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Shankar Ghosh (politician)

2026-05-08T16:35:49Z

Abid: Started article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| constituency = [[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
| predecessor = [[Ashok Bhattacharya]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|6|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bishnupur (West Bengal)|Bishnupur]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[West Bengal]], India
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021–present)
| other_party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1991–2021)
| alma_mater =
| education =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shankar Ghosh''' (born 12 June 1974) is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Siliguri Assembly constituency]] since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Shankar Ghosh of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/siliguri-election-result-2021-live-updates-siliguri-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695906.html|access-date=2021-05-15|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-candidates-who-defected-to-bjp-prove-to-be-giant-slayers/cid/1814376|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SHANKAR GHOSH (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1024|access-date=2021-05-15|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref> He was re-elected in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2024, he was appointed Chief Whip of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

== Political career ==
[[Shankar Ghosh]] joined the [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) in 1991 and the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI) in 1995.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

In 2010, he was part of the Indian delegation to the [[17th World Festival of Youth and Students]] held in [[South Africa]]. In 2015, he was elected councillor from Ward No. 24 of [[Siliguri]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

He subsequently served as a Member Mayor-in-Council (MMiC) for [[Education]], [[Sports]], [[Culture]], and [[Youth]], and was later additionally entrusted with the [[Health department|Health Department]] of the [[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} He also served as a member of the Board of [[Administrators]] of the [[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Ghosh joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) on 12 March, 2021. In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Siliguri Assembly constituency]], defeating Omprakash Mishra of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) by a margin of 35,586 votes. He was re-elected from the constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Goutam Deb]] of the AITC by a margin of 73,192 votes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}
He was given the post of Education minister in Chief minister Suvendu Adhikari's cabinet in 2026 after Bharatiya Janata party won the general legislative election held in the same year in West Bengal

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Sinauli

2026-04-30T19:08:15Z

Abid: Started a article

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|text=the town of [[Sonauli]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Sinauli
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
|map_alt =
|map_size = 270
|relief = y
|coordinates = {{coord|29|14|46|N|77|21|03|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|region = [[Baraut, Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh]]
|type = Cemetery Royal Burial
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = c. 1850 - 1550 BCE
|abandoned =
|epochs = 
|cultures = [[Late Harappan]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]/[[Copper Hoard Culture]]{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi}}
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 2005-06 2018
|archaeologists = D. V. Sharma S. K. Manjul
|condition =
|ownership =
|management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
|public_access =
|website =
|notes =
}}
'''Sinauli''' is an [[archaeological site]] in western [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, at the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]]. The site gained attention for its [[Bronze Age]] solid-disk wheel [[Cart|carts]], found in 2018,{{sfn|Parpola|2020}} which were interpreted by some as horse-pulled [[Chariot|"chariots"]].{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|name=chariot}}

The excavations in Sinauli were conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 2005-06 and in mid-2018.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} The remains found in 2005–2006 season, the "Sanauli cemetery", belong to the Late Bronze Age,{{sfn|Witzel|2019}} and were ascribed by excavation director Sharma to the [[Harappan civilisation]],{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} though a [[Indus Civilisation|Late Harappan Phase]] or post-Harappan identification is more likely.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}}<ref group=news name=Agha2018/>

Major findings from trial excavations are dated to c. 2000 - 1500 BCE, and ascribed to the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] (OCP)/[[Copper Hoard Culture]], which was contemporaneous with the Late Harappan culture.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi}} They include several wooden coffin burials, copper swords, helmets, and wooden carts,{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=5}}{{sfn|Parpola|2020}} with solid disk wheels and protected by copper sheets.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{sfn|Witzel|2019}} The carts were presented by Sanjay Manjul, director of the excavations, as chariots,{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}}{{refn||group=note|name=Pioneer_horse}} and he further notes that "the rituals relating to the Sanauli burials showed close affinity with Vedic rituals."{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

[[File:Sinauli chariot ASI.jpg|thumb|Sinauli cart, photograph of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vijay |title=A note on Chariot Burials found at Sinauli district Baghpat U.P.|journal=Indian Journal of Archaeology |url=http://ijarch.org/Admin/Articles/9-Note%20on%20Chariots.pdf}}</ref>]]

Several scholars have noted that solid wheels belong to carts, not chariots.{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=5}}{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{refn|group=note|name=chariot}} According to [[Asko Parpola]] these finds were ox-pulled carts, indicating that these burials are related to an [[Indo-Aryan migrations#Multiple waves of migration into northern India|early Aryan migration]] of [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] speaking people into the Indian subcontinent,{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=191}} "forming then the ruling elite of a major Late Harappan settlement."{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=176}}

==Excavations==
The site at Sinauli was accidentally discovered by people levelling agricultural land. The farmers came across human skeletons and ancient pottery. The ASI began excavations at the site in September 2005.{{r|ASI2007|group=news}}

===2005-2006 excavations===
The 2005-06 excavation headed by D. V. Sharma, ASI found more than a hundred burials (no coffins) tentatively dated c. 2200–1800 BCE.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}}{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} Sharma associated the finding with the Harappan (Indus) civilisation,{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} which has been contested, as a Late Harappan or post-Harappan identification is more likely.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}}{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{r|WireStaff|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|Eram Agha: "The horse driven chariots are known in the Vedic period, said historian DN Jha. “However, iron makes appearance in the post Vedic or not earlier than the late Vedic period. This find cannot be dated to the pre-Vedic/Harappa phase,” said Jha."<ref group=news name=Agha2018/>}} Carbon dating has now confirmed that the burials date back to c. 1865-1507 BCE, based on three samples: 3500, 3815, and 3457 BP, with a margin of error of 295 years.{{sfn|Sharma|Pokharia|Gahlaud|Patel|2024}}

The burials are all oriented in a NW-SE direction and most are identified as primary burials. Some of the burials are identified as secondary, multiple and symbolic burials. The age of the buried starts from 1–2 years and includes all age groups and both male and female.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}} [[Burial goods|Grave goods]] generally consisted of odd number of vases/bowls (3, 5, 7, 9, 11 etc.) placed near the head, with dish-on-stand usually placed below the hip area as well as flask-shaped vessels, [[terracotta]] figurines, gold bracelets and copper bangles, beads of semi-precious stones (two necklaces of long barrel shape), steatite, faience, and glass.{{r|ASI2007|group=news}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}}

The two antennae swords from Sinauli, one found ''in situ'' in a grave with a copper sheath, has similarities to the [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard]] Type in a Late Harappan context.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}} A dish-on-stand and a violin-shaped flat copper container (having nearly 35 arrowhead shaped copper pieces placed in a row) are included in other important grave goods from Sinauli.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}} The survey found that a dish-on-stand was usually placed below the hip area, but in some cases was placed near the head or feet. The stand is holding the head of a goat in one case.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=215}}

Remains of a burnt brick wall with a finished inner surface ran along the eastern side of the burial.{{r|ASI2007|group=news}}

=== 2018 excavations ===
{{quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #ffffff
| align = right
| quote = "The [2018] artefacts probably belong to a period between 2000-1800 BCE. It can help us determine how those people lived... It may help re-evaluate how we understood the Late Harappan contemporary culture."
| source = — '''S. K. Manjul, ASI director (excavations)'''{{r|WireStaff|group=news}}
}}
Trial excavations conducted at Sinauli in March–May 2018 (about 100 m from the 2005-06 site) have yielded the remains of several coffin burials and three full-sized carts.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} Prior to obtaining C-14 dates, Sanjay Manjul, ASI director (excavations), surmised the burials belonged to the period c. 2000 - 1800 BCE, contemporaneous with, but different from, the Late Harappan culture but belonging to the Ochre-coloured pottery (OCP)/Copper Hoard Culture.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi}} Carbon dating later confirmed the organic matter from the burial site to be 3500 ± 127 years old while the oldest soil-sediments were 4798 ± 34 years old, most likely due to mixing of older carbon from the lower levels of cultural sequence, as this was the burial site and had more probability of sediment relocation due to burial activities.<ref>Sharma, Shalini, et al. "Royal burials and chariots from Sinauli (Uttar Pradesh, India): Radiocarbon dating and isotopic analysis based inferences." Radiocarbon (2024): 1-9</ref> Other discoveries include copper helmets, copper antenna swords, copper swords, a ladle made of copper, grey-ware pottery, large terracotta pots, red vases with flaring rims, copper nails and beads.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{r|WireStaff|group=news}} Wooden coffins were first discovered at [[Harappa]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and then from [[Dholavira]] in [[Gujarat]].{{r|Subramanian2018_Bara|group=news}} Local youths, after being given a basic training, were also enlisted into the excavation activities by the ASI.{{r|Narayanan2018|group=news}}

====Coffin Burial finds====
Seven human burials - including three coffin burials - have been excavated by the ASI at Sinauli in 2018.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} In all burials the head was found to be on the northern side, with pottery beyond the head and on the south after the feet. The copper objects are kept below the "sarcophagi."{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

'''Coffin Burial I:''' Primary burial (2.4 m long and 40 cm high). Alongside two full-sized carts. No remains of a draught animal(s) - horse or bull - is found. The wooden parts of the coffin are decomposed.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}
The wooden coffin stands on four wooden legs. The entire coffin, including legs, is covered with copper sheets (3mm thickness) on all sides.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} The sides of the coffin have running floral motifs. The copper sheet on the legs also has intricate carvings.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} The coffin lid has eight motifs carved (high relief) on it. It depicts either a person with a headgear (made of two bull horns and a pipal leaf in the centre) or a bull head.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

Body of an adult man inside the coffin: oriented in NW-SE direction (head facing NW).{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

''Carts:'' carts have two solid wheels (not spoked).{{refn|group=note|name=chariot}} The wheels rotated on a fixed axle linked by a shaft to the yoke. The chassis of the two cart are made of wood and covered with thick copper sheets.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} The wheels are decorated with triangles made of copper (fastened on the wheel with copper nails). The triangles are distributed in three concentric circles from the hub flange of the wheel. The seat seemed to semi-circular. The frame of the seat is made of copper pipes. A pipe for the attachment of the umbrella is also visible.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

'''Coffin Burial II:''' The third cart was found with another wood coffin burial. The pit also included a shield (decorated with geometrical patterns in copper), a torch, an antenna sword, a digger, hundreds of beads and a variety of pots.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} The cart, unlike the ones found in the other two, has (copper triangle) decorations on the pole and yoke.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

'''Coffin Burial III:''' Skeleton of a woman (primary burial, coffin burial with no copper lid): wearing an armlet (made of banded agate beads around the elbow). Burial goods: 10 red vases with flared rims, four bowls, two basins, a thin "symbolic" antenna sword, bow and arrows.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}

====Interpretation of the Coffin Burial finds====
{{See also|Indigenous Aryanism#Horses and chariots|l1=Indigenous Aryanism}}
The carts{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=5}}{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{refn|group=note|name=chariot|These carts dubbed as "chariots" does not however have any spokes on the wheels like the chariots(Sanskrit: ''[[Ratha]]'') mentioned in Vedic literature.{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}}} were presented by Sanjay Kumar Manjul, director of the excavations and of ASI, as chariots used in war, similar to Indo-Aryan technology.{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}}{{refn||group=note|name=Pioneer_horse}} According to Manjul, "For the first time in the Indian subcontinent, chariots have been recovered from any excavation," coming from a royal burial from the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery]] (OCP)/[[Copper Hoard Culture]].{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi}} Manjul further noted that "the rituals relating to the Sanauli burials showed close affinity with Vedic rituals,"{{r|Subramanian2018_Royal|group=news}} and stated that "the dating of the [[Mahabharata]] is [[Indigenous Aryans#Redating Indian history|around 1750 BCE]]."<ref group=news name=TheEconomicTimes2019/>

Suggesting the presence of horses in India before the arrival of the Indo-Aryans, some see this as a challenge to the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migration theory]].{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}} However, the identification as "chariot" is problematic,{{sfn|Witzel|2019}} since the wheels were solid, not spoked as in [[chariots]].{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}} This would require oxen to pull the heavy carts, which were unfit for use in battle, in contrast to the horse-pulled chariots introduced by the Indo-Aryans.{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}}{{refn|group=note|There is a strong scholarly consensus that horses were "brought to India," and the claim that horses were present in India before the arrival of the Indo-Aryans is "widely disbelieved" by scholars.{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}}}}

According to [[Michael Witzel]], rejecting the identification as chariots, "[t]his find may point to the survival of an extra-Harappan organized society."{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=5}} According to Asko Parpola, the carts must have been ox-pulled, and are indications of an [[Indo-Aryan migrations#Multiple waves of migration into northern India|early Aryan migration]] of [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] speaking people{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=191}} from the [[Sintashta culture]]{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=186}} into the Indian subcontinent, "forming then the ruling elite of a major Late Harappan settlement,"{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=176}}{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi}} predating the migrations of pre- and proto-Rig Vedic people. Parpola:
{{blockquote|It seems, then, that the earliest Aryan-speaking immigrants to South Asia, the [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard people]], came with bull-drawn carts (Sanauli and Daimabad) via the BMAC and had [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] as their language. They were, however, soon followed (and probably at least partially absorbed) by early Indo-Aryans [...] The dramatic new discovery of cart burials dated to c. 1900 at Sanauli [...] support my proposal of a pre-Ṛgvedic wave (now [[Indo-Aryan migrations#Multiple waves of migration into northern Indian|set of waves]]) of Aryan speakers arriving in South Asia and their making contact with the Late Harappans.{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=191, 194}}}}

The finds have also been popularly associated with the Hindu Epics, as the carts evoke similarities with chariots in the Epic narratives,{{r|Daniyal2018|group=news}} and local legends tell that Sinauli is one of the five villages that [[Krishna]] unsuccessfully negotiated with the [[Kaurava]] princes to avoid the War at Kurukshetra.{{r|Narayanan2018|group=news}}

== See also ==
*[[Chandayan]]
*''[[Mahabharata]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em|refs=

{{refn|group=note|name=Pioneer_horse|"On being asked whether bull or horse was used in chariots, Manjul said, “This is debatable, it could be a bull or a horse, but having said that the preliminary understanding points to the horse. The chariot is a lookalike of the ones found in its contemporary cultures like Mesopotamia. It is a solid wheel with no spokes."<ref group=news name=Pioneer2018/>}}

{{refn|group=note|name=Uesugi|While S. K. Manjul regards the OCP to be a culture which developed independent from the (Late) Harappan culture, according to archaeologist Akinori {{harvtxt|Uesugi|2018|p=6}} Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (c. 1900-1300 BCE), to which Sinauli's burials belong, was a Late Harappan expansion of the previous [[Bara culture|Bara style]] (c. 2300-1900), a regional culture of the Harappan civilization from the Ghaggar valley, calling it the ''Bara-OCP cultural complex'': "During the early second millennium BCE, the Bara-OCP (Ochre-Coloured pottery) cultural complex expanded from the Ghaggar valley to the western part of the Ganga valley. This cultural complex [...] has its origin rooted in the Indus Civilization in the preceding period, its eastward expansion indicates the colonization of the western Ganga valley probably giving great impetus to the Neolithic-Chalcolithic communities in the Ganga valley to transform into a more complex society." On the origins of the Bara pottery, see also: Akinori Uesugi and Vivek Dangi (2017), [http://southasia.world.coocan.jp/Uesugi_2017c.pdf ''A Study on the Developments of the Bara Pottery in the Ghaggar Plains'']. In K. Hetu (ed.), ''Essays in Prehistory, Protohistory and Historical Archaeology, Festschrift to Shri. K. N. Dikshit'': 176–197. New Delhi New Bharatiya Book Corporation.}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last =Friese | first =Kai | year =2019 | chapter =The Complications of Genetics | title =Which Of Us Are Aryans | publisher =ALEPH}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages|date=2020|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=8|pages=176|doi=10.23993/store.98032|doi-access=free}}

* {{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Shalini|last2=Pokharia|first2=Anil K.|last3=Gahlaud |first3=S.K.S.|last4=Patel|first4=Nikhil|display-authors=1 |title=Royal burials and chariots from Sinauli (Uttar Pradesh, India): Radiocarbon dating and isotopic analysis based inferences|date=30 September 2024|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=66 |issue=4|pages=774-782|doi=10.1017/RDC.2024.89|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | location =Delhi | publisher =Pearson Education India | isbn =9788131711200 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}

* {{Citation | last =Uesugi | first =Akinori | year =2018 | chapter =An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia | title =Abstracts for the International Symposium on the Iron Age in South Asia, June 2 and 3, 2018, at Kansai University, Osaka | chapter-url =https://www.academia.edu/36726134}}

* {{Citation | last =Witzel | first =Michael | title =Early ' Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India | journal =J Biosci |year=2019 |page=58 | volume =44 | issue =3 | doi =10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7| pmid =31389347 | s2cid =195804491 }}
{{refend}}

;News-sources
{{reflist|group=news|refs=

<ref group=news name=Agha2018>Eram Agha (June 05, 2018), [https://www.news18.com/news/india/in-a-first-chariot-from-pre-iron-age-found-in-excavation-in-uttar-pradeshs-sanauli-1768085.html ''In a First, Chariot From Pre-Iron Age Found During Excavation in UP's Sanauli''], news18.com</ref>

<ref group=news name=ASI2007>{{cite news |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |title=Excavations - 2006-2007 |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref group=news name=Daniyal2018>Shoaib Daniyal (2018), [https://scroll.in/article/882188/putting-the-horse-before-the-cart-what-the-discovery-of-4000-year-old-chariot-in-up-signifies ''Putting the horse before the cart: What the discovery of 4,000-year-old ‘chariot’ in UP signifies''], Scroll.in</ref>

<ref group=news name=TheEconomicTimes2019>Vasudha Venugopal ET bureau, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mahabharata-much-older-say-asi-archaeologists/articleshow/71658119.cms ''Mahabharata much older, say ASI Archaeologists '', The Economic Times</ref>

<ref group=news name=Narayanan2018>{{cite news| last=Narayanan| first=P. M. |title=ASI-Excavated Sanauli Chariots Have Potential To Challenge Aryan Invasion Theory |website=Outlook |date=11 June 2018 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/asi-excavated-sanauli-chariots-have-potential-to-challenge-aryan-invasion-theory/312415}}</ref>

<ref group=news name=Pioneer2018>Archana Jyoti (Tuesday, 05 June 2018), [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/page1/2000bc-chariots-set-to-redefine-mahabharata-age.html ''2000BC chariots set to redefine Mahabharata age'']</ref>

<ref group=news name=Subramanian2018_Royal>{{cite news|last=Subramanian | first=T. S. |title=Royal burial in Sanauli.| website=Frontline| date=28 September 2018 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article24923229.ece}}</ref>

<ref group=news name=Subramanian2018_Bara>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article24923977.ece|title=From the Bara culture: R.S. Bisht|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|website=Frontline|date=12 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref>

<ref group=news name=WireStaff>[https://www.thewire.in/history/asi-claims-to-have-found-harappan-era-chariots-at-excavation-site-in-up ''ASI Claims to Have Found Harappan-Era 'Chariots' at Excavation Site in UP''], The Wire, 8 June 2018</ref>
}}

[[Category:Indigenous Aryanism]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]

Ismat Chughtai

2026-04-30T03:50:45Z

Abid: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian writer and filmmaker (1915–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{infobox writer 
| name = Ismat Chughtai
| honorific suffix = [[Padma Shri|PS]]
| native_name =
| image = Ismat Chughtai.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|08|21}}
| birth_place = [[Budaun]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1991|10|24|1911|08|21}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|filmmaker|essayist}}
| language = [[Urdu]]
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|Short stories|novel|plays}}
| subject =
| children = Seema Sawhny Sabrina Lateef
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
| spouse = [[Shaheed Latif]]
| notableworks = [[List of works by Ismat Chughtai|Works of Ismat Chughtai]]
| relative(s) =
| influenced =
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Ismat Chughtai''' (21 August 1911 – 24 October 1991) was an Indian Urdu novelist, short story writer, [[Humanism|liberal humanist]] and [[filmmaker]]. Beginning in the 1930s, she wrote extensively on themes including [[female sexuality]] and [[femininity]], [[Middle class|middle-class]] gentility, and [[class conflict]], often from a Marxist perspective. With a style characterised by [[literary realism]], Chughtai established herself as a significant voice in the [[Urdu literature]] of the twentieth century, and in 1976 was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].

== Biography ==
===Early life and career beginnings (1911–41)===
Ismat Chughtai was born on 21 August 1911 in Badayun, [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Nusrat Khanam and Mirza Qaseem Baig Chughtai; she was the ninth of ten children—six brothers and four sisters.<ref name="Gopal2012"/> The family moved frequently as Chughtai's father was a [[Indian Civil Services|civil servant]]; she spent her childhood in cities including [[Jodhpur]], [[Agra]], and [[Aligarh]]—mostly in the company of her brothers as her sisters had all got married when she was still very young. Chughtai described her brothers' influence as a key factor that shaped her personality during her formative years. She thought of her second-eldest brother, Mirza Azim Beg Chughtai (also a novelist), as a mentor. The family eventually settled in Agra, after Chughtai's father retired from the Indian Civil Services.<ref name="parekh">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1203638|title=Essay: Ismat Chughtai: her life, thought and art|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=24 April 2018|date=30 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005838/https://www.dawn.com/news/1203638|archive-date=6 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chughtai received her primary education at the [[Women's College, Aligarh|Women's College]] at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and graduated from [[Isabella Thoburn College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/9JgfILAahE0gybNT3KUYTM/The-fine-print-of-the-AMU-library-row.html|title=The fine print of the AMU Library row|last=Bhandare|first=Namita|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=24 April 2018|date=11 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012110602/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/9JgfILAahE0gybNT3KUYTM/The-fine-print-of-the-AMU-library-row.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite strong resistance from her family, she completed her [[Bachelor of Education]] degree from the Aligarh Muslim University the following year.<ref name="parekh"/> It was during this period that Chughtai became associated with the [[Progressive Writers' Association]], having attended her first meeting in 1936 where she met [[Rashid Jahan]], one of the leading female writers involved with the movement, who was later credited for inspiring Chughtai to write "realistic, challenging female characters".<ref name="bahuguna">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/847158/born-on-indias-future-independence-day-ismat-chughtai-wrote-of-the-world-she-saw-not-aspired-to|title=Born on India's future Independence Day, Ismat Chughtai wrote of the world she saw, not aspired to|last=Bahuguna|first=Urvashi|work=Scroll.in|access-date=25 April 2017|date=15 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016041432/https://scroll.in/article/847158/born-on-indias-future-independence-day-ismat-chughtai-wrote-of-the-world-she-saw-not-aspired-to|archive-date=16 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="mclain">{{cite web|title=The Fantastic as Frontier: Realism, the Fantastic and Transgression in Mid-Twentiet century Urdu fiction|url=http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/16/14_McLain.pdf|last=McLain|first=Karline|publisher=[[University of Texas, Austin]]|access-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204045727/http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/16/14_McLain.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chughtai began writing in private around the same time, but did not seek publication of her work until much later.<ref name="mclain"/>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|align=left|width=26em|quote=When I started writing, there was a trend -- writing romantic things or writing like a Progressive. When I started to write, people were very shocked because I wrote very frankly [...] I didn't write what you'd call "literarily." I wrote and do write as I speak, in a very simple language, not the literary language.|source=—Chughtai on her early writings, in a 1972 interview with ''Mahfil''.<ref name="mahfil"/>}}

Chughtai wrote a drama entitled ''Fasādī'' (''The Troublemaker'') for the Urdu magazine ''Saqi'' in 1939, which was her first published work. Upon publication, readers mistook it as a play by Chughtai's brother Azeem Beg, written using a [[pseudonym]].<ref name="naqvi">{{cite journal|last1=Naqvi|first1=Tahira|title=Ismat Chughtai–A Tribute|journal=Annual of Urdu Studies |volume=8|date=1993|url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/11805/08Ismat.pdf?sequence=2|access-date=25 April 2018|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075657/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/11805/08Ismat.pdf?sequence=2|archive-date=26 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Following that, she started writing for other publications and newspapers. Some of her early works included ''Bachpan'' (''Childhood''), an autobiographical piece, ''Kafir'' (''Infidel''), her first short-story, and ''[[Dhee (TV show)|Dheet]]'' (''Stubborn''), her only [[soliloquy]], among others.<ref name="bano"/> In response to a story that she wrote for a magazine, Chughtai was told that her work was [[blasphemy|blasphemous]] and insulted the [[Quran]].<ref name="patel">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NTt7hWtC5yAWZx0cQCrYAM/Ismat-Chughtais-fearless-pen.html|title=Ismat Chughtai's fearless pen|last=Patel|first=Aakar|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|access-date=25 April 2018|date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013313/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NTt7hWtC5yAWZx0cQCrYAM/Ismat-Chughtais-fearless-pen.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She, nonetheless, continued writing about "things she would hear of".<ref name="patel"/>

Chughtai's continued association with the Progressive Writers' Movement had significant bearings on her writing style; she was particularly intrigued by ''[[Angarey]]'', a compilation of short-stories written in Urdu by members of the group including Jahan, [[Sajjad Zaheer]], Sahibzada Mahmuduzaffar and [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]. Other early influences included such writers as [[William Sydney Porter]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], and [[Anton Chekhov]].<ref name="patel"/> ''Kalyān'' (''Buds'') and ''Cōtēn'' (''Wounds''), two of Chughtai's earliest collections of short stories, were published in 1941 and 1942, respectively.<ref name="bano">{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/165149/11/11_chapter%25206.pdf|title=The emergence of feminist consciousness among Muslim women the case of Aligarh|last=Bano|first=Farhat|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|via=[[Shodhganga]]|access-date=13 May 2018|date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514182257/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165149/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chughtai's first [[novella]] ''Ziddi'', which she had written in her early twenties was first published in 1941. The book chronicles the love affair between a woman, who works as domestic help in an affluent household and her employer's son. Chughtai later discussed the similarity in themes and style of the novel with the works of the romantic novelist [[Hijab Imtiaz Ali]], citing her as another early influence. Commentators have praised the novella, both for its "compelling prose"<ref name="hussein"/> and for providing "[glimpses] into a world where women try to break out of the shackles created by other women, rather than men".<ref name="afif">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-realm-of-the-heart/cid/320085|title=The realm of the heart|last=Afif Siddiqi|first=Shams |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=19 September 2019|date=5 September 2014}}</ref> Critic and short story writer [[Aamer Hussein]], in a 2015 retrospective review, likened Chughtai's "oracular voice, which didn't comment or explain, but studded the narrative with poetic observations" to that of American author [[Toni Morrison]].<ref name="hussein"/> ''Ziddi'' was later translated into English as ''Wild at Heart'' and adapted into a [[Ziddi (1948 film)|1948 feature film of the same name]].<ref name="Gopal2012"/>

===Niche appreciation and transition to film (1942–60)===
After completing her Bachelor's of Education degree, Chughtai successfully applied for the post of headmistress of an Aligarh-based Girls school. There, she met and developed a close friendship with [[Shaheed Latif]], who was pursuing a master's degree at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] at the time.<ref name="naqvi"/> Chughtai continued to write for various publications during her stay at Aligarh. She found success with such short-stories as ''Gainda'' and ''Khidmatgaar'' and the play ''Intikhab'', all of which were published during the period.<ref name="gupta">{{cite web|url=https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=855|title=The Short Stories|last=Gupta|first=Neeta|publisher=[[School of Open Learning]]|access-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035620/https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=855|archive-date=6 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She then moved to Bombay in 1942 and began working as an Inspectress of schools.<ref name="naqvi"/> Later that year, she married Latif, who was now working as a dialogue writer in [[Bollywood]], in a private ceremony. [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] was the legal witness to the ceremony.<ref name="Gopal2012"/><ref name="popularity">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/Remembering-a-trailblazer/article17069451.ece|title=Remembering a trailblazer|last=Kumar|first=Kuldeep|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 May 2018|date=20 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514182254/http://www.thehindu.com/books/Remembering-a-trailblazer/article17069451.ece|archive-date=14 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chughtai garnered widespread attention for her short-story ''[[Lihaaf]]'' (''The Quilt''), which appeared in a 1942 issue of ''Adab-i-Latif'', a [[Lahore]]-based literary journal.<ref name="parekh"/> Inspired by the rumoured affair of a ''begum'' and her masseuse in Aligarh, the story chronicles the sexual awakening of Begum Jan following her unhappy marriage with a ''nawab''.<ref name="bahuguna"/> Upon release, ''Lihaaf'' attracted criticism for its suggestion of [[female homosexuality]] and a subsequent [[trial]], with Chughtai being summoned by the [[Lahore High Court]] to defend herself against the charges of "obscenity".<ref name="mitra">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/The-same-sex-appeal-in-literature/articleshow/10569100.cms|title=The same-sex appeal in literature|last=Mitra|first=Ipshita|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 May 2018|date=28 September 2012}}</ref> Fellow writer and member of the Progressive Writers' Movement [[Sadat Hassan Manto]] was also charged with similar allegations for his short-story ''Bu'' (''Odour'') and accompanied Chughtai to Lahore.<ref name="asaduddin">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120401/jsp/7days/story_15319777.jsp|title=Dude, it's not lewd|last=Asaduddin|first=M|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=7 May 2018|date=1 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507090721/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120401/jsp/7days/story_15319777.jsp|archive-date=7 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Both Chughtai and Manto were exonerated.<ref name="shamsie">{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=27_11_2016_461_001|title=The feminist voice of Ismat Chughtai|last=Shamsie|first=Muneeza|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=7 May 2018|date=27 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085638/https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=27_11_2016_461_001|archive-date=7 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The trial, which took place in 1945, itself drew much media and public attention and brought notoriety to the duo. Chughtai fared better in the public eye, having garnered support from such fellow members of the Progressive Writers' Movement as [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]] and [[Krishan Chander]]. Regardless, she detested the media coverage of the whole incident, which in her view weighted heavily upon her subsequent work; "[''Lihaaf''] brought me so much notoriety that I got sick of life. It became the proverbial stick to beat me with and whatever I wrote afterwards got crushed under its weight."<ref name="asaduddin"/>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|align=right|width=26em|quote=We stood face to face during a dinner. I felt the ground under my feet receding. She cruised through the crowd, leaped at me and took me in her arms [...] I felt like throwing myself into someone’s arms and crying my heart out. She invited me to a fabulous dinner. I felt fully rewarded when I saw her flower-like boy. I felt he was mine as well. A part of my mind, a living product of my brain. An offspring of my pen. |source=—Chughtai on her meeting with the woman who was the inspiration behind ''[[Lihaaf]]''}}

Chughtai, however, is known to have made her peace with the whole fiasco, having met the woman who had inspired Begum Jan a few years after the publication of ''Lihaaf''. The woman told Chughtai that she had since divorced her husband, remarried and was raising a child with her second husband. Chughtai's biographers recall the meeting between the two women in ''Ismat: Her life, Her times'': "[Chughtai] felt greatly rewarded when the begum told [her that ''Lihaaf''] had changed her life and it is because of her story now she was blessed with a child".<ref name="sadiq">{{cite book |last1=Paul Kumar |first1=Sukrita |last2=Sadique |first2=Sadique|title=Ismat: Her Life, Her Times |date=2000 |publisher=Katha Books |isbn=9788185586977 |pages=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcJjAAAAMAAJ&q=ismat:+her+life,+her+times+edited+by+sukrita+paul+kumar+%26+sadique+katha |access-date=18 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Chughtai, who had been apprehensive about the meeting at first, later expressed her delight in a ''[[memoir]]'', writing, "flowers can be made to bloom among rocks. The only condition is that one has to water the plant with one's heart's blood".<ref name="bahuguna"/>

Chughtai's quasi-autobiographical novel ''Tedhi Lakeer'' (''The Crooked Line'') was released in 1943.<ref name="bano"/> She was pregnant with her daughter during the time. She recalled the difficult circumstances facing her during her work on the novel, in a 1972 interview with ''Mahfil: Journal of South Asian Literature'': "[It was] during the war that I wrote my novel ''Terhi Lakeer'', a big, thick novel. I was sick then, pregnant with my daughter. But I was always writing that novel".<ref name="mahfil">{{cite journal |last1=Coppola |first1=Carlo |title=Interview with Ismat Chughtai |journal=Mahfil |date=1972 |volume=8 |issue=2–3 |page=169 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/mahfil/toc.html?volume=8&number=2-3 |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801111900/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/mahfil/toc.html?volume=8&number=2-3 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The book chronicles the lives of the Muslim community, women in particular, in the backdrop of the waning [[British Raj]].<ref name="famousworks">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/ismat-chughtai-birth-anniversary-best-work-5317260/|title=Ismat Chughtai birth anniversary: A look at her memorable work|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 September 2019|date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923003257/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/ismat-chughtai-birth-anniversary-best-work-5317260/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Chughtai's exploration of the "inner realms of women's lives" was well received by critics who variously described her work in ''Tedhi Lakeer'' as "probing and pertinent"<ref name="zakaria">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1051981|title=Ismat Chughtai: The inner worlds of educated women|last=Zakaria|first=Rafia|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=5 May 2018|date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420014416/https://www.dawn.com/news/1051981|archive-date=20 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and "empowering".<ref name="gautam">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/ismat-chugtai-indian-literature-obscenity-laws-twitter-tedhi-lakeer-lihaaf-progressive-writers-movement-india-translation-postcolonialism/story/1/5822.html|title=Ismat Chughtai, thank you for being our Tedhi Lakeer|last=Gautam|first=Nishtha|work=DailyO|access-date=5 May 2018|date=22 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506103935/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/ismat-chugtai-indian-literature-obscenity-laws-twitter-tedhi-lakeer-lihaaf-progressive-writers-movement-india-translation-postcolonialism/story/1/5822.html|archive-date=6 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She herself recalled her [[creative process]] in the 1972 interview, saying she found inspiration from the small incidents that she would witness around her and even the personal conversations that took place amongst the women in her family, "I write about people I know or have known. What should a writer write about anyway"?<ref name="mahfil"/>

In the years following their wedding, Latif also introduced Chughtai to the Hindi film industry.<ref name="gupta"/> She began writing scripts in the late 1940s and made her debut as a screenwriter for Latif's drama film ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]''. Starring [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], and [[Dev Anand]] in his first major film role, ''Ziddi'' became one of the biggest commercial successes of 1948. It was based on the 1941 eponymous short story; Chughtai had rewritten the narrative in form of a screenplay for the production.<ref name="popularity"/><ref name="willemen">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=ziddi+1948+reviews&pg=PA80|language=en|pages=80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154108/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=ziddi+1948+reviews&source=bl&ots=VCZvPExybk&sig=j97JE2LF6X9bLFETFP28LXyZdyM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir_If1ofPaAhVBuI8KHYKcDp84ChDoATANegQIBhAB#v=onepage&q=ziddi%201948%20reviews&f=false|archive-date=7 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She then wrote the dialogue and screenplay for the 1950 romance drama film ''[[Arzoo (1950 film)|Arzoo]]'', starring Kaushal and [[Dilip Kumar]]. Chughtai expanded her career into [[film direction|directing]] with the 1953 film ''Fareb'', which featured an [[ensemble cast]] of Amar, Maya Daas, [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lalita Pawar]], and [[Zohra Sehgal]]. Having again written the screenplay based on one of her short stories, Chughtai co-directed the film with Latif.<ref name="willemen"/> Upon release, both ''Arzoo'' and ''Fareb'' garnered positive response from the audience and performed well at the box-office.<ref name="hyder">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailyo.in/arts/ismat-chughtai-urdu-literature-short-stories-lihaaf/story/1/18952.html|title=Ismat Chughtai dared to raise the veil of hypocrisies in Indian society|last=Hyder|first=Qurratulain|work=DailyO|access-date=11 May 2018|date=25 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043621/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/ismat-chughtai-urdu-literature-short-stories-lihaaf/story/1/18952.html|archive-date=12 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chughtai's association with film solidified when she and Latif co-founded the production company Filmina.<ref name="bano"/> Her first project as a filmmaker was the 1958 drama film ''Sone Ki Chidiya'', which she wrote and co-produced. Starring [[Nutan]] and [[Talat Mahmood]] in lead roles, it told the story of a [[child actor]], who was abused and exploited over the course of her career. The film was well received by audiences and the success translated directly into a rise in Chughtai's popularity, as noted by writer and critic Shams Kanwal.<ref name="sadique">{{cite book|last1=Sadique|first1=Daktar|last2=Paul Kumar|first2=Sukrita|title=Ismat: Her Life, Her Times|date=2000|publisher=Katha Books|isbn=9788185586977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcJjAAAAMAAJ&q=celluloid+masterpiece+was+Garam+Hawa|access-date=11 May 2018|page=92|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043856/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fcJjAAAAMAAJ&q=celluloid+masterpiece+was+Garam+Hawa&dq=celluloid+masterpiece+was+Garam+Hawa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk3-m-yv7aAhUMwLwKHftRAegQ6AEIJDAA|archive-date=12 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Sone Ki Chidiya'' has been described as a significant production for "[chronicling] a heady time in Indian cinema" and showcasing the "grime behind the glamour" of the film industry.<ref name="gahlot">{{cite book|last1=Gahlot|first1=Deepa|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&q=sone+ki+chidiya+ismat+chughtai&pg=PT128|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043858/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&lpg=PT128&dq=sone+ki+chidiya+ismat+chughtai&source=bl&ots=kmaGJ77RtA&sig=8UrcqCQzIys02BpibE6moOi9Js8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMj5fJxv7aAhXIw7wKHTzZDRw4ChDoATAFegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=sone%20ki%20chidiya%20ismat%20chughtai&f=false|archive-date=12 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nutan, who garnered a good response for her performance in the film, herself described it as one of her favorite projects.<ref name="nutan">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/05din.htm|title=Forever Nutan|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=11 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044108/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/05din.htm|archive-date=12 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Also in 1958, Chughtai produced the Mahmood-[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] starrer romance drama ''Lala Rukh''.<ref name="rukh">{{cite book|last1=Somaaya|first1=Bhawana|title=Once Upon a Time in India: A Century of Indian Cinema|date=2016|publisher=Random House India|isbn=9789385990403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4PZDQAAQBAJ&q=lala+rukh+ismat+chughtai&pg=RA2-PT120|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181629/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V4PZDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT120&lpg=RA2-PT120&dq=lala+rukh+ismat+chughtai&source=bl&ots=cIYjlbmLlu&sig=iv5_gi6I93GRM3_xMSzZdRyyTgU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVsdr8z__aAhUOSY8KHaX8DR4Q6AEwGHoECAEQAQ|archive-date=12 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chughtai continued writing short-stories during the time despite her commitment to film projects. Her fourth collection of short-stories ''Chui Mui'' (''Touch-me-not'') was released in 1952 to an enthusiastic response.<ref name="tharu">{{cite book|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|date=1991|publisher=[[The Feminist Press]]|page=128|isbn=9781558610293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=chui+mui+ismat&pg=PA128|language=en}}</ref> The [[eponymous]] short-story has been noted for its "pertinent dissection of our society"<ref name="rafay">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/679632/ismat-apa-kay-naam-the-shahs-take-the-stage/|title=Ismat Apa Kay Naam: The Shahs take the stage|last=Mahmood|first=Rafay|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=14 May 2018|date=6 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909223936/http://tribune.com.pk/story/679632/ismat-apa-kay-naam-the-shahs-take-the-stage/|archive-date=9 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and contesting the venerated tradition of [[motherhood]], especially its
equation of [[Ideal womanhood|womanhood]].<ref name="bano"/> Rafay Mahmood highlighted, in a 2014 editorial, the relevance of the story in the twenty-first century. ''Chui Mui'' was adapted for stage by [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as a part of a commemorative series ''Ismat Apa Kay Naam'', with his daughter Heeba Shah playing the central character in the production.<ref name="rafay"/>

