convert|20|ft|meter}}, {{Convert|110|ft|meter}}, and {{Convert|270|ft|meter}}.<ref name="UdaipurTimes">{{cite news |title=Lord Shiva statue likely to be inaugurated by January |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/lord-shiva-statue-likely-to-be-inaugurated-by-january/cid1750616.htm |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=udaipurtimes.com |date=12 November 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="India.com" /> The installation includes a statue of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], Shiva's bull, measuring {{Convert|25|ft|meter}} tall and {{Convert|37|ft|meter}} long.<ref name="YatraDham">{{cite web |last1=Koladra |first1=Pankaj |title=Statue of Belief: World's tallest Lord Shiva Statue {{!}} Yatradham.Org |url=https://blog.yatradham.org/statue-of-belief/ |website=YatraDham |access-date=24 April 2022 |date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031113201/https://blog.yatradham.org/statue-of-belief/ }}</ref> The 16-acre grounds also include a parking facility, three herbal gardens, a food court, a laser fountain, an area for handicraft shops, viewing platforms, musical fountains, souvenir shops, and a pond.<ref name="UdaipurTimes" /> There is a mini-train on site for quick local sightseeing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=World's tallest Shiva statue to be inaugurated in Rajasthan|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/worlds-tallest-shiva-statue-to-be-inaugurated-in-rajasthan/articleshow/95160636.cms|access-date=2022-11-28|work=economictimes.indiatimes.com| date=29 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Construction==
The statue was conceived of by Indian businessman [[Madan Paliwal]], sculpted by Murtikar Naresh Kumawat,<ref name="NBMCW">{{cite news |title=Shiva Statue at Nathdwara, Rajasthan |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/case-studies-site-reports/shiva-statue-at-nathdwara-rajasthan.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=www.nbmcw.com |issue=October 2020 |publisher=New Building Materials & Construction World |language=en-gb}}</ref> and constructed by [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Shapoorji Pallonji]]. The structure consists of an inner core of [[reinforced cement concrete]] walls surrounded by a structural steel framework which is itself surrounded by a moulded [[Ultra-high performance concrete|ultra-high-performance concrete]] exterior. The surface was sprayed with liquefied zinc, then coated with copper.<ref name="NBMCW" />

==See also==
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* [[Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)|''Statue of Equality'' (Ramanuja)]]
* [[Kailashnath Mahadev Statue]], in Nepal, the second-tallest Shiva statue in the world

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.statueofbelief.com}}
* [https://www.nareshkumawat.com]

{{Statues in India|state=Rajasthan}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Concrete sculptures]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2019 sculptures]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2019]]
[[Category:August 2019 in India]]
[[Category:2022 sculptures]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]

Kinshuk Dasgupta

2026-02-24T08:26:11Z

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{{Short description|Indian research scientist (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|12 April 1977}}
| birth_place = [[Bally, Howrah, West Bengal]], India
| name = Kinshuk Dasgupta
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] [[Jadavpur University]]
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2020) 
[[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] (2020)
| fields = [[Material engineering]]
| workplaces = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]
}}
'''Kinshuk Dasgupta''' is an Indian at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]. He also holds a professorship at the [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HBNI Faculty 2018-19 |url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/flist.html |website=www.hbni.ac.in |publisher=[[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026044944/http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/flist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He earned his Bachelor in Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]] in [[metallurgy]] and PhD from the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Mumbai]] in [[chemical engineering]]. His research expertise mainly includes work on carbon based [[nano materials]] and composites with the use of nano materials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Pritha M. |title=Interview: Uttarpara boy Kinshuk Dasgupta wins the Bhatnagar Prize 2020 for developing special bullet proof jackets |url=https://thebengalstory.com/english/interview-uttarpara-boy-kinshuk-dasgupta-wins-the-bhatnagar-prize-2020-for-developing-special-bullet-proof-jackets/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=The Bengal Story - English |date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Dasgupta is the winner of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize]] in Engineering Sciences (2020) for the development of light-weight bullet-proof jacket Bhabha Kavach.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Aditya |title=Cheap and light: BARC offers first indigenous bulletproof vest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bulletproof-jackets-from-barc/article23673507.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three Mumbai researchers win Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/three-mumbai-researchers-win-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-6617422/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=566 |website=ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref> He has also received [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Industrials Research Award]] in Materials Engineering for the year 2020. He has also been a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Visiting Scholar]] during 2018–2019 at [[University of Cincinnati]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kinshuk Dasgupta {{!}} Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/kinshuk-dasgupta |website=www.cies.org |publisher=[[Fulbright Program]], U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Ankita |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Kinshuk |last3=Lahiri |first3=Debrupa |title=Investigating the role of 3D network of carbon nanofillers in improving the mechanical properties of carbon fiber epoxy laminated composite |journal=Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing |date=November 2019 |volume=126 |article-number=105601 |doi=10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105601 |s2cid=202216948 |language=en |issn=1359-835X}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Tapas |last2=Banerjee |first2=Seemita |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Kinshuk |last4=Joshi |first4=J. B. |last5=Sudarsan |first5=V. |title=Nature of the Pd–CNT interaction in Pd nanoparticles dispersed on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its implications in hydrogen storage properties |journal=RSC Advances |date=2015 |volume=5 |issue=52 |pages=41468–41474 |doi=10.1039/C5RA03508B|bibcode=2015RSCAd...541468D }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Kinshuk |last2=Joshi |first2=Jyeshtharaj B. |last3=Banerjee |first3=Srikumar |title=Fluidized bed synthesis of carbon nanotubes – A review |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |date=July 2011 |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=841–869 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.038}} In 2021, Dasgupta became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.

===Book chapter===
*{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Raghunandan |last2=Ravikumar |first2=N. L. |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Kinshuk |last4=Chakravartty |first4=J. K. |last5=K. Kar |first5=Kamal |title=Composite Materials: Processing, Applications, Characterizations |date=14 October 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-49514-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqZDDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|tortVpMAAAAJ}}

{{authority control}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Kinshuk}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Institute of Chemical Technology alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

M. Yoganathan

2026-02-23T04:04:07Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Marimuthu Yoganathan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Marimuthu Yoganathan
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| occupation = Bus conductor, environmental activist
| employer = Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Coimbatore
| movement = Tree plantation, environmental awareness
| known_for = Tree plantation and environmental activism
| website = http://www.yogutrees.com

}}

'''Marimuthu Yoganathan''' (born 1969), popularly known as The Tree Man, is an Indian [[environmental activist]] and bus conductor with the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation in Coimbatore. He is noted for his lifelong dedication to planting trees and promoting environmental awareness in Tamil Nadu.

== Life ==
Yoganathan’s interest in nature began during his youth, when he spent time writing poems under trees in the Kotagiri forests and became deeply disturbed by indiscriminate tree felling. This early experience inspired him to take up environmental protection and tree planting.

He works as a bus conductor on the S-26 route between Marudamalai and Gandhipuram in Coimbatore while pursuing his environmental mission alongside his regular job.

Yoganathan uses a significant portion of his modest salary to buy and plant saplings and educate children and young people about the importance of trees and a healthy environment. He often gives saplings free of charge to passengers and conducts interactive awareness and plantation programmes at schools, colleges and communities across Tamil Nadu.

According to recent reports, Yoganathan has now planted and nurtured more than 500,000 saplings over almost four decades of work, across the state, of which a large number have grown into mature trees. He regularly travels to educational institutions to inspire and educate young people about caring for the natural world.

== Honours ==
Yoganathan’s environmental work has earned him widespread recognition:

Invitation to a Presidential “At Home” reception on the occasion of Independence Day in recognition of his contribution to environmental protection.

Eco Warrior Award from the Government of India, presented by the Vice President.

Suttru Suzhal Sevai Veerar award conferred by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

CNN-IBN Real Heroes Award for his environmental leadership.

Praise from the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on the national radio programme Mann Ki Baat for his exemplary work in tree plantation and awareness.

== See also ==

[[Jadav Payeng]]

[[Joan Root]]

[[Dian Fossey]]

[[Ken Saro-Wiwa]]

[[Chico Mendes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoganathan, Marimuthu}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Culture of Portugal

2026-02-19T12:10:14Z

AbrandaStudio: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}} 
[[Image:Um casal de Viana (Portugal).jpg|right|thumb|A 19th-century [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] couple with typical rural clothes from [[Minho Province]], in a [[Singer Corporation|Singer]] sewing machine advertisement card, distributed at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], [[Chicago]], 1893]]
The '''culture of Portugal''' designates the cultural practices and traditions of the [[Portuguese people]]. It is rooted on the interactions between many different [[civilization]]s that inhabited the area during the past millennia. From [[Prehistoric Iberia|prehistoric cultures]], to its [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Roman civilizations]] (such as the [[Lusitanians]], the [[Gallaeci]], the [[Celtic languages|Celtici]], and the [[Cynetes]], amongst others), passing through its contacts with the [[Phoenicia]]n-[[Carthage|Carthaginian]] world, the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Roman conquest of Hispania|period]] (see [[Hispania]], [[Lusitania]] and [[Gallaecia]]), the [[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] [[Migration Period|invasions]] of the [[Suebi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]] (see [[Kingdom of the Suebi]]) and [[Visigoths]] (see [[Visigothic Kingdom]]), [[Viking expansion|Viking incursions]], [[Sephardic Jewish]] settlement, and finally, the [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Umayyad invasion of Hispania]] and the subsequent expulsion during the [[Reconquista]], all have influenced the country's culture and history.

The [[History of Portugal#Etymology|name of Portugal]] itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name ''[[Portus Cale]]'', a [[Latin]] name meaning "Port of Cale" (Cale likely is a word of [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] origin - Cailleach-Bheur her other name; the Mother goddess of the Celtic people as in Calais, [[Caledonia]], Beira. She was the one who, with a hammer created mountains and valleys; the one who hid in stones and trees - Mother nature), later transformed into ''[[Grande Porto|Portucale]]'', and finally into ''[[History of Portugal#Etymology|Portugal]]'', which emerged as a county of the [[Kingdom of León]] (see [[County of Portugal]]) and became an [[Kingdom of Portugal|independent kingdom]] in [[History of Portugal (1139–1279)|1139]]. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its [[Portuguese Empire|global empire]] stretching from the Americas, to Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.

Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped the country and its peoples. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from [[List of museums in Portugal|museum]]s to ancient [[Church (building)|church]] buildings to medieval [[Castles in Portugal|castle]]s. Portugal is home to [[List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal|fifteen]] [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s, ranking it [[Table of World Heritage Sites by country|8th in Europe and 17th in the world]].

==Overview==
[[File:PA2900302 galo emiliarocha medio.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rooster of Barcelos]], the iconic Portuguese souvenir]]
The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional [[folklore]] (''Ranchos Folclóricos''), with great regional variety. Many cities and towns have a museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many towns have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]], [[Braga]], [[Guimarães]] and [[Coimbra]] but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of the arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of [[Amália Rodrigues]], the "Queen of Fado" ([[fado]] is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998, [[José Saramago]], one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and Guimarães (2012) were all designated [[European Capitals of Culture]], contributing to a current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the [[Euro 2004|European football finals]] in specially constructed stadiums.

In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all kinds of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as [[beach]] holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in almost all major towns and the cities like to know their places which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. [[Café]] culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, [[Football in Portugal|football]] events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are a few [[bullrings]] in Portugal, although the passion for [[Portuguese-style bullfighting|bullfighting]] was traditionally more popular in the [[Ribatejo]] and [[Alentejo]] regions.

==Architecture==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
[[Image:Centum cellas.jpg|left|thumb|[[Centum Cellas|Centum Cellas Tower]], c. 1st century AD (Roman period)]]
[[Image:Jeronimos Monastery.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jerónimos Monastery]] is Portugal's best example of its [[Manueline]] architecture]]
[[Image:Aldeia Velha de Monsanto (24).jpg|right|thumb|Aldeia Velha de Monsanto]]
{{Main|Architecture of Portugal}}
[[Image:Rua Augusta Lisboa.JPG|thumb|right|Rua Augusta street and its typical [[Portuguese pavement|Portuguese ''calçada'']] in the [[Pombaline Lower Town]], [[Lisbon]]]]

Since the second millennium BC, there has been important construction in the area where Portugal is situated today. Portugal boasts several scores of medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and forts from the period of Celtic and Roman occupation. Modern Portuguese architecture follows the most advanced trends seen in European mainstream architecture with no constraints, though preserving some of its distinct characteristics. The [[azulejo]] and the [[Portuguese pavement]] are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic [[Manueline]] architecture, with its intricate designs attributed to Portugal's [[Age of Discoveries]].

Another type of architecture is {{ill|Johannine baroque|pt|Barroco joanino}}, owing to King John V's long reign which lasted 44 years. Thanks to the gold from Brazil, John V of Portugal could afford foreign artists such as [[Nicolau Nasoni]], to build outstanding works of art. The creations of Portuguese artists can be identified throughout the country, in the altars of gilded panels, blue and white tiles which adorn churches, halls, staircases and gardens.

It was during this period of prosperity, that some of the greatest Portuguese artworks were completed, including: the [[Royal Building of Mafra]], the [[Clérigos Church]] (also known as Tower of the Clerics), the Baroque Library [[Biblioteca Joanina]], the [[Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte]] in Braga, the Shrine of Our Lady of Remedies in [[Lamego]] or the [[Mateus Palace]] in Vila Real. Because of the history of the Portuguese Empire, several countries across the world are home to sizeable heritages of [[Portuguese colonial architecture]], notably [[Brazil]] and [[Uruguay]] in the Americas, [[Angola]], [[Cabo Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], [[Morocco]], [[Guinea Bissau]], [[Portuguese ruins in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], and [[Mozambique]] in Africa, and [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Timor Leste]] in Asia. Notable Portuguese architects of the past have included [[Diogo de Arruda]] (15–16th c.), [[João Antunes]] (17th c.), [[Eugénio dos Santos]] and [[Carlos Mardel]] (18th c.), [[José Luis Monteiro]] (19th c.), [[Raul Lino]], [[Cassiano Branco]] and [[Fernando Távora]] (20th c.). Famous living architects include [[Gonçalo Byrne]], [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]] ([[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker]] winner), [[António Maria Braga]], [[João Luís Carrilho da Graça|João Carrilho da Graça]] and [[Álvaro Siza Vieira]] (Priktzer winner).

==Dance==
[[Image:Rancho poveiro.JPG|thumb|left|A traditional dance of [[Póvoa de Varzim]]]]
[[Folk dance]]s include: [[Circle dance]], [[Vira (dance)|Vira]] (of the [[Minho Province|Minho]] region), Two-Steps [[Waltz]], [[Fandango]] (of the [[Ribatejo Province|Ribatejo]] region), [[Schottische]] (Chotiça), [[Corridinho]] (of the [[Algarve]] and [[Estremadura Province (historical)|Estremadura]] regions), [[Bailarico]], Vareirinha, Malhão, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, Zé que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and Ó Ti Taritatu. There are also variations of these dances called the Chamarita in the Azores. Dance apparel is highly varied, ranging from work clothes to Sunday's best, with rich distinguished from the poor.

==Cinema==
{{Main|Cinema of Portugal}}
In the 1990s around 10 full-length fictional works were produced per annum, Portugal's filmmakers tending to be [[artisan]]s. Financing of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations. The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration of international markets is fairly precarious. A film is considered a success when it draws an audience of more than which few Portuguese films manage to achieve.

