Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute

2026-05-07T13:51:30Z

Abhishek Mandal: Put up a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{short description|Indian business school}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1994|df=y}}
| mottoeng = Erudition Faith Character
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]
| dean = Dr. Smita Shukla<ref>{{cite web|title=Director's Message|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/directors-message.html|publisher=Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute|access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Joravar Bhavan, [[University of Mumbai#Kalina_Campus|University Campus]], [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]
| coor =
| website = [http://admi.mu.ac.in/ admi.mu.ac.in]
| logo =
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| parent = [[University of Mumbai]]
| students = 221<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI NIRF Final Submission|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/ADMI%20NIRF%20Final%20Submission.pdf|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref>
| faculty = 37<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI NIRF Final Submission|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/ADMI%20NIRF%20Final%20Submission.pdf|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref>
| staff =
}}

'''Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute''' ('''ADMI''') (officially known as '''Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute for Financial and Management Studies'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/}}</ref>) is a [[business school]] located in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is one of the few institutes which came into existence in the city of Mumbai in the early 1990s during [[Economic liberalisation in India#Liberalisation of 1991|Economic Liberlization of India]] which resulted in the increased demand for Management Education in the city.
It is also one of the two departments of the University of Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Departments|url=https://mu.ac.in/commerce-management}}</ref> offering management education (the other being [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]).
It is located in the [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs]] at [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] and is also very close to the [[business district]] of [[Bandra Kurla Complex]].

[[File:Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute entrance.jpg|thumb|ADMI entrance]]

==History==
Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute was co-founded by Mr. Dineshbhai Mody in loving memory of his son Mr. Alkesh Dinesh Mody who was a dynamic [[stockbroker]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About ADMI|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/about-admi.html}}</ref>
The Institute was established in the year 1994 as a Department of the University of Mumbai for offering management education with a focus of [[financial services]].
The Institute was set up in response to the growing need of Indian managers and investors who could handle business and [[Capital Market]] operations in rapidly changing business and financial environment.

==Academics==
The first course that was offered by Institute was 'Diploma in Investment Studies - (D.I.S)'.<ref>{{cite web|title=About ADMI|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/about-admi.html}}</ref>
In the year 1998 Institute converted its two year 'D.I.S.' course into 'Masters in Financial Services and Management' program.
In the year 2000 Institute added another course by starting undergraduate degree program BMS (Bachelors in Management Studies).
In the year 2002 Institute, post permission of the [[All India Council for Technical Education]], started offering [[Master of Business Administration|MMS]] (Masters in Management Studies) course.
The institute also offers [[Master of Finance|M.Sc. Finance]] and doctoral research program - [[PhD in Management]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Courses List|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/courses.html}}</ref>

===Admissions===
The admissions to its flagship MMS program is primarily done on basis of [[Maharashtra Health and Technical Common Entrance Test|Common Entrance Test]] (CET) scores conducted by the [[Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra|DTE, Maharashtra]]. The seats are allotted through centralised admission process (CAP) rounds. The DTE also accepts [[Common Admission Test|CAT]], [[XLRI|XAT]], [[Common Management Admission Test|CMAT]], [[Management Aptitude Test|MAT]] scores in preparing the merit list.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Campus and Infrastructure==
[[File:Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute campus.jpg|thumb|ADMI campus]]
The institute is located inside [[University of Mumbai]]'s Vidyanagari Campus at [[Santacruz, Mumbai#Kalina|Kalina]], Santacruz. It has air conditioned classrooms, conference room and a well-equipped library with over 22000 physical books & 20000 [[Ebook|E-Books]], 700 educational CDs, a regular subscription of more than 90 journals and periodicals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infrastructure|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/infrastructure.html}}</ref>
The Institute being a department of the University enjoys all the perks and facilities available on the University Campus at Kalina.
This includes;
*Access to the University Gymkhana
*University's Cricket ground
*All the canteens and messes available on campus
*Accommodation in the Guest houses and hostels
*The Jawaharlal Nehru Library

===Hostel Facility===
Hostel facility<ref>{{cite web|title=Hostel Facility|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/infrastructure.html}}</ref> is available to the students in the Kalina campus.

==Rankings==
The Institute consistently features in the list of Top B-Schools all over India.

*[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] B-School rankings 2018 - Rank 202 out of 303.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's best B-schools 2018: Full List|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/indias-best-b-schools-2018/story/india-best-b-schools-2018-full-list-112466-2018-11-16}}</ref>
*[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] B-School rankings 2018 - Rank 93 out of 150.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Business schools 2018|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/10/27/best-business-schools-2018.html}}</ref>

==Student Life and Participation==
The institute has various student committees’ for extracurricular activities.

===Alumni Committee===
[[File:ADMI Alumini Association.png|thumb|ADMI Alumni Association]]
The ADMI Alumni committee<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI Alumni committee|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/alumni-committee.html}}</ref> has recently been established with an aim to form alumni groups region wise , batch wise to drive activities, organize events and networking opportunities in their desired interests areas.
Its mission is to connect the Alumni with their alma mater and bridge the industry academia interface and as well mentor budding management Students for their upcoming career pursuits.

===Placement Committee===
The Placement Committee<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI Placement committee|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/placement-committee.html}}</ref> is composed of PG students and they work closely with placement officer towards achieving the goal of obtaining the desired placement offers for the students in terms of both profiles and organisations to work with.
In addition, placement committee plays an instrumental role in developing and sustaining a mutually beneficial long terms relationship with the industry.
It takes initiatives and organises lots of students grooming sessions, doing all the necessary arrangements during the visit of corporate on campus for placements and guest lectures etc.
Committee also takes the complete responsibility for managing students database and sending their details to corporate as per their interest and eligibility in democratic way.

===Media Committee===
The Media committee<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI Media committee|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/media-committee.html}}</ref> is made up of PG students and its primary objective is to ensure the support of the institute in the use of social media.
It develops and maintains an editorial calendar for social media that supports sharing relevant information via social media and other platforms.

It also plans, Coordinates and organizes various student , Institute level events that help strengthen the brand value of the institute.

===Artillery Committee===
The Artillery committee<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI Artillery committee|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/artillary-committee.html}}</ref> ensures that the students are exposed to the latest information and news happening in the corporate world as well as current affairs.
Students are encouraged to participate in Case study competitions and compete with top notch individuals.
[[File:ADMI e-cell.png|thumb|ADMI Entrepreneurship cell]]

===Cultural Committee===
Cultural Committee<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI Cultural committee|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/cultural-committee.html}}</ref> plans and executes all cultural events happening in the institute and also its [[Cultural festival (India)|Cultural festival]] – Zest.

===E-Cell===
On 22 August 2016, E-Cell<ref>{{cite web|title=ADMI E-Cell|url=https://admi.mu.ac.in/e-cell.html}}</ref> was successfully launched at the institute for Entrepreneurship activities. E-Cell is being run in association with Wadwani Foundation's NEN (National Entrepreneurship Network).

===Anvaya CSR===
Anvaya-The Social Responsibility Club, ADMIFMS is a group consisting of PG students and is responsible for [[Corporate Social Responsibility]] initiatives.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sayali Bhagat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sayali Bhagat - Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/celebrity/sayali-bhagat?amp}}</ref> actress.

==See also==
* [[University of Mumbai]]
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [https://admi.mu.ac.in ADMI Official website]
* [https://admialumni.org/ ADMI Alumni Association]
* [https://mu.ac.in/commerce-management University of Mumbai Commerce & Management]
* [http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3003 ADMI DTE information]

{{coord|19.06966|72.85857|type:edu_region:IN-MH|display=title}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute}}
[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:University departments in India]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in India]]

Hostages (Indian TV series)

2026-05-06T12:24:21Z

Abhishek Mandal: done - done

{{short description|2019 Indian crime mystery thriller series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hostages_Hotstar_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Mystery (genre)|Mystery]] [[Crime thriller]]
| based_on = [[Hostages (Israeli TV series)|Hostages]]
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|[[Sudhir Mishra]]}} (Season 1)
{{ubl|Sachin Krishn}} (Season 2)
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ronit Roy]]
* [[Tisca Chopra]]
* [[Parvin Dabas]]
* [[Aashim Gulati]]
* [[Mohan Kapur]]
* [[Dalip Tahil]]
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Nisarg Mehta
* Shiva Bajpai
* Mayukh Ghosh
}}
| theme_music_composer = Karel Antonin
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography =
| editor =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
| company = [[Applause Entertainment Limited|Applause Entertainment]] [[Banijay Group|Banijay Asia]]
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Rohit Philip
* Sameer Rajendran
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sameer Nair]]
* Deepak Dhar
* Deepak Segal
}}
| runtime = 25-33 Minutes
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 22
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}
'''''Hostages''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] series for [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming|Hotstar Specials]], which is an official remake of an Israeli series [[Hostages (Israeli TV series)|of the same name]]. Written by Nisarg Mehta, Shiva Bajpai and Mayukh Ghosh, the series is directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]]. Starring [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Parvin Dabas]], [[Aashim Gulati]], [[Mohan Kapoor]], [[Dalip Tahil]], with Malhaar Rathod, [[Sharad Joshi]], [[Aashim Gulati]], Surya Sharma and [[Anangsha Biswas]] in supporting roles. The series is about a renowned surgeon who is scheduled for a routine operation on the chief minister was ordered to assassinate him in the process, in order to save family being captivated.

[[Sameer Nair]] of [[Applause Entertainment]] brought the rights for the adaptation in April 2018, followed by the principal shooting which started in May 2018 and completed in March 2019. Marked as Sudhir Mishra's digital debut, the series was eventually premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 31 May 2019. The series received mixed response, and although the writing was criticised, critics praised the performances of [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Tisca Chopra]]. The actors eventually won two awards at the [[Gold Awards]] (an award ceremony for television-based content) for their performances. The series was also broadcast on [[StarPlus]] in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-27|title=Coronavirus lockdown: TV channels introduce re-runs of shows, web content|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/coronavirus-lockdown-tv-channels-introduce-re-runs-of-shows-web-content-120032701406_1.html|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>

A second season was officially announced on 16 October 2019. The narrative of the second season eventually follows a week after the events of the first season, with the retired cop, kidnaps the chief minister for a bone marrow transplant to save his wife's life. Production of the second season began in October 2019 and ended in July 2020, despite production delays due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The new season is directed by Sachin Krishn,<ref name="season2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sudhir-mishra-on-hostages-2-lockdown-has-slowed-down-work-but-will-be-out-by-may-1666687-2020-04-14|title=Sudhir Mishra on Hostages 2: Lockdown has slowed down work, but series will be out by May|date=April 14, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> replacing its predecessor Sudhir Mishra, who also worked on the second series. It premiered through [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 9 September 2020.

== Premise ==

=== Season 1 ===
Surgeon Dr. Mira Anand ([[Tisca Chopra]]) is scheduled to perform a routine operation on the chief minister, but the night before the procedure, her family is taken hostage and she is ordered to assassinate her unwitting patient in order to save her family, forcing her to make a decision.

=== Season 2 ===
The story starts a week after season 1. Handa is still under captivity and the whole crew is about to move to [[Nepal]] to perform the bone marrow operation. When Handa tries to escape, an unexpected change of plan leads the team to take refuge in a dilapidated old mansion where shooting results in a hostage situation. When new players and motives behind the original plan is revealed more complex situation rises which Prithvi now has to overcome including saving his daughter's life.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===
* [[Ronit Roy]] as [[Superintendent of Police]] Prithvi Singh
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as Dr. Mira Anand (Season 1)
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Sanjay Anand (Season 1)
* [[Aashim Gulati]] as Aman
* [[Mohan Kapur]] as Subramanian
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as CM Khushwant Lal Handa
* [[Anangsha Biswas]] as Hyma
* [[Shriswara]] as Saba Singh, Prithvi's wife
* Meenal Kapoor as Sneha (Head Nurse)
* [[Amit Sial]] as Peter George (Morgue Incharge)
* [[Faezeh Jalali]] as Sarah George
* Sharad Joshi as Shovan Anand (Season 1)
* Malhaar Rathod as Shaina Anand (Season 1)
*
* Anuranjan Awasthi as Aditya Sinha (Season 1)
*Md Azimul Islam Sheblu as Rony Hossain (season 1)
* Surya Sharma as Prince
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Karnail Singh, head of ATS (Season 2)
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Ayesha Khan (Season 2)
* [[Sachin Khurana]] as DSP Ashwini Dutt
* [[Dino Morea]] as Ranbir (Season 2)
* [[Shibani Dandekar]] as Isha Andrews (Season 2)
* [[Asif Basra]] as Asghar Nabi (Season 2)
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Shikha Pandey (Season 2)
* [[Rahul Bagga]] as Navin
* [[Danish Pratap Sood|Danish Sood]] as Rohan, Shikha's friend and colleague (Season 2)
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Shanaya Sahni (Season 2)
* [[Danish Husain]] as Arjun Bhasin / Owais (Season 2)
* [[Himanshi Choudhry]] as Kanika Arora, Journalist (season 2)

=== Recurring ===
* Manish Uppal as Naveen Khatana
* Parag Gupta as Bunty
* Megha Bestie as Girl Hostage
* Danish Kalra as Dr. Shastri
* Harish Khatri as Dr. Hingoorani
* Dalip Gulati as Doctor 1
* [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]] as Shukla
* Yusuf Hussain as Dr. Ali
* [[Pratik Parihar]] as Sniper Commando
* Richa Goswami as Avantika (CM’S Secretary)
* Saajan Malhotra as Rakesh (CM Security Guard 1)
* Dayaram Yadav as CM Security Guard 2
* Sumit Yadav as Arms Dealer
* Bhavesh Babani as Sameer Kapoor
* Palak Sindhwani as Min (Shovan’S Crush)
* Ritu as Mishra Lata (Maid)
* [[Manu Malik]] as Mahesh (Neighbour)
* Akanksha Khatri

== Episodes ==
{{series overview|color1=#000000|link1=Hostages (Indian TV series)#Season 1|released1={{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}|color2=#000000|link2=Hostages (Indian TV series)#Season 2|episodes2=12|released2={{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}|episodes1=10}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|title=|director=|writer=Mayukh Ghosh|airdate=|airdateR=|country=India|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Threat
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Sudhir Mishra]]}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A night before the operation of the Chief Minister of Haryana, Dr. Mira Anand, his surgeon, is held hostage along with her family by three masked men.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Sabotage
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy =Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = It's not a usual day at the hospital. While the clock is ticking, she desperately searches for a way to buy time. It is revealed that the kidnappers have a fourth team member.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Complications
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = At work, Mira has to deal with her old mentor's suspicion. Meanwhile, an angry neighbor shows up at the house.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Gatecrasher
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A new challenge presents itself and Prithvi must tie up the loose ends. As Mira and Sanjay debate over her kids' safety, an unannounced visitor arrives.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Falling Apart
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Mira struggles to help a wounded Sanjay, Prithvi takes a gamble to save the day. Meanwhile, suspicion creeps into the kidnappers' team.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Pieces of the Puzzle
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A sudden order to be present at the station leaves Prithvi concerned. On her way to the hospital, Mira begins to penetrate Prithvi's identity.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Betrayal
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Mira doesn't know whom to trust, especially after she discovers the truth about Sanjay. Meanwhile, Aditya (Shaina's boyfriend) hatches a plan to escape with Shovan and Shaina, with help from Mira.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Escape
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Prince and Aman chase Aditya and the kids into the jungle. Aditya meets with an accident and the kids are separated. Shaina calls the number provided by Mira earlier and reaches Subramaniam, the CM's Chief of Security. At home, Sanjay does the unthinkable.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Endgame
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Piecing together the clues, Mira is now following a new person. Elsewhere, Sanjay and Shovan take a risk to escape while Prithvi and Subramaniam end up in a clash after it is revealed that Subramaniam had recruited Prithvi.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = A Matter of Choice
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sudhir Mishra}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Prithvi has to contend with a mutiny from his crew, while Mira manages to turn the game around. Soon, she is faced with another choice, the one which was presented to her at the very beginning of the story.
|LineColor = 000000
}}}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|airdateR=|country=India|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = From frying pan to the fire
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Sachin Krishn]]}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After kidnapping Handa, Prithvi and his team are off to Nepal. However plans go awry when Handa escapes, Saba's health worsens and Subramaniam finds them.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = No Visual
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy =Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = With cops and reporters swarming the abandoned mansion, Prithvi scrambles for time. Ayesha Khan brought in as hostage negotiator, establishes a communication line.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The trade off
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Prithvi is forced to make a tough decision and demands the release of a Tihar Jail inmate, Ashgar Nabi, who's a former surgeon. But Ayesha has a card up her sleeve.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Caught off guard
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Prithvi helps Ashgar setup for the bone marrow transplant, Desai gets an unwelcome guest. Elsewhere Shikha smells a rat in a so-called open-and-shut case.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Plan B
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = With Ashgar completing his task, Prithvi plans an exit strategy. On the other side, Shikha pays the price for going against orders. Later Handa and Saba form a bond.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Cat and Mouse
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Sarah helps Prithvi, she catches unwanted attention. Meanwhile, Kanika meets an unexpected informant and Shikha comes across some crucial evidence.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Sneak in, Sneak out
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Peter begins to crack under the hostage crisis, an intruder breaks into Sarah's house. On the other end, Shikha and Rohan decide to spy on Isha Andrews.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Beginning of the end
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The situation worsens when Prithvi receives a heart-stopping phone call about his daughter. Meanwhile, Handa tries to manipulate Peter into helping him.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Connecting the Dots
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A mysterious journalist, Arjun Bhasin, arrives to cover CM Handa's funeral. Back at the mansion, Handa sheds light on his questionable deals and Ayesha keeps a close eye on Dutt.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Old Friends reveal themselves
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Prithvi reconnects with his old comrade, he plans to outwit Ranbir. On the other end, Arjun has an interesting encounter with a political extremist.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Inching Closer
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Aman and Saba struggle to escape, Prithvi joins Dutt to clear out the mansion. Rohan finds a critical lead as the conspiracy unravels more.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Against the clock
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sachin Krishn}}
|WrittenBy = Nisarg Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = It's a race against time for Prithvi to save his daughter. Ayesha finds something amiss and goes with her gut feeling, and Shikha finally puts it all together.
|LineColor = 000000
}}}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In April 2018, [[Sameer Nair]], CEO of [[Aditya Birla Group]]'s content studio [[Applause Entertainment]], announced their collaboration with Armoza Formats, in order to adapt the Israeli series ''[[Hostages (Israeli TV series)|Hostages]]'', ''La Famiglia'' and ''Honey Badgers''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-04-11|title=Indian adaptation of Israeli TV show 'Hostages' in pipeline|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-adaptation-of-israeli-tv-show-hostages-in-pipeline-118041100151_1.html|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> Sameer Nair initially slated that he has been a fan of Israeli content, due to a close cultural affinity and stated that the series have incredibly universal appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 11, 2018|title=Popular Israeli crime-thriller Hostages to be adapted in Hindi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/international-shows/story/popular-israeli-crime-thriller-hostages-to-be-adapted-in-hindi-1209619-2018-04-11|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The team planned of filming of the series after the completion of the writing and casting process.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-11|title=Israeli TV shows Hostages, La Famiglia and Honey Badgers to be remade in India; casting, filming to begin soon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/israeli-tv-shows-hostages-la-famiglia-and-honey-badgers-to-be-remade-in-india-casting-filming-to-begin-soon-4427633.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-11|title=Indian adaptation of Israeli TV show 'Hostages' in pipeline|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/indian-adaptation-of-israeli-tv-show-hostages-in-pipeline|access-date=2021-01-22|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> In May 2018, the production house officially announced the details of the cast and crew members, with [[Sudhir Mishra]] being assigned to direct the series,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Filmmaker Sudhir Mishra to direct the Indian adaptation of Israeli drama Hostages|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sudhir-mishra-hostages-5189630/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Sudhir Mishra on board for Indian adaptation of 'Hostages'|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sudhir-mishra-on-board-for-indian-adaptation-of-hostages|access-date=2021-01-22|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> and [[Ronit Roy]], [[Tisca Chopra]] and [[Parvin Dabas]] were roped in for the principal cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian remake of Israeli series 'Hostages' to star Tisca Chopra, Ronit Roy and Parvin Dabas|url=https://scroll.in/reel/880100/indian-remake-of-israeli-series-hostages-to-star-tisca-chopra-ronit-roy-and-parvin-dabbas|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Scroll.in|date=24 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Sudhir Mishra to remake Hostages, Ronit Roy and Tisca Chopra roped in for the webseries|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sudhir-mishra-to-remake-hostages-ronit-roy-and-tisca-chopra-roped-in-for-the-webseries/story-n9eVtZtk87dOVZwtOTFDcK.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=I treat each and every film/show of mine as the first one, which helps me think of the plot in a new and fresh way. Hostages is one such example. It is an enthralling and captivating concept, which will hook viewers, which justifies that there is a clear demand for a show like this in the digital space. For me, every element and every person who is involved in the project forms an integral part, including the actors, producers, writer, cameraman and the whole team|author=|title=|source=[[Sudhir Mishra]], on directing the series, in an interview with [[Indo-Asian News Service]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sudhir-mishra-hostages-5189630/|title = Filmmaker Sudhir Mishra to direct the Indian adaptation of Israeli drama Hostages|date = 24 May 2018}}</ref>}}
For the second season, Sudhir Mishra eventually roped in Sachin Krishn, the cinematographer of the first season as well as Sudhir's previous films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sachin Mamta Krishn: Hostages Season 3 is possible|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/oct/05/sachin-mamta-krishn-hostages-season-3-is-possible-20614.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=5 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, Sachin announced that there will be a third season.<ref name=":1" />

=== Casting ===
[[Ronit Roy]] who plays the role of Prithvi Singh, a retired cop, initially accepted the script stating that the original series being hugely appreciated all over the globe. In an interview with Indo-Asian News Service, he stated "My character in the series is very intriguing. I constantly strive to keep my audiences engaged and entertained with each of my performances."<ref name=":0" /> [[Tisca Chopra]] who plays the role of a renowned surgeon, Dr. Mira Anand, eventually said that her character "is very demanding and it will be challenging to live up to the high hopes set by the original show."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-24|title=Sudhir Mishra on board for Indian adaptation of 'Hostages'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sudhir-mishra-on-board-for-indian-adaptation-of-hostages-118052400195_1.html|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> The supporting characters include Malhaar Rathod, [[Sharad Joshi]], [[Aashim Gulati]], Surya Sharma and [[Anangsha Biswas]].