===Success with writing novels (1961–90)===
Beginning in the 1960s, Chughtai wrote a total of eight novels, the first of which was ''Masooma'' (''The Innocent Girl''), published in 1962.<ref name="bano"/> The film follows the life of a young actress, Nilofar, who is forced to work as [[call girl]] to sustain her family once her father abandons them. Set in the Bombay of 1950s, the novel delves into the themes of [[sexual exploitation]] and [[social injustice|social]] and [[economic inequality|economic injustice]].<ref name="spectrum_masooma">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110807/spectrum/book7.htm|title=Sexploitation, cops and verse|last=Wadehra|first=Randeep|work=[[The Tribune]]|date=7 August 2011|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213011515/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110807/spectrum/book7.htm|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="biblio">{{cite web|url=http://hindustaniawaaz-rakhshanda.blogspot.com/2012/07/masooma-by-ismat-chughtai-review.html?m=1|title=Masooma by Ismat Chughtai - A review|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|work=The Biblio|date=12 June 2012|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="asymptote">{{cite web|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/criticism/ismat-chughtais-short-stories/|title=Aamer Hussein reviews Ismat Chughtai's Short Stories|last=Hussein|first=Aamer|work=[[Asymptote (journal)|Asymptote]]|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624020125/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/criticism/ismat-chughtais-short-stories/|archive-date=24 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her next work, the 1966 [[novella]] ''Saudai'' (''Obsession'') was based on the screenplay of 1951 film ''Buzdil'', which she co-wrote with Latif.<ref name="quartret">{{cite book |last1=Chughtai |first1=Ismat |title=A Chughtai Quartet: Obsession, The Wild One, Wild Pigeons, The Heart Breaks Free |date=2015 |publisher=Women Unlimited |isbn=9789385606045 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1T2SCgAAQBAJ&q=ismat+chughtai+saudai |language=en}}</ref> Commentators have noted that ''Saudai'' could never shed its structure and still read like a screenplay despite Chughtai's efforts.<ref name="dil">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/four-novellas-by-ismat-chughtai-now-available-in-collection/846838|title=Four Novellas By Ismat Chughtai Now Available in Collection|date=27 June 2014|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

Following a lukewarm reception for both ''Masooma'' and ''Saudai'',<ref name="parekh"/> Chughtai received significant praise for her fifth novel ''Dil ki Duniya'' (''The Heart Breaks Free'').<ref name="dil"/><ref name="hussein"/> Reviewing the novel, observers have placed it second only to ''Tedhi Lakeer'' in the canon of her work.<ref name="hussein"/><ref name="fournovellas">{{cite web |title=Four Novellas By Ismat Chughtai Now Available in Collection |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/four-novellas-by-ismat-chughtai-now-available-in-collection/846838 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=6 October 2019 |date=27 June 2014}}</ref> The novel follows the lives of a varied group of women living in a conservative Muslim household in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. ''Dil Ki Duniya'', much like ''Tedhi Lakeer'', is autobiographical in nature as Chughtai drew heavily from her own childhood in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh. Comparing the two, Hussein says, "if ''Tedhi Lakeer'' impressed me with its boldness, range and its credentials as a major novel, ''Dil ki Duniya''{{’}}s influence would linger with me forever, and I'd find its thematic and stylistic echoes in my own stories".<ref name="hussein"/>

In the early 1970s, Chughtai wrote two novels, ''Ajeeb Aadmi'' (''A Very Strange Man'') and ''Jangli Kabootar'' (''Wild Pigeons'') that made use of her knowledge of the [[Hindi film industry]], which she had been a part of for the last couple of decades.<ref name="quartret"/><ref name="spectrum1">{{cite web |title=Story of a Genius |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/book1.htm |last=Sharma |first=Aradhika |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=30 May 2020 |date=9 December 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Jangli Kabootar'', which was first published in 1970, follows the life of an actress and was partially inspired from a real-life incident that had occurred at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/books/obsession-wild-pigeons/|title=Obsessions & Wild Pigeons|work=[[Speaking Tiger]]|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925223857/https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/books/obsession-wild-pigeons/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chughtai's grandson, filmmaker Aijaz Khan had expressed his interest in a making a feature film based on story in a 2015 interview with the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'': "would like to make one of her stories, ''Jangli Kabootar'' [as the story has] always fascinated me."<ref name="aijaz">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Ismat-Chughtais-grandson-turns-director/articleshow/48473044.cms|title=Ismat Chughtai's grandson turns director|last=Iyer|first=Sanyukta|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=14 August 2015|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

''Ajeeb Aadmi'' similarly narrates the life of Dharam Dev, a popular [[leading man]] in Bollywood and the impact that his extra-marital affair with Zareen Jamal, a fellow actress has on the lives of the people involved. The novel was said to have been based on the affair between frequent co-stars [[Guru Dutt]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]]; Dutt was married to [[playback singer]] [[Geeta Dutt]] and the couple had three children at the time.<ref name="spectrum1"/> While there are several allusions to real-life figures including [[Meena Kumari]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], and [[Mohammed Rafi]], members of the Dutt family and Rehman are never explicitly named.<ref name="spectrum1"/> Chughtai said of ''Ajeeb Aadmi'': "[In the novel], I go into [...] why girls run after him and producers like him, and the hell they make for these men and for their wives. The novel, which was released in the early 1970s, was praised for its bold nature and candour."<ref name="pinto">{{cite web|url=https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/books/a-very-strange-man/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025162919/https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/books/a-very-strange-man/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2020|title=A Very Strange Man|work=[[Speaking Tiger]]|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

Mumbai-based writer and journalist, [[Jerry Pinto]] noted the impact of ''Ajeeb Aadmi''{{'}}s initial release saying, "There hadn't been a more dramatic and candid account of the tangled emotional lives of Bollywood before this."<ref name="pinto"/> Writing for the ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' in 2019, Khalid Mohamed echoed the sentiment. He called the book a first of a kind tell-all book about the Hindi film industry, one that was "an eye-opener even for the know-alls of Bollywood". Mohamed also made a detailed note of Chughtai's candid style of writing, saying that she had an "instinctive gift for relating stories frankly and fearlessly".<ref name="khalid">{{cite web|url=https://m.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/when-a-book-dared-to-chronicle-a-doomed-bollywood-romance|title=When a book dared to chronicle a doomed Bollywood romance|last=Mohamed|first=Khalid|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=30 May 2020|date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

===Later years, critical reappraisals and subsequent acclaim (1990s and beyond)===

Chughtai was diagnosed with [[Alzheimer's disease]] in the late 1980s, which limited her work thereafter.<ref name="wire2017">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/ismat-chughtai-birth-anniversary|title=Remembering Midnight's Magnificent Daughter Ismat Chughtai on Her Birth Anniversary|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=19 September 2019|date=15 August 2017}}</ref> She died at her house in Mumbai on 24 October 1991, following the prolonged illness.<ref name="shah">{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Feb05-Print-Edition/011502200561.htm|title=Ismat Chughtai — her life and ideals|last=Shah|first=Noor|work=[[The Milli Gazette]]|access-date=19 September 2019|date=15 February 2005}}</ref> Chughtai was known to have been averse of getting a burial, the common funeral practice in Islam. Rakhshanda Jalil quotes one of Chughtai's conversations with [[Qurratulain Hyder]], a friend and contemporary writer in ''An Uncivil Woman: Writings on Ismat Chughtai'', "I am very scared of the grave. They bury you beneath a pile of mud. One would suffocate [...] I'd rather be cremated."<ref name="hyderdailyo">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/lite/arts/ismat-chughtai-urdu-literature-short-stories-lihaaf/story/1/18952.html|title=Ismat Chughtai dared to raise the veil of hypocrisies in Indian society|last=Hyder|first=Qurratulain|work=DailyO|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> As per most accounts, Chughtai was cremated at the [[Chandanwadi, Mumbai|Chandanwadi crematorium]], in accordance with her last wishes.<ref name="shah"/><ref name="tahira">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/the-beguiling-ismat-chugtai-through-her-own-words/|title=The Beguiling Ismat Chugtai, Through Her Own Words|last=Naqvi|first=Tahira|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=19 September 2019|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

Following the translation of numerous of her works into English, a renewed interest in the Urdu literature of the twentieth century, and subsequent critical reappraisals, Chughtai's status as a writer rose.{{efn|Sources.<ref name="popularity"/><ref name="kindle">{{cite web|url=http://kindlemag.in/crooked-line/|title=The Crooked Line|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|work=[[Kindle Magazine ]]|access-date=8 May 2018|date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222310/http://kindlemag.in/crooked-line/|archive-date=7 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="asaduddinhbl">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-powerful-isms-of-ismat/article22993188.ece|title=The powerful isms of Ismat|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|work=[[Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=15 September 2019|date=29 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="dohath">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Rediscovering-the-rebel/articleshow/46571585.cms|title=Rediscovering the rebel|last=Nair|first=Malini|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2019|date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209231108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Rediscovering-the-rebel/articleshow/46571585.cms|archive-date=9 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Critical reappraisals for her works began with rereadings of ''[[Lihaaf]]'', which in the intervening years has attached a greater significance; it was noted for its portrayal of the insulated life of a neglected wife in the [[Indian feudalism|feudal society]] and became a landmark for its early depiction of sex, still a taboo in modern [[Indian literature]].<ref name="Das1995">{{cite book|first=Sisir|last= Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA348|date=1 January 1995|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=348}}</ref> ''Lihaaf'' has since been widely anthologised and has become one of Chughtai's most appreciated works.<ref name="Gopal2012">{{cite book|first=Priyamvada|last=Gopal|title=Literary Radicalism in India: Gender, Nation and the Transition to Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf8wfOR1058C&pg=PT83|date=2012|publisher=[[Routledge Press]]|isbn=978-1-134-33253-3|pages=83–84|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023181837/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf8wfOR1058C&pg=PT83|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

With more of her work being made available for reading to a wider audience over the years, criticism centered around the limited scope of Chughtai's writing has also subsided. In a 1993 retrospective piece, Naqvi also countered the perceived scope of Chughtai's writings, saying that her work was "neither confined to nor exhausted" by the themes central to ''Lihaaf'': "she had much, much more to offer".<ref name="naqvi"/> She separately cited the example of ''Jangli Kabootar'', which was one of the first novels in Chughtai's cannon to explore the theme of [[infidelity]]. Naqvi highlighted how despite having established herself as a significant voice in Urdu literature by this time, Chughtai still remained keen on probing new themes and expand the scope of her work.<ref name="quartret"/>

''Tedhi Lakeer'', which has come to be regarded as Chughtai's [[magnum opus]] is now considered to be one of the most significant works of [[Urdu literature]] by commentators and various media outlets.<ref name="patel"/><ref name="famousworks"/><ref name="magnum">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-ismat-chughtai-5316847/lite/|title=Who was Ismat Chughtai|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 August 2018|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415025042/https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-ismat-chughtai-5316847/lite/|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Critic and dramatist [[Shamim Hanfi]] gives it highest praise, saying that the novel, its first half in particular, matches up to the highest standards of [[world literature]].<ref name="hanfi">{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HlJd2tOtfJw|title=Shamim Hanfi on Chughtai|work=[[Sahapedia]]|date=11 February 2016|access-date=17 September 2019|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Hussein comparably calls it one of the best novels of Urdu language and notes that Chughtai combines all her literary influences and her own [[lived experiences]] to create a radical text. He likened the novel's framework to that of a ''[[bildungsroman]]'' and praised its examination of the nationalist and feminist issues of the period.<ref name="hussein">{{cite web|url=http://kindlemag.in/how-long-can-a-river-be-held-back-by-a-dam/|title=How long can a river be held back by a dam?|last=Hussein|first=Aamer|work=[[Kindle Magazine]]|date=4 August 2015|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904131437/http://kindlemag.in/how-long-can-a-river-be-held-back-by-a-dam/|archive-date=4 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Commentators have also compared Chughtai's writing style in the novel to that of French writer and intellectual [[Simone de Beauvoir]], based on the duo's [[existentialism|existentialist]] and [[humanism|humanist]] affiliations.<ref name="bano"/><ref name="hussein"/>

==Influences and writing style==
Chughtai was a [[liberal islam|liberal Muslim]] whose daughter, nephew, and niece were married to Hindus. In her own words, Chughtai came from a family of "[[Hindus]], [[Muslims]] and Christians who all live peacefully".<ref name="milligazette.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Feb05-Print-Edition/011502200561.htm |title=The Milli Gazette |access-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117111530/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Feb05-Print-Edition/011502200561.htm |archive-date=17 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She said she read not only the [[Qur’an]], but also the [[Gita]] and the [[Bible]] with openness.<ref name="milligazette.com" />

Chughtai's short stories reflected the cultural legacy of the region in which she lived. This was well demonstrated in her story "Sacred Duty", where she dealt with social pressures in India, alluding to specific national, religious and cultural traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/how-ismat-chughtai-stood-up-for-freedom-of-speech|title=How Ismat Chughtai Stood Up for Freedom of Speech|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032038/https://thewire.in/books/how-ismat-chughtai-stood-up-for-freedom-of-speech|archive-date=25 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In Chughtai's formative years, Nazar Sajjad Hyder had established herself an independent feminist voice, and the short stories of two very different women, [[Hijab Imtiaz Ali]] and [[Rashid Jahan|Rashid Jehan]], were also a significant early influence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ismat Chughtai|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Chughtai+Ismat|publisher=SAWNET.org|access-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107042713/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Chughtai+Ismat|archive-date=7 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Many of her writings, including ''Angarey'' and ''Lihaaf'', were [[banned]] in South Asia because their [[reformist]] and [[feminist]] content offended conservatives (for example, her view that the [[Niqab]], the veil worn by women in Muslim societies, should be discouraged for Muslim women because it is [[oppressive]] and [[feudal]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Ismat Chughtai, Urdu's Wicked Woman |url=https://thewire.in/books/remembering-ismat-chughtai-urdus-wicked-woman |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KK |first=Satyavrat |title=Why 'Angaaray' was banned (and what it could teach an Indian author about writing of women and sex) |url=http://scroll.in/article/818525/why-angaaray-was-banned-and-what-it-could-teach-an-indian-author-about-writing-of-women-and-sex |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Scroll.in |date=8 October 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

* In the 2018 biopic of [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] titled, [[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]], her character is portrayed by [[Rajshri Deshpande]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=2017-03-28 |title=Playing the literary fireball |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/playing-the-literary-fireball/article17706912.ece |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* A 2019 Indian Hindi-language period drama film, Lihaaf: The Quilt is based on the story and stars [[Anushka Sen]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Mir Sarwar]], [[Sonal Sehgal]], Shoib Nikash Shah, Namita Lal, and [[Veerendra Saxena|Virendra Saxena]]. It was directed by Rahat Kazmi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-31 |title='Lihaaf' wins international acclaim with an award in US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/lihaaf-wins-international-acclaim-with-an-award-in-us/articleshow/70920466.cms |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Publications on Ismat Chughtai===

* ''Ismat: Her Life, Her Times''. Sukrita Paul Kumar, Katha, New Delhi, 2000. {{ISBN|81-85586-97-7}}.
* ''Ismat Chughtai, A Fearless Voice''. Manjulaa Negi, Rupa and Co, 2003.81-29101-53-X.
* "Torchbearer of a literary revolution". The Hindu, Sunday, 21 May 2000.{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060621011400/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/21/stories/1321017u.htm]}}
* Kashmir Uzma Urdu weekly, Srinagar, 27 December 2004, 2 January 2005.[http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Feb05-Print-Edition/011502200561.htm]
* "Ismat Chughtai – Pakistan-India (1915–1991)", World People, 5 May 2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20071024221325/http://word.world-citizenship.org/word/index.php/wp-archive/473]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608071043/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=29684 Eyad N. Al-Samman, "Ismat Chughtai: An Iconoclast Muslim Dame of Urdu Fiction", ''Yemen Times'', 13 April 2009]

== Tribute ==
On 21 August 2018, [[Google]] celebrated her 107th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/ismat-chughtais-107th-birthday/|title=Ismat Chughtai's 107th Birthday|website=Google|date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{main|List of works by Ismat Chughtai}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1948
!scope="row"| ''Shikayat''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Dialogue writer
|-
| 1948
!scope="row"|''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1950
!scope="row"|''[[Arzoo (1950 film)|Arzoo]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1951
!scope="row"|''Buzdil''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1952
!scope="row"|''Sheesha''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1953
!scope="row"|''Fareb''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Also co-director
|-
|1954
!scope="row"|''Darwaza''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1955
!scope="row"|''Society''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1958
!scope="row"| ''Sone Ki Chidiya''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Also producer
|-
|1958
!scope="row"|''Lala Rukh''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Also co-director and producer
|-
|1966
!scope="row"|''Baharen Phir Bhi Ayengi''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|
|-
|1973
!scope="row"|''[[Garam Hawa]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|[[Filmfare Best Story Award]] (shared with Kaifi Azmi)
|-
|1978
!scope="row"|''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''
|Miriam Labadoor
|Cameo appearance
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Work
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" |1974
| ''Terhi Lakeer''
| Ghalib Award
| Best Urdu Drama
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="firstghalib">{{cite web |url= http://www.ghalibinstitute.com/awards.htm |title= List of winners of Ghalib Award in Urdu, 1976 onwards |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020122828/http://www.ghalibinstitute.com/awards.htm |archive-date= 20 October 2013 |publisher= Ghalib Institute |access-date= 15 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1974–75
| rowspan="2" |''[[Garam Hawa]]''
|[[21st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award]]
|[[Filmfare Best Story Award|Best Story]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Government of India State Award
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| scope="row" |1976
| style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
| [[Indian honours system#civilian award|Indian civilian awards]]
|[[Padma Shri]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Padma">{{cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1976-1976&Award=Padma%20Shri&Field=Literature%20and%20Education|title=Previous Awardees|publisher=[[Padma Awards]]|access-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232512/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1976-1976&Award=Padma%20Shri&Field=Literature%20and%20Education|archive-date=23 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|1979
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
| Andhra Pradesh Urdu Akademi Award
|Makhdoom Literary Award
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|1982
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Soviet Land Nehru Award
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Khan-2008">{{Cite book|author=Khan, Hafiza Nilofar|year=2008|title=Treatment of a Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-Continental Muslim Women Writers|series=(The University of Southern Mississippi, PhD dissertation)|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-9P0nxHaq54C&pg=PA11 11]|oclc=420600128}}</ref>
|-
|1990
|style="text-align:center;"|{{endash}}
|Rajasthan Urdu Akademi
|Iqbal Samman
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Khan-2008" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|161032}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/ismat/index.html Ismat Chughtai (1915–1991), resource page] [[Columbia University]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107042713/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Chughtai+Ismat Biography and bibliography]
* [http://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/07/ismat-chughtais-short-stories.html Ismat Chughtai's Short Stories]
* [http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/15/28naqviExerpt.pdf Ismat Chughtai's account of the Lihaaf Trial] Journal of Urdu Studies

{{National Film Award Best Story}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Languages|Feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chughtai, Ismat}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Budaun]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Best Story National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of Ghalib Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Prahlad Brahmbhatt

2026-04-30T00:30:18Z

Abid: Put up a stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian novelist and journalist (1908–1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Prahlad Brahmbhatt
| image = IMG-20240720-WA0003~3.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|8|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|12|15|1908|8|22|df=y}}
| death_place = Ahmedabad
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* short story writer
* biographer
* journalist
}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| signature =
}}

'''Prahlad Damodardas Brahmbhatt''' (22 August 1908 – 15 December 1997) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] novelist, short story writer, biographer and journalist from [[Gujarat]], India, known for his social novels. He authored more than 90 novels, some of which were adapted into films.

==Biography==
Prahlad Brahmbhatt was born on 22 August 1908 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], British India.<ref name="Dutt 1999">{{cite book |last=Dutt|first=K.C.|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA194|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|year=1999|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=194}}</ref> He started his career as a journalist with ''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'' newspaper, and then joined ''Sevak'' as an editor and ''Jansatta'' as co-editor.<ref name="GSP">{{Cite book|title=|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઇતિહાસ: ગાંધીયુગીન-અનુગાંધીયુગીન ગદ્યસર્જકો (1895-1935)|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|others=[[Chimanlal Trivedi|Trivedi, Chimanlal]]; Desai, Parul Kandarp|editor-last=Dave|editor-first=Ramesh R.|volume=VI|location=Ahmedabad|year=2021|edition=reprint|pages=158|trans-title=History of Gujarati Literature: Gandhian and Post-Gandhian Era Prose Writers (1895-1935)|language=gu|oclc=52268627}}</ref> He died on 15 December 1997 in Ahmedabad.<ref name="GSP"/>

==Works==
Brahmbhatt wrote more than 90 novels. Some of his novels were adapted into films.<ref name="Dutt 1999"/> His notable novels are ''Adhuri Preet'', ''Trusha ane Trupti'' (1961), ''Mati na Manvi'' (1962), ''Ek Panth : Be Pravasi'' (1963), ''Mobhe Bandhya Ver'' (1970), ''Zer na Parkha'' (1976), ''Reti nu Ghar'' (1979), ''Tutela Kach no Tukdo'' (1985), ''Man na Bandh Kamal'' (1988). His novel ''Trusha ane Trupti'' is noted for its [[Autobiographical novel|autobiographical]] style and characterization.<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Topiwala 1990">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય કોશ : અર્વાચીનકાળ|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|year=1990|editor-last=Topiwala|editor-first=Chandrakant|editor-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|volume=II|location=Ahmedabad|pages=527|language=gu|script-title=gu:Gujarati Sahitya Kosh : Arvachinkal|trans-title=Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature : Modern Era|editor-last2=Soni|editor-first2=Raman|editor2-link=Raman Soni|editor-last3=Dave|editor-first3=Ramesh R.|oclc=26636333}}</ref>

His short stories are collected in ''Uma'' (1938), ''Adhura Fera'' (1946) and ''Jindagi na Rukh'' (1964).<ref name="Topiwala 1990"/> He wrote several biographies, notable among which are ''Lahorno Shahid Bhagatsinh'' (on [[Bhagat Singh]]), ''Netaji'' (on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]) and ''Netaji na Sathidaro'' (on associates of Bose).<ref name="Topiwala 1990"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|gu|સર્જક:પ્રહ્‌લાદ બ્રહ્મભટ્ટ|Prahlad Brahmbhatt}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmbhatt, Prahlad}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Maa Oori Polimera 2

2026-04-27T03:07:03Z

Abid: added new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Oori Polimera 2
| image = Maa Oori Polimera 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anil Vishwanath
| writer = Anil Vishwanath
| producer = Gowr Kriesna
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Satyam Rajesh]]
| [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]
}}
| cinematography = Kushendar Ramesh Reddy
| editing = Sri Vaara
| music = Gyaani
| studio = Shree Krishna Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|3|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Maa Oori Polimera 2''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language]] thriller film directed by Anil Vishwanath.<ref>{{cite web |title=చిరంజీవితో సినిమా ఛాన్స్‌ వస్తే.. రిజెక్ట్‌ చేస్తా.. - ‘పొలిమేర–2’ డైరెక్టర్‌ |url=https://www.teluguglobal.com/cinema-and-entertainment/if-i-get-a-chance-to-film-with-chiranjeevi-i-will-reject-it-polimera-2-director-anil-vishwanath-sensational-comments-974168 |website=Telugu Global |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101205/https://www.teluguglobal.com/cinema-and-entertainment/if-i-get-a-chance-to-film-with-chiranjeevi-i-will-reject-it-polimera-2-director-anil-vishwanath-sensational-comments-974168 |url-status=live}}</ref> A sequel to ''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title='Maa Oori Polimera' sequel wraps up its shoot; post-production works at a brisk pace |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-oori-polimera-sequel-wraps-up-its-shoot-post-production-works-at-a-brisk-pace/articleshow/98062109.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522130403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-oori-polimera-sequel-wraps-up-its-shoot-post-production-works-at-a-brisk-pace/articleshow/98062109.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> the film stars [[Satyam Rajesh]] and [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]].

== Cast ==
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Komaraiah
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Lachimi
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Balija
* [[Rakendu Mouli]] as Ravindra Naik
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* Sahithi Dasari
* [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] as Jangaiah (cameo appearance)
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Sarpanch
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and wrote that "Despite being “A” certified film and despite having some issues, ''Maa Oori Pelimera'' has elements to thrill the masses and is a preferable film to those who love these kinds of thrillers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/maaooripolimera2.html |title=Maa Oori Polimera 2 jeevi review |date=3 November 2023 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |last=jeevi |access-date=2023-11-15 |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114210324/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/maaooripolimera2.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "''Maa Oori Polimera 2'' has all the ingredients to entice a thriller-junkie with a restless, twist-a-minute screenplay (with an overdose of flashbacks) backed by commendable performances".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Oori Polimera review: A gripping rural thriller with a handful of delicious twists |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maa-oori-polimera-2-review-a-creepy-yet-a-nailbiting-sequel-with-an-overdose-of-twists-flashbacks/67e287e8d3274 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114211326/https://www.ottplay.com/review/maa-oori-polimera-2-review-a-creepy-yet-a-nailbiting-sequel-with-an-overdose-of-twists-flashbacks/67e287e8d3274 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''The South First'' wrote that "The story of ''Maa Oori Polimera 2'' lacks freshness. With a few unexcited and below-par twists, director Anil Vishwanath fails to add the required ingredients to make a mystery thriller, eventually making this sequel less spooky and eerie".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/maa-oori-polimera-2-movie-review/ |title=Maa Oori Polimera 2 review: Neither eerie nor spooky, this mystery thriller is axed by confused writing |first=Prakash |last=Pecheti |work=The South First |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114233314/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/maa-oori-polimera-2-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28512693}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Malankara Action Council for Church Act Association

2026-04-26T20:12:47Z

Abid: added new entry

{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = MACCABI
| full_name = Malankara Action Council for Church Act Association
| native_name = മക്കാബി
| image =
| logo =
| logo_size = 150
| logo_caption = മീ കമോക്കാ ബ്‌ലേം യാഹ്‌വെ
| abbreviation = MACCABI
| nickname = MACCABI
| formation = 3 July 2019
| founder = Bar Yuhanon Ramban
| purpose = Public Movement
| location = Piramadom
| region_served = Kerala
| services = Religious Organization
| language = Malayalam, English
| website = www.maccabimovement.com
}}

'''Malankara Action Council for Church Act Association''' (MACCABI) is a public movement started for the implementation of Church Act 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thalsamayamonline.com/topstories/maccabi-for-church-act-124331|title=ചര്‍ച്ച് ആക്ട് നടപ്പാക്കണമെന്ന ആവശ്യം ക്രിസ്ത്യാനികള്‍ക്കിടയില്‍ ചൂട് പിടിക്കുന്നു|last=ഡെസ്ക്|first=തത്സമയം|date=2019-02-25|website=www.thalsamayamonline.com|language=ml|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> submitted before the [[government of Kerala]] by the Kerala Law Reforms Commission headed by [[V. R. Krishna Iyer|Justice V.R Krishna Iyer]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indusscrolls.com/protect-church-properties-from-bishops-priests-christian-group/|title=Protect church properties from bishops, priests: Christian group {{!}} Indus Scrolls|last=Shekhar|first=Dr Mayank|language=en|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/mar/07/church-trust-bill-2009-should-be-implemented-1947789.html|title=Church Trust Bill 2009 should be implemented: Joint Council|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> MACCABI is an independent non-profit organization registered under the Travancore-Cochin registration act.

== Public Movements ==

=== 22 May 2018 ===
A [[Kerala Government Secretariat|secretariat]] March was jointly organised by All [[Kerala]] Church Act Action Council and MACCABI asking the government to pass the bill in the assembly. March started from Palayam Marty's Square and staged a dharna in front of the Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-19 |title=The laity seek law on Church properties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/the-laity-seek-law-on-church-properties/article23931072.ece |access-date=2019-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2018 |title=Christian groups want govt to implement Church Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/christian-groups-want-govt-to-implement-church-act/articleshow/64240167.cms |access-date=2019-11-27 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== 12 October 2019 ===
Bar Yuhanon Ramban, Director of MACCABI, inaugurated the event organized by Members of ‘Justice for Sr Lucy’, held at Vanchi Square in [[Ernakulam]] in support of Lucy Kalappura, who was expelled from the [[Franciscan Clarist Congregation]] (FCC) for her lifestyle violations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/oct/13/justice-for-sr-lucy-facebook-group-holds-meeting-at-vanchi-square-2046804.html|title='Justice for Sr Lucy' Facebook group holds meeting at Vanchi Square|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref>

=== 27 November 2019 ===
More than 50,000 Christians was reported to have marched to the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Secretariat]] demanding the State government to implement the Kerala Church Properties and Institutions Trust Bill, proposed by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2019 |title=Kerala: Massive march demands enactment of Church Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/massive-march-demands-enactment-of-church-act/articleshow/72267045.cms |access-date=2020-01-02 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Massive march for law to manage church assets in Kerala |url=https://www.ucanews.org/news/massive-march-for-law-to-manage-church-assets-in-kerala/86708 |access-date=2020-01-02 |website=ucanews.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-28 |title=ചർച്ച് ആക്ട് ബിൽ നടപ്പാക്കണം; സെക്രട്ടേറിയറ്റിലേക്ക് മാർച്ചുമായി ക്രൈസ്തവ സഭകൾ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/kerala/all-kerala-church-act-bill-action-councils-march-to-secretariat-for-church-act-gg-178597.html |access-date=2020-01-02 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='10 വര്‍ഷമായിട്ടും ചര്‍ച്ച് ആക്ട് നടപ്പിലാക്കിയില്ല'; ആക്ഷന്‍ കൗണ്‍സില്‍ സെക്രട്ടേറിയറ്റ് മാര്‍ച്ച് നടത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/march-to-secretariat-demanding-implementation-of-church-act-q1mg32 |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=2019-11-27 |title=Christian collective in Kerala demands implementation of 'Church Act' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/christian-collective-in-kerala-demands-implementation-of-church-act/article30096615.ece |access-date=2019-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]

Kazi Ahmad Hussain

2026-04-25T03:36:34Z

Abid: put up new entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1889–1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1923
| term_end = 1928
| office1 = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1958
| term_start2 = 1958
| term_end2 = 1961
| spouse = Bibi Chanda
| parents = Qazi Syed Lateef Hussain (father)
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1889}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1961|8|14|1889}}
}}

'''Kazi Ahmad Hussain''' (1889 – 14 August 1961) was an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 1923 to 1928 and a two-time Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) from 1952 to 1958 and 1958 to 1961.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parashar |first=Archana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHl1DwAAQBAJ&dq=ahmad+hussain+kazi&pg=PT131 |title=Women and Family Law Reform in India: Uniform Civil Code and Gender Equality |date=1992-07-15 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-829-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Jawaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C&dq=ahmad+hussain+kazi&pg=PA257 |title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937 |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-979-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npkaAQAAIAAJ&dq=kazi+ahmad+hussain+bihar&pg=PP11 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ahmad Hussain was born in Konibar village of [[Nawadah district|Nawadah District]]. Qazi Syed Lateef Hussain was his father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=who_1952.pdf |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf}}</ref>

Ahmad Hussain married Bibi Chanda in 1923.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

He died on 14 August 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |journal=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad Hussain, Kazi}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Amate (village)

2026-04-20T16:31:01Z

Abid: added

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amate
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe =
| mapframe-caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| subdivision_type4 = Taluk
| subdivision_name4 = [[Khanapur]]
| subdivision_type5 = Locality
| subdivision_name5 = Amate
| area_total_km2 = 14.27
| elevation_m = 651
| population_total = 1513
}}

'''Amate''' is a village in the [[Khanapur]] [[Tehsil|taluk]] of the [[Belagavi district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It has a total area of about 14.27 square kilometers. Amate is the [[gram panchayat]] for [[Habbanatti|Habbanatti village]]. In 2011, the village had access to public and private bus services and a railway station. The pincode for Amate is 591345.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amate Village (Pincode: 591345), Khanapur, Belagavi {{!}} Karnataka {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/597814 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amate, Khanapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India - Geolysis Local |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/ka/belagavi/khanapur/amate |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref>

== Population ==
According to the 2011 census, the village has a total population of 1,513, with 773 males and 740 females. The village has a literacy rate of approximately 53.67%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population is 13, with 7 males and 6 females. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] population is 270, with 126 males and 144 females. There are approximately 292 households in Amate, with the average household size being 5 persons per house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Area, pincode and population of Amate village in Khanapur tehsil of Belgaum, Karnataka, India based on census of India 2011 |url=http://villageinindia.com/india/karnataka/belgaum/khanapur/amate/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Village in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amate Village (Pincode: 591345), Khanapur, Belagavi {{!}} Karnataka {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/597814 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|15|42|0|N|74|17|44|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

Living Apart

2026-04-18T07:26:24Z

Abid: added a entry...

{{Short description|Book about the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''''Living Apart: Communal violence and forced displacement in Muzaffarnagar and Shamli''''' is a book describing the violence and the aftermath of the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Written by social activists [[Harsh Mander]], Akram Akhtar Chaudhary, Zafar Eqbal, and Rajanya Bose, it is based on interviews with people who witnessed the violence, and describes the living conditions of such people.<ref name="Outlook September 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-lingering-pain-of-muzaffarnagar/297191|title=The Lingering Pain Of Muzaffarnagar |newspaper=Outlook |date=9 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Asian Age September 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/30000-people-still-living-65-refugee-colonies-630|title=Muzaffarnagar riots: 30,000 people still living in 65 refugee colonies |newspaper=Asian Age |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hindu September 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/riot-victims-live-in-ghettolike-conditions-report/article9082254.ece|title=Riot victims live in ghetto-like conditions: Report |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>

Commenting on the content of the book, Mander has written: {{Quote|With mounting astonishment and anguish, we discovered as many as 65 refugee colonies, 28 in [[Muzaffarnagar_district|Muzaffarnagar]] and 37 in [[Shamli_district|Shamli]], housing 29,328 residents, described in our report ''Living Apart''. Even this does not represent the full numbers of people who could never return to the villages of their birth. Uncounted populations bought houses or rented homes in existing Muslim settlements, or permanently migrated out of these districts or even the state. We estimate that the mass communal violence led ultimately to at least 50,000 people permanently expelled from their villages as hate refugees, of which 30,000 we found in these 65 new refugee colonies.<ref name="IE September 2016">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/muzaffarnagar-riots-probe-muslims-in-india-shamli-communal-violence-3017199/|title=Muzaffarnagar, three years later |newspaper=Indian Express |date=7 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>}}

==Reviews==
===The Hindu===
[[The Hindu]] describes the book as a "field report" which {{Quote|[indicts] the State administration for not only failing to rehabilitate riot victims displaced from their homes and villages, but also for actively encouraging Muslim refugees, who used to live in Hindu-majority villages, to resettle in Muslim-majority colonies. The report is based on a survey conducted between March and July 2016 by the [[Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] ''Aman Biradari'' and ''Afkar India'' in 65 resettlement colonies of riot victims in the two districts of Muzaffarnagar and Shamli, housing a total of 29,328 persons.<ref name="Hindu September 2016"/>}}

===Asian Age===
A review in [[The Asian Age]] states that the book chronicles the apathy of the state government in rehabilitating the victims of the Muzaffarnagar riots. Commenting on the violence that took place, the review quotes from a passage in the book: {{Quote|A people who had never fought each other in history, suddenly became bitter enemies: estranged, fearful and angry. Not even during the [[Partition_of_India|Partition of 1947]], did a drop of blood flow in our villages.<ref name="Asian Age September 2016"/>}}

===The Telegraph===
A review in [[The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] states that the report aims to draw the attention of the state government to the riots. The review states that, as per the report, some Muslim community organisations, who offered to help to victims would only do so on certain conditions, including "adherence to more orthodox beliefs." The review quotes the report: {{Quote|Today, a divided population here presents the triumph of communal politics, successfully undoing histories of shared living between Hindus and Muslims in the region over centuries.<ref name="Telegraph September 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160908/jsp/nation/story_107009.jsp#.V-Pt1jscW8U|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909001729/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160908/jsp/nation/story_107009.jsp#.V-Pt1jscW8U|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2016|title=30000 riot displaced off govt's radar |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 riots|Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013]]
[[Category:2013 in India|Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India|Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh|Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013]]
[[Category:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]]

Sai Chand

2026-04-16T18:55:49Z

Abid:

{{Short description|Indian actor and documentary filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Chand
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tripuraneni Sai Chand
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|6|25}}<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Prema, Sai Chand| date=26 July 2017| title=Fidaa Actor Sai Chand Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brTOFWTmg1U?t=410|medium= [[YouTube]] | time=6m 50sec | publisher=iDream Telugu Movies}}</ref><ref name="Sai Chand: The father figure" />
| birth_place = [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra State]], India
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = New Science College, Hyderabad
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker}}
| years_active = 1979—1993; 2017—present
| father = [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]]
}}
'''Tripuraneni Sai Chand''' (born 25 June 1956) is an Indian actor and documentary filmmaker who works in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre]], and television.<ref name="Sai Chand: The father figure">{{cite web|last1=Nadadhur|first1=Srivathsan|title=Sai Chand: The father figure|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sai-chand-interview-the-father-figure/article19408156.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=15 February 2018|language=en-IN|date=2 August 2017}}</ref> He is popularly known for his roles in films like ''[[Maa Bhoomi]]'', ''[[Fidaa]]'' and ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''.

==Early life==
Tripuraneni Sai Chand was born to noted Telugu writer and humanist [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]] and is the grandson of [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=2020-03-21|title='Maa Bhoomi' memories: Telugu actor Saichand completes 40 years in the industry|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-saichand-completes-40-years-in-the-industry-he-reminisces-the-making-of-maa-bhoomi/article31126055.ece|access-date=2021-07-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father died when he was 6 years old.<ref name="Sai Chand: The father figure"/> He completed his primary education from ''Vasavya Vidyalaya'', Vijayawada run by Goparaju Ramachandra Rao. His first screen presence was in a film ''Sati Arundhati'' as a child actor.<ref name="Andhra JyotiInterview with Saichand">{{cite news|last1=Challa|first1=Srinivas|title=Interview with Saichand|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/355626801/Saichand-Fidaa-the-Telugu-movie-Sunday-06-08-2017-Page-13|accessdate=15 February 2018|publisher=Andhra Jyoti|date=6 August 2017}}</ref> He did B.Com. from New Science College, [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="maastars.com"/>

==Career==
''[[Maa Bhoomi]]'' (1980) directed by [[Goutam Ghose]] was Sai Chand's first film as an actor.<ref name="maastars.com">{{cite web|title=Saichand Profile MAA|url=http://www.maastars.com/saichand-profile/|website=maastars.com|publisher=Movie Artists Association|accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref> His first film was box office hit and went to run for an year. It also received Nandi award, and Film Fare award in the best film category. It was also premiered in several film festivals across the world.<ref name="35years on, still a benchmark">{{cite web|last1=E|first1=Sai Kishore|title=35years on, still a benchmark|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-15/35years-on-still-a-benchmark-137481|website=The Hans India|accessdate=15 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
He has acted in more than 35 films throughout his career. Sai Chand is commonly associated with parallel cinema like the films ''[[Maa Bhoomi]], [[Manchu Pallaki]], [[Pelleedu Pillalu]], Ee Charitra Ae Siratho, Ee Desamlo Oka Roju, [[Rangula Kala]], [[Adavalle Aligithe]], Ee Chaduvulu Makkodu, [[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]], [[Ankuram]], [[Fidaa]], [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''.