[[Image:Manoel de Oliveira Cannes.jpg|right|thumb|Filmmaker [[Manoel de Oliveira]]]]
Director [[Manoel de Oliveira]] was the oldest director in the world, and continued to make films until his death on 2 April 2015, at the age of 106. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per annum. He has received international recognition awards and won the respect of the cinematography community all over the world. Retrospectives of his works have been shown at the [[Los Angeles Film Festival]] (1992), the [[National Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C. (1993), the [[San Francisco Film Festival]], and the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] (1994). Despite his international recognition, the films of Oliveira (and that of other Portuguese directors) are neglected locally.

[[João César Monteiro]], a member of the generation that founded the "New Portuguese Cinema" in the 1960s which was influenced by the [[Nouvelle Vague]], a provocative film maker in the 1990s made "O Último Mergulho" (1992), "A Comédia de Deus" (1995), "Le Bassin de John Wayne" (1997) and "As Bodas de Deus" (1998). "A Comédia de Deus" won the Jury's Special Prize at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in 1995.

[[Teresa Villaverde]] is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she surfaced as a director, her film (''Três Irma's'', 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival.

Significant comedy films of the 1930s and 1940s include: ''[[A Canção de Lisboa]]'' (1933) directed by José [[Cottinelli Telmo]], starring [[Vasco Santana]] and [[Beatriz Costa]], the second Portuguese sound feature film (the first was A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira, was originally filmed without soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and still one of the best-loved films in Portugal, with several of its lines and songs still being quoted today; ''[[O Pai Tirano]]'' (lit. The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring [[Vasco Santana]], [[Ribeirinho|Francisco Ribeiro]] and [[Leonor Maia]] and one of the best-known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema; ''[[O Pátio das Cantigas]]'' (lit. The Courtyard of Songs), a comedy/ musical from 1942 directed by [[Ribeirinho|Francisco Ribeiro]], with [[Vasco Santana]] (as Narciso), [[António Silva (actor)|António Silva]] (as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (as Rufino) and others. It's a portrait of the relations between neighbours in a Lisbon courtyard. A story made of small episodes of humor, friendship, rivalry, and love.

===Recent films===
'''''O Crime do Padre Amaro:''''' (lit. The Crime of Father Amaro) is a Portuguese film (2005) adapted from a book of Eça de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva. This was a low quality production sponsored by [[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação]] (television channel). Even so, this film beat all the records of box- office of all the Portuguese film in Portugal. The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and [[Soraia Chaves]] as Amélia, and the main ingredients of this film are the sex and the nudity.

'''''Zona J:''''' is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring [[Sílvia Alberto]], [[Ana Bustorff]], [[Núria Madruga]], Milton Spencer and Félix Fontoura.

'''''Sorte Nula:''''' (lit. The Trunk) directed by Fernando Fragata, starring Hélder Mendes, [[António Feio]], Adelaide de Sousa, [[Rui Unas]], Isabel Figueira, [[Bruno Nogueira]], [[Carla Matadinho]], Tânia Miller and Zé Pedro.

'''''Alice''''' directed by [[Marco Martins]] and starring [[Beatriz Batarda]], Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, [[Ana Bustorff]], Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, José Wallenstein and [[Clara Andermatt]] is a multi-prize film from 2005. It has won prizes in [[Cannes Film Festival]]; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, Raindance film Festival in United Kingdom and other prizes.

''''' Filme do Desassossego or Film of Disquiet''''' directed by [[João Botelho]], starring Cláudio da Silva, [[Alexandra Lencastre]], [[Rita Blanco]], Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, Mónica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo Aibéo in 2010. Inspired by a book of [[Fernando Pessoa]].

'''''Meu Querido Mês de Agosto''''' directed by [[Miguel Gomes (director)|Miguel Gomes]] is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

'''''Tabu''''' directed by [[Miguel Gomes (director)|Miguel Gomes]] starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel Muñoz Cardoso, Henrique Espírito Santo and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes in the 2012 [[Berlin International Film Festival]] and another two in the Las Palmas Festival in Spain.

'''''Rafa''''', a short-film directed by [[João Salaviza]], starring Rodrigo Perdigão and Joana de Verona.This film have win the best short film is [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 2012.

'''''Arena''''', directed by [[João Salaviza]] starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 [[Cannes Film Festival]] Golden Palm for best short film.

'''''Sangue do meu Sangue''''' directed by [[João Canijo]], starring [[Rita Blanco]], Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando Luís. Is a multi-prized film from 2012 that won prizes in: International auteur cinema festival of Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award in Crossing Europe Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Ways of Portuguese cinema in Coimbra, Portugal.

'''''[[The Baron (film)|O Barão]]''''' directed by [[Edgar Pêra]], starring [[Nuno Melo (actor)|Nuno Melo]], Luísa Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar Pêra, Marina Albuquerque, Miguel Sermão and Marcos Barbosa in 2010.

'''''Alma Portuguesa''''' (en: ''Portuguese Soul''), a 2020 documentary directed by Brazilian [[Mauro Ventura]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Ventura |first=Mauro |title=Alma Portuguesa |date=2020-04-22 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12331174/ |type=Documentary |publisher=IVIN Films |access-date=2022-06-27}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Portuguese cuisine}}
[[Image:Cozido a portuguesa 1.JPG|thumb|A dish of [[cozido à portuguesa]]]]

===Food===
Each region of Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of [[meat]], [[seafood]], fresh [[fish]], dried and salted [[cod]] (''[[bacalhau]]''), and the famous ''[[Cozido à Portuguesa]]'' (a Portuguese stew).

===Alcoholic beverages===
{{Main|Wines of Portugal}}
Portugal is a country of [[wine]] lovers and [[winemakers]], known since the [[Roman Empire]]-era; the Romans immediately associated Portugal with its God of Wine [[Dionysus|Bacchus]]. Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of the world's best: [[Vinho do Douro]], [[Vinho do Alentejo]], [[Vinho do Dão]], [[Vinho Verde]], [[Rosé]] and the sweet: [[Port wine]] (Vinho do Porto, literally Porto's wine), [[Madeira wine]], [[Muscatel]] of [[Setúbal Peninsula|Setúbal]], and Moscatel of [[Favaios]]. [[Beer]] is also widely consumed, with the largest national beer brands being [[Sagres (beer)|Sagres]] and [[Super Bock]]. Liqueurs, like [[Licor Beirão]] and [[Ginjinha]], are popular.

==Literature==
[[Image:BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg|right|thumb|[[Os Lusíadas|The Lusiads]]]]
{{Main|Portuguese literature}}
Portuguese literature has developed since the 12th century from the lyrical works of [[João Soares de Paiva]], [[Paio Soares de Taveirós]] and King [[Denis of Portugal]]. They wrote mostly from Galician-Portuguese and oral traditions known as ''"Cantigas d'amor e amigo"'' and ''"Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer"'', which were consecutively performed by [[troubadours]] and [[joglar]]s.

Following chroniclers such as [[Fernão Lopes]] after the 15th century, [[fiction]] has its roots in chronicles and stories linked to [[theatre]], following [[Gil Vicente]], the father of Portuguese theatre, whose works were often criticisms and satires of society in his time.

Classical lyrical works, include [[The Lusiads]] (''Os Lusíadas'') by [[Luís de Camões]], a [[national epic]] book of the history of Portugal <ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |title = The Lusiads |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1800–1882 |access-date = 2013-08-31 }}</ref> which incorporates elements of Ancient Greek mythology, written in the 16th century.

Romanticism and Realism period authors from 19th century including [[Antero de Quental]], [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Camilo Pessanha]], [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], [[Eça de Queiroz]], [[Alexandre Herculano]], [[Ramalho Ortigão]], [[Júlio Dinis]] and others.

Portuguese modernism is found in the works of [[Fernando Pessoa]], [[José Régio]], [[Miguel Torga]], [[Mário de Sá-Carneiro]] and others.

Following the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, the Portuguese society, after several decades of repression, regained [[freedom of speech]].

[[José Saramago]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1998.

[[Herberto Hélder]], one of the major Portuguese poets of the second half of the twentieth century, has been an influence, among many others, to the young generation of highly considered Portuguese poets and, to a lesser extend, fiction writers from a recent wave of writers such as [[Valter Hugo Mãe]], [[José Luís Peixoto]], [[Gonçalo M. Tavares]], [[Jorge Reis-Sá]], [[Maria Antonieta Preto]], José Ricardo Pedro and others.

==Music==
{{Main|Music of Portugal|Music history of Portugal}}
[[File:2 Portuguese guitars.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Portuguese guitar]]s]]
Polyphonic music, employing multiple vocal parts in harmony, was developed in the 15th century. The Renaissance fostered a rich output of compositions for solo instruments and ensembles as well as for the voice.

The 1960s started a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, political song developed, the [[fado]] of Lisbon and the Coimbra were revitalized. Music from the former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the capital's musical life and local styles of rap and hip hop emerged.

The modern revival of academic music was primarily work of Luís de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers like [[António Victorino de Almeida]], [[Jorge Peixinho]], Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and João Pedro Oliveira are known internationally. Orchestras include the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and the [[Gulbenkian Orchestra]]. [[Porto]] has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was set up by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the [[National Theatre of São Carlos]] in Lisbon, which was built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among notable pianists, [[Maria João Pires]] has won worldwide acclaim.

Cultural centres such as the Belém Cultural Centre and the Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts. [[Madredeus]] is among the most successful popular music groups. Singer [[Dulce Pontes]] is also widely admired, and [[Carlos Paredes]] is considered by many to be Portugal's finest guitarist. Folk music and dancing and the traditional fado remain the country's fundamental forms of musical expression.

===Traditional or folk music===
{{See also|List of Portuguese traditional instruments}}
[[Image:Transmontana01.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gaita transmontana]], bagpipe]]
[[Image:Plaza at Vila Real (4781738009).jpg|thumb|right|Traditional musicians from [[Vila Real, Portugal|Vila Real]]]]
In all the times and all places mankind always showed great ingenuity making sound and music from existing materials in its natural environment. The voice and the clapping of hands can certainly be considered the first instrumental forms used by man.

The Iberian Peninsula was home to a lot of different peoples and cultures, so its normal to these cultures to influence the others but still retain a little of their aspects - this happened with the [[Portuguese music]].

Portuguese folk music is the joint of the traditional songs of a community that express through a poetic character their beliefs and tell their history to other people and generations. The danças do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some examples of dances created by the sound of folk. Some of the typical instruments used are a guitar, mandolin, [[bagpipes]], accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and an enormous variety of wind and percussion instruments.
Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, Gaitúlia, Strella do Dia etc.

===Philharmonic music===
[[Image:Pauliteiros.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Pauliteiros de Miranda]]
In the popular culture the philharmonic bands represent each locality and play different types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, José Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of the most important names in philharmonic music.

===Fado===
{{Main|Fado}}
'''Fado''' (translated as [[destiny]] or [[wiktionary:fate|fate]]) is a [[music genre]] which can be traced from the 1820s, but possibly with much earlier origins. It is characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. The music is usually linked to the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''[[saudade]]'', a unique word with no accurate translation in any other language. (Home-sickness has an approximate meaning. It is a kind of longing, and conveys a complex mixture of mainly nostalgia, but also sadness, pain, happiness and love).

There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of [[Lisbon]] and [[Coimbra]]. The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned [[List of fado musicians|musicians]]. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat.

Mainstream fado performances during the 20th century included only a singer, a [[Portuguese guitar]] player and a classical guitar player but more recent settings range from singer and string quartet to full orchestra.

The ingredients of Fado are a shawl, a guitar, a voice and heartfelt emotion.

Themes include: destiny, deep-seated feelings, disappointments in love, the sense of sadness and longing for someone who has gone away, misfortune, the ups and downs of life, the sea, the life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least "Saudade" (one of the main themes used in fado, that means a kind of longing).

Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and for that matter fado performance is not successful if an audience is not moved to tears.

===Classical music===
Portugal has been an important centre of practice and production of music over the centuries, as the [[music history of Portugal]] expresses. In contemporary classical music, notable Portuguese musicians include the pianists [[Artur Pizarro]], [[Maria João Pires]] and [[Equeira Costa]], and the composers: [[Fernando Lopes-Graça]], [[Emmanuel Nunes]], [[João Pedro Oliveira]], [[Jorge Peixinho]], [[Constança Capdeville]], [[Clotilde Rosa]], [[Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira]], [[Cláudio Carneyro]], [[Frederico de Freitas]], [[Joly Braga Santos]] and [[Isabel Soveral]].

===Portuguese rock===
{{Main|Portuguese rock}}
[[Image:Moonspell Ricardo Amorim Studio Kraków 2007 02.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Moonspell]] guitarist]]
The Portuguese rock started to be noted in 1980 with the release of Ar de Rock by [[Rui Veloso]], which was the first popular Portuguese rock song, other Portuguese bands and singers such as [[Sétima Legião]], {{ill|Rádio Macau (band)|lt=Rádio Macau|pt}}, Jafumega, [[Mão Morta]], [[Taxi (Portuguese band)|Taxi]], Peste e Sida, were popular too. Before that, Portugal had a vibrant underground progressive rock scene in the 1970s like Tantra, [[Quarteto 1111]], [[José Cid]] and others in 1950 and 1960 rock and roll scene with bands like Os Conchas and Os Sheiks. Among the numerous bands and artists which followed its genesis, are [[Xutos & Pontapés]], [[GNR (band)|GNR]], [[Quinta do Bill]], [[UHF (Portuguese band)|UHF]], [[The Gift (band)|The Gift]] and [[Moonspell]].

===Popular music===
The 1980s and 1990s were marked by the search for a new musical discourse in urban popular music, the increase, [[commodification]] and industrialization of musical production, and the mediatization and expansion of music consumption. The boom in Portuguese musical production was accompanied by both the diversification of the musical domains and styles produced and consumed in Portugal and the emergence of new styles which are increasingly taking the global market into account. The denominated Pop music uses melodies easily to memorize, becoming very popular and commercial; it's also characterized by the amount of publicity made (through videos, magazines, appealing clothing, etc.).

It is possible to note two stylistic tendencies in the popular music of the 1980s and 1990s:
* A musical discourse created by Portuguese musicians that is integrated within the major international developments experienced by commercial popular music;
* A new musical style that vindicates its Portugueseness by both drawing upon various musical elements which musicians and audiences alike identify as Portuguese and emphasizing the Portuguese language.

===Canções de intervenção (political songs)===
Political songs ({{ill|canções de intervenção|pt}}) played an important part in [[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso|the protests]] against the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|totalitarian regime]] that ruled Portugal from 1926 up to the [[Carnation Revolution|1974 revolution]]. Once it was created as an object to criticize what was wrong, mainly in a political point of view. One of its main protagonists was [[José (Zeca) Afonso]] (1929–1987) but others also contributed to its development, for example [[Adriano Correia de Oliveira]], [[José Mário Branco]], {{ill|Luís Cilia|pt}}, {{ill|Francisco Fanhais|pt}}, [[José Jorge Letria]], [[José Barata Moura]] and [[Sérgio Godinho]]. They traced a new course for urban popular music and influenced a further generation of musicians, some of whom also participated in the protest movement and are still active, including [[Fausto Bordalo Dias|Fausto]], [[Vitorino]], {{ill|Janita Salomé|pt}} and Júlio Pereira, among others.