With Ronit being retained for the second season, [[Dino Morea]], [[Shibani Dandekar]], [[Divya Dutta]] and [[Shweta Basu Prasad]], were the new addition for the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 4, 2020|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Hostages 2 trailer out: Dino Morea, Divya Dutta join Ronit Roy in Season 2 of crime thriller|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/hostages-2-trailer-out-dino-morea-divya-dutta-join-ronit-roy-in-season-2-of-crime-thriller-1718711-2020-09-04|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Some of the old members like [[Dalip Tahil]], Surya Sharma, Aashim Gulati, Anangsha Biswas and [[Mohan Kapoor|Mohan Kapur]] are still a part of the series.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== Filming ===

==== Season 1 ====
Principal shoot of the first season took place in [[Delhi]] in May 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Sudhir Mishra to direct Indian version of 'Hostages' as webseries|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/05/24/sudhir-mishra-to-direct-indian-version-hostages-webseries.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> The team had shot major sequences at Delhi, bracing extreme climatic conditions, as the temperature is high as 48-49 degrees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 18, 2019|first=Suhani|last=Singh|title=Tisca Chopra on success of Hostages: I heard people are binge-watching it twice|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/tisca-chopra-on-success-of-hostages-i-heard-people-are-binge-watching-it-twice-1551049-2019-06-18|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> While filming the climax sequence at a [[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]] in [[New Delhi]], Ronit Roy, suffered major injuries, and undergone 17 stitches in order to continue shooting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=Ronit Roy got injured, had 17 stitches during Hostages shoot but refused to stop working|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ronit-roy-got-injured-had-17-stitches-during-hostages-shoot-but-refused-to-stop-working/story-z7NfE4Zlhz4SPbonVtHTEL.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Speaking about this experience, Ronit Roy said, "It was the most difficult chase sequence towards the end of our shoot, while we shot for the climax in the national park in Delhi. It was not just me, but the entire unit was running through that forest."<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2019|title=When a badly injured Ronit Roy continued to shoot for Hostages|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/when-a-badly-injured-ronit-roy-continued-to-shoot-for-hostages-1542457-2019-06-04|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Shooting was wrapped up in March 2019.<ref name=":2" />

==== Season 2 ====
On 16 October 2019, the series was officially renewed for a second season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Hostages'' renewed for second season|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hostages-renewed-for-second-season/1641623|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Outlook India}}</ref> Within announcement, the makers kickstarted the shooting of the series,<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Hostages'' to get second season in India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hostages-to-get-second-season-in-india/1641899|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Outlook India}}</ref> with principal shoot being held across Delhi, [[Mumbai]] and a few scenes were shot in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=Ronit Roy on Hostages 2: It was a very challenging shoot|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ronit-roy-on-hostages-2-it-was-a-very-challenging-shoot-6588557/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2019|title=Ronit Roy starrer Hostages renewed for second season|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ronit-roy-starrer-hostages-renewed-for-second-season-1610026-2019-10-16|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However, shooting was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], with post-production works being affected.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-04-14|title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Sudhir Mishra assures despite lockdown, Hostages season 2 will release by May end |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-sudhir-mishra-assures-despite-lockdown-hostages-season-2-will-release-by-may-end-8258241.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The makers resumed the shoot in July 2020, following the necessary safety guidelines imposed by the government, to avoid the pandemic spread, and was eventually wrapped by the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages Season 2: The tables have turned|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hostages-season-2-the-tables-have-turned-137593|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series' digital distribution rights were brought by [[Hotstar]]. On 15 January 2019, the streaming platform announced that the series will be released under the label [[Hotstar Specials]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2019-01-14|title=Hotstar adds to streaming drama with originals|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/upheyJzwLPEBLd8Ec4c65O/Hotstar-adds-to-streaming-drama-with-originals.html|access-date=2021-01-21|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotstar Taps 15 Indian Filmmakers for Originals Expansion, Starting March|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/hotstar-originals-expansion-with-hotstar-specials-launch-march-1977860|access-date=2021-01-21|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=15 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> with the production house [[Applause Entertainment]] collaborated with Hotstar to release it through first set of their original contents in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2019-03-04|title=Hotstar ties up with Applause Entertainment for first set of originals|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/hotstar-ties-up-with-applause-entertainment-for-first-set-of-originals-1551701974563.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title=Hotstar Specials' first slate to include Indian adaptations of The Office, Criminal Justice, Hostages|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hotstar-specials-first-slate-to-include-indian-adaptations-of-the-office-criminal-justice-hostages-6198981.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> A poster which released on 13 May 2019, features [[Ronit Roy]], taking [[Tisca Chopra]] as a hostage. But Rohit claimed that it was a suspense.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 30, 2019|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Ronit Roy: Hostages is edge-of-the-seat thriller with many twists and turns|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ronit-roy-hostages-is-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-with-many-twists-and-turns-1538617-2019-05-30|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 15 May 2019, a 30-second trailer was unveiled through social media platforms, receiving positive response.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages - Official Trailer {{!}} Hotstar Specials - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pymRhLERVI4|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.youtube.com| date=20 May 2019 }}</ref> The first season of the series was released on [[Hotstar]] on 31 May 2019, in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/hostages/1260005113|url-access=registration|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] announced for a premiere of the web series, as the shooting of television shows were affected due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], eventually halting the premiere of new episodes in television.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages Becomes First Disney+ Hotstar Series to Air on TV|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/hostages-series-tv-star-plus-timing-release-date-india-hotstar-disney-plus-2211062|access-date=2021-01-22|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=13 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The series consisting of 10-episodes was premiered at the channel in the 10:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] slot, which eventually belonged to the paranormal thriller ''[[Nazar 2]]'', for the same channel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-09|title=Disney+ Hotstar Series 'Hostages' to Air on Star Plus Next Week|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/star-plus-to-televise-hostages-from-13-april-at-2230|access-date=2021-01-22|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> With this, ''Hostages'' became the first [[Hotstar Specials]] series to be premiered directly on television.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=April 13, 2020|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Ronit Roy on life after lockdown: It's going to be like rising from the ashes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ronit-roy-hostages-coming-on-tv-is-a-win-win-situation-1666485-2020-04-13|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Commenting on this Ronit Roy stated, "The good part is that people get it to watch it for free. If they enjoy it, they might subscribe to [[Hotstar]]. The section of people, who only watch traditional TV, who do not have access to OTT platforms, will get to watch the show. If they like it, some of them might go to OTT to watch the second season. Its a win-win situation in both ways."<ref name=":4" />

The second season of the series was eventually scheduled to be released in May 2020,<ref name=":3" /> but delayed as the work in post-production got interrupted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 14, 2020|title=Sudhir Mishra on Hostages 2: Lockdown has slowed down work, but series will be out by May|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sudhir-mishra-on-hostages-2-lockdown-has-slowed-down-work-but-will-be-out-by-may-1666687-2020-04-14|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 31 August 2020, the official trailer of the second season was released through social media platforms,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Hostages 2 trailer: The tables have turned on Ronit Roy's Prithvi Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hostages-2-trailer-the-tables-have-turned-on-ronit-roy-6581803/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages Season 2 trailer out: Ronit Roy returns for an encore|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/03/hostages-season-2-trailer-out-ronit-roy-returns-for-an-encore-20087.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=3 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> receiving positive response from fans.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} The series premiered through [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 9 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Borah|first=Prabalika M.|date=2020-09-03|title='Hostages' season 2 will be 'darker and grittier'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/hotstar-specials-hindi-series-hostages-season-2-to-air-on-september-9/article32514286.ece|access-date=2021-01-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===

==== Season 1 ====
The first season of the series eventually received mixed response from critics. Archika Khurana, writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave three out of five stars and stated "The series tries too hard to be an edge-of-the-seat thriller by relying solely on performances, instead, the makers should have worked on coming up with a tighter script."<ref>{{Citation|title=Hostages Season 1 Review: Shows promise at first, loses its sheen to too many twists and turns|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hostages/hostages-season-1/seasonreview/76138053.cms|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> ''[[BloombergQuint|Bloomberg Quint]]''<nowiki/>'s Karishma Upadhyay, rated the same and wrote "A riveting home-invasion drama at its core, ''Hostages'' keeps you rooted to your seat with its twists and turns, but also leaves you a little baffled with the unreal lives of its characters."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|date=2019-05-31|title=Hotstar's Hostages is Immensely Binge-Worthy If Tad Implausible|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/hostages-hotstar-show-review-ronit-roy-tisca-chopra-binge-worthy|access-date=2021-01-22|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Shweta Kesari of ''[[India Today]]'', commented "Ronit Roy, Tisca Chopra starrer is intriguing in parts but fails to hold the interest of its viewers."<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2019|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Hostages review: Ronit Roy, Tisca Chopra's brilliant acting marred by tangled plot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/hostages-review-ronit-roy-tisca-chopra-s-brilliant-acting-marred-by-tangled-plot-1542291-2019-06-04|access-date=2021-01-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Sonali Kokra of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave two out of five and summarised "''Hostages'' is honest to a fault about sticking to its mandate of being the official Hindi adaptation of a hit Israeli show by the same name. Like the original, the first season of the Hindi iteration is exactly 10 episodes long, each one recreated almost scene for scene, with scarcely any alterations in the dialogue or the screenplay. But while the original was saved from drowning in the absurdities of its script by stellar acting and a determined cast, the Hindi version offers no such respite."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-03|title=Hostages review: Sudhir Mishra's Hotstar show is a series of improbable, unintentionally comedic events |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hostages-review-sudhir-mishras-hotstar-show-is-a-series-of-improbable-unintentionally-comedic-events-6744731.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Sowmya Srivatsava of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the series, one-and-a-half out of five and summarised "Hostages is a generic thriller that offers nothing new in terms of the story it tells, the characters it introduces, the way it is shot or even the themes it plays with."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-07|title=Hostages review: Tisca Chopra, Ronit Roy's show is generic, uninspired mess that captivates no one|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hostages-review-tisca-chopra-ronit-roy-s-show-is-generic-uninspired-mess-that-captivates-no-one/story-lHzhMXwVK8cUqGFjHMhIdM.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
The second season received mixed response. Archika Khuaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave three out of five stars and stated "The series has no dull moments owing to the ample twists-and-turns that keep the momentum going. The show is engaging and keeps its audience hooked while the battle between the both sides are on."<ref>{{Citation|title=Hostages Season 2 Review: This season, 'Hostages' gets grittier and better|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/hostages/season-2/seasonreview/77948756.cms|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> Pradeep Menon of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave three out of five and stated "Hostages is the sort of show that takes generous liberties with logic and possibilities, but that hardly comes in the way of you moving to the next episode."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-12|title=Hostages Season 2 review: This racy Disney+ Hotstar show is hit-or-miss, but the twists and turns may hold you captive|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hostages-season-2-review-this-racy-disney-hotstar-show-is-hit-or-miss-but-the-twists-and-turns-may-hold-you-captive-8809491.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala, writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commented "A bunch of guest appearances, some unexpected returning characters and a lot of going round in circles later, the season ends with a dramatic climax, which should satisfy fans of ''Hostages''."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|title='Hostages 2' review: A crowded house and plenty of twists|url=https://scroll.in/reel/972366/hostages-2-review-a-crowded-house-and-plenty-of-twists|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Scroll.in|date=9 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gaurang Chauhan of ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'', gave three-and-a-half out of five stars and commented "''Hostages'' season 2 is a worthy sequel to the thrilling season 1."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hostages season 2 Review: Ronit Roy, Divya Dutta and Dino Morea starrer show is a binge-worthy thrill ride|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series-movies/web-series-movies-review/article/hostages-season-2-review-hostages-season-2-review-and-rating-ronit-roy-divya-dutta-dino-morea-shibani-dandekar-shweta-basu-prasad/649691|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=9 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In contrast, Ektaa Malik of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave one-and-a-half out of five and summarised "Hostages Season 2 is a wasted effort. There are plenty of twists of turns, and if done well, the show could have been a binge-worthy, edge-of-the-seat thriller."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-12|title=Hostages 2 review: A wasted effort|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hostages-season-2-review-a-wasted-effort-6589358/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' commented "''Hostages S''eason 2 has too many distractions and plot entanglements to keep us invested in the ‘hostages’ and their safety for 12 long episodes."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title='Hostages' Season 2 review: Watch only if you're held hostage yourself|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hostages-season-2-review-watch-only-if-youre-held-hostage-yourself-132765|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Gauthaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' gave two out of five and stated "''Hostages 2'' seems stretched, with the rest of the story in not only as predictable, but has incidents that are uncomfortably distracting."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=Hostages 2 Review: A Crime Caper That Could Have Sieved Off its Fat|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hostages-2-review-a-crime-caper-that-could-have-sieved-off-its-fat-2868417.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> Namrata Thakkar of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave two-and-a-half out of five and commented "''Hostages 2'' is not as crisp and engaging as season one. But the show is still worth watching once because of Ronit Roy and a few other fine performances."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakker|first=Namrata|title=Hostages 2 review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/hostages-2-review/20200911.htm|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 99%;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="1" |[[iReel Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.news18.com/i-reel-awards/list-of-nominees/#best_awards_5d691e3c111fdb8740e0d835|title=nominations|website=News18|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
| Best Actor (Drama)
| rowspan="2" |[[Ronit Roy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Tisca Chopra]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Drama Series
|''Hostages''
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of SonyLIV original programming]]
* [[Tanaav]]
* [[Tandav (web series)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9094282}}

[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Thriller television series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

U. R. Rao Satellite Centre

2026-04-28T12:49:46Z

Abhishek Mandal:

{{Short description|Indian satellite design center}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=December 2025}}
{{Third-party|date=January 2014}}
}}
{{Coord|12.9595|77.6546|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = U. R. Rao Satellite Centre
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| logo_width = 100px
| seal =
| seal_width =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1972|05|11}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| parent_agency = [[ISRO]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| coordinates =
| employees = 1,339 (as of 1 March 2026)<ref name="annualreport2022-2023">{{cite report|title=Annual Report 2025-2026: 3.2 Human Resources |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025-26_EN_28042026.pdf}}</ref>
| budget = See the budget of [[ISRO]]
| chief1_name = M. Sankaran
| chief1_position = Director
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| child2_agency =
| website = [https://www.ursc.gov.in/ URSC home page]
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''U. R. Rao Satellite Centre''' ('''URSC'''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/URSC.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> formerly '''ISRO Satellite Centre''' ('''ISAC''') is an [[ISRO]] centre for the design, development, and construction of Indian satellites. It was established in 1972 as Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) in Peenya Industrial Estates of Bengaluru.<ref name="age40">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bangalores-isro-satellite-centre-turns-forty-481967 | title=Bangalore's ISRO Satellite Centre turns forty | access-date=23 June 2019 | archive-date=21 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921183903/https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bangalores-isro-satellite-centre-turns-forty-481967 | url-status=live }}</ref> ISAC was renamed as URSC after the former ISRO Chairman and ISAC founding director Dr. [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao]] with effect from 2 April 2018. URSC is situated in Vimanapura Post.

The centre launched its 100th satellite on 12 January 2018,<ref name="century">{{cite web | url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-100th-satellite-today-a-look-at-space-agency-s-ten-achievements/story-WSNCAVHswR8XUsho2ie8vL_amp.html | title=ISAC's maiden century | access-date=23 June 2019 | archive-date=14 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714010833/https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-100th-satellite-today-a-look-at-space-agency-s-ten-achievements/story-WSNCAVHswR8XUsho2ie8vL_amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref> encompassing the [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]] series, the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|IRS]] series, and [[GSAT]] communication satellites.

Organisations under URSC include the [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]] (LEOS) and the [[ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment]] (ISITE).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sanjana |date=2025-09-11 |title=IIST, URSC Sign MoU to Develop Venus Mission Payload {{!}} AIM |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/iist-ursc-sign-mou-to-develop-venus-mission-payload/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
Like other ISRO centres, URSC is organised using [[matrix management]]. The centre is divided into Functional Areas such as Control and Mission Area, Electronic Systems Area, Mechanical Systems Area, and Reliability and Components Area.

Each area is divided into groups. For instance, Control and Mission area has many groups like Control Systems Group, and Flight Dynamics Group. Groups are divided into divisions. For example, Control Systems Group has divisions such as Control Electronics Division, Control Dynamics and Analysis Division.

Project Planning and Evaluation Group, Computer and Information Group, Space Astronomy and Instrumentation Division are independent. Facilities groups like Thermovac facility and projects such as IRS, INSAT, SATNAV operate separately.

== Directors ==
# Prof [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao]] (1976-1984) was the founding director. He was a [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient who later became the [[Chairperson of ISRO]] and held the post of Chancellor at [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] until his last days.
# [[Nilamber Pant|Col N. Pant]] (1984-1990), a [[Padma Shri]] recipient
# Dr [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan|K. Kasturirangan]] (1990-1994), a recipient of the three major civilian awards from the [[Government of India]]: the [[Padma Shri]] (1982), [[Padma Bhushan]] (1992) and [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2000).<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He later became the Chairperson of ISRO
# Shri R Aravamudan (1994-1997)
# Dr [[Prem Shanker Goel|P. S. Goel]] (1997-2005), a [[Padma Shri]] recipient
# Dr [[K. N. Shankara]], (2005-2008), a [[Padma Shri]] recipient
# Dr [[T. K. Alex]] (2008-2012),<ref name="tka">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-may-2008/dr-t-k-alex-appointed-new-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |title=DR T K Alex Appointed as New Director of ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019105700/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-may-2008/dr-t-k-alex-appointed-new-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Padma Shri]] recipient
# Dr [[S. K. Shivkumar]] (2012-2015),<ref name="sks">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jun-2012/s-k-shivakumar-takes-over-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |title=S K Shivakumar takes over as Director of ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820183947/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jun-2012/s-k-shivakumar-takes-over-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Padma Shri]] recipient
# Dr [[Mylswamy Annadurai]] (2015-2018),<ref name="ma">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-apr-2015/dr-m-annadurai-takes-over-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |title=M Annadurai takes over as Director of ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820183809/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-apr-2015/dr-m-annadurai-takes-over-director-of-isro-satellite-centre-bangalore |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Padma Shri recipient
# Dr [[P. Kunhikrishnan]] (2018-2021)<ref name="pk">{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/isro-director-kunhikrishnan-will-retire-today-1367698|title=P Kunhikrishnan retires as Director of U.R.Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602132507/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/isro-director-kunhikrishnan-will-retire-today-1367698|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Shri [[M. Sankaran]] (2021-present) <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2021 |title=Sankaran appointed U R Rao Satellite Centre's director |work=URSC |url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/directors/sankaran.jsp |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603081116/https://www.ursc.gov.in/directors/sankaran.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://www.ursc.gov.in

{{ISRO facilities|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Space technology research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1972]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Mysore State]]

Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital

2026-04-26T23:17:41Z

Abhishek Mandal: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bihar University of Health Sciences#Private Medical Colleges (Allopathy)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

28th Kolkata International Film Festival

2026-04-23T19:35:29Z

Abhishek Mandal: Put up a details - done

{{short description|2022 Indian film festival}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Film festival
| name = 28th Kolkata International Film Festival
| image = 28th Kolkata International Film Festival.jpg
| caption = Official logo
| opening = ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'' by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| closing =
| location = Netaji Indoor Stadium, Kolkata
| founded = 1995
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Film:''' ''[[Upon Entry]]'' and ''[[The Golden Wings of Watercocks]]''
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Director:''' Ernesto Ardito, Virna Molina for ''Hitler's Witch''}}
| host = [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information and Cultural Affairs Department]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| number = 183
| date = Opening: {{Start date|df=y|2022|12|15}} Closing: {{End date|df=y|2022|12|22}}
| website = {{URL|https://kiff.in/}}
| previous = [[27th Kolkata International Film Festival|27th]]
| main = [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
| next = [[29th Kolkata International Film Festival|29th]]
}}

The '''28th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]''' was held from 15 to 22 December 2022 at [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]], in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. The festival opened with 1973 film ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'', by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. 183 films including 130 feature films and 52 short and documentary films from 42 countries were screened during 7 days of the festival.<ref name="fest">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/28th-kiff-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-kolkata-international-film-festival/photostory/96225477.cms |title=28th KIFF: Here's all you need to know about Kolkata International Film Festival|publisher=Times of India|date=14 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> The opening ceremony was attended by [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/big-b-flags-free-speech-shah-rukh-the-narrowness-driving-social-media-8327214/ |title=Kolkata Film Festival: Amitabh Bachchan flags free speech, Shah Rukh Khan the 'narrowness' driving social media |author=Premankur Biswas|publisher=The Indian Express|date=16 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/social-media-is-divisive-driven-by-narrowness-shah-rukh-khan-says-at-the-kolkata-international-film-festival/article66267703.ece|title=Social media is divisive, driven by narrowness, Shah Rukh Khan says at the Kolkata International Film Festival|first=Shiv |last=Sahay Singh|website=The Hindu|date=16 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>

The festival closed on 22 December at [[Rabindra Sadan]] hosted by [[Saheb Chatterjee]]. Spanish film ''[[Upon Entry]]'' by Alejandro Rojas, and Juan Sebastian Vasquez and Bangladeshi film ''[[The Golden Wings of Watercocks]]'' by Muhammad Quayum, jointly won the Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for best film, whereas Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for best director was won by Ernesto Ardito and Virna Molina for their film ''Hitler's Witch''.<ref name="kiff:ott"/>

==Highlights of the year==
'''Retrospective on Amitabh Bachchan'''

A retrospective on [[Amitabh Bachchan]], celebrating his life and works, was presented by screening his films.

'''Paying homage through special tribute'''

Filmmaker [[Tarun Majumdar]], veteran actor [[Pradip Mukherjee]], classical musician [[Shivkumar Sharma]] and American actor [[Angela Lansbury]], who all died in 2022, were given special tribute in the festival.

'''Centenary celebration'''

Centenary tribute was given to the French film director and screenwriter [[Alain Resnais]], Italian filmmaker [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], Greek film actor and director [[Michael Cacoyannis]], alongside Indian cinema's legendary figures [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]], [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], Bharati Devi, [[K. Asif]] and Hindustani classical musician [[Ali Akbar Khan]].

'''Game On, A new category'''

From this year a new category 'Game On' was introduced. Seven sports related films including [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]'s 1984 film ''[[Kony (film)|Kony]]'', 2016 film ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'', 2021 film ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' were screened to promote sports among young generation.<ref name="fest" />

==Jury==
===International jury===
'''International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images'''
* Iliana Zakopoulou, (Chairperson), Head of the Department of Sales and Promotion (Hellas Film) of the Greek Film Centre.
* Mano Khalil, a Kurdish-Swiss film director and producer
* Shalini Dore, an editor with Variety
* Tanvir Mokammel, current director of Bangladesh Film Institute (BFI)
* Tannishtha Chatterjee, an Indian actress and director

'''Competition on Indian Language's Films'''
* [[Siddiq Barmak]], (Chairperson), an Afghan film director and producer
* Gulnara Abikeyeva, a Kazakh film critic and film researcher
* Viera Langerová, Slovak film critic, lecturer and scriptwriter
'''Asian Select (NETPAC Award)'''
* Latika Padgaonkar (Chairperson), a columnist, translator and editor of several books, also member of the NETPAC (India), and the FIPRESCI.
* Italo Spinelli, a director and author, the founder and artistic director of Asiatica International Film Festival, Rome
* Supriya Suri, the founding member of Cinedarbaar in India and a film curator, and runs her production company Maison Su.
'''Competition on Indian Short Films'''
* Jaya Seal Ghosh, an Indian actress, dancer and producer
* Prasun Chatterjee, an Indian filmmaker, also the founder of Kathak Talkies, a Kolkata-based film production company
* Raajhorshee De, a writer and creative director, also project head for two channels in Bengal— [[Colors Bangla]] and [[Zee Bangla]].
'''Competition on Indian Documentary Films'''
* Anindita Choudhury, the current Vice President of Original Content for [[Zee5]] Kolkata and Bangladesh
* Manas Mukul Pal, an Indian film director and writer
* [[Sani Ghose Ray]], a creative entrepreneur. Currently heading [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]

== Official selection ==
{{Small|Source:}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiff.in/movie-schedule/category |title= 28th Kolkata International Film Festival: Category Wise Schedule |website=Kolkata International Film Festival|date=15 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiff.in/archive/2022/official-selection |title= 28th Kolkata International Film Festival: Categories of 28th KIFF |website=Kolkata International Film Festival|date=15 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/the-28th-kolkata-international-film-festival-features-rare-language-films-and-long-queues |title= The 28th Kolkata International Film Festival features 'Rare Language Films' and long queues|author=Amarabati Bhattacharyya |website=National Herald|date=21 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>

===Inaugural Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FAD6A5"|Inaugural Film
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| India
|-
|}

=== Competition categories ===
====International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/argentine-film-hitlers-witch-is-about-hate-patriarchy-without-being-preachy-director/1275234/ |title= Argentine film 'Hitler's Witch' is about hate, patriarchy without being preachy: Director |work= The Print |date=21 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>

:Highlighted title indicates award winner

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2021
| ''[[The Golden Wings of Watercocks]]''
| ''Kura Pokhhir Shunye Ura''
| [[Muhammad Quayum]]
| Bangladesh
|-
| 2022
| ''Silent Glory''
| ''Shokouhe Khamoush''
| [[Nahid Hassanzadeh]]
| Iran
|-
| 2022
| ''The Lord of Creations''
| ''Samaresh Basur Projapoti''
| [[Subrata Sen]]
| India
|-
| 2022
| ''The Warm Blues''
|
| [[Rishabh Kumar]]
| India
|-
| 2022
| ''The Deadman's Bride''
| ''Mireasa Mortului''
| Cornel Gheorghita
| Romania
|-
| 2022
| ''First snow''
| ''ПЕРВЫЙ СНЕГ''
| Nathalia Konchalovsky
| Russia
|-
| 2022
| ''In Limbo''
| ''Mezhsezone''
| Alexander Hant
| Russia
|-
| 2022
| ''The Wedding Parade''
| ''Berbu''
| Sevinaz Evdike
| Syria
|-
| 2022
| ''The village''
| ''AUL''
| Serik Aprymov
| Kazakh
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| ''Hitler's Witch''
| ''La Bruja De Hitler''
| Ernesto Ardito, Virna Molina
| Argentina
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Europe''
| Philip Scheffner
| Germany, France
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Upon Entry]]''
| Alejandro Rojas, Juan Sebastian Vasquez
| Spain
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Travels inside foreign heads''
| Antonio Amaral
| France
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Dirty, Difficult, Dangerous''
| Wissam Charaf
| France, Italy
|-
|}

====Competition on Indian Language's Films====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chhaad-the-terrace-paoli-dam-starrer-premieres-at-kolkata-international-film-festival-after-europe-6659941.html |title= Chhaad -The Terrace: Paoli Dam Starrer Premieres At Kolkata International Film Festival After Europe |work= News18 |date=20 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
:Highlighted title indicates award winner