As a filmmaker, he made ''Pandita Parameshwara Sastry Veelunaamaa'' as a tele-film. Some of his documentaries are on topics that include: grain storage, dry-land agriculture, rice production technology, and information technology for common man.

Sai Chand has also made documentary films on film-making veterans like [[L. V. Prasad]], [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], [[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], Ramana Duo and others.<ref name="From the golden pages">{{cite web|last1=Murthy|first1=Neeraja|title=From the golden pages|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-the-golden-pages/article5269774.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=15 February 2018|language=en-IN|date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1979
|''[[Maa Bhoomi]]''
|Ramaiah
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Erra Mallelu]]'' || Kistanna || ||
|-
|''Maro Kurukshetram''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1982
|''[[Maro Malupu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Manchu Pallaki]]''
|Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]''
|Chandram
|
|
|-
|''Ee Charitra Ae Saritho''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1983
|''Ee Desamlo Oka Roju''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Rangula Kala]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Adavalle Aligithe]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|''Ee Chaduvulu Makkodu''
|
|
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]''
|Maridaiah
|
|
|-
|1988
|''Sagatu Manishi''
|
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]''
|Venkat
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Ankuram]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|Bhanumathi's father
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
|Subbayya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Uppena]]''
|Jalayya
|
|
|-
|''[[Check (film)|Check]]''
|Satya Narayana
|
|
|-
|''[[Konda Polam]]''
| Guravappa
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|Vennela's father
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Chand to play Sai Pallavi's father again in Virata Parvam 1992 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/29/sai-chand-to-play-sai-pallavis-father-again-in-virata-parvam-1992-11914.html |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|Pujari
|
|
|-
|2024 || ''[[Maa Nanna Superhero]]'' || Prakash || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=‘Maa Nanna Superhero’ movie review: Sudheer Babu shoulders a patchy relationship drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maa-nanna-superhero-movie-review-sudheer-babu-shoulders-a-patchy-relationship-drama/article68735953.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|nm0151282}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Sai}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Mansi Joshi (actress)

2026-04-15T15:03:49Z

Abid: added article

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mansi Joshi
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Mansi Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|9|5|df=yes}}<ref name=.1>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/tv-talk/television-actress-mansi-joshi-is-more-famous-in-tamil-serials-than-in-kannada-sat-srvtng?utm_|title=ಕಿರುತೆರೆ ನಟಿ ಮಾನ್ಸಿ ಜೋಶಿ ಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತಮಿಳು ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಭಾರೀ ಫೇಮಸ್!|work=Asianet News}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| occupation = Actress
| education =
| known for =''[[Mr. Manaivi]]'' ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'' ''[[Anna Thangi (TV series)|Anna Thangi]]'' ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''
| height =
| years active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Mansi Joshi''' is an Indian actress who works in the [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] television industries. She made her debut in the Kannada [[TV series]] ''Radha Ramana'' on [[Colors Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada TV actress Mansi Joshi gets engaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-actress-mansi-joshi-gets-engaged/articleshow/114436165.cms |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She is known for playing the lead roles in the TV series ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]'', ''[[Anna Thangi (TV series)|Anna Thangi]]'', ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'', and ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''.<ref name=.2>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title='മുന്‍പൊരിക്കലും ലഭിക്കാത്ത സ്‌നേഹവും പിന്തുണയും', മലയാള ഇൻഡസ്ട്രിയെ കുറിച്ച് സീരിയൽ താരം|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/chandrikayil-aliyunnu-chandrakantham-serial-actress-mansi-joshi-sh7ral |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mansi Joshi was born on 5 September 1994, in Bengaluru, Karnataka.<ref name=.1/>

Mansi Joshi got engaged to her long-time partner, Raghava, on October 20, 2024, in an intimate ceremony held in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Paaru Serial: ಸದ್ದಿಲ್ಲದೇ ಎಂಗೇಜ್‌ ಆದ್ರು ಪಾರು ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ಖ್ಯಾತ ನಟಿ; ಖಳನಾಯಕಿಯ ವರ ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತಾ?|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/mansi-joshi-paaru-serial-fame-got-engaged-raghava-yda-1898538.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2024 |title=விஜய் டிவி சீரியல் நடிகைக்கு நிச்சயதார்த்தம்; ரசிகர்கள் வாழ்த்து மழை|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-serial-actress-mansi-joshi-engagement-fans-wishes-7348269 |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The couple got to married on 18 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2025 |title=Mansi Joshi: விஜய் டிவி சீரியல் நடிகைக்கு டும் டும் டும்; காதலரை கரம்பிடித்தார் மான்சி ஜோஷி!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/vijay-tv-manshi-joshi-and-raghav-wedding-photos-in-tamil-mma-srvr7r |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>

==Career==
She is known for her performances in popular television serials such as ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'', and ''[[Anbudan Kushi]]'', ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഗൗതമിന്റെ നന്ദ വേറെ ലെവലാണ്! മലയാളം പഠിച്ചുവരുന്നു! കരയാൻ ഗ്ലിസറിൻ വേണ്ട! ചന്ദ്രികയിൽ അലിയുന്ന ചന്ദ്രകാന്തത്തിലെ അളകനന്ദ ശരിക്കും ആരാണ്?|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/serial-fans-discussion-mansi-joshi-s-acting/photoshow/111977806.cms|website=Samayam}}</ref> In addition to acting, Mansi has a background in modeling and is a trained dancer.

==Television==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''Radha Ramana''
| Raman's sister
|rowspan="2"| [[Kannada]]
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Replaced Raksha
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.comhttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-skanda-ashok-to-kavya-gowda-heres-what-keeping-radha-ramana-actors-busy-these-days/photostory/75141856.cms?|title=From Skanda Ashok to Kavya Gowda: Here's what keeping Radha Ramana actors busy these days|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2018-2024
| ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]''
| Anushka
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mansi Joshi returns to Paaru as Anushka after a long gap; details inside - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mansi-joshi-returns-to-paaru-as-anushka-after-a-long-gap-details-inside/articleshow/97722066.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Anbudan Kushi]]''
| Kushi
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Replaced by Reshma Venkatesh
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anbudan-kushi-set-to-premiere-tonight-actor-prajin-padmanabhan-shares-his-excitement/articleshow/73665901.cms|title=Anbudan Kushi set to premiere tonight; Actor Prajin Padmanabhan shares his excitement|website=The Times Of India|date=27 January 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Anna Thangi (TV series)|Anna Thangi]]''
| Sandhya
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Replaced by Jessica
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mansi-joshi-quits-daily-soap-anna-thangi/articleshow/91889679.cms|title=Mansi Joshi quits daily soap 'Anna Thangi'|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam''
| Satya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/photos/devatha-serial-fame-mansi-joshi-ties-the-knot-with-boyfriend-raghav-telugu-serial-actress-121740136929940.html|title=Tv Serial Actress: ప్రియుడిని పెళ్లి చేసుకున్న‌దేవ‌త‌ సీరియ‌ల్ న‌టి - వెడ్డింగ్ ఫొటోలు వైర‌ల్‌|work=Hindustan Times}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''Amrutha Varshini''
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-was-amazed-at-the-compliments-i-receiived-for-my-performance-in-paarus-climax-says-mansi-joshi/articleshow/82366833.cms|title=I was amazed at the compliments I {{as written|recei|ived [sic]}} for my performance in Paaru's climax, says Mansi Joshi|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
| Swetha
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-24 |title=Mr Manaivi actress Mansi Joshi ties the knot with boyfriend Raghav; pics inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-manaivi-actress-mansi-joshi-ties-the-knot-with-boyfriend-raghav-pics-inside/articleshow/118409752.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Geethanjali (2023 TV series)|Geethanjali]]''
| Shruti
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Geethanjali Serial: హిట్ సీరియల్ 'సెవ్వంతి' రీమేక్‌గా గీతాంజలి.. త్వరలో ప్రేక్షకుల ముందుకు బుల్లితెర మంచి కోడలు సుజిత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/television/sevanthi-serial-telugu-remake-geethanjali-new-gemini-serial-coming-soon-au58-885720.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''
| Alakananda
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Replaced Lakshmi Priya
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=ചന്ദ്രകാന്തത്തിലെ നായിക പിൻമാറി, ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് സീരിയലിൽ ഇനി ആ തെന്നിന്ത്യൻ നടി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asianet-malayalam-popular-interesting-serial-chandrikayilaliyunna-chandrakantham-heroine-actor-changed-lakshmi-priya-mansi-joshi-hrk-s9kdne |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Myna''
| Radha
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Udaya TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/ts-nagabharana-vijayalakshmi-starrer-mynaa-kannada-serial-on-udaya-tv/articleshow/107668835.cms|title='ಮೈನಾ' ಆಗಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಕಿರುತೆರೆಗೆ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟ 'ಲಕ್ಷಣ' ನಟಿ ವಿಜಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ; ಹೊಸ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ ಉದಯ!|work=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''Bhairavi''
| Bhairavi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Replaced by Anjana Srinivas
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=Bhairavi Serial: సోషియో ఫ్యాంటసీ సీరియల్ ‘భైరవి’ వచ్చేస్తోంది.. ఛానెల్‍, టైమింగ్స్ వివరాలివే |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv-news-bhairavi-serial-set-to-telecast-from-march-18-on-gemini-tv-channel-121710504706957.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420143515/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv-news-bhairavi-serial-set-to-telecast-from-march-18-on-gemini-tv-channel-121710504706957.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''Jodi Hakki''
| Akshara
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Zee Kannada|Zee Power]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-20 |title=From Rajakumari to Halli Power; Fresh wave of Kannada serials and reality shows to premiere this August|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-rajakumari-to-halli-power-fresh-wave-of-kannada-serials-and-reality-shows-to-premiere-this-august/articleshow/123404964.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2026–present
| ''Adi Lakshmi Purana''
| Amrutha
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Replaced Rakshita
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=VK Digital Exclusive: ನಟಿ ಮಾನ್ಸಿ ಜೋಶಿ ಇನ್ಮುಂದೆ ‘ಆದಿ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ ಪುರಾಣ’ ಅಮೃತಾ: ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟನೆ ನೀಡಿದ ‘ಪಾರು’ ನಟಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/actress-mansi-joshi-will-be-continue-her-role-as-amrutha-in-aadi-lakshmi-purana-serial/articleshow/129276795.cms |work=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref>
|}

==Music video==
*''Radhe Radhe'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-13 |title=Mansi Joshi features in her first music video|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/86965237.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
==Controversy==
On 20 July 2020, Mansi revealed through social media that she has been [[cyberbullying]] by an unknown person who spreads fake information about her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2020 |title=Mansi Joshi faces cyber bullying|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mansi-joshi-faces-cyber-bullying/articleshow/77064168.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She also filed a police complaint regarding the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2020 |title=Paaru actress Mansi Joshi lodges police complaint against cyberbullying|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/paaru-actress-mansi-joshi-lodges-police-complaint-against-cyberbullying/articleshow/77061071.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{IMDb title|11613244}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Rashi Singh

2026-04-13T09:57:57Z

Abid: Put up initial bio from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rashi Singh
| image = RASHI_SINGH.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2021{{endash}}present
}}
'''Rashi Singh''' is an Indian film actress who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashi Singh: 'ప్రసన్నవదనం' హీరోయిన్‌ను ట్రోల్ చేస్తున్న ఆర్‌సీబీ ఫ్యాన్స్.. ఎందుకంటే? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/royal-challengers-bangalore-fans-trolling-prasanna-vadanam-actress-rashi-singh/articleshow/109711456.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Suhas starrer 'Prasanna Vadanam' receives a U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suhas-starrer-prasanna-vadanam-receives-a-ua-certificate/articleshow/109732203.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]], Rashi briefly worked as an [[Flight attendant|air hostess]], before venturing into films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=H |first=Murali Krishna C. |date=2022-08-09 |title=Air hostess-turned-actor Rashi Singh is on a roll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/Aug/09/air-hostess-turned-actor-rashi-singh-ison-a-roll-2485495.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She debuted in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]] through ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]'', opposite [[Aadi Saikumar]], and was paired with [[Santosh Sobhan]], [[Shiva Kandukuri]], and [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] in her subsequent films.

Her next venture, with [[Raj Tarun]], was launched in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-12 |title=Connect movies launch their first project with Raj Tarunn and Rashi Singh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/12/connect-movies-launch-their-first-project-with-raj-tarunn-and-rashi-singh |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Reference
|-
|2021
|''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]''
|Sunee
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2021-03-20 |title='Sashi' movie review: Earnest drama marred by lack of originality |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Mar/20/sashi-movie-review-earnest-drama-marred-by-lack-of-originality-2278951.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Prem Kumar (film)|Prem Kumar]]''
|Netra
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=rashi singh: నా కోసమే ఎదురు చూసిన కథ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/rashi-singh-special-interview-about-bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana-movie/0201/124038788 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]''
|Lakshmi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana Movie Review : A mythological detective thriller with a cultish twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana/movie-review/108141910.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prasanna Vadanam]]''
|ACP Vaidehi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Suhas starrer 'Prasanna Vadanam' receives a U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suhas-starrer-prasanna-vadanam-receives-a-ua-certificate/articleshow/109732203.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Blind Spot (2025 film)|Blind Spot]]''
|Divya
|
|-
||''[[Paanch Minar]]''
|Khyathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Raj Tarun’s Paanch Minar gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Nov/11/telugunews2025nov11raj-taruns-paanch-minar-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Shanti
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Santhana Prapthirasthu Review: A Father’s Fight & A Couple’s Emotional Struggle |url=https://www.newstodayonline24.com/santhana-prapthirasthu-movie-review-rating-story/#google_vignette |website=News Today |language=en}}</ref>

|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Reference
|-
|2023
|''[[Papam Pasivadu (TV series)|Papam Pasivadu]]''
|Chaaru
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2023-09-04 |title=Aha to release an Original Web Series 'Papam Pasivadu' on September 29 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/040923/aha-to-release-an-original-web-series-papam-pasivadu-on-september-29.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[3 Roses (TV series)|3 Roses]] (''Season -2'')
|Meghana
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTT: ‘త్రీ రోజెస్ సీజన్‌ 2’ రివ్యూ {{!}} 3 Roses Season 2 Web Series Review And Rating In Telugu, A Comedy Drama About Women Finding Their Own Path {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/3-roses-season-2-web-series-review-and-rating-2650321 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12743982/?ref_=nmbio_ov_i Rashi singh] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rashi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Radhika (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:53Z

Abid: Put up initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Soap opera]]
* [[Family]]
* [[Drama]]
}}
| creator = Udaya TV
| inspired_by = Kayal
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Udaya TV]]
| director = Dharshit Bhat Balavalli
| story = [[Udaya TV]] Dialogues: Turuvekere Prasad
| starring = {{ubl|Tejaswini Shekar|Sharath Kshatriya}}
| company = Sri Durga Creations
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 939
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| network = [[Udaya TV]]
| related = [[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|14|df=y}}
| last_aired ={{End date|2025|03|29|df=y}}
}}

'''''Radhika''''' is a 2022-2025 Indian-[[Kannada]] language [[Family]] [[drama]] which premiered on [[Udaya TV]] on 14 March 2022 and ended on 29 March 2025. The show is an official remake of [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] serial [[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-soap-opera-radhika-to-premiere-on-monday/articleshow/90165991.cms|title=New soap opera Radhika to premiere on Monday|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2022-04-13|archive-date=2022-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318135056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-soap-opera-radhika-to-premiere-on-monday/articleshow/90165991.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars Tejaswini Shekar and Sharath Kshatriya in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/udaya-tv-new-serial-raddhika-to-be-telecast-from-march-14th-gvd-r8opd4|title=ಮಾ.14ರಿಂದ ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ 'ರಾಧಿಕಾ'|website=asianetnews.com|access-date=2022-04-13|archive-date=2022-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060000/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/udaya-tv-new-serial-raddhika-to-be-telecast-from-march-14th-gvd-r8opd4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/radhika-serial-in-udaya-tv/|title=ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ "ರಾಧಿಕಾ"|website=cinisuddi.com|access-date=2022-04-13|archive-date=2022-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309170048/https://www.cinisuddi.com/radhika-serial-in-udaya-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/radhika-serial-udaya/|title=Radhika Serial Udaya TV Launching on 14th March at 08:30 P:M|website=kannadatvshows.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/radhika-serial-star-cast-udaya/|title=Radhika Serial Star Cast – Kavya Shastry, Sharat Kshatriya in Lead|website=kannadatvshows.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*Kavya Shastry / Tejaswini Shekar as Radhika
*Sharath Kshatriya as Chiranth

===Supporting===
* Ravikumar<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Ravikumar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8YO8aAMWv4|title=Ravikumar talks about her role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=11 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133624/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8YO8aAMWv4|url-status=live}}</ref> as Kariappa
* Malathi Sirdeshpande<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Malathi Sirdeshpande|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64_iffOBDg|title=Malathi Sardeshpande talks about her role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=10 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64_iffOBDg|url-status=live}}</ref> as Janaki
* Suresh Rai
* Savitha Krishnamurthy
* Shwetha Rao / Supriya Rao<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Shwetha Rao|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llMFqT7p3n8|title=Shwetha Rao talks about her role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=12 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133855/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llMFqT7p3n8|url-status=live}}</ref> as Sunayana
* Sunil as Kashi
* Jeevan / Praveen as Kalki
* Rekha Sagar
* Inchara Shetty<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Inchara Shetty|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOMFJCcUF8|title=Inchara talks about her role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=12 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOMFJCcUF8|url-status=live}}</ref> as Gamya
* Priya Darshini<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Priya Darshini|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHae13xS23c|title=Priyadarshini talks about her role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=13 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413134245/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHae13xS23c|url-status=live}}</ref> as Ramya
* Dhriya Adithya
* Murthy as Vignesh
* [[Rekha Das]] as Rajeshwari

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]] serial fame Kavya Shastry<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavya-shastry-returns-to-the-small-screen-with-a-role-that-is-so-her/articleshow/89750831.cms|title=Kavya Shastry returns to the small screen with a role that is so her|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2022-04-13|archive-date=2022-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318135057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavya-shastry-returns-to-the-small-screen-with-a-role-that-is-so-her/articleshow/89750831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/udaya-tv-new-serial-radhika-features-kavya-shastry-in-title-role-mdn-351084.html|title=ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 'ರಾಧಿಕಾ': ಹೊಸ ಸೀರಯಲ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಮನರಂಜನೆ ನೀಡಲಿರುವ ಕಾವ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ರ್ತಿ|website=tv9kannada.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kavya-shastry-starrer-radhika-kannada-serial-will-premiere-from-march-14th/articleshow/90066741.cms|title='ರಾಧಿಕಾ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣ ಹಚ್ಚಿದ ನಟಿ ಕಾವ್ಯಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀ; ಯಾವಾಗ ಶುರು?|website=vijaykarnataka.com|access-date=2022-04-13|archive-date=2022-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308064254/https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kavya-shastry-starrer-radhika-kannada-serial-will-premiere-from-march-14th/articleshow/90066741.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role as Radhika and Sharath Kshatriya<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Sharath Kshatriya|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwLTSRdTCPM|title=Sharath Kshatriya talks about his role in Radhika Serial|publisher=[[Udaya TV]]|date=9 March 2022|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324063712/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TwLTSRdTCPM|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast in the male lead role as Chiranth.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Udaya original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-27T01:49:12Z

Abid: starting details...

{{Short description|Fourth Orissa Legislative Assembly held in 1967}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1961 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = '''1961'''
| next_election = 1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = '''1971'''
| election_date = 1967
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=RNS-Deo.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=27|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| party1 = [[Swatantra Party]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bolangir (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balangir]]
| seats1 = 49
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 33
| popular_vote1 = 9,09,421
| percentage1 = 34.78
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 8.5
| image2 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=100|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 = -
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| seats2 = 31
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 6
| popular_vote2 = 12,35,149
| percentage2 = 30.66
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.92
| title = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Sadashiva Tripathy]]
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| after_election = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Chief Ministers |url=https://cm.odisha.gov.in/former-cms |website=cm.odisha.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032309/https://cm.odisha.gov.in/former-cms |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| after_party = [[Swatantra Party]]
| majority_seats = 71
}}

Elections to the Fourth [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] were held on 21 February 1967.

==Constituencies==
The elections were held for 140 constituencies, of which 22 were reserved for Scheduled Castes, 34 for Scheduled Tribes and 84 unreserved.

==Contesting parties==
There were seven national parties:-

[[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[CPI(M)|CPM]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Praja Socialist Party]], [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], [[Swatantra Party]], [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]],

One regional party [[Jan Congress|Orissa Jana Congress (OJC)]] and some [[Independent Politician]]s took part in this assembly election.

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly Election |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-19/ |url-status=live |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Flag of the Indian National Congress (1931–1971).svg|50x50px]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:A pair of bullocks – the election symbol for the Congress Party in 1952.jpg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |1,235,149
| 30.66%
| {{decrease}} 12.62
| 141
| 31
| {{decrease}} 51
|-
| {{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[File:Swatantra-Party-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Swatantra Party]]{{efn|Prior to election, [[Ganatantra Parishad]] merged with [[Swatantra Party]]}}
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Star.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 909,421
| 22.58%
| {{increase}} 0.24{{efn|As compared to [[Ganatantra Parishad]]'s voteshare in 1961 election}}
| 101
| 49
| {{increase}} 12{{efn|As compared to [[Ganatantra Parishad]]'s seatshare in 1961 election}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|
| [[Orissa Jana Congress]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 542,734
| 13.47%
| (new)
| 47
| 26
| (new)
|-
| {{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[File:Flag of Praja Socialist Party.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hut.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 493,750
| 12.26%
| {{increase}} 1.27
| 33
| 21
| {{increase}} 11
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 211,999
| 5.26%
| {{decrease}} 2.72
| 31
| 7
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Tree.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align: right;" |61,426
| 1.52%
| (new)
| 9
| 2
| (new)
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 46,597
| 1.16%
| (new)
| 10
| 1
| (new)
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 505,394
| 12.55%
| {{decrease}} 1.99
| 212
| 3
| {{decrease}} 3
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!-
!-
!-
!140
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,028,258'''
|40.80
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
| style="text-align:right;" |320,580
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,348,838'''
|'''44.05'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"| 5,524,219
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''9,873,057'''
!
|}
{{Notelist}}

==Elected members==
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
! [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
! #
! Constituency Name
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| 1
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| Prafulla Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 2
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Durga Charan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 3
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| Kartik Chandra Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 4
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Sonaram Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 5
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Radhamohan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 6
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Santosh Kumar Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 7
| [[Morada Assembly constituency|Muruda (ST)]]
| Sakila Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 8
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 9
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta]]
| Harachand Hansada
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 10
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| [[Manmohan Tudu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| 11
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| Pyarimohan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 12
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Prasanna Kumar Paul
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 13
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| [[Chintamani Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 14
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Rabindra Mohan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 15
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Banamali Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 16
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Sore]]
| Haraprasad Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 17
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia (SC)]]
| Uchhab Charan Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 18
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Nityananda Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 19
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| Satyabhama Dei
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 20
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali (SC)]]
| Manmohan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 21
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudebpur]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="24" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| 22
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Anandamanjari Debi
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 23
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| Paramananda Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 24
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Jagannath Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 25
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur]]
| Baishnab Charan Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 26
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (West)]]
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadei
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 27
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (East) (SC)]]
| Santanu Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 28
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| Dibakarnath Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 29
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Biswanath Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 30
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
| Raja Sailendra Narayan Bhanja Deo
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 31
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| Sarojakanta Kanungo
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 32
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| Chakradhar Satpathy
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 33
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| Nishamani Khuntia
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 34
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| Lokanath Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 35
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Baikunthanath Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 36
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| Kanduri Charan Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 37
| [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Muralidhar Kanungo
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 38
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]
| Surendranath Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 39
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| Biraja Prasad Ray
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 40
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Chaudwar]]
| Akulananda Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 41
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| [[Biren Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 42
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
| Sukadeva Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 43
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| Jogesh Chandra Rout
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 44
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
| Pabitra Mohan Pradhan
| {{Party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 45
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| Pratap Chandra Pattanaik
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Puri district|Puri]]
| 46
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 47
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Harihar Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 48
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| Banamali Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 49
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| Nilamani Sethy
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 50
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatapur]]
| Gatikrushna Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 51
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Gangadhar Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 52
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| Harihar Bahinipati
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 53
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Bramhagiri]]
| [[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 54
| [[Banpur Assembly constituency|Banpur]]
| Raghunath Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 55
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| Raja Birkishore Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 56
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| [[Gangadhar Paikaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 57
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Raja Saheb Harihar Singh Mardaraj Bhramarabara Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 58
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
| Bhabagrahi Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 59
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| Achyutananda Mohanty
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 60
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Brajendra Chandra Bir. Baj. Narendra Mohapatra Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| 61
| [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Udayanath Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 62
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| Dinabandhu Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 63
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 64
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Harihar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 65
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| Dandapani Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 66
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| Banamali Maharana
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 67
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| Narayan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| 68
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| Lakhmana Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 69
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| Brundaban Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 70
| [[Dura Assembly constituency|Dura (SC)]]
| [[Mohan Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 71
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| [[Binayak Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 72
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikati]]
| Dibakar Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 73
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana (ST)]]
| Tareni Sardar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 74
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Arjuna Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 75
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
| N. Naikulu Kurma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| 76
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| [[Bhagirathi Gomango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 77
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack (ST)]]
| Biswanath Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 78
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| Anantaram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 79
| [[Narayanpatna Assembly constituency|Narayanpatna (ST)]]
| Bidika Mallana
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 80
| [[Nandapur Assembly constituency|Nandapur (ST)]]
| Malu Santha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 81
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Madhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 82
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| N. Ramseshaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 83
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Surjya Narayan Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 84
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Sadasiba Tripathy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 85
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (SC)]]
| Jhitru Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 86
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Dombaru Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 87
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| Rabisingh Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| 88
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara (ST)]]
| Onkar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 89
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| Anupa Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 90
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh (SC)]]
| Lochan Dhangada Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 91
| [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Raghunath Praharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 92
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| Maheswar Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 93
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| Dayanidhi Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 94
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| Anchal Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 95
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| Bhagaban Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kandhamal district|Phulbani]]
| 96
| [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| Gopal Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 97
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| Naresh Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 98
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (ST)]]
| Barada Prasanna Kanhar
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 99
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Baudh]]
| Himanshu Sekhar Padhi
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| 100
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| Nilambar Raiguru
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 101
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| Narasingh Charan Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 102
| [[Tusra Assembly constituency|Tusra]]
| Radhamohan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 103
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 104
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisinga]]
| Nandakishore Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 105
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Ainthu Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 106
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 107
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Achyutananda Mahananda
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 108
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji (SC)]]
| Lokanath Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| 109
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| Bir Bikramaditya Singh Bariha
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 110
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Birendra Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 111
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur (SC)]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 112
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| Saraswati Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 113
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Bharat Chandra Hota
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 114
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| Banamali Babu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 115
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Prasanna Kumar Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 116
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Murari Prasad Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 117
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| Lal Rajendra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 118
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| Kanhai Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 119
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Bhikhari Suna
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 120
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Bhanuganga Tribhuban Deb
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| 121
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Harihar Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 122
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| [[Gangadhar Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 123
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| Premchand Bhagat
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 124
| [[Bisra Assembly constituency|Bisra (ST)]]
| Krushna Chandra Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 125
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Rajkishore Samantarai
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 126
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Hemendra Prasad Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
| 127
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Kshetra Mohan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 128
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna (ST)]]
| Ramaray Munda
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 129
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| Govinda Chandra Munda
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 130
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Bhagirathi Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 131
| [[Ramchandrapur Assembly Constituency|Ramachandrapur]]
| Raj Ballabh Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 132
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandpur (SC)]]
| Bhubanananda Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 133
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| Pabitra Mohan Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 134
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Brundaban Tripathy
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 135
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| Haldhar Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 136
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| Ratnaprava Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 137
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| Kumar Chandra Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 138
| [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada (SC)]]
| Nabaghan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 139
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Kumud Chandra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 140
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athamallik]]
| Surendra Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|}

== Govt. formation ==
Swatantra Party emerged as the winner by winning 49 seats<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa 1967|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3620-orissa-1967/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> It is first time in India that [[Indian National Congress]] lost the election in a close fight with [[Swatantra Party]] in the state. [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> become [[Chief Minister]] by forming a coalition government with [[Jan Congress|OJC]]. He was the first non-Congress C.M. of Orissa. Rajendra Narayana Singh Deo was the Chief Minister of Orissa till 1971.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]

Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi

2026-03-26T08:04:54Z

Abid: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian writer (1900–1968)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Syed Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1900|11|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Armori]], Maharashtra
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|09|05|1900|11|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bombay, Maharashtra
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], [[Calcutta University]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences =
| era =
| discipline =
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = [[Ismail Yusuf College]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Syed Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi''' (1 November 1900{{endash}}5 September 1968) was an Indian historian, writer, critic, translator and Islamic scholar. He served as the director of [[Anjuman-i-Islam Urdu Research Institute]] in Mumbai from 1956 until his death in 1968. He had written books including ''Tark-e-Mawalat Dusre Mamalik Mein'' and ''Muqaddama Ruqaat-e-Aalamgiri''.

Nadvi was as a researcher at the [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], in [[Azamgarh]] from 1925 to 1930 and later became a professor at [[Ismail Yusuf College|Ismail Yousuf College]], Mumbai from 1931 to 1956.

== Early life and education ==
Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi was born on 1 November 1900 in [[Armori]], [[Chanda District|Chaanda district]], Maharashtra. His family had ancestral roots in [[Desna, Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Parekh |first1=Rauf |author1-link=Rauf Parekh |title=Literary Notes: Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi: an unsung scholar of Urdu |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1643346 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=Dawn |date=30 August 2021}}</ref> He received his early education in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Marathi at his home, and was enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kāẓmī |first=Muḥammad Raz̤ā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KatWAAAAYAAJ&q=Najeeb+Ashraf+Nadvi |title=Pakistan Studies for B.A./B.Sc./B.Com./B.Sc. (home Economics) |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547229-5 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> in 1909. He left his studies incomplete at Nadwa due to a student-strike, and moved to an English-medium school in Patna, in 1913.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Dr Javed Ali |title=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/11381-darul-musannefin-shibli-academy/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, Nadvi moved to Kolkata at the invitation of his brother to pursue higher education. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Calcutta University]] in 1924. He left his education in the 1920s after a Master of Arts degree, to actively participate in the [[Khilafat Movement]] and Tark-e-Mavalat Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāʼepūrī |first=Ak̲h̲tar Ḥusain |author-link=Akhtar Husain Raipuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LANoAAAAMAAJ&q=Najeeb%20Ashraf%20Nadvi |title=The Dust of the Road: A Translation of Gard-e-Raah |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-547215-8 |pages=17 |language=en |translator-last=Azfar |translator-first=Amina}}</ref>

==Career==
Najeeb began writing at an early age and joined [[Darul Musannifeen]] at the instruction of [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]]. He remained associated with the institution until 1930. He later taught at [[Ismail Yusuf College]] in Bombay from 1931 to 1956, where he contributed in the creation and growth of literary and cultural atmosphere.<ref name=":0" />

== Books ==
Najeeb is known for his discovery and editing of ''Lughaat-i-Gujari'', a book written by unknown author around 1703–04.<ref name=":0" /> His other works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Nadvi, Najeeb Ashraf |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/217146998593818942571 |website=viaf.org |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>

* ''Muqaddamah-yi ruqʻāt-i ʻĀlamgīr'', 2012.
* ''Ruqʻāt-i ʻAlamgīr, yaʻnī, Aʻlaḥaz̤rat Sulṭānulhind Muḥammad Aurangzeb ʻĀlamgīr ke khut̤ūt̤ va makātīb''
* ''The Rubâʻîyât of ʻUmar-i Khayyâm''

==Death==
Najeeb died on 5 September 1968 in Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Tāj |first=Riyāsat ʻAlī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMxYAAAAMAAJ&q=Najeeb+Ashraf+Nadvi |title=Sayyed Nejeeb Ashraf Nadvi |date=1981 |publisher=Maktabah-yi Shiʻr o Ḥikmat |language=ur}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-najeeb-ashraf-nadvi/all Syed Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashraf Nadvi, Syed Najeeb}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chandrapur district]]

Chandrasekhar Rath

2026-03-23T08:20:05Z

Abid: adding stub!

{{Short description|Indian Odia litterateur (died 2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrasekhar Rath
| image = File:Chandrasekhar Rath, Profile, October 2007.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 17 October 1929 (Kumar Purnima)
| birth_place = Odisha
| death_date = {{Death date|2018|02|09|df=y}} (89)
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Literature
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| known_for =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Chandrasekhar Rath''' was an Indian Odia litterateur. In 2018, he was nominated for [[Padma Shri]] but could not receive it due to death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shree nominee and eminent Odisha litterateur Chandrasekhar Rath dies at 89 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/09/padma-shree-nominee-and-eminent-odisha-litterateur-chandrasekhar-rath-dies-at-89-1770886.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rath was from Malpada village in [[Balangir]] district.
He did his graduation from Rajendra college. He did Post-graduation in English from the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shree nominee and eminent Odisha litterateur Chandrasekhar Rath dies at 89 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/09/padma-shree-nominee-and-eminent-odisha-litterateur-chandrasekhar-rath-dies-at-89-1770886.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Career==
Rath joined the Odisha Education Service in 1952 as lecturer in English and also served as Secretary of Test Book Bureau before retiring as Deputy Director Public Instruction (DPI) in 1987.
He has written 14 short story collections, 15 essay books, devotional essays and three novels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrasekhar Rath passes away at 89 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/10/chandrasekhar-rath-passes-away-at-89-1771096.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Novels==
*''Yantrarudha'' (The Instrumented) in 1967<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chandrasekhar Rath passes away at 89 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/10/chandrasekhar-rath-passes-away-at-89-1771096.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2018 }}</ref>
*''Asurya Upanivesh'' (The Sunless Colony) in 1974<ref name=":0" />
*''Nav Jatak'' (Regenesis) in 1981.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]]<ref name=":1" />
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1997<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-09 |title=Chandrasekhar Rath, doyen of Odia literature, passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrasekhar-rath-doyen-of-odia-literature-passes-away-5057779/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*Hutch Crossword Book Award<ref name=":1" />
*[[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref name=":1" />
*[[Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref name=":1" />
*Atibadi Jagannath Das Samman<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
Rath died on 9 February 2018 at the age of 89. He was survived by his wife, three daughters and a son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2018-02-09 |title=Padma Shri Nominee, Odisha's Chandrashekhar Rath Passes Away |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/chandra-shekhar-rath-passes-away |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Atibadi Jagannath Das award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rath, Chandrasekhar}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Atibadi Jagannath Das Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Balangir district]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Pondicherry cricket team

2026-03-20T05:36:40Z

Abid: Put up new entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Pondicherry cricket team
| image = CricketAssociationofPuducherryLogo.png
| captain = Neyan Kangayan
| coach = [[Dishant Yagnik]]
| founded = 2018
| ground = Cricket Association Pondicherry Siechem Ground
| capacity =
| colors =
| owner = [[Cricket Association of Pondicherry]]
| first_fc = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Siechem Ground, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website = [https://cap-cricket.com/ CAP]
}}

The '''Pondicherry cricket team''' (also '''Puducherry cricket team''') is a [[cricket]] team that represents the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in Indian domestic competitions.<ref name="OI">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-well-deserved-opportunity-for-northeastern-states-bihar-puducherry-to-exhibit-/313770 |title=A Well-Deserved Opportunity For Northeastern States, Bihar, Puducherry |work=Outlook India |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, [[Abhishek Nayar]], who previously played for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]], decided to join the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24422572/abhishek-nayar-moves-pondicherry-search-special-100|title=Abhishek Nayar moves to Pondicherry in search of special 100|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> In September 2018, they won their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], beating [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-bihar-make-winning-return-to-domestic-cricket/articleshow/65873882.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bihar make winning return to domestic cricket |work=Times of India |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156796.html |title=Plate, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> However, the next day, the BCCI revoked the team's allowance around players from outside the state the team is located in, after concerns were raised that no local cricketers had played in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24740968/bcci-revokes-eligibility-allowance-puducherry |title=BCCI revokes eligibility 'allowance' to Puducherry |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> Eight players were found to be outside the BCCI's eligibility criteria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bcci-cancels-registration-of-8-puducherry-players-for-flouting-eligibility-criteria-747833 |title=BCCI cancels registration of 8 Puducherry players for flouting eligibility criteria |work=Cricket Country |date=20 September 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in third place in the Plate Group, with five wins and two defeats from their eight matches. The other two matches finished as [[result (cricket)#No result|no results]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Paras Dogra]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 257 runs, and [[Fabid Ahmed]] was the leading wicket-taker for the team, with eleven dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6562;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Puducherry: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, they played in their first match in the [[Ranji Trophy]], against [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19 tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/cricket/indian/ranji-trophy-2018-19-puducherry-meghalaya-abhishek-nayar-plate-group/article25470627.ece |title=Historic moment awaits Nayar as Puducherry makes Ranji Trophy debut |work=Sport Star Live |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> In their opening match in the tournament, [[Paras Dogra]] became the first batsman for Pondicherry to score a century in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105078/ranji-trophy-2018-19-highlights-ravindra-jadeja-shines-yusuf-pathan-tumbles-on-99 |title=Ranji Highlights: Jadeja shines, Yusuf tumbles on 99 |work=CricBuzz |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> The match was affected by rain and finished in a draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-round-up-sheldon-jackson-ravindra-jadeja-star-in-saurashtras-win-puducherry-get-three-points-5448658/ |title=Ranji Trophy Round-up: Sheldon Jackson, Ravindra Jadeja star in Saurashtra's win, Puducherry get three points |work=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament third in the table, with four wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table – 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Pondicherry finished seventh in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group E|Group E]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with one win from their seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Paras Dogra]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 255 runs, and [[Parandaman Thamaraikannan]] was the leading wicket-taker, with seven dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6562;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Puducherry: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Famous Players==
India Capped players from other states who played for Pondicherry, along with year:
* [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] (2018-2021)
* [[Abhishek Nayar]] (2018)
* [[Vinay Kumar]] (2019-2020)
* [[Jayant Yadav]] (2025-present)

==Squad ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| Neyan Kangayan || {{birth date and age|2003|5|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Captain
|-
| Paras Rathnaparkhe || {{birth date and age|1998|5|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Anand Bais]] || {{birth date and age|1991|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Mohit Kale]] || {{birth date and age|1996|11|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Jashwanth Shreeram || {{birth date and age|2004|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Vikneshwaran Marimuthu]] || {{birth date and age|1992|8|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Parameeswaran Sivaraman || {{birth date and age|2000|2|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Vedant Bhardwaj || {{birth date and age|1998|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Aditya Garhwal]] || {{birth date and age|1996|4|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| [[Aman Hakim Khan]] || {{birth date and age|1996|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Jayant Yadav]]''' || {{birth date and age|1990|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Puneet Datey]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Pugazhendi Akash || {{birth date and age|2003|11|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Ajay Rohera]] || {{birth date and age|1997|6|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Siddhant Addhatrao || {{birth date and age|1992|4|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Bhanu Anand || {{birth date and age|1998|11|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Sagar Udeshi]] || {{birth date and age|1986|10|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Sidak Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1999|5|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1991|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Parth Vaghani || {{birth date and age|1994|11|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Abin Mathew || {{birth date and age|1997|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Adil Ayub Tunda || {{birth date and age|2002|7|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Vijai Raja || {{birth date and age|1999|1|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 February 2026''

== Coaching staff ==

* '''Head coach''' - [[Dishant Yagnik]]
* '''Bowling coach''' - [[Shaun Tait]]
* '''Manager and strength and conditioning coach''' - Kalpendra Jha

==Famous players==
{{main|List of Pondicherry cricketers}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Puducherry]]

St. Cruz, Goa

2026-03-19T03:07:37Z

Abid:

{{Other places3|Santa Cruz (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Santa Cruz
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Santa Cruz in Goa
| coordinates = {{coord|15|28|15|N|73|50|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-district
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ilhas de Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 403005
| area_code = 0832
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Santa Cruz''' (formerly '''Calapor''')<ref>{{Cite news |title=Decades later, Calapor boasts old-world charm |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/decades-later-calapor-boasts-old-world-charm/articleshow/53714419.cms |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a village located next to the city of [[Panaji]], capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]]. It is located on the island of [[Tiswadi]], one of the [[taluka]]s in the state of Goa.