This musical style reflects a confluence of influences from traditional music, French urban [[French popular music|popular songs]] of the 1960s, African music and [[Brazilian popular music]]. By the late 1970s the revolutionary climate had subsided and the need to express political militancy through song was no longer felt by poets, composers and singers, who subsequently redefined both their role and their creative contribution.

===Hip hop===
{{Main|Hip hop Tuga}}
[[Hip hop]] has been important since the 1980s with areas like [[Amadora]], [[Cacém (Sintra)|Cacém]] and the South Bank of the Tagus are considered to be the cradle of [[Hip Hop Tuga]].

The compilation called "Rapublica" released in 1994, which featured young rising artists and groups such as Black Company and [[Boss AC]], is responsible for establishing hip hop in Portugal. The refrain from a song called "Não sabe nadar, yo" ("Can't swim, yo!") was used by the president of Portugal, [[Mário Soares]] in a speech about the cave painting in Foz Côa saying that "As gravuras não sabem nadar, yo!" ("The engravings can't swim, yo!").

Apart from [[Lisbon]], other urban centers also established vibrant hip hop scenes during the early nineties, especially [[Porto]], that gave birth to important groups such as [[Mind Da Gap]]. More recently other local scenes have also developed on other urban centers, such as [[Coimbra]] and [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]].

There are two major showcase events, [[Flowfest]] and [[Hip Hop Porto]]. [[Flowfest]], in Coimbra, started in 2005. [[Hip Hop Porto]] is a free event held at Casa da Música, in September. It features mainly the northern hip hop names as headliners, drawing a very local audience. Its first edition in 2005 carded Rodney P, NBC, Blackmastah, Bomberjack, Rui Miguel Abreu, etc. Usually the event is held outdoors, but in 2006 the heavy rains made the event relocate to the parking lot of the building, causing a really "underground" look.

===Students festivals===
[[Image:Scientiphicvs 2010.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Tuna (music)|Tuna]] group]]
Festivals organised by students of several higher education institutions, take place every year across the country. The '[[Queima das Fitas]]' in [[Coimbra]] and [[Porto]] and 'Enterro da Gata' in Minho. Summer festivals include [[Vilar de Mouros]] Festival, [[Festival Sudoeste]], [[Rock in Rio Lisboa]], [[Super Bock Super Rock]], [[Festival de Paredes de Coura]], [[Boom Festival]], [[Ilha do Ermal]] Festival, etc.

==Painting==
[[File:Painéis de São Vicente4.jpg|thumb|Detail of the [[Saint Vincent Panels]], by [[Nuno Gonçalves]]]]
[[File:Rock Art Foz Coa 01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of the Côa Valley]]]]
{{See also|Portuguese Renaissance|List of Portuguese painters}}
Portuguese art was very restricted in the early years of nationality, during the [[reconquista]], to a few paintings in churches, convents and palaces.

It was after the 15th century, with national borders established and with the discoveries, that Portuguese art expanded. Some kings, like [[John I of Portugal|John I]] already had royal painters. It is during this century that Gothic art was replaced by a more humanistic and Italian-like art.

During the reign of King [[Alfonso V of Portugal|Alfonso V]], an important Portuguese artist [[Nuno Gonçalves]] shaped Portuguese art, leading it to gain local characteristics (''Escola Nacional'', National School). His influence on Portuguese art continued after his death. He was the royal painter for the famous ''Retábulo do Altar das Relíquias de São Vicente'' in the Cathedral of Lisbon (''Sé de Lisboa''). The painting caught fire and was replaced by a Baroque structure. Parts of his work still exist and can be found in the ''Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga National'' (Museum of Ancient Art).

During the Golden Age of Portugal, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese artists were influenced by Flemish art, and were in turn influential on Flemish artists of the same period. During this period, Portuguese art became internationally well-known, mostly because of its very original and diverse characteristics, but little is known about the artists of this time due to the medieval culture that considered painters to be artisans. The anonymous artists in the Portuguese "escolas" produced art not only for metropolitan Portugal but also for its colonies, namely [[Malacca]] or [[Goa]] and even Africa, gratifying the desires of local aristrocratic clients and religious clients.

In the 19th century, naturalist and realist painters like [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro|Columbano]], [[Henrique Pousão]] and [[António Silva Porto|Silva Porto]] revitalized painting against a decadent academic art.

In the early 20th century, Portuguese art increased both in quality and quantity, mainly due to members of the [[Modernist]] movement like [[Amadeo de Souza Cardoso]] and [[Almada Negreiros]]. In the post-war years the abstractionist painter [[Vieira da Silva]] settled in Paris and gained widespread recognition, as did her contemporary [[Paula Rego]].

==Theater==
{{See also|Portuguese Renaissance}}
[[File:Gil Vicente.jpg|thumb|[[Gil Vicente]], 16th-century Portuguese [[playwright]]]]
Portugal never developed a great Dramatic theatre tradition due primarily to the fact that the Portuguese were more passionate about lyric or humorous works than dramatic art. [[Gil Vicente]] is often seen as the father of Portuguese theatre - he was the leading Portuguese [[playwright]] in the 16th century. During the 20th century, theatre found a way to reach out to the people, specially the middle class, through what in Portugal is known as "[[Revista]]" - a form of humorous and cartoonish theatre designed to expose and criticize social (and political) issues, but in a way that entertains and amuses the audience.

Gil Vicente (1435–1536) is considered the first great Portuguese playwright. Frequently called the father of Portuguese theatre, he portrays the society of the 16th century. Anticipating the 17th-century French writer [[Jean-Baptiste de Santeul]]'s well-known phrase "castigat ridendo mores", Gil Vicente became famous for his satirical plays such as the "Triologia das Barcas" ("Auto da Barca do Inferno" (1517), "Auto da Barca do Purgatório" (1518); "Auto da Barca da Glória" (1518)). In these plays, he creates some characters who are representative of their social group. This results in not only comical, but also strong critical situations. Gil Vicente also wrote other important plays such as "Auto da Índia" (1509), "Auto da Fama" (1510), and "Farsa de Inês Pereira" (1523).

Another relevant playwright of the 16th century is [[António Ferreira (poet)|António Ferreira]] (1528–1569), who wrote ''[[Castro (play)|Castro]]'' (1587), a well-known tragedy about the forbidden love between D. Pedro I and D. [[Inês de Castro]]. António Ferreira is considered the father of Renaissance culture in Portugal.

One of the most famous playwrights of the 18th century is António José da Silva (1705–1739), commonly known as "O Judeu" because of his Judaic origins. He wrote several plays such as "Os Encantos de Medeia" (1735), "As Variedades de Proteu" (1737) and "Precipício de Faetonte" (1738).

[[Almeida Garrett]] (1799–1854) was a turning point in Portuguese literature as far as the themes are concerned. His most outstanding play is "Frei Luís de Sousa" (1844), which became a classic of Portuguese theatre. Garrett also wrote "Um Auto de Gil Vicente" (1838), "Filipa de Vilhena" (1846) and "O Alfageme de Santarém" (1842). These three plays as well as "Frei Luís de Sousa" are somehow connected with Portuguese history. Furthermore, Garrett is also the founder of the "Conservatório Geral de Arte Dramática" as well as of the "Teatro Nacional D. Maria II".

In the late 19th century, two Portuguese playwrights of [[Goan]] descent, [[Lucasinho Ribeiro]] and [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], emerged as leading figures for introducing ''[[tiatr]]'', a [[musical theatre]] based on Portuguese theatre "''teatro''". Ribeiro was the first to introduce the art form in [[Bombay]], [[British India]], and later in [[Assagão]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No one can dethrone Lucasinho Ribeiro |url=https://www.thegoan.net//no-one-can-dethrone-lucasinho-ribeiro/8657.html |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

As far as the 20th century is concerned, it's worth noticing Bernardo Santareno's (1920–1980) work. His most famous play is "O Judeu", based upon the life of António José da Silva, mentioned above. Santareno also wrote "A Promessa" (1957), "O Crime da Aldeia Velha" (1959) and "Anunciação" (1962). Most of his plays deal with universal questions such as liberty, oppression and discrimination.

Born in 1926, Luís de Sttau Monteiro (1926–1993) wrote several plays, some of them portraying and criticising Portuguese society of his time. His most famous play is "Felizmente Há Luar" (1961), which is a strong criticism of the political context of that time (dictatorship – Estado Novo). "O Barão" (1965), "A Guerra Santa" (1967) and "Sua Excelência" (1971) were also written by Sttau Monteiro.

In the 20th century, theatre in Portugal became more popular with the "Revista" – a comical and satirical form of theatre. It is a creative way of expressing one's ideas as well as criticising political and social problems. The most important actors who performed this form of theatre in the 20th century were Vasco Santana (1898–1958), Beatriz Costa (1907–1996) and [[Ivone Silva]] (1935–1987). Nowadays it is worth mentioning Maria João Abreu, José Raposo and Fernando Mendes, who perform this form of theatre at the well known "[[Parque Mayer, Lisbon|Parque Mayer]]" (a theatre district in Lisbon where the "Revista" used to be performed).

Important Portuguese actors include [[Ruy de Carvalho]], [[Eunice Muñoz]], Rui Mendes, Irene Cruz and [[Luís Miguel Cintra]].

In later years, theatre in Portugal has developed into many other forms as in any other European country. Almost every repertoire can be seen in Portugal. Many companies have the works of Shakespeare, Molière, Brecht, Becket or Chekhov, and Portuguese classic and modern authors on their repertoire. Other companies show more experimental projects. All this makes the theatre repertoire very varied. Some of the most important professional theatre companies nowadays are: [[Teatro da Cornucópia]], [[Teatro da Comuna]], [[Teatro Aberto]], [[Teatro Meridional]], [[Teatro da Garagem]], [[Companhia de Teatro de Almada]], [[Companhia Teatral do Chiado]], [[A Barraca]], Teatro dos Aloés, Teatro Praga, Artistas Unidos, Seiva Trupe, As boas raparigas, ACTA, among many others.

Portugal hosts several festivals such as FITEI, ACERT, FIAR, and the International Theatre Festival of Almada (FITA).

== Fashion and design ==
[[File:They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal!_(33974132358).jpg|thumb|Natural cork bags.]]
Industrialized, export-oriented [[fashion]] and [[design]] in [[clothing]], [[footwear]], [[kitchenware]] and [[furniture]] industries, was pioneered by fashion designers like Eduarda Abbondanza, Mário Matos Ribeiro, Ana Salazar, José António Tenente, João Tomé, Francisco Pontes or Manuela Gonçalves, as well as textile industry industrialists established in places like [[Ave (intermunicipal community)|Vale do Ave]], in clothing;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malheiro/Lusa |first=Cecília |date=10 May 2021 |title=Novo Museu da Moda e do Têxtil em Portugal custou dez milhões e foi construído em plena pandemia |url=https://www.publico.pt/2021/05/10/impar/reportagem/novo-museu-moda-textil-portugal-custou-dez-milhoes-construido-plena-pandemia-1961894 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Público |language=pt}}</ref> several entrepreneurs of the Portuguese footwear industry;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seara.com |title=Portuguese Shoes |url=https://www.portugueseshoes.pt/en/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Portuguese Shoes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Bárbara |date=11 May 2023 |title=A partir de Portugal, há quem conquiste pés de todo o mundo com "sapatos feios" |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/05/11/impar/noticia/partir-portugal-ha-conquiste-pes-mundo-sapatos-feios-2049085 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Público |language=pt}}</ref> [[Vista Alegre Atlantis]] and [[Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro]], in [[tableware]] and kitchenware;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2020-01-17 |title=O que fazem a Bordallo Pinheiro, a Vista Alegre e Cláudia Schiffer juntos? Borboletas... - Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/economia/2020/01/17/o-que-fazem-a-bordallo-pinheiro-a-vista-alegre-e-claudia-schiffer-juntos-borboletas/178763/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}</ref> and businesspersons of the old-established furniture industry heavily concentrated in and around places such as [[Paços de Ferreira]] and [[Paredes, Portugal|Paredes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=Capital do Móvel cria lojas em Lisboa e Porto para potenciar mercado interno |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/capital-do-movel-cria-lojas-em-lisboa-e-porto-para-potenciar-mercado-interno-8664838.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=O berço da indústria do mobiliário em Paredes - CMcadeiras |url=https://www.cadeiras.net/pt/noticias/1184-o-berco-da-industria-do-mobiliario-em-paredes/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.cadeiras.net}}</ref> Corkware and other [[Cork (material)|cork]]-based products such as furniture, decorative items and floor and wall coatings, are also distinctive products found among typical designer creations of Portuguese origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The cork {{!}} www.visitportugal.com |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/the-cork |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.visitportugal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Ana Dias |title=Quando a cortiça é Matéria de design |url=https://observador.pt/2016/05/09/cortica-materia-design/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopes |first=Dírcia |date=2020-09-19 |title=Transformar a cortiça em design |url=https://www.forbespt.com/transformar-a-cortica-em-design/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Forbes Portugal |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=Cortiça: um material emergente para o design de produto |url=https://www.corkway.pt/artigos/design-de-cortica/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Produtos em Cortiça por CorkWay |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Redação |date=2020-02-13 |title=A cortiça portuguesa é destacada numa das principais montras do design do mundo |url=https://www.revistarua.pt/a-cortica-portuguesa-e-destacada-numa-das-principais-montras-do-design-do-mundo/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Revista RUA |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
[[File:Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg|thumb|Typical Portuguese filigree heart shaped pendant, an iconic item in Portuguese fashion and design.]]
[[Filigree]] began to be produced in Portugal in the 8th century with the arrival of Arab migrants after the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Umayyad invasion of Iberian Peninsula]], who brought new patterns with them. With time, the peninsula began to produce different filigree patterns, but while in Spain the filigree jewellery-making tradition became less relevant, in Portugal it was perfected. After the 18th century, Portuguese Filigree already had its own distinctive imagery, motifs and shapes. Filigree from the 17th and 18th centuries became famous for their extraordinary complexity. Gold and silver filigree jewellery of delicate and artistic design is still made in considerable quantities throughout the country, particularly filigree hearts, which are iconic symbols of Portuguese jewellery-making.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Filigree and its origin rooted in Portuguese culture |url=https://secretsfromportugal.com/filigree-portuguese-culture/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Secrets From Portugal |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filigrana / Filigree — Twisted Strands of The Portuguese Soul |url=https://www.portico-magazine.com/articles/filigrana-filigree-twisted-strands-of-the-portuguese-soul |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=PORTICO magazine by Vanguard Properties |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Folklore==
[[Image:Anta Cerqueira em Couto Esteves 06.JPG|thumb|[[Dolmen|Casa da Moura]] (House of the Moura)<ref>[http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74385/ Igespar Ip | Património]</ref>]]
{{lang|pt|Trasgos}}, {{lang|pt|almas penadas}}, {{lang|pt|peeiras}}, {{lang|pt|Jãs}}, {{lang|pt|maruxinhos}}, {{lang|pt|moledros}}, and {{lang|pt|marafonas}} are mythical beings that form part of Portuguese folklore. These legends and traditions are preserved in the lore and literature of older generations, frequently seen as the remains of pre-Christian traditions. The lore associates the ancient monuments to the legends of the [[Enchanted Moura]]s and nearly every Portuguese town has a tale of a [[Enchanted Moura|Moura Encantada]].