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2022
| ''The Faded Footprints''
| ''Lokkhir Paa''
| [[Abhik Das]]
|-
| 2022
| ''Salt Of The Earth''
| ''Bhoomiyude Uppu''
| [[Sunny Joseph]]
|-
| 2022
| ''Colours of a Rebel Sprout''
| ''Akoman''
| [[Pranjal Saikia]]
|-
| 2022
| ''Sattha Soothakada Suttha''
| ''Sattha Soothakada Suttha''
| Therunalli D
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Beginning''
| Jagan Vijaya
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Tora's Husband''
| [[Rima Das]]
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''The Fallen are Connected''
| [[B.S. Pradeep Varma]]
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Muthayya''
| Bhaskar Maurya
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Global Aadgaon''
| Anilkumar Salve
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Naanera''
| Deepankar Prakash
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''OCD''
| [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|-
| 2022
| ''If Only Trees Could Talk''
| ''Sikaisal''
| [[Bobby Sarma Baruah]]
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Sthalam''
| [[Dr. Biju|Bijukumar Damodaran]]
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| ''The Terrace''
| ''Chhaad''
| Indrani Chakraborty
|-
|}

====Asian Select (NETPAC Award)====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2022
| ''Home for Sale''
| ''Продаётся дом''
| Taalaibek Kulmendeev
| Kyrgyzstan
|-
| 2022
| ''The River Breathes''
| ''Ano ko no Yume wo Mizuninagashite''
| Shoji Toyama
| Japan
|-
| 2022
| ''The Keysmith''
| ''Chabiwala''
| Raja Ghosh
| India
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| 2022
| ''Fortune''
| ''DOV''
| Muhiddin Muzaffar
| Tajikistan
|-
| 2022
| ''Incredible Coorg''
| ''Pommale Kodag''
| Kottukattira Prakash Kariyappa
| India
|-
| 2022
| ''Doosra''
| ''Doosra''
| Channa Deshapriya
| Sri Lanka
|-
| 2022
| ''Hijab''
| Munni
| Ismail Moodushedde
| India
|-
|}

====Competition on Indian Short Films====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bandits-bazooka-a-quirky-neo-noir-shot-by-a-kolkata-boy-is-set-to-premiere-at-28th-kiff/cid/1905239 |title= Bandit's Bazooka, a quirky neo-noir shot by a Kolkata boy, is set to premiere at 28th KIFF |author= Sohinee Basu |work= The Telegraph India |date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''Outlaw's Gun''
| ''Bandit'S Bazooka''
| Divyesh Gandhi
|-
| ''The Cremation''
| ''Daah Sanskaar''
| Falguni Bhakta
|-
| ''The Arrival of Shurponakha''
| ''Shuruponakhar Agomon''
| Suchandra Vaaniya
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| ''I am, Mehmood''
| ''Mein, Mehmood''
| Prataya Saha
|-
| ''Void''
| ''Xunyota''
| Nabapan Deka
|-
| ''The Divine Touch''
| ''Haater Sporsho''
| Dr. Prosenjit Choudhury
|-
|}

====Competition on Indian Documentary Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| ''In Search Of Neelpawan Baruah''
| ''Neelpawan Baruak Bichari''
| Keshar Jyoti Das
|-
| ''My Country''
| ''Amar Desh''
| Suman Sen Gupta, Subhra Mukhopadhyay, Saswata Sarkar
|-
| colspan=2|''Imroz - A Walkdown Memory Lane''
| Harjit Singh
|-style="background:#eedd82;"
| colspan=2|''Nybreum - The Unsettled Shade''
| Neha Sharma
|-
| ''Dream For Livelihood''
| ''Bhat Kaporer Swapno''
| Raktim Mondal
|-
| colspan=2|''Mizo Soundscapes''
| Joshy Joseph
|-
| ''The Edge Of The Sunshine''
| ''Dhoop Kinaara''
| Shadab Farooq
|-
|}

===Non-Competition Categories===
====Amitabh Bachchan: A Living Legend====
Source:|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kiff-2022-amitabh-bachchan-retrospective-to-be-held-183-movies-to-be-screened/article66250912.ece |title= KIFF 2022: Amitabh Bachchan retrospective to be held; 183 movies to be screened |work= The Hindu |date=11 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 1975
| colspan=2|''[[Deewaar]]''
| [[Yash Chopra]]
|-
| 2005
| colspan=2|''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|-
| 1979
| colspan=2|''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
| [[Yash Chopra]]
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|-
| 1982
| colspan=2|''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''
| [[Ramesh Sippy]]
|-
| 1981
| colspan=2|''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''
| [[Yash Chopra]]
|-
| 1971
| colspan=2|''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]''
| rowspan=2|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|-
| 1982
| colspan=2|''[[Bemisal]]''
|-
|}

====Bengali Panorama====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2022
| ''Grassland''
| ''Ghasjomi''
| Sumantra Roy
|-
| 2022
| ''NeetiShastra''
| ''নীতিশাস্ত্র''
| Arunava Khasnobis
|-
| 2022
| ''Taranga - The Wave of Life''
| ''তারাঙ্গা''
| Palash Dey
|-
|}

====Centenary tribute====
: '''International'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Alain Resnais]]
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Private Fears in Public Places (film)|Private Fears in Public Places]]''
| ''Cœurs''
| France
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Hiroshima mon amour|Hiroshima, My Love]]''
| ''Hiroshima mon amour''
| France
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]
|-
| 1964
| ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]''
| ''Il vangelo secondo Matteo''
| Italy
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]''
| ''Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma''
| Italy, France
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Oedipus Rex (1967 film)|Oedipus Rex]]''
| ''Edipo re''
| Italy, Morocco
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Michael Cacoyannis]]
|-
| 1971
| colspan="2"|''[[The Trojan Women (film)|The Trojan Women]]''
| United States, United Kingdom, Greece
|-
| 1977
| colspan="2"|''[[Iphigenia (film)|Iphigenia]]''
| Greece
|-
| 1962
| colspan="2"|''[[Electra (1962 film)|Electra]]''
| Greece
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Zorba the Greek (film)|Zorba the Greek]]''
| Alexis Zorbas
| Greece, United States
|-
|}
: '''Indian'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Dilip Kumar]]
|-
| 1960
|''[[Mughal-e-Azam|The Great Mughal]]''
| Mughal-e-Azam
| [[K. Asif]]
|-
| 1961
|''[[Gunga Jumna|Ganga Jamuna]]''
| Gunga Jumna
| [[Nitin Bose]]
|-
| 1982
|''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Power]]''
| Shakti
| [[Ramesh Sippy]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|Bharati Devi
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Sagar Sangamey|The Holy Island]]''
| ''Sagar Sangamey''
| [[Debaki Bose]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Ali Akbar Khan]]
|-
| 1960
| ''Hungry Stones''
| ''Khudhito Pashan''
| [[Tapan Sinha]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|-
| 1975
| colspan=2|''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]''
|-
| 1971
| colspan=2|''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]''
|-
| 1966
| colspan=2|''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]''
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]''
|-
| 1982
| colspan=2|''[[Bemisal]]''
|-
| 1969
| colspan=2|''[[Satyakam]]''
|-
| 1973
| colspan=2|''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
|-
| 1956
| colspan=2|''Chalachal''
|-
| 1963
| colspan=2|''[[Uttar Falguni]]''
|-
| 1959
| colspan=2|''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]''
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#EDC9AF"|[[K. Asif]]
|-
| 1960
| colspan=2|''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''
|-
|}

====Cinema International====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Decision to Leave]]''
| ''헤어질 결심''
| Park Chan-wook
| South Korea
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Alcarràs (film)|Alcarràs]]''
| ''Alcarràs - L'ultimo raccolto''
| [[Carla Simón]]
| Spain, Italy
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Five Devils]]''
| ''Les cinq diables''
| [[Léa Mysius]]
| France
|-
| 2022
| ''[[One Fine Morning (film)|One Fine Morning]]''
| ''Un beau matin''
| [[Mia Hansen-Løve]]
| France, Germany
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2| ''[[Close (2022 film)|Close]]''
| [[Lukas Dhont]]
| Belgium, Netherlands, France
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Rule 34 (film)|Rule 34]]''
| ''Regra 34''
| Julia Murat
| Brazil, France
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Prison 77]]''
| ''Modelo 77''
| [[Alberto Rodríguez Librero|Alberto Rodríguez]]
| Spain
|-
| 2022
| ''[[When the Waves Are Gone]]''
| ''Kapag Wala Nang Mga Alon''
| [[Lav Diaz]]
| Philippines, France, Portugal, Denmark
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Blue Caftan]]''
| ''Le Bleu du caftan''
| [[Maryam Touzani]]
| France, Morocco, Belgium, Denmark
|-
| 2022
| ''How Is Katia?''
| ''Yak Tam Katia?''
| Christina Tynkevych
| Ukraine
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Victim (2022 film)|Victim]]''
| ''Obet''
| Michal Blasko
| Slovakia
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Nightsiren]]''
| ''Svetlonoc''
| [[Tereza Nvotová]]
| Czech Republic, Slovakia, France
|-
| 2022
| ''Queens''
| ''Malikates''
| Yasmine Benkiran
| France, Morocco
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Heartbeast''
| Anio Suni
| Norway
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''Alma Viva''
| Cristèle Alves Meira
| Portugal, France, Belgium
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Joyland (film)|Joyland]]''
| [[Saim Sadiq]]
| Pakistan
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Blanquita]]''
| Fernando Guzzoni
| Chile
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Boy from Heaven]]''
| [[Tarik Saleh]]
| Sweden, France, Finland
|-
| 2022
| ''[[I Have Electric Dreams]]''
| ''Tengo sueños eléctricos''
| [[Valentina Maurel]]
| Belgium, France, Costa Rica
|-
| 2022
| ''Call Of God''
| ''Kõne taevast''
| Kim Ki-duk
| South Korea
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]''
| [[Darren Aronofsky]]
| United States
|-
| 2022
| ''[[No Bears]]'' || ''خرس نیست (Khers Nist)'' || [[Jafar Panahi]] || Iran
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Triangle of Sadness]]''
| [[Ruben Östlund]]
| Sweden, France, United Kingdom, Germany
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Broker (2022 film)|Broker]]''
| ''브로커''
| [[Hirokazu Kore-eda]]
| South Korea
|-
| 2022
| ''The Ocean Angel''
| ''Maariya''
| Aruna Jayawardana
| Sri Lanka
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Crimes of the Future (2022 film)|Crimes of the Future]]''
| [[David Cronenberg]]
| Canada, Greece
|-
| 2022
| ''My Sailor, My Love''
| ''Rakkaani Merikapteeni''
| [[Klaus Härö]]
| Finland
|-
| 2022
| colspan=2|''[[Rhinegold (2022 film)|Rhinegold]]''
| [[Fatih Akin]]
| German
|-
|}

====Game On====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| 2021
| colspan=2| ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
| [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|-
| 2016
| colspan=2| ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
| [[Neeraj Pandey]]
|-
| 2007
| colspan=2| ''[[Chak De! India]]''
| [[Shimit Amin]]
|-
| 2016
| colspan=2| ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
| [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
|-
| 2013
| colspan=2| ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
| [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]
|-
| 2014
| colspan=2| ''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''
| [[Omung Kumar]]
|-
| 1984
| colspan=2| ''[[Kony (film)|Kony]]''
| [[Saroj Dey]]
|-
|}

====Homage====
Four films will be showcased to pay homage to [[Jean-Luc Godard]], the French-Swiss film director, screenwriter, and film critic.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Alphaville (film)|Alphaville]]''
| ''Alphaville: une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution''
| France
|-
| 1961
| ''[[A Woman Is a Woman]]''
| ''Une femme est une femme''
| France
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]''
| ''Le Mépris''
| France, Italy
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]''
| ''À bout de souffle''
| France
|-
|}

====Short and Documentary Panorama====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| colspan=2|''Ripples Under the Skin''
| [[Farha Khatun]]
|-
| colspan=2| ''How do I Show the Ocean Space You Carried Inside You''
| Abeer Khan
|-
| ''[[Eewai|The Ripple]]''
| ''[[Eewai]]''
| [[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|}

====Special Screening====
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/three-bangladeshi-films-screen-kolkata-intl-film-festival-3194181 |title= Three Bangladeshi films to screen at Kolkata Int'l Film Festival |website=The Daily Star Festival|date=12 December 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hawa (2022 Bangladeshi film)|Wind]]''
| ''Hawa''
| Mejbaur Rahman Sumon
| Bangladesh
|-
| 2020
| ''Captive''
| ''Nazarband''
| [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
| India
|-
| 2022
| ''Lakadbaggha''
| ''Lakadbaggha''
| Victor Mukherjee
| India
|-
| 2021
| colspan=2|''Neighbours''
| [[Mano Khalil]]
| Syria
|-
|}

====Special tribute====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Director(s)
!scope="col" | Production countrie(s)
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FD9966"|[[Pradip Mukherjee]]
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Jana Aranya|The Middleman]]''
| ''Jana Aranya''
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
| India
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FD9966"|[[Shiv Kumar Sharma]]
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Continuation]]''
| ''Silsila''
| [[Yash Chopra]]
| India
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FD9966"|[[Angela Lansbury]]
|-
| 1945
| colspan="2"|''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)|The Picture of Dorian Gray]]''
| [[Albert Lewin]]
| United States
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#FD9966"|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Nimantran|The invitation]]''
| ''Nimantran''
| rowspan=3|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
| rowspan=3|India
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Ganadevata (film)|The People]]''
| ''Ganadevata''
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Child Bride]]''
| ''Balika Badhu''
|-
|}

====Unheard India: Rare Language Films====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/kolkata-international-film-festival-2022-unpopular-language-films-unheard-india-rare-language-films-2311639-2022-12-21 |title= Unheard India: Rare language films enthral film buffs at Kolkata film festival 2022|author=Suryagni Roy |website=India Today|date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/rajbanshi-film-attracts-cinephiles-at-28th-kiff-502788 |title= Rajbanshi film attracts cinephiles at 28th KIFF |website= Millennium post
|date=20 December 2022|access-date=20 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:4px"
|-
!scope="col" | English title
!scope="col" | Original title
!scope="col" | Language
!scope="col" | Director(s)
|-
| colspan=2|''TUSU''
| [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]
| Biswait Roy
|-
| colspan=2| ''Dhairya''
| [[Beary language|Byari]]
| Aditya R Chiranjeevi
|-
| colspan=2| ''Lotus Blooms''
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| Pratik Sharma
|-
| ''Tortoise Under The Earth''
| ''Dharti Latar Re Horo''
| [[Santali language|Santhali]]
| Shishir Jha
|-
| colspan=2| ''Mansai-Beyond River''
| [[Rangpuri language|Rajbanshi]]
| Ashutosh Das
|-
| ''The Monk And The Courtesan''
| ''Bhagavadajjukam''
| [[Sanskrit]]
| Yadu Vijayakrishnan
|-
| ''Darling''
| ''Nasimay''
| [[Rabha language|Rabha]]
| Hiren Bora
|-
|}

== Winners ==
Source:<ref name="kiff:ott">{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kiff-films-from-bangladesh-and-spain-bag-best-film-paolis-chhaad-gets-a-special-jury-nod/4b12d81d7b670 |title= KIFF: Films from Bangladesh, and Spain bag Best Film, Paoli's Chhaad gets a Special Jury nod |author= Shamayita Chakraborty |website= OttPlay |date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/curtains-on-kiff-with-two-films-from-bdesh-spain-sharing-top-51l-award/articleshow/96440929.cms|title=Curtains on Kolkata International Film Festival with two films from Bangladesh & Spain sharing top Rs 51 lakh award|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|date=23 December 2022|access-date=26 December 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Film:'''
** ''[[Upon Entry]]''
** ''[[The Golden Wings of Watercocks]]''
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Director:''' Ernesto Ardito, Virna Molina for ''Hitler's Witch''
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Short:''' ''I Am, Mehmood'' by Prataya Saha
* '''Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award for Best Documentary:''' ''Nybreum - The Unsettled Shade'' by Neha Sharma
* '''Special Jury mention''' (Innovation in Moving Pictures): ''Silent Glory'' by Nahid Hassanzadeh
* '''Hiralal Sen Memorial Award Best Film''' (Indian language's films) : ''Muthayya'' by Bhaskhar Maurya
* '''Hiralal Sen Memorial Award Best Director''' (Indian language's films) : Deepankar Prakash for ''Naanera''
*'''Special Jury mention''' (Indian language's films):
** ''The Terrace'' by Indrani
** ''If Only Trees Could Talk'' by Dr. Bobby Sarma Baruah
* '''NETPAC Award for Best Film''' : ''Fortune'' by Muhiddin Muzaffar
* '''Special Jury mention''' (Indian Short Films):
** ''Void'' by Nabapan Deka
** ''The Divine Touch'' by Dr. Prosenjit Choudhury

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Kolkata Film Festival}}

[[Category:Kolkata International Film Festival]]
[[Category:2022 film festivals]]
[[Category:2022 festivals in Asia]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema]]

Basuki Bihari

2026-04-18T07:38:40Z

Abhishek Mandal: Put up new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basuki Bihari
| subdivision_type4 = Assembly Constituency
| demographics1_title3 = Sex Ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 52.79%
| demographics1_title2 = Literacy
| demographics1_info1 = 14385
| demographics1_title1 = Population
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
* Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = *[[Hindi]]
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type1 = Census 2011
| subdivision_name4 = Harlakhi
| subdivision_type5 = District
| subdivision_name5 = [[Madhubani district]]
| subdivision_type6 = Block
| subdivision_name6 = Madhwapur
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani
| native_name = 
| subdivision_type3 = Lok Sabha Constituency
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| settlement_type = Village
| demographics1_info3 = 1012
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.58509|N|85.84161|E}}
| nickname = Bihari
| founder = Chaudhary Family
| named_for = Basuki Nath Mandir
| postal_code = 847305
| image_skyline = Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir.jpg
| image_caption = The campus of the temples of the presiding deity [[Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir|Basuki Nath Mahadev]] and Gram Devata [[Brahma Sthan|Brahma Baba]] of the village
}}
[[File:Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|150px|The view of [[Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir]] at ''Basuki Bihari North'' during [[Chhath]] festival 2022.]]
'''Basuki Bihari''' is a village in the [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] district in State of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MADHWAPUR-Intermediate Panchayat|url=https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/2447_madhwapur-intermediate-panchayat|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.panchayatportals.gov.in}}</ref> According to India Population Census 2011 the population of the village is 14385.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|access-date=2021-07-25|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The majority of people of this village speak in Maithili language. The total area of the village is 13.62 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basuki Bihari, Madhubani {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Basuki-Bihari/n7FrSEyT3U|access-date=2021-07-27|website=geoiq.io}}</ref> The village is divided into two Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) Basuki Bihari North and Basuki Bihari South. The head of the Gram Panchayat is called as Mukhiya. Mukhiya is elected by adult people of the village. The election of Mukhiya is held by the Election Commission of Bihar state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Election Commission, Bihar|url=http://sec.bihar.gov.in/old-sec/FAQ.aspx#q1|access-date=2021-07-26|website=sec.bihar.gov.in}}</ref> This village is known for social cultural activities like Durga Puja, Chhath, Kali Puja and Sarswati Puja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहारी में तेज गति से चल रही चार दिवसीय काली पूजा की तैयारी|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-preparation-of-fast-fourday-kali-puja-in-bihari-21057703.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-24|title=मधवापुर में नौ जगहों पर होती है शक्ति की अधिष्ठात्री मां दुर्गा की पूजा, जुटते हैं लोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/there-are-nine-places-in-madhwapur-to-worship-the-mother-of-power-durga-people-gather-081556-5560356.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The village is connected by State Highway No 75 from Darbhanga to Madhwapur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2008-08-01|title=Bihar State Highways Project: SH-75 (Darbhanga - Madhwapur) Subproject (Updated)|url=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/bihar-state-highways-project-sh-75-darbhanga-madhwapur-subproject-updated|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Asian Development Bank|language=en}}</ref> This village is only two kilometres far from the Indo-Nepal Border at [[Madhwapur]] in Madhubani district. During the festival of [[Vivaha Panchami|Vivah Panchami]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], the processions of ''Ram Baraat'' coming from [[Ayodhya]] pass through the village of Basuki Bihari, while their journey to [[Janakpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राम और जानकी की पहली मुलाकात की गवाह फुलहर आज आएगी बरात - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-ram-janakis-first-meeting-witness-fulhar-will-come-today-19792811.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Chaudhary Tol, Basuki Bihari village.jpg|thumb|'''''Chaudhary Tol''''' - The residencial locality of the Dihi (early ancestors) of the village.]]
[[File:State Highway 75, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|alt=राजकीय राजमार्ग ७५, बासुकी बिहारी उतरी|thumb|150px|State Highway 75, Basuki Bihari North]]
[[File:Indo-Nepal Border Highway, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Indo-Nepal Border Road|Indo - Nepal Border Highway]] at Basuki Bihari North]]

== Etymology ==
The name of the village is made by two naming words of Lords in Hinduism "Basuki" and "Bihari". Basuki is the name of Lord Shiva. Similarly, Bihari is used for symbolising Lord Rama and Krishna and the God in Hinduism. In the village there two old temples of Lord Shiva named as Lord Baba Basuki Nath at the two ends of the village. The first temple is at Basuki Bihari North named [[Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir|Baba Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir]]. The second temple of Lord Shiva is at Basuki Chowk in Basuki Bihari South with same naming. In the village there is a place name as Naya Janakpur where Lord Rama temple was built. There is also a Hanuman temple at Naya Janakpur. Therefore, the name of the village is originated from the presence of these temples.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, the number of families residing in this village is 2913. The total population of the village is 14385, of which 7149 are male while 7236 are females.<ref name=":0" />

The [[sex ratio]] of Basuki Bihari village is 1012 females to 1000 males on average. Among children, this ratio is on average 996 females to every 1000 males.
[[File:Grampanchayat Raj Bhavan, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|alt=Grampanchayat Raj, Basuki Bihari North|thumb|150px|Grampanchayat Raj, Basuki Bihari North]]
In 2011, the literacy rate of Basuki Bihari village was 52.79%, with literacy among males at 64.48% and 41.29% among females.<ref name=":0" />