==Population==

[[File:Sunset at Santa Cruz, a suburb of Panjim, Goa.jpg|thumb|Sunset at Santa Cruz, along the road leading to Panjim.]]Santa Cruz (meaning holy cross in Portuguese) is the largest village in Goa with a population of 21,000 people different religions and also who trace their origins to different parts of India.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Urban Population of Santa Cruz Villages
! Year !! Calapor !! Cujira !! Santa Cruz (total)
|-
|2001 || || ||
|-
|2011<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook North Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3001_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20GOA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232733/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3001_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20GOA.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |language=en |date=2011}}</ref> || 14077 || 1229 || 15306
|-
|2021 || || ||
|-
|}

==Location==
{{refsection|date=October 2021}}
Geographically, it is situated in the North Goa district in the Sub-District of [[Ilhas de Goa]] (which means Islands of Goa, in the Portuguese language) or [[Tiswadi]] (thirty villages in Konkani) taluka or sub-district.

Santa Cruz is bounded north-west with the [[Khazan system|khazan]] lands (reclaimed wetlands) (where the Char Khambe<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/four-silent-sentinels-of-st-cruz/articleshow/66105027.cms|title= Panaji: Four silent sentinels of St Cruz | Goa News - Times of India|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 7 October 2018}}</ref> or four pillars are located), north with Rio de Ourem (river of gold estuary, in Portuguese). Its neighbouring villages are [[Merces (Goa)|Merces]] ("à mercê de" translates to "at the mercy of") village which stretches from the north-east to the east (on the east side of the NH 17), [[Bambolim]] which stretches from east to the south and [[Taleigao]] which stretches from the south to the west. [[Panjim]], the capital city of the state of Goa located on the largest of the islands, is to its northwest.

==Village geography==
[[File:Fast-food, Goan style.jpg|thumb|Fast food, Santa Cruz-style.]] This village is sub-divided into 11 wards, each of which has its own individuality within the village. These include Bandh Vaddo (or Bandhar) (southwest of Santa Cruz Church at the foot of Taleigao hillocks), Bondir (around northeast of the Santa Cruz church, near the Rio de Oureum estuary to its southeast), Cabesa Ward (around south of Santa Cruz church at the foot of Bambolim hillocks), Primeiro Bairro (around Santa Cruz church at sea level), Segundo Bairro (north of Santa Cruz Church at sea level). St. Agostinho (Marod/Maddir) was the first part of the village, its earliest settler was JL De Araujo.

==Places of interest==
Santa Cruz has several places of interest. Among these are, Almacho Khuris (Souls Cross), Char Khambe (Four Pillars), Saint Anthony's Chapel, and its disappearing salt pans (''mithagar'' or ''mithache agor'') which form a part of the reclaimed waterlogged khazan (muddy fields with sludge <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nizgoenkar.org/newsDetails.php?id=11560 |title=NIZ GOENKAR |website=www.nizgoenkar.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063458/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/newsDetails.php?id=11560 |archive-date=2016-03-04}} </ref>) lands that are also used for aquaculture, pisciculture and agriculture.

===Santa Cruz Market===
[[File:Santa Cruz vegetable market, Goa.jpeg|thumb|The Santa Cruz village market.]]
Santa Cruz Market is a village market on Pinto Road off the Old Hwy near the Santa Cruz Church. Local residents usually go to the market for fresh vegetables, fruits, meat and seafood. Processed meats such as sweetbreads and Goan sausages are also available.

===Bondava Lak/Bondvol Lake===
This is a small man made lake in Bandhar part of Santa Cruz village. This lake is also called as Bondovonnchem Tollem (Tollem is Konkani for Lake), and Bonda Lake. It was created during the Portuguese era, Bondvol lake was the main source of irrigation to Bandhar area of St. Cruz and its surrounding areas when agriculture was the main occupation. Following development the lake water was also used for drinking. The lakes water was released prior to the monsoon season in late May, and residents of Bandhar were provided with a bountiful harvest in mid May. The released water flowed under the salt bridge on the road linking Santa Cruz and Taleigao () into the Rio de Ourem.

Around the [[World War I|First World War]] 1914-1918, during the Portuguese era an earthen dam was built by St Cruz (Calapor) comunidade (land that belongs to the community). The lake has a catchment area that is 12.14m deep and 180m long. Over the years, over 100 species of birds have nested and migrated near lake Bondava/Bondval.

===JL GOA===
The First shop founded by Samuel and Miguel in 1877 is a notable establishment in Goa, renowned for selling traditional Goan alcohol. This historic shop has become a significant cultural landmark, attracting both locals and tourists who are eager to experience authentic Goan beverages and ambience. It has preserved its heritage throughout the centuries, making it a valuable part of St. Cruz's rich cultural and historical landscape. Visitors to the shop can enjoy a variety of traditional Goan spirits, offering a unique glimpse into the local traditions and lifestyle.

===Almacho Khuris===
Santa Cruz shares a border, in the northwest, with Taleigao village, and has an unusual story of how a boundary dispute was settled. The Taleigaokars (villagers of [[Taleigao]] accusing the Calaporkars, their counterparts in Santa Cruz, of encroaching into their territory where there are valuable rice paddy fields. To this, the communities agreed to consult an oracle to settle the boundary dispute.

The night before the oracle was to be consulted, the Calaporkas dug a hole on the border and lowered a wooden coffin containing one of their men, "the patriotic Calaporkar", who could breathe through a tube, and then covered the hole.

So on the next day, when the time of decision arrived, both village leaders implored the oracle to answer their prayer. A long silence prevailed. The villagers comunidade leaders kept repeating in turns "To whom does this land belong?" And from the depths of the earth a faint voice replied: “Calapor! Calapor! Calapor!” to the smartly executed plan of pseudo joy and pseudo exultation of the Calaporkars who pretended to be very surprised. The deceived Taleigaokars accepted the oracle verdict and went home west—surprised, sad and frustrated.

The Calaporkars also had to go home and had to return to dig “the patriotic Calaporkar.” Everyone in Calapor made merry the whole night with caju feni—and the few who had secretly plotted this activity forgot their compatriot inside the coffin as they were drunk with caju [[feni (liquor)|feni]]. The Calapor villagers returned on the third day to the disputed territorial location to dig up the coffin, only to observe that the poor man had already died. In the coffin, they found mostly worms crawling. As a symbol of self punishment, to find a smart solution for a smart boundary disputed settlement they decided to remember the deceased human who was the patriotic Calaporkar. Hence, each villager took the worms and tied a worm on right side of his hip string which held his tambdi (red) kasti/cashti ([[loin cloth]]) in place (this coined the phrase "Bhenddak Kiddo” or “waist worm”){{cn|date=December 2024}}. Goa is a land of ''tambdi mathi'' (red mud/soil) and ''tambdi kasti'' (red loin cloth in the bygone days). On the very location, tradition says, stands the “Almacho Khuris” (Soul's Cross) which faces the Santa Cruz Church, Ilhas, Goa. The concrete Almacho Khuris monument about 10’ tall commemorates the boundary disputes triumph and tragedy after Christianity replaced traditional symbols. Hence, every Calaporkar villager is referred to as “Bhenddak Kiddo.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goacom.com/goan-villages-1/95-iihas-tiswadi/573-santa-cruz|title=Santa Cruz – GOACOM – GOA – INDIA – INFORMATION AND SERVICES IN GOA. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages|work=goacom.com}}</ref> The Almacho Khuris is a historic border dispute monument which lies on a ''bandh'' between villages of Santa Cruz and Taleigao.

===Char Khambe===
The Four Pillars or the 'Char Khambe', as they are called in the [[Konkani language]], are painted white,<ref name="vishalp.g.">{{cite web|url=http://mygoa123.blogspot.com/2015/06/interesting-places-in-st-cruz-char.html|title=My Goa|author=Vishal P.G.|work=mygoa123.blogspot.com|date=6 June 2015}}</ref> and are located in the ''khazan'' lands on the old Santa Cruz–Panjim roads in the marshy area of the Rio de Ourem (Portuguese for 'River of Gold'). This road is now named as [[Dempo|Vasantrao Dempo Marg]]. During Portuguese rule, freedom fighters gathered here and held meetings and discussions, making it a very important landmark in Goa. It was built in 1896.<ref name="vishalp.g."/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/four-silent-sentinels-of-st-cruz/articleshow/66105027.cms|title=panaji: Four silent sentinels of St Cruz {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|last=Das|first=Anuradha|date=Oct 7, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>

The ''khazans'' (Wetlands) — which refer to low-lying land situated near creeks or river side which is normally below high tide level—is situated on the St Cruz stretch. The area is surrounded by rice paddy fields on both the sides (north and south). It is one of the busiest roads in [[Panaji|Panjim]]. With the hustle bustle all day long, the four pillars about 15' tall each, two on each side of the road may appear to be just another structure. Physically, the site act as a buffer between the hectic urban environment of city of Panjim and the serene village environs of Santa Cruz. The place, is part of the unique Goan landscape, is very fragile and irreplaceable in nature and any thoughtless human intervention can cause drastic and irreparable consequential damage in the long run. The site is a low-lying tidal flood plain and is part of the natural drainage pattern during the rainy season on account of the surrounding topography.

The marshy wetland is a host to mangrove vegetation which plays a definite role in the maintenance of vital ecological balance. The place is also a popular habitat to a wide variety of local and migratory birds and is a bird-watcher's delight. It is quite common to find researchers and bird lovers from distant countries here, with their trained cameras. This place finds mention on the Internet along with the [[Karmali]] lake, [[Chorão (island)|Chorao]], Mayem lake and others in Goa.<ref name=ccom>{{cite web|last=De Souza|first=Savio|title=THE COMUNIDADES OF GOA|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg01087.html/|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>
But for the locals here, they are not just structures. There are sluice gates at this structure, which controlled the flow of marine water for the salt pans, which are on the south. The north area is an estuary with plenty of flora and fauna. This area is believed by some locals to be haunted, with the haunting at its peak on full moon nights. According to the commuters who have travelled ''via'' the stretch, there is an eerie feeling that prevails at the spot. They have also claimed to have sighted some apparitions in the nights. Locals say that the area is cursed and this is one reason for the numerous accidents taking place here. Other sightings reportedly include those of a lady dressed in a white saree and supposedly asking for a lift. People also claim of hearing cries and have even had a sudden breaking down of bikes as soon as they reach the Char Khambe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amey6606.blogspot.com/2011/03/realm-of-supernatural-has-haunted.html|title=When work equals fun...|work=amey6606.blogspot.com}}</ref>

In Goa, administration over government functions and agricultural policy of each village is undertaken by a unique, inherited hierarchy called ''comunidade''. This structure is one of the longest-established in India. Previously, ''comunidade'' were responsible for turning waterlogged lands (''khazans'') along the coasts into suitable plots for farming and resource exploitation.<ref>{{cite journal| pmc=3543363 | pmid=23198813 | doi=10.1186/2046-9063-8-30 | volume=8 | title=Community solar salt production in Goa, India | year=2012 | journal=Aquat Biosyst | pages=30 | last1 = Mani | first1 = K | last2 = Salgaonkar | first2 = BB | last3 = Das | first3 = D | last4 = Bragança | first4 = JM| issue=1 | bibcode=2012AqBio...8...30M | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Religious institutions==
[[File:Santa Cruz Church in Santa Cruz, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|The village church, located at the heart of the village.]]
===Santa Cruz Catholic Church===
The '''Igreja de Santa Cruz''' (Igreja means church in Portuguese, and Santa Cruz is the Holy Cross) is one of the several churches in Ilhas de Goa which was built in 1547.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archgoadaman.com/parishes/|title=Parishes – Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|work=archgoadaman.org}}</ref> It is also the only church in the neighborhood, serving one of the largest parishes in Goa. The Santa Cruz parish celebrates the parish feast of the Holy Cross which falls on the Sunday between 2 and 8 May every year and the feast of Our Lady of Rosary which takes place on the fourth Sunday of every January. Both these feasts are preceded by a ''novena'', special church services run for a period of nine days in the church. An important festive occasion is the annual paddy harvest festival which is held on 24 August every year, a popular festival full of pomp where a church priest blesses the new crop produced.

====St. Sebastian Chapel====
This is a small catholic chapel located in Bandh Vaddo, St Cruz. The priest from Santa Cruz church, provide a weekly Sunday mass for the Catholics of Bandh.

====St. Anthony's Chapel====
This is a newer small catholic chapel in Bandh Vado, Santa Cruz.

====St. Agostinho's Chapel====
This is a small catholic chapel in Marrod/Maddir, Santa Cruz.

==== St. Anna Chapel====

This is a newer small catholic chapel Cabesa, Santa Cruz.

====Our Lady of Velankanni Chapel====
This is a newer chapel located on the northwestern side of Santa Cruz, near the Char Khambe. This is a recent build structure. This Chapel is surrounded with green rice paddy fields and brackish water (Rio De Ourem) all around it. A great place to have a peaceful mindset.

=== Saint Thomas Mar Thomas Church===
This is a Christian church, following the Saint [[Thomas the Apostle]]. It is located in Cabesa, Santa Cruz.

=== The Pentecostal Mission Panjim===

This is a Christian church. It is located in Cabesa, Santa Cruz.

=== Shantadurga Temple Hindu Temple===
This is the large Hindu temple in Calapor. It is located off Alto Santa Cruz Road (Old Highway) in Cabesa Ward, Santa Cruz.

=== Shri Ravalnath Brahm Vathari Devasthan===
The Shri Ravalnath Temple was built in the 16th century. This small temple was destroyed by the Portuguese. The Hindu Temple Shri Ravalnath Brahm Vathari Devasthan is a rebuilt structure.

=== Masjid Ul Aqsa===
This is the only [[mosque]] in vicinity of Santa Cruz, Goa, but is located in Merces village along the National Highway 66. There is a Masjid Baja a school for Muslim students.

==Educational institutes==
There are several educational institutes in Santa Cruz.

=== Santa-Cruz Higher Secondary School===
The oldest multi story educational complex is located in Primeiro Bairro, near Santa Cruz Church. It is Calapor’s higher secondary school.

=== Mushtifund Aryaan Higher Secondary School===
This is a newer multi story educational is called Cujira Integrated School Complex, Cujira village adjacent to St Cruz.

==Santa Cruz Football Ground==
This is a football ground off the Old Highway in Bondir, Santa Cruz Village. It was well maintained and very beautiful during the Portuguese Rule. There is a need for improving this complex. High school students get their start here through various intra- and intre- school competitions.

==Government and politics==
The Santa Cruz village has a village panchayat, it is represented in the State Legislature and the citizens are represented in North Goa Lok Sabha constituency.

===Santa Cruz Village Panchayat===
Santa Cruz village comprises 11 wards. They are Raulo Bandh, St. Agostinho (Marod/Maddir), Segundo Bairro, Odlem Bhat, Ubo Dhando, Bandh, Aradi, Premeiro Bairro, Khursachi Ghol, Cabesa, and Bondir.

The current [[Sarpanch]] [[Namdev]] J. Naik(Ulhas Naik), leads the panchayat and is assisted by deputy Sarpanch (Mrs) Indira A.C. Fernandes which has a total eleven members.

Santa Cruz is part of [[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

===Santa Cruz State Assembly===
[[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)]] is also the name of a constituency of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] and is currently represented by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] politician [[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]] of the Indian National Congress party. At one stage, this was the electoral constituency of the prominent Goan politician Dr. [[Jack de Sequeira]].

Following is a list of the politicians who represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legislators representing Santa Cruz Constituency
! Year !! Legislator !! Party
|-
| 1963 || Jack de Sequeira || United Goans Party
|-
| 1967 || Jack de Sequeira || United Goans Party
|-
| 1972 || Jack de Sequeira || United Goans Party
|-
| 1977 || Joshua De sequeira || Janata Party
|-
| 1980 || Michael Fernandes || Indian National Congress (Urs)
|-
| 1984|| Francisco Branco || Independent
|-
| 1989 || Victor Gonsalves || Indian National Congress
|-
| 1994 || [[Victoria Fernandes]] || Independent
|-
| 1999 || Victoria Fernandes || Indian National Congress
|-
| 2002 || Victoria Fernandes || Indian National Congress
|-
| 2007 || Victoria Fernandes || Indian National Congress
|-
| 2012 || [[Atanasio Monserrate]] || Indian National Congress
|-
| 2017 || [[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]] || Indian National Congress
|-
| 2022 || [[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]] || Indian National Congress

|}

==Notable people==
* [[Dempo|Padmashri Vasantrao S. Dempo (Industrialist)]], founder of umbrella company known as V.S. Dempo & Co.

==Architecture==
<gallery>
Image:SantaCruz07Crib.JPG|Santa Cruz Crib 2007
Image:Santa Cruz Church in Santa Cruz, Goa, India.jpg|Santa Cruz Church, Goa
Image:CasaAnthony.JPG| Modern House in Santa Cruz
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Panaji]]

Al-Tirmidhi

2026-03-13T23:46:42Z

Abid: quick fix article for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Islamic hadith scholar (824–892)}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{for-multi|the 8th-century Sufi scholar|al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi|the surname|Tirmizi (surname)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Al-Tirmidhi
| image = Grave of Isa al-Tirmidhi inside his Tomb.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Grave of Isa al-Tirmidhi inside his Tomb, near [[Oxus River]], [[Termez]], Uzbekistan
| era = [[Islamic golden age]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = 824 / 209 [[Hijri year|AH]]
| birth_place = [[Termez]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| death_date = 9 October 892/ 13 Rajab 279 AH (aged 70)
| death_place = Termez, Abbasid Caliphate
| occupation =
| relations =
| region = Abbasid Caliphate
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| language =
| nationality =
| period =
| tradition_movement =
| main_interests = [[Hadith]]
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works = [[Jami at-Tirmidhi]] [[Shama'il Muhammadiyah]]
| influences = [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]
| influenced =
| creed = [[Athari]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Shamsy |first=Ahmed |year=2007 |title=The First Shāfiʿī: The Traditionalist Legal Thought of Abū Yaʿqūb al-buwayṭī (d. 231/846) |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=14 |issue=3 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40377944 |pages=324–325 |publisher=Brill Publishers |jstor=40377944 |access-date=2021-12-26 |archive-date=2021-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226175841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377944 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bearman, Bianquis, Bosworth, Donzel, Heinrighs |first=PJ., TH., C. E., E. Van and W. P. |title=The Encyclopedia of Islam: New Edition Vol. X|publisher=Brill |year=2000|isbn=90-04-11211-1| location=Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands |page=544}}</ref>
| jurisprudence = [[Ijtihad]]
| lineage = [[Banu Sulaym]]
| honorific prefix = [[Imam]]
}}

'''Muhammad ibn Isa al-Tirmidhi''' ({{langx|ar|محمد بن عيسى الترمذي|translit=Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsā at-Tirmidhī}}; 824 – 9 October 892 CE / 209–279 AH), often referred to as '''Imām at-Termezī'''/'''Tirmidhī''', was an [[Islamic scholar]], and collector of [[hadith]] from [[Termez]] (early [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]). He wrote ''[[Jami` at-Tirmidhi|al-Jami` as-Sahih]]'' (known as ''Jami` at-Tirmidhi''), one of the [[Al-Kutub al-Sittah|six canonical hadith compilations]] in [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]. He also wrote ''[[Shama'il Muhammadiyah]]'' (popularly known as ''Shama'il at-Tirmidhi''), a compilation of hadiths concerning the person and character of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]. At-Tirmidhi was also well versed in [[Arabic grammar]], favoring the school of [[Kufa]] over [[Basra]] due to the former's preservation of [[Arabic poetry]] as a primary source.<ref>"Sibawayh, His Kitab, and the Schools of Basra and Kufa." Taken from ''Changing Traditions: Al-Mubarrad's Refutation of Sībawayh and the Subsequent Reception of the Kitāb'', p. 12. Vol. 23, Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Ed. Monique Bernards. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 1997. {{ISBN|9789004105959}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Name and lineage===

Al-Tirmidhi's given name (''[[ism (name)|ism]]'') was "Muhammad" while his ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' was "Abu `Isa" ("father of `Isa"). His genealogy is uncertain; his ''[[nasab]]'' (patronymic) has variously been given as:
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سورة}})&lrm;<ref name=juynboll/>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Mūsá ibn aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن موسى بن الضحاك}})&lrm;<ref name="abdulMawjood">
{{cite book|last=Abdul Mawjood|first=Salahuddin ʻAli|title=The Biography of Imām at-Tirmidhī|translator=Abu Bakr ibn Nasir|year=2007|publisher=Darussalam|location=Riyadh|isbn=978-9960983691|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="tadhhib">{{cite book|title=تذهيب تهذيب الكمال في أسماء الرجال (Tadhhīb tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā' al-rijāl)|year=2004|publisher=al-Fārūq al-Hadīthah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr|location=Cairo|isbn=9773700100|author=Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Dhahabī (d. 1348)|author-link=al-Dhahabi|language=ar|page=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2c6SUL5kn0C&pg=PT247|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624005132/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2c6SUL5kn0C&pg=PT247|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ibnKhallikan">
{{cite book|title=Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary|year=1843|orig-year=Written 1274|publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|location=Paris|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XeMtAAAAIAAJ/page/n696 679]–680|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XeMtAAAAIAAJ|author=Ibn Khallikan|author-link=Ibn Khallikan|chapter=At-Tirmidi ''the traditionist''|others=Translated from ''Wafayāt al-a‘yān wa-anbā’ abnā’ az-zamān'' by [[Baron Mac Guckin de Slane]]}}</ref><ref name="ibnKathir">
{{cite wikisource |author=Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) |authorlink=Ibn Kathir |wslanguage=ar |chapter=ثم دخلت سنة تسع وسبعين ومائتين |trans-chapter=Then entered year 279 |plaintitle=[[Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya|البداية والنهاية (al-Bidāyah wa-al-nihāyah)]] |wslink=البداية والنهاية/الجزء الحادي عشر |anchor=الترمذي |volume=11}}</ref>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد}})&lrm;<ref name="wensinck">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wensinck |first=A.J. |title=al-Tirmidhī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936) |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |year=1993 |volume=8 |pages=796–797 |isbn=9004097961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA796 |access-date=2015-10-19 |archive-date=2016-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512120852/https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA796 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد بن الضحاك}})&lrm;<ref name="robson">
{{cite journal |last1=Robson |first1=James |date=June 1954 |title=The Transmission of Tirmidhī's Jāmi' |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=258–270 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010597X |jstor=609168 |s2cid=127754171 }}</ref>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn ‛Īsá ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سورة بن شداد بن عيسى}})&lrm;<ref name=ibnKathir/>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Yazīd ibn Sawrah ibn as-Sakan ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن يزيد بن سورة بن السكن}})&lrm;<ref name=abdulMawjood/><ref name=tadhhib/><ref name=ibnKathir/>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sahl ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سهل}})&lrm;<ref>{{cite book|last=Lane|first=Andrew J.|title=A Traditional Mu'tazilite Qur'an Commentary: The Kashshaf of Jar Allah al-Zamakhshari (d. 538/1144)|year=2006|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004147004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNfFPLD9COcC&pg=PA385|page=385|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501223940/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNfFPLD9COcC&pg=PA385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sezgin|first=Fuat|title=تاريخ التراث العربي (Tārīkh al-turāth al-'arabī)|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyFAirl2ndQC&pg=PT208|author-link=Fuat Sezgin|language=ar|others=Translated by Mahmud Fahmi Hijazi|volume=1|at=Part 4. p. 209|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510012722/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyFAirl2ndQC&pg=PT208|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sahl ibn Sawrah ({{lang|ar|محمد بن عيسى بن سهل بن سورة}})&lrm;<ref>
{{cite book|title=التضامن الدولي في النظام الإسلامي والنظم الوضعية : دراسة مقارنة (al-Taḍāmun al-dawlī fī al-niẓām al-Islāmī wa-al-nuẓum al-waḍʻīyah : dirāsah muqāranah)|year=2007|publisher=Dār al-Yaqīn|location=Mansoura, Egypt|isbn=9789773362409|author=Rushdī Abū Shabānah ʻAlī al-Rashīdī|edition=1st}}

</ref>
* Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Sawra ibn Shaddad ibn al-Dahhak al-Sulami al-Bughi al-Tirmidhi<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robson |first=James |date=1954 |title=The Transmission of Tirmidhī's "Jāmi'" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/609168 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=258–270 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

He was also known by the ''[[laqab]]'' "ad-Darir" ("the Blind"). It has been said that he was born blind, but the majority of scholars agree that he became blind later in his life.<ref name=abdulMawjood/><ref name="hoosen">
{{cite book|last=Hoosen|first=Abdool Kader|title=Imam Tirmidhi's contribution towards Hadith|year=1990|publisher=A.K. Hoosen|location=Newcastle, South Africa|isbn=9780620153140|edition=1st}}

</ref>

At-Tirmidhi's grandfather was originally from [[Merv|Marw]] (Persian: Merv), but moved to Tirmidh.<ref name=abdulMawjood/>
According to ''[[Britannica Online]]'', he was an Arab.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Tirmidhi | title=Al-Tirmidhī | Muslim scholar | Britannica }}</ref> According to S.H. Nasr and M. Mutahhari in ''[[The Cambridge History of Iran]]'', Al-Tirmidhi was of [[Persians|Persian]] ethnicity.<ref>{{Cambridge History of Iran|last1=Nasr|first1=S. H.|last2= Mutahhari|first2=M.|chapter=The Religious Sciences |volume=4 |page=471 |chapter-page=471}}</ref> His uncle was the famous Sufi Abu Bakr al-[[Abu Bakr al-Warraq|Warraq]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Abū Bakr al-Warrāq |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_0048 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Encyclopaedia Islamica|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_0048 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Al-Warraq was the teacher of Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi, a known associate of the famous theologian Abu Mansur [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi|Al-Maturidi]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Birth===
Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi was born during the reign of the [[Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]. His year of birth has been reported as 209 [[Hijri year|AH]] (824/825).<ref name=ali/><ref name="banuri">
{{cite journal |last1=Banuri |first1=Muhammad Yusuf|author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Banuri|date=April 1957 |title=الترمذي صاحب الجامع في السنن (al-Tirmidhī ṣaḥib al-jāmi' fī al-sunan) |journal=Majallat Al-Majmaʻ Al-ʻIlmī Al-ʻArabīyah |volume=32 |page=308 |location=Damascus |language=ar}} Cited by {{cite book|last=Hoosen|first=Abdool Kader|title=Imam Tirmidhi's contribution towards Hadith|year=1990|publisher=A.K. Hoosen|location=Newcastle, South Africa|isbn=9780620153140|edition=1st}}

</ref><ref name="itr">{{cite book|title=شرح علل الترمذي Sharḥ 'Ilal al-Tirmidhī|editor=Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali|editor-link=Ibn Rajab|year=1978|author=Nur al-Din Itr|edition=1st|publisher=Dār al-Mallāḥ|chapter=تصدير Taṣdīr|trans-chapter=Preface|language=ar|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMHumJ9OopcC&pg=PT10|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511030746/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMHumJ9OopcC&pg=PT10|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adh-Dhahabi]] only states that at-Tirmidhi was born near the year 210 AH (825/826),<ref name=abdulMawjood/> thus some sources give his year of birth as 210 AH.<ref name="juynboll">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Juynboll |first=G.H.A. |title=al-Tirmidhī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Brill Online |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-tirmidhi-SIM_7569 |access-date=2016-09-16 |archive-date=2016-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921023453/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-tirmidhi-SIM_7569 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wheeler">{{cite book|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Brannon M.|title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis|year=2002|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|isbn=0826449565|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&pg=PA358|page=358|chapter=Glossary of Interpreters and Transmitters|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723035124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&pg=PA358|url-status=live}}</ref> Some sources indicate that he was born in [[Mecca]] (Siddiqi says he was born in Mecca in 206 AH (821/822))<ref name=siddiqi>

{{cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Muhammad Zubayr|title=Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development & Special Features|page=64}}

</ref> while others say he was born in [[Tirmidh]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]: Termez), in what is now southern [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name="ali">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Syed Bashir|title=Scholars of Hadith|year=2003|publisher=IQRAʼ International Educational Foundation|location=Skokie, IL|isbn=1563162040|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HRKMXkxnkAC&pg=PA118|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428135855/https://books.google.com/books?id=6HRKMXkxnkAC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> The stronger opinion is that he was born in Tirmidh.<ref name=abdulMawjood/> Specifically, he was born in one of its suburbs, the village of Bugh (hence the ''[[Nisbat (onomastics)|nisbats]]'' "at-Tirmidhi" and "al-Bughi").<ref name=banuri/><ref name=wheeler/><ref name="adamec">{{cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionary of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=9780810861619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtDFey6MXJkC&pg=PA307|edition=2nd|page=307|access-date=2015-10-19|archive-date=2016-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515090347/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtDFey6MXJkC&pg=PA307|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="termez">{{cite web|title=Termez|url=http://www.uzbek-travel.com/uzbek-cities/city/12.html|publisher=www.uzbek-travel.com|access-date=2013-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924024627/http://www.uzbek-travel.com/uzbek-cities/city/12.html|archive-date=2012-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hadith studies===
At-Tirmidhi began the study of hadith at the age of 20. From the year 235 AH (849/850) he traveled widely in [[Greater Khurasan|Khurasan]], [[Iraq]], and the [[Hijaz]] in order to collect hadith.<ref name=juynboll/><ref name="wensinck"/><ref name="robson"/> His teachers and those he narrated from included:
* [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]]<ref name=juynboll/><ref name="tadhhib"/><ref name="ibnKhallikan"/><ref name=wensinck/><ref name=robson/><ref name="hoosen"/><ref name=ali/><ref name=siddiqi/>
* Abū Rajā’ Qutaybah ibn Sa‘īd al-Balkhī al-Baghlāni<ref name=tadhhib/><ref name=ibnKhallikan/><ref name=robson/><ref name=ali/>
* ‘Alī ibn Ḥujr ibn Iyās as-Sa‘dī al-Marwazī<ref name=tadhhib/><ref name=ibnKhallikan/><ref name=robson/><ref name=ali/>
* Muḥammad ibn Bashshār al-Baṣrī<ref name=ibnKhallikan/><ref name=robson/><ref name=ali/>
* ‘Abd Allāh ibn Mu‘āwiyah al-Jumaḥī al-Baṣrī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Abū Muṣ‘ab az-Zuhrī al-Madanī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik ibn Abī ash-Shawārib al-Umawī al-Baṣrī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Ismā‘īl ibn Mūsá al-Fazārī al-Kūfi<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Muḥammad ibn Abī Ma‘shar as-Sindī al-Madanī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Abū Kurayb Muḥammad ibn al-‘Alā’ al-Kūfī<ref name=tadhhib/><ref name=robson/>
* Hanād ibn al-Sarī al-Kūfī<ref name=tadhhib/><ref name=robson/>
* Ibrāhīm ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Harawī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Suwayd ibn Naṣr ibn Suwayd al-Marwazī<ref name=tadhhib/>
* Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Baṣrī<ref name=robson/>
* Zayd ibn Akhzam al-Baṣrī<ref name=hoosen/>
* al-‘Abbās al-‘Anbarī al-Baṣrī<ref name=hoosen/>
* Muḥammad ibn al-Muthanná al-Baṣrī<ref name=hoosen/>
* Muḥammad ibn Ma‘mar al-Baṣrī<ref name=hoosen/>
* [[ad-Darimi]]<ref name=robson/><ref name=ali/>
* [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]]<ref name=hoosen/><ref name=ali/><ref name=siddiqi/>
* [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]]<ref name=wensinck/><ref name=hoosen/><ref name=siddiqi/>

At the time, Khurasan, at-Tirmidhi's native land, was a major center of learning, being home to a large number of [[Muhaddith|''muhaddiths'']]. Other major centers of learning visited by at-Tirmidhi were the Iraqi cities of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]]. At-Tirmidhi reported hadith from 42 Kufan teachers. In his ''Jami`'', he used more reports from Kufan teachers than from teachers of any other town.<ref name=hoosen/>

At-Tirmidhi was a pupil of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]], who was based in Khurasan. Adh-Dhahabi wrote, "His knowledge of hadith came from al-Bukhari."<ref name=ali/> At-Tirmidhi mentioned al-Bukhari's name 114 times in his ''Jami`''. He used al-Bukhari's ''Kitab at-Tarikh'' as a source when mentioning discrepancies in the text of a hadith or its transmitters, and praised al-Bukhari as being the most knowledgeable person in Iraq or Khurasan in the science of discrepancies of hadith. When mentioning the rulings of jurists, he followed al-Bukhari's practice of not mentioning the name of [[Abu Hanifah]]. Because he never received a reliable chain of narrators to mention Abu Hanifa's decrees, he would instead attribute them to "some people of Kufa."<ref name=hoosen/> Al-Bukhari held at-Tirmidhi in high regard as well. He is reported to have told at-Tirmidhi, "I have profited more from you than you have from me," and in his ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih]]'' he narrated two hadith from at-Tirmidhi.<ref name=hoosen/><ref name=ali/>

At-Tirmidhi also narrated some hadiths from Abu Dawud, and one from Muslim.<ref name=hoosen/> Muslim also narrated one hadith from at-Tirmidhi in his own ''[[Sahih Muslim|Sahih]]''.<ref name=ali/>

A.J. Wensinck mentions [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] as among at-Tirmidhi's teachers.<ref name=wensinck/><ref name=hoosen/> However, Hoosen states that according to the most reliable sources, at-Tirmidhi never went to Baghdad, nor did he attend any lectures of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Furthermore, at-Tirmidhi never directly narrates from Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his ''Jami`''.<ref name=hoosen/>

Several of at-Tirmidhi's teachers also taught al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, [[Ibn Majah]], and [[an-Nasa'i]].

===Writings===
* ''Al-Jami' al-Mukhtasar min as-Sunan 'an Rasul Allah'', known as ''[[Jami' at-Tirmidhi]]''
* ''Al-'Ilal as-Sughra''
* ''Az-Zuhd''
* ''Al-'Ilal al-Kubra''
* ''Ash-Shama'il an-Nabawiyya wa'l-Fada'il al-Mustafawiyya''
* ''Al-Asma' wa'l-Kuna''
* ''Kitab at-Tarikh''

He is also reported to have a work on Islamic history and an exegesis of the Qur’an, but these are extinct.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://daruliftaa.com/node/7130 | title=Imam Tirmidhi and his Al-Jami' al-Sunan (الجامع السنن للإمام الترمذي رضي الله عنه) | date=26 March 2005 }}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Tomb_of_Abu_Isa_al-Tirmidhi.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Abu Isa al-Tirmidhi, near [[Amu Darya|Oxus River]], [[Termez]], Uzbekistan. (2006)]]
At-Tirmidhi became blind in the last two years of his life, according to adh-Dhahabi.<ref name=robson/> His blindness is said to have been the consequence of excessive weeping, either due to fear of God or over the death of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]].<ref name=juynboll/><ref name=abdulMawjood/><ref name=robson/><ref name=hoosen/><ref name=ali/>

He died on Monday night, 13 Rajab 279 AH (Sunday night, 8 October 892){{efn|In the Islamic calendar, the weekday begins at sunset.}} in Bugh.<ref name=ibnKhallikan/><ref name=robson/><ref name=hoosen/>

At-Tirmidhi is buried on the outskirts of [[Sherobod]], 60 kilometers north of [[Termez]] in [[Uzbekistan]]. In Termez he is locally known as Abu Isa at-Termezi or "Termez Ota" ("Father of Termez").<ref name=termez/>

== See also ==
* [[Al-Tabari]]

==Early Islam scholars==
{{Islam scholars diagram}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Tirmidhī|Al-Tirmidhi}}
* [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=30005 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info]
* [https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/about Biography at Sunnah.com]
* [http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_tirmidhi.htm Biography of Imam al-Tirmidhi at Sunnah.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010032617/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_tirmidhi.htm |date=2018-10-10 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080214101424/http://www.theclearpath.com/viewtopic.php?t=100 Biography of al-Tirmidhee at theclearpath.com]

{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirmidhi}}
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Transoxanian Islamic scholars]]
[[Category:Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hadith compilers]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:9th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars persecuted by Hanbalis]]
[[Category:People from Termez]]
[[Category:Shafi'is]]
[[Category:9th-century Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:824 births]]
[[Category:892 deaths]]
[[Category:Biographical evaluation scholars]]
[[Category:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate]]

Bombay Before the British: The Indo-Portuguese Layer

2026-03-12T07:00:00Z

Abid: add citations for accuracy also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:GIS Still Frame.jpg|thumb|Detail of the "Bombay Before the British" interactive [[GIS]] map, showing the Greater Mumbai area (BBB, 2007)]] '''Bombay Before the British''' ('''BBB''') was a three-year research project in the fields of [[History of Architecture]] and History of [[Urbanism]], funded by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education]] through its Science and Technology Foundation (FCT).<ref>[https://archive.today/20130416095625/http://www.fct.mctes.pt/projectos/pub/2002/eng/index.asp?dados=true&ficha=true&pID=47225&areaID=41 Bombay Before the British]</ref>

The funding for the project began in September 2004 and ended in December 2007, when a final report was submitted containing the project's main conclusions. This report received the highest mark by FCT's evaluating panel. Both senior investigators of the "BBB", Dr. Walter Rossa<ref>[http://www.ces.uc.pt/investigadores/cv/walter_rossa.pdf Walter Rossa CV]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Dr. Paulo Varela Gomes,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/curriculos/investigador_110_cv_en_20090722_1437.pdf |title=Paulo Varela Gomes CV |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727000946/http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/curriculos/investigador_110_cv_en_20090722_1437.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> were and are professors at the Architecture Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, [[University of Coimbra]] ([[Portugal]]).

The project's main object of study was the territory of [[Greater Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]) and its surrounding hinterland ([[Greater Bombay Metropolitan Area]]) during the time of Portuguese colonial rule (1534–1739) in the territory that was known as the [[Baçaim]] ([[Vasai]]) District of the Northern Province of [[Portuguese India]], "Northern" in relation to [[Velha Goa]].