==Festivities and holidays==
[[Image:Mascarados no Carnaval de Lazarim 01.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient [[Celts|Celtic]] masks, known as [[Careto]] of [[Lazarim]]]]
[[File:2011-03-05 03-13 Madeira 045 Santana (5543431418).jpg|thumb|left|Maios celebration in Madeira island [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701115102/http://www.gilvicente.eu/dbp/maios/maios.html]]]
During the summer, in the month of June, festivities dedicated to three saints known as ''Santos Populares'' take place all over Portugal. Why the populace associated the saints to these pagan festivities is not known. But they are possibly related to Roman or local deities from the time before [[Christianity]] spread in the region. The three saints are [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]], [[John the Apostle|Saint John]] and [[Saint Peter]]. Common fare in these festivities are wine, ''água-pé'' (mostly grape juice), and traditional bread along with sardines. During the festivities are many weddings, traditional street dances and fireworks.

Saint Anthony is celebrated on the night of 12th-13 June, especially in [[Lisbon]] (where that saint was born and lived most of his life), with ''[[Marchas Populares]]'' (a street carnival) and other festivities. In the meantime, several marriages known as ''Casamentos de Santo António'' (Marriages of Saint Anthony) are made. But the most popular saint is Saint John, he is celebrated in many cities and towns throughout the country on the night of the 23rd-24th, especially in [[Porto]] and [[Braga]], where the sardines, ''[[caldo verde]]'' (traditional soup) and plastic hammers to hammer in another person's head for luck are indispensable. The final saint is Saint Peter, celebrated in the night of 28th-29th, especially in [[Póvoa de Varzim]] and [[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]], the festivities are similar to the others, but more dedicated to the sea and with an extensive use of fire (''fogueiras''). In Póvoa de Varzim, there is the ''Rusgas'' in the night, another sort of street carnival. Each festivity is a municipal holiday in the cities and towns where it occurs.
[[File:Carnaval25.jpg|thumb|Carnival parade in [[Loulé]], [[Algarve]] region.]]
[[Carnival]] is also widely celebrated in Portugal, some traditional carnivals date back several centuries. [[Loulé]], [[Alcobaça (Portugal)|Alcobaça]], [[Mealhada]], [[Funchal]], [[Torres Vedras]], [[Ovar]] and [[Figueira da Foz]], among several other localities, hold several days of festivities, with parades where social and political criticism abound, along with music and dancing in an environment of {{lang|pt|euphorya}}. There are some localities which preserve a more traditional carnival with typical elements of the ancient carnival traditions of Portugal and Europe. However, several parades in most localities have adopted many elements of the tropical [[Brazilian Carnival]].

On January 6, [[Epiphany (feast)|Epiphany]] is celebrated by some families, especially in the North and Center, where the family gathers to eat "[[Bolo Rei]]" (literally, King Cake, a cake made with crystallized fruits); this is also the time for the traditional [[carols]] - "As Janeiras", the new year's [[Wassailing]].

[[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin Day]], is celebrated on November 11. This day is the peak of three days, often with very good weather, it is known as ''Verão de São Martinho'' ("Saint Martin summer"), the Portuguese celebrate it with ''jeropiga'' (a sweet liqueur wine) and roasted Portuguese [[chestnuts]] (''castanhas assadas''), and it is called ''Magusto''.
<gallery class="center">
Image:Coca21.jpg|"[[Coco (folklore)|Festa da Coca]]" during the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] celebration, in [[Monção]], Portugal
Image:Festa do mastro fonte arcada.jpg|"Levantamento do mastro" in Fonte Arcada, Portugal
Image:Carnaval de Podence 2008 17.jpg|[[Careto]]s in the carnival of Podence, Portugal
Image:Carnaval de Lazarim 03.jpg|A bride and her groom in the carnival of Lazarim, Portugal
Image:Carnaval de Podence 2008 1.jpg| Flute player of Podence
Image:Chocalheiro da bemposta.jpg|[[Chocalheiro]] of Bemposta
</gallery>

==National holidays==
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid gray;font-size:95%"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Date !! Name !! Remarks
|-
| January 1 || Ano Novo || [[New Year's Day]]. Beginning of the year, marks the traditional end of "holiday season".
|-
| Tuesday, [[Computus|date varies]] || Carnaval || [[Carnival]]. (Also called Mardi Gras). Not an official holiday, but declared by the government as a non-working day. Very ancient festival celebrating the end of the winter. It gained Christian connotations, and now marks the first day of a period of 40 days before Easter Week (''Semana Santa'', Holy Week), thus also known as ''Entrudo''.
|-
| Friday, [[Computus|date varies]] || Sexta-Feira Santa || [[Good Friday]].
|-
| Sunday, [[Computus|date varies]] || Páscoa || [[Easter]]. Used for family gathering to eat ''Pão-de-Ló'' and "Folar" (an Easter cake) and Easter eggs. In the North, a sort of church members processions (''compasso'') visits and blesses every home with an open door, thus meaning they are Catholics. Traditionally, this is the second visit of children and non-married youngsters to their [[godparents]], receiving an Easter gift. The first visit is on [[Palm Sunday]], 7 days before, where children give flowers and palms to their godparents.
|-
| April 25 || Dia da Liberdade || Literally, "Freedom Day". Celebrates the [[Carnation Revolution]], marking the end of the dictatorial regime. Event of 1974.
|-
| May 1 || Dia do Trabalhador || [[Labour Day]].
|-
| Thursday, [[Computus|date varies]] || Corpo de Deus || [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]]. Christian feast celebrating the Eucharist.
|-June 1 (Kids day) Dia das criancas
| June 10 || Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas || [[Portugal Day]]. Marks the date of [[Luís de Camões|Camões]] death. Camões wrote The [[Lusiad]]s, Portugal's national epic. Event of 1580. Celebrated in many of Portuguese communities in the United States of America, such as the Ironbound in Newark, New Jersey
|-
| August 15 || Assunção || [[Assumption of Mary]].
|-
| October 5 || Implantação da República || Implantation of the Republic, or [[Republic Day]]. Event of 1910.
|-
| November 1 || Todos os Santos || [[All Saints' Day]]. Day used for visiting deceased relatives.
|-
| December 1 || Restauração da Independência || Restoration of Independence. Event of 1640.
|-
| December 8 || Imaculada Conceição || Immaculate Conception. Patron Saint of Portugal since 1646.
|-
| December 25 || Natal || [[Christmas Day]]. Celebrated in the 24th to the 25th as a family gathering to eat [[codfish]] with [[potatoes]] and [[cabbage]], roasted kid and turkey; seasonal sweets and dry fruits; drink [[Port wine]]; and share gifts.
|}

Portuguese popular song: (English Translation)
* "Santo António já se acabou. (Saint Anthony is over)
* O São Pedro está-se a acabar. (Saint Peter is ending)
* São João, São João, São João, (Saint John, Saint John, Saint John)
* Dá cá um balão para eu brincar." (Give me a balloon, for me to play)

==Sports and games==
{{Main|Sport in Portugal}}
{{See also|Football in Portugal}}
[[Image:Portugiesische Fans bei der Euro 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Portuguese [[Association football|football]] fans supporting the [[Portugal national football team]]]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Portugal. Football started to become well known in Portugal in the final decades of the 19th century, brought by Portuguese students who returned from [[England]].

The first person responsible for its implementation was [[Guilherme Pinto Basto]] (according to some people, his brothers Eduardo and Frederico brought the first ball from England). It was he who had the initiative to organise an exhibition of the new game, which took place in October 1888 in [[Cascais]], and it was also Pinto Basto who organized the first official football match in January of the following year. The match, played where today is found the ''[[Campo Pequeno Bullring]]'' in Lisbon, involved opposing teams from [[Football in Portugal|Portugal]] and [[Football in England|England]]. The [[Portugal national football team|Portuguese team]] won the game 2–1. Consequently, football started attracting the attention of the high society, being distinguished by the Luso-British rivalry.

Later, the game spread, being practiced in colleges, and leading to the foundation of clubs all over the country. Until the end of the century, associations such as ''Clube Lisbonense'', ''[[Carcavelos]]'', ''Braço de Prata'', the ''Real Ginásio Clube Português'', the ''Estrela Futebol Clube'', the ''Futebol Académico'', the ''Campo de Ourique'', the Oporto Cricket, and the ''Sport Clube Vianense'' were founded to practice this sport or created sections for competing. The first match, between [[Lisbon]] and [[Porto]], took place in 1894, attended by King D. Carlos. The ''Clube Internacional de Futebol'' (founded in 1902) was the first Portuguese team to play abroad defeating, in 1907, the ''Madrid Futebol Clube'' in the Spanish capital.

The oldest football club in Portugal is ''[[Futebol Clube do Porto]]'' which was founded in 1893 (as Foot-Ball Club do Porto). ''[[S.L. Benfica|Sport Lisboa e Benfica]]'' was born in 1904, with [[Cosme Damião]] and other people being the founders (the club maintained the foundation date of ''Sport Lisboa'', founded in 1904, when in 1908 assimilated the ''Grupo Sport Benfica'', founded in 1906). The ''[[Boavista Futebol Clube]]'' was founded in 1903. The ''[[Sporting Clube de Portugal]]'' was founded in 1906 by the Viscount of Alvalade and his grandson José de Alvalade. They are all clubs that traditionally have several sports activities but they give great distinction to football, making use of teams of professional players, which frequently participate in European competitions.

In April 2010, the [[Portugal national football team]] was ranked 3rd out of 207 countries by [[FIFA]]. The legendary [[Eusébio]] is still a symbol of Portuguese football. [[Luís Figo]] was voted 2001 Player of the Year by FIFA, after finishing 2nd in 2000. [[Manuel Rui Costa]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] are also noteworthy, although [[Vítor Baía]] is the player in history with most titles won, including all European club cups. Moreover, [[José Mourinho]] is regarded as one of the most successful and well-paid football managers in football's history. The main domestic [[Association football|football]] competition is the [[Primeira Liga]], where the dominating teams are [[S.L. Benfica]], [[FC Porto]], and [[Sporting CP]]. Portugal hosted and nearly won [[EURO 2004]], getting defeated in the final by surprise winner [[Greece national football team|Greece]]. The Portuguese national team also reached the semi-finals of the [[FIFA World Cup]] twice, in 1966, when Eusébio was the top scorer, with 9 goals, and also in 2006. The year 2006 was the year that Portugal nearly won the [[FIFA World Cup]] tournament, ranking 4th overall, being defeated by [[France national football team|France]] and [[Germany national football team|Germany]]. This was the first time since 1966, that the Portuguese football team had advanced to such a high qualifying round in a World Cup tournament. The national team defeated hosts [[French national football team|France]] in the [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016 edition of the UEFA Euro]], their first major international trophy.

Other than football, many other professional and well organized sport competitions take place every season in Portugal, including [[basketball]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[tennis]], [[gymnastics]], [[futsal]], [[handball]], and [[volleyball]] among the hundreds of sports played in this country.

[[Road bicycle racing|Road cycling]], with ''[[Volta a Portugal]]'' as the most important race, is also popular.

In [[rink hockey]], Portugal is the country with the most world titles: 15 [[Rink Hockey World Championship|World Championships]] and 20 [[Rink Hockey European Championship|European Championships]], and in [[rugby sevens]], the Portuguese team has won many international trophies, having as of July 2006, five European Championship titles.

[[Golf]] is also worth mentioning, since its greatest players play in the sunny region of the [[Algarve]], during the ''Algarve Open''.

The [[Autódromo do Estoril|Autódromo Fernanda Pires da Silva]] in the [[Estoril]], near Lisbon, is the main Portuguese race track, where many motorsport competitions are held, including the [[MotoGP|World Motorcycling Championship]] and [[A1 Grand Prix]].

[[Rallying]] (with the [[Rally of Portugal]] and [[Rally Madeira]]) and [[off-road]] (with the Baja Portugal 1000 and recently [[Dakar Rally|Lisboa-Dakar]]) events also have international recognition.

[[Triathlon]] is also giving important steps, thanks to the world cup leader [[Vanessa Fernandes]], and her European and world titles. She is also the [[duathlon]] European and world champion.

The national team of [[shooting sports]] won the gold medal in the teams event, and [[Paulo Cleto]] won silver in the single men's competition.

[[Martial arts]] like [[judo]] have also brought many medals to this country, namely [[Telma Monteiro]], who conquered gold twice at the European Championships in the -52 kg category, bronze in 2005 world championship in [[Cairo]], and achieved silver in [[2007 World Judo Championships]]. [[Nuno Delgado]], who conquered the bronze medal in the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney, also became the European champion in 1999 (in [[Bratislava]]), and vice-champion in the year of 2003.

[[Manuel Centeno]] is also a major name in Portuguese sports, as he conquered the national, European and the world titles, in 2006 in [[bodyboarding]] after being the European champion back in 2001.

In [[surfing]], [[Justin Mujica]], European surfing champion in 2004, is now back in the competitions after recovering from a knee injury. [[Tiago Pires (surfer)|Tiago Pires]] reached the number one position at [[Association of Surfing Professionals|ASP WQS]] rating, and will probably be part of the main surfing competition. Ruben Gonzalez is an international acclaimed surfer and the only one to achieve the national title in two consecutive tournaments.

The Portuguese team of [[basketball]] made a unique qualification to the European Championships and made through the second round, where it was eliminated.

''"Os Lobos"'' ([[Portugal national rugby union team]]) made a dramatic qualification to the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]], becoming the world's only all-amateur team ever to qualify for that kind of event.

In [[fencing]], [[Joaquim Videira]] won the silver medal at the [[épée]] [[2006 World Fencing Championships]], and has conquered numerous medals in the world cup.

The major Portuguese professional sports leagues, championships and events include:
* [[Portuguese Football Championship]] and [[Cup of Portugal]] in [[Association football|football]].
* [[Portuguese Futsal First Division]] in [[futsal]].
* [[Portuguese Basketball League]] in [[basketball]].
* [[Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division]] in [[rink hockey]].
* [[Portuguese Handball League]] in [[handball]].
* [[Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock]] in [[Rugby union|rugby]].
* [[Portuguese Volleyball League A1]] in [[volleyball]].
* [[Portuguese Beach Soccer League]] in [[beach soccer]].
* [[Volta a Portugal]] in [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]].
* [[Rally of Portugal]] in [[motor racing]].

The country has an ancient [[martial art]] known as ''"[[Jogo do Pau]]"'' (Portuguese Stick Fencing), which is used for self-protection and for duels between young men in disputes over young women. Having its origin in the [[Middle Ages]], Jogo do Pau uses wooden staves as a combat weapon.

Other sports are the ''"Jogos Populares"'', a wide variety of traditional sports played for fun.

In addition to this, other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include [[airsoft]], [[fishing]], [[golf]], [[hiking]], [[hunting]], and [[orienteering]].

==Stereotypes==
This is a list of stereotypes:
* [[Saudade]]
* [[Sebastianism]]
* [[Zé Povinho]]

==See also==
* [[Portuguese people]]
* [[Portuguese poetry]]
* List of cultural icons of Portugal
* [[List of libraries in Portugal]]
* [[List of museums in Portugal]]
* [[Historic villages of Portugal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
;Folktale indexes:
*{{cite web|url=https://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos|language=pt|title=Contos Maravilhosos: Adversários Sobrenaturais (300–99)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205706/http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}
*Correia, Paulo Jorge. ''[https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/135206/1/contotradicionalportuguessecxxi_2021_ebook.pdf CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos)]''. IELT (Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2021. {{ISBN|978-989-8968-08-1}}.