== Places of interest ==
There are many places in this village which have both religious and historical backgrounds. Some of them are listed below.
# '''Basuki Nath Mandir''' is a temple of lord Shiva. [[Maithil Brahmin]] were very devoted to lord Shiva. Chaudhary family of Basuki Bihari built this temple in devotion to lord Shiva. The exact date of foundation of the temple is unknown. This is one of the oldest temple in this area. The Pipal tree north to the temple is also a very old tree. At the time of Chhath and Mahashivratri festivals, the temple is richly decorated.<ref>{{Cite news|title=महाशिवरात्रि आज:मुख्यालय सहित प्रखंड क्षेत्र में शिवालय सज-धज कर तैयार, आज होगा जलाभिषेक|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhawapur/news/with-mahashivratri-the-pagoda-in-the-block-area-including-the-headquarters-is-ready-ready-today-will-be-jalabhishek-128310008.html}}</ref> A pond, known as Chaudhary Pokhair, is situated in front of the temple.
# '''Maharani Sthan''' is a Hindu temple located at Basuki Bihari North village of Madhubani district in Bihar, India. It is very old temple. It is believed that the temple was initially built by Chaudhary family residing in this village. The temple was rebuilt again some years ago. It is the temple of Goddess Bhagwati.
# [[File:Sati Mai Sthan, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|150px|'''Sati Mai Sthan''' at ''Basuki Bihari North'']]'''Sati Mai Sthan''' is a historical monument built to remember the sacrifice of the life of a Rajput lady '''Sati''' in mourning of her husband's martyrdom in a war just after the couple marriage.
# '''Garhi''' is a historical site of Rajputs.
# [[File:Chaudhary Pokhair- Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|150px|Chaudhary Ghat, Chaudhary Pokhair]][[File:Chhath Puja at Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|150px|Chhath Puja at Chaudhary Pokhair]]'''Chaudhary Pokhair''' is a pond which was built by Chaudhary family of Basuki Bihari North village. Since it is in front of Shiva temple, so this pond is considered as Ganga of this village. Many Hindu religious rituals are performed here. Karma-Kanda rituals of Hindu people are also performed here. It is the most holy pond in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chaudhary Pokhair Chaudhary Pokhair, Basuki Bihari North, Bihar|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Chaudhary+Pokhair&ludocid=1125461435582765936&lsig=AB86z5X0LZkE8PyLSOT4oBIj8Ott|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.google.com}}</ref>
#'''Bhavani Mandir''' is located at ''Thalhi''.
# [[File:Shiva Mandir, Bajrang Bazar, Bihari.jpg|thumb|150px|Shiva Mandir, Bajrang Bazar, Bihari]][[File:Shiv Mandir, Bajrang Bazar, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|alt=Shiv Mandir, Bajrang Bazar, Basuki Bihari North|thumb|150px|Shiv Mandir, Bajrang Bazar, Basuki Bihari North]]Shiv Mandir, Bajrang Bazar
# Mahadev Mandir, Shiromanipatti
# '''Kali Mandir''' ({{langx|mai|मां काली मंदिर}}): a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Kali|Goddess Kali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=विधायक ने प्रतियोगिता में सफल बच्चों को किया पुरस्कृत - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-mla-rewarded-successful-children-in-competition-18621693.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> During the festival of [[Kali Puja]], a large number of devotees flock to the temple for worshiping Goddess Kali. The temple is looked after by a social and cultural organisation called as ''Shree Kali Puja Samiti''. The formal celebration of the Kali Puja festival in the campus of the temple started in the year 1993 by the Puja Committee with the help of the villagers. Every year the festival of Kali Puja is celebrated with a great pomp and show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहारी में तेज गति से चल रही चार दिवसीय काली पूजा की तैयारी - Preparation of fast four-day Kali Puja in Bihari - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-preparation-of-fast-fourday-kali-puja-in-bihari-21057703.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=काली पूजा के तीसरे दिन महिलाओं ने भरा खोंइछा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/on-the-third-day-of-kali-pooja-035703-3151752.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>
# [[File:Naya Janakpur Mandir, Basuki Bihari.jpg|alt=Naya Janakpur Mandir, Basuki Bihari|thumb|150px|Naya Janakpur Mandir, Basuki Bihari]]'''Naya Janakpur Mandir''' is a Hindu temple at outskirt of Basuki Bihari North village of Madhubani district of Bihar, India. It was built by Agyaani Baba of this village in the devotion to Lord Rama.
# [[File:Brahm Baba Sthan- Basuki Bihari North.jpg|alt=ब्रह्म बाबा स्थान, बिहारी|thumb|150px|[[Brahma Sthan|Brahm Baba Sthan]], Bihari]]'''[[Brahma Sthan|Brahm Baba Sthan]]'''
[[File:Naya Janakpur, Basuki Bihari.jpg|alt=नया जनकपुर, बासुकी बिहारी उतरी|thumb|150px|Naya Janakpur, Basuki Bihari North]]12. '''Baba Palakeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' - It is Lord Shiva's temple located at ''Parsa Tol'', outskirts of the village. In the premises of the temple, there is a sacred pond. Its water is used for performing [[Jalabhisheka]] on the [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani News : श्रीमद्भागवत कथा ज्ञान महायज्ञ के अवसर पर निकली शोभायात्रा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/procession-took-place-on-the-occasion-of-the-grand-yajna |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

13. '''Jamuni Sangam Ghat''' is a sacred location near Brahmpuri Tol of the village. At this location, [[Jamuni River|Jamuni river]] merges into the [[Dhouns River]]. It is natural location. There is a bridge known as ''Akharharghat Pul'' on the Dhouns River. It connects Brahmpuri Tol of the village to [[Akharharghat]] village.
[[File:Dhouns river.jpg|thumb|Natural view of the Dhouns River from the Akharharghat Pul near the village. Photo captured by [[commons:User:Sntshkumar750|Santosh Chaudhary]]]]

== Educational institutions ==
In recorded history, the first school established in the village is Primary School Babhnipatti in 1931. This proves that in this village there was an educational institution before the [[Independence of India]].
# Utkramit Higher Secondary School, Bihari
[[File:Utkramit Higher Secondary School, Bihari.jpg|thumb|150px|Utkramit Higher Secondary School, Bihari]]
# Utkramit Middle School, Bihari
# Primary School Babhnipatti, Basuki Bihari
# Delhi Public School, Bihari<ref>{{Cite web|title=Know Your School, Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education, Government of India|url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/getSchoolDetail|website=Know Your School}}</ref>
# Prerna Academy, Basuki Bihari<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prerana Academy, Basuki Bihari|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/prerna-academy-basuki-bihari-lezq12|website=icbse.com/Schools}}</ref>

== Social and cultural organisations ==

# "Durga Puja Samiti, Bihari" is a social and cultural organisations to organise Durga Puja festival in the village. It was established in 1987 by the villagers of the village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मधवापुर में नौ जगहों पर होती है शक्ति की अधिष्ठात्री मां दुर्गा की पूजा, जुटते हैं लोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/there-are-nine-places-in-madhwapur-to-worship-the-mother-of-power-durga-people-gather-081556-5560356.html|url-status=live|website=Dainik Bhaskar|date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804125546/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/there-are-nine-places-in-madhwapur-to-worship-the-mother-of-power-durga-people-gather-081556-5560356.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 }}</ref>
# "Kali Puja Samiti, Bihari" organises Kali Puja festival in the village in the month of October - November every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहारी में तेज गति से चल रही चार दिवसीय काली पूजा की तैयारी|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-preparation-of-fast-fourday-kali-puja-in-bihari-21057703.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>
# "Kamala Pooja" - Kamala Pujan is held at ''Brahmapuri Tol'' of the Basuki Bihari South Panchayat, with the aim of pleasing the water goddess ''Kamala Mai'' near the bank of the [[Dhouns River]] flowing through village. It is organised by the people of the ''Machhuara'' (fishermen) community for wishing protection of water resources, advancement in water related businesses like fish and makhana, family happiness, peace and prosperity. The rituals are performed according to the ''Tantrik Vidhi'' in Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-02 |title=धूमधाम से हुई कमला पूजा, मछुआरा समाज ने की विशेष पूजा और अर्चना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/madhawapur/news/kamala-puja-was-done-with-great-pomp-fishermen-community-did-special-puja-and-worship-132223557.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231202191129/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/madhawapur/news/kamala-puja-was-done-with-great-pomp-fishermen-community-did-special-puja-and-worship-132223557.html |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="310" heights="230" perrow="5">
File:Basuki Chowk.jpg|Basuki Chowk at Basuki Bihari South
File:Basuki Bihari Bridge.jpg|Basuki Bihari Bridge (बासुकी बिहारी पुल )
File:Maharani Sthan, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|[[Maharani Sthan]], Basuki Bihari North near ''Chaudhary Tol''
File:Bajarang Bazar, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|Bajarang Bazar, Basuki Bihari North near old Gram Panchayat
File:View of Puwari Baadh, Inrwa Tol, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|View of ''Puwari Baadh'' at ''Inrwa Tol'' in Basuki Bihari North
File:Chaudhary Pokhair, Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir.jpg|View during Chhath Puja at Chaudhary Pokhair Ghat, [[Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir]]
File:National Highway 227, Basuki Bihari section.jpg|National Highway 227 passing through the village of Basuki Bihari South
File:Parsa-Inarwa Road, Basuki Bihari.jpg|Inarwa Tol - Parsa Road, Basuki Bihari North
File:Salhesh Mandir, Inarwa Tol, Basuki Bihari.jpg|Salhesh Mandir at Inarwa Tol near Parsa Road, Basuki Bihari North
File:Chaudhary Tol, Basuki Bihari North.jpg|View of Chaudhary Tol from a terrace.
</gallery>

== Economy ==
In the village, there is a branch of nationalised bank called [[Bank of India]] to fulfill the banking requirements of the villagers, economic activities of the village and its surrounding villages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बैंक ऑफ इंडिया की बासुकी बिहारी शाखा के प्रबंधक ने किया योगदान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/madhawapur/news/manager-of-basuki-bihari-branch-of-bank-of-india-contributed-133172589.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Cite web |title=Basuki Bihari Pin Code, Basuki Bihari, Madhubani Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar |url=https://indiamapia.com/Madhubani/Basuki_Bihari.html |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=indiamapia.com}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

Lokeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-04-12T14:50:11Z

Abhishek Mandal: made

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}{{Related|[[Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Lokeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=लोकेश्वर नाथ महादेव|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Shiva|tradition=[[Sanatana]]|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=Mahashivratri, Sawan Sombari, Ramcharitmanas Navah Mahayajna|location=Amanpur village, Mithila region|district=[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country={{flag|India}}|designation1=|designation1_type=Priest|designation1_offname=Pandit Dinesh Jha}}
'''Lokeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: लोकेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. It is located at the Amanpur village in the [[Choraut|Charaut block]] of the [[Sitamarhi district]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in India. It is popular for organising ten-day long ''Ramcharit Manas Navah Mahayajna'' in the region. The present priest of the temple is ''Pandit Dinesh Jha''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=महायज्ञ से भक्तिमय बना माहौल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-devotional-atmosphere-created-by-mahayagya-5871722.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> The temple is also known as ''Lokesh Nath Shiva Mandir'' or simply ''Lokesh Nath Mandir''. The festivals of [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] and [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]] Sombari are the major festivals celebrated in the temple with a great pomp. The devotees come here to perform the sacred ritual [[Jalabhisheka]] on the [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-01 |title=हलेश्वरस्थान में उमड़ा आस्था का सैलाब |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/1030933- |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अंतिम सोमवारी को शिवालयों में उमड़ा आस्था का सैलाब - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-the-last-mornings-18335176.html |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is at a distance of 3.5 kilometres by road from the other near popular Shiva temple known [[Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir]].

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|26.51366|85.79671|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Sitamarhi district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

List of people on the cover of FHM India

2026-04-10T20:15:51Z

Abhishek Mandal: made

{{Short description|none}}
This '''list of people on the cover of FHM magazine 2007–present''' is a catalog of women who have appeared on the cover of the [[FHM India|Indian edition]] of ''[[FHM]]'' magazine, starting with the magazine's inaugural issue in October 2007.

==2007==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! [[Cover girl]] !! Other notes
|-
| October || [[Ujjwala Raut]] || Launch issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nextgenpublishing.in/newsdtl.aspx?nid=33 |title=FHM India celebrates its first Anniversary issue |publisher=Nextgenpublishing.in |date=2010-07-30 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianmodelsblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/ujjwala-raut-magazine-cover-editorial.html |title=Ujjwala Raut Magazine Cover & Editorial for FHM India Oct 2007 |publisher=Asianmodelsblog.blogspot.com |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| November || ||
|-
| December || ||
|}

==2008==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover model !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Bruna Abdullah]] ||
|-
| February || [[Kareena Kapoor]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/kareena-uncovered/ |title=Kareena (Un)Covered! |publisher=High Heel Confidential |date=2008-02-18 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://b-listed.blogspot.in/2008/07/cause-my-bodys-too-bebolicious-for-you.html |title=Cause my body's too Bebolicious for you |publisher=B-listed.blogspot.in |date=2008-07-09 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ravi |url=http://bolllywood.blogspot.in/2008/02/snapshots-kareena-kapoor-on-fhm-india.html |title=Bollywood Buzz: Snapshots: Kareena Kapoor on FHM India cover |publisher=Bolllywood.blogspot.in |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/FHM-2008-Kareena-Kapoor-Kylie-MINOGUE-Roger-FEDERER-Petra-N-mcova-OLGA-KURYLENKO-/110899198403?pt=Magazines&hash=item19d21b79c3 |title=FHM 2008 Kareena Kapoor Kylie Minogue Roger Federer Petra Němcová Olga Kurylenko |publisher=eBay |date=2013-02-08 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| March || [[Padma Lakshmi]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123masala.com/archives/padma-lakshmi-sizzle-in-single-status-drool/ |title=FHM March 2008 Padma Lakshmi |publisher=123masala |date=2012-10-30 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| April || [[Bipasha Basu]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.funfunky.com/bipasha-basu-fhm-scans-t10670.html |title=Bipasha Basu FHM Scans : Hot Celebrities |publisher=FunFunky.com |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Bipasha+Basu/articles/21/Bipasha+Basu+FHM+India+Magazine+Hot+Cover |title=Bipasha Basu FHM India Magazine Hot Cover Girl - April 2008 Issue |publisher=Zimbio |date=2008-04-04 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| May || [[Nina Manuel]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celebflicker.com/supermodel-nina-manuel-turns-up-the-heat-fhm-cover-girl/cf_ninamanuel_fhm-4jpg/ |title=Celebrity HQ Scans - Celebrity HQ Images, Scans, News and Gossips |publisher=Celebflicker.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| June || [[Katrina Kaif]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://katrinakaifonline.net/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=435 |title=June 2008 - Katrina Kaif Online Photo Gallery |publisher=Katrinakaifonline.net |date=2010-01-13 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Katrina-Gauri-Deepika-Sexiest-Woman-FHM-June-2008-/130720357971?pt=Magazines&hash=item1e6f8a5e53 |title=Katrina Gauri Deepika – The Sexiest Woman FHM June 2008 |publisher=eBay |date=2012-10-30 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Trendy |url=http://www.trendite.net/2008/06/06/fhm-india-magazine-names-katrina-kaif-sexiest-woman-alive-katrina-kaif-really/ |title=FHM India Magazine Names Katrina Kaif 'Sexiest Woman Alive'!! Katrina Kaif, Really??? |publisher=Trendite.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/831/200806z.jpg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004116/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/831/200806z.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |title=ImageShack® - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| July || [[Lara Dutta]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/fhm-magazine-july-cover-scans-lara-dutta/ |title=(Un)Covered: Lara In Surily |publisher=High Heel Confidential |date=2008-07-07 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/3/200807.jpg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004005/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/3/200807.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |title=ImageShack® - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| August || [[Vidya Balan]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/FHM-Aug-08-Vidya-Balan-Angelina-Jolie-Ana-Ivanovic-Minissha-Lamba-Jenny-McCarthy-/110899198393?pt=Magazines&hash=item19d21b79b9 |title=FHM Aug 08 Vidya Balan Angelina Jolie ANA Ivanovic Minissha Lamba Jenny McCarthy |publisher=eBay |date=2012-12-10 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://refresh-ment.blogspot.in/2008/09/in-bed-with-vidya-balan-fhm-august.html |title=In bed with Vidya Balan - FHM August Refreshment |publisher=Refresh-ment.blogspot.in |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| September || [[Urvashi Sharma]] & [[Nethra Raghuraman]] || First cover to feature more than one cover girl.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ali |url=http://celebchoices.blogspot.in/2008/09/shahrukh-fear-factor-babes-on-fhm.html |title=Shahrukh & Fear Factor Babes on FHM |publisher=Celebchoices.blogspot.in |date=2008-09-16 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bolly99.com/2008/09/shahrukh-fear-factor-babes-on-fhm.html |title=Shahrukh & Fear Factor Babes on FHM |publisher=Bolly99.com |date=2008-09-15 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/fear-factor-babes-fhm |title=Fear Factor Babes on FHM |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=2008-09-15 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202225756/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/fear-factor-babes-fhm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img3752.imagevenue.com/img.php?image=83857_51_122_562lo_122_562lo.jpg |title = FHM India September 2008 cover |publisher=imagevenue.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| October || [[Olga Kurylenko]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nakhrewaali.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/200812-jpg-hosted-at-imageshack-us/ |title=FHM India Cover Pages – 2008 |publisher=Nakhrewaali.wordpress.com |date= 12 February 2012|accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/62/200811.jpg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004113/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/62/200811.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |title=ImageShack® - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| November || [[Genelia D'Souza]] || 1st Anniversary Issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funrocker.com/blog/genelia-d-souza-beautiful-photo-shoot-on-fhm-magazine-october.html |title=Genelia D'Souza Beautiful Photo Shoot on FHM magazine October |publisher=FunRocker.Com |date=2009-10-27 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-date=2013-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729083639/http://www.funrocker.com/blog/genelia-d-souza-beautiful-photo-shoot-on-fhm-magazine-october.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nextgenpublishing.in/nextgenpublishing.in/newsdtl.aspx?nid=33 |title=FHM India celebrates its first Anniversary issue |publisher=Nextgenpublishing.in |date=2010-07-30 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rachakonda |first=Akhileshwar |url=http://gennyfans.blogspot.in/2013/02/genelia-dsouza-on-fhm-magazine.html |title=Genelia D'Souza on FHM magazine |publisher=Gennyfans.blogspot.in |date=2013-02-12 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| December || [[Eesha Koppikhar|Eesha Koppikar]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/FHM-December-2008-Eesha-Koppikar-Jason-Statham-Farrukh-Dhondy-Anjana-Sukhani-/110904784651?pt=Magazines&hash=item19d270b70b |title=FHM December 2008 Eesha Koppikar Jason Statham Farrukh Dhondy Anjana Sukhani |publisher=eBay |date=2012-12-10 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/201/200812.jpg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004000/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/201/200812.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |title=ImageShack® - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|}

==2009==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover girl !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Mugdha Godse]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/FHM-JAN-2009-MAG-MUGDHA-GODSE-/360592595700 |title=FHM Jan 2009 Mag Mugdha Godse |publisher=eBay |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://masalaphotoshoot.blogspot.in/2010/07/mugdha-godse-hot-photoshoot-for-fhm.html |title=Mugdha Godse Hot Photoshoot for FHM Magazine pictures |publisher=Masalaphotoshoot.blogspot.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225411/http://masalaphotoshoot.blogspot.in/2010/07/mugdha-godse-hot-photoshoot-for-fhm.html |archive-date=2013-04-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://l4us.blogspot.in/2009/01/mugdha-godse-fhm-magazine-hot-shots.html |title=Mugdha Godse - FHM Magazine Hot Shots |publisher=L4us.blogspot.in |date=2009-01-24 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412224315/http://l4us.blogspot.in/2009/01/mugdha-godse-fhm-magazine-hot-shots.html |archive-date=2013-04-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollywood.celebden.com/2009/01/mugdha-godse-on-fhm/ |title=Mugdha Godse on FHM |publisher=Bollywood.celebden.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| February || [[Deepika Padukone]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/DeepikasizzlesonFHM/Article4.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307013706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/DeepikasizzlesonFHM/Article4.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |title=Deepika sizzles on FHM | Deepika sizzles on FHM |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://actressbuzz.com/blog/magazine-scan/hot-deepika-padukone-hq-pictures-hot-deepika-padukone-fhm-india-february-2009/ |title=Hot Deepika Padukone HQ Pictures |Hot Deepika Padukone - FHM India (February 2009) |publisher=Actressbuzz.com |date=2009-02-28 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.xcitefun.net/hot-deepika-padukone-fhm-india-february-2009-t30888.html |title=Hot Deepika Padukone - FHM India (February 2009) : Indian Celebrities |publisher=Forum.xcitefun.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| March || [[Priyanka Chopra]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| April || [[Kangana Ranaut]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| May || [[Kareena Kapoor]] || First cover girl to appear twice.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| June || [[Katrina Kaif]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://katrinakaifonline.net/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=434 |title=June 2009 - Katrina Kaif Online Photo Gallery |publisher=Katrinakaifonline.net |date=2010-01-13 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=chandoo |url=http://www.magxone.com/fhm/katrina-kaif-fhm-magazine-india-june-2009/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618125850/http://www.magxone.com/fhm/katrina-kaif-fhm-magazine-india-june-2009/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 18, 2009 |title=Katrina Kaif FHM Magazine India June 2009 |publisher=Magxone.com |date=2009-06-15 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| July || [[Neha Dhupia]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| August || [[Deepika Padukone]] || First and only cover girl to appear twice in one year.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| September || [[Shruti Haasan]] || <ref>{{cite web|author=Jhony |url=http://www.magxone.com/fhm/shruti-haasan-fhm-india-september-2009/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927184431/http://www.magxone.com/fhm/shruti-haasan-fhm-india-september-2009/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |title=Shruti Haasan FHM India September 2009 |publisher=Magxone.com |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/shruti-haasan/shruti-haasan-fhm-cover |title=Shruti Haasan on FHM cover |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=2009-09-10 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funrocker.com/blog/shruti-hassan-on-fhm-india-magazine-september-2009-photos.html |title=Shruti Hassan Pictures and Photos on FMH Magazine |publisher=FunRocker.Com |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2013-03-17 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081451/http://www.funrocker.com/blog/shruti-hassan-on-fhm-india-magazine-september-2009-photos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funonthenet.in/forums/index.php?topic=150636.0 |title=Shruti Haasan FHM India Sep 09 Scans |publisher=Funonthenet.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203208/http://www.funonthenet.in/forums/index.php?topic=150636.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| October || [[Maria Sharapova]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebook3000.com/FHM-India---October-2009_147205.html |title=FHM India - October 2009 |publisher=Ebook3000.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031011307/http://ebook3000.com/FHM-India---October-2009_147205.html |archive-date=2011-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfxtra.com/magazines/125116-fhm-india-october-2009.html |title=FHM India - October 2009 |publisher=Gfxtra.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maga2ine.info/2011/10/fhm-india-october-2009/ |title=FHM India – October 2009 |publisher= |date=2011-10-24 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazinedown.com/FHM-India---October-2009_67770.html |title=FHM India - October 2009 |publisher=Magazinedown.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tusovkazvezd.ru/1447-mariya-sharapova-maria-sharapova-foto-v-zhurnale-fhm-indiya-oktyabr-2009.html |title=Мария Шарапова (Maria Sharapova) фото в журнале FHM Индия, октябрь 2009 |publisher=Tusovkazvezd.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17 |archive-date=2016-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916005115/http://www.tusovkazvezd.ru/1447-mariya-sharapova-maria-sharapova-foto-v-zhurnale-fhm-indiya-oktyabr-2009.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| November || [[Asin]] || 2nd Anniversary Special.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| December || [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/jacqueline-fernandez-fhm-dec09 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez on FHM Dec.09 |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=2009-12-10 |accessdate=2013-03-17 |archive-date=2011-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207184551/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/jacqueline-fernandez-fhm-dec09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fun-maag.blogspot.in/2009/12/jacqueline-fernandez-fhm-india-december.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez FHM India December 2009 ~ Fun-mag |publisher=Fun-maag.blogspot.in |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Boy |first=Indian |url=http://indiatvforum.blogspot.in/2009/12/jacqueline-fernandez-on-fhm-magazine.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez On FHM Magazine December 2009 Cover |publisher=Indiatvforum.blogspot.in |date=2009-12-12 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/FHM-DEC-2009-MAG-JACQUELINE-FERNANDEZ-/360598845316 |title=FHM Dec 2009 Mag Jacqueline Fernandez |publisher=eBay |date=2013-03-13 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood+Actresses/articles/kW0-b4BziZQ/Jacqueline+Fernandez+FHM+India+magazine+December |title=Jacqueline Fernandez FHM India magazine December 2009 |publisher=Zimbio |date=2009-12-30 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|}

==2010==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover girl !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Amrita Rao]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| February || [[Nandana Sen]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/38/201002n.jpg/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421171919/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/38/201002n.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |title=ImageShack - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| March || [[Bipasha Basu]] || <ref>{{cite web|author=chandoo |url=http://www.magxone.com/fhm/bipasha-basu-fhm-india-march-2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195600/http://www.magxone.com/fhm/bipasha-basu-fhm-india-march-2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2010 |title=Bipasha Basu FHM India March 2010 |publisher=Magxone.com |date=2010-04-05 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| April || [[Minissha Lamba]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| May || [[Raima Sen]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| June/July || [[Deepika Padukone]] || First cover girl to appear thrice.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| August || [[Lisa Haydon]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| September || [[Yardthip Rajpal]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/39/201009.jpg/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422002527/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/39/201009.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |title=ImageShack - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| October || [[Lara Dutta]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/515/201010p.jpg/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421172144/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/515/201010p.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |title=ImageShack - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| November || [[Vidya Balan]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| December || [[Monikangana Dutta]] || <ref>{{cite web|author=chandoo |url=http://www.magxone.com/fhm/monikangana-dutta-fhm-india-december-2010/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411082640/http://www.magxone.com/fhm/monikangana-dutta-fhm-india-december-2010/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |title=Monikangana Dutta FHM India December 2010 |publisher=Magxone.com |date=2010-12-13 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|}

==2011==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover girl !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Ileana D'Cruz]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B">{{cite web|url=https://nakhrewaali.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/201106-jpg-hosted-at-imageshack-us/ |title=FHM India Cover Pages 2011 |publisher=Nakhrewaali.wordpress.com |date= 12 February 2012|accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| February || [[Shruti Haasan]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| March || [[Sonam Kapoor]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| April || [[Mallika Sherawat]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| May || [[Yana Gupta]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| June || [[Katrina Kaif]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://katrinakaifonline.net/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=1031 |title=June 2011 - Katrina Kaif Online Photo Gallery |publisher=Katrinakaifonline.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| July || [[Neha Dhupia]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| August || [[Kalki Koechlin]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| September || [[Kajal Agarwal]] || <ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| October || [[Malaika Arora Khan]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| November || [[Sonakshi Sinha]] || 4th Anniversary Issue.<ref name = "Yr2011B"/>
|-
| December || [[Veena Malik]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|}