==Background==
In 1997, Dr. Walter Rossa's book "Indo-portuguese Cities" was published by the Portuguese Discoveries Celebrations Committee (CNCDP<ref>[http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/704_Vol.%207%20Cidades%20Indo-Portuguesas.pdf Indo-portuguese Cities]</ref>). The following year, Dr. Rossa coordinated the topographical survey of the ruins of the Baçaim ([[Vasai]]). During this period (1996–1998), Dr. Paulo Varela Gomes was the delegate of the Oriente Foundation's branch in India ([[Goa]]). In 2000, both of them travelled to the area of Greater [[Mumbai]], together with the second-year students of the Department of Architecture, [[University of Coimbra]], visiting many of the historical sites pertaining to the territory's Indo-Portuguese layer. The research possibilities developed during this trip and the recent scholarly activity of both Rossa and Gomes led up to the proposal for a three-year scientific research project - the "BBB"

==Overview of the project==
The Portuguese presence in the Baçaim ([[Vasai]]) District of the Northern Province between 1534 and 1739 - which included the present day region of [[Greater Mumbai]] - has left considerable traces on the present-day territory. These include not only ruins of [[military]] and [[religious]] structures but also structures founded by the Portuguese and later modified or rebuilt by other administrations or communities. Most of the Churches that cater to the [[Catholic]] population of [[Greater Mumbai]] today - the [[Bombay East Indians]] - were founded by Portuguese [[missionaries]]. Significant information exists within sixteenth and seventeenth century [[Portugal|Portuguese]] sources to prove that [[Catholic]] Communities were inexistent in the Northern Province area at the time of Portuguese occupation in 1534 (although it is very probable that some [[Christians|Christian]] communities developed in the area during the 7th and 8th centuries A.D., having become defunct by the time of the Portuguese arrival).
Beside the network of [[forts]] and [[church (building)|churches]], the Portuguese Northern Province also presented a network of villages that developed under [[Colonialism|colonial]] rule. Most of these villages were leased to Portuguese or [[Indo-Portuguese]] landed [[gentry]]. Especially in [[Salsette Island]], this network of villages was still in place during the first decades of the 20th century and would later become the most important territorial matrix for the development of Suburban [[Mumbai]]. Indeed, the two main railway lines built during the 19th century in [[Salsette]] followed closely a pre-existing road pattern (from [[Kurla]] to [[Thane]] and from [[Bandra]] to [[Bhyandar]]) that crossed many East-Indian villages, with their distinct landscape, architecture and churches. It was only during the 1960s and 1970s that [[Mumbai]]'s exponential growth submerged and, in many cases, erased this network of villages. A few survive along the northwestern coast of [[Salsette Island]], with their unique [[East India]]n communities and traditions.

==Main tasks==
The BBB's methodology included two main tasks: data gathering; and its interpretation through appropriate tools, namely [[GIS]] software.
Data gathered during the project's timeline included various documents from libraries and archives in [[Portugal]], [[India]] and the [[United Kingdom]] and also material gathered first-hand directly at the sites, through the project's field missions. This data was then stored in a [[Database]] and connected to a [[GIS]] [[interactive]] map. The [[GIS]] map used satellite imagery acquired through the [[European Space Agency]]. Over the layer of satellite imagery was added a number of layers of [[Geographic information system|vectorial]] information, using the symbology of present-day [[cartography]]. The [[GIS]] map's interface allowed for each symbol to be connected to a number of documents stored in the [[Database]]. This methodology allowed the team to confirm the matricial importance on the East-Indian village network upon the [[suburban]] growth of Greater [[Mumbai]] all along the 20th century, among other things

==Team members==

The original BBB team consisted of:
Dr. Walter Rossa (Investigator Responsible), Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]];
Dr. Paulo Varela Gomes (Senior Investigator), Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]];
André Teixeira (Investigator), Centre for Overseas History, [[New University of Lisbon]];
Silvana Pires (Investigator), Centre for Overseas History, [[New University of Lisbon]]

Other members:
Sidh Losa Mendiratta (Investigator),<ref>[https://coimbra.academia.edu/SidhMendiratta/CurriculumVitae Sidh Mendiratta CV]</ref> Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]];
Mafalda Trinca (Scholarship holder), Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]]; Susana Freiria (Scholarship holder), Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]]; Cláudia Costa (Scholarship holder), Architecture Department, [[University of Coimbra]]; Isabel Almeida (Scholarship holder), Centre for Overseas History, [[New University of Lisbon]]; Pedro Nobre (Scholarship holder), Centre for Overseas History, [[New University of Lisbon]].

==Emerging dissertations and post-doctoral projects==

Tapping into the considerable amount of resources and new lines of research created by the ongoing "BBB", two PhD dissertations and one Master dissertation were started by the following team members:

André Teixeira, ''Baçaim e o seu território: administração, economia e sociedade, séculos XVI a XVIII'', tese de doutoramento em História, especialidade de História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão Portuguesa à Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, orientada pelo Prof. Doutor João Oliveira e Costa (2010).<ref>[http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/index.php?idc=31&idi=339046 Teixeira, André, "Baçaim e o seu território..."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084919/http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/index.php?idc=31&idi=339046 |date=July 27, 2011 }}</ref>

Sidh Mendiratta, ''Dispositivos do Sistema Defensivo da Província do Norte do Estado da Índia, 1521-1739,'' tese de Doutoramento em História da Arquitectura ao Departamento de Arquitectura da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Walter Rossa e Prof. Doutor Paulo Varela Gomes, 2012.<ref>"Dispositivos do Sistema Defensivo do território da Província do Norte..."{{cite web|url=http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/index.php?idc%3D31%26idi%3D339961 |title=GPEARI - Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084910/http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/index.php?idc=31&idi=339961 |archivedate=2011-07-27 }}</ref>

Pedro Nobre, ''A Entrega de Bombaim ao Reino Unido (1661-1668) – um processo político-diplomático'', dissertação de Mestrado em História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão Portuguesa à Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2007.

Although not officially included as part of the BBB's resulting scientific output, the following two Masters dissertations were accomplished in close association with the project's senior investigators:

Nuno Grancho, ''Bombaim: A Explosão Urbana Análise de Assentamentos e Vias'', dissertação de mestrado em Planeamento e Projecto do Ambiente Urbano apresentada à Universidade do Porto. 2008, orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Paulo Varela Gomes, 2008.

Tania Teixeira, ''Bombaim Meri Jaan: a vida, a cidade e a arquitectura em Bombaim'', Prova Final de Licenciatura do Departamento de Arquitectura da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Paulo Varela Gomes, 2009.<ref>[https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/11793/1/Bombay%20Meri%20Jaan%20%28alta%20qualidade%29.pdf "Bombaim Meri Jaan: a vida, a cidade e a arquitectura em Bombaim"]</ref>

Also, a post-doctoral six-year research project is currently underway in close association with the project's senior investigators:

Sidh Mendiratta, "Framing Identity: cityscapes and architecture of Mumbai’s catholic communities (16th to the 20th century)", post-doctoral project based in Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra, with the advisers: Prof. Doctor Walter Rossa, Prof. Doctor Rochelle Pinto, and Prof. Doctor [[Vikas Dilawari]].

==Publications, articles and papers==
*GOMES, Paulo Varela, ROSSA, Walter, "O primeiro território – Bombaim e os Portugueses", in Oceanos, nº41, Lisboa, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 2000, pp. 210–224.<ref>[http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/670_6.pdf "O primeiro território – Bombaim e os Portugueses"]</ref>
*GOMES, Paulo Varela "«Bombay Portuguese», ser ou não ser português em Bombaim no século XIX" in Revista de História das Ideias, Coimbra, Instituto de História e Teoria das Ideias, (2000). [No prelo].
*GOMES, Paulo Varela, "There is no spot in the world where the Catholic and Heathen imagery come so closely in contact as here. Franciscan architecture in Mandapeshwar / Mount Poinsur, Bombay", paper no symposium The Arts & the Portuguese Colonial Experience, org. Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 24 e 25 de Março de 2006 [no prelo]
*GOMES, Paulo Varela "Two (and a few other) Bombay churches. Issues of architecture and identity" in Mumbai Reader, Mumbai, [[Urban Design Research Institute]], n.º 2 (2007). [No prelo].
*ROSSA, Walter "Bombay before the british: the indo-portuguese layer" in Mumbai Reader, Mumbai, Urban Design Research Institute, n.º 1 (2006), pp. 262–269.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120707220902/http://coimbra.academia.edu/SidhMendiratta/Papers/844871/Bombay_Before_the_British_-_the_Indo-Portuguese_layer "Bombay before the british: the indo-portuguese layer"]</ref>
*ROSSA, Walter, "Bombaim antes dos Ingleses: apresentação do projecto", in Actas do XIIº Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa (Lisboa, 23 a 27 Outubro 2006), Lisboa, Centro de História de Além-Mar da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas de Expressão Portuguesa da Universidade Católica Portuguesa. [No prelo].
*ROSSA, Walter, MENDIRATTA, Sidh, "Ghost Towns. Ruined and disappeared Portuguese colonial settlements in coastal Maharashtra, India: new research results", paper apresentado na conferência 61st Annual Meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians, org. Society of Architectural Historians, Cincinnati, 23 a 27 de Abril de 2008.<ref>"Ghost Towns. Ruined and disappeared Portuguese colonial settlements..."[https://archive.today/20120707044539/http://coimbra.academia.edu/SidhMendiratta/Papers/1279260/Ghost_Towns._Ruined_and_disappeared_Portuguese_colonial_settlements_in_coastal_Maharashtra_India_new_research_results]</ref>
*MENDIRATTA, Sidh, "From Islands to Mainland. Territorial policy change and the creation of the Northern Province of the Estado da Índia", paper apresentado na conferência Histories Form the Sea. Multimedia for Understanding and Teaching Europe-South Asia Maritime Heritage, org. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Nova Delhi, 30 e 31 de Janeiro de 2007.<ref>[https://coimbra.academia.edu/SidhMendiratta/Papers/871045/From_Islands_to_Mainland_Territorial_policy_change_and_the_creation_of_the_Northern_Province_of_the_Estado_da_India "From Islands to Mainland. Territorial policy change..."]</ref>
*MENDIRATTA, Sidh, "Two Towns and a Vila. Baçaim, Chaul and Taná: the defensive structures of three Indo-Portuguese urban settlements in the Northern Province of the Estado da Índia", paper apresentado no International Seminar on Cities in Medieval India (1200-1800), org. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Nova Delhi, 6 e 7 de Março de 2008.<ref>"Two Towns and a Vila. Baçaim, Chaul and Taná: the defensive structures..." [https://archive.today/20120708144756/http://coimbra.academia.edu/SidhMendiratta/Papers/1279269/Two_Towns_and_a_Villa._Bacaim_Chaul_and_Tana_the_defensive_structures_of_three_Indo-Portuguese_urban_settlements_in_the_Northern_Province_of_the_Estado_da_India]</ref>
*TEIXEIRA, André "Os Primórdios da Presença Portuguesa em Baçaim, 1534-1554: notas sobre a situação financeira e político-militar do primeiro «território» do Estado da Índia." in D. João III e o Império, Actas do Congresso Internacional Comemorativo do Nascimento de D. João III, Lisboa, CHAM (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) e CEPCEP (Universidade Católica Portuguesa), 2004, pp. 337-365.
*TEIXEIRA, André, ALMEIDA, Isabel, NOBRE, Pedro, "A concessão de Bombaim aos ingleses: suas implicações no território de Baçaim (1661-1668)", in Actas do XIIº Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa (Lisboa, 23 a 27 Outubro 2006), Lisboa, Centro de História de Além-Mar da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas de Expressão Portuguesa da Universidade Católica Portuguesa. [No prelo].
*TEIXEIRA, André, PIRES, Silvana Remédio, "O Tombo de Baçaim de 1727-1730", in Anais de História de Além-Mar, vol. VIII, Lisboa, Centro de História de Além-Mar da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2007, pp. 325–63<ref>[http://cham.fcsh.unl.pt/files/anais/Anais8_indice.pdf "O Tombo de Baçaim de 1727-1730"]</ref>
*TEIXEIRA, André, "Baçaim, the city and its hinterland", paper apresentado no International Seminar on Cities in Medieval India (1200-1800), org. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Nova Delhi, 6 e 7 de Março de 2008. [No prelo].
*ROSSA, Walter, "Enquadramento geral: os quês deste volume"; "Enquadramento I: Província do Norte e Norte da Índia"; "Chaul: urbanismo e perímetro abaluartado"; "Daman: urbanismo e perímetro abaluartado"; "Diu: urbanismo, arquitectura militar e arquitectura religiosa (com Nuno Grancho)"; "Mumbai (Bombaim)"; "Vasai Fort (Baçaim): urbanismo e perímetro abaluartado", in José Mattoso (dir. obra) e Walter Rossa (coord. volume) (org.), Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo: arquitectura e urbanismo — Ásia e Oceania, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2010.
*MENDIRATTA, Sidh Losa, "Forte do Morro-Chaul"; "Daman: Forte de São Jerónimo"; "Dahanu"; "Ghodbandar"; "Karanja: Nossa Senhora da Penha"; "Sanjan"; "Shirgaon"; "Tarapur"; "Vasai Fort: Forte de São Sebastião"; "Arnala"; "Asherigad";"Thane: Arquitetura Militar"; "Mahim-Kelve", in Mattoso, José; Rossa, Walter (orgs.), Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo: arquitectura e urbanismo — Ásia e Oceania. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2010.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hpip.org/def/en/Contents/Navigation/GeographicToponymicNavigation/Place?a=431 Mumbai (Bombaim/Bombay/Greater Mumbai)] at [http://www.hpip.org/Default/en/Homepage Heritage of Portuguese Influence]
* [http://www.fct.pt/apoios/projectos/consulta/vglobal_projecto.phtml.en?idProjecto=47225&sapiens=2002] at Science and Technology Foundation, [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090928214631/http://www.ces.uc.pt/nucleos/nau/pages/en/research-projects.php Bombay Before the British Webpage] at the Architecture and Urbanism Section (NAU), Centre for Social Studies (CES), Faculty of Economics, [[University of Coimbra]]
* [http://cham.fcsh.unl.pt/bbb/home_eng.htm Bombay Before the British, Webpage] at The Centre for Overseas History, (CHAM) [[New University of Lisbon]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWkcc_VP9Jw Interview with Sidh Mendiratta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202253/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Before-the-British/308067/ Before the British] Kenneth Lobo, [[The Indian Express]], May 11, 2008.
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/22328/bombay-british.html?FORM=ZZNR7 Bombay before British] Devika Sequeira in Panaji, [[Deccan Herald]].
* [http://pameladmello.wordpress.com/tag/portuguese/ Article by Pamela D'Mello]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bombay Before The British}}
[[Category:Research projects]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]

Napoleonic Code

2026-03-10T16:14:55Z

Abid: content fix

{{short description|French civil code established in 1804}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Civil Code of the French {{small|{{lang|fr|Code civil des Français}}}}
| legislature = Legislature of the [[French Consulate]]
| image = Speyer, Historical Museum of the Palatinate - Code civil des Français.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_upright =
| imagealt =
| caption = The Napoleonic Code in the [[Historical Museum of the Palatinate]] in [[Speyer]]
| long_title =
| citation = [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/2020-09-18/ Code civil]
| territorial_extent = [[France]]
| considered_by =
| enacted_by = ''[[Corps législatif]]''
| date_enacted =
| date_passed =
| date_assented =
| royal_assent =
| date_signed =
| signed_by = [[First Consul]] [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]
| date_commenced =
| date_effective = {{start date|1804|03|21|df=y}}
| date_of_expiry =
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by = Jacques de Maleville [[Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis|Jean Portalis]] [[Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu|Félix Bigot de Préameneu]] [[François Denis Tronchet|François Tronchet]]
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| committee_report =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| amends =
| repeals = [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56510716?rk=21459;2 Civil Code of the French Republic] (1803)
| amended_by = [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGIARTI000038262578/2019-03-25#LEGIARTI000038262578 Law 2019–2022] on 1 September 2020
| repealed_by =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = amended
}}
{{Napoleon series}}

The '''Napoleonic Code''' ({{Langx|fr|Code Napoléon}}), officially the '''Civil Code of the French''' ({{Langx|fr|Code civil des Français}}; simply referred to as {{lang|fr|Code civil}}), is the [[France|French]] [[civil code]] established during the [[French Consulate]] in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Code civil des Français: édition originale et seule officielle |publisher=L'Imprimerie de la République. |place=Paris |year=1804 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1061517/f2.image |access-date= 28 November 2016 |via= Gallica}}</ref> Although [[Napoleon]] himself was not directly involved in the drafting of the Code, as it was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists,<ref name="Robert B. Holtman 1981">Robert B. Holtman, ''The Napoleonic Revolution'' (Baton Rouge: [[Louisiana State University Press]], 1981)</ref> he chaired many of the commission's plenary sessions,<ref name=Foot01/> and his support was crucial to its enactment.<ref>Roberts, Andrew, ''Napoleon: A Life'',"Lawgiver"</ref>

The code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major milestone in the abolition of the previous patchwork of [[Feudalism|feudal]] laws.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1327640.pdf | jstor=1327640 | title=Napoleon and His Code | last1=Lobingier | first1=Charles Sumner | journal=Harvard Law Review | date=1918 | volume=32 | issue=2 | pages=114–134 | doi=10.2307/1327640 }}</ref> Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.<ref name="Robert B. Holtman 1981"/>
The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a [[civil law (legal system)|civil-law]] [[List of national legal systems|legal system]]; it was preceded by the {{lang|la|[[Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis]]}} ([[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]], 1756), the {{lang|de|[[Allgemeines Landrecht]]}} ([[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], 1794), and the ''[[West Galician Code]]'' ([[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], then part of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], 1797).{{cn|date=June 2023}} It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-law-in-europe/french-revolution-and-the-law/39F246BD158F001C5ACBFB8B471A6D35 29 - The French Revolution and the Law], in ''Part IV - The Age of Reforms (1750–1814)'', Cambridge University Press, 31 July 2017; Antonio Padoa-Schioppa,
Translated by
Caterina Fitzgerald</ref><ref name="Robert B. Holtman 1981"/> The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe attempting to modernize and defeudalize their countries through legal reforms, such as those in the [[Middle East]],<ref>{{cite book|page=19|title=Globalization and New International Public Works Agreements in Developing Countries: An Analytical Perspective|author=Mohamed A.M. Ismail | publisher=Routledge |year=2016|isbn=9781317127031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-gFDAAAQBAJ|via=[[Google Books]]|quote="All civil codes of Arab Middle Eastern states are based on Napoleonic Codes and were influenced by Egyptian legislation"}}</ref> while in [[Latin America]] the Spanish and Portuguese had established their own versions of the civil code.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/840794 | jstor=840794 | title=Civil Law and Common Law in the Legal Method of Puerto Rico | last1=Matta | first1=Liana Fiol | journal=[[The American Journal of Comparative Law]] | date=1992 | volume=40 | issue=4 | pages=783–815 | doi=10.2307/840794 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from earlier French law, but instead from [[Justinian I|Justinian's]] sixth-century codification of [[Roman law]], the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'', and within it, the ''Institutes''.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Iain Stewart | title = ''Mors Codicis'': End of the Age of Codification? | journal = Tulane European & Civil Law Forum | volume = 27 | pages = 17 at 23–24 | year = 2012 }}</ref> The ''Institutes'' divide into the law of:

# persons
# things
# actions.

Similarly, the Napoleonic Code divided the law into four sections:

# persons
# property
# acquisition of property
# civil procedure (moved into a separate code in 1806).

===Prior codification attempts===
Before the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of [[law]]s; law consisted mainly of local customs, sometimes officially compiled in "custumals" (''[[Old French law|coutumes]]''), notably the ''[[Custom of Paris in New France|Custom of Paris]]''. There were also exemptions, [[Privilege (law)|privileges]], and special [[Charter|charters]] granted by kings or other feudal lords. With the Revolution, the last vestiges of feudalism were abolished.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

Specifically, as to civil law, the many different bodies of law used in different parts of France were to be replaced by a single legal code. The [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|Constituent Assembly]] on 5 October 1790 voted for a codification of French laws, the [[French Constitution of 1791|Constitution of 1791]] promised one, and the [[National Assembly (French Revolution) |National Assembly]] adopted a unanimous resolution on 4 September 1791 providing that "there shall be a code of civil laws common for the entire realm."<ref>Constitution of 3 September 1791, 1.11: "''Il sera fait un Code de lois civiles communes à tout le Royauame''".</ref> However, it was the [[National Convention]] in 1793 which established a special commission headed by [[Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès]] to oversee the drafting process.<ref>Cronin, Vincent (1972). ''Napoleon Bonaparte. An Intimate Biography.'' pp. 176, 193, 283</ref>

His drafts of 1793 (for which Cambacérès had been given a one month deadline), 1794, and 1796 were all rejected by a National Convention and the [[French Directory]] of the time was more preoccupied with the turmoil resulting from various wars and strife with other European powers. The first draft contained 719 articles and was very revolutionary, but was rejected for being too technical and criticized for not being radical or philosophical enough. The second, with only 297 articles, was rejected for being too brief and was criticized for being a mere manual of morals. The third, expanded to 1,104 articles, was presented under the conservative Directory regime, but never even came up for discussion.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

Another commission, established in December 1799 established a fourth outline drafted in part by {{ILL|Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot|fr}} (1754–1813). Jacqueminot's draft, the so-called ''loi Jacqueminot'', dealt almost exclusively with persons<ref>Eric Descheemaeker, ''The Division of Wrongs: A Historical Comparative Study'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 128.</ref> and emphasized the need to reform the [[divorce]] laws, to strengthen parental authority and increase the testator's freedom to dispose of the free portion of his estate.<ref>Tom Holmberg, "The Civil Code: an Overview", ''The Napoleon Series'', September 2002, [online] <https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html>.</ref> It was rejected.

===Napoleonic reforms===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2011}}
Napoleon's victory at the [[Battle of Marengo]] allowed him to consolidate his power in France.<ref>Hollins, ''Encyclopedia'', pp. 605–606.</ref> Returning to Paris, he appointed on 12 August 1800 a commission of distinguished jurists and politicians, including [[Jacques de Maleville]], [[François Denis Tronchet]], [[Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu]], [[Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis]] to draft a civil code.<ref>Zamoyski, Adam, ''Napoleon: A Life'',"Caesar"</ref> For this commission, Cambacérès (now Second Consul), and Napoleon himself chaired the plenary sessions.<ref name=Foot01/> After this process finished, the Code was sent to the [[Legislative Body]] as a preliminary bill in December 1801, where it was rejected by a vote of 142 to 139.<ref name=Foot02/> In response, Napoleon announced on 2 January 1802 that he was suspending all projects, effectively closing the assemblies' sessions; simultaneously, he went to the [[Sénat conservateur]] to berate its members. These tactics cowed the legislature into submission, and gave Napoleon the majority he needed.<ref>Zamoyski, Adam, ''Napoleon: A Life'',"Peace"</ref> The code finally came into effect on 21 March 1804.<ref name=Foot03/>

The process developed mainly out of the various customs,{{what|date=June 2023}} but was inspired by Justinian's sixth-century codification of [[Roman law]], the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' and, within that, Justinian's Code (''Codex''). The Napoleonic Code, however, differed from Justinian's in important ways:
* It incorporated all kinds of earlier rules, not just legislation
* It was not a collection of edited extracts, but a comprehensive rewrite
* Its structure was much more rational
* It had no religious content
* It was written in the [[vernacular]]

The Napoleonic Code marked a fundamental change in the nature of the [[civil law (legal system)|civil law legal system]], making laws clearer and [[rule of law|more accessible]]. It also superseded the former conflict between royal legislative power and, particularly in the final years before the Revolution, protests by judges representing views and privileges of the social classes to which they belonged. Such conflict led the Revolutionaries to take a negative view of judges making law.

This is reflected in the Napoleonic Code provision prohibiting judges from deciding a case by way of introducing a general rule (Article 5), since the creation of general rules is an exercise of [[Legislature|legislative]] and not of [[Judiciary|judicial power]]. In theory, there is thus no [[case law]] in France. However, the courts still had to fill in the gaps in the laws and regulations and, indeed, were prohibited from refusing to do so (Article 4). Moreover, both the code and legislation have required judicial interpretation. Thus a vast body of case law has come into existence, but without any rule of ''[[Precedent|stare decisis]]''.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Contents of the Napoleonic Code==
The preliminary article of the code established certain important provisions regarding the [[rule of law]]. Laws could be applied only if they had been [[Principle of legality in French criminal law|duly promulgated]], and then only if they had previously been officially published (including provisions for publishing delays, given the means of communication available at the time). In brief, no secret laws were authorized. It prohibited ''[[Ex post facto law|ex post facto]]'' laws (i.e. laws that apply to events that occurred before their introduction). The code also prohibited judges from refusing to do justice on grounds of the insufficiency of the law, thereby encouraging them to interpret the law. On the other hand, it also prohibited judges from making general judgements of a legislative nature (see above).{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

With regard to family, the code established the supremacy of the husband over his wife and children, the ''status quo'' in Europe at the time. Women had even fewer rights than children. Divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804.<ref>"The ''Code Napoléon'': French Legislation on Divorce," ''Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images'', Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2007), 62–64.</ref>

==Other French Napoleonic-era codes==
The draft Military Code was presented to Napoleon by the special commission headed by [[Pierre Daru]] in June 1805; however, as the [[War of the Third Coalition]] progressed, the code was put aside and never implemented.

In 1791, [[Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau|Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau]] presented a new criminal code to the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOcvAAAAMAAJ
|access-date=2008-03-31
|year=1819
|language=fr
|place=Paris
|publisher=A. Eymery
|page=320
|volume=VI
|chapter=Livre III ... du code pénal
|title=Choix de rapports, opinions et discours prononcés à la tribune nationale
}}</ref> He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes", and not "phony offences created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] [[despotism]]".<ref>"ces délits factices, créés par la superstition, la féodalité, la fiscalité et le despotisme" (id., p. 325).</ref> He did not list the crimes "created by superstition". The new penal code did not mention [[blasphemy]], [[heresy]], [[sacrilege]], [[witchcraft]], [[incest]], or [[homosexuality]], which led to these former offences being swiftly decriminalized. In 1810, a [[French Penal Code of 1810|new criminal code]] was issued under Napoleon. As with the [[French Penal Code of 1791|Penal Code of 1791]], it did not contain provisions for religious crimes, incest, or homosexuality.

* After an overhaul of the entire legal system, the new code of civil procedure was adopted in 1806.

* The commercial code (''{{ILL|code de commerce|fr}}'') was adopted in 1807.<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/rechCodeArticle.do?reprise=true&page=1 Code de commerce] Retrieved 2011-12-30</ref> The kernel of the commercial code is the Book III, "Of The Different Modes of Acquiring Property", of the Napoleonic Code, which sets out norms for [[Transaction cost|contracts and transactions]].

* ''Code d'instruction'': In 1808, the ''code d'instruction criminelle'' was published, laying out [[criminal procedure]]. The ''[[parlement]]'' system from before the Revolution, had been much abused, and the criminal courts established by the Revolution were complex and ineffective, subject to many local pressures. The genesis of this code resulted in much debate and the basis of the modern [[inquisitorial system]] of criminal courts in France and many civil law countries. It has significantly changed since, especially with regard to the rights of the defendant.<ref> Adhémar Esmein, ''A History of Continental Criminal Procedure'' (1913) pp. 528–616. [https://archive.org/details/ahistorycontine01mittgoog/page/n28/mode/2up online]</ref>

The French Revolution's [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] enunciated the [[presumption of innocence]] until found guilty. Concerned by the possibility of [[arbitrary arrest and detention]], or excessive [[Pre-trial detention|remand]], Napoleon remarked that care should be taken to preserve personal freedoms, especially before the Imperial Court: "these courts would have a great strength, they should be prohibited from abusing this situation against weak citizens without connections."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chern |first=Cyril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1PhCwAAQBAJ |title=The Law of Construction Disputes |year=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-317-43346-0 |language=en}}</ref> However, remand still was usual for defendants suspected of serious crimes such as murder.

The possibility of lengthy remand periods was one criticism—particularly voiced in common law countries—of the Napoleonic Code. Another concern was the combination of magistrate and prosecutor into a single role.<ref>{{cite news|title=French Criminal Procedure|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/04/14/102454136.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603212142/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/04/14/102454136.pdf
|archive-date=2020-06-03 |url-status=live|access-date=14 June 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 April 1895}}</ref> However, once the work of the ''[[Examining magistrate|juge d'instruction]]'' was completed, the trial itself followed the principle of presumption of innocence; for example, the juror's oath explicitly required jurors not to betray the interests of the defendants or ignore their defense.

The rules governing court proceedings gave significant power to the prosecution; however, criminal justice in European countries in those days tended to repression. For instance, it was only in 1836 that prisoners charged with a [[felony]] were given a formal [[right to counsel]] in [[Right to counsel#In the United Kingdom|England]]. In comparison, article 294 of the Napoleonic Code of Criminal Procedure{{clarify|reason=Did you mean, the '1808 code d'instruction criminelle'?|date=September 2023}} allowed the defendant access to a lawyer before a ''[[Cour d'assises]]'', and mandated the court to appoint a lawyer for the defendants who did not have one. (Failing to do so nullified the proceedings.)

Whether or not the ''Cour d'assises'', which judges severe crimes, should operate with a [[jury]] was a topic of considerable controversy. Napoleon supported jury trials (or ''petit jury''), and they were finally adopted. On the other hand, Napoleon opposed the [[indictment]] jury ("[[grand jury]]" of [[common law]] countries), and preferred to assign this task to the criminal division of the [[Appellate court|Court of Appeals]]. Special courts were created to judge criminals who might intimidate the jury.

==French codes in the 21st century==
The French codes, now more than 60 in number,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/initRechCodeArticle.do|title=Recherche simple dans les codes en vigueur – Legifrance|work=legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref> are frequently amended, as well as [[Judicial review|judicially re-interpreted]]. Therefore, for over a century all of the codes in force have been documented in the annually revised editions published by [[Dalloz]] (Paris).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boutique.dalloz.fr|title=Code civil, Code du travail, tous les livres de droit des Editions Dalloz|work=dalloz.fr}}</ref> These editions consist of thorough [[annotation]]s, with references to other codes, relevant [[statute]]s, judicial decisions (even if unpublished), and international instruments. The "small (''petit'')" version of the Civil Code in this form is nearly 3,000 pages, available in print and online. Additional material, including scholarly articles, is added in the larger "expert (''expert'')" version and the still larger "mega (''méga'')" version, both of which are available in print and on searchable [[CD-ROM]]. By this stage, it has been suggested, the Civil Code has become "less a book than a database".<ref>{{cite journal| author = Iain Stewart | title = ''Mors Codicis'': End of the Age of Codification? | journal = Tulane European & Civil Law Forum | volume = 27 | pages = 17 at 24–25 | year = 2012 }}</ref>

The sheer number of codes, together with digitization, led the ''Commission supérieure de codification'' to reflect in its annual report for 2011:

<blockquote>The Commission observes that the age of drawing up new codes is probably reaching its end. The aim of a nearly complete codification of the law is no longer pursued, for three reasons: firstly, the technical developments by which texts are provided in non-physical form offer to users modes of access that are comparable in many ways to those available through a code; secondly, the creation of new codes encounters a kind of law of diminishing returns in that, the more progress that is made in the development of new codes, the trickier it becomes to determine in which code particular provisions should be located; and, finally, it is clear that certain kinds of provision [...] are unsuitable for codification, since codification makes sense only when it involves provisions that possess sufficient generality.<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Codification/Rapports-annuels-de-la-CSC Commission supérieure de codification, ''Vingt et unième rapport annuel 2010''] (Paris, 2011), 13; quoted and translated, {{cite journal| author = Iain Stewart | title = ''Mors Codicis'': End of the Age of Codification? | journal = Tulane European & Civil Law Forum | volume = 27 | pages = 17 at 25 | year = 2012 }}</ref></blockquote>

A year later, the Commission recommended that, after its current codification projects were completed, there should not be any further codes; an additional reason was government delay in publishing reforms that the Commission had completed.<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Codification/Rapports-annuels-de-la-CSC Commission supérieure de codification, ''Vingt-deuxième rapport annuel 2011''] (Paris, 2012), 21.</ref> The government responded encouragingly in March 2013, but the Commission in 2014 complained that this has not been followed through; in particular, that the government had abandoned its plan for a public service code (''code général de la fonction publique'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission Supérieure de Codification |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Codification/Rapports-annuels-de-la-CSC |title=Vingt-Quatrième Rapport Annuel 2013 |year=2014 |location=Paris |pages=6-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721081548/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/content/download/6769/98979/version/3/file/rapport_csc_24_2013.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

==Codes in other countries==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2012}}
Even though the Napoleonic Code was [[civil code#Important civil codes|not the first]] civil code, it was the first modern legal code to be widely adopted in Europe, and it influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Robert B. Holtman 1981" /><ref>Senkowska-Gluck, Monika. "Effects of Napoleonic Legislation on the Development of the 19th-century Europe." ''Acta Poloniae Historica'' 38 (1978): 185–198. {{ISSN|0001-6829}}</ref> In the German regions on the west bank of the Rhine ([[Palatinate (region)|Rhenish Palatinate]] and Prussian [[Rhine Province]]), the former [[Duchy of Berg]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]], the Napoleonic Code was influential until the introduction of the ''[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]'' in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire [[German Empire]].<ref name="Arvind TT; Stirton L 2010 1–29">{{cite journal |author1=Arvind TT|author2= Stirton L |title=Explaining the Reception of the Code Napoleon in Germany: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis |journal=Legal Studies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |date=March 2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-121X.2009.00150.x |s2cid=53581236 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123270568/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105071047/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123270568/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05}}</ref>

A number of factors have been shown by Arvind and Stirton to have had a determinative role in the decision by the German states to receive the code, including territorial concerns, Napoleonic control and influence, the strength of central state institutions, a feudal economy and society, rule by [[Liberalism|liberal]] ([[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened despotic]]) rulers, [[nativism (politics)|nativism]] among the governing elites, and popular [[anti-French sentiment]].<ref name="Arvind TT; Stirton L 2010 1–29"/>

A civil code with Napoleonic code influences was also adopted in 1864 in [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Romania]], and remained in force until 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://anndrei.ro/noul-cod-civil-promoveaza-medierea/ | title=Noul Cod civil promovează medierea | date=2013-05-05 | access-date=2013-05-31 | archive-date=2013-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725045740/http://anndrei.ro/noul-cod-civil-promoveaza-medierea/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The term "Napoleonic Code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other [[jurisdictions]] that are influenced by the ''French Code Napoléon'', especially the ''[[Civil Code of Lower Canada]]'' (replaced in 1994 by the ''[[Civil Code of Quebec]]''), mainly derived from the ''[[Old French law|Coutume de Paris]]'', which the British continued to use in [[Canada]] following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]]. However, most of the laws in Latin American countries are not heavily influenced by the Napoleonic Code, as the Spanish and Portuguese versions of the civil code formed the foundation of the Latin American legal systems e.g. the [[Chilean Civil Code|Chilean]], [[Law of Mexico|Mexican]],<ref>[https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-mexican-law-review-123-articulo-the-need-remove-civil-code-S1870057817300082 The Need to Remove the Civil Code from Mexican Commercial Laws: the Case of "Offers" and "Firm Promises"]; ''Mexican Law Review'' Vol. 10. Iss. 1, pp. 21–44 (July – December 2017)
{{doi|10.22201/iij.24485306e.2017.19.11382}}</ref> and Puerto Rican civil codes.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1950 |last=Rabel |first=Ernst |contribution= Private Laws of Western Civilization: Part II. The French Civil Code |title=Louisiana Law Review |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=110 |url=http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol10/iss2/2/ |access-date= 1 December 2016}}</ref>

In [[Mauritius]], the Civil Code, which originates from the Napoleonic Code, represents an important primary source of law and provides for the rights of individuals, matrimonial regimes, contract law, and property law, amongst others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mauritiuscounsel.com/mauritian-legal-system/ | title=The Mauritian Legal System | date=January 2018 }}</ref> The French Civil Code was extended to Mauritius under the title ''Code Napoléon'' by decree of [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen]], ''Capitaine-General'', on 21 April 1808.<ref>{{Cite web |title=electronic |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/88152/114145/F-172904586/MUS88152%20Fre.pdf |website=www.ilo.org}}</ref> The Code was modified and embodied in Chapter 179 of the Revised Laws of Mauritius 1945, edited by Sir Charlton Lane, former Chief Justice of Mauritius. The 1808 decree was repealed by Act 9 of 1983, but the Revision of Laws Act which was enacted in 1974, made provision, in section 7, for the publication of the Code under the title "Code Civil Mauricien."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=|title=NATLEX |website=natlex.ilo.org}}</ref>

In the United States, the legal system is largely based on [[English law|English common law]]. But the state of [[Louisiana]] is unique in being strongly influenced by French and Spanish legal traditions in [[Louisiana Civil Code|its civil code]]. Spanish and French colonial forces quarreled over Louisiana during most of the 1700s, with Spain ultimately ceding the territory to France in 1800, which in turn [[Louisiana Purchase|sold the territory to the United States]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://go.galegroup.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3446900575&v=2.1&u=lln_alsu&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=be47621d0f52559f686e81e7fc83d650|title = Napoleonic Code|date = 2006|access-date = 17 Feb 2016|website = Gale Virtual Reference Library|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|last = Bonfield|first = Lloyd}}</ref> The [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|10th Amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution grants states control of laws not specifically given to the federal government, so Louisiana's legal system retains many French elements. Examples of the practical legal differences between Louisiana and the other states include the [[Bar examination|bar exam]] and legal standards of practice for attorneys in Louisiana being significantly different from other states; Louisiana is the only U.S. state to practice [[Forced heirship|forced inheritance]] of an estate; additionally, some of Louisiana's laws clash with the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] practiced by the other 49 states.<ref>Engber, Daniel. [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2005/09/louisianas_napoleon_complex.html Is Louisiana Under Napoleonic Code?] Slate.com, retrieved 11 September 2014</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Contemporary European law]]
* [[Labor Code (France)]]

==Notes==

<ref name=Foot01>{{cite book |author=Roberts, Andrew |title=Napoleon: A Life |publisher=Penguin |year=2014 |chapter=Lawgiver |mode=cs2}}. Of the commission's 107 plenary sessions, Napoleon chaired 55.</ref>

<ref name=Foot02>{{cite book |author=Roberts, Andrew |title=Napoleon: A Life |publisher=Penguin |year=2014 |chapter=Lawgiver |mode=cs2}}. It also failed in the [[Tribunate]].</ref>

<ref name=Foot03>{{cite book |author=Zamoyski, Adam |title=Napoleon: A Life |publisher=Basic Books|year=2018 |chapter=Caesar |mode=cs2}}. It was promulgated as the "Civil Code of the French" (''Code civil des Français''), but would be known as "the Napoleonic Code" (''Code Napoléon'')</ref>

==References==
* {{Cite book|last=Hollins|first=David|title='Battle of Marengo' in The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic War|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=1-85109-646-9}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===General and cited references===
* G. Levasseur, "Napoléon et l’élaboration des codes répressifs", in ''Mélanges en hommage à Jean Imbert'' (Paris, PUF, 1989) p. 371
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116023443/http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/la_legislation_criminelle/anciens_textes.htm ''Code Pénal'' and ''Code d'Instruction Criminelle'' – Original French Texts and other old legislation]

==Further reading==
* Crabb, John H., trans. ''The French Civil Code'', revised ed. (as amended to 1 July 1994). Littleton, Colo.: Fred B. Rothman & Co.; Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1995.
* Fairgrieve, Duncan, ed. ''The Influence of the French Civil Code on the Common Law and Beyond''. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2007.
* Fisher, H. A. L. "The Codes", in ''Cambridge Modern History'', ed. A. W. Ward (1906). Vol. IX, pp. 148–179. An old standard scholarly summary. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55514 online free]
* Halperin, Jean-Louis. ''The French Civil Code''. Trans. Tony Weir. London: Routledge, 2006.
* Josselin, Jean-Michel, and Alain Marciano. "The Making of the French Civil Code: An Economic Interpretation". ''European Journal of Law and Economics'' 14.3 (2002): 193–203. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain_Marciano/publication/5145610_The_Making_of_the_French_Civil_Code_An_Economic_Interpretation/links/580f0e9a08aef766ef115982.pdf online]
* Lobingier, Charles Summer. "Napoleon and His Code". ''Harvard Law Rev.'' 32 (1918): 114+. [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1327640 online]
* Lydorf, Claudia (2012), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/claudia-lydorf-romance-legal-family?set_language=en&-C= Romance Legal Family], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=19 February 2016 }}, retrieved: 25 March 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1043606750/34 pdf]).
* Schwartz, Bernard, ed. ''The Code Napoleon and the common-law world: the sesquicentennial lectures delivered at the Law Center of New York University, December 13–15, 1954'' (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 1998). 438 pp.
* Séjean, Michel et al., eds. ''French civil code, 2020: English, French, Arabic''. Trans. David W. Gruning et al. LexisNexis; Paris: Sader Group, 2020.
* Smithers, William W. "The Code Napoléon". ''American Law Register'' (1901): 127–147. {{JSTOR|3306716}}.
* Tunc, André. "Grand Outlines of the Code Napoleon". ''Tulane Law Review'' 29 (1954): 431+.
* Tunc, André. "Husband and Wife Under French Law: Past, Present, Future". ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'' 104 (1955): 1064+.[http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7495&context=penn_law_review online]

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Code Napoléon}}
* [http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html English translation of the original text]
* {{Cite book |title=The Code Napoleon, or the French Civil Code; Literally Translated from the Original and Official Edition, Published at Paris, in 1804 by A Barrister at the Inner Temple |publisher= Printed for Charles Hunter Booksellers |place=London |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/codenapoleonorf00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |access-date=30 November 2016 |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}
* [http://www.cambaceres.org/vie-poli/code-civ/cod-civi.htm Beginnings of Napoleonic Code]
* [https://beta.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/2021-07-01 Current French Text: Légifrance]{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190607/http://www.francemagazine.org/articles/issue70/article94.asp?issue_id=70&article_id=94 "The 'Other' Little Red Book"]. Interview with legal historian Jean-Louis Halpérin in ''[[France Magazine]]''.
* [https://frenchrevolution.us/napoleonic-code/ Napoleonic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326101622/https://frenchrevolution.us/napoleonic-code/ |date=26 March 2024 }}

{{Civil codes by country|Europe}}
{{Napoleon}}
{{French Revolution}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Law|France}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napoleonic Code}}
[[Category:1804 in law]]
[[Category:1804 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Civil codes]]
[[Category:Law of France]]
[[Category:Napoleon]]

Pattinathar (1962 film)

2026-03-04T05:15:05Z

Abid: Put up basic article more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattinathar
| image = Pattinathar 1962 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = K. Somu
| producer =
| writer = [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] [[Akilan]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[M. R. Radha]]
| narrator =
| music = G. Ramanathan
| cinematography = R. Chitti Babu
| editing = E. Dharmalingam
| studio = J. R. Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pattinathar''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]], directed by K. Somu, and written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] and [[Akilan]]. The film stars [[T. M. Soundararajan]], who played the [[Pattinathar|title role]] and [[M. R. Radha]], who played the antagonist.<ref name="Pride">{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |pages=8–9 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|film|date=October 2017}}
A pious man Sivasarmar, who was down on his luck, had a dream in which [[Lord Shiva]] appeared to tell him about the location of an unattended baby boy. Sivasarmar and his wife were to take that baby to Poompugaar (Kaveripoom pattinam) and offer this baby boy to Thiruvengadar, also called Pattinatthar, (played by [[T. M. Soundararajan]]) and receive gold equal to the weight of the baby. The couple then carried the baby to Pattinatthar and his wife Sivakalai (Gemini K. Chandra). Pattinathar also had a similar dream about the baby boy; they then adopted the child and named him Marudhavaanan.