; Folktale collections
* [[Teófilo Braga|Braga, Teófilo]]. ''[https://www.bdalentejo.net/BDAObra/BDADigital/Obra.aspx?id=280# Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português]''. Vol. I. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1999.
* Coelho, Francisco Adolfo. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tales_of_Old_Lusitania Tales of Lusitania from The Folklore of Portugal]''. Translated by Henriqueta Monteiro. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888.
* Pires, António Thomaz. ''[https://www.bdalentejo.net/BDAObra/BDADigital/Obra.aspx?id=66# Contos Populares Alentejanos, recolhidos na tradição oral]''. Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1992. (in Portuguese)

{{Portugal topics}}
{{Culture of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Portugal}}
[[Category:Culture of Portugal| ]]

Sasural Genda Phool 2

2026-02-09T13:29:55Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| creator = [[Zama Habib]]
| writer = {{ubl|Mitali Bhattacharya|Mausami Choudhary}}
| director = {{ubl|Rakesh Kumar|Shiv Anand}}
| opentheme = “Oye Hoye Hoye, Oye Hoye Hoye, Sasural Genda Phool”
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 94
| producer = {{ubl|Romit Ojha|Mitali Bhattacharya}}
| runtime = 21-23 minutes
| company = Ravi Ojha Productions Enterprises
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|7}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|4|15}}
| related = ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
}}

'''''Sasural Genda Phool 2''''' is an Indian television action romance drama thriller series that aired on [[Star Bharat]], starring [[Jay Soni]] and [[ Shagun Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sasural-genda-phool-to-come-with-a-new-season-jay-soni-shagun-sharma-to-play-the-leads-7585056/lite/|title=Sasural Genda Phool to come up with a new season; Jay Soni and Shagun Sharma to play the leads|website=Indian Express|date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-ragini-khanna-but-shagun-sharma-to-play-the-lead-opposite-jay-soni-in-sasural-genda-phool-2/articleshow/86812498.cms|title=Not Ragini Khanna but Shagun Sharma to play the lead opposite Jay Soni in Sasural Genda Phool 2|website=The Times Of India|date=6 October 2021 }}</ref> It is a sequel of [[StarPlus]]'s show, ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'', which earlier starred [[Jay Soni]] and [[Ragini Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sasural-genda-phool-to-return-with-a-new-season/videoshow/87234345.cms|title=Sasural Genda Phool to return with a new season|website=The Times Of India}}</ref> It is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show premiered on 7 December 2021. The show went off air on 15 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shagun Sharma: I started crying when I first heard that Sasural Genda Phool 2 was going off air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-i-started-crying-when-i-first-heard-that-sasural-genda-phool-2-was-going-off-air/articleshow/90460053.cms |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Times of India |date=26 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show takes place seven years after the events of ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'', revolving around Ishaan who is now a widower as Suhana has died. Ishaan is living with Suhana's memories and does not wish to remarry as per the promise he made to her. The Kashyap family is worried for him and keeps insisting him to remarry, bringing new marriage proposals for Ishaan everyday which annoys him; Ishaan manages to reject them with excuses.

Soon, Ishaan crosses paths with Tanya aka Titlee, a street-smart [[thief]] and con-woman, who hates relationships and doesn't believe in love as her dreams were shattered by her drunkard father. Ishaan and Titlee make a deal: Titlee would pretend to be Ishaan's girlfriend in front of his family and purposefully create a bad impression on them, to make them quit the thought of getting Ishaan remarried; while Ishaan would pay her in return for her help. They execute their plan and successfully manage to turn everyone against Titlee. Ishaan thanks Titlee for her help and pays her as promised, parting ways with her. Titlee slowly realises that while pretending to have feelings for Ishaan, she has actually fallen in love with him.

Jagdish, Titlee's father, gets drunk and accidentally exposes Ishaan and Titlee's secret to the Kashyaps. Shocked, the Kashyaps try to make Ishaan confess this but fail. Meanwhile, Ishaan stands by Titlee's side in her personal battles and emotionally supports her. He falls in love with her but feels guilty for betraying Suhana. Unwilling to move on from Suhana, a scared Ishaan confesses the truth to his family that Titlee is not his girlfriend and that he was putting up an act in front of them. Titlee breaks into tears after overhearing Ishaan declaring to his family that he doesn't love her.

==Cast==

===Main===
* [[Jay Soni]] as Ishaan Kashyap: Rano and Alok's son; Ishika's brother; Suhana's widower; Titli's husband (2021–2022)
* [[Shagun Sharma]] as Tanya "Titli" Awasthi: a [[Theft|thief]] and [[Confidence trick|con-woman]]; Jagdish’s daughter; Ishaan's wife (2021–2022)

===Recurring===
*[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Shailaja Kashyap – Ishwar's estranged wife; Inder and Panna's mother; Meethi's grandmother (2021–2022)
* Sooraj Thapar as Alok Kashyap – Gayatri and Ambarnath's younger son; Ishwar, Urmi and Radha's brother; Rano's husband; Ishaan and Ishika's father (2021–2022)
* [[Shruti Ulfat]] as Rano Kashyap – Alok's wife; Ishaan and Ishika's mother (2021–2022)
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Ambarnath Kashyap – Gayatri's husband; Ishwar, Alok, Urmi and Radha's father; Inder, Panna, Ishaan, Ishika, Deepak and Ilesh's grandfather (2021–2022)
*[[Anita Kanwal]] as Gayatri Kashyap – Ambarnath's wife; Ishwar, Alok, Urmi and Radha's mother; Inder, Panna, Ishaan, Ishika, Deepak and Ilesh's grandmother (2021–2022)
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Indrabhan "Inder" Kashyap – Shailaja and Ishwar's son; Panna's brother; Rajni's husband; Meethi's father (2021–2022)
* [[Richa Soni]] as Rajni Kashyap – Inder's wife; Meethi's mother (2021–2022)
* Rashmi Singh as Ishika Kashyap – Rano and Alok's daughter; Ishaan's sister (2021–2022)
* Shyam Mashalkar as Ilesh Bhardwaj – Urmi's son; Disha's husband (2021–2022)
* [[Ridheema Tiwari]] as Disha Bhardwaj – Ilesh's wife (2021–2022)
* Maira Dharti Mehra as Meethi Kashyap – Rajni and Inder's daughter (2021–2022)
* Ankit Sagar as Jagdish – A drunkard; Titli’s father. (2021–2022)
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Dr. Avni Sehgal – Ishaan's friend (2021–2022)
* [[Ishaan Singh Manhas]] as Karan: Ishika's ex husband (2021)

===Special appearances===
* [[Ragini Khanna]] as Suhana Bajpai Kashyap – Ishaan's late wife (2021–2022)

==Production==
===Development===
A puja was organised on the sets on October 26 post-which the shooting commenced for the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/special-puja-on-the-sets-of-sasural-genda-phool-2/videoshow/87279658.cms|title=Special Puja on the sets of Sasural Genda Phool 2|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>

===Casting===
Almost all former cast-members from the [[Sasural Genda Phool|first season]] were retained and talks were on with [[Ragini Khanna]], who played the lead in the former season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sham-mashalkar-on-reprising-his-role-in-sasural-genda-phool-2/articleshow/87647027.cms |title=Sham Mashalkar on re-reprising his role in Sasural Genda Phool 2|website=The Times Of India|date=11 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/supriya-pilgaonkar-resumes-shoot-for-sasuraal-genda-phool-2-336114|title=Supriya Pilgaonkar resumes shoot for Sasural Genda Phool with the new season|website=The Tribune}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> However, Khanna refused returning as a lead-face on TV and hence she accepted to only play a cameo in the show as deceased Suhana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ragini-khanna-starts-shooting-for-sasural-genda-phool-2/articleshow/87340429.cms|title=Exclusive! Ragini Khanna starts shooting for Sasural Genda Phool 2|website=The Times Of India|date=28 October 2021 }}</ref>

New characters and entries too took place in the new season, like [[Dalljiet Kaur]] and few others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dalljiet-kaur-to-be-seen-in-sasural-genda-phool-2-actress-will-miss-son-jaydon/articleshow/87830268.cms|title=Daljeit Kaur and some new actors to be seen in Sasural Genda Phool 2|website=The Times Of India|date=21 November 2021 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 9 November 2021, featuring lead [[Jay Soni]] and [[Ragini Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-genda-phool-2-promo-suhana-convinces-ishaan-jay-soni-to-re-marry-but-theres-an-emotional-twist-watch/articleshow/87610743.cms|title=Sasural Genda Phool 2 promo: Suhana convinces Ishaan to re-marry, but there's an emotional twist|website=The Times Of India|date=9 November 2021 }}</ref>

The second promo was released on 24 November 2021, featuring the face-family, [[Jay Soni]] as Ishaan and lead Shagun Sharma as Titli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-genda-phool-2-promo-kashyaps-convince-ishaan-aka-jay-soni-to-re-marry-says-even-suhana-wanted-this/articleshow/87893862.cms|title=Sasural Genda Phool 2 promo: Kashyaps convince Ishaan to re-marry; Says even Suhana wanted this|website=The Times Of India|date=24 November 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Bhagavadajjukam (film)

2026-02-07T07:30:14Z

AbrandaStudio:

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit Film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagavadajjukam
| image =
| caption =
| director = Yadu Vijayakrishnan
| producer = Kiran Raj
| writer = Yadu Vijayakrishnan Dr. Aswathy Ambika Vijayan
| starring = Pradeep Kumar [[Jishnu V Nair]] Parvathy V Nair
| music = Vishnu V Divakaran
| cinematography = Vipin Chandran
| editing = Pradeep Shankar
| released = {{Film date|2021}}
| country = India
| runtime = 78 minutes
| language = Sanskrit
}}

'''''Bhagavadajjukam''''' ({{translation|The Monk and the Courtesan}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Sanskrit]]-language film directed by Yadu Vijayakrishnan.<ref>{{cite web|title="Bhagavadajjukam" is my humble effort to create a light-hearted movie in Sanskrit language: Yadu Vijayakrishnan, Director of IFFI 52 Indian Panorama film|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1775447|access-date=2021-12-26|website=pib.gov.in}} {{deadlink|date=September 2022}}</ref>

''Bhagavadajjukam'' is an adaptation of the 7th century play by Bodhayana of the [[Bhagavadajjukam|same name]]. The film had its world premiere at the International Film Festival of India. Bhagavadajjukam also won Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Sanskrit film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Prithviraj, Biju Menon share best actor award|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-awards-prithviraj-biju-menon-share-best-actor-award-movie--1.5998393|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913090553/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-awards-prithviraj-biju-menon-share-best-actor-award-movie--1.5998393|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Shandilya is the disciple of Parivrajaka, a sannyasa monk. He comes across Vasanthasena, a courtesan. Vasanthasena dies on the spot as a result of Yamadoota's carelessness. Witnessing Shandilya's lamentation, Parivrajaka transfers his soul to the body of Vasanthasena. What ensues is nothing but a series of humorous events. The satirical story features the collision of two worlds.

==Cast==
*Pradeep Kumar as Parivrajaka
*[[Jishnu V Nair]] as Shandilya
*Parvathy V Nair as Vasanthasena
*Saji Sopanam as Yamadoota
*Shivakumar as Vaidya
*Reshmi Kailas as the mother
*Jwala S Parameswar as Madhukarika

== See also ==
* [[Sanskrit cinema]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Erai river

2026-01-28T07:09:03Z

AbrandaStudio: Done.

{{Short description|River in Maharashtra, India}}
{{One source|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox river|name=Erai River|native_name={{native name|mr|इरई नदी}}|image=Erai river at Ambhora.jpg|image_size=256px|image_caption=Erai river during monsoon at Ambhora village near Urjanagar|image_alt=Erai river at Ambhora village near Urjanagar
|subdivision_type1=State|subdivision_name1=[[Maharashtra]] |subdivision_type2=District|subdivision_name2=[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|length= 78 km |discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=|source1= Near Kasarbodi village |source1_location=|source1_coordinates={{Coord|20.52|79.23|display=inline}} |mouth=Wardha river|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{Coord|19.8754|79.3030|display=inline,title}}|river_system=[[Godavari]] basin|bridges=}}

'''Erai river''' ({{langx|mr|इरई नदी}}) is a [[tributary]] of [[Wardha River|Wardha river]] and is an important river in [[Chandrapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The river originates near Kasarbodi village of [[Chimur]] taluka and meets Wardha river near Hadasti village. It has a total length of 78 km and lies entirely within Chandrapur district.<ref name="mpcb">{{cite web |url=http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Erai_%26_Zarpat_River_Action_Plan-Revised.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415081546/http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Erai_%26_Zarpat_River_Action_Plan-Revised.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-15 |title=Erai and Zarpat River Action Plan |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=2019-08-07 }}</ref>

The river has a dam built on it called [[Erai Dam]]. The dam provides water to Chandrapur city and to [[Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station]].<ref name="mpcb" /> {{anchor|Jharpat|Zarpat}} [[Zarpat river]] is a tributary of Erai river and meets it near Mana village.<ref name="mpcb" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]

Nariyapuram

2026-01-23T07:29:30Z

AbrandaStudio: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nariyapuram
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Nariyapuram School Bus.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = School bus in Nariyapuram
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|13|22|N|76|44|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kozhencherry
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Vallicode]] Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689513
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0468
| registration_plate = KL-03
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Pandalam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta ,MLA -Konni
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vallicode]] Panchayat
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Nariyapuram Vayal.jpg|thumb|A Paddy field in Nariyapuram.]]
'''Nariyapuram''' is a village in [[Vallicode]] Panchayat of [[Pathanamthitta district]] in [[Kerala]], India. Nariyapuram is located in the northern part of [[Pathanamthitta]]. [[Pandalam]], which is seven km away is the nearest town. The district headquarters [[Pathanamthitta]] is eight km away. There are regular bus services via Nariyapuram. Schools, hospitals, places of worship and all other necessities are also available. The population here is not too large. There are vast areas of paddy fields and most of the villagers are farmers. Borders of Nariyapuram are [[Thattayil]] along the south, [[Thumpamon]] along the west, [[Achankovil]] river along the north and [[Kaipattoor]] along the east. One of the existing sugarcane cultivation in Central Travancore is in Nariyapuram.new state Highway 80 (SH-80)[Konni Haipad Road] in one junction nariyapuram.

== History ==
It is presumed that the regions that Nariyapuram was formerly under the rule of Pandalam, which had connections with the Pandya kingdom.[7] When Pandalam was added to the princely state of Travancore in 1820, the region came under Travancore administration.

== Education ==
* St. Paul's school<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolwiki.in/index.php/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=St. Paul's School, Nariyapuram details}}</ref> is an Aided school in Nariyapuram. For many years, it was an upper primary school. There were no high schools in Nariyapuram at that time. The school became a high school by the year of 1985. The school was founded in 1952. Most people in and around Nariyapuram had their schooling at this school. Currently, the school follows [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus up to fourth grade, [[Kerala State Education Board]] for fifth to tenth standard and the school has an unaided higher secondary. The founder manager of the school is Shri. K T Mathai
*GLPS Nariyapuram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/glps-nariyapuram-detail-440237.htm|title=Govt. LPS Nariyapuram details}}</ref><ref name="LPS list">{{cite web|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statstics/lp/pathanamthittalp.pdf|title=LP Schools list}}</ref>
*GLPS Vayala north<ref name="LPS list" />
*MSC LPS Nariyapuram<ref name="LPS list" />
*GURUKULAM CAREER GUIDANCE CENTRE

== Religion ==

The main religious communities in Nariyapuram are [[Hindus]] and [[Christians]].