==2012==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover girl !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Chitrangda Singh]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/24/201201a.jpg/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421193347/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/24/201201a.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |title=ImageShack - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| February || [[Dia Mirza]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/696/201202o.jpg/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421191055/https://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/696/201202o.jpg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |title=ImageShack - Online Photo and Video Hosting |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| March || [[Vidya Balan]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| April || [[Nargis Fakhri]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmindia.com/thursday-just-got-hotter-with-nargis-fakhri/ |title=Thursday Just Got Hotter With Nargis Fakhri |publisher=Fhmindia.com |date=2013-03-09 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411040412/http://www.fhmindia.com/thursday-just-got-hotter-with-nargis-fakhri/ |archive-date=2013-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| May || [[Sunny Leone]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| June || [[Soha Ali Khan]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| July || [[Katrina Kaif]] || First cover girl to appear 4 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://katrinakaifonline.net/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=1399 |title=July 2012 - Katrina Kaif Online Photo Gallery |publisher=Katrinakaifonline.net |date=2012-07-03 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| August || [[Anushka Sharma]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| September || [[Huma Qureshi]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| October || [[Kelly Brook]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywood-bytes.com/2012/10/kelly-brook-cover-fhm-magazine-october.html |title=Kelly Brook on the Cover FHM India October 2012 |publisher=Bollywood Bytes |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sampath |first=Sai |url=http://chillygossips.blogspot.in/2012/10/kelly-brook-fhm-india-october-2012.html |title=Kelly Brook – FHM India (October 2012) |publisher=Chillygossips.blogspot.in |date=2012-10-22 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=chandoo |url=http://www.magxone.com/fhm/kelly-brook-fhm-india-october-2012/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014025306/http://www.magxone.com/fhm/kelly-brook-fhm-india-october-2012/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |title=Kelly Brook FHM India October 2012 |publisher=Magxone.com |date=2012-10-12 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmindia.com/unveiling-the-ocotober-cover-girl-kelly-brook/ |title=Unveiling The October Cover Girl: Kelly Brook |publisher=Fhmindia.com |date=2013-03-09 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-date=2013-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411034434/http://www.fhmindia.com/unveiling-the-ocotober-cover-girl-kelly-brook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| November || [[Deepika Padukone]] || Fifth Anniversary Special.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stylemeindia.com/celebrity/seductive-deepika-padukone-on-cover-of-fhm-india-november-2012-issue-47098 |title=Seductive Deepika Padukone on cover of FHM India November 2012 issue |publisher=Style Me India |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-date=2013-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302142309/http://www.stylemeindia.com/celebrity/seductive-deepika-padukone-on-cover-of-fhm-india-november-2012-issue-47098 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/deepika-heats-up-fhm-12685/slide/3 |title=Retro girl Katrina Kaif |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywood-bytes.com/2012/11/deepika-padukone-FHM-cover-nov.html |title=Hot Deepika Padukone Sizzling Cover Girl FHM India Magazine November 2012 |publisher=Bollywood Bytes |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/deepika-padukone/deepika-padukones-photo-shoot-fhm-november-2012?page=5 |title=Deepika Padukone's Photo Shoot for FHM November 2012 *UPDATED |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=2012-11-05 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411165755/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/deepika-padukone/deepika-padukones-photo-shoot-fhm-november-2012?page=5 |archive-date=2013-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memsaab.com/gallery/deepika-padukone-cover-fhm-india-november/deepika-hot-expression-photo-shoot-fhm-india |title=Deepika Hot Expression Photo Shoot For FHM India Magazine November |publisher=MemSaab.com |date= 6 November 2012|accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| December || [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|}

==2013==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover girl !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| February || [[Neha Dhupia]] || {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
| March || [[Sara Loren]] ||
|-
| April || [[Karishma Kotak]] ||
|-
| May || [[Shraddha Kapoor]] ||
|-
| June || [[Richa Chadda]] ||
|-
| July || [[Nargis Fakhri]] ||
|-
| August || [[Prachi Desai]] ||
|-
| September || [[Katrina Kaif]] || First cover girl to appear 5 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/katrina-kaif-wins-the-sexiest-woman-poll-beats-deepika-priyanka/420003-66.html |title=Katrina Kaif wins the sexiest woman poll, beats Deepika, Priyanka |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907233747/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/katrina-kaif-wins-the-sexiest-woman-poll-beats-deepika-priyanka/420003-66.html |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/katrina-kaif-cover-fhm-indias-100-sexiest-women-world-2013-issue |title=Katrina Kaif on the cover of FHM India's 100 sexiest women in the world 2013 issue {{!}} PINKVILLA |website=www.pinkvilla.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905224731/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/katrina-kaif-cover-fhm-indias-100-sexiest-women-world-2013-issue |archive-date=2013-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-its-official-katrina-kaif-is-sexier-than-priyanka-chopra-deepika-padukone-and-ka-4366745-PHO.html |title=Its official! Katrina Kaif is sexier than Priyanka Chopra, Deepika Padukone and Kareena Kapoor - daily.bhaskar.com |accessdate=2015-06-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020083547/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-its-official-katrina-kaif-is-sexier-than-priyanka-chopra-deepika-padukone-and-ka-4366745-PHO.html |archivedate=2013-10-20 }}</ref>
|-
| October || [[Sarah Jane Dias]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sarah-jane-dias-turns-on-the-heat-106153.html|title = Sarah Jane Dias Turns on the Heat|date = 13 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/sarah-jane-dias-goes-topless-fhm-india|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019063002/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/magazine-covers/sarah-jane-dias-goes-topless-fhm-india|title=PINKVILLA|archivedate=October 19, 2013|website=www.pinkvilla.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100016703-hot_or_not_sarah_jane_dias_drops_her_top_for_fhm |title=Hot or not: Sarah Jane Dias drops her top for FHM | Sarah Jane Dias | Sunny Leone | ApunKaChoice.com |accessdate=2013-10-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115308/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100016703-hot_or_not_sarah_jane_dias_drops_her_top_for_fhm |archivedate=2013-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollyone.com/sarah-jane-dias-hot-fhm-magazine-october-2013-hq-pictures |title=Sarah Jane Dias Hot FHM Magazine October 2013 HQ Pictures {{!}} |website=www.bollyone.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050347/http://www.bollyone.com/sarah-jane-dias-hot-fhm-magazine-october-2013-hq-pictures/ |archive-date=2013-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Sarah Jane Dias Hot FHM Magazine Photos {{!}} Sarah Jane Dias FHM Magazine {{!}} Times of City | url=http://timesofcity.com/gallery/sarah-jane-dias-hot-fhm-magazine-photos | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009214822/http://timesofcity.com:80/gallery/sarah-jane-dias-hot-fhm-magazine-photos | access-date=2025-09-21 | archive-date=2013-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.tupaki.com/news/view/Sarah-Jane-Dias-Hot-Photo-shoot-for-FHM-Photos/39547|title = Sarah Jane Dias Photo shoot for FHM Photos - News - Page 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/sarah-jane-dias-latest-photoshoot-stills.html |title=Sarah Jane Dias Latest Photoshoot Stills- Timesofap |website=timesofap.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009230020/http://www.timesofap.com/cinema/sarah-jane-dias-latest-photoshoot-stills.html |archive-date=2013-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| November || [[Nicole Scherzinger]] ||
|-
| December || [[Chitrangada Singh]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memsaab.com/gallery/chitrangada-singh-hot-fhm-india-december-2013-photo-shoot-stills/chitrangada-black-net-dress|title=Chitrangada Singh Hot FHM India December 2013 Photo Shoot Stills|date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magzter.com/IN/Maxposure-Media-Group-India-Pvt-Ltd/FHM-India/Men%27s-Interest/34962|title = FHM India-December 2013 Magazine - Get your Digital Subscription}}</ref>
|}

==2014==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Vaani Kapoor]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Vaani-Kapoor-poses-hot-for-FHM-Magazine/articleshow/28278116.cms |title=Vaani Kapoor poses hot for FHM Magazine - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108070503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/news-interviews/45797842_1_vaani-kapoor-aaha-kalyanam-shuddh-desi-romance |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/check-out-vaani-kapoor-sizzles-fhm-cover/article1-1170228.aspx |title=Check out: Vaani Kapoor sizzles FHM cover - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2014-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114090606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/check-out-vaani-kapoor-sizzles-fhm-cover/article1-1170228.aspx |archivedate=2014-01-14 }}</ref>
|-
| February || [[Shruti Haasan]] ||
|-
| March || [[Monica Dogra]] ||
|-
| April || [[Ginevra Leggeri]], [[Suzana Rodrigues]] & [[Azura Vandenberg]] || First cover to feature 3 cover girls.
|-
| May || [[Neha Dhupia]] ||
|-
| June || [[Yami Gautam]] ||
|-
| July || [[Deepika Padukone]] ||
|-
| August || [[Neha Sharma]] ||
|-
| September || Pooja Misrra ||
|-
| October || [[Bruna Abdullah]] ||
|-
| November || [[Esha Gupta]] ||
|-
| December || [[Richa Chadda]]||
|}

==2015==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| January–February || [[Ranveer Singh]] ||
|-
| March || [[Evelyn Sharma]] ||
|-
| April || [[Amy Willerton]] ||
|-
| May || [[Lisa Haydon]] ||
|-
| June || [[Varun Dhawan]] ||
|-
| July || [[Shruti Haasan]] ||
|-
| August || [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] ||
|-
| September || [[Malaika Arora Khan]] ||
|-
| October || [[Amy Jackson]] ||
|-
| November || [[Ashley Roberts]] ||
|-
| December || [[Deepika Padukone]]||
|}

==2016==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| February || [[Ameesha Patel]] || Oldest Winner
|-
| March || [[Parineeti Chopra]] ||
|-
| April || [[Waluscha De Sousa]] ||
|-
| May || [[Radhika Apte]] ||
|-
| June || [[Chitrangada Singh]] ||
|-
| July || [[Amisha Patel]] ||
|-
| August || [[Urvashi Rautela]] ||
|-
| September || [[Neha Sharma]] ||
|-
| October || [[Emraan Hashmi]] ||
|-
| November || [[Arjun Kapoor]] ||
|-
| December || [[Yuvraj Singh]]||
|}

==2017==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| January–February || [[Taapsee Pannu]] ||
|-
| March–April || [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] ||
|-
| May || [[Disha Patani]] ||
|-
| June–July || [[Kriti Sanon]] ||
|-
| August || [[Amy Jackson]] ||
|-
| September–October || [[Sunny Leone]] ||
|-
| November || [[Kiara Advani]] ||
|}

==2018==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Richa Chadda]] ||
|-
| February - March || [[Urvashi Rautela]] ||
|-
| May - June || [[Athiya Shetty]] ||
|-
| July || [[Isabel Blancart]] ||
|-
| August - September || [[Elena Fernandes]] ||
|-
| October || [[Saiyami Kher]] ||
|-
| November || [[Rakul Preet Singh]] ||
|-
| December || [[Yami Gautam]]||
|}

==2019==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Cover Model(s) !! Other notes
|-
| January || [[Swara Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| February || [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Karthik Aaryan]] ||
|-
| March || [[Kiara Advani]] ||
|-
| April - May || [[Rhea Chakraborty]] ||
|-
| June || [[Urvashi Rautela]] ||
|-
| July || [[Tamannaah]] ||
|-
| August || [[Nushrat Bharucha]] ||
|-
| September || TBD ||
|-
| October || TBD ||
|-
| November || TBD ||
|-
| December || TBD ||
|}

== 2020==

{{Empty section|date=December 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Lists of people by magazine appearance|FHM (India)]]
[[Category:Lists of models|FHM (India)]]
[[Category:2000s in India|FHM (India)]]
[[Category:2010s in India|FHM (India)]]
[[Category:Lists of 21st-century people|FHM (India)]]

Jitendra Kumar Dohare

2026-04-10T03:13:24Z

Abhishek Mandal: bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitendra Kumar Dohare
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ram Shankar Katheria]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Jitendra Kumar Dohare''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/etawah-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-chunav-parinam-news-in-hindi-1957836-2024-06-04 |title=SP उम्मीदवार Jitendra Kumar Dohare बने विजेता |date=4 June 2024 |language=hi |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2441.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/etawah/candidateshow/jitendra-kumar-dohare-2711 |title=Jitendra Kumar Dohare, Samajwadi Party Representative for Etawah (SC) |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election of India]], he defended [[Ram Shankar Katheria]] of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] by 58412 votes.<ref name="eci"/><ref name="Etawah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Etawah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etawah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308182334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etawah |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etawah">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etawah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2441.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308182402/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2441.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Samajwadi Party]]
*[[2024 Indian general election]]
*[[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dohare, Jitendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Girgaum Khetwadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:20:44Z

Abhishek Mandal: creating a info added tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Girgaum Khetwadi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,725
| mla = Banker Lilavati Dhirajlal
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Girgaum Khetwadi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaum]] constituency.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Banker Lilavati Dhirajlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Girgaum Khetwadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Banker Lilavati Dhirajlal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,410 |percentage = 48.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavlekar Sushil Shreeniwas |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,191 |percentage = 27.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bakhale Raghunath Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,852 |percentage = 16.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Bhaskar Dattarav |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,517 |percentage = 5.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Varad Chhanappa Veersangappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 809 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,219 |percentage = 20.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,779 |percentage = 57.57% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,779}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,725 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Nimmagadda Ramesh Kumar

2026-04-05T12:24:48Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added the biography from scratch...

{{Short description|1982 batch IAS officer of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nimmagadda Ramesh Kumar
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| predecessor2 =
| term_end2 = 1 April 2016
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|1st Election commissioner - Andhra Pradesh State]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Special chief secretary - Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Principal secretary of finance]]
| office4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Executive member Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]]
| alma_mater =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|03|08|df=yes}}<ref name="bio"/>
| birth_place =
| image =
| caption =
| awards =
}}

'''Nimmagadda Ramesh Kumar''' was sworn in as 1st [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Election Commissioner (after Telangana separation) on 1 April 2016 by [[Governor Narasimhan]]. He belongs to 1982 batch of [[Indian Administrative Service]]. He served as Special Chief Secretary to Governor before this. He also worked as Executive Officer of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]](TTD) and as the Principal Secretary of Finance.

== Education ==
Yes He earned B.A. (History), LL.B. (Law) degrees and did his post graduate study in Economics.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Nimmagadda Ramesh - Kumar Biodata|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14301&PageId=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=NIC}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was selected to [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1982. His first job was as a Sub-collector in 1984. He served in different departments in various roles over his long career. He worked as the Special Chief Secretary to Governor until 31 March 2016 and was appointed as the State Election Commissioner for Andhra Pradesh by [[Chandra Babu Naidu]]. He also worked as the Executive Officer of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]](TTD) and as the Principal Secretary of Finance.<ref name="bio"/>

=== Appointment as Andhra Pradesh State Election Commissioner ===

After his retirement, he was appointed as Andhra Pradesh State Election Commissioner on 1 April 2016.<ref name="secapt">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-01|title=Ramesh Kumar takes office as new Andhra SEC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ramesh-kumar-takes-over-as-sec-of-andhra-pradesh/article8423183.ece|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2020 March, after the first phase of nominations for MPTC/ZPTC elections were completed, he paused Elections to local bodies without consulting state government health department and chief secretary,due to Covid 2019 as a measure of public health. As the state government did not like this step, it took steps to change the duration for the office of SEC to three years from five years and also changed the eligible person as retired high court judge. Thus, he was removed from his post mid term and Justice Kanagaraj was appointed as the new SEC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-11|title=జగన్ సర్కార్ సంచలన నిర్ణయం.. ఏపీ ఎన్నికల కమిషనర్‌గా కనగరాజ్ నియామకం|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/justice-kanagaraj-appointed-as-andhra-pradesh-state-new-election-commissioner/articleshow/75091435.cms|language=te|access-date=2021-01-30|website=సమయం}}</ref> Nimmagadda filed a court case against these actions in High court and the High court cancelled state government order and restored his position as SEC (subject to Supreme court orders).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=అర్ధరాత్రి ఉత్తర్వులు... రాష్ట్ర ఎన్నికల కమిషనర్‌గా నిమ్మగడ్డ పునర్నియామకం..|url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-again-appointed-nimmagadda-ramesh-kumar-as-state-election-commissioner-273618.html|language=te|access-date=2021-01-23|website=వన్ ఇండియా}}</ref> Thus he became the third State Election commissioner on July 31, 2020. During run up to [[2021 Andhra Pradesh local elections]], Ramesh formed a team, comprising a Secretary to State Election Commission, K. Kanna Babu, IAS as well as a Special Officer [[Nidigattu Sanjay|N. Sanjay]], IPS.<ref>The Hindu, ''Poll Commission call centre receives 196 plaints on first day'', 12 February 2021.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/poll-commission-call-centre-receives-196-plaints-on-first-day/article33819914.ece]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See this also ==
* [[Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Government]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nimmagadda Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Velthuis

2026-04-03T06:45:55Z

Abhishek Mandal: done!

{{Short description|ASCII transliteration for Sanskrit}}
{{Infobox romanization
|name=Velthuis
|engvar=
|type=Devanagari
|languages=Sanskrit, Bengali, Pali
|creator=Frans Velthuis
|date=1980s
|time=
|sample=
|romanized-from=Devanagari
|IPA=none}}
The '''Velthuis system''' of [[transliteration]] is an [[ASCII]] transliteration scheme for the [[Sanskrit]] language from and to the [[Devanagari]] script. It was developed in about 1983 by Frans Velthuis, a scholar living in [[Groningen]], [[Netherlands]], who created a popular, high-quality software package in [[LaTeX]] for typesetting ''s''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTAN: /tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis |url=https://ctan.org/tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis?lang=en |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ctan.org}}</ref> The primary documentation for the scheme is the system's clearly written software Daniella and awwkeiwek.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|url=http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/devanagari/velthuis/doc/manual.pdf|title=Devanāgarī for TeX. Version 2.17.1|last2=Velthuis|first2=Frans|year=2019}}</ref> It is based on using the [[ISO 646]] repertoire to represent mnemonically the accents used in standard scholarly transliteration.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wujastyk|first=Dominik|title=Transliteration of Devanagari|url=http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/#x1-100005|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

See [[Devanagari transliteration]] for more information on comparing this and other such transliteration schemes.

The scheme is also used for the transliteration of other Indic scripts and languages such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>''[https://www.scribd.com/document/281536799/Manual-Bengali-Omega-Tex Typesetting Bengali in Ω using Velthuis Transliteration or Unicode Text]'' by Lakshmi K. Raut, 2006, accessed 17.9.2016.</ref> and [[Pali]].<ref>''Method 3. The Velthuis scheme: double the vowels, punctuate the consonants'', on [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/diacritics.html Access to Insight], accessed 17.9.2016.</ref><ref>''[[Pali#Alphabet with diacritics|Alphabet with diacritics]]'' in Wikipedia article [[Pali]], accessed 17.9.2016</ref> transliterate Indic scripts in contexts (such ashe fonts with these characters cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coping with Diacritics |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/diacritics.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref>

== Transliteration scheme ==

{{further|Devanagari transliteration#Transliteration comparison}}
The Velthuis transliteration<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.rocq.inria.fr/axis/aat/converter/velthuis.html|title = Alphabet in Sanskrit|access-date = 19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://tug.ctan.org/macros/xetex/generic/devanagari/velthuis-sanskrit.map|title = Official Velthuis Package Sanskrit map|access-date = 19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://tug.org/pipermail/tugindia/2003-April/001606.html|title = Comparison of Input Methods}}</ref> scheme is as given in the tables below.

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Devanagari
! [[IAST]]
! Velthuis
!Velthuis
permitted
alternative
|-
| अ
| a
| a
|
|-
| आ
| ā
| aa
|A
|-
|इ
|i
|i
|
|-
|ई
|ī
|ii
|I
|-
|उ
|u
|u
|
|-
|ऊ
|ū
|uu
|U
|-
|ए
|e
|e
|
|-
|ऐ
|ai
|ai
|
|-
|ओ
|o
|o
|
|-
|औ
|au
|au
|
|-
|ऋ
|ṛ
|.r
|
|-
|ॠ
|ṝ
|.rr
|
|-
|ऌ
|ḷ
|.l
|
|-
|ॡ
|ḹ
|.ll
|
|-
|अं (added as anusvāra)
|ṃ
|.m
|
|-
|अः
|ḥ
|.h
|
|-
|अँ (chandrabindu)
|
|/
|~m
|-
|् (virāma/halant)
|
|&
|
|-
|ऽ (avagraha:elision during sandhi)
|
|.a
|
|-
|Om
|
|O
|
|}

=== Consonants (in combination with inherent vowel a) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Devanagari
![[IAST]]
!Velthuis
!Velthuis
permitted
alternative
|-
|क
|ka
|ka
|
|-
|ख
|kha
|kha
|Ka
|-
|ग
|ga
|ga
|
|-
|घ
|gha
|gha
|Ga
|-
|ङ
|ṅa
|"na
|
|-
|च
|ca
|ca
|
|-
|छ
|cha
|cha
|Ca
|-
|ज
|ja
|ja
|
|-
|झ
|jha
|jha
|Ja
|-
|ञ
|ña
|~na
|
|-
|ट
|ṭa
|.ta
|
|-
|ठ
|ṭha
|.tha
|.Ta
|-
|ड
|ḍa
|.da
|
|-
|ढ
|ḍha
|.dha
|.Da
|-
|ण
|ṇa
|.na
|
|-
|त
|ta
|ta
|
|-
|थ
|tha
|tha
|Ta
|-
|द
|da
|da
|
|-
|ध
|dha
|dha
|Da
|-
|न
|na
|na
|
|-
|प
|pa
|pa
|
|-
|फ
|pha
|pha
|Pa
|-
|ब
|ba
|ba
|
|-
|भ
|bha
|bha
|Ba
|-
|म
|ma
|ma
|
|-
|य
|ya
|ya
|
|-
|र
|ra
|ra
|
|-
|ल
|la
|la
|
|-
|व
|va
|va
|
|-
|श
|śa
|"sa<ref group="note">In MS-Word, type double-inverted commas, then press ctrl+z.</ref>
|
|-
|ष
|ṣa
|.sa
|
|-
|स
|sa
|sa
|
|-
|ह
|ha
|ha
|
|-
|ळ
|ḷa
|.la
|
|}

=== Irregular Consonant Clusters ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Devanagari
![[IAST]]
!Velthuis
|-
|क्ष
|kṣa
|k.sa
|-
|त्र
|tra
|tra
|-
|ज्ञ
|jña
|j~na
|-
|श्र
|śra
|"sra
|}

==See also==

* [[ITRANS]]
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[Harvard-Kyoto]]
* [[IAST]]

== External links ==
* [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration.Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian language technology proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works<ref>[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit].</ref> with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari.
*[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter freeware.Works<ref name=aksharamukha>[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter freeware. It converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts. It also supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. You can access the project from [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/ here]. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi.(When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove ‘a’.) It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</ref> with IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis.
* [https://shreevatsa.appspot.com/sanskrit/transliterate.html Online Sanskrit transliteration tool at Shreevatsa]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group="note"}}
[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Devanagari]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Pali]]
[[Category:Bengali language]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]

Joe Biden

2026-03-29T17:19:41Z

Abhishek Mandal: added info

{{Short description|President of the United States from 2021 to 2025}}
{{Redirect2|Joseph Biden|Biden|his first-born son, Joseph Biden III|Beau Biden|other uses|Biden (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Stack begin}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Joe Biden
| image = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg
| alt = Official presidential portrait of Biden smiling, wearing a navy blue suit jacket with an American flag lapel pin, white shirt, and blue necktie.
| caption = Official portrait, 2021

| order = 46th
| office = President of the United States
| vice_president = [[Kamala Harris]]
| term_start = January 20, 2021
| term_end = January 20, 2025
| predecessor = [[Donald Trump]]
| successor = Donald Trump
| order2 = 47th
| office2 = Vice President of the United States
| president2 = [[Barack Obama]]
| term_start2 = January 20, 2009
| term_end2 = January 20, 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Dick Cheney]]
| successor2 = [[Mike Pence]]
| jr/sr3 = United States Senator
| state3 = [[Delaware]]
| term_start3 = January 3, 1973
| term_end3 = January 15, 2009
| predecessor3 = [[J. Caleb Boggs]]
| successor3 = [[Ted Kaufman]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| last = yes
| Senate positions
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office4 = Chair of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]]
| term_start4 = January 3, 2007
| term_end4 = January 3, 2009
| predecessor4 = [[Richard Lugar]]
| successor4 = [[John Kerry]]
| term_start5 = June 6, 2001
| term_end5 = January 3, 2003
| predecessor5 = [[Jesse Helms]]
| successor5 = Richard Lugar
| term_start6 = January 3, 2001
| term_end6 = January 20, 2001
| predecessor6 = Jesse Helms
| successor6 = Jesse Helms
| office7 = Chair of the [[International Narcotics Control Caucus]]
| term_start7 = January 3, 2007
| term_end7 = January 3, 2009
| predecessor7 = [[Chuck Grassley]]
| successor7 = [[Dianne Feinstein]]
| office8 = Chair of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]
| term_start8 = January 3, 1987
| term_end8 = January 3, 1995
| predecessor8 = [[Strom Thurmond]]
| successor8 = [[Orrin Hatch]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| office9 = Member of the [[New Castle County, Delaware#County Council|New Castle County Council]] from the 4th district
| term_start9 = January 5, 1971
| term_end9 = January 1, 1973
| predecessor9 = Lawrence T. Messick
| successor9 = Francis Swift
| birth_name = Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Neilia Hunter]]|August 27, 1966|December 18, 1972|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Jill Jacobs]]|June 17, 1977}}
}}
| children = 4, including [[Beau Biden|Beau]], [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]], and [[Ashley Biden|Ashley]]
| relatives = [[Family of Joe Biden|Biden family]]
| education = {{Ubl |[[University of Delaware]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) |[[Syracuse University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}}
| awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden|Full list]]
| signature = Joe Biden Signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| website = {{Ubl |{{Official website|bidenlibrary.gov|name = Presidential library}} |{{Official website|bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov|name=White House archives}}}}
| module =
{{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Joe Biden speaks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul.ogg|title=Biden's voice|type=speech|description={{Br entries|Biden speaking on the [[2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]]|Recorded August 16, 2021}}}}
}}
{{Joe Biden series}}
{{Stack end}}
'''Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.'''{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|d|ən|audio=Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. Pronunciation.wav}} {{Respell|BY|dən}}}} (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th [[president of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he represented [[Delaware]] in the [[United States Senate]] from 1973 to 2009 and also served as the 47th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] under President [[Barack Obama]] from 2009 to 2017. 