Once, the father Pattinatthar sent his adopted son Marudhavaanan on a ship for overseas trading. When the son came back, there was a severe storm and he arrived safely at home. Marudhavaanan's merchant friends from his business trip meet his father & say that they had lost all their goods in the storm at sea, but Marudhavaanan had only brought back sacks full of paddy husks and cow dung cakes. Then Marudhavaanan gives his father just a small box containing three cow dung cakes and palm leaf documents which are loan promissory notes from his friends. The angered father throws the cow dung cakes out, and to his surprise sees there are gold coins and precious gems like diamonds & pearls in them. Thiruvengadar hurries home to see his son.

But Marudhavaanan was not at home and Sivakalai gives Thiruvengadar a very small box, which the son Marudhavaanan had given her, to be handed over to his father, before the son had disappeared. Inside the box, Thiruvengadar sees a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] and a [[Sewing needle|needle]] without an [[Grommet|eyelet]]. On the script were the following words (in English for understanding):

"Not even an eyeless needle will accompany you in the final journey of life."

Then Pattinathar realised the philosophy and wisdom of the words and renounced everything, his wife, his wealth, kith, kin and with only a loincloth he left his home. He began singing many philosophical songs to enlighten people on the blissful state of renunciation.

Thereafter, Thiruvengadar becomes and leads the life of a mendicant relying on alms. Meenakshi (S. D. Subbulakshmi), his sister feels that the dignity of her family will suffer by his conduct, and she decides to kill him by giving him poisoned ''Appam'' (Breakfast pancake). Discovering her plot through divine grace, he throws it on the roof of her house, which catches fire immediately. But the miraculous fire is extinguished by him when she begs his pardon and Pattinatthar forgives her & goes on his way. One night, feeling very hungry he peeps into a hut. The villagers mistake him for a thief and beat him.

Then deciding not to beg for alms in future, he goes to a lonely [[Lord Ganesha]] [[Temple]] in the jungle and sits behind the Vigragam (God's idol) for meditation. A band of robbers returning from a successful loot of ''King Badragiri''<nowiki/>'s palace throw a pearl necklace at the Vigragam as their offering to God. It accidentally falls on Pattinathar's neck as he is sitting behind the Vigragam. He gets arrested by the king's sentries for having the stolen necklace. He is taken to the king, who orders his execution on the spikes. But the spikes catch fire and burn. King Badragiri gives up all worldly pleasures and abdicates his crown in favour of his son.

At his ardent request, saint Pattinatthar accepts King Badragiri as a disciple and asks him to come to Thiruvidai Marudur temple. At Thiruvidai Marudur, Pattinatthar and his disciples station themselves at the eastern and the western gates of the temple respectively. One day a devotee (Lord Shiva himself disguised) begs for food to Pattinatthar but, the saint replies to the devotee, ''" I have no food to give for your hunger". Then he told the devotee to go to the western gate where he can find a family man sitting near the temple tower. "You beg to him, may be he can give you some food''". The devotee comes to the former king and begs him for food. The former king who became a renunciant is now shocked, to know that he was called a family man just for having a begging bowl and a dog with him. At the very moment, the former king threw the begging bowl away and it accidentally hit the dog, after which it dies. After this incident and several years later, Badragiri attains salvation by thinking of [[Lord Shiva]] and surrendering to God's feet.

At that time, Pattinatthar heard the voice (divine voice made without bodily presence) of [[Lord Shiva]], which told him that, where the bottom of sugarcane stalk gives a sweet taste, at that place he will attain his salvation. After visiting various Shaivite shrines, Pattinatthar finally comes to [[Tiruvottiyur]] and eats sugarcane and its bottom stalk gives a sweet taste. At [[Tiruvottiyur]] beach, he requested some Yadhava children playing in the beach, to cover him with a big mud-plastered basket and to hold it tightly closed. The boys accede to his wish but twice, Pattinatthar got out by using his Siddhis and without opening the basket, while the children were holding it closed and standing guard. The third time, again he sits inside. This third time, the boys closed the basket and grip it very tightly closed. After a while, they open it. They are stunned to find [[Shivalingam|a Shivalingam]] instead of the [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]]. In the meantime, Sivakalai, Pattinatthar's wife sees a vision of him at [[Tiruvottiyur]] about to attain salvation.<ref name="Pride" />

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="eap">{{Cite web |title=Paddinatthar film PB 50 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP689-27-1-50 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] |language=ta}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[T. M. Soundararajan]] as Thiruvengadar
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Eshan Chettiar
* K. Natarajan as Badrugiriar
* [[Serukalathur Sama]] as Sivasharmar
* S. Ram Rao as Kanaku Pillai
* Sattampillai Venkatraman as Eshan Chettiar's Son
* [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as King Chola (Guest appearance)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="eap" />
* Gemini K. Chandra as Sivakalai
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Meenakshi
* S. R. Janaki as Gnanakalai
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Visalam
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|B. Leelavathi]] as Badrugiriar's wife
{{col-end}}
;Support cast<ref name="eap" />
* Vairam Krishnamurthi, Gemini G. V. Sharma, C. V. V. Panthulu, S. R. Gopal, Senkottai Gangadharan, G. Muthu, Kalavathi, S. Rukmani, P. A. Pushpamala, Rama & Radhabhai.

== Production ==
''Pattinathar'' is the feature film debut for [[Major Sundarrajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema – Major Sundarrajan |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Dec_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Major_Sundarrajan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215424/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Dec_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Major_Sundarrajan.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=Kalyanamalai |page=1}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]]. There are a number of songs composed by the Saint Pattinathar himself included in the film.<ref name="eap" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |location=Chennai |pages=74–75 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! length (m:ss) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Thiruvenkada Thiruvenkada" || Tiruchi Loganathan || || rowspan=6|T. K. Sundara Vaathiyaar
|-
| "Nilave Nee Intha" (Raga: Lalitha Panjamam) || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Leela || 3:29
|-
| "Thaayum Nee" || rowspan=11|T. M. Soundararajan || 3:20
|-
| "Bakthi Kondaduvom" ||3:04
|-
| "Kaappathun Paarum Ayya" ||1:00
|-
| "Muraiyo Neethiyo" || 2:43
|-
| "Enseyalaavathu" || 2:54 || rowspan=6|[[Pattinathar]]
|-
| "Aiyirandu Thingal" || 3:01
|-
| "Munnai Itta Thee" || 0:59
|-
| "Ondrendriru" || 3:23
|-
| "Vaalal Mahavarindu" || 2:51
|-
| "Oru Mada Maadhu" || 4:56
|-
| "Kannirunthum" || 2:40 || [[A. Maruthakasi]]
|-
| "Thanga Bommai" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 4:16 || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]
|-
| "Vakkanai Pesuvathil" || P. Suseela || 3:16 || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0245349}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)

2026-03-03T12:04:15Z

Abid: Put up initial post nd citations

{{Short description|2001 film by Rajat Mukherjee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya
| image = Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajat Mukherjee
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| writer = Rajat Mukherjee
| starring = [[Urmila Matondkar]] [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
| music = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cinematography = Sanjay Kapoor
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = Varma Corporation
| distributor = [[Eros Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|04|27}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|5.5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004162351/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=676 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|11.79 crore}}<ref name="auto" />
}}
'''''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya''''' ({{translation|''Love...What Have You Done?''}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], and directed by Rajat Mukherjee. It stars [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Urmila Matondkar]] and [[Sonali Kulkarni]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]]. The film, which marked Mukherjee's directorial debut, is mainly known for Matondkar's remarkable performance as an obsessed lover. It is a remake of the American film ''[[Fatal Attraction]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastry |first=Bhargav |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/hindi/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-movie-reviews-422-2.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=fullhyd.com |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106012516/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/hindi/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-movie-reviews-422-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ria Jaiswal ([[Urmila Matondkar]]) is a headstrong loner and angry woman and the only daughter of a rich businessman in [[Mumbai]], Mr. Jaiswal ([[Suresh Oberoi]]). Jaiswal loves his daughter but is concerned about her possessive nature. One day Ria sets out for a vacation in [[Goa]]. Jai Bhatt ([[Fardeen Khan]]) is a fashion photographer, happily married to Geeta Bhatt ([[Sonali Kulkarni]]). He meets Ria and takes photos of her without permission and publishes them in the magazine he works for. The magazine becomes a hit because of the pictures. The chief editor wants Ria to model for their magazine, but she refuses because she is angry at Jai for publishing her pictures without asking her. Jai manages to convince her to model, and she falls in love with him. She wants to talk to Jai about marriage, but when she visits his home, she is shocked to meet Geeta. Shaken and distraught, Ria slips into depression.

Ria confesses her feelings to Jai, who is startled. Seeing her weeping so much, he tells her that he would have accepted her love if not married. Jai tells Geeta everything and vows to stay away from Ria. However, Ria starts to get possessive about Jai, unable to forget him. She attempts suicide and calls him in the middle of the night. Jai has no choice but to save and console her. This troubles Geeta, and she tells Jai to file a police complaint. Jai and Geeta mend their relationship and go out on a date, but that same night, Ria breaks down, and Jai consoles her again. This angers Geeta even more.

Jai attends a company party with Geeta, not knowing that Ria has also been invited. Ria now wants Jai at any cost and flirts with him in front of Geeta, who leaves fuming. At home, Jai and Geeta have a huge argument and Geeta leaves angrily. Later, she realizes her mistake and decides to return, but Ria breaks in and starts getting intimate with Jai. Geeta enters the house and loses control upon seeing them together. She accidentally falls onto a glass table and hurts her head. Jai takes her to the hospital.

Ria tells Geeta that she should leave the marriage and let her and Jai live happily. Geeta explains that Jai does not love Ria as she so thinks, and nothing can break their relationship. Jai decides to leave the city because of Ria's obsessive nature. Ria calls Jai, asking him to meet one last time. He agrees but instead goes to meet Mr. Jaiswal and tries to tell him the truth. Jai calls Geeta and hears her being attacked by someone.

It's Ria, who has become completely unstable. She attempts to kill Geeta so that she can win Jai's love. Geeta tries to escape but fails. Just as Ria is about to kill her, Jai arrives. He pleads with her to let Geeta go, and he will leave Geeta to be with her. Ria, convinced, runs toward Jai, but he slaps her hard, making her unconscious. Mr. Jaiswal arrives, and Jai tells him what Ria did.

Six months later, Geeta and Jai are happy with their lives again while Ria is housed at a mental hospital. Her father arrives at Jai's house, asking him to meet her one last time as it's her birthday and it's only Jai that can make any impact on her, to which he agrees. Upon seeing Jai, Ria loses control and shakes him until her father and the hospital crew pull her away. Jai is left feeling guilty about Ria's mental condition.

== Cast ==
*[[Urmila Matondkar]] as Ria Jaiswal
*[[Fardeen Khan]] as Jai Bhatt, Geeta's husband.
*[[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Geeta Bhatt, Jai's wife.
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Mr. Jaiswal, Ria's father.
*[[Achint Kaur]] as Ria's mother
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Rampal Yadav / Chhota Vakeel
*[[Ravi Baswani]] as Vispy
*[[Gautami Kapoor]] Mrs. Jaiswal

== Soundtrack ==
The music and background score was composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=29 March 2001 |title=Refreshing!: The music review of Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/29pyaar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123130720/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/29pyaar.htm |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Official CD Box Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|02|24}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Nitin Raikwar
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singers
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
| title1 = Kambakth Ishq
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Pyar Tune Kya Kiya
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ku Ku Ku
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam
| length3 =
| title4 = Roundhe I
| extra4 = [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Pyar Tune Kya Kiya
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Mujh Ko Khuda Ne De Diya
| extra6 = [[Kavita Subramaniam]], Sonu Nigam
| length6 =
| title7 = Kambakth Mix
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam, Sukhwinder Singh, Asha Bhosle
| length7 =
| title8 = Roundhe II
| extra8 = [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| length8 =
}}

== Reception ==
Taran Adarsh of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 3 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, PYAAR TUNE KYA KIYA is a well-made film, which is targeted at the metros. The 'Kambakht Ishq' song and Urmila's bravura performance are two aces of this flick. The hype surrounding the film and the hit musical score will help the film take a great start and businesswise, this love story will have a pleasant ending at the box-office. If you are craving for something different, this film is for you. Go for it!<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=24 April 2001 |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/critic-review/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102107/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/critic-review/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-movie-review/ |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''Screen'' gave it a positive review, calling it "Sleek and spine-chilling."<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.S. |date=4 May 2001 |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya – Sleek and spine-chilling |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010504/freview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010709081520/http://www.screenindia.com/20010504/freview.html |archive-date=9 July 2001 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Screen |publisher=Express Group}}</ref> Nidhi Taparia of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "Well publicised and slickly promoted, Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya might appeal more to the metros than anywhere else."<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Taparia |first=Nidhi |date=27 April 2001 |title=Fatally Attracted |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/27pyaar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526225422/http://rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/27pyaar.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005 |access-date=2 December 2008 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[Dheevaanaa]]'', a 2001 Maldivian remake

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0281102}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Fatal Attraction]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

Umesh Varshney

2026-02-28T09:43:10Z

Abid: Started new stub

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Umesh Varshney
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|26}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Jiwaji University]] | [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] | [[University of Calgary]] | [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = Lashitew Gedamu Hans van de Sande
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Protein synthesis]] and DNA repair of [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
| awards = 1999 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Award]] 2001 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 2001 SBC P. S. Sarma Memorial Award 2002 [[Novo Nordisk]] Life Sciences Research Award
}}

'''Umesh Varshney''' (born 1957) is an Indian molecular biologist, academician and the head of a laboratory at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru.He is the recipient of Vigyan Shree award, 2024 from the president of India.<ref name="Why Venky Ramakrishnan is a great scientist">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/why-nobel-prize-winner-venkataraman-ramakrishnan-is-a-great-scientist/20091008.htm | title=Why Venky Ramakrishnan is a great scientist | publisher=ReDiff News | date=8 October 2009 | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> He is a J. C. Bose National Fellow of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and is known for his studies on [[protein synthesis]] and DNA repair in ''Escherichia coli'' and [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=99 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile - Varshney">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Varshney,_Dr_Umesh | title=Fellow profile - Varshney | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the National Academy of Sciences (India), he is also a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the Government of India.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varshney">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P08-1470 | title=Indian fellow - Varshney | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2001, and then in 2014 with the G. N. Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=201 | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Umesh Varshney, born on 26 October 1957 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], graduated in science from [[Jiwaji University]] in 1975 and completed his master's degree at [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] in 1979.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varshney" /> Moving to Canada, he did his doctoral studies on a Graduate Teaching Assistantship and Studentship by Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Foundation (AHFMR) under the guidance of Lashitew Gedamu and secured his doctoral degree from the [[University of Calgary]] in 1985. His post-doctoral studies were at the laboratory of Johan Hans van de Sande at the university and, later, at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] with U. L. RajBhandary. Returning to India in 1991, he started his career at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (then known as Centre for Genetic Engineering) of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an assistant professor, and promoted to associate professor (1997), professor (2002) and dean of the undergraduate programs<ref name="In the top league">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151207/jsp/you/story_57010.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115054019/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151207/jsp/you/story_57010.jsp | archive-date=15 January 2016 | title=In the top league | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=7 December 2015 | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> and heads a laboratory<ref name="Prof.Umesh Varshney's Lab">{{cite web | url=http://www.mcbl.iisc.ernet.in/Varshney/people.html | title=Prof.Umesh Varshney's Lab | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=16 October 2016 | archive-date=18 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202522/http://www.mcbl.iisc.ernet.in/Varshney/people.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> while chairing the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology of the Indian Institute of Science.<ref name="Make science an attractive career">{{cite journal | title=Make science an attractive career | journal=Nature | publisher=Nature.com | date=13 May 2015 | volume=521 | issue=7551 | pages=151–155 | doi=10.1038/521151a | pmid=25971494 | s2cid=4461796 | doi-access=free }}</ref> He is also an honorary faculty at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] since 1999<ref name="Honorary Faculty">{{cite web | url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/main_page.php/Honorary-Faculty/27/1/21/ | title=Honorary Faculty | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research | date=2016 | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> and is a collaborator of the Genome Metabolism and Biostruct Laboratory, Budapest.<ref name="Collaborator ">{{cite web | url=http://www.biostruct.org/ | title=Collaborator | publisher=Genome Metabolism and Biostruct Laboratory | date=2016 | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> He is currently the Chairman of the division of Biological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.

== Legacy ==
Varhsney's researches are primarily focused in the area of protein synthesis and DNA repair in ''Escherichia'' ''coli'' and ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.<ref name="Varshney on Division of Biological Sciences, IISc.">{{cite web | url=http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/umesh-varshney | title=Varshney on Division of Biological Sciences, IISc. | publisher=Division of Biological Sciences, IISc. | date=2016 | access-date=16 October 2016 | archive-date=19 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019053139/http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/umesh-varshney }}</ref><ref name="Project : Mechanism of protein synthesis; and DNA repair in bacteria">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/project/Mechanism-of-protein-synthesis-and-DNA-repair-in-bacteria | title=Project: Mechanism of protein synthesis; and DNA repair in bacteria | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> His researches are known to have assisted in a wider understanding of the biology of mycobacterium, more specifically the interaction between ribosome recycling factor and elongation factor G as well as the [[uracil]] [[excision repair]] pathway.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | page=34}}</ref> These studies are reported to have been aimed at developing newer drug targets and the attenuated strains.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varshney" /> He has detailed his research findings by way of articles published in peer-reviewed journals{{Refn|group=note|Please see Selected bibliography section}} and online scientific article repositories like [[ResearchGate]], [[Google Scholar]] and PubFacts have listed many of them.<ref name="Varshney on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umesh_Varshney2 | title=Varshney on ResearchGate | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Varshney on Google Scholar">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Bs6KngYAAAAJ&hl=en | title=Varshney on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Varshney on PubFacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Umesh+Varshney | title=Varshney on PubFacts | publisher=PubFacts | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> He was one of the organizers of the 2''1st International tRNA Workshop hel''d at Indian Institute of Science in December 2005, has guided several scholars in their doctoral researches<ref name="Indian fellow - Varshney" /> and delivered keynote addresses at many science conferences.<ref name="Confirmed Speakers">{{cite web | url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbsconf/15TM/speakers.html | title=Confirmed Speakers | publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research | date=January 2012 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Homage paid to scientist J.V. Bhat">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/homage-paid-to-scientist-jv-bhat/article8312146.ece | title=Homage paid to scientist J.V. Bhat | work=The Hindu | date=4 March 2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
In 1999, when the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of India instituted the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] as one of the prestigious science awards in the country,<ref name="Prestigious bioscience award for IICT scientist">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Prestigious-bioscience-award-for-IICT-scientist/articleshow/18997151.cms | title=Prestigious bioscience award for IICT scientist | publisher=Times of India | date=16 March 2013 | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Umesh Varshney was among the first recipients of the award.<ref name="Awardees for the year 1999">{{cite web | url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | title=Awardees for the year 1999 | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 2001, and then in 2014 he was awarded the G. N. Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology. In 2001, he received the P. S. Sarma Memorial Award of the Society of Biological Chemists (India) (SBC).<ref name="SBC booklet">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/images/sbc-rules%20(79%20Book).pdf | title=SBC booklet | publisher=Society of Biological Chemists (India) | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=9 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809130829/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/images/sbc-rules%20(79%20Book).pdf }}</ref> A life member of the SBC, he received the Life Sciences Research Award of [[Novo Nordisk]] Education Foundation in 2002 and the year 2008 brought him the elected fellowship of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] of India.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varshney"/> He was awarded the Vigyan Shri Award under [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] scheme in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) - 2024: Final List of Awardees |url=https://awards.gov.in/Home/GoToIndex?filename=Award%2FCommunication%2F202488013634H24ZU2.pdf|website=awards.gov.in |publisher=CASU, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar: Chandrayaan-3 team and 32 others selected for first ever edition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-chandrayaan-3-team-and-32-others-selected-for-first-ever-edition-here-is-full-list/articleshow/112349033.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=An evolutionarily conserved element in initiator tRNAs prompts ultimate steps in ribosome maturation | author=Sunil Shetty, Umesh Varshney | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=October 2016|doi=10.1073/pnas.1609550113 | volume=113 | issue=41 | pages=E6126–E6134| pmc=5068261 | pmid=27698115| bibcode=2016PNAS..113E6126S | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Two highly conserved features of bacterial initiator tRNAs license them to pass through distinct checkpoints in translation initiation | author=Sunil Shetty, Riyaz AHMAD Shah, Ullas V. Chembazhi, Shivjee Sah, Umesh Varshney | journal=Nucleic Acids Research | date=September 2016 | doi=10.1093/nar/gkw854 | pages=2040–2050 | pmid=28204695| pmc=5389676 | volume=45 | issue=4 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Structure of the second Single Stranded DNA Binding protein (SSBb) from Mycobacterium smegmatis | author=Amandeep Singh, Umesh Varshney, M. Vijayan | journal=Journal of Structural Biology | date=September 2016 | doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.012 | volume=196 | issue=3 | pages=448–454| pmid=27659385 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Evolution of initiator tRNAs and selection of methionine as the initiating amino acid | author=Souvik Bhattacharyya, Umesh Varshney | journal=RNA Biology | date=June 2016 | volume=13 | issue=9 | doi=10.1080/15476286.2016.1195943 | pages=810–819| pmc=5013993 | pmid=27322343}}
* {{cite journal | title=The Termination Phase in Protein Synthesis is not Obligatorily Followed by the RRF/EF-G-Dependent Recycling Phase | author=Bo Qin, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Takuya Ueda, Umesh Varshney, Knud H Nierhaus | journal=Journal of Molecular Biology | date=May 2016 | doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.019 | volume=428 | issue=18 | pages=3577–3587| pmid=27261258 }}
* {{cite journal | title=A unique uracil-DNA binding protein of the uracil DNA glycosylase superfamily | author=Pau Biak Sang, Thiruneelakantan Srinath, Aravind Goud G Patil, Eui-Jeon Woo, Umesh Varshney | journal=Nucleic Acids Research | date=August 2015 | doi=10.1093/nar/gkv854 | volume=43 | issue=17 | pages=8452–8463| pmid=26304551 | doi-access=free | pmc=4787834 }}{{cite journal|title=Simultaneous presence of fhs and purT genes is disadvantageous for the fitness of Escherichia coli growth|author=Srinivas Aluri, Kervin Rex, Umesh Varshney|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|date=June 2015|doi=10.1093/femsle/fnv101|volume=362|issue=14|article-number=fnv101|pmid=26100103|doi-access=free}}

{{Portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://meta.science/author/102447824_umesh_varshney | title=Umesh Varshney on Meta Science | publisher=Meta Science | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=18 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222504/https://meta.science/author/102447824_umesh_varshney }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umesh_Varshney2/publications | title=List of Publications | work=Article listing | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varshney, Umesh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jiwaji University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calgary alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Shobha Somnath Ki

2026-02-23T14:54:49Z

Abid: Started new data

{{short description|Indian historical television drama series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = Vikas Kapoor
| developer = Vikas Kapoor
| writer = Vikas Kapoor
| screenplay = Vikas Kapoor Virendra Singh Patyal
| director =
| starring = [[Vikramjeet Virk]] [[Ashnoor Kaur]]
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh
| opentheme = ''"Shobha Somnath ki"''
| endtheme =
| composer = Raju Singh [[Ravindra Jain]] Surya Raj Kamal
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 127
| list_episodes =
| producer = Vikas Kapoor (65 Episodes) Vikas Sethi Siddhart Kumar Tewary
| cinematography = Deepak Pandey
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = Candlestick Media [[Swastik Pictures]]
| network =
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|06|20}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2012|02|26}}
}}

'''''Shobha Somnath Ki''''' ({{langx|en|Shobha of Somnath}}) is an Indian historical television drama series on [[Zee TV]] based on [[Acharya Chatursen]]'s 1954 [[Hindi]] novel ''Somnath Mahalay''.<ref>[http://www.zeetv.com/news-media/press-releases/zee-tv-presents-the-biggest-ever-historical-magnum-opus-shobha-somnath-ki.html Press release: Zee TV presents The Biggest Ever Historical Magnum Opus Shobha Somnath Ki]</ref> It tells the story of a fictional young female called Shobha amid the infamous raids in western India by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Maḥmūd of Ghazni]] in the early 11th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another tale of valour|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/04/another-tale-of-valour-259540.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517140315/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/04/another-tale-of-valour-259540.html|archive-date=17 May 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

The show replaced another historical drama ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' on Zee TV. Initially, the drama was produced by [[Contiloe Entertainment]]. However, due to ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'' on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors TV]] and ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)]]'' on [[Star Plus]], Contiloe Telefilms handed over the reins to [[Swastik Pictures]]. The show was shown every day for some months, and was changed to being broadcast bi-weekly due to decreased popularity. Another show ''[[Hitler Didi]]'' replaced the time slot when ''Shobha Somnath Ki'' was shown (starting 7 November 2011). On 12 November 2011, the broadcast time was changed to weekends only. It aired its last episode on 26 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2012/02/zee_tv_axes_sho.php|title=ZEE TV axes 'Shobha Somnath Ki' this month|work=madia 247. co.uk|accessdate=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221050407/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2012/02/zee_tv_axes_sho.php |archivedate=21 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] as [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
* [[Srishty Rode]] as Princess Shobha
* [[Ashnoor Kaur]] as Young Princess Shobha
* [[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]] / [[Yash Tonk]] as Dadda Chalukya
* [[Preeti Puri]] / [[Amrita Raichand]] as Gayatri Devi
* Jignesh Mehta as Prince Bheemdev
* Azaan Ali Khan as Young Prince Bheemdev
*Priyanka Chhabra as Princess Chaula
*[[Navina Bole]] as Kausar Jahan
*[[Pankaj Dheer]] as Kirit Chalukya
*[[Reshmi Ghosh]] as Indumati
*[[Saadhika Randhawa]] as Indumati
*[[Avinash Wadhavan]] as Patan Samrat Vallabhev
* Seema Pandey / Roma Bali as Vijaylaxmi
*[[Vaquar Shaikh]] as Puru
* Siddharth Vasudev as Bhaanuman
*[[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] / [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Mahant Rudhrabhadra
*[[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Chandradev
*[[Shraddha Musale]] as Bhairavi
* Sonica Handa
*Aarun Nagar as Mantri
*[[Ahsaas Channa]] as Loma
* Kannan Arunachalam as Rudrabhadra

==Awards==

;ITA Awards

* 2011: Best Lyricist – Devendra Qafir
* 2011: Best Editing – Paresh Shah
* 2011: Best Costumes – Nidhi Yasha

;Zee Rishtey Awards

* 2011: Favourite Khalnayak – Vikramjeet Virk

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.zeetv.com/shows/shobha-somnath-ki/}}
* [http://www.bollywoodlife.com/pics/shobha-somnath-ki-on-the-sets ''Shobha Somnath Ki:'' On the sets]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]

Barpeta Road

2026-02-18T14:54:54Z

Abid:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barpeta Road
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Assamese
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.50|N|90.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Barpeta Road Municipality Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 35,571
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Barpetia dialect|Barpetia Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781315
| area_code = +91 03666
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AS 15
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barpeta Road''' or '''Athiyabari'''{{cn|date=November 2024}} as known earlier is a town and Commercial City of Assam a [[municipal board]] in [[Barpeta district]] in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]].

==Geography==
The town is {{convert|165|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above the sea level.

== Demography ==
Barpeta Road is a Municipal Board city situated in Barnagar Circle of Barpeta district. The Barpeta Road city is divided into 10 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total of 7,484 families residing in the Barpeta Road city. The total population of Barpeta Road is 35,571 out of which 18,489 are males and 17,082 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Barpeta Road is 924.

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Barpeta Road city is 3213 which is 9% of the total population. There are 1675 male children and 1538 female children between the ages of 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011, the child sex ratio of Barpeta Road is 918 which is less than the Average Sex Ratio (924).

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Barpeta Road is 87.2%. Thus Barpeta Road has a higher literacy rate compared to 63.8% of Barpeta district. The male literacy rate is 91.52% and the female literacy rate is 82.58% in Barpeta Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barpeta Road Municipal Board City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Assam |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801555-barpeta-road-assam.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Places of attraction==
Declared a national park in 1990, [[Manas National Park]] is located in the Himalayan foothills where it has unique biodiversity and scenic landscapes. It is one of the first reserves included in the Tiger Reserve network under Project Tiger in 1973. Covering an area of 2837 km2. Manas River flows through the park with a unique blending of dense jungles and grass-land, harbours the largest number of protected species of India including tiger, leopard, civet, elephants, buffalo, pygmy hog, golden langur, Assam roof turtle, and the Bengal florican.

This park is included as a site of international importance under UNESCO's World Heritage Convention in 1988 as well as the Biosphere Reserve in 1989. There are as many as 60 species of mammals, 312 birds, 42 reptiles, 7 amphibians, 54 fishes and more than 100 species of insects. The park has the unique feature of having the most number of endangered species found in India. The place can be reached by road from Barpeta Road (20 km)<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach Manas National Park |url=https://www.manasnationalparkonline.in/how-to-reach.php |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.manasnationalparkonline.in |language=english}}</ref> connecting National Highway No-31 which connects the rest of India. The forest lodges are situated inside the park at Mathanguri which lies at a distance of 40 km from Barpeta Road. Visitors are to obtain necessary permission for entry into the park at the office of Field Director Manas Tiger Reserve, Barpeta Road. The best time to visit the park is from November to April.

==Sports==
Barpeta Road is a very active town when it comes to sports. It has given birth to several sports persons representing the state. The natives are very good at football. The youths are more drawn towards [[taekwondo]] (a Korean martial art). There is a stadium named Barpeta Road Stadium for playing. Moreover, various intercity events are held by St Joseph's High School, St Mary's High School, Marian School and G.N. Bordoloi Memorial High School encouraging sports among the masses.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Transport==
The town lies beside [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]]. The town is at a distance of 135 kilometres by road from [[Guwahati]], the largest city in the region. By railway, the distance is 113 kilometres, covered in two to three hours. The nearest airport is [[Gauhati Airport]], which is at a distance of 135 kilometres. The town is well connected through regular buses and trains to all the parts of the country.

Direct train service from [[Barpeta Road railway station]] connects the town to [[Trivandrum]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]] in southern India; [[Mumbai]], [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner]] in western India; [[New Delhi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]] in central India; and [[Kolkata]], [[Puri]], [[Dibrugarh]] in eastern India.{{cn|date=November 2024}} The town is at a distance of 21 kilometres from the district headquarters of the Barpeta district. The town is the gateway to [[Manas National Park]]. The town is one of the most important places in Western Assam and is an ideal place for trade and commerce. The town is referred to be the commercial capital of Western Assam.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Western Assam}}

[[Category:Barpeta Road| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Lower Assam]]

Dharmender Rana

2026-02-07T18:43:47Z

Abid: general expand formatting for accuracy and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dharmender Rana
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Judge
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dharmender Rana''' is an Indian jurist, and an officer in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service.

== Career and notable cases ==
Currently, Judge Rana is posted as an Additional Sessions Judge in the New Delhi District, [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House Court]] and exercises jurisdiction pertaining to criminal matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/list-judges|title = List of Judges/District Court in India | Official Website of District Court of India}}</ref> Earlier, he served as an Additional Registrar at the [[Supreme Court of India]], working in the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, Mediation and Conciliation Project Committee, and Supreme Court Mediation Center.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Website : Delhi District Courts | url=https://delhidistrictcourts.nic.in/jan18/16d.pdf | access-date=2025-02-16 | website=delhidistrictcourts.nic.in}}</ref>

Judge Rana was in the news, on multiple occasions, when he stayed the death warrants against the Nirbaya convicts. However, after the convicts exhausted all legal remedies he issued the final death warrant that was executed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-delhi-court-postpones-execution-till-further-orders/article30703226.ece|title=Nirbhaya case: Delhi court defers execution of convicts until further orders|first=Soibam Rocky|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 31, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

In June 2020, he denied bail to [[Safoora Zargar]] in the Delhi riots case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/safoora-zargar-bail-delhi-riots-6443315/|title=Court rejects Safoora bail: 'If you play with embers, can't blame the wind for fire'|first=Anand|last=Mohan J|website=Indian Express|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Although while hearing the case on another occasion, he had made several observations critical of the manner in which the [[Delhi Police]] had investigated the case, remarking the bias and lack of objectivity in the investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/probe-targeted-only-towards-one-end-in-riots-case-says-delhi-court/article31699048.ece|title=Probe targeted only towards one end in riots case, says Delhi court|website=The Hindu|date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, after the entire hearing in an INR 8100 crore bank loan fraud case, Judge Rana recused from the case, citing that there were efforts to influence him, and sent it to the district judge for assignment to another judge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/judge-recuses-from-81k-crore-bank-loan-fraud-case-against-sterling-biotech-owners/article32660809.ece|title=Judge recuses from ₹8.1K crore bank loan fraud case against Sterling Biotech owners|newspaper=The Hindu|date=September 21, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The District Judge reassigned the case back to Judge Rana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/sterling-biotech-case-reassigned-to-same-judge-who-recused-earlier/articleshow/78258231.cms?from=mdr|title=Sterling Biotech case reassigned to same judge who recused earlier|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Judge Dharmender Rana is working as Principal Registrar at Armed Forces Tribunal on deputation since May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organization Structure|url=https://www.aftdelhi.nic.in/index.php/members-org/organization-structure}}</ref>

While passing the bail order in the Disha Ravi case, Judge Rana stated, "The law of sedition is a powerful tool in the hands of the state to maintain peace and order in the society. However, it cannot be invoked to quieten the disquiet under the pretence of muzzling the miscreants."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/nirbhaya-safoora-zargar-judge-dharmender-rana-disha-ravi-bail-order|title=Nirbhaya, Safoora Zargar and more: Notable verdicts passed by Judge Dharmender Rana before the Disha Ravi bail order|first=Aditi|last=Singh|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news}}</ref> After the [[Disha Ravi]] bail order, Judge Rana received threats from social media users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/28/agenda-driven-criticism-of-judges-worrying-trend-say-legal-experts-2269919.html|title='Agenda-driven' criticism of judges worrying trend, say legal experts|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Dharmender}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rao Bahadur Ramanath Iyer Award

2026-02-05T13:09:56Z

Abid: Put up first bio nd citations...

{{unsourced|date=April 2021}}
The '''Rao Bahadur Ramanath Iyer Award''' was instituted to promote the cotton research work, in India. This is being bestowed by the [[Indian Society for Cotton Improvement]]. Mumbai. [[Ramanath Iyer]] was a prominent cotton breeder in [[Tamil Nadu]], during the early part of 20th Century.

==See also==

* [[List of agriculture awards]]

[[Category:Agriculture awards of India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{award-stub}}

Raja Mohar Singh

2026-01-30T12:29:31Z

Abid: Put up first bio more to come...

{{Short description|Ruler of Mahura from 1894 to 1923}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{moresources|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Raja Mohar Singh
| title = The Ruler of Maurha
| image =
| reign = 1894-1923
| coronation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| predecessor =
| successor = Babu Jai Prasad Singh
| spouse =
| issue = Babu Ram Prasad Singh Babu Jai Prasad Singh
| royal house = [[Chandravanshi]], [[Rajput]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Maurha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1923
| death_place = [[Maurha]]
| place of burial=
|}}

'''Raja Mohar Singh''' was a [[Rajput]] of [[Chandravanshi]] ([[Somavanshi]]) [[dynasty]]. Raja Mohar Singh was the Raja of [[Maurha]] from 1894 until 1923.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/maurh#history|title=Maurha (Taluq)}}</ref>

==History==
There he built a Bhawan and called it Mohar Bhawan after himself. Subsequently, the area around the Bhawan became known as [[Maurha]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohar Singh}}
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]

Wasud Akola

2026-01-23T06:50:37Z

Abid: Started a info

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Akola (Wasud)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Temple photoAkola.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Siddhanath Temple, Akola
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = sardar shamrao ligade
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5421
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = Pincode
| postal_code = 413307
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| mottoeng =
| coordinates =
}}
''' Akola (Wasud)''' is a small village in [[Sangole]] taluka, [[Solapur district]], ([[Maharashtra]]), India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/23880987/Sardar-Shamrao-Ligade-vidyalaya-and-Jr-College-Akola-wasud Sardar Shamrao Ligade vidyalaya and Jr. College, Akola]

{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Solapur district]]

Kothapalle mandal

2026-01-13T05:56:17Z

Abid: put up new post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothapalle Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 115.46
| coordinates = {{coord|17.08|82.31|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kothapalle Mandal''' is one of the 64 mandals in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4912-kothapalle-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Villages & Towns in Kothapalle Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> there are 16 villages.