=== Shri Indilayappan Temple ===

[[File:Indilayappan temple Nariyapuram side view.JPG|thumb|alt=A|Indilayappan temple]]Shri Indilayappan temple,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/siva/nariyapuram_indilayappan.htm|title=Shri Indilayappan temple}}</ref> Nariyapuram is one of the oldest and famous temples in [[Kerala, India]]. The temple is the abode of Lord Indilayappan the incarnation of two divine powers of [[Lord Shiva]] and Lord Dharma Shasta. Situated in the backdrop of scenic beauty and adorned by sacred Grove, all weather clear water ponds and vast evergreen meadow, the temple is an embodiment of serenity and peace. Seated in the lap of Mother Nature, the deity is in the form of a naturally grown Black Rock. The deity has free access to sunlight, air, rain, mist and dew. This is made possible by leaving the overhead portion of the [[Sreekovil]] open.

=== Immanuel Orthodox Valiya Pally ===

Immanuel Orthodox Valiya Pally, Nariyapuram is an ancient and famous church in Nariyapuram. Years ago before the church was built, people in Nariyapuram used to go to [[Thumpamon Valiya Pally]]. Then Christian believers in Nariyapuram realised that a separate church is required for Nariyapuram and this led to the construction of a new church in Nariyapuram. Today Immanuel Orthodox Valiya Pally, Nariyapuram is one of the biggest churches in Pathanamthitta.

===Assemblies of God Church===
It is famous pentecostal church located in this village.

=== Madathilkavil Sree Vanadurga Devi Temple ===
This temple is recently renovated and situated 300 meters east to Nariyapuram Junction .

=== Sree vadakkumnatha Kshetharam ===
Sree vadakkumnatha temple or Aalthara (ആൽത്തറ) Temple situated north to Nariyapuram in banks of Achankovil River, Lord Shiva and Lord Muruga are the deities of the temple. The Temple was renovated in 1999 by building a new temple where the old banyan tree situated, under which the deity was situated.

== Market ==
One market was situated near Nariyapuram junction opposite to Government LP school up to beginning of last decade and is now defunct.

== Important Institutions ==

=== Nariyapuram Milk producers Co-operative Society ===
A Milk producers co-operative society in Nariyapuram collects the milk from the farmers and assuring a steady market and stable price to dairy farmers for the milk produced by them.

=== Sugar cane Mill ===
A '''sugar cane mill''' situated near Charuvayyathu padi produce jaggery using sugar cane cultivated near it. This is one of the few existing sugar cane cultivation in District.

== Agriculture ==
Most common crop in this area is Rubber. Paddy is the most important crop cultivated in the wet lands. Tapioca and pulses are the important dry land crops. Other major crops are coconut, banana, pepper and ginger. In certain areas cashew, pineapple, sugarcane, cocoa and other tree spices are cultivated.

=== SBT ===

The [[State Bank of Travancore]] Nariyapuram branch<ref name="SBT Nariyapuram">{{cite web|url=http://ifsc.bankifsccode.com/SBTR0000512|title=SBT Nariyapuram details and IFSC code}}</ref> is situated in Parambil Buildings<ref name="SBT Nariyapuram" /> at Nariyapuram Junction.
The bank has a key role in fulfilling the financial needs of people in Nariyapuram. The bank has its own ATM counter which is very useful for people not only in Nariyapuram but also in nearby places.

=== Kaipattoor Service Co-Operative Bank ===

The Nariyapuram branch of [[Kaipattoor]] Service Co-Operative bank is a great support for people in Nariyapuram. The bank opens special market during the [[Onam]] festival. The bank provides many services useful to ordinary people.

== Transport ==
The Pandalam - Kaipattoor road passes through Nariyapuram. This road joins MC Road at Pandalam and thereby makes it convenient to travel to all the major cities in Kerala, including the state capital [[Trivandrum]] and commercial capital [[Kochi]]. To the other side, the road leads to Kaipattoor from where we can get to Adoor, Ezhamkulam, Konni or Pathanamthitta where [[Pathanamthitta]] is the district capital. Nearest airports are [[Trivandrum International Airport]] and [[Cochin International Airport]] . Nearest Railway stations are [[Chengannur]], *[[Thiruvalla]], [[Mavelikkara]] and [[Haripad]].

== Famous Personalities ==
*[[P. Ayyaneth]]
*[[S. Jithesh]]
*Nariyapuram Venugopal
*Dr. K P Kesavan Nampoothiri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article25984.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018011753/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article25984.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2013 |title=Cherukolppuzha Hindu Meet from Feb 1 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nariyapuram}}
*[http://www.indilayappantemple.in Indilayappan temple official site]
*[http://banksifsccode.com/state-bank-of-travancore-ifsc-code/kerala/pathanamthitta/nariyapuram-branch/ Nariyapuram SBT details]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=En7YwSlxy3I Nariyapuram Venugopal - Kadhaprasangam Sundaran Neeyum Sundaran Njaanum - youtube]
*[http://www.schoolwiki.in/index.php/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 St. Paul's School details (Malayalam) - www.schoolwiki.in]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
*http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/lp/pathanamthittalp.pdf
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015193019/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article28353.ece ]
*http://wikimapia.org/4862892/Immanuel-Orthodox-Church-Nariyapuram
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100213225102/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/08/stories/2010020850010200.htm ]
*http://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/nariyapuram/id/11283
*http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLLINGSTATION/AC114.pdf
*[[Thumpamon Valiya Pally]]
*http://www.themoderneducation.com/Kerala/Higher-Secondary-Schools/st.pauls-hss-Schools-in-NARIYAPURAM-s8651.html

{{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]

Sadavali, Ratnagiri

2026-01-22T18:07:35Z

AbrandaStudio: adding new biography!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{for|the village in Pune district|Sadavali, Mawal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Sadavali
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}
'''Sadavali''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-1"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 119 residents in the village.<ref name="COI-1"/> Sadavali is 336 [[hectare]]s in size.<ref name="COI-1"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Muhammad Shah I

2025-12-09T04:58:39Z

AbrandaStudio: post...

{{Short description|Sultan of Gujarat from 1403 to 1404}}
{{for|other similarly named persons and places|Muhammad Shah (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Muhammad Shah I
|title = Sultan of Muzaffarids
|succession = 2nd [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]
|image =
|caption =
|reign1 =1403 - 1404
|reign2 =
|coronation =
|full name =
|predecessor1 = [[Muzaffar Shah I]]
| successor1 = [[Muzaffar Shah I]]
|spouse =
|issue = [[Ahmad Shah I]]
|royal house =
|dynasty =[[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid]]
|father = Muzaffar Shah I
|mother =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1404
|death_place =
|date of burial =
|place of burial =
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}
{{Gujarat Sultanate}}
'''Muhammad Shah I''', born '''Tatar Khan''', was a ruler of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] briefly from 1403 (when he deposed his father, [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]]), until 1404, when Zafar Khan regained the throne.

==Early life==
About 1396, Tatar Khan, leaving his baggage in the fort of [[Panipat]], made an attempt to capture [[Delhi]]. But Iqbál Khán took the fort of Pánipat, captured Tátár Khán's baggage, and forced him to withdraw to Gujarát.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=234}}

On the death of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III in 1392, Nasir's son Sikandar assumed the throne but died after just after 45 days. Sikandar was succeeded by his brother [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Mahmud II]] but their cousin [[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq|Nusrat Khan]] also claimed similar rank in [[Firozabad|Firuzabad]].{{sfn | Taylor |1902|pp=5}} In the prevailing situation, [[Timur|Tamerlane]] invaded India and marched on Delhi in 1398. In early 1399, Tamerlane defeated Mahmud II and looted and destroyed much of Delhi. Sultan Mahmud II escaped and after many wanderings, reached Patan. Mahmud II hoped to secure Zafar Khan's alliance to march to Delhi but Zafar Khan declined. Mahmud II went to Malwa, where he was declined again by local governor. Meanwhile, Mahmud II's son Wazir Iqbal Khan had expelled Nusrat Khan from Delhi. Mahmud returned to Delhi, but no longer enough authority over provinces, which were ruled independently by his governors.{{sfn|Taylor|1902|pp=5}}

==Reign==
In 1403, Zafar Khan's son Tatar Khan urged his father to march on Delhi to take advantage of the situation, but Zafar declined. As a result, in 1403, Tatar imprisoned Zafar in Ashaval (now [[Ahmedabad]]) and declared himself Sultan of Gujarat, reigning as Muhammad Shah I. Tatar humbled the chief of [[Nandod]] in [[Rajpipla]], and marched towards Delhi. On the way, Tatar was poisoned by his uncle, Shams Khán Dandáni, at Sinor on the north bank of [[Narmada River]]. Some sources says he died naturally due to weather or due to his habit of heavy drinking. After the death of Tatar, Zafar was released from the prison in 1404. Zafar Khán asked his own younger brother Shams Khán Dandáni to carry on the government, but Shams refused. Zafar took over the control over administration. In 1407, he declared himself as Sultan [[Muzaffar Shah I]] at Birpur or Sherpur, took the insignia of royalty and issued coins in his name.{{sfn|Taylor|1902|pp=6-7}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1980HistoryOfIslamicSultanateInGujarat256D|title=ગુજરાતમાંની ઇસ્લામી સલ્તનતનો ઈતિહાસ (ઇ.સ. ૧૩૦૦થી ઇ.સ.૧૫૭૩ સુધી)|last=Nayak|first=Chhotubhai Ranchhodji|publisher=[[Gujarat University]]|year=1982|location=Ahmedabad|language=gu|trans-title=History of Islamic Sultanate in Gujarat| pp=66–73}}</ref>{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=235}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/104269|title=The Coins Of The Gujarat Saltanat|last=Taylor|first=Georg P.|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay|year=1902|volume=XXI|location=Mumbai|hdl=2015/104269|issue=LVIII|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005602/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/104269|archive-date=2017-03-01}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=James Macnabb|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II. Musalmán Gujarát. (A.D. 1297–1760.)|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|chapter=Chapter I. Early Musalmán Governors.(A.D. 1297–1403.) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)|pages=230–236}} {{PD-notice}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Shah I}}
[[Category:Gujarat sultans]]
[[Category:1404 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]

Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)

2025-11-03T16:18:38Z

AbrandaStudio: Entry

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = c. 1150
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Arnoraja]]
| successor = [[Vigraharaja IV]]
}}
'''Jagaddeva''' (r. c. 1150) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He ascended the throne after killing his father [[Arnoraja]], and ruled briefly before being dethroned by his brother [[Vigraharaja IV]].

== Reign ==

Jagaddeva was one of the three sons born to the Chahamana king [[Arnoraja]] and his queen Sudhava, who was a princess of [[Marwar]]. His two brothers were [[Vigraharaja IV]] and Devadatta.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=55}} The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' states that the eldest son of Sudhava meted out the same treatment to Arnoraja that [[Parashurama]] had meted out to his mother (that is, killed the parent). The text does not name this son, but names Arnoraja's successor as [[Vigraharaja IV]], who had good qualities (''[[sattva]] [[guṇa]]''). Other texts, such as ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' and ''Surjana Charita'' name Arnoraja's successor as Jagaddeva. This indicates that Jagaddeva ascended the Chahamana throne after killing his father.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=140-141}}

Before Jagaddeva could consolidate his position, his younger brother Vigraharaja dethroned him and became the new Chahamana king.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=141}} The ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' describes Jagaddeva as the only Chahamana ruler who did not attain heaven.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Patricides]]

George Boileau Willock

2025-10-27T13:23:57Z

AbrandaStudio: Added.

'''George Boileau Willock''' (1832-30 November 1893) was a [[Indian Civil Service|British Civil Servant]] in India.<ref name=Danvers1894>{{cite book |last1=Danvers |first1=Frederick Charles |last2=Martineau |first2=Harriet |last3=Monier-Williams |first3=Monier |last4=Bayley |first4=Steuart Colvin |last5=Wigram |first5=Percy |last6=Sapte |first6=Brand |title=Memorials of old Haileybury College |date=1894 |publisher=Westminster, A. Constable and Company |pages=458, 636 |url=http://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog}}</ref> He was the third son of [[Henry Willock|Sir Henry Willock]].<ref name=TINCEA1857>{{cite book |title=The Indian News and Chronicle of Eastern Affaires: 1857 |date=1857 |page=199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHlNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref> From 1852 to 1854 he attended [[East India College|Haileybury]] and subsequently arrived in India that same year.<ref name=Danvers1894/> He married Georgiana C. M. Willoughby in 1857,<ref name=TINCEA1857/> and became assistant magistrate and collector at [[Meerut]].<ref name=TINCEA1857/> He retired in 1866.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report on the Administration of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, North-Western Provinces and Oudh, for the Year Ending 31st March ... |date=1879 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6EIAAAAQAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Willock died on 30 November in 1893 at Sussex Villas, [[Kensington]].<ref name=Danvers1894/><ref>{{cite book |title=Brompton, London, England, Cemetery Registers, 1840-2012 |date=1893 |publisher=The National Archives |location=Kew |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/61801/records/157925?tid=&pid=&queryId=456106f4-8857-4c87-9641-331bdc0c65a7&_phsrc=KiW8&_phstart=successSource |access-date=5 January 2025|via=ancestry.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willock, George}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Kinala

2025-10-23T00:36:20Z

AbrandaStudio: Stub!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kinala
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nicknames = Kinal, Hisar
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.4621|75.8116|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kinala, Harayana, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kinala,+Haryana+125112,+India/@29.4613135,75.8076969,1510m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x391186d039260885:0x94cdf967b0b22bd7!8m2!3d29.460579!4d75.811267?hl=en |website=Google Maps |publisher=Google, Inc. |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = North India
| subdivision_name3 = Hisar
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125112
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-20
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}
'''Kinala''' is a village in Uklana Tehsil in [[Hisar District]] of [[Haryana]] State, [[India]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hisar.gov.in/gram-panchayats/|title=Gram Panchayats
| website=www.hisar.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haryana21.com/distt-villages/village.php?villageid=1748|title=Welcome to Kinala Village (Hisar) Haryana
| website=www.haryana21.com|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/hisar/06120901201/gps-kinala.html|title=GPS KINALA - Kinala, District Hisar (Haryana)
| website=www.schools.org.in|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
* [[Sarola]]
* [[Khudan]]
* [[Chhapar, Jhajjar]]
* [[Dhakla, Jhajjar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Samarendra Narayan Dev

2025-10-08T12:32:38Z

AbrandaStudio: adding a entry!