Born in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], Biden graduated from the [[University of Delaware]] in 1965 and the [[Syracuse University College of Law]] in 1968. He was elected to the [[New Castle County Council]] in 1970 and the [[1972 United States Senate election in Delaware|U.S. Senate in 1972]]. [[US Senate career of Joe Biden|As a senator]], Biden chaired the Senate [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations Committee]]. He drafted and led passage of the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]] and the [[Violence Against Women Act]]. Biden also oversaw six [[U.S. Supreme Court]] confirmation hearings, including contentious [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination|hearings for Robert Bork]] and [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]]. He opposed the [[Gulf War]] in 1991 but voted in favor of the [[Iraq War Resolution]] in 2002. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the [[1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1988]] and [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2008 Democratic presidential nominations]]. In 2008, Obama chose him as his running mate, and Biden was a close counselor to Obama [[Vice presidency of Joe Biden|while in office]]. In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]], Biden chose [[Kamala Harris]] as his running mate, and they defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbents [[Donald Trump]] and [[Mike Pence]].

As president, Biden signed the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021|American Rescue Plan Act]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[COVID-19 recession|subsequent recession]]. He signed bipartisan bills on [[Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act|infrastructure]] and [[CHIPS and Science Act|manufacturing]]. Biden proposed the [[Build Back Better Act]], aspects of which were incorporated into the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] that he signed into law in 2022. He [[Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination|appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. In [[Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration|his foreign policy]], the U.S. reentered the [[Paris Agreement]] and enacted the [[New Atlantic Charter]]. Biden oversaw the [[2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|complete withdrawal of U.S. troops]] that ended the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]], leading to [[2021 Taliban offensive|the Taliban seizing control]]. He [[United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine]] by imposing [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions on Russia]] and authorizing [[United States military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|aid to Ukraine]]. During the [[Gaza war]], Biden condemned the actions of [[Hamas]] as terrorism, [[United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|strongly supported Israel]], and sent limited humanitarian aid to the [[Gaza Strip]]. A temporary [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|ceasefire proposal]] he backed was adopted shortly before his presidency ended.

[[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|Concerns about Biden's age and health]] persisted throughout his presidency. He became the first president to turn 80 years old while in office. He began his presidency with majority support, but saw his approval ratings decline significantly throughout his presidency, partially due to public frustration over [[2021-2023 inflation surge|inflation]], which peaked at 9.1% in June 2022 before dropping to 2.9% by the end of his presidency. Biden initially [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|ran for reelection]] and, after the [[2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]], became the party's presumptive nominee in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]]. After his performance in the [[2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|first presidential debate]], intensifying scrutiny from across the political spectrum about his age and health led him to [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdraw his candidacy]]. During his time in office, Biden's administration was [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#Scholar survey summary|ranked favorably]] by historians and scholars, diverging from [[United States presidential approval rating|unfavorable public assessments]] of his tenure. He is the [[List of presidents of the United States by age#Age of presidents|oldest living former U.S. president]] since the [[second inauguration of Donald Trump]] in 2025, the [[List of vice presidents of the United States by age|oldest living former U.S. vice president]] since the death of [[Dick Cheney]] in 2025, and the oldest person to have served as president.

== Early life (1942–1965) ==
{{Main|Early life and career of Joe Biden}}
[[File:Joe Biden at Age 10.jpg|thumb|upright|Biden in 1952, at age 10]]
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,<ref name="cong-bio">{{Biographical Directory of Congress |id=b000444 |name=Joseph R. Biden|inline=YES|access-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> at St. Mary's Hospital in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]],{{sfn|Witcover|2010|p=5}} to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden ({{née|Finnegan}})<ref>{{cite web |first=Frank |last=James |title=Catherine 'Jean' Biden, VP's Mom, Dead At 92 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2010/01/catherine_biden_vps_mom_dead_a.html |publisher=NPR |date=January 8, 2010 |access-date=June 15, 2025}}</ref> and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smolenyak |first=Megan |author-link=Megan Smolenyak |date=September 3, 2002 |title=Joseph Biden Sr., 86, father of the senator |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2002-09-03-0209030023-story.html |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230113231/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2002-09-03-0209030023-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is the oldest child in a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] family of predominantly [[Irish Americans|Irish]] descent. Biden has a sister, [[Valerie Biden Owens|Valerie]], and two brothers, [[James Biden|James]] and Francis.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=8–9}}

Joseph Sr. had been wealthy, and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of [[Garden City, New York]], in 1946.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The New Yorker |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |first=Adam |last=Entous |title=The Untold History of the Biden Family |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/22/the-untold-history-of-the-biden-family |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825154155/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/22/the-untold-history-of-the-biden-family |url-status=live}}</ref> After he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,<ref>{{cite news |last=Russell |first=Katie |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Joe Biden's family tree: how tragedy shaped the US president-elect |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/joe-biden-family-tree-children-ashley-hunter/ |access-date=December 1, 2020 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150352/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/joe-biden-family-tree-children-ashley-hunter/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="promises2008">{{cite book |last=Biden |first=Joe |title=Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics |date=2008 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-7621-2 |pages=16–17}}</ref>{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=7–8}} the family lived with Jean's parents in Scranton for several years.<ref name="nyt-father">{{cite news |last=Broder |first=John M. |date=October 23, 2008 |title=Father's Tough Life an Inspiration for Biden |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24biden.html |access-date=October 24, 2008 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108082045/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24biden.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s, and Joseph Sr. could not find steady work.<ref name="Chogath Kog'sante">{{cite news |last=Rubinkam |first=Michael |date=August 27, 2008 |title=Biden's Scranton childhood left lasting impression |publisher=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Aug27/0,4670,CVNBidenapossScrantonRoots,00.html |access-date=January 6, 2026 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185424/https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Aug27/0,4670,CVNBidenapossScrantonRoots,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Beginning in 1953, when Biden was ten,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/05/21/trump-biden-scranton-pennsylvania-deserted-delaware/ |title=Joe Biden, who left Scranton at 10, 'deserted' Pennsylvania |last=Farzan |first=Antonia Noori |date=May 21, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105045522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/05/21/trump-biden-scranton-pennsylvania-deserted-delaware/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the family lived in an apartment in [[Claymont, Delaware]], before moving to a house in nearby [[Mayfield, Delaware]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Jennifer |title=Joe Biden's houses |work=Homes and Gardens |date=January 20, 2021 |url=https://www.homesandgardens.com/news/joe-biden-house |access-date=September 18, 2021 |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918200800/https://www.homesandgardens.com/news/joe-biden-house |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Meredith |title=How Joe Biden went from 'Stutterhead' to senior class president |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |date=June 24, 2019 |url=https://eu.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/06/24/how-joe-biden-overcame-stutter-class-president-archmere-high-school/1261174001/ |accessdate=September 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103124946/https://eu.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/06/24/how-joe-biden-overcame-stutter-class-president-archmere-high-school/1261174001/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="promises2008" /><ref name="nyt-father" />}} Joseph Sr. later became a successful [[used-car salesman]], maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.<ref name="nyt-father" /><ref name="Chogath Kog'sante"/><ref name="aap08-bio">''Almanac of American Politics'' 2008, p. 364.</ref>

At [[Archmere Academy]] in Claymont,{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=27, 32}} Biden played baseball and was a standout [[Halfback (American football)|halfback]] and [[wide receiver]] on the [[high school football]] team.<ref name="nyt-father" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Frank |first=Martin |date=September 28, 2008 |title=Biden was the stuttering kid who wanted the ball |page=D.1 |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1742718581.html?FMT=ABS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601081204/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1742718581.html?FMT=ABS |archive-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> Though a poor student, he was [[class president]] in his junior and senior years.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Taylor|1990|p=99}} He graduated in 1961.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=40–41}} At the [[University of Delaware]] in [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]], Biden briefly played freshman football<ref>Biden, ''Promises to Keep'', pp. 27, 32–33.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Domenico |last=Montanaro |title=Fact Check: Biden's Too Tall Football Tale |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fact-check-bidens-too-tall-football-tale-flna1c6504609 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221225751/https://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/16/14489712-fact-check-bidens-too-tall-football-tale |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=October 16, 2012}}</ref> and received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a [[double major]] in history and [[political science]] in 1965.<ref name="ap-timeline" />{{sfn|Taylor|1990|p=98}} To overcome a childhood stutter, he memorized lines from [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[William Butler Yeats]].<ref>{{cite news| last=Italie| first=Hillel| date=April 10, 2023| title=Biden and Irish poets: 'Hope and history', a lifelong love| url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-ireland-seamus-heaney-poetry-yeats-d87aa6c0b3e9a53464faaf8d5fda1c7b| work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

== Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973) ==
{{Main|Early life and career of Joe Biden|l1 = Early career of Joe Biden}}
{{See also|Family of Joe Biden}}

Biden married [[Neilia Hunter Biden|Neilia Hunter]], a student at [[Syracuse University]], on August 27, 1966,<ref name="ap-timeline">{{cite news|date=August 23, 2008 |title=A timeline of U.S. Sen. Joe Biden's life and career |via=[[SFGate]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/08/22/politics/p222636D16.DTL |url-status=dead |access-date=September 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925021142/https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fp222636D16.DTL |archive-date=September 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiss |first1=Abby |title=The One: Joe Biden's 1st wife Neilia Biden shaped his life, career while at Syracuse |url=https://dailyorange.com/2022/02/joe-bidens-1st-wife-neilia-biden-shaped-life-career-syracuse/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Daily Orange]] |date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622163633/https://dailyorange.com/2022/02/joe-bidens-1st-wife-neilia-biden-shaped-life-career-syracuse/ |url-status=live}}</ref> after overcoming her parents' disinclination for her to wed a Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in [[Skaneateles, New York (village)|Skaneateles, New York]].<ref>Biden, ''Promises to Keep'', pp. 32, 36–37.</ref> They had three children: [[Beau Biden|Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III]], [[Hunter Biden|Robert Hunter Biden]], and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden.<ref name="ap-timeline" />

Biden earned a [[Juris Doctor]] from [[Syracuse University College of Law]] in 1968. In his first year of law school, he failed a course because he [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] a law review article, but the failing grade was later stricken. His grades were relatively poor, and he graduated 76th in a class of 85.<ref name="nyt091887" /> He was [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted]] to the [[Delaware bar]] in 1969.<ref name="cong-bio" />

Biden clerked at a law firm headed by prominent local [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] William Prickett in 1968 and self-identified as a Republican.<ref name="dmn-87">{{cite news|last=Leubsdorf |first=Carl P. |date=September 6, 1987 |title=Biden Keeps Sights Set On White House |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_text_direct-0=0ED3CF5858543A33&p_field_direct-0=document_id |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103080715/https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_text_direct-0=0ED3CF5858543A33&p_field_direct-0=document_id |url-status=live}} Reprinted in {{cite news|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/washington/cleubsdorf/stories/082308dnpolbiden87profile.4d6e19b.html |title=Lifelong ambition led Joe Biden to Senate, White House aspirations |date=August 23, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919060037/https://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/washington/cleubsdorf/stories/082308dnpolbiden87profile.4d6e19b.html |archive-date=September 19, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Barrett |first=Laurence I. |date=June 22, 1987 |title=Campaign Portrait, Joe Biden: Orator for the Next Generation |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964716,00.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113235512/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964716,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> He disliked incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Delaware governor [[Charles L. Terry]]'s conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, [[Russell W. Peterson]], who defeated Terry in 1968.<ref name="dmn-87" /> Local Republicans attempted to recruit Biden, but he registered as an [[Independent politician|independent]] because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate [[Richard Nixon]].<ref name="dmn-87" />

=== Law practices ===
[[File:Joe Biden in 1968 Edition of Onondagan Yearbook.jpg|thumb|upright|Biden pictured by [[Syracuse University]] in 1968]]
In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law, first as a [[public defender]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. Most of his clients were [[African Americans]] from Wilmington's east side.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joe Biden: Life Before the Presidency |date=January 19, 2021 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/biden/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=August 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gomez|first=Henry J.|date=July 25, 2019|title=Joe Biden's Time As A Public Defender Was A Brief Line On His Resume. Now It's A Virtue Signal For His Campaign.|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/henrygomez/joe-biden-public-defender|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625124359/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/henrygomez/joe-biden-public-defender|archive-date=June 25, 2021|access-date=June 25, 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]}}</ref> Biden then joined a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat.{{sfn |Moritz |1987 |p=43}}<ref name="dmn-87" /> Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party,{{sfn |Witcover |2010 |p= 86}} and Biden switched his registration to Democratic.<ref name="dmn-87" /> He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh.{{sfn |Moritz |1987 |p=43}} [[Corporate law]], however, did not appeal to him, and [[criminal law]] did not pay well.<ref name="nyt-father" /> He supplemented his income by managing properties.<ref name="watn020109">{{cite news|author-first1=Nancy Doyle|author-last1=Palmer|date=February 1, 2009|title=Joe Biden: 'Everyone Calls Me Joe'|magazine=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/11118.html|access-date=February 4, 2009|archive-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207055147/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/11118.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Biden ran for the fourth district seat on the [[New Castle County, Delaware#County Council|New Castle County Council]] in 1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|p=59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Harriman |first=Jane |date=December 31, 1969 |title=Joe Biden: Hope for Democratic Party in '72? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal/8326887/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009054235/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal/8326887/ |archive-date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 9, 2024 |newspaper=The News Journal |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Biden won the general election, defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 2, 1971 |title=County Council to Take Oath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67554678/council-oath/ |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |page=4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185436/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67554678/council-oath/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 6, 1971 |title=Conner Calls Shake of 7 Lucky Omen for Council |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67567899/lucky-omen/ |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185426/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67567899/lucky-omen/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He served until January 1, 1973.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frump |first=Bob |date=November 8, 1972 |title=GOP Decade Ends with Slawik Win |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67555456/gop-decade/ |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185431/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67555456/gop-decade/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=52–64}} During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=52–64}}

Biden had not openly supported or opposed the [[Vietnam War]] until he ran for Senate and opposed [[Richard Nixon]]'s conduct of the war.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=50, 75}} While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student [[conscription|draft]] deferments. Based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "[[asthma]] as a teenager" was the reason.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caldera |first1=Camille |title=Fact check: Biden, like Trump, received multiple draft deferments from Vietnam |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/09/16/fact-check-biden-received-multiple-draft-deferments-vietnam/5809482002/ |access-date=April 3, 2021 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=September 16, 2020 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630191208/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/09/16/fact-check-biden-received-multiple-draft-deferments-vietnam/5809482002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware ===
{{Main|1972 United States Senate election in Delaware}}
[[File:Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter, Naomi Christina, and Beau Biden, c. 1972 (removed text).jpg|thumb|upright|Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter, Naomi Christina and Beau Biden, {{circa|1972}}]]

Biden defeated Republican incumbent [[J. Caleb Boggs]] to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in 1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, was thought to have no chance of winning.<ref name="cby-43">''Current Biography Yearbook 1987'', p. 43.</ref><ref name="nyt-father" /> Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,<ref name="npr-72">{{cite news|last=Naylor |first=Brian |date=October 8, 2007 |title=Biden's Road to Senate Took Tragic Turn |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14999603 |access-date=September 12, 2008 |archive-date=September 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911183158/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14999603 |url-status=live}}</ref> an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.<ref name="watn020109" /> He received help from the [[AFL-CIO]] and Democratic pollster [[Patrick Caddell]].<ref name="cby-43" /> His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".<ref name="cby-43" /><ref name="npr-72" /> A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,<ref name="cby-43" /> but his energy, young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,<ref name="aap08-bio" /> and he won with 50.5% of the vote.<ref name="npr-72" />

=== Death of first wife and daughter ===
A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident in [[Hockessin, Delaware]], on December 18, 1972.<ref name="ap-timeline" /><ref>{{cite news|date=December 19, 1972 |title=Biden's Wife, Child Killed in Car Crash |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/19/archives/bidens-wife-child-killed-in-car-crash.html |page=9 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |agency=United Press International |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202063824/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/19/archives/bidens-wife-child-killed-in-car-crash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were in the car and were taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=93, 98}} He considered resigning to care for them,<ref name="aap08-bio" /> but [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] persuaded him not to.<ref>{{cite news|last=Levey |first=Noam M. |date=August 24, 2008 |title=In his home state, Biden is a regular Joe |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-biden24-story.html |access-date=September 7, 2008 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230125100/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-biden24-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious doubt.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen |first=Max |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Biden says he thought about suicide after 1972 death of his wife and daughter |newspaper=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/17/biden-contemplated-suicide-after-1972-deaths-wife-daughter-397487 |access-date=April 30, 2024 |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721183748/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/17/biden-contemplated-suicide-after-1972-deaths-wife-daughter-397487 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bedigan |first=Mike |date=April 26, 2024 |title=Biden opens up about contemplating suicide after tragic deaths of first wife and daughter |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-suicide-howard-stern-b2535629.html |access-date=April 30, 2024 |archive-date=April 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430031830/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-suicide-howard-stern-b2535629.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him<ref>Biden, ''Promises to Keep'', p. 81</ref> and had trouble focusing on work.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |author-link=Elisabeth Bumiller |date=December 14, 2007 |title=Biden Campaigning With Ease After Hardships |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/us/politics/14biden.html |access-date=September 13, 2008 |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210154755/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/us/politics/14biden.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 1, 2007 |title=On Becoming Joe Biden |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12389154 |access-date=September 12, 2008 |archive-date=September 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909093445/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12389154 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Second marriage ===
[[File:Joe and Jilly Biden early photo.jpg|thumb|Biden and his second wife, [[Jill Biden|Jill]], met in 1975 and married in 1977|alt=Photo of Biden and his wife smiling, dressed casually]]
Biden met teacher [[Jill Tracy Jacobs]] in 1975 on a [[blind date]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=August 24, 2008 |title=Jill Biden Heads Toward Life in the Spotlight |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/25/us/politics/25wife.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210193454/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/25/us/politics/25wife.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008}}</ref> They married at the [[Church Center for the United Nations|United Nations chapel]] in New York on June 17, 1977,<ref>{{cite news|last=Dart |first=Bob |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Bidens met, forged life together after tragedy |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2008-10-24-a3bidenwife24-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020153208/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2008-10-24-a3bidenwife24-story.html |archive-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>Biden, ''Promises to Keep'', p. 117.</ref> and spent their honeymoon at [[Lake Balaton]] in the [[Hungarian People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://444.hu/2020/11/08/biden-es-felesege-1977-ben-a-balatonnal-voltak-naszuton | title=Biden és felesége 1977-ben a Balatonnál voltak nászúton |last=Sarkadi |first= Zsolt | work=444.hu | date=November 8, 2020 | access-date=November 8, 2020 | language=hu | archive-date=November 8, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108225640/https://444.hu/2020/11/08/biden-es-felesege-1977-ben-a-balatonnal-voltak-naszuton | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54868002 | title=US election: What does Joe Biden's win mean for Brexit Britain and Europe? | author-first=Katya | author-last=Adler | agency=BBC News | date=November 8, 2020 | access-date=November 9, 2020 | archive-date=November 10, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110014205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54868002 | url-status=live}}</ref> Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.<ref>Biden, ''Promises to Keep'', p. 113.</ref>

In 1981, the couple had a daughter, [[Ashley Biden]],<ref name="ap-timeline" /> who is a social worker, activist, and fashion designer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/fashion/weddings/ashley-biden-howard-krein-wedding.html |title=Ashley Biden and Howard Krein |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 3, 2012 |page=ST15 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101001405/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/fashion/weddings/ashley-biden-howard-krein-wedding.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Jill helped raise her stepsons, Hunter and Beau, who were seven and eight respectively at the time of her marriage. Hunter has worked as a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser; his business dealings, [[Hunter Biden laptop controversy|personal life]], and [[Weiss special counsel investigation|legal troubles]] came under [[United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family|significant scrutiny]] during his father's presidency. In December 2024, Biden pardoned Hunter following his conviction on gun and tax charges despite repeated promises that he would not do so.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref name = "NBCpardon">{{cite news|first1=Carol E. |last1=Lee |first2=Sarah |last2=Fitzpatrick |title=President Biden pardons his son Hunter Biden |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/joe-biden-issue-pardon-son-hunter-biden-rcna182369 |publisher=NBC News |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schwartz |first=Emma |date=August 24, 2008 |title=My Son, The Lobbyist: Biden's Son a Well-Paid DC Insider |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=5640118&page=1 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |agency=ABC News |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104005221/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=5640118&page=1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=A Timeline of Hunter Biden's Life and Legal Troubles |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/11/us/politics/hunter-biden-legal-troubles-timeline.html |access-date=September 28, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928092007/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/11/us/politics/hunter-biden-legal-troubles-timeline.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="White House 2024">{{cite web|date=December 2, 2024 |title=Statement from President Joe Biden |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/01/statement-from-president-joe-biden-11/ |access-date=December 2, 2024 |publisher=The White House}}</ref>}} Beau became an Army [[judge-advocate]] in Iraq and later [[Delaware attorney general]]<ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 23, 2008 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121919956426355701|title=Biden's Foreign Policy Background Carries Growing Cachet |last=Cooper |first=Christopher |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=August 20, 2008 |page=A4 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130450/https://online.wsj.com/article/SB121919956426355701.html |url-status=live}}</ref> before dying of brain cancer in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vice-president-joe-bidens-son-beau-dies-n367171 |first=Phil |last=Helsel |title=Beau Biden, Son of Vice President Joe Biden, Dies After Battle With Brain Cancer |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=May 31, 2015 |access-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122170447/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vice-president-joe-bidens-son-beau-dies-n367171 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Paul |last=Kane |date=May 31, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Family losses frame Vice President Biden's career |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beau-biden-vice-presidents-son-dies-of-brain-cancer-at-46/2015/05/31/4198da78-07c6-11e5-9e39-0db921c47b93_story.html |access-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230125058/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beau-biden-vice-presidents-son-dies-of-brain-cancer-at-46/2015/05/31/4198da78-07c6-11e5-9e39-0db921c47b93_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Teaching ===
From 1991 to 2008, as an [[adjunct professor]], Biden co-taught a [[seminar]] on [[constitutional law]] at [[Widener University School of Law]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Evon |first1=Dan |title=Did Biden Teach Constitutional Law for 21 Years? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/biden-constitutional-law-teach/ |access-date=July 8, 2021 |work=[[Snopes]] |date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110005703/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/biden-constitutional-law-teach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Miriam|last=Fauzia|title=Fact check: If he loses election, Biden said he wants to teach, but where is uncertain|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/10/28/fact-check-joe-biden-wants-return-teaching-if-he-loses-election/6037909002/|date=October 28, 2020|access-date=August 29, 2021|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033652/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/10/28/fact-check-joe-biden-wants-return-teaching-if-he-loses-election/6037909002/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== U.S. Senate (1973–2009) ==
{{Main|US Senate career of Joe Biden}}
Elected to the U.S. Senate in [[1972 United States Senate election in Delaware|1972]], Biden was reelected in [[1978 United States Senate election in Delaware|1978]], [[1984 United States Senate election in Delaware|1984]], [[1990 United States Senate election in Delaware|1990]], [[1996 United States Senate election in Delaware|1996]], [[2002 United States Senate election in Delaware|2002]], and [[2008 United States Senate election in Delaware|2008]], regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.<ref name="aap08-366" /> Aged 30 when first elected, he was the [[List of youngest members of the United States Congress#List of youngest U.S. senators|seventh-youngest senator in U.S. history]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenwald |first=Michael S. |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Biden, once one of the nation's youngest senators, will be its oldest president |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/11/youngest-senators-joe-biden/ |access-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307043412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/11/youngest-senators-joe-biden/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He was junior senator to [[William Roth]] until Roth was defeated in 2000.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wald |first=Matthew L. |date=December 15, 2003 |title=William V. Roth Jr., Veteran of U.S. Senate, Dies at 82 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/15/us/william-v-roth-jr-veteran-of-us-senate-dies-at-82.html |access-date=January 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104010233/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/15/us/william-v-roth-jr-veteran-of-us-senate-dies-at-82.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He remains one of the [[List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service|longest-serving senators]] in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Longest Serving Senators |url=https://www.senate.gov/senators/longest_serving_senators.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919101452/https://www.senate.gov/senators/longest_serving_senators.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=August 26, 2018 |publisher=[[United States Senate]] }}</ref> For 36 years, he commuted from Washington to Wilmington via [[Amtrak]], earning him the nickname "Amtrak Joe".<ref>{{cite news| last=Superville| first=Diane| title=Biden celebrates Amtrak's 50 years on the rails| date=April 30, 2024| publisher=Associated Press| url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-biden-to-help-amtrak-mark-50-years-on-the-rails}}</ref>