== Demographics ==
Kothapalle Mandal has total population of 82,788 as per the Census 2011. Out of which 41,466 are males while 41,322 are females and the average Sex Ratio of Kothapalle Mandal is 997. The total literacy rate of Kothapalle Mandal is 59.88%. The male literacy rate is 56.19% and the female literacy rate is 50.99%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/kothapalle-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4912|title=Kothapalle Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh - Census India|website=www.censusindia.co.in}}</ref>

== Towns & Villages ==
=== Villages ===
#Amaravalli
#Aminabada
#Gorsa
#Komaragiri
#Kondevaram
#[[Kothapalle, East Godavari district|Kothapalle]]
#Kutukudumilli
#Mulapeta
#Nagulapalle
#P. Isukapalle
#Ponnada
#K. Isukapalle
#Ramanakkapeta
#Subbampeta
#Uppada
#Vakatippa
#Yendapalle

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nandyal district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Lal Mohan Gupta

2026-01-10T10:27:14Z

Abid: added new stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lal Mohan Gupta
| image =
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency1 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| term_start1 = 7 May 2024
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|1|5}}
| birth_place = [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]] B.A., LLB [[Bihar School Examination Board|BSEB]] (Matric.)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| source = https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/profile/92
}}

'''Lal Mohan Gupta''' (born 5 January 1963) is an Indian politician,<ref name="Lal Mohan Gupta">{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Bihar_council_2024/Lal%20Mohan%20Gupta.pdf |title = Lal Mohan Gupta's all information releated to MLC}}</ref> currently serving as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/shahnawaz-hussain-ticket-cut-dr-lal-mohan-gupta-and-anamika-singh-place-in-list-of-bihar-bjp-mlc-candidates-2634792|title=कौन हैं लाल मोहन गुप्ता और अनामिका सिंह, जिन्हें BJP ने दिया मौका, शाहनवाज हुसैन का कटा टिकट|first=एबीपी|last=लाइव|date=9 March 2024|work=ABP News}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news4nation.com/news/who-is-lal-mohan-gupta-whom-bjp-has-made-the-vp-candidate-the-mlas-and-leaders-of-the-party-themselves-do-not-know-about-them-258484|title=कौन हैं लाल मोहन गुप्ता जिन्हें BJP ने बनाया है विप कैंडिडेट ? दल के ही विधायक और नेता नहीं जानते इनके बारे में.....|website=@News4Nation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-wave-of-happiness-among-supporters-when-lalmohan-gupta-becomes-mlc-9540169.html|title=लालमोहन गुप्ता के एमएलसी बनने पर समर्थकों में खुशी की लहर|website=Hindustan |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref name="CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lal Mohan Gupta was born to Ram Prasad on 5 January 1963 in [[Munger district|Munger]], Bihar.<ref name="Lal Mohan Gupta"/><ref name="VidhanParishad_Profile"/> He has a bachelor's degree in law.<ref name="VidhanParishad_Profile">{{cite web |title=Personal Details - श्री लाल मोहन गुप्‍ता |url=https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/profile/92 |website=vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Bihar]] |language=hi |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Education==
During his early years, Gupta studied under [[Bihar School Examination Board|BSEB]] curriculum. After his matriculation exams in 1978, he studied law at [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]] and graduated from the same university with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 1992.<ref name="Lal Mohan Gupta"/>

==See also==
*[[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
*[[Bihar Legislative Council]]
*[[Government of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Lal Mohan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Cherian Philip

2025-12-24T18:56:51Z

Abid: improved citations for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cherian Philip
| image = Cheriyan Philip.jpg
| office = <nowiki>Coordinator, Nava Kerala Action plan and Kerala Tourism development Corporation KTDC Director 2006to 2009 2016 to 2019Government of
Kerala]]</nowiki>
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|11|21}}
| birth_place = [[Chengannur]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]), India
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| occupation = Consultant, [[Kairali TV 2013 2016]]
| party = [[indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1969 2001,2021 present)Left Fellow Traveler 2001 to 2021
| website = [http://www.cherianphilip.org cherianphilip.org]
| footnotes =
| year = 2019 to 2020 kerala tourism department ktdc secerty 2020 January to 2020 March
| source =
}}

'''Cherian Philip''' (born 21 November 1954) is an Indian politician and is KPCC political study centre chairman member, KPCC political affairs committee member, and AICC member. He was the Coordinator of Nava Kerala Action Plan, which is an initiative of the [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]-led [[Government of Kerala]]. He was the Secretary of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] while [[A. K. Antony]] was in presidency. He was a prominent youth and student leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in seventies and eighties. A political historian of [[Kerala]] and [[India]], he has authored several books. He worked as a consultant for [[Kairali TV]] and People TV (now Kairali News). He was the Chairman of [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] (KTDC)<ref name="exprwebsite">{{cite web |title=Cherian Philip's website launched |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article206823.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112011214/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article206823.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |accessdate=30 August 2010 |date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KTF - 2007 - Mega Tourism Festival in Cochin. |url=http://www.keralatourismfestival.com/update.php |work=Kerala Tourism Festival 2007 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215044358/http://www.keralatourismfestival.com/update.php |archive-date=15 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abolish post of Collector: Cherian Philip |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/12/stories/2010021255340400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108000710/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/12/stories/2010021255340400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=30 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Record achievements for KTDC |url=http://hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110155040500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105092758/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110155040500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2009 |accessdate=30 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 November 2009}}</ref> and founder president of ''Kerala Deshiya Vedhi'' - a social organisation. He returned to Congress(I) on 28 October 2021.

==Early life==
Cherian Philip was born in [[Aratupuzha]], [[Chengannur]], as the elder son of K. C. Philip, Kadavana sub family of Pakalomattom Ayrookuzhiyil, a prominent [[Saint Thomas Christian]] family of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayrookuzhiyil.org/kcphilip.html |title=Ayrookuzhiyil Family |accessdate=2 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106113800/http://www.ayrookuzhiyil.org/kcphilip.html |archivedate=6 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ayookuzhiyil Kudumbacharitram |publisher=Ayookuzhiyil Kudumba Charitra Committee |year=2005 |pages=134}}</ref>

He studied at [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]].

==Political career==
Cherian Philip entered politics through [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) in 1967 as school unit President while [[Oommen Chandy]] was its president. He was elected as the Secretary of the [[Kerala University]] Union and Senate Member of Kerala University in 1974. He became the General Secretary of KSU in 1975 and its President in 1979–80. From 1980 onwards, he was the Vice President of Kerala Pradesh Youth Congress and from 1982–89, was the General Secretary of Youth Congress. During the period 1984–89, he was the member of Indian Youth Congress National Council. Then became the Secretary of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC). In 1992, he constituted a new social organization named ''Kerala Desiya Vedhi'' in his Presidency. Until 2001, he was in the [[Indian National Congress]] and later quit Congress. He contested against Oommen Chandy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/04/06/stories/0406211f.htm |title=CPI(M) may back Cherian Philip |date=6 April 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=24 January 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> as a protest against power monopoly in the Congress. His demand was not to give tickets to MLA's completed two terms or 10 years. But the Congress leadership denied it.

In the [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he contested as Congress candidate but lost to [[T. K. Ramakrishnan]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam constituency]] by a mere 2682 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/1991/1991090.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results 1991: KOTTAYAM |publisher=keralaassembly.org |accessdate=2 July 2009}}</ref>

In the [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he contested as an Independent candidate supported by [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] against [[Oommen Chandy]] at [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php4?year=2001&no=92 |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2001: 92. PUTHUPPALLY |year=2001 |publisher=keralaassembly.org |accessdate=2 July 2009}}</ref>

In the [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he contested against [[Joseph M. Puthussery]] in [[Kallooppara|Kallooppara constituency]] and in [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] contested against [[K. Muraleedharan]] in [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu constituency]].

He anchored and produced social critical weekly programme ''Cherian Philip Pratikarikkunnu'' on [[Kairali TV]] for 10 years from 2001–06 and 2011–16 which ran about 500 episodes.

He was the Chairman of [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] (KTDC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktdc.com/ |title=Home |website=ktdc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism needs more funds: KTDC chief |url=http://hindu.com/2010/01/27/stories/2010012753250400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201080720/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/27/stories/2010012753250400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2010 |accessdate=30 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 January 2010}}</ref> International Marina ([[Kochi]]), Kerala House ([[Chennai]]), GV Raja Convention Centre ([[Kovalam]]), Beach Camp ([[Bekal]]), Golden Peak Resorts ([[Ponmudi]]) and 14 Tamarind Hotel during his tenure.

He worked as the consultant for Kairali TV and People TV (now Kairali News). He is the author of seven books: ''Kaal Noottandu'' (Political History of Kerala), ''Swathanthryathinu Shesham'' (Political History of India), ''Vidyabhyasa Viplavam'' (an educational study), ''Azhimathiyude Kara'' (a social criticism), ''Gulfile Keralam'' (a Lifestyle study), ''Nethrunira'' (Life sketches of 200 Kerala politicians), ''Rashtriya Vijnjanam'' (political theory), ''Idanazhikalil'' (Autobiography).

Cherian Philip received several awards from the [[Government of Kerala]] and social organizations for his books and TV programmes. H was editor of ''Kalashala'' fortnightly official organ of KSU (1974–80). Was the political correspondent of ''Veekshanam'' daily (1976–82). He was the editor of ''Socialist Youth Monthly'', the official organ of Youth Congress from 1980–87 and also the convenor of ''YuvaPratibha'', a cultural organization. He attended World Youth Festivals in [[Moscow]] (1984), [[Korea]] (1989). He visited more than 30 countries in the world. He returned to Congress(I) on 28 October 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106113800/http://www.ayrookuzhiyil.org/kcphilip.html Ayrookuzhiyil Kadavana Family]
*[http://cherianphilip.org/blog.php Cherian Philip's blog]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607055633/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/06/stories/0406211f.htm CPI(M) may back Cherian Philip]}}, [[The Hindu]], 6 April 2001
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221538/http://ceokerala.nic.in/SE/106/CHERIAN_PHILIP/CHERIANPHILIP.htm CHERIAN PHILIP: Affidavits filed by Candidate ]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607055652/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/01/12/stories/2003011202240400.htm Real estate racket behind GIM, says Cherian Philip]}}, [[The Hindu]] 12 January 2003
*[http://ktdc.com KTDC.com]
*[http://keralatourism.gov.in/index.php?zone=4&menu=19&issue=162&news=1066&cat=0 Site of Kerala Tourism Department, Govt of Kerala, India]
*[http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ktdc-properties-less-affected-by-the-slow-down-cherian-philip-4730 KTDC properties less affected by the slow down: Cherian Philip, 21 January 2009]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107232822/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2007/08/25/stories/2007082559500100.htm VS inaugurates Onam celebrations], [[The Hindu]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106052340/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/04/14/stories/0414211o.htm TV channels call the bluff of Kerala politicians]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100225035808/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022060910200.htm "Cherian Philip lashes out at administrative service officers"], [[The Hindu]], 20 February 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100826043917/http://www.in.com/videos/watchvideo-ak-antony-is-my-political-mentor-cherian-philip-8615908.html Ak Antony is my political mentor: Cherian Philip] in.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202115015/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/29/stories/2007112960770300.htm Retain Upper Sanatorium: Cherian Philip], [[The Hindu]], 29 November 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904125411/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/janata-dal-demands-resignation-cherian-philip_92913.html/comment-page-1 Janata Dal demands resignation of Cherian Philip], Asianet, 23 October 2009
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thirupuram/KTDC-chief-calls-for-probe-into-purchase-of-boat-/articleshow/5156736.cms KTDC chief calls for probe into purchase of boat], [[The Times of India]], 24 October 2009

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, Cherian}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Pakalomattam family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]

Muzaffar Ali

2025-11-19T01:57:26Z

Abid:

{{Short description|Indian film producer (born 1944)}}
{{about||the Bangladeshi politician|Muzaffar Ali (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Muzaffar Ali (cropped).jpg
| name = Muzaffar Ali
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| title = [[Padma Shri]] (2005)
| spouse = {{ubl|Geeti Sen (divorced)| [[Subhashini Ali]] (estranged)| Meera Ali}}
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Kenizé Mourad]] (half-sister) [[Selma Hanımsultan]] (Stepmother) [[Kaniz Wajid Khan]] (aunt)
}}
'''Muzaffar Ali''' (born 21 October 1944) is an Indian filmmaker, fashion designer, poet, artist, cultural revivalist, and social worker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Muzaffar Ali — Opulent Decadence {{!}} FCCI journal|url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/muzaffar-ali-opulent-decadence/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Journal of Indian Cinema|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117085705/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/muzaffar-ali-opulent-decadence/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-has-lost-the-plot-Muzaffar-Ali/articleshow/5018155.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-17/news-interviews/28082867_1_artistes-bollywood-smita-patil |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-03 |title=Bollywood has lost the plot: Muzaffar Ali |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=2009-09-17 |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200802042069.htm |title=Muzaffar Ali deplores MNS stand against North Indians, Bachchan |work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=2008-02-04 |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/others/Muzaffar-Ali-in-Lucknow/articleshow/6256615.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-04/others/28293586_1_tourism-hub-la-martiniere-cii |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-03 |title=Muzaffar Ali in Lucknow|work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=2010-08-04 |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref>

==Biography==
Raja Muzaffar was born in [[Lucknow]] of the erstwhile [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]], in 1944.<ref name="Ashish99">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1579581463 |url= {{GBurl| rF8ABAAAQBAJ |p=1929|dq=|q=}} |pages= 1929–1930 |format=Ebook}}</ref> The eldest son of Raja Syed Sajid Husain Ali, then-ruling prince of the principality of Kotwara in [[Gola Gokaran Nath]], Muzaffar attended [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martiniere]], Lucknow,<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Muzaffar-Ali-If-I-could-make-Rekha-look-beautiful-I-could-also-make-other-women-look-beautiful/articleshow/48361485.cms|title=Muzaffar Ali: If I could make Rekha look beautiful, I could also make other women look beautiful|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=2016-08-06|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> and graduated in science from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="Ashish99" /> He worked in advertising before turning to film making.<ref name="Ashish99" /> His early directorial films are ''[[Gaman]]'' (1978) and ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981). He also directed and starred in the TV series ''Jaan-e-Alam''.<ref name="Ashish99"/>

==Personal life==
Muzaffar Ali is currently married to Meera Ali, an architect and fashion designer, with whom he has a daughter Sama, who is also a fashion designer.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/relative-value-heritage-after-a-fashion/articleshow/57105008.cms|title=Relative value: Heritage, after a fashion|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=2017-02-12|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> He later became a fashion designer, creating a fashion label with Meera in 1990.<ref name="Ashish99" /><ref name=":0" />

He was earlier married to the art historian Geeti Sen, with whom he has a son Murad Ali, a film actor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He is estranged from his second wife, communist politician [[Subhashini Ali]], with whom he has a son [[Shaad Ali]], also a film director.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Directorial filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Director !! Writer !! Producer !! Notes
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Gaman]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Aagaman]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Anjuman (1986 film)|''Anjuman'']]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Jaanisaar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| {{n/a}}
| ''[[Zooni]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Unreleased<ref>{{cite web|title=Guftagoo with Muzaffar Ali Rajya Sabha TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-xylBciDnA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/l-xylBciDnA |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|publisher=youtube|access-date=2014-05-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2005)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)]] - ''[[Gaman]]'' (1978)
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director]] - [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|''Umrao Jaan'']] (1981)
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0019464}}
* [http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Muzaffar-Ali.htm A man for all arts]
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Muzaffar}}
[[Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri]]
[[Category:Artists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

2009 Shopian rape and murder hoax

2025-11-17T09:26:03Z

Abid: starting article...

{{short description|Rape and murder case in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| map={{switcher
| {{Location map |India
| float = center
| width = 250
| label = Shopian
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.72|74.83}}
}}
| Show map of India
| {{Location map |India Jammu and Kashmir
| float = center
| width = 250
| label = Shopian
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.72|74.83}}
}}
| Show map of Jammu and Kashmir}}
| location = Bongam, [[Shopian]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = 29 May 2009
| type = purported rape and murder, later determined to have been accidental deaths
| fatalities = 2
}}

In 2009, allegations began circulating of the purported abduction, rape and murder of two young women{{snd}} Asiya Jan and Neelofar Jan{{snd}} allegedly by the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] of India.<ref name="Greater Kashmir 2019">{{cite web | title=Asiya, Neelofar rape & murder: No justice to victims as a decade passes | website=Greater Kashmir | date=2019-05-29 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/asiya-neelofar-rape-murder-no-justice-to-victims-as-a-decade-passes | access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Fida 2017">{{cite news | last=Fida | first=Rouf | title=Aisya-Neelofar case: Shakeel's nightmare hasn't ended yet | website=Free Press Kashmir | date=2017-05-30 | url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2017/05/30/aisya-neelofar-case-shakeels-nightmare-hasnt-ended-yet/ | access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|title=Deaths provoke Kashmir protests|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8076666.stm|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Between 29 and 30 May 2009, at Bongam, [[Shopian district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the two women (sisters-in-law) had gone missing from their orchard on the way home on 29 May 2009. The next morning, their bodies were found both one kilometer apart. Local police concluded the women appeared to have drowned in a stream, rejecting allegations that their deaths were homicides.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

On 22 June 2023, the Jammu and Kashmir administration, invoking Article 311(2)(c) of the Constitution of India, terminated two doctors, Dr. Bilal Ahmad Dalal and Dr. Nighat Shaheen Chilloo, claiming the two were "actively working" with Pakistan-based groups and falsifying evidence in the case. According to officials, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) found that the deaths of Asiya Jan and Neelofar Jan on 29 May 2009, were due to accidental drowning, not rape or murder. The doctors allegedly manipulated the post-mortem report to frame security forces, aiming to incite disaffection against the Indian state. The CBI charge-sheeted them and 11 other people in December 2009 for "misleading the investigations and fabricating evidence about rape and murder".<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=22 June 2023 |title=Two J&K doctors dismissed for fabricating evidence in 2009 'Shopian rape-murder' case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-jk-doctors-dismissed-for-fabricating-evidence-in-2009-shopian-rape-murder-case/article66997254.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jk-sacks-two-doctors-for-working-with-pakistan-based-groups-and-fabricating-evidence-in-the-shopian-rape-murder-case-101687454454303.html "Shopian rape, murder case: Two J&K docs dismissed for fabricating evidence at Pak’s behest"], hindustantimes.com. Accessed 11 June 2025.</ref>

==Victims==
Neelofar Jan, aged 22 and Asiya Jan, aged 17, were sisters-in-law and resided in Bongam, Shopian. Neelofar Jan was married to Shakeel Ahmed Ahangar and the couple had a two-year-old son. Asiya Jan was the daughter of Abdul Gani Ahangar.

==Initial stages of investigations==
Local villagers stated that the two women were raped and the murdered by members of security forces. A protest called by [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] of the [[Hurriyat]] called for a shutdown of business, but later turned violent, as a consequence of which the administration declared a curfew.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurriyat shutdown brings Kashmir to a stand still|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/01/hurriyat-shutdown-brings-kashmir-to-a-standstill.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

A press release by the police on 30 May stated that "Post-mortem conducted revealed no marks on the dead bodies including private parts." No FIR was registered for either rape or murder<ref>{{cite web|title=A flawed inquiry|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2617/stories/20090828261703500.htm|publisher=Frontline}}</ref> and the government of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ordered for a judicial probe to be led by retired Justice Muzaffar Jan into the incident due to people's lack of faith in police investigations. Concerns arose after the doctor who conducted the post-mortem admitted to the Central Bureau of Investigation that the vaginal swabs that she had submitted to them for testing were fabricated from discarded lab items, and that she had not taken any swabs from the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-27 |title='Shopian victims' swab samples switched' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shopian-victims-swab-samples-switched/story-6KOPotZlXyfCQGPIdxg3AI.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-27 |title=Shopian case: Doc sent fictitious slides for forensic lab, CBI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/shopian-case-doc-sent-fictitious-slides-for-forensic-lab-cbi/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, testing by the Central Forensic Laboratory proved that the samples submitted after post-mortem did not match the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopian case: SIT questions doctors |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shopian-case-sit-questions-doctors/502898/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

On 7 June 2009, Jammu and Kashmir police filed FIR of rape and murder following widespread protests across the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shopian rape case: FIRs filed as protests enter seventh day|url=http://www.sify.com/news/shopian-rape-case-firs-filed-as-protests-enter-seventh-day-news-features-jghvaKedgjd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222060016/http://www.sify.com/news/shopian-rape-case-firs-filed-as-protests-enter-seventh-day-news-features-jghvaKedgjd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-22|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/shopian-case-doctor-submits-own-vaginal-swab-113820 |title = Shopian case: Doctor submits own vaginal swab}}</ref>

==Case history==
On 31 May 2009, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah, appointed retired Justice Muzaffar Jan to carry out the probe and complete the inquiry in one month's time. The Superintendent of Police, Dr Haseeb Mughal, and The Chief Prosecuting Officer, Abdul Majid Dar, were to assist in the probe, headed by Justice (retired) Muzaffar Jan. The report would be subsequently tabled in the state assembly to make it public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice Jan assures fair probe|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Jun/9/justice-jan-assures-fair-probe-53.asp|publisher=Greaterkashmir.com}}</ref> The notification issued in this regard by the Home Department said that the Commission shall:
* ascertain whether there had been any foul play in their death and, if so, identify the person/persons responsible.
* perform all other functions necessary for holding of inquiry and submit its report within one month from the date of the notification.
* ascertain whether there was any failure on the part of any government department in the conduct of any investigation or handling of the post-incident situation.
* The Commission, appointed in exercise of powers conferred by Section 3 of the J&K Commission of Inquiry Act, shall recommend action as deemed necessary against the person/persons involved/responsible and suggest action as may be necessary to ensure non-repetition of such incidents.
The government has further directed that the provisions of sub-section 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Section 5 of Commission of Inquiry Act shall be applicable to the Commission.

===Outcome of Justice Jan commission===
The final report filed by Justice Jan Commission is summarised in seven parts.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727085915/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part1.pdf Part 1]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727135510/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part2.pdf Part 2]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727123710/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part3.pdf Part 3]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727124605/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part4.pdf Part 4]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727140824/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part5.pdf Part 5]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727085108/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part6.pdf Part 6]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727094939/http://www.hindu.com/nic/shopian/shopian-part7.pdf Part 7]

===Timeline of probe and police findings and fact-finding committee===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Details
|-
| 6 June 2009
|Justice (retired) Muzaffar Jan established his office in Circuit House Shopian and started its functioning.<ref name="Shopian bar">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121230050/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13626|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2020|title=Shopian Bar forms fact finding team|last=Dar|first=Shabir|date=7 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref>

The Shopian Bar Association formed a six-member ‘fact finding committee’ which included Advocate S M Iqbal, Advocate Ajaz Hussain, Advocate Ghulam Hassan Dar, Advocate Sheikh Mubarak and Advocate A M Mir and headed by Advocate M.Y. Bhat.<ref name="Shopian bar" /> The Forensic Science Lab report confirmed gang rape of the duo. Reports were presented to the authorities on Sunday, 7 June 2009.
|-
| 7 June 2009
| Police registered a case under section 376 of [[Indian Penal Code]] after Forensic Sciences Laboratory (FSL) report confirming rape on two women. The case was registered under FIR no 112/2009 in Police Station Shopian.<ref name="Police Admits Rape">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13659&Itemid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122182800/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13659&Itemid=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2020|title=Police Admits Rape|last=Khalid|first=Wasim|date=8 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>
|-
| 8 June 2009
| The director general of police, Kuldeep Khoda, ordered that a three-member special investigation team consisting of Shah-Din Malik (SP commandant IRP 5th battalion as Incharge), Mushtaq Ahmad Shah (deputy superintendent of police, Awantipora) and Najeeb Hussain Nahvi (senior prosecuting officer of Crime Branch Kashmir) expeditiously investigate the matter. The three-man team would investigate the case under the supervision of DIG South Kashmir Range.<ref name="DGP constitutes 3-member SIT">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13682&Itemid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122142938/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13682&Itemid=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2020|title=DGP constitutes 3-member SIT|date=9 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>
Commission ordered police to handover a complete report about the duty schedule and leave schedule of the policemen stationed in various pickets around the place wherefrom the two women disappeared on 29 May besides commission along with his team also visited both the spots from where police recovered the bodies.<ref name="Judicial Comn yet to see FSL, post-mortem reports">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13681|title=Judicial Comn yet to see FSL, post-mortem reports|last=Dar|first=Shabir|date=9 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-03|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816134145/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13681|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|9 June 2009
|CoI summoned all the doctors of both teams which had conducted post-mortems of the victims and recorded their statements in detail.<ref name="CoI rules out drowning ">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121224800/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13709|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2020|title=CoI rules out drowning |last=Ali|first=Shabir|date=10 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref>
Health officials submitted their report to DGP. Reports ruled out death of the victims due to drowning or consuming poison. The report said unmarried girl Asiya died due to violent sexual assaults. The assaults were so violent that she sustained severe multiple injuries, resulting in bleeding of various body parts and subsequent death while Neelofar died of [[neurogenic shock]].<ref name="Health officials submit report to DGP ‘Neelofar, Asiya raped, died of physical assaults’">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13712 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122060814/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13712 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2020 |title=Health officials submit report to DGP 'Neelofar, Asiya raped, died of physical assaults'|last=Khalid|first=Wasim|date=10 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shopian-women-didnt-drown-were-raped-murdered-doctors/474067/1|title=Shopian women didn't drown, were raped, murdered: doctors|author1=Toufiq Rashid |author2=Majid Jahangir |date=10 June 2009|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|10 June 2009
|Police filed FIR against murder of the duo under 302 Ranbir Penal Code.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906101809.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hindu.com |date=10 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105111829/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906101809.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|12 June 2009
|Former SP Javed Iqbal Mattoo admitted his failure of duties in front of the commission led by retired Justice Muzaffar Jan, who seized his SIM card. The SP said received a call from Station House Officer at 5:30 am on 30 May 2009 for recovery of body of Neelofar Jan and instead of reaching the crime site, he was busy exercising at his residence and to add on, he didn't appoint any guards to the crime site for recovery of any evidence or links to culprits. He further mentioned that there were distinct marks of violence and injuries on the bodies of victims but still no FIR was filed against it.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
|13 June 2009
|The inquiry commission led by Muzaffar Jan questioned and recorded statements of the Deputy Inspector General, Rakesh Kumar, former Deputy Commissioner, M R Thakur and Dr Bilquees (a lady doctor), who assisted first post-mortem.
|-
|14 June 2009
|The commission with Muzaffar Jan as its head, questioned The Head of the Forensic Medicine Department (Dr. Fareeda Noor), the Head of the Legal Cell of the Forensic Medicine department (Javed Iqbal Hafiz), along with Shakeel Ahmad, Mushtaq Ahmad, and Suhail Ahmad. The commission accused Hafiz of delay in sending the FSL report of victims to Shopian police. He had received the report on 2 June 2009 but kept it undisclosed for five days. The commission further mentioned FSL report, which confirms rape, as UNSETTLED and INDEFINITE to prove the cause death of the victims. Dr Noor mentioned that the cause of death could have been easily identified had samples from vital organs like heart, spleen, brain been obtained at the time of post-mortem. Hence, commission might order exhumation of the victims' bodies to establish justified cause of death of the duo.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
|17 June 2009
|The Commission of Enquiry and Special Investigating Team questioned four Special Operations Group's officials and asked a woman police officer and an expert from forensic medicine from Srinagar to assist them in further progress.
|-
|21 June 2009
|The inquiry commission led by Muzaffar Jan submitted a 300-page interim report to Chief Minister Of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah confirming rape and murder of the two victims. The report further stated negligence of civil administration, police and doctors in mishandling the case leading to destruction of vital evidence related to the case.
|-
|22 June 2009
|The government, on basis of Interim Report of Commission Of Inquiry, suspended the former Superintendent of Police (Javaid Iqbal Mattoo), the Deputy Superintendent of Police (Rohit Baskotra), the former Station House Officer (Inspector Shafiq Ahmad), the Sub-Inspector (Gazi Abdul Karim) and the Legal Cell Head, Forensic Science Laboratory (Javaid Iqbal Hafiz) for alleged negligence in handling the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=11&contentid=2009062220090622151917510d671d02d&sectxslt= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628171816/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=11&contentid=2009062220090622151917510d671d02d&sectxslt= |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Probe confirms Shopian rape, murder; blames cops |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8112164.stm | work=BBC News | title=Police suspended in Kashmir case | date=22 June 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010 | first=Altaf | last=Hussain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/06/22/kashmir.investigation/index.html?section=cnn_latest | work=CNN | title=Kashmir officers suspended in handling of murder investigation - CNN.com | accessdate=23 April 2010 | date=22 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
|23 June 2009
|The Jammu and Kashmir High Court Bar Association, which was probing the matter independently, submitted its report to the High Court and a hearing for same was announced on 29 June 2009 by the court.
|-
|25 June 2009
|Dr. Bilal Ahmad Dalal and Dr. Nighat Shaheen Chilloo were placed under suspension failure to follow due procedure during autopsy; the latter claimed she had only been called in as an expert to conduct the gynecological examination on the victims while she was suspended for negligence in conducting the autopsy, which she was never asked to do. She alleged she was being victimized for telling the truth.<ref name="2 Docs Suspended">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122133745/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14278 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2020 |title=Two doctors suspended|last=Shabir Ali|date=26 June 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref>
|-
|30 June 2009
|Deadline for submission of final inquiry report extended for another 10 days on the request of Commission. Report to be submitted on 10 July. Special Investigation Team (SIT) of police submitted the status report along with its objections over two petitions before Chief Judicial Magistrate Shopian for the two separate petitions related to the case. One petition was filed by Shakeel Ahmad, the brother of Asiya and husband of Neelofar, in which he had prayed that the four police officers of FSL indicted by the Jan Commission and later placed under suspension by the government for destroying evidence be made accused in the rape and murder case. The court had asked the government to file objections by 30 June. In another petition filed by the Shopian Bar Association, CJM was urged to monitor the investigations and ask the SIT to present the status report and case dairy in the court. The petition had also sought brain mapping of those whose names the SIT after investigation had involved in the case.
Bar Association in its petition wanted registration of a murder case, presenting of a report of investigations into court, appointing of a special investigation by the court and monitoring of investigations by the court. It had also urged the High Court that directions be given to the state government not to allow police, SOG, CRPF and army personnel in Shopian to move out of station from their camps while the investigations were in progress.<ref name="Deadline extended">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14442|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122144730/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14442|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2020|title=Deadline for Jan Comn extended |last=Mir|first=Ishfaq|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref>
|-
|12 August 2009
| Allegations of tampering with DNA test reports in the Shopian case rocked the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly with opposition and ruling party members insisting on a debate on the issue, leading to suspension of the question hour.<ref name="Shopian case rocks Jammu and Kashmir assembly">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shopian-case-rocks-j-k-assembly/501160/|title=Shopian case rocks Jammu and Kashmir assembly|date=12 August 2009|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref>
|}

==Rejection of probe==
The High Court Bar Association, on 1 June 2009, rejected the probe ordered by the government demanding a sitting Judge of High Court or Chief Justice to carry out the probe instead of a retired Justice, Muzaffar Jan, while separatist leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani demanded [[Amnesty International]] probe the incident and also urged the High Court Bar Association probe the matter at their own level so the people would learn the truth. However, the Advocate General of Jammu and Kashmir, Muhammad Ishaq Qadri, commented that the Commission of Inquiry headed by a sitting or a retired judge does not make any difference regarding the legality of its findings, which are recommendatory in nature in both the cases. Unionist leader of the opposition in the assembly and the PDP president, Mahbooba Mufti, also rejected the government's inquiry commission into the case, and called upon the prime minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, to review the performance of the state's ruling coalition personally as according to her, it had failed to extent of not registering an FIR of rape and murder in the case.<ref name="Case Of Rape, Murder Not Registered Yet ">{{cite news|url=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1729&joscclean=1&comment_id=930|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725093826/http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1729&joscclean=1&comment_id=930|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2011|title=Case Of Rape, Murder Not Registered Yet |date=4 June 2009|publisher=Kashmir Observer News|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref>

==Protests, arrests and curfew==
As soon as the news about the incident spread in the Kashmir Valley, pre-mediated protests started. These protests were followed by the strike call by the secessionist leaders. Demands for justice, self-determination and removal of the Indian forces started, as planned. As soon as the protests started, police and Indian armed forces in order to halt the protests tried to control them peacefully and fired tear gas canisters as a last resort. Many separatist leaders were put under house arrest or jailed. The CBI probe resulted in exhuming the bodies for examination and it was found that Asiya's hymen was intact, thereby ruling out rape.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Details
|-
| '''30 May 2009'''
|As soon as the news about the incident spread in the area, the entire area was rocked by spontaneous protests. Hundreds of people, including a large number of women, took to streets shouting anti-India and pro-separatist slogans. Police used tear gas and batons to disperse them, who retaliated by pelting stones.<ref name="Shopian on boil after rape, murder of 2 women ">{{cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13409&Itemid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170308/http://www.risingkashmir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13409&Itemid=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2020|title=Shopian on boil after rape, murder of 2 women |last=Khalid|first=Waseem|date=31 May 2009|publisher=Rising Kashmir|accessdate=2009-06-04}}</ref><ref name="Women’s deaths spark clashes in Kashmir">{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=294002&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22 |title=Women's deaths spark clashes in Kashmir |publisher=Gulf Times |accessdate=2009-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314010728/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2 |archive-date=14 March 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| '''31 May 2009'''
|Heavy protest was seen throughout Jammu and Kashmir. Police lobbed scores of tear gas shells and cane charged to quell the protesters injuring more than 40 protesters.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
|-
| '''1 June 2009'''
|[[Hurriyat Conference]] (G), chairman, [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani|Syed Ali Geelani]] called for a strike and peaceful protests over the incident. A complete shutdown was observed throughout Jammu and Kashmir with all government offices, shops, schools, banks remained closed. Protests were observed in Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipora, Kupwara, Ganderbal, Pulwama, Shopian, and Kulgam.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Separatist-sponsored-strike-disrupts-normal-life-in-Kashmir/articleshow/4603150.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010208/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-01/india/28212221_1_normal-life-separatist-sponsored-strike-murder-of-two-women |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=Separatist-sponsored strike disrupts normal life in Kashmir|date=1 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2010-07-31}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/01/hurriyat-shutdown-brings-kashmir-to-a-standstill.htm |title=Hurriyat shutdown brings Kashmir to a standstill |publisher=News.rediff.com |date=1 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/Separatist-sponsored-strike-disrupts-normal-life/Article1-416756.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104929/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/Separatist-sponsored-strike-disrupts-normal-life/Article1-416756.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Separatist-sponsored strike disrupts normal life |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31 }}</ref>

Protesters resorted to stone pelting after police and paramilitary troops fired tear gas shells to disperse the crowd, injuring more than two dozen people.<ref>{{cite web|author =|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6669337.html |title=Muslim areas in India-controlled Kashmir observe shutdown over 2 women's death – People's Daily Online |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=1 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref><ref name="newkerala1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/104002 |title=Violent protests in Kashmir over death of women, probe ordered|publisher=Newkerala.com |date=1 June 2009 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> In Shopian, the home of a local legislator was damaged by mobs. Hurriyat Conference (G), chairman, Syed Ali Geelani renewed the strike call for next two days.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="rediff1"/><ref name="newkerala1"/>
|-
| '''2 June 2009'''
|A complete shutdown and protest was seen throughout Jammu and Kashmir in response to the Hurriyat chairman, Syed Ali Geelani's extended strike call. {{cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
|'''4 June 2009'''
|The complete valley was shut down with heavy protest against the incident. In Srinagar, 80 people including 8 policemen were injured. The S.P. of Police, city South, Irshad Ahmed and four policemen were injured and a CRPF bunker belonging to 157 Battalion was set on fire when group of youths pelted stone on the police party in [[Batmaloo]], Srinagar. Protests also marred polling in Hazratbal Assembly Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |author=Agencies |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/100-injured-as-protests-paralyse-Kashmir-valley/470714/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122018/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/100-injured-as-protests-paralyse-Kashmir-valley/470714/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-29 |title=100 injured as protests paralyse Kashmir valley |publisher=Express India |accessdate=2010-07-31 }}</ref>
|-
| '''5 June 2009'''
|Shops, businesses, schools, government offices and banks remained closed across the Kashmir for fifth consecutive day in response to strike call by separatists to protest alleged rape and murder of two women from Shopian. The Hurriyat Conference(G) chairman, Syed Ali Geelani, renewed the strike through Sunday, when a comprehensive programme would be delivered for further action. He was authorised by the Majlis Shoura, the highest decision-making body of the amalgam.<ref name="centralchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=9033 |title=Madhya Pradesh's News Portal |publisher=Central Chronicle |date=1 July 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050559/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=9033 |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| '''7 June 2009'''
|The seventh day of continued shutdown and protest throughout Kashmir Valley leading to injuries sustained by 40 civilians and 6 police officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srinagar-fumes-women-agitate-over-shopian-deaths/94378-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610070914/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srinagar-fumes-women-agitate-over-shopian-deaths/94378-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2009 |title=Srinagar fumes, women agitate over Shopian deaths – India News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=3 February 2010 |accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref>
|-
| '''8 June 2009'''
|The 8-day-long shutdown in entire Kashmir valley was revamped but strict protests were observed throughout. The Hurriyat Conference (G) asked male students, female students, and employees to hold peaceful protests within their campuses on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, respectively, followed by PHULWAMA MARCH on Friday. The Shopian district saw heavy injuries caused by police and CRPF troops against peaceful protests. Five men (Zahoor Ahmad, Ashiq Ahmad Ganai, Shawkar Ahmad, Jalal-ud-din Bhat, and Fazlul Mateen) were critically injured as police broke out firing at Sofan Namam of Shopian district. Four men (Javed Ahmad Bhat, Imtiaz Ahmad Bhat, Shakeel Ahmad Ganai and Shahnawaz Ahmad) were severely injured in tear smoke shelling at Rang Kadal in Shopian. Riyaz Ahmad, sustained heavy injuries due to beating by troopers.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8088660.stm | work=BBC News | title=Police fire on Kashmir protesters | date=8 June 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''19 June 2009'''
|The Varmul March of the Hurriyat Conference (G) was crushed by police and paramilitary forces by sealing all the roads to [[Baramulla|Varmul]] under a curfew-like situation. A complete shutdown was seen throughout Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8108771.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kashmir shuts down over deaths | date=19 June 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''20 June 2009'''
|The strike was observed with complete shutdown of the valley as per the Hurriyat Conference (G)'s call. Shops, banks, government offices, business, school were all closed with no public transport on the roads. The police and troops didn't allow any vehicle to head towards Srinagar from other parts of Kashmir due to visit of Vice President of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari, who visited to attend the annual convocation of the Kashmir University.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

The strike at Shopian entered its 22nd day with continuous protests. The police and CRPF troops quelled peaceful protests with tear gas shelling and rubber bullets, injuring 12 people including six women. One woman, named Razia, the daughter of Abdul Rasheed, was severely injured and admitted to SKIMs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-59192.html |title=Online News |publisher=Newkerala.com |accessdate=2010-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621114729/http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-59192.html |archive-date=21 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 June 2009'''
|On the Hurriyat's call, teachers throughout the Kashmir valley protested, demanding punishment for the culprits responsible for the incident. The largest protest was seen at Press Colony, [[Srinagar]] by the teachers. The Jammu Kashmir Freedom League's activists also protested at Lal Chowk, Srinagar, followed by a march towards the United Nations office to submit a memorandum about human rights violations in the valley but police prevented them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-61070.html |title=Online News |publisher=Newkerala.com |accessdate=2010-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614100242/http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-61070.html |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Curfew===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Details
|-
|'''31 May 2009'''
|An undeclared curfew was imposed in Shopian district.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hussain|first=Altaf|date=1 June 2009|title=Deaths provoke Kashmir protests|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8076666.stm|access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 June 2009'''
|In the old city, section 144 crpc was imposed to maintain law and order. Police imposed restrictions on the movement of people. <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />
|-
| '''30 May 2009'''
|Hurriyat leaders Syed Ali Geelani, Mirwaz Umar Farooq, Yasin Malik, and Shabir Shah were kept under house arrest so as not to lead agitation.<ref name="newkerala1"/>
|-
| '''3 June 2009'''
|Several Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) activists were detained after they tried to carry out the protest demonstration at Lal Chowk in Islamabad township and the Awami National Conference (ANC) district President, Bashir Ahmad Pahalwan, was also detained.
The Police arrested Hurriyat Conference (G) chairman, Syed Ali Shah Geelani, from his residence at Hyderpora and was released at mid night from Humhama Police Station.<ref name="centralchronicle1"/>
|-
| '''5 June 2009'''
|The JKLF Chairman, Yasin Malik, with some supporters, were detained by police while they were leading the protest against the incident after Friday prayers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/Malik-detained-again-as-protests-paralyse-Kashmir/Article1-418296.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629111232/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/Malik-detained-again-as-protests-paralyse-Kashmir/Article1-418296.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Malik detained again as protests paralyse Kashmir |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=5 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31 }}</ref>
|-
| '''6 June 2009'''
|The Hurriyat Conference (M), Chairman, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, The Hurriyat Conference (G) chairman, Syed Ali Shah Geelani, the JKLF Chairman Yasin Malik, and about a dozen other separatist leaders remained under house arrest in the Kashmir Valley. The chief of the Democratic Freedom Party (DFP) Shabir Ahmad Shah and more than 70 other senior and second rank leaders also remained under detention in different jails and police stations.<ref name="centralchronicle1"/>
|-
| '''10 June 2009'''
|The SP of Shopian, Javed Iqbal Mattoo, was transferred to Ramban and Shahid Mehraj who was holding Deputy Commandant IRP, 12 replaced his position. This action was taken due to delays by him in filing FIR regarding the incident.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Shopian-SP-out--murder-case-filed/474612 |title=Shopian SP out, murder case filed |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=11 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Rape in Kashmir Conflict]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://kashmirprocess.org/reports/shopian/ShopianReport.pdf Militarisation with Impunity: A Brief on Rape and Murder in Shopian, Kashmir], a report by an NGO called International People's Tribunal on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir
* {{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/shopian-case-doctor-submits-own-vaginal-swab-113820 |title = Shopian case: Doctor submits own vaginal swab|accessdate=14 July 2025}}

{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009 Shopian rape and murder hoax}}
[[Category:Shopian district]]
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:May 2009 in India]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in India]]

Doru Shahbad Assembly constituency

2025-11-14T12:11:42Z

Abid: adding post!