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1940–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''Samarendra Narayan Dev''' (13 October 1940 – 26 January 2025) was an Indian filmmaker.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050407/asp/northeast/story_4578795.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407064027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050407/asp/northeast/story_4578795.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2005|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Northeast|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref> His film career, spanning four decades, has also brought laurels and recognition to [[Assam]]. His first independent [[celluloid (film)|celluloid]] depiction, ''Aranya'' (1971), was based on the dwindling [[rhinoceros]] population in Assam. It brought him the National Award in the best feature film category (regional) in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/675579/how-assamese-film-found-its-mojo|title=How Assamese film found its mojo|last=Sharma|first=Bobbeeta|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>

During the 1970s and 1980s, Narayan Dev made more women-centric films. Aranya 1971, and Putalar Ghar 1976, represented women of different social strata. While in Aranya, Bidya Rao played a carefree woman's character. Putalar Ghar represented the childlike innocence in a young woman and her transitions in life from childhood to adult age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/55929/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|title=Origin and Growth of Assamese Cinema|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Samarendra Narayan Dev, the descendant of the Darrang Royal Family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamatapur.com/1st-general-body-meeting-of-consortium-of-koch-royal-families-conkorf-held/|title=1st General body meeting of Consortium of Koch Royal Families (CONKORF) held|date=2015-09-28|website=www.kamatapur.com|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/northeast/story_17156952.jsp#.VyUmrqh97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602023059/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/northeast/story_17156952.jsp#.VyUmrqh97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2016|title=Softer side of a braveheart|website=The Telegraph|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref> was born on 13 October 1940 at Mangaldai in Darrang District of Assam. His father, Bhupendra Narayan Dev, was an honorary magistrate and a member of Legislative Assembly of Assam. His mother was Saroj Devi. From his childhood he had a craze about stage drama plays. He used to write drama plays and performed from the age of 14. While he was in college he got the opportunity to perform on stage with the likes of the great Bishnu Rabha and Phani Sharma in the drama ''Siraj''. Bhikha (''The Alms'') and Bandor Aaru Jokhola (''The monkey and the ladder'') are the two plays for which he received best director's award and also best drama award from Assam Natya Sanmiloni. His play ''Bheko-Bhaona'' also got published in Naytya Sankalan, published by Sangeet Natak Academy. Slowly his attention turned towards movies and he wished to become a filmmaker. He went to [[Kolkata]] in 1967 and got his first break as an assistant director in the same year under Director Ashutosh Bannerjee in ''Tini Bhuboner Pare''. In 1970 he came back to Assam and started his own movie ''Arayna'', it was produced by a club called United Club constituted of his friends including himself. So they named the production house as "United Production". "Arayna" was critically acclaimed and went on to win National award for best film in regional language. It was heart-warming for him as it dealt with a subject like wild life protection and was a new experience for the Assamese audience and gained appreciation from them. His second movie ''PUTALA GHAR'' also went on to win a national award for best film in regional language. Altogether he made six movies till date including his comeback movie with an historical subject called "BIR CHILARAI" in 2013. He made many TV series, TV movies and documentaries in [[Hindi]], Assamese and English. In 1995, he got an opportunity to do a Television film on DD-1 named "DARPAN".{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Death ==
Narayan Dev died on 26 January 2025, at the age of 84.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/union-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-mourns-demise-of-assamese-filmmaker-samarendra-narayan-dev Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal Mourns Demise Of Assamese Filmmaker Samarendra Narayan Dev]</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
* Aranya – 1971: Won presidential award for best film in regional language.
* Putalaghar – 1976: Won National award for best film in regional language.
* Sunor Horin – 1979.
* Kazirangar Kahini – 1981.
* Raja – 1981.
* Bir Chiralai – 2013.

=== Tele-films ===
* Dawar – 1991.
* Darpan – 1996.
* Nishikta Pradah – 1999.
* Mur Gaor Sadhuu – 2001 (For P.P.C).

=== Documentaries ===
* Devadashi Nritya – 1994.
* Biyas Ojapali – 1994.
* Khulia Bhaoria – 1994.
* Suknani Ojapali and Deodhani Nritya – 1997.
* Swarharekha – 2001.

=== Television series ===
* Sasipathor Puthi – 1997.
* Ajak Borokhoonor Apakhyat – 2002.
* Intezaar – 2002.
* Amritashya Putra – 2003.
* Maa O Meri Maa – 2003.
* Nayee Raah – 2005.
* Mera Waton Ke Logo – 2007.
* Andharat Nijor Mukh – 2011.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name| 1158761}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan Dev, Samarendra}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]

Indu Raj Narwal

2025-10-06T12:53:59Z

AbrandaStudio: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Indu Raj Narwal''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[14th Haryana Assembly]] from [[Baroda Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress's Indu Raj Narwal wins Baroda bypoll in Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congresss-indu-raj-narwal-wins-baroda-bypoll-in-haryana-168734 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Tribune India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Congress candidate Indu Raj Narwal defeats BJP's Yogeshwar Dutt in Haryana, say officials |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-cong-candidate-indu-raj-narwal-defeats-bjps-yogeshwar-dutt-in-baroda-assembly-seat-of-haryana-officials-139730 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Zee Business]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=बरोदा उप-चुनाव में इंदू राज नरवाल ने बीजेपी के योगेश्वर दत्त को हराया |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/congress-candidate-indu-raj-narwal-defeats-bjps-yogeshwar-dutt-in-baroda-assembly-seat-of-haryana-1633944 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Congress party's Indu Raj wins Baroda bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/congress-partys-indu-raj-wins-baroda-bypoll/articleshow/79141568.cms |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Congress candidate Indu Raj Narwal defeats BJP's Yogeshwar Dutt by over 10,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-baroda-bypoll-congress-candidate-indu-raj-narwal-defeats-bjp-yogeshwar-dutt-by-over-10000-votes-haryana-bypolls-663805 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 29 April 1977 at Rindhana village in [[Sonipat district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=50422 |website=[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]| date=17 July 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narwal, Indu Raj}}
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Chiumo

2025-09-29T18:24:16Z

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{{Short description|Mountain peak between India and China}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kawang Gyang
| other_name = Chiumo (Tibetan)
| native_name = {{native name|njz|Khyarisatam}}
| photo = Khyarisatam-kawang_gyang.jpg
| photo_caption = View of the southern flanks of Khyarisatam / Kawang Gyang
| elevation_m = 6890
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1597
| prominence_ref =
| range = [[Eastern Himalayas]]
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India#China Tibet topography#China
| relief = y
| map_caption = Arunachal Pradesh, India
| map_size = 330
| label_position = left
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| location = Arunachal Pradesh, India 
Shannan Prefecture, Tibet
| coordinates = {{coord|27.909847|N|92.62618|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Chiumo''' (also known as '''Chumo''' or '''Chomo''' in Tibet, also known as '''Khyarisatam''' by [[Nyishi people]] and '''Kawang Gyang''' by [[Puroik people]] in Arunachal Pradesh) is a mountain peak located at {{cvt|6890|m}} above sea level on the [[McMahon Line]], which runs between the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]] and [[Tibetan Autonomous Region]] of [[China]].

== Location ==
Kawang Gyang/Khyarisatam/Chiumo could be the highest in the Kangto Massif. The first one is [[Kangto]], situated {{Cvt|6.6|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-southwest, a part of [[Assam Himalaya]]. The other one is [[Nyegyi Kansang|Katoie Gyang/Kra Daadi/Nyegi Kangsang]] shy of 7000 m. The prominence is {{cvt|1597|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chumo |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chumo-1lba8j.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref> The southern flank of the Chiumo is located in the [[Kameng River|Kameng River Basin]], while the [[Subansiri River]] drains the northern flank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Why is the Kameng river muddy ? Oct-Nov 2021 |url=https://essaysbyanaturalist.wordpress.com/2021/10/30/why-was-the-kameng-river-muddy-in-oct-2021/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Essays by a Naturalist |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the three major peaks of the Kangto massif. <ref name=aaj_2011>{{Cite aaj|last=Griffin|date=2011|title=Asia, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Photography of the Kangto Range|article_id=12201131100|access-date=2023-06-16}}</ref>

== Climbing history ==
There are no documented ascents of Chiumo. However three attempts have been made from the south in the last 5 years{{When|date=May 2025}} by Tapi Mra, Taro Hai, Tagit Sorang and Tame Bagang, who were part of the team including several tens of [[Puroik people|Puroik]] guides.

== Further reading ==
* Yadav, M.P., "First ascent of [[Nyegyi Kansang]]", ''The Himalayan Journal, Issue 52, 1996.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/52/3 FIRST ASCENT OF NYEGI KANGSANG |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=himalayanclub.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Tibet]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

{{Tibet-geo-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Junior MGR

2025-08-16T03:38:58Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of South Indian film families#M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) Family]]

Needamangalam

2025-07-23T08:07:49Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Needamangalam
| official_name = Nidamangalam
| other_name = Neeradum Mangalam, Needa
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = NidamangalamThalappu.jpg
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.771|N|79.414|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Composite Tanjore Dist]],
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Town Panchayat
| governing_body = Needamangalam Town Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 147451
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| parts_type = Region
| parts = [[Chola Nadu]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 614 404
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (91)4367
| registration_plate = '''TN-50'''
| website =
| footnotes = [[Cauvery Delta]], [[Chola Nadu]]
}}

'''Needamangalam''' or '''Nidamangalam''', is a town panchayat in [[Thiruvarur district]] in the [[Cauvery Delta]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=South Indian Railway Co., Ltd.|year=1926|chapter=Tanjore–Nagore Branch Line: Nidamangalam Junction|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|location=Madras|publisher=Hoe and Company|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&pg=PA176 176]|oclc=417591593}}</ref> Needamangalam was originally part of the [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|composite Tanjore Dist]] during the British Raj period until 1997. In the 18th and 19th century, it was also called Yamunambalpuram. Needamangalam is the headquarters of the [[Needamangalam Taluk]]. The town is located 30 km east of [[Thanjavur]], 80 km east of [[Tiruchirappalli]] and 318 km south of [[Chennai]]. Needamangalam is a junction for two busy highways, [[National Highway 67]] and State Highway SH 66.

== History ==
According to Poruna-raatr-uppadai, [[Karikala Chola]] fought [[Battle of Venni]] (now [[Kovilvenni]]) near Needamangalam in which both [[Pandya]] and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] suffered crushing defeat. Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took their side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala. The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni which is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as Kovilvenni. Kovilvenni is situated at a distance of 3 km from Needamangalam.

==Geography==
The town is surrounded by three rivers and town limit could not extend any more within those boundaries. Hence it is also named as ''Needatha Mangalam'' means "Limited Area".
Needamangalam Taluk is crossed by the [[Vennar River]] in the north and the [[Koraiyar River]] in the south.
Near the [[Bay of Bengal]], the Venner River branches into three major distributaries, the northern branch retains its original name, Vennar. Other two branches are the [[Pamaniyar River|Pamaniyar]] and the Koraiyar. They flow down to [[Muthupet Lagoon]] and from there join the sea.

=== Climate ===
Needamangalam is abutted by the [[Vennar River]] in the north and the [[Koraiyar River]] in the south. Needamangalam experiences abundant rainfall during rainy season and severe weather drop towards November and December of every year.

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Needamangalam had a population of 147,451 with 72,695 males and 74,756 females. There were 1028 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 74.99. Child population in the age group below 6 was 6,869 Males and 6,643 Females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|publisher=Census Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

==Landmarks==

* [[Cauvery Delta]] is known for rich heritage, culture, music and spirituality. Music and culture flourished during Sangam and Chola periods in the entire Delta region. Many musicians like Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Shanmugavadivel, Neelakanda Shastri who contributed to carnatic musics & experts in Tavil and Nadaswaram instruments based musics, prime cultural music played at wedding and temple festivals in [[Tamil Nadu]] were based out of Needamangalam.<ref>{{cite web|title=tavil Maestro Shanmugavadivel and other Delta Musicians|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-jaffna-thavil-maestros-thanjavur-connection/article5487935.ece}}</ref>
* [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi]] or Guru Sthalam, a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]] is one of the [[Navagraha]] (nine planets) temples situated in the [[Cauvery delta]] at a distance of 5 km from Needamangalam.
* There is an underground sub-way passage (currently abandoned) connecting Needamangalam Chathiram to [[Thanjavur Maratha Palace]], originally built by Thanjavur Marathas for a secret and diplomatic escape route from [[Thanjavur]] Palace.
* Kovilvenni (3 km from Needamangalam) also known as "Venniparanthalai" is a famous place during Chola period for the celebrated battles between Uthiyan Cheral Athan and Chozhan Karikaal Valavan.
* The town of Needamangalam is a main hub for the villagers of the taluk, the majority of whom are farmers. Back in the 1950s - 1970's the town served as a wholesale market for paddy crops, and other crops.
[[File:NidamangalamThalappu.jpg|right|thumb|Nidamangalam Thalappu|alt=NidamangalamThalappu.jpg]]
* One kilometres from the town of Needamangalam, there is a spot called ''Munar Thalaippu'', the Koraiyar headworks where three rivers discharge by means of fine masonry sluice. It is a picnic spot where the main Vennar branches into three distributaries namely Vennar, Koraiyar, Pamaniyar. The Water Storage and Dams were built by Cholas as a measure to control the flow during flood season and boost agriculture to the entire region. Huge crowd is witnessed during Diwali, Pongal festivals at this spot and the name "Neeradu Mangalam" to the town also comes from this aspect that it has got three rivers branching out. Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] recently named Munar Thalaippu as a State Tourism spot and announced financial packages, to improve facilities.

== Transport ==
===Rail ===

[[Nidamangalam Junction railway station]] acts a connecting station to Mannargudi railway station. Trains connecting Mannargudi to various places like [[Chennai]] Egmore ([[Mannai express]]), [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] (Pamani Express), [[Coimbatore]] [[Chemmozhi Express]]. [[Thanjavur]], [[Trichy]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Karaikkal]], [[Velankanni]], [[Mayiladuthurai]] pass via Needamangalam. There is a long pending demand for a ROB at Needamangalam Junction which is announced during 2013-14 budget by Tamil Nadu Government and work in progress.
The "Great Southern of India Railway", aka [[Southern Railway zone]] opened its first line for traffic between [[Nagapattinam]] and [[Tanjore]] in 1861 that runs via Needamangalam Junction. Subsequently, the line was extended up to [[Tiruchirappalli]] in March 1862.
===Road ===
* SETC operates long distance daily day as well overnight buses from [[Mannargudi]]/[[Pattukottai]] to [[Chennai]] that runs via Needamangalam.
* SETC operates buses from [[Velankanni]] to various cities in [[Kerala]] and [[Nagercoil]], Tamil Nadu and [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka that runs via Needamangalam.
* Yogalakshmi Travels and Rathi Meena Travels operates daily bus services to [[Chennai]].
* TNSTC, Kumbakonam operate buses to [[Trichy]] and [[Thanjavur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mannargudi]], [[Velankanni]] and [[Nagapattinam]] with the frequency of a bus in every five minutes.

===Air/Sea ===

Nearest Airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] at a distance of 80 km from Needamangalam, and nearest seaport is [[Nagapattinam Port]] at a distance of 50 km from the town.
==Notable people==

* Former [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] Mr. [[N. Gopalaswami]] is from Needamangalam.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvarur district]]

Navin Prabhakar

2025-06-27T19:12:42Z

AbrandaStudio: new...