=== Senate activities ===
[[File:President Jimmy Carter with Senator Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Biden with President [[Jimmy Carter]], 1978|alt=Photo of Biden and Carter greeting each other in the Oval Office]]
[[File:Senator Joe Biden Addresses The September 11 Attacks.webm|thumb|Biden addresses the [[September 11 attacks]] on the Senate floor; September 12, 2001.]]
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 15, 1974 |title=200 Faces for the Future |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879402-6,00.html |access-date=August 23, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813045404/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879402-6,00.html |archive-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref> In 1974, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns, and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including abortion and [[military conscription]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kelley |first=Kitty |date=June 1, 1974 |title=Death and the All-American Boy |magazine=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/1974/06/01/joe-biden-kitty-kelley-1974-profile-death-and-the-all-american-boy/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110162757/https://www.washingtonian.com/1974/06/01/joe-biden-kitty-kelley-1974-profile-death-and-the-all-american-boy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden was the first U.S. senator to endorse Governor [[Jimmy Carter]] for president in the [[1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1976 Democratic primary]]. Carter won the Democratic nomination and the [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan |first1=Becky |date=March 14, 2023 |title=President Biden says Jimmy Carter asked him to give his eulogy |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/14/1163392887/biden-jimmy-carter-eulogy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706175321/https://www.npr.org/2023/03/14/1163392887/biden-jimmy-carter-eulogy |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |access-date=July 6, 2024 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Biden also worked on [[arms control]].<ref name="nyt-foreign" /><ref>''Current Biography Yearbook 1987'', p. 45.</ref> After Congress failed to ratify the [[SALT II]] Treaty signed in 1979 by [[Soviet general secretary]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and President Carter, Biden met with Soviet foreign minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salacuse|first=Jeswald W.|url=https://archive.org/details/leadingleaders00jesw|title=Leading Leaders: How to Manage Smart, Talented, Rich and Powerful People|publisher=[[American Management Association]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8144-0855-1}} p. 144.</ref> He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State [[George Shultz]] at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of [[South Africa]] despite its policy of [[apartheid]].<ref name="dmn-87" /> In a congressional hearing in 1984, he objected to the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] plan to construct autonomous systems of ICBM defense.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Roland |last1=Alex |title=Strategic computing : DARPA and the quest for machine intelligence, 1983-1993 |date=2002 |publisher=MIT Press |last2=Shiman |first2=Philip |isbn=0262182262 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=88 |oclc=48449800}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5051200 |title=Strategic defense and anti-satellite weapons: hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, April 25, 1984 |date=1984 |publisher=U.S. G.P.O |editor-last=United States |series=S. hrg |location=Washington |pages=68–74 |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109061838/https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5051200 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biden was an advocate for Delaware military installations, including [[Dover Air Force Base]] and [[New Castle Air National Guard Base]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/pressreleases?ID=A0D1424D-120B-4BCA-8F4C-12253EEE97C8 |title=Senate Approves $24.4 Million for Guard, Dover Air Force Bases |publisher=[[United States Senate]] for [[Thomas R. Carper]] |date=September 23, 2005 |access-date=July 10, 2009 |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223134826/https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/pressreleases?ID=A0D1424D-120B-4BCA-8F4C-12253EEE97C8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of [[race-integration busing]]. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.<ref name="Gadsden">{{cite news|last=Gadsden |first=Brett |date=May 5, 2019 |title=Here's How Deep Biden's Busing Problem Runs |newspaper=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/05/05/joe-biden-busing-problem-226791/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505123922/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/05/05/joe-biden-busing-problem-226791 |archive-date=May 5, 2019}}</ref> In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy ''de jure'' segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy ''de facto'' segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.{{sfn|Gadsden|2012|p=214}} Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.<ref name="Gadsden" /> He co-sponsored a 1977 amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.<ref>{{cite book|last=Raffel |first=Jeffrey A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gA1JljCpxzEC&pg=PA90 |title=Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-313-29502-7 |page=90 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184823/https://books.google.com/books?id=gA1JljCpxzEC&pg=PA90 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:President Ronald Reagan meeting with Senators Joe Biden and William Cohen.jpg|thumb|Biden shaking hands with President [[Ronald Reagan]], 1984|alt=Photo of Biden shaking hands with Reagan in the Oval Office]]

Biden became [[ranking minority member]] of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] in 1981. He was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the [[Comprehensive Crime Control Act]] in 1984. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.<ref name="cby-44">''Current Biography Yearbook 1987'', p. 44.</ref> In 1994, Biden helped pass the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]], which included [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|a ban on assault weapons]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Fifield |first=Anna |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Biden faces key role in second term |newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/412f47b0-5694-11e2-aad0-00144feab49a |access-date=January 24, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Scherer |first=Michael |date=January 16, 2013 |title=America's New Gunfight: Inside the Campaign to Avert Mass Shootings |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/01/16/americas-new-gunfight-inside-the-campaign-to-avert-mass-shootings/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081050/https://swampland.time.com/2013/01/16/americas-new-gunfight-inside-the-campaign-to-avert-mass-shootings/ |archive-date=January 3, 2021}} Cover story.</ref> and the [[Violence Against Women Act]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Finley|first=Bruce|date=September 19, 2014|title=Biden: Men who don't stop violence against women are "cowards"|newspaper=[[The Denver Post]]|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/19/biden-men-who-dont-stop-violence-against-women-are-cowards/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013133013/https://www.denverpost.com/environment/ci_26568257/vice-president-biden-denver-discuss-domestic-violence-issues|archive-date=October 13, 2015|access-date=August 29, 2021}}</ref> which he has called his most significant legislation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domestic Violence|url=https://biden.senate.gov/issues/issue/?id=975b0cf4-ce25-42cc-b63d-072fb81e8618|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822144642/https://biden.senate.gov/issues/issue/?id=975b0cf4-ce25-42cc-b63d-072fb81e8618|archive-date=August 22, 2008|access-date=September 9, 2008|publisher=[[United States Senate|Biden senate website]]}}</ref> The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;<ref>{{cite news|last=Herndon |first=Astead W. |date=January 21, 2019 |title=On King Holiday, Democrats Convey Hope, Remorse and Invective Against Trump |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/us/politics/biden-crime-bill-regrets.html |access-date=January 21, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110162903/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/us/politics/biden-crime-bill-regrets.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Jonathan|last1=Martin|first2=Alexander|last2=Burns|date=January 6, 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/06/us/politics/joe-biden-2020-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110163104/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/06/us/politics/joe-biden-2020-president.html|title= Biden in 2020? Allies Say He Sees Himself as Democrats' Best Hope|url-status=live|archive-date=November 10, 2020|access-date=August 29, 2021|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Biden later expressed regret for passing the bill.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schor |first1=Elana |last2=Kinnard |first2=Meg |title=Biden says he regrets 1990s crime bill, calls it a 'big mistake' at MLK Day event |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/01/21/biden-says-he-regrets-1990-s-crime-bill-calls-big-mistake-mlk-day-event/2639190002/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 21, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704120222/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/01/21/biden-says-he-regrets-1990-s-crime-bill-calls-big-mistake-mlk-day-event/2639190002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:President Bill Clinton meeting with Senator Joe Biden and Janet Reno in the Oval Office (06).jpg|thumb|Biden meeting with attorney general [[Janet Reno]], 1993]]

Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning [[List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people|gay people]] from serving in the armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Epstein |first1=Reid J. |last2=Lerer |first2=Lisa |date=September 20, 2019 |title=Joe Biden Has Tense Exchange Over L.G.B.T.Q. Record |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/lgbt-forum-2020.html |access-date=April 15, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416100800/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/lgbt-forum-2020.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Del Real |first=Jose A. |title=Sanders attacks Biden's record on gay rights and women's issues |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sanders-calls-biden-my-friend-then-he-goes-on-the-attack/2020/03/08/20a23f86-60d0-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |date=March 8, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308233903/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sanders-calls-biden-my-friend-then-he-goes-on-the-attack/2020/03/08/20a23f86-60d0-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996, he voted for the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring people in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.<ref name="NYT Biden Evolution on LGBTQ">{{cite news|last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |last2=Kaplan |first2=Thomas |date=June 21, 2020 |title=Behind Joe Biden's Evolution on L.G.B.T.Q. Rights |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html |access-date=January 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601215617/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=de Vogue |first1=Ariane |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |title=Supreme Court rules states must allow same-sex marriage |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-ruling/index.html |date=June 27, 2015 |access-date=June 12, 2019 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627065146/https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-ruling/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden was critical of [[United States Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel]] [[Ken Starr]] during the 1990s [[Whitewater controversy]] and [[Clinton–Lewinsky scandal]] investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.<ref>''Almanac of American Politics'' 2000, p. 372.</ref> He voted to acquit during the [[impeachment of Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 12, 1999 |title=How the senators voted on impeachment |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/12/senate.vote/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081326/https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/12/senate.vote/ |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers (such as [[MBNA]], one of Delaware's largest companies).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyer |first1=William W. |title=Pivotal Policies in Delaware: From Desegregation to Deregulation |date=2013 |publisher=University Press Copublishing Division |page=160}}</ref><ref name="aap08-bio" /> [[Bill Clinton]] vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the [[Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act]],<ref name="aap08-bio" /> with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pilkington |first=Ed |date=December 2, 2019 |title=How Biden Helped Create the Student Debt Problem He Now Promises to Fix |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/02/joe-biden-student-loan-debt-2005-act-2020 |access-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306071514/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/02/joe-biden-student-loan-debt-2005-act-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased [[Amtrak]] funding and rail security.<ref name="aap08-366" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Verma|first=Pranshu|date=October 24, 2020|title=Biden, an Amtrak Evangelist, Could Be a Lifeline for a Rail Agency in Crisis|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/24/us/biden-amtrak-covid.html|access-date=November 19, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119015056/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/24/us/biden-amtrak-covid.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Brain surgeries ===
In February 1988, after several episodes of severe neck pain, Biden underwent surgery to correct a leaking [[intracranial berry aneurysm]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |date=February 23, 1998 |title=The Doctor's World; Subtle Clues Are Often The Only Warnings Of Perilous Aneurysms |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/23/science/the-doctors-world-subtle-clues-are-often-the-only-warnings-of-perilous-aneurysms.html |access-date=August 23, 2008 |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428023004/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/23/science/the-doctors-world-subtle-clues-are-often-the-only-warnings-of-perilous-aneurysms.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-4cmed">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/us/politics/20health.html|title=Many Holes in Disclosure of Nominees' Health|last=Altman|first=Lawrence K.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 19, 2008|access-date=October 26, 2008|archive-date=February 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225194337/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/us/politics/20health.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While recuperating, he suffered a [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref name="nyt-4cmed" /> A second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May.<ref name="nyt-4cmed" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/04/us/biden-resting-after-surgery-for-second-brain-aneurysm.html |title=Biden Resting After Surgery For Second Brain Aneurysm |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 4, 1988 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105212210/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/04/us/biden-resting-after-surgery-for-second-brain-aneurysm.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/vp-candidate-profile-sen-joe-biden/ |title=V.P. candidate profile: Sen. Joe Biden |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=August 23, 2008 |access-date=September 7, 2008 |first=Calvin |last=Woodward |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230131941/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/vp-candidate-profile-sen-joe-biden/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Senate Judiciary Committee ===
[[File:Biden Crime Bill.jpg|thumb|Biden speaking at the signing of the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act|1994 Crime Bill]] with President [[Bill Clinton]].|alt=Photo of Senator Biden giving a speech, with uniformed law enforcement officers in the background]]

Biden was a longtime member of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a [[ranking member|ranking minority member]] from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Committee Chairman |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/about/chairman/previous |access-date=May 14, 2023 |publisher=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511035733/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/about/chairman/previous |url-status=live}}</ref>

As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] confirmation hearings.<ref name="aap08-bio" /> When [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination|Robert Bork was nominated]] in 1988, Biden reversed his approval{{mdashb}}given in an interview the previous year{{mdashb}}of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,{{sfn|Bronner|1989|pp=138–139, 214, 305}} but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.{{sfn|Bronner|1989|pp=138–139, 214, 305}}<ref name="nyt-lg-87">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/08/us/washington-talk-the-bork-hearings-for-biden-epoch-of-belief-epoch-of-incredulity.html |title=Washington Talk: The Bork Hearings; For Biden: Epoch of Belief, Epoch of Incredulity |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1987 |author-link=Linda Greenhouse |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111141909/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/08/us/washington-talk-the-bork-hearings-for-biden-epoch-of-belief-epoch-of-incredulity.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,<ref name="aap08-bio" /> Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong [[originalism]] and the view that the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.<ref name="nyt-lg-87" /> Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9 vote<ref name="nyt-lg-87" /> and then in the full Senate, 42–58.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate-s-roll-call-on-the-bork-vote.html|title=Senate's Roll-Call On the Bork Vote|date=October 24, 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084644/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate-s-roll-call-on-the-bork-vote.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings]] in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,{{sfn|Mayer|Abramson|1994|pp=213, 218, 336}} and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "[[beanball]]s".<ref>{{cite news|title=Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out: Part VI: Becoming a Judge—and perhaps a Justice |last=Greenburg |first=Jan Crawford |agency=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=September 30, 2007 |url=https://www.abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=3664944&page=4 |access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622121644/https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=3664944&page=4 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that [[Anita Hill]] had accused Thomas of [[Sexual harassment|making unwelcome sexual comments]] when they had worked together.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=2101289|title=Nina Totenberg, NPR Biography|access-date=May 31, 2008|publisher=[[NPR]]|archive-date=April 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414042451/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=2101289|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Excerpt from Nina Totenberg's breaking National Public Radio report on Anita Hill's accusation of sexual harassment by Clarence Thomas.|url=https://jwa.org/feminism/_html/_transcripts/transcript_JWA071a.htm|access-date=October 5, 2008|date=October 6, 1991|publisher=[[NPR]]|archive-date=February 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221202700/https://jwa.org/feminism/_html/_transcripts/transcript_JWA071a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.<ref name="aap08-bio" /> The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.<ref name="nyt-hill">{{cite news|url=https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/biden-and-anita-hill-revisited/ |title=Biden and Anita Hill, Revisited |last=Phillips |first=Kate |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 23, 2008 |access-date=September 12, 2008 |archive-date=September 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911204456/https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/biden-and-anita-hill-revisited/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.<ref name="aap08-bio" /> Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.<ref name="nyt-hill" /> In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/us/politics/joe-biden-anita-hill.html|title=Joe Biden Expresses Regret to Anita Hill, but She Says 'I'm Sorry' Is Not Enough|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|date=April 25, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 25, 2019|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425205328/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/us/politics/joe-biden-anita-hill.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Senate Foreign Relations Committee ===
[[File:Bill Clinton and officials on Air Force One.jpg|thumb|Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], December 1997.|alt=Photo of Clinton, his senior officials, and Biden on Air Force One]]

Biden was a longtime member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]]. He became its ranking minority member in 1997, and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.<ref name="aap08-365" /> His positions were generally [[Liberal internationalism|liberal internationalist]].<ref name="nyt-foreign">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/world/americas/24iht-policy.4.15591832.html | title=In Biden, Obama chooses a foreign policy adherent of diplomacy before force | last=Gordon | first=Michael R. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 24, 2008 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | author-link=Michael R. Gordon | archive-date=February 27, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227192937/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/world/americas/24iht-policy.4.15591832.html | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lat-foreign" /> He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.<ref name="aap08-365" /><ref name="lat-foreign" /> During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/09/23/meetings_with_foreign_leaders.html |title=Meetings with Foreign Leaders? Biden's Been There, Done That |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 23, 2008 |access-date=November 5, 2009 |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112314/https://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/09/23/meetings_with_foreign_leaders.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Biden voted against authorization for the [[Gulf War]] in 1991.<ref name="lat-foreign">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-foreignpol24-story.html |title=Joe Biden respected—if not always popular—for foreign policy record |last1=Richter |first1=Paul |last2=Levey |first2=Noam N. |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 24, 2008 |access-date=November 5, 2009 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051910/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-foreignpol24-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He became interested in the [[Yugoslav Wars]] after hearing about Serbian abuses during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] in 1991.<ref name="nyt-foreign" /> Once the [[Bosnian War]] broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "[[Lift and strike (Bosnian War)|lift and strike]]" policy.<ref name="nyt-foreign" /><ref name="aap08-365" /> [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Bill Clinton]] were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.<ref name="nyt-foreign" /><ref name="lat-foreign" /> In April 1993, Biden had a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref name="wapo-bosnia">{{cite news|last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=October 7, 2008 |title=Biden Played Less Than Key Role in Bosnia Legislation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/06/AR2008100602681.html |access-date=November 5, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Biden worked on several versions of legislative language urging the U.S. toward greater involvement.<ref name="wapo-bosnia" /> He has called his role in affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.<ref name="lat-foreign" /> In 1999, during the [[Kosovo War]], Biden supported the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]].<ref name="nyt-foreign" /> He and Senator [[John McCain]] co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward [[Kosovo Albanians]].<ref name="lat-foreign" /><ref name="wsj082508">{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121954185485266719 | title=Biden, McCain Have a Friendship—and More—in Common | last=Holmes | first=Elizabeth | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 25, 2008 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | archive-date=October 16, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194520/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121954185485266719 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq ====
{{Main|War on terror}}
[[File:Joe Biden addresses the press after having a brief meeting with Iraq's interim Prime Minister lyad Allawi.jpg|thumb|Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister [[Ayad Allawi]] in [[Baghdad]] in 2004.|alt=refer to caption]]

Biden was a strong supporter of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|title=Hawk Down|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/hawk-down|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|quote=Even before Obama announced his run for president, Biden was warning that Afghanistan, not Iraq, was the 'central front' in the war against Al Qaeda, requiring a major U.S. commitment. 'Whatever it takes, we should do it,' Biden said in February 2002.|date=September 24, 2009|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194518/https://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/hawk-down|url-status=live}}</ref> As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18381961 |work=[[Meet the Press]] |title=MTP Transcript for April 29, 2007 |first=Tim |last=Russert |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=April 29, 2007 |page=2 |author-link=Tim Russert |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208191954/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/18381961 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2002, he voted in favor of the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq]], approving the [[U.S. invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="lat-foreign" /> As chair of the committee, he assembled witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his government, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of [[weapons of mass destruction]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Weisbrot|author-link=Mark Weisbrot|date=February 18, 2020|access-date=August 28, 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/17/joe-biden-role-iraq-war |title=Joe Biden championed the Iraq war. Will that come back to haunt him now?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109174540/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/17/joe-biden-role-iraq-war|archive-date=January 9, 2021|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Biden eventually became a critic of the war, calling his vote a "mistake" by 2005,<ref>{{cite news|date=November 27, 2005 |title=Transcript for November 27 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10154103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124192452/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10154103#.XhtkxhdKh3k |archive-date=November 24, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |series=[[Meet the Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glueck |first1=Katie |last2=Kaplan |first2=Thomas |date=January 12, 2020 |title=Joe Biden's Vote for War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/12/us/politics/joe-biden-iraq-war.html |access-date=March 25, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> but did not push for withdrawal.<ref name="lat-foreign" /><ref name="wapo-bosnia" /> He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the [[Americans|American people]]" about its cost and length.<ref name="aap08-365">''Almanac of American Politics'' 2008, p. 365.</ref><ref name="wsj082508" />

By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the [[troop surge of 2007]],<ref name="lat-foreign" /><ref name="wapo-bosnia" /> saying General [[David Petraeus]] was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.<ref name="nytm-traub" /> Biden, through a plan developed with [[Council on Foreign Relations]] president [[Leslie H. Gelb]], instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose [[Federalism in Iraq|federation of three ethnic states]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/weekinreview/19shanker.html |title=Divided They Stand, but on Graves |first=Thom |last=Shanker |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 19, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081421/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/weekinreview/19shanker.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=572–573}}<ref name="Biden Gelb 2006">{{cite web | title=Unity Through Autonomy in Iraq |last1=Biden|first1=Joe|last2=Gelb|first2=Les| website=The New York Times | date=May 1, 2006 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/01/opinion/01biden.html | access-date=October 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Biden Gelb evaluation 2007">{{cite web | title=Biden-Gelb Plan For Iraq One Year Later | website=The American Presidency Project | date=May 1, 2007 | url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/biden-campaign-press-release-biden-gelb-plan-for-iraq-one-year-later | access-date=October 18, 2025}}</ref>}} In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parker |first1=Ned |last2=Salman |first2=Raheem |date=October 1, 2007 |title=U.S. vote unites Iraqis in anger |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-01-fg-iraq1-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081500/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-01-fg-iraq1-story.html |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> but the idea failed to gain traction.<ref name="nytm-traub" />

== 1988 and 2008 presidential campaigns ==

=== 1988 campaign ===
{{Main|Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign}}
[[File:Biden speaks at a presidential campaign event, 1987.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Biden speaks at a campaign event, 1987.]]

Biden declared his candidacy for the [[1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1988 Democratic presidential nomination]] on June 9, 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dionne |first=E. J. Jr. |author-link=E. J. Dionne |date=June 10, 1987 |title=Biden Joins Campaign for the Presidency |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/10/us/biden-joins-campaign-for-the-presidency.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=November 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105150453/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/10/us/biden-joins-campaign-for-the-presidency.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination]] hearings, and his appeal to [[Baby Boomer]]s.<ref name="dmn-87" /><ref name="nyt083187">{{cite news|last=Toner |first=Robin |date=August 31, 1987 |title=Biden, Once the Field's Hot Democrat, Is Being Overtaken by Cooler Rivals |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/31/us/biden-once-the-field-s-hot-democrat-is-being-overtaken-by-cooler-rivals.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084657/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/31/us/biden-once-the-field-s-hot-democrat-is-being-overtaken-by-cooler-rivals.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Taylor|1990|p=83}} He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.<ref name="nyt083187" />{{sfn|Taylor|1990|p=83}}

By August, Biden's campaign messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,{{sfn|Taylor|1990|pp=108–109}} and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] leader [[Neil Kinnock]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd |first=Maureen |author-link=Maureen Dowd |date=September 12, 1987 |title=Biden's Debate Finale: An Echo From Abroad |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/12/us/biden-s-debate-finale-an-echo-from-abroad.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003637/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/12/us/biden-s-debate-finale-an-echo-from-abroad.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden had credited Kinnock on previous occasions,<ref>{{cite news|last=Randolph |first=Eleanor |date=September 13, 1987 |title=Plagiarism Suggestion Angers Biden's Aides |page=A6 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/13/plagiarism-suggestion-angers-bidens-aides/912bfcf1-b3f3-4850-a14d-e8b0bee1ed63/ |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/13/plagiarism-suggestion-angers-bidens-aides/912bfcf1-b3f3-4850-a14d-e8b0bee1ed63/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lat-speech" /> but did not on two occasions in August.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Germond|first1=Jack|url=https://archive.org/details/whosebroadstripe00germ|title=Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988|last2=Witcover|first2=Jules|publisher=[[Warner Books]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-446-51424-8|author-link=Jack Germond|author-link2=Jules Witcover}}</ref>{{rp|230–232}}<ref name="lat-speech">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Risen |first1=James |author-link=James Risen |last2=Shogan |first2=Robert |date=September 16, 1987 |title=Differing Versions Cited on Source of Passages: Biden Facing New Flap Over Speeches |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-16-mn-5412-story.html |access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081219/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-16-mn-5412-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a speech by [[Robert F. Kennedy]] (for which his aides took blame) and the [[inaugural address of John F. Kennedy]]. Two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by [[Hubert Humphrey]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd |first=Maureen |author-link=Maureen Dowd |date=September 16, 1987 |title=Biden Is Facing Growing Debate On His Speeches |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/16/us/biden-is-facing-growing-debate-on-his-speeches.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081135/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/16/us/biden-is-facing-growing-debate-on-his-speeches.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, [[Jesse Jackson]], had called him to point out that Jackson had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.<ref name="aap08-bio" /><ref name="nyt091887">{{cite news|last=Dionne | first=E. J. Jr. |author-link=E. J. Dionne |date=September 18, 1987 |title=Biden Admits Plagiarism in School But Says It Was Not 'Malevolent' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/18/us/biden-admits-plagiarism-in-school-but-says-it-was-not-malevolent.html |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=April 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404115603/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/18/us/biden-admits-plagiarism-in-school-but-says-it-was-not-malevolent.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A few days later, it was publicized that, while in law school, Biden had taken text from a ''[[Fordham Law Review]]'' article with inadequate citations.<ref name="nyt091887" /> At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 29, 1989 |title=Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/29/us/professional-board-clears-biden-in-two-allegations-of-plagiarism.html |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707020556/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/29/us/professional-board-clears-biden-in-two-allegations-of-plagiarism.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended [[law school]] on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,<ref>{{cite news|last=Dionne |first=E. J. Jr. |author-link=E. J. Dionne |date=September 22, 1987 |title=Biden Admits Errors and Criticizes Latest Report |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/22/us/biden-admits-errors-and-criticizes-latest-report.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081243/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/22/us/biden-admits-errors-and-criticizes-latest-report.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 23, 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1j0FS0Z6ho |title=1988 Road to the White House with Sen. Biden |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104111625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1j0FS0Z6ho |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and that he had marched in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Flegenheimer |first=Matt |date=June 3, 2019 |title=Biden's First Run for President Was a Calamity. Some Missteps Still Resonate. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/us/politics/biden-1988-presidential-campaign.html |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140340/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/us/politics/biden-1988-presidential-campaign.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pomper |first=Gerald M. |url=https://archive.org/details/electionof1988re00pomp/page/37 |title=The Election of 1988 |publisher=Chatham House Publishers |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-934540-77-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/electionof1988re00pomp/page/37 37] |chapter=The Presidential Nominations |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/electionof1988re00pomp|access-date=August 28, 2021}}</ref> and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dionne |first=E. J. Jr. |author-link=E. J. Dionne |date=September 24, 1987 |title=Biden Withdraws Bid for President in Wake of Furor |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/24/us/biden-withdraws-bid-for-president-in-wake-of-furor.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221235355/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/24/us/biden-withdraws-bid-for-president-in-wake-of-furor.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2008 campaign ===
{{Main|Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign}}
[[File:Sen. Joe Biden attends a Creston house party.jpg|thumb|Biden campaigns at a house party in [[Creston, Iowa]], July 2007.|alt=Photo of Biden, casually dressed, talking with a citizen in a garden]]

After exploring running in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|his candidacy in the 2008 elections]].<ref name="aap08-366" /><ref>{{cite news|date=August 12, 2003 |title=Sen. Biden not running for president |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/08/11/biden/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123957/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/08/11/biden/index.html |archive-date=February 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balz |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Balz |date=February 1, 2007 |title=Biden Stumbles at the Starting Gate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100404.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018123657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100404.html |archive-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> Biden focused on the [[Iraq War]], his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 19, 2007 |title=Transcript: The Democratic Debate |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Decision2008/Story?id=3498294&page=1 |url-status=live |access-date=September 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011185127/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Decision2008/story?id=3498294&page=1 |archive-date=October 11, 2008}}</ref> Biden was noted for his [[one-line joke|one-liners]] during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate [[Rudy Giuliani]], "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and [[Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks|9/11]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Farrell |first=Joelle |date=November 1, 2007 |title=A noun, a verb and 9/11 |newspaper=[[Concord Monitor]] |url=https://www.concordmonitor.com/2020/01/26/article-v-convention-32227378 |url-status=live |access-date=August 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828010554/https://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071101%2FNEWS01%2F711010358%2F1043%2FNEWS01 |archive-date=August 28, 2008}}</ref>

Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 25, 2008 |title=Conventions 2008: Sen. Joseph Biden (D) |url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/conventions/co_20080825_3122.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906210353/https://www.nationaljournal.com/conventions/co_20080825_3122.php |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2008 |magazine=[[National Journal]]}}</ref> He never rose above single digits in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the Democratic Party 2008 presidential candidates|national polls of the Democratic candidates]]. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the [[Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008|Iowa caucuses]], garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results |url=https://www.iowacaucusresults.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229055041/https://www.iowacaucusresults.com/ |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |access-date=August 28, 2021 |publisher=[[Iowa Democratic Party]]}}</ref> He withdrew from the race that evening.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Murray |first=Shailagh |date=January 4, 2008 |title=Biden, Dodd Withdraw From Race |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/04/AR2008010400260.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520022844/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/04/AR2008010400260.html |archive-date=May 20, 2008}}</ref>

Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.<ref name="gamechange">{{cite book|last1=Heilemann |first1=John |title=Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime |title-link=Game Change |last2=Halperin |first2=Mark |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-173363-5 |location=New York |author-link=John Heilemann |author-link2=Mark Halperin}}</ref>{{rp|336}} In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,<ref name="nytm-traub">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Traub|first=James|author-link=James Traub|date=November 24, 2009|title=After Cheney |page=MM34 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/magazine/29Biden-t.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084703/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/magazine/29Biden-t.html|archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Wolffe|2009|p=218}} while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.<ref name="gamechange" />{{rp|28, 337–338}} Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".{{sfn|Wolffe|2009|p=218}}<ref name="gamechange" />{{rp|28, 337–338}}

== 2008 and 2012 vice presidential campaigns ==

=== 2008 campaign ===
{{Main|Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection}}
[[File:Biden Obama 3b.jpg|thumb|Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site|Old State Capitol]] in [[Springfield, Illinois]].|alt=Photo of Biden outdoors behind a lectern, with Obama seated behind him and smiling]]

In August 2008, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility of a place for Biden in the Obama administration,<ref name="ny-lizza">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/20/bidens-brief |title=Biden's Brief |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 20, 2008 |access-date=November 24, 2008 |author-link=Ryan Lizza |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725212805/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/20/bidens-brief |url-status=live}}</ref> and developed a strong personal rapport.{{sfn|Wolffe|2009|p=218}} On August 22, Obama announced that Biden would be his [[running mate]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Obama's veep message to supporters |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082300455.html |first=Jose Antonio |last=Vargas |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 23, 2008 |access-date=August 23, 2008 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204011137/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082300455.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the choice reflected a desire for someone with [[foreign policy]] and [[national security]] experience.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Adam |last1=Nagourney |author-link=Adam Nagourney |first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny |title=Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825223450/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |archive-date=August 25, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 23, 2008 |access-date=August 23, 2008}}</ref> Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and [[blue-collar]] voters.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dionne |first=E. J. Jr. |author-link=E. J. Dionne |title=Tramps Like Us: How Joe Biden will reassure working class voters and change the tenor of this week's convention |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/62212/tramps-us |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=August 25, 2008 |access-date=August 25, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828210626/https://tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=2ecbd0b9-c2c4-44d7-824a-603b4a418c74 |archive-date=August 28, 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Wolffe|2009|p=217}} Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 at the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2008/08/27/biden-accepts-vp-nomination// |title=Biden accepts VP nomination |first=Jennifer |last=Brown |newspaper=[[The Denver Post]] |date=August 27, 2008 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907020534/https://www.denverpost.com/2008/08/27/biden-accepts-vp-nomination/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee and then-[[governor of Alaska]], [[Sarah Palin]].<ref name="nyt-no2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/us/politics/20biden.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921063344/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/us/politics/20biden.html |archive-date=September 21, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Meanwhile, the Other No. 2 Keeps On Punching |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 19, 2008 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/09/joe-who.html |title=Joe Who? |last=Tapper |first=Jake |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=September 14, 2008 |access-date=September 15, 2008 |author-link=Jake Tapper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915055913/https://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/09/joe-who.html |archive-date=September 15, 2008}}</ref> Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Broder |first=John M. |date=October 30, 2008 |title=Hitting the Backroads, and Having Less to Say |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/us/politics/31biden.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031091558/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/us/politics/31biden.html |archive-date=October 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Tumulty |first=Karen |date=October 29, 2008 |title=Hidin' Biden: Reining In a Voluble No. 2 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1855355,00.html |access-date=November 1, 2008 |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102805/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1855355,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?", he once angrily asked.<ref name="gamechange" />{{rp|411–414, 419}} Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which irked Biden.<ref name="nyt0508122" /> Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.<ref name="gamechange" />{{rp|411–414}}

As the [[2008 financial crisis]] reached a peak in September 2008, and the proposed [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008]] became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ny1.com/content/features/86538/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package/Default.aspx |title=Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package |publisher=[[NY1]] |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=October 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005022401/https://www.ny1.com/content/features/86538/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package/Default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2008}}</ref> On October 2, he participated in the [[2008 United States presidential debates|vice-presidential debate]] with Palin at [[Washington University in St. Louis]]. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had still won the debate overall.{{sfn|Witcover|2010|pp=655–661}} On November 4, Obama and Biden [[2008 United States presidential election|were elected]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |title=Obama: 'This is your victory' |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=November 5, 2008 |date=November 4, 2008 |archive-date=November 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107223835/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Franke-Ruta |first=Garance |url=https://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/11/19/mccain_takes_missouri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023022914/https://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/11/mccain-takes-missouri.html |title=McCain Takes Missouri |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |date=November 19, 2008 |access-date=November 19, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title=President—Election Center 2008 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=November 19, 2008 |archive-date=November 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109050840/https://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Aug24/0,4670,CVNBidenTwoCampaigns,00.html |title=Biden Wages 2 Campaigns At Once |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 24, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2008 |first=Randall |last=Chase |publisher=[[Fox News]] |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185451/https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Aug24/0,4670,CVNBidenTwoCampaigns,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> as permitted by Delaware law.<ref name="aap08-366">''Almanac of American Politics'' 2008, p. 366.</ref> Having been [[2008 United States Senate election in Delaware|reelected]] to the Senate as well as the vice presidency,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-11-04-420465768_x.htm |title=Biden wins 7th Senate term but may not serve |last=Nuckols |first=Ben |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=November 4, 2008 |access-date=February 6, 2009 |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050628/https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-11-04-420465768_x.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden made a point of not resigning from the Senate before he was sworn in for his seventh term in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2009901070333 |title=A bittersweet oath for Biden |last=Gaudiano |first=Nicole |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |date=January 7, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212100305/https://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2009901070333 |archive-date=February 12, 2009}}</ref> He [[resignation from the United States Senate|resigned from the Senate]] on January 15.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 15, 2009 |title=Obama Wins $350B Senate TARP Vote |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Economy/story?id=6654133&page=1 |url-status=live |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104093212/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Economy/story?id=6654133&page=1 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 16, 2009 |title=Senate swears in Biden replacement Kaufman |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28692968 |url-status=live |publisher=[[NBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924063807/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28692968 |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref>

=== 2012 campaign ===
{{Main|Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign}}
[[File:P101112ps-488 Air Force One Obama watches VP debate.jpg|thumb|Obama watching Biden debate Paul Ryan in the vice-presidential debate on [[Air Force One]]]]
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]],<ref name="nyt1013102" /> but with Obama's popularity declining, [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[William M. Daley]] conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden with Hillary Clinton.<ref name="nyt-dd-replace" /> The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement,<ref name="nyt-dd-replace">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/01/us/politics/book-details-consideration-of-replacing-biden-on-2012-ticket.html |title=Book Details Obama Aides' Talks About Replacing Biden on 2012 Ticket |last=Martin |first=Jonathan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 31, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082553/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/01/us/politics/book-details-consideration-of-replacing-biden-on-2012-ticket.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and White House officials later said Obama himself never entertained the idea.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico44/2013/11/wh-obama-never-considered-dropping-joe-biden-176520 |title=W.H.: Obama never considered dropping Joe Biden |last=Allen |first=Jonathan |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=November 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104143531/https://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/11/wh-obama-never-considered-dropping-biden-176520.html |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with [[same-sex marriage]] gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-may-06-la-na-biden-gay-marriage-20120507-story.html |title=Biden 'comfortable' with equal rights for gays who wed |date=May 6, 2012 |first=Christi |last=Parsons |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=May 8, 2012 |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526082737/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-may-06-la-na-biden-gay-marriage-20120507-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were irked, since Obama had planned to shift position in the build-up to the party convention.<ref name="nyt0508122" /><ref name="ap051012">{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/ap-source-biden-apologizes-to-obama-over-comments | title=AP source: Biden apologizes to Obama over comments | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=May 10, 2012 | access-date=May 16, 2012 | archive-date=October 6, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006123920/https://www.foxnews.com/us/ap-source-biden-apologizes-to-obama-over-comments | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/08/6-hidden-obama-campaign-fault-lines-080028 |title=6 hidden fault lines in President Obama's campaign |last=Thursh |first=Glenn |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208190849/https://www.politico.com/story/2012/08/6-hidden-obama-campaign-fault-lines-080028 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,<ref name="ap051012" /> and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/us/politics/obama-says-same-sex-marriage-should-be-legal.html | title=Obama Says Same-Sex Marriage Should Be Legal | first1=Jackie | last1=Calmes | first2=Peter | last2=Baker | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 9, 2012 | access-date=May 10, 2012 | archive-date=May 10, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510014102/https://www.nytimes.comhttps://2012/05/10/us/politics/obama-says-same-sex-marriage-should-be-legal.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.<ref name="time-be-joe">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Von Drehle |first=David |author-link=David Von Drehle |date=September 10, 2012 |title=Let There Be Joe |pages=41–43 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2123322,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109162947/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2123322,00.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="time-mo">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Mo Joe |last=Scherer |first=Michael |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,2116132-1,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 11, 2012 |pages=26–30 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141830/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,2116132-1,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" again drew attention to Biden's propensity for colorful remarks.<ref name="time-be-joe" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Memoli |first=Michael A. |date=August 17, 2012 |title=Biden's unscripted moments keep campaign on its toes |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-aug-17-la-na-biden-20120817-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082611/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-aug-17-la-na-biden-20120817-story.html |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/08/mission-impossible-managing-biden-079776 |title=Mission Impossible: Managing Joe Biden |last=Martin |first=Jonathan |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084811/https://www.politico.com/story/2012/08/mission-impossible-managing-biden-079776 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the first presidential debate of the general election, in which Obama's performance was considered surprisingly lackluster,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=October 8, 2012 |title=Romney Narrows Vote Gap After Historic Debate Win |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/157907/romney-narrows-vote-gap-historic-debate-win.aspx |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://news.gallup.com/poll/157907/romney-narrows-vote-gap-historic-debate-win.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> his lead over Romney collapsed,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=October 8, 2012 |title=Romney's Strong Debate Performance Erases Obama's Lead |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2012/10/08/romneys-strong-debate-performance-erases-obamas-lead/ |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2012/10/08/romneys-strong-debate-performance-erases-obamas-lead/ |url-status=live}}</ref> putting pressure on Biden to stop the bleeding with a strong showing against the Republican vice-presidential nominee, [[Paul Ryan]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Reston |first=Maeve |date=September 25, 2016 |title=When Romney trounced Obama |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/25/politics/obama-debate-election-2012/index.html |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/25/politics/obama-debate-election-2012/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=October 4, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney comes out on top as Obama stumbles in first debate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/04/romney-obama-first-presidential-debate |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/04/romney-obama-first-presidential-debate |url-status=live}}</ref> Some political analysts considered Biden's performance in the October 11 vice-presidential debate one of the best of his career<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Strauss |first=Daniel |date=September 27, 2020 |title=Biden's team hopes for repeat of his 2012 performance as Trump debate nears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/27/trump-biden-us-presidential-debate-2012 |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/27/trump-biden-us-presidential-debate-2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=O'Brien |first=Michael |date=October 11, 2012 |title=Biden plays aggressor in debate as Ryan makes GOP case |url=https://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/11/14376267-biden-plays-aggressor-in-debate-as-ryan-argues-gop-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928140933/https://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/11/14376267-biden-plays-aggressor-in-debate-as-ryan-argues-gop-case |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> and a key factor in Obama's rebound in the polls and eventual victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Silver |first=Nate |date=October 12, 2012 |title=In Polls, Biden Gets a Hold |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/in-polls-biden-gets-a-hold/ |access-date=January 29, 2024 |website=FiveThirtyEight |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055644/https://archive.nytimes.com/fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/in-polls-biden-gets-a-hold/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 12, 2012 |title=Sparks fly as Biden, Ryan face off in feisty vice presidential debate |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/sparks-fly-as-biden-ryan-face-off-in-feisty-vice-presidential-debate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082631/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/sparks-fly-as-biden-ryan-face-off-in-feisty-vice-presidential-debate |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> The debate also became memorable for the popularization of Biden's use of the phrase "a bunch of malarkey" in response to an attack by Ryan on the administration's response to the [[2012 Benghazi attack|attacks on the U.S. embassy in Benghazi]] in September.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Memmott |first=Mark |date=October 12, 2012 |title=What's All This Malarkey About Malarkey? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/10/12/162791655/whats-all-this-malarkey-about-malarkey |access-date=January 28, 2024 |publisher=NPR |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606155406/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/10/12/162791655/whats-all-this-malarkey-about-malarkey |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Guarino |first=Ben |date=July 28, 2016 |title=Joe Biden loves the word 'malarkey.' But nobody knows where it came from. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/07/28/joe-biden-loves-the-word-malarkey-but-nobody-knows-where-it-came-from/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231353/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/07/28/joe-biden-loves-the-word-malarkey-but-nobody-knows-where-it-came-from/ |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |access-date=January 28, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Biden reused the phrase during his 2020 presidential campaign.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Bump |first=Philip |date=December 2, 2019 |title=The unexpected nostalgia of Biden's 'malarkey' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/02/unexpected-nostalgia-bidens-malarkey/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/02/unexpected-nostalgia-bidens-malarkey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 6, Obama and Biden were reelected.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-defeats-romney-to-win-second-term-vows-he-has-more-work-to-do | title=Obama defeats Romney to win second term, vows he has 'more work to do' | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=November 7, 2012 | access-date=August 27, 2021 | archive-date=February 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215014622/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-defeats-romney-to-win-second-term-vows-he-has-more-work-to-do | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Vice presidency (2009–2017) ==
{{main|Vice presidency of Joe Biden}}
{{See also|Presidency of Barack Obama}}

=== First term (2009–2013) ===
{{See also|First inauguration of Barack Obama}}
[[File:Joe Biden sworn in 1-20-09 hires 090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg|thumb|Biden being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] on January 20, 2009|alt=Photo of Biden raising his right hand, reciting the Oath]]
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by [[George W. Bush]]'s vice president, [[Dick Cheney]], and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/12/22/biden.lkl/index.html |title=Biden says he'll be different vice president |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 22, 2008 |access-date=December 22, 2008 |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224093055/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/12/22/biden.lkl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He was sworn in on January 20, 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 20, 2009|title=In culminating moment, Biden is vice president |work=[[The Oregonian]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2009/01/in_culminating_moment_biden_is.html|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101194210/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2009/01/in_culminating_moment_biden_is.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the first vice president from [[Delaware]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=November 3, 2008 |title=Think you know your election trivia? |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/election.trivia/index.html |access-date=November 9, 2008 |archive-date=November 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106075757/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/election.trivia/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the first [[Roman Catholic]] vice president.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Ken |last=Rudin |date=January 9, 2009|title=The First Catholic Vice President? |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/01/the_first_catholic_vice_presid.html|access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925060421/https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/01/the_first_catholic_vice_presid.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gaudiano |first=Nicole|date=November 6, 2008 |title=VP's home awaits if Biden chooses |work=[[The News Journal]] |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/article/20081106/NEWS02/811060379 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109060406/https://www.delawareonline.com/article/20081106/NEWS02/811060379 |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref> Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.<ref name="The New York Times-2">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Baker|first=Peter|date=April 28, 2019|title=Biden and Obama's 'Odd Couple' Relationship Aged Into Family Ties|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/28/us/politics/barack-obama-biden.html|access-date=April 26, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606093422/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/28/us/politics/barack-obama-biden.html|quote=He was also the in-house skeptic on the use of force, arguing against a troop surge to Afghanistan, military intervention in Libya and the raid that killed Osama bin Laden.|url-status=live}}</ref> White House chief of staff [[Rahm Emanuel]] said Biden helped counter [[groupthink]].<ref name="nyt032809">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Leibovich|first=Mark|date=March 28, 2009|title=Speaking Freely, Biden Finds Influential Role|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/us/politics/29biden.html|access-date=March 31, 2009|archive-date=April 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401232903/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/us/politics/29biden.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their [[Number One Observatory Circle|official residence]] in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Parnes|first=Amie|date=June 28, 2011|title=The Bidens' 'regular' lives|newspaper=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/06/the-bidens-regular-lives-057887|access-date=June 28, 2011|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194519/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/06/the-bidens-regular-lives-057887|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Joe Biden official portrait crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Biden's official portrait as vice president, 2009]]
Biden oversaw [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009#Infrastructure investment|infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package]] intended to help counteract the [[Late-2000s recession|ongoing recession]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|magazine|last=Scherer|first=Michael|date=July 1, 2009|title=What Happened to the Stimulus?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908417,00.html|access-date=July 8, 2009|archive-date=January 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109095116/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908417,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was", but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 5, 2009|title=Biden: 'We misread how bad the economy was'|publisher=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/31745563|access-date=July 9, 2009|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217104812/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/31745563/|url-status=live}}</ref> When he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Travers|first=Karen|date=February 17, 2011|title='Sheriff Joe' Biden Touts Recovery Act Success—and Hands Over His Badge|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|url=https://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/02/sheriff-joe-biden-touts-recovery-act-success-and-hands-over-his-badge.html|url-status=dead|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221153327/https://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/02/sheriff-joe-biden-touts-recovery-act-success-and-hands-over-his-badge.html|archive-date=February 21, 2011}}</ref>

Biden's off-message response to a question in April 2009, during the beginning of the [[2009 flu pandemic|swine flu outbreak]], led to a swift retraction by the White House.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Silva|first1=Mark|last2=Parsons|first2=Christi|date=May 1, 2009|title=White House adjusts Biden's swine flu advice|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-01-na-biden1-story.html|access-date=May 28, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009170032/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-01-na-biden1-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The remark revived Biden's reputation for [[Political gaffe|gaffes]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=May 1, 2009|title=White House tempers Biden's swine flu advice|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2009/05/01/white_house_tempers_bidens_swine_flu_advice/|url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505114058/https://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2009/05/01/white_house_tempers_bidens_swine_flu_advice/|archive-date=May 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name="nw-cov-1010092" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Kurtzman|first=Daniel|date=May 8, 2009|title=The Week's Best Late-Night Jokes|publisher=[[About.com]]|url=https://www.liveabout.com/late-night-political-jokes-2733896|access-date=May 28, 2009|archive-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611193402/https://www.liveabout.com/late-night-political-jokes-2733896|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[hot mic]] picked up Biden telling Obama that his signing the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] was "a big fucking deal" on March 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite news| title=Joe Biden: 'This is a big fucking deal'| last=Adams| first=Richard| work=[[The Guardian]]| date=March 23, 2010| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/richard-adams-blog/2010/mar/