{{one source|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Doru Shahbad
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 22,901
| mla = Mir Qasim
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Doru Shahbad Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Syed Mir Qasim || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Doru Shahbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Syed Mir Qasim |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,901 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,901 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Suresh Venapally

2025-11-09T08:20:24Z

Abid: fixed references and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1966)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Suresh Venepally సురేశ్ వేనెపల్లి
| image = Suresh_Venapally.JPG
| caption = Suresh Venepally
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Vangoor]], [[Telangana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Algebra]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Hyderabad]]
| alma_mater = [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), [[University of Hyderabad]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Raman Parimala]]
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] 2009
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Suresh Venepally''' ({{langx|te|సురేశ్ వేనెపల్లి}}; born 1966) is an Indian [[mathematician]] known for his research work in [[algebra]]. He is a professor at [[Emory University]].

==Background==

Suresh was born in Vangoor, Telangana, India and studied in ZPHS at Vangoor up to 9th standard. He did his M.Sc at [[University of Hyderabad]].
He joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) in 1989 and got his PhD in under the guidance of [[Raman Parimala]] (1994). He later joined the faculty at [[University of Hyderabad]].

==Honors==
* 2026 class of Fellows of the [[American Mathematical Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/fellows/fellows_by_year.cgi|title=2026 Class of Fellows of the AMS|publisher=American Mathematical Society|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] for Mathematical Sciences in 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=../../../Heads/career/awards.htm |title=Awards |url-status=usurped |language=en |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210163924/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=..%2F..%2F..%2FHeads%2Fcareer%2Fawards.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>
* [[list of International Congresses of Mathematicians Plenary and Invited Speakers|Invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians]] held at Hyderabad, India in 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icm2010.org.in/scientific-program/invited-speakers |title=International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad » Invited Speakers |access-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191917/http://www.icm2010.org.in/scientific-program/invited-speakers |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]
* Andhra Pradesh Scientist Award, 2008
* B. M. Birla Science prize, 2004
* INSA Medal for Young Scientists, 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insaindia.org/youngmedal.htm |title=INSA |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711214419/http://insaindia.org/youngmedal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Selected publications==
{{Scholia}}
* 1995: "Zero-cycles on quadric fibrations: finiteness theorems and the cycle map", Invent. Math. 122, 83–117 (with [[Raman Parimala]]) {{doi|10.1007/BF01231440}}
* 1998: "Isotropy of quadratic forms over function fields in one variable over p-adic fields", Publ. de I.H.E.S. 88, 129–150 (with [[Raman Parimala]]) {{doi|10.1007/BF02701768}} {{mr|1733328}}
* 2001: Hermitian analogue of a theorem of Springer", J.Alg. 243(2), 780-789 (with [[Raman Parimala]] and [[Ramaiyengar Sridharan]]) {{doi|10.1006/JABR.2001.8830}}
* 2010: "Bounding the symbol length in the Galois cohomology of function field of p-adic curves", [[Comment. Math. Helv.]] 85(2), 337–346 {{doi|10.4171/CMH/198}}, "The ''u''-invariant of the function fields of ''p''-adic curves" Ann. Math.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pjm.math.berkeley.edu/scripts/coming.php?jpath=annals |title=Annals of Mathematics - Forthcoming papers |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113000723/http://pjm.math.berkeley.edu/scripts/coming.php?jpath=annals |url-status=dead }}</ref> 172(2), 1391-1405 (with [[Raman Parimala]]) {{doi|10.4007/ANNALS.2010.172.1391}} {{mr|2680494}} {{arxiv|0708.3128}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mathcs.emory.edu/faculty-member.php?name=Suresh-Venapally Emory University faculty web page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915035935/http://www.mathcs.emory.edu/faculty-member.php?name=Suresh-Venapally |date=15 September 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031095317/http://mathstat.uohyd.ernet.in/people/faculty/suresh/ University of Hyderabad faculty web page]
* {{MathGenealogy|id=75740}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venapally, Suresh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Algebraists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]

Bhaskar Vishwananth Ghokale

2025-10-18T23:28:09Z

Abid: starting new details

{{Short description|Indian educator, activist, and philosopher}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale
| image = Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale - 2019 Stamp.png
| caption = Commemorative Stamps Issued by India Post in 2019
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharastra]], [[India]].
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1903|04|19|df=yes}}
| founder =
| honors =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| occupation = [[Guru]], Freedom Fighter, Reformer, Member of Parliament and activist
}}

'''Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale''' (19 April 1903 – 12 January 1962), also known as '''Vaidya Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale''', and popularly called '''''Mama Gokhaleji''''', was an Indian [[Ayurveda]] practitioner, [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] teacher, freedom fighter, and philosopher.<ref name="NCBI">{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Sachin Hari|date=2012|title=Vaidya Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale: A great visionary|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|volume=3|issue=2|pages=102–104|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.96531|issn=0975-9476|pmc=3371554|pmid=22707868 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="post">{{Cite web|last=India Post|date=2020-10-23|title=Master Healers of Ayush|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Pdfbind.ashx?id=664|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026154827/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Pdfbind.ashx?id=664 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |access-date=|website=postagestamps.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZYjAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhaskar+Vishwanath+Gokhale|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|date=1962|publisher=Bennett, Coleman.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=आयुर्वेद विशेषज्ञों से रूबरू करा रहे डाक टिकट, जानिए किन्हें मिली है स्टाम्प पर जगह|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-post-office-news-19546373.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

==Life==

Bhaskar Vishwananth Gokhale was born on 19 April 1903 in [[Kolhapur]] ([[Maharashtra]]). His father, Vishwanath Gokhale, was a judge, and Bhaskar was the youngest of his children.<ref name="Family">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bhaskar Gokhale|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/bhaskar_gokhale|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027211859/https://www.myheritage.com/names/bhaskar_gokhale |archive-date=2020-10-27 |access-date=2020-10-23|website=myheritage.com}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2021}} His mother, Parvati Gokhale, died at an early age.<ref name="Family"/>

After he finished school in Kolhapur, Gokhale moved to [[Mumbai]] for further studies. He enrolled in the National Medical College, which supported the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] against the [[British Raj]]. When the college withdrew its support for the [[Indian independence movement]], he left to support of the movement and was imprisoned three times (1924, 1928, and 1932). In 1924, Gokhale joined Tilak Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=S.|date=2012|title=Vaidya Bhaskar Vishwanath Gokhale: A great visionary|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|volume=3|issue=2|pages=102–104|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.96531|pmid=22707868|pmc=3371554|s2cid=27089887 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1928, he became ''Ayurveda Visharada''{{Definition needed||date=January 2021}}, completed his postgraduate work and later was the first to earn the degree of ''Ayurveda Parangata'' in 1937. In 1942, he participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and was imprisoned for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-10-23|title=भारत के वो गुमनाम 12 आयुष विशेषज्ञ, जिन्हें अब मिला सम्मान|url=https://www.thetruepicture.org/postage-stamp-12-ayush-specialist-pm-modi/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222171703/https://www.thetruepicture.org/postage-stamp-12-ayush-specialist-pm-modi/ |archive-date=2019-12-22 |access-date=|website=thetruepicture.org}}</ref>

After the death of Vaidya Purushottam Shastri Nanal, Gokhale worked as the chief physician of Tarachand Ramnath Hospital in [[Pune]]. In 1946, he became the principal of Tilak Ayurveda Vidyalaya, and wrote three books, two of which (''Dosha Dhatu Mala Vidnyana'' and ''Vikruti Vidnyana'') give insights into Ayurveda. His other book, ''Chikitsapradeep,'' is a reference book for [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=चिकित्साप्रदीपम् - Chikitsa Pradeepam : विश्वनाथ गोखले - Vishvanath Gokhle {{!}} Sanskrit Book PDF Download {{!}} Read Online {{!}}|url=https://epustakalay.com/sanskrit/book/10563-chikitsa-pradeepam-by-vishvanath-gokhle/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=ePustakalay Sanskrit|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Priya Vrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ8OAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87|title=Flowers in health and disease|date=1998|publisher=Caukhambhā Viśvabhāratī|language=en}}</ref> He was also the head of Tilak Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya and Seth Tarachand Ramnath Hospital for over 20 years. In 1956, Gokhale became the first principal of the postgraduate institute at [[Jamnagar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Priya Vrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQ6AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87|title=Āyurveda kā vaijñānika itihāsa|date=1975|publisher=Caukhambā Oriyanṭāliyā|language=hi}}</ref>

In 1960, the Maharashtra government inducted him as President of the State Board and Chairman of the State Faculty of [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and [[Unani medicine|Unani]] Medicine.<ref>{{Cite book|last=State)|first=Bombay (India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Utlx2GF-4LAC&q=Bhaskar+Vishwanath+Gokhale|title=Bombay Government Gazette|date=1960|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NCBI" />

==Contributions to Ayurveda==

*His vision of creating Ayurveda scientists is often mentioned in his books and articles. His idea constitutes advances of the educational system into Ayurvedic studies without compromising shastric standards. He envisioned scientific use and development of formulations that were not available in traditional Ayurveda books and increasing potency of routinely used drugs. He has introduced the use of Kajjali (black sulphide of mercury) in different formulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2016-06-13|title=Kajjali, Kajjalī: 5 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kajjali|access-date=2020-10-21|website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref>
*Practically demonstrated the use of Parpaties (flake-like preparation consisting of Parada, Gandhaka (sulphur) and other drugs) in various Annavaha Strotovikrutis ([[Gastrointestinal disease|Diseases of Gastrointestinal tract]]).<ref name="NCBI" />
*''Ekaushadhi Prayoga'', an experiment in which Gokhale identified the efficacy of a single drug which made the therapy more accurate. This encouraged further research in pharmacology.<ref name="post" />
*Gokhale's students wrote about him in ''Ayurved Bhaskar'', which discusses special cases he treated, the logic behind his treatment, his conclusions, his experiences and his teaching skills.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saxsena|first=Dr Om Prakash|url=https://www.amazon.in/Ayurved-Bhaskar-Bhasha-Prakash-Saxsena/dp/B01CENDTFI|title=Ayurved Bhaskar By Bhasha Bavan|date=January 2006 |publisher=Bhasha Bavan }}</ref>
*In a small book written in Marathi, ''Ayurved Mhanaje kay?''("आयुर्वेद म्हणजे काय?") ("What Do You Mean by Ayurveda?"), Gokhale discussed the origin and purpose of Ayurveda as a health science, the causes for deterioration of Ayurveda, and the means required for its renaissance. He also emphasized the quality of postgraduate education and research in Ayurveda<ref name="post" /> and advised his students to learn about recent advances in biomedical science. Gokhale was a hard critic of colleges with substandard education quality.<ref name="NCBI" />
*Contributions to Ayurveda Rasashala transformed the institute to an internationally reputed Ayurveda pharmacy.<ref name="NCBI" />
*Strong principles for the betterment of Ayurvedic education, including his refusal of governmental grants that forced rules on the institute and integration.<ref name="NCBI" />
*Physicians of modern system of medicine sought his second opinion and referred patients to him for Ayurvedic treatment.<ref name="NCBI" />
*Emphasised ''Panchakarma Chikitsa'' (Ayurvedic techniques to eliminate toxic elements) in treatment, as Shamana Chikitsa alone is not always useful in complicated conditions. Gokhale insisted on the proper analysis of factors such as Dosha, Dushya, Strotasa, Rugnabala, Vyadhibala, et al., which played a crucial role in determining the use of Shodhana Chikitsa. The Panchakarma department at Jamnagar, which Ghokale established, is now internationally recognized.<ref name="NCBI" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Bhaskar Vishwanath}}
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]

Manimajra State

2025-10-07T00:15:59Z

Abid: added new info

{{Short description|Former Sikh kingdom}}
{{Infobox former country
| image_map = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Mani Majra State from a map created by the British East India Company of the Malwa region of Punjab showing the various polities, borders, and settlements of the area, ca.1829–1835.jpg
| map_caption = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Manimajra State from a map created by the British East India Company, ca.1829–1835 (not including its exclaves viewable on the full-map)
| capital = [[Manimajra]]
| regional_languages = [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]
| leader_title1 = First ruler
| leader_name1 = Gharib Das
| leader_title2 = Last ruler
| leader_name2 = Bhagwan Das
| year_end = 1875
| year_start = January 1764
| today = [[Chandigarh Capital Region]], [[India]]
}}
{{coord|30.7140384|76.8371277|display=title}}
'''Manimajra State''' was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] kingdom and later ''[[jagir]]'' (estate) based in the [[Mani Majra|Manimajra]] area from 1764 to 1875. The area is in the present-day [[Chandigarh Capital Region|region of Chandigarh]].{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Mani Majra' with a space or hyphenated as 'Mani-Majra'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-8121501651 |volume=4}}</ref>{{Rp|page=32}}<ref name=":5" /> The state had poor relations with Patiala and Nahan states, often warring with them.<ref name=":5" />

== Etymology ==
The word Manimajra may derive from Mani Ram ([[Floruit|fl.]] 16th century), the name of a local ''[[zamindar]]'' of the area and ancestor of the later Manimajra royal family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=May 2022 |title=Manimajra |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Manimajra/11817 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref> Another theory is that it is derived from the settlers from Manaa village, whom were called ''Mani'', that Bhagwan Singh had invited to settle around the royal fort.<ref name=":4" />

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Manimajra village was founded in the 16th century by Mani Ram, who was the forefather of the later state's rulers.<ref name=":4" /> Manimajra eventually grew to become a town.<ref name=":4" /> Manimajra was originally a ''[[pargana]]'' of Sirhind ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' (province).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} During the tenure of [[Zain Khan Sirhindi|Zain Khan]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of Sirhind, Ganga Ram was employed as the revenue officer of Manimajra pargana.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} The Manimajra pargana at the time consisted of a ''chaurasi'' (group of 84 villages).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}

=== Foundation by Gharib Das and his rule ===
Sirhind was conquered by Sikh forces in January 1764 and around then is when Ganga Ram's son, Gharib Das, took control over the Manimajra pargana.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} In the same year, Gharib Das paid a ''nazan'' totalling 25,000 rupees to [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=32}} Gharib Das extended the territory of the state to consist of 45 villages of Manimajra, 126 villages of Mullanpur, 6 villages of Chandigarh, and 7 villages of Pinjore, with the total summing up to 184 villages.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} In circa 1766, Gharib Das took possession of the valley of Pinjore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1985 |volume=19 |location=Patiala |pages=31, 219}}</ref> Pinjore was famed throughout the region for its gardens and fortresses.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}

Much of the territory taken by the nascent state originally belonged to the state of [[Nahan State|Nahan]] (also known as Sirmur).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=William George |title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet |year=1973 |isbn=9780856670022 |pages=417}}</ref> Gharib Das also seized the Pinjore Gardens, much to the dismay of Kirat Prakash of Sirmur State.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=318}} The Nahan ruler teamed-up with Patiala State, with a meeting between the two states' rulers occurring at Banur, where an alliance was established through the [[Turban exchange|ceremonial exchanging of each-other's turban]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=158–160, 318}} Amar Singh of Patiala sent his general, Bakhshi Lakhna Dogar, alongside 1,000 troops, to assist the Nahan ruler in conquering Pinjore from Manimajra.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} The two states, being joined also by the forces of [[Nalagarh|Hindur]] (Nalagarh) and [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Kahlur]] (Bilaspur), launched a joint-attack on Manimajra State, with Gharib Das being defeated.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=158–160, 318}} Pinjore Fort was then held by Ganga Ram as Gharib Das was away for likely a pilgrimage.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} The Manimajra forces at Pinjore Fort withstood the enemy siege for a month and a half but finally fell after Ganga Ram was killed from a gunshot.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} After the siege in 1768, the valley of Pinjore was annexed by Nahan as a result.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=158–160, 318}} However, Patiala's forces suffered in the campaign, losing around 300 troops.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}Gharib Das returned but was not able to wrest control back over the Pinjore Fort.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}
[[File:Mani Majra Fort,east side view Chandigarh, India 02.JPG|thumb|Manimajra Fort's east side view, Sector 13, Chandigarh, India, December 2015]]
Gharib Das formed an alliance with Hari Singh of Sialba and Ropar (Ropar State).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} The joint forces of Manimajra and Ropar launched an attack on the Nahan forces at Pinjore and its surrounding areas, winning control over the area Chandangarh (now called [[Chandimandir Cantonment|Chandi Mandar]]).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Disturbances also occurred in the Banur parganah of Patiala State.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} In-response to this, in 1778 [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh of Patiala State]] launched an attack on Manimajra and Ropar states.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Due to this threat, Gharib Das took shelter at the [[Manimajra Fort]], resisting the Patiala forces for a period of three months.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Gharib Das finally afterwards appealed for peace by paying a hefty monetary sum to the Patiala ruler.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Thus, the Patiala forces turned their attention toward Ropar State under Hari Singh of Sialba and marched there.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} However, Hari Singh of Ropar State was backed-up by the joint-forces of his allies, namely Karam Singh Shahid of [[Shahzadpur, Haryana|Shahzadpur]], Gurdit Singh of [[Ladwa State|Ladwa]], Gurbakhsh Singh of Ambala, Karam Singh Nirmala of Shahabad Markanda, Diwan Singh of Sikandra, and Rae Singh and Bhag Singh of [[Buria]], leading to the routing of the Patiala forces.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Hundreds of Patiala's troops were killed, including the general Bakhshi Lakhna Dogar whilst Diwan Nanun Mai was wounded.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Two Patiala State generals, Chandu Singh and Mahan Singh, were taken as prisoners-of-war.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}} Amar Singh of Patiala himself managed to escape death or capture.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}

Gharib Das of Manimajra died in 1783, being succeeded by two sons: Gopal Das and Prakash Chand, with Gopal Das being the elder son.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" />

=== Under Gopal Das ===
In 1785, Gopal Das possessed a military force consisting of 200 horses, 300 foot soldiers, and 4 guns.<ref name=":5" /> In 1804, Jodh Singh conquered the fortress at Chandimandar from Nahan and bestowed it upon the rulers of Manimajra State.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Amit |date=8 September 2017 |title=Amalgamation of History |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/amalgamation-of-history/articleshow/60426156.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 1807, Ranjit Singh of Lahore State intervened in a dispute within the Patiala royal family, whereby an estate was granted to Rani Aus Kour for the maintenance of herself and her son, Karam Singh.<ref name=":5" /> The estate had an annual revenue of 50,000 rupees and consisted of the areas of Banur, Manimajra, Sunour, Surali Bissoli, and Minarthal.<ref name=":5" /> Due to this, Karam Singh of Patiala fought with Manimajra State over the waters of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]].<ref name=":5" /> Gopal Das provided assistance to the British in 1809 and during the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" /> Due to this, the British official [[David Ochterlony]] offered [[Pinjore]] to Gopal Das as a ''[[jagir]]'' (estate) but he preferred to obtain the ''[[raja]]'' title, which was then bestowed upon him.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" />[[File:Fresco of Raja Gopal Singh of Mani Majra State paying obeisance to the goddess Mahamaya from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Raja Gopal Das of Mani Majra State paying obeisance to the goddess Mahamaya from the [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir|Mansa Devi temple]] of Mani Majra. Painted by Angad of Sirmur, 1813.]]The Mansa Devi temple was constructed in circa 1811 by Gopal Das.<ref name=":4" /> An interesting feature of the temple is that an underground tunnel was built to ensure that Gopal Das and his wife could visit the temple everyday, with the temple only opening for the general public after the royal couple had witnessed their daily ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]]''.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> A story related to this is that once [[Karam Singh of Patiala]] had to wait outside the doors of the temple until the Manimajra royals completed their daily darshan before he could be let-in, an event which apparently motivated him to construct his own Mansa Devi temple at Patiala in 1840.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> An artist named Angad, originally from Sirmur State, painted a mural of the [[Chandi]] form of [[Durga]] slaying the demon [[Mahishasura]] at Manimajra in the year 1813.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |year=2002 |pages=295}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> According to traditional lore, Gopal Singh of Manimajra [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir|constructed a temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Manasa|Mansa]] in 1815 after the ''[[devi]]'' had apparently instructed him to-do so in a dream of his.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barari |first=H. A. |title=A Governor's Tryst with Haryana |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2007 |isbn=9788121209199 |pages=82}}</ref> Gopal Das died in 1816 and was succeeded by Hamir Singh, his son.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" />

=== Under Hamir Singh ===
Hamir Singh only survived his predecessor for a few years.<ref name=":5" /> In circa 1818, Hamir Singh of Manimajra allowed the settlement of twelve Jat families originally from Nagla village and one Brahmin family into the Sukhna Choe area, leading to the founding of Hamirgarh village.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Kavita |title=Chandigarh Lifescape: Brief Social History of a Planned City |publisher=Chandigarh Administration |year=1999 |pages=33}}</ref> Hamir Singh had two sons through Rani Chand Kaur, Govardhan Singh and Amar Singh.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1972 |volume=6 |pages=158}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Hamir Singh was succeeded by his son Govardhan Singh.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Ram Sukh |title=Ram Sukh Rao's Sri Fateh Singh Partap Prabhakar |publisher=Punjab State Archives |year=1980 |editor-last=Kaur |editor-first=Joginder |location=Patiala |pages=469}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

=== Under Govardhan Singh and Gurbaksh Singh ===
In 1828, the rulers of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] had an interview with the governor-general in Manimajra.<ref name=":5" /> It is unknown if it was either Lord Amherst or William Butterworth Bayley who was appointed as governor-general that year.<ref name=":5" /> During the rule of Govardhan Singh, Manimajra State supported the British side during the [[First Anglo-Sikh war]], providing a detachment of troops that fought at the [[Battle of Mudki]] in 1845 and other battles of the war.<ref name=":5" /> The soldiers and retainers of Govardhan Singh were issued their uniform only on special occasions and they had to return them to the ''toshakhana'' (treasury) afterwards.<ref name=":7" /> Govardhan Singh died in 1847 and was succeeded by Gurbaksh Singh.<ref name=":5" /> Gurbaksh Singh died in 1866 and was succeeded as ruler by his younger brother, Bhagwan Singh.<ref name=":5" />

=== Under Bhagwan Singh ===
Bhagwan Das was the last ruler of Manimajra State.<ref name=":4" /> Bhagwan Singh was 22-years-old when he came to the throne and inherited a jagir (estate) consisting of 77 villages that brought in a revenue of 38,453 rupees per annum.<ref name=":5" /> Bhagwan Das encouraged pioneers from the nearby village of Manaa to establish settlements and farms around the royal fort of the state as it was an uninhabited tract of land.<ref name=":4" /> Thus, around 70 families from Manaa village took the ruler up on this offer and settled the tracts of land around the fort.<ref name=":4" /> The locality established by these settlers would grow into an important locality, becoming the largest village of the region with an important market, attracting people from Ambala, Kalka, and Ropar.<ref name=":4" />

Whilst Bhagwan Singh is officially credited as being the founder of the current structure of Manimajra Fort, the fort in-actuality likely existed in an earlier form, as it finds mention in travelogues written by William Moorcroft and George Trebeck during the decade of the 1820s.<ref name=":4" /> Between 21 April and 27 April 1872, 20 deaths were recorded in Manimajra locality.<ref name=":5" />

The daughter of Raja Bhagwan Singh of Manimajra, Suraj Kaur, was married to Balbir Singh of [[Faridkot State]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sukhpreet |last2=Bhullar |first2=Sukhjeet Kaur |date=2019 |title=Contributions of Different Kings in the Faridkot State |url=https://rjhssonline.com/HTML_Papers/Research%20Journal%20of%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences__PID__2019-10-1-45.html |journal=Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=248–252 |doi=10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00045.7|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />{{fails verification|date=June 2025}} The wedding took place in Ambala district.<ref name=":02" />{{Synthesis inline|date=June 2025}}

=== Dissolution ===
After the death of Bhagwan Singh, the lack of a male issue led to the annexation of the state by the British.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The estate of Manimajra was absorbed in 1875 into the surrounding district.<ref name=":5" /> The ownership of Manimajra Fort passed onto the Faridkot royal family due to their marital relations.<ref name=":4" />

== Religion ==
[[File:Fresco of a religious procession from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra.jpg|thumb|Fresco of a religious procession from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra State]]
Manimajra State held territory that carries significance in the Sikh religion.<ref name=":4" /> Gurdwara Manji Sahib, also known as Mata Raj Kaur Gurdwara, is believed to have been the place of residence of Mata Raj Kaur, wife of [[Ram Rai]] (son of Guru Har Rai).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> According to legend, when Mata Raj Kaur was forced to leave the premises of the gurdwara, she said a curse that any person who builds a structure higher than the gurdwara at Manimajra would suffer.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In-accordance with the legend of the curse, it is claimed that the Manimajra dynasty went extinct since at some point they built the Manimajra Fort higher than the gurdwara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Recently, local residents successfully petitioned to have the height of the local gurdwara increased.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Fresco depicting a parade of Red Coats with musicians leading the infantry from Manimajra Fort.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting a parade of Red Coats with musicians leading the infantry from Manimajra Fort]]
Manimajra locality later became a town under the jurisdiction of Ambala province in pre-partition Punjab.<ref name=":4" /> The later planned city of Chandigarh was developed from wastelands, villages, and agricultural fields that had once belonged to Manimajra State.<ref name=":4" />

The Manimajra Fort (also known as Surajpur Fort) is currently in a dilapidated condition and the subject of a court dispute.<ref name=":4" /> The fort is currently private property that is off-grounds from the public and little is known of its architecture.<ref name=":4" /> However, what is visible from the outside reveals that the fort's walls was constructed using lines of [[Nanak Shahi bricks|Nanakshahi bricks]].<ref name=":4" /> Whilst the Manimajra Fort has been accorded official status as a heritage structure, no preservation, restoration, or documentation work can be conducted on the fort since it is still under legal dispute.<ref name=":4" />

Manimajra locality is now Chandigarh's IT Park.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The area of Manimajra was officially renamed as Sector 13 in 2020, not all residents were happy with the name-change.<ref name=":4" /> Rapid urbanization is changing the landscape and culture of the former Manimajra area.<ref name=":4" />

== List of rulers ==

* Gharib Das (r. January 1764–1783)<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" />
* Gopal Das (r. 1783–1816){{Efn|Also known as 'Gopal Singh'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=158–160}}<ref name=":5" />
* Hamir Singh (r. 1816–?)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
* Govardhan Singh (r. ? – 1847){{Efn|Govardhan Singh's forename is alternatively spelt as 'Goverdhan'.|group=note}}<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" />
* Gurbaksh Singh (r. 1847–1866)<ref name=":5" />
* Bhagwan Das (r. 1866 – 1875){{Efn|Also known as 'Bhagwan Singh'.|group=note}}<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
*[https://jatchiefs.com/dynasties/dhillon-dynasty-states/mani-majra/Jat Jat Chiefs]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sikhism in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Punjab]]
[[Category:1875 disestablishments in the British Empire]]

Adamaru

2025-05-04T20:03:18Z

Abid: expand formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adamaru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.167785|N|74.778217|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_rank =
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| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
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| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Adamaru''' or '''Adamaar''' or '''Admar''' is a village in the [[Udupi district]] of the [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The village houses one of the [[Udupi#The Ashta Mathas of Udupi|Ashta Mathas]] known as Adamaru Matha founded by [[Shri Madhvacharya]], the [[Dvaita]] philosopher.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1694576/|title=Supreme Court of India H. H. Shri Swamiji Of Shri Admar ... vs The Commissioner, Hindu ... on 27 August, 1979Equivalent citations: 1980 AIR, 1 1980 SCR (1) 368 Author: Y Chandrachud Bench: Chandrachud, Y.V. ((Cj), Krishnaiyer, V.R., Untwalia, N.L., Shingal, P.N., Koshal, A.D.|access-date= 5 August 2023}}</ref> The village can be reached by taking a left turn at [[Yermal]] near Kaup town on Udupi-Mangalore route on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] while travelling from [[Mangalore]] to [[Udupi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udipikrishnamutt.com|title = Adamaru (or Adamaar) |access-date= 2010-06-10 |publisher= www.udipikrishnamutt.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100609024330/http://www.udipikrishnamutt.com/| archive-date= 9 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> There is pre-university ( junior) college at Adamaru run by Adamaru Matha Education Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poornaprajnaadamaru.edu.in/|title=Poornaprajna PU College|access-date= 5 August 2023}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001206214400/http://www.udupipages.com/ Udupipages.com]}}
*[https://ppisr.res.in/ Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research]
*[https://www.adamarumatha.com/ Admaru Matha website]
{{Ashta Mathas of Udupi}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Ashta Mathas of Udupi]]
[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Willingdon Dam

2025-04-27T07:46:21Z

Abid:

{{Infobox dam
| name = Willingdon Dam
| dam_volume =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Willingdon Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in [[Gujarat]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = dam
| coordinates = {{coord|21|30|16.5|N|70|28|51.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Junagadh]]
| construction_began =
| opening =
| status = o
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type =
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_length =
| dam_width_crest =
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| image = File:Wellington Dam (Junagadh).jpg
| name_official =
| res_max_length =
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| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| dam_crosses = Kalwa river
| dam_elevation_crest =
| res_tidal_range =
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}}
[[File:Willingdon_Dam.jpg|thumb|Willingdon Dam on Kalwa river]]
'''Willingdon Dam''' is situated to the east of the town of [[Junagadh]], near the foot of Datar hills, in [[Gujarat]] State, and built on the Kalwa River in India.<ref name="junagadhnic">{{Cite web|title=Willingdon Dam {{!}} District Junagadh |publisher=Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://junagadh.nic.in/tourist-place/willingdon-dam/|access-date=2020-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> The dam was named after [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Marquess Willingdon]], the [[Governor of India]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Willingdon Dam |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/junagadh/willingdon-dam.html|access-date=2020-07-07 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> On the top of adjoining Datar hills is a [[shrine]] of Saint Jamiyal Shah Datar, which is a popular place of worship for both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]]. The climb to the Datar hills is about 2500 steps or {{convert|847|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai|first=Anjali H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=Willingdon+Dam&pg=PA255 |title=India Guide Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |location= |pages=255 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="junagadhnic" />

==History==
The Sardar Patel Dam, formerly known as Wellington Dam, is a historic dam located in Junagadh, India. Constructed using Girnar black stones, its construction began on May 11, 1929, with a Ganesh Puja performed by Raj Jyotishi Shambhuprasad Joshi under the reign of Nawab Mohabbat Khan III.

The dam was designed by E. Proctor Sims and built by a team of Indian and English engineers and craftsmen, including Thakarshi Ghiya, KJ Gandhi, Vasta Ladha, and Raghav Kanji. After a seven-year construction period, it was inaugurated on January 10, 1936, by the Viceroy of India, Dr. Wellington.

Standing at 44 feet high, the dam has a storage capacity of one billion gallons. On November 9, 2008, it was renamed [[Sardar Patel]] Dam and is currently owned by the Junagadh Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=1936માં બનેલ જૂનાગઢનો વેલીંગ્ડન ડેમ આજે 88 વર્ષ બાદ પણ છે અડીખમ, જાણો રસપ્રદ ઈતિહાસ - juanagadh News |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gu/!state/juanagadh-news-wellington-dam-88-years-old-dam-nawab-era-still-strong-gjs24070904360 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=gu |date=9 July 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Girnar]]
* [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]]
* [[Junagadh State]]
* [[Nawab of Junagarh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Baburam M.Com

2024-12-13T19:06:46Z

Abid: starting page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 31 January 2009
| term_end = 30 January 2015
| constituency = ''elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''
| office1 = Minister of Food & Civil Supplies [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 5 May 2002
| term_end1 = 29 August 2003
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Mayawati]]
| office2 = Minister of Small Scale Industries [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 27 October 1997
| term_end2 = 8 March 2002
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] [[Rajnath Singh]]
| office3 = Minister of state for Food & Civil Supplies [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 19 July 1991
| term_end3 = 6 December 1992
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| office4 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 2007
| predecessor4 = Akbar Ali
| successor4 = [[Vinod Chaturvedi]]
| constituency4 = [[Orai Assembly constituency|Orai]]
| term_start5 = 1991
| term_end5 = 1993
| predecessor5 = Akbar Ali
| successor5 = Akbar Ali
| constituency5 = [[Orai Assembly constituency|Orai]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1934|10|6}}
| birth_place = [[Orai]], [[Jalaun district]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|12|16|1934|10|6}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Lucknow district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Chandravati Gupta|1952}}
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| father = Ramsevak Gupta
| education = [[Master of Commerce]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| profession = Businessman, Politician
}}
'''Baburam M.Com''' (6 October 1934 – 16 December 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री बाबूराम एमकाम नहीं रहे, शोक की लहर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/former-minister-baburam-mcom-no-more-hindi-news |access-date= |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> was an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh who served as the Minister of Food & Civil Supplies under [[Mayawati]] from 2002 to 2003. He had served as the Minister of Small Scale Industry under [[Kalyan Singh]], [[Ram Prakash Gupta]], [[Rajnath Singh]] from 1997 to 2002. He had represented [[Orai Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] twice 1996-2007 & 1991–93. He had also been the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 2009 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-08 |title=Parishad polls to reflect new political alignments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/parishad-polls-to-reflect-new-political-alignments/articleshow/3948681.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:M.Com, Baburam}}
[[Category:People from Jalaun district]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Sudhir Vaghani

2024-08-08T02:22:40Z

Abid: Started new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''Sudhirbhai Vaghani''' is an Indian politician. He is a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Gariadhar Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] since 8 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudhirbhai Vaghani(AAP):Constituency- GARIADHAR(BHAVNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4881 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Gariadhar Election Result 2022 LIVE: Sudhirbhai of AAP grabs seat from BJP by 4,819 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gariadhar-election-result-2022-live-check-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15344541.htm |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gariadhar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sudhirbhai Vaghani Of AAP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/gariadhar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561457.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaghani, Sudhir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-politician-stub}}

Dholka taluka

2023-11-28T16:04:27Z

Abid:

{{Short description|Dholka Taluka(sub-district) in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dholka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dholka]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.73|72.44|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 214836
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vishal Soni nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dholka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies-Post delimitation, State: Gujarat, District: Ahmadabad |publisher=National Information Centre, Government of India |url=http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF%5CGujarat_Maps%5CAhmadabad.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224204207/http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Gujarat_Maps/Ahmadabad.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-24 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate =GJ
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dholka Taluka''' is a [[taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad District]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=My Taluka|url=http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/my-village.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Its administrative centre is the village of [[Dholka]]. The taluka covers an area of {{Convert|1019.41|sqkm|sqmi}}.

==Villages==
1. Badarkha
1.(a)Mandarpura
2. Saroda
2.(a)Ridpura
3. Chandisar
3.(a)Dhunjipura
3.(d)Kodayipura
4. Kelia Vasna/Vasna Kelia
5. Chaloda
6. Sikhdi
7. Singhrej
8. Ranoda
9. Jalalpur Vajifa
10. Rajpur
11. Ambaliyara
12. Sathal
13. Lana
14. Siyavada
15. Kalyanpura
16. Valthera
16.(a)Bhagwanpura
17. Jalalpura/Godhneswar
18. Khanpur
19. Mujpur
20. Rampur
21. Khatripura
22. Sahij
23. Ambethi
24. Trasad
25. Bhetavada
26. Nesda
27. Dadusar
28. Sarandi
29. Begva
30. Kariyana
31. Kadipura
32. Ambareli
33. Paldi
34. Pisavada
35. Anghari
36. Virpur
37. Vautha
38. Girand
39. Virdi
40. Ingoli
41. Kauka
42. Kaliyapura
43. Kharati
44. Koth
44.(a)Taparpura
45. Rupgadh
46. Simej
47. Ganesar
48. Ganol
49. Raipur
50. Gholi
51. Kesargadh
52. Arnej
53. Bhurkhi
54. Gundi
54.(a)Laxmipura
55. Javaraj
56. Vajalka
57. Bhombhli
58. Vataman
59. Rampura
60. Anandpura
61. Varna
62. Jhakda
63. Naniboru
64. Saragvada
65. Uteliya
66. Loliya
67. Samani
68. Bhodad
69. Motiboru
70. Maflipura252555
 
71. Dholka:- The Village with Historical Significance. Mostly Famous for Minal Devi justice at the lake "Malav Talav". The justice done by not curving the lake into entire perfect circle quoting "Nyay Jovo hoy to Juvo"

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

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