{{advert|date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{short description|Indian actor, comedian, singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Navin Prabhakar
| image = Navin Prabhakar.jpg
|image caption= Navin Prabhakar
| occupation = {{hlist|comedian|corporate stand-up comedian|singer|actor|[[mimicry artist]]}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| website = {{URL|http://navinprabhakar.com/|navinprabhakar.com}}
}}

'''Navin Prabhakar'''<ref>commonly misspelled as 'Naveen'</ref> is an Indian comedian, singer, actor and a [[mimicry artist]]. He is most known for his ''Pehchaan Kaun'' (Mumbai [[bar girl]]) act on ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news |title=Laugh it up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/bangalore/Laugh-it-up/articleshow/2308057.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426165524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-25/bangalore/27954463_1_fame-indian-food-star |url-status=live |archive-date=26 April 2013 |date=25 August 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charge of the laugh brigade |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051121/asp/calcutta/story_5475326.asp |work=The Telegraph |date=21 November 2005 |accessdate=2 March 2013 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129013925/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051121/asp/calcutta/story_5475326.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Roll over: It is boom time for the laughter industry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Roll-over-It-is-boom-time-for-the-laughter-industry/articleshow/1540813.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710164805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-22/india/27799784_1_comedies-sequels-great-indian-laughter-challenge |url-status=live |archive-date=10 July 2012 |date=22 May 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, he hosted a mimicry and stand-up show ''[[Hello Kaun? Pehchaan Kaun]]'' (2008–2009).<ref>{{cite news |title=Reality show contestants now turn anchors |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/Reality-show-contestants-now-turn-anchors/404195/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 December 2008 |accessdate=2 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130426161211/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/Reality-show-contestants-now-turn-anchors/404195/ |archivedate=26 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Career==
Navin, a commerce graduate from [[Mumbai University]], began his career as a singer, then actor, then began experimenting with making people laugh. After getting a good response in comedy deliveries, Navin decided to test himself at a national platform through the famous comedy show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' in 2005 which quickly made a name for himself with his trade-mark expression "Pehchaan Kon" of "Julie – the bar girl". After this, he worked on new ventures as a singer, actor, host, stand-up and mimicry artist.

==Gujarati corporate comedians==
He started trend as working as a corporate comedian. His shows include 2hrs live laughter, where he does his trademark "Pehchaan Kon" act. He is regarded as one of the top Indian corporate comedians. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/comedian-and-actor-navin-prabhakar-is-truly-the-best-corporate-comedian-in-india20210119133735/|title=Comedian and actor Navin Prabhakar is truly the best corporate comedian in India|work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]|accessdate=4 May 2022|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301000000/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/comedian-and-actor-navin-prabhakar-is-truly-the-best-corporate-comedian-in-india20210119133735/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhakar has given voiceover in films including ''[[Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hai Tumse]]'', ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]'', ''[[Nehle Pe Dehla]]'', ''Champion'' and ''Ara Ara Aaba, Aata Tari Thamba''. He did the voiceover for the song "Dhagala lagli kala". He has also sung in [[Adnan Sami]]'s song "Lift Karade" (Remix) as a voiceover artist. Albums that were further released were ''Chor Chor'', ''Spicy Mango'', ''Jalwa Part II'', ''Saangu'' and ''Naka''.

==Filmography==
;Films
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''No Problem'' || Jay || [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film
|-
|''[[Bombay to Goa (2007 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Aftermath'' || Ayush Khanna ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''Bhavnao Ko Samjho'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| ''Vroom'' || Girgit ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]'' || Mr. Naidu ||
|-
|''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || Raj ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Premacha Jhol Jhal]]'' || Pankaj || [[Marathi Cinema|Marathi]] film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Premacha-Jhol-Jhal-Premacha-Jhol-Jhal-movie-review-Siddharth-Jadhav-Navin-Prabhakar-Vijay-Patkar/movie-review/24753686.cms|title=Premacha Jhol Jhal Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=24 September 2017|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929061531/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Premacha-Jhol-Jhal-Premacha-Jhol-Jhal-movie-review-Siddharth-Jadhav-Navin-Prabhakar-Vijay-Patkar/movie-review/24753686.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Samrat & Co.]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' ||Rajan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Veerappan]]''
| ||
|-
| ''[[7 Hours to Go]]'' || ||
|-
|2017
|Manomani
|
|Marathi Short Film
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-navin-prabhakar-opens-breaking-the-image-of-being-comedian-and-establishing|title=EXCLUSIVE! Navin Prabhakar opens up on breaking the image of being a comedian and establishing himself as an actor, shares how the current generation of comedians have praised him, and much more|work=TellyChakkar|accessdate=4 May 2022|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301000000/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-navin-prabhakar-opens-breaking-the-image-of-being-comedian-and-establishing|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Official Bhootiyagiri 3'' || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sumeet-vyas-on-official-bhootiyagiri-season-3-6410127/|title=Sumeet Vyas: Official Bhootiyagiri 3 is a very well-rounded season|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=4 May 2022|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301000000/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sumeet-vyas-on-official-bhootiyagiri-season-3-6410127/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Say Tu
|
|Marathi Short Series
|-
| 2022 || ''Aapdi Thapdi'' || Antagonist || Upcoming Marathi film <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/while-comedy-is-my-bread-and-butter-acting-is-my-passion-says-navin-prabhakar/articleshow/90374527.cms|title=While comedy is my bread and butter, acting is my passion|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 May 2022|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929061531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/while-comedy-is-my-bread-and-butter-acting-is-my-passion-says-navin-prabhakar/articleshow/90374527.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Raghuveer (film)|Raghuveer]]''
|Savji
|Marathi Film <ref>{{cite web |title=Raghuveer Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} रघुवीर {{!}} Raghuvir {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/raghuveer-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

;Television
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' || Contestant || Finalist
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Takeshi's Castle]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar350.htm|title=Pogo lines up rib-tickling fare|date=27 March 2006|accessdate=22 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910170431/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar350.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Narrator
| Hindi dubbed version
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'' || Guest Judge ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008–2009 || ''[[Laughter Knights]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Kaun? Pehchaan Kaun]]'' || Host ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' || Arjun Kangi || episodes 166 – 167
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]]'' || Pramod & Zalil Choudhary ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/navin-prabhakar-roped-in-for-tv-s-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-74052.html|title=Navin Prabhakar roped in for &TV's Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain|accessdate=11 September 2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924231217/https://www.adgully.com/navin-prabhakar-roped-in-for-tv-s-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-74052.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]] 5'' || Guest ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' || Subodh Chaterjee || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/navin-prabhakar-star-tv-s-laal-ishq-190520|title=Navin Prabhakar to star in &TV’s Laal Ishq|work=TellyChakkar|accessdate=4 May 2022|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301000000/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/navin-prabhakar-star-tv-s-laal-ishq-190520|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://navinprabhakar.com/ Navin Prabhakar Official Website]
* {{IMDb name|2562720}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Navin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]

Janani – AI Ki Kahani

2025-05-04T13:42:35Z

AbrandaStudio: Started!

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = JananiAIKiKahani.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Science ]] [[drama]] [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay = Mrinal Jha
| story = Mrinal Jha '''Dialogues''' Rekha Modi
| director = Abhigyan Jha
| creative_director = Preeti Bijlani
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|Prapti Shukla|[[Mouli Ganguly]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = lyricist Abhigyan Jha Niranjan
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 66
| producer = Mrina Jha Abhigyan Jha
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| animator = VFX Ganesh Reshawat Arpit Agarwal (Flying Todes Entertainment)
| editor = Sujit Das Shambhu Singh Sanjeet Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = MAJ Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2024|04|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2024|06|29}}
| related =
| channel = [[Dangal TV]]
}}
'''''Janani – AI Ki Kahani''''' ({{translation|Mother (originator), Story of [[Artificial intelligence|AI]])}} is an Indian [[science fiction]] [[Drama ]] television series, produced by MAJ Production, which aired from 15 April 2024 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]. It stars Prapti Shukla, [[Mouli Ganguly]] and Nitin Guleria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouli Ganguly on her new show 'Janani AI Ki Kahani', saying NO to 'mom roles' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/mouli-ganguly-on-her-new-show-janani-ai-ki-kahani-saying-no-to-mom-roles-video-109272658 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2024-03-30 |title=Janani AI Ki Kahani: This unique mother-daughter story will soon come on Dangal TV {{!}} HOT News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-janani-ai-ki-kahani-this-unique-mother-daughter-story-will-soon-come-on-dangal-tv-hot-news-1676151 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the first Indian show based on [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and the fourth Hindi show based on robot.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Mouli Ganguly Was 'Blown Away' By Story Of 'Janani AI Ki Kahani': 'Breath Of Fresh Air' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mouli-ganguly-was-blown-away-by-story-of-janani-ai-ki-kahani-breath-of-fresh-air |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Mouli Ganguly talks about her new show 'Janani AI Ki Kahani', opting out of 'Mom Roles' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/mouli-ganguly-talks-about-her-new-show-janani-ai-ki-kahani-opting-out-of-mom-roles-video-109272697 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> The show was went off-air on 29 June 2024 without an ending.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Janani - AI Ki Kahani ends after a two-and-a-half-month run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/janani-ai-ki-kahani-ends-after-a-two-and-a-half-month-run-producer-abhigyan-jha-says-indian-television-is-generally-behind-in-terms-of-storytelling/amp_articleshow/111380384.cms |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
The need to save her daughter's life from a fatal disease, forces Ira, a scientist-turned-mother, to invent an AI robot.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Prapti Shukla as
** Tara Sharma: Ira and Virat's daughter; Pranali and Mauli's cousin; Ritik's girlfriend
*** Kiara Bhanushali as Child Tara Sharma
** Sitara: An [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] robot
* [[Mouli Ganguly]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=T. F. C. |date=2024-04-09 |title=Mouli Ganguly On Being A Part Of Mrinal Jha And Abhigyan's Janani AI ki Kahani |url=https://filmycharcha.com/television/mouli-ganguly-on-being-a-part-of-mrinal-jha-and-abhigyans-janani-ai-ki-kahani/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=THE FILMY CHARCHA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Mouli Ganguly talks about her new show 'Janani AI Ki Kahani', opting out of 'Mom Roles' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/mouli-ganguly-talks-about-her-new-show-janani-ai-ki-kahani-opting-out-of-mom-roles-video-109272697 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> as Ira Sharma: Scientist and Employee at ISAR; Virat's wife; Tara's mother
* Nitin Guleria as Ritik Parmar: Paresh's son; Monish's cousin; Tara's boyfriend

===Recurring===
*[[Sumit Kaul]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumit Kaul on Why 'Janani AI Ki Kahani' is different from 'Bahu Hamari Rajnikant' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/sumit-kaul-on-why-janani-ai-ki-kahani-is-different-from-bahu-hamari-rajnikant-video-109273405 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Sumit Kaul Plays Self-obsessed Scientist In 'Janani-AI Ki Kahani': 'Difficult To Relate' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sumit-kaul-plays-self-obsessed-scientist-in-janani-ai-ki-kahani-difficult-to-relate |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Sumit Kaul dives into the uniqueness of 'Janani AI Ki Kahani' compared to 'Bahu Hamari Rajnikant' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/interviews/sumit-kaul-dives-into-the-uniqueness-of-janani-ai-ki-kahani-compared-to-bahu-hamari-rajnikant-video-109273428 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> as Paresh "PP" Parmar: Scientist and Director at ISAR; Naresh's brother; Ritik's father; Virat and Ira's rival
* Harsha Gupte as Mrs. Sharma: Virat, Yogesh and Roshan's mother; Pranali, Mauli, and Tara's grandmother
*[[Mazher Sayed]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-29 |title=Mazher Sayed joins the cast of Janani- AI Ki Kahani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mazher-sayed-joins-the-cast-of-janani-ai-ki-kahani/articleshow/109703563.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Virat Sharma: Scientist; Mrs. Sharma's eldest son; Yogesh and Roshan's brother; Ira's husband; Tara's father
*Ayesha Khan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/ayesha-khan-joins-janani-ai-ki-kahani-aims-to-inspire-family-ai-engagement-144752.html|title=Ayesha Khan joins "Janani - AI ki Kahani," aims to inspire family AI engagement|date=20 April 2024}}</ref> as Shalu Sharma: Yogesh's wife; Pranali and Mauli's mother
*[[Priyank Tatariya]] as Yogesh Sharma: Mrs. Sharma's second son; Virat and Roshan's brother; Shalu's husband; Pranali and Mauli's father
* Mitali Pandey as Pranali "Polly" Sharma: Shalu and Yogesh's elder daughter; Mauli's sister; Tara's cousin; Monish's fiancée
* Meghna Kukreja as Mauli Sharma: Shalu and Yogesh's younger daughter; Pranali's sister; Tara's cousin
* Ayush Viz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-ayush-viz-bags-mrinal-jhas-new-show-for-dangal/2024/01/27|title=Exclusive: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai fame Ayush Viz bags Mrinal Jha's new show for Dangal|website=IWMBuzz|date=27 January 2024}}</ref> as Roshan Sharma: Mrs. Sharma's youngest son; Virat and Yogesh's brother
* Aashika Bhatia<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aashika-bhatia-opens-up-on-challenges-of-acting-like-a-robot-in-janani-ai-ki-kahani/articleshow/110917791.cms|title=Aashika Bhatia opens up on challenges of acting like a robot in 'Janani-AI Ki Kahani'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2024}}</ref> as Chandini: Sitara in disguise as Ritik's ex-girlfriend
* Varun Jain as Monish Parmar: Maya and Naresh's son; Ritik's cousin; Pranali's fiancé
* Bindia Kalra as Maya Parmar: Naresh's wife; Monish's mother
* Parimal Bhattacharya as Naresh Parmar: Paresh's brother; Maya's husband; Monish's father
* Dhyey Mehta as Jeete: Pranali's ex-boyfriend
* Raman Sharma as Ishaan: Pranali's friend

==Production==
===Casting===
The series was announced by MAJ Productions and was confirmed [[Dangal TV]].<ref name=":0" /> The first promo was released March 2024 featuring Prapti Shukla and [[Mouli Ganguly]].<ref name=":1" /> It was Launched on 15 April 2024. It replaced the television series ''[[Dalchini (TV series)|Daalchini]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title=Actress Maira Dharti Mehra pens down a heartwarming goodbye note as Dalchini to go off-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-maira-dharti-mehra-pens-down-a-heartwarming-goodbye-note-as-dalchini-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/109252989.cms |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated |first=CineBuster Online {{!}} |date=2024-04-27 |title='Janani – AI Ki Kahani' actor Mouli Ganguly loves the response to the show! {{!}} - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/janani-ai-ki-kahani-actor-mouli-ganguly-loves-the-response-to-the-show/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Cancellation===
The Show Went off air Within three Months. The last episode aired on 29 June 2024. The show ran for 66 episodes.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|32079785}}
*''[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/janani-ai-ki-kahani Janani - AI Ki Kahani]'' on ''Dangal Play''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janani - AI Ki Kahani}}
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

George Marthins

2025-04-03T07:43:27Z

AbrandaStudio: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1905–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics]]|}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] | [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''George Eric McCarthy Marthins ''' (24 December 1905 – 23 March 1989)<ref name="Olympedia">{{Olympedia|19213}}</ref> was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] as a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal.

He studied at [[St. George's College, Mussoorie]], India, which produced six Olympic hockey players ([[Earnest Goodsir-Cullen]], [[William Goodsir-Cullen]], [[Michael Gateley]], [[Lionel Emmett]], [[Carlyle Tapsell]] and Marthins himself).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/olympians-from-mussoorie-schools-who-made-india-proud-276456 | title=Olympians from Mussoorie schools who made India proud }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/george-marthins-1.html |title=George Marthins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303035934/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/george-marthins-1.html |archive-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead}}

{{India FH Squad 1928 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marthins, George}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Chennai]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Chinsurah

2024-11-21T10:30:19Z

AbrandaStudio:

#REDIRECT [[Hugli-Chuchura]]

{{R from merge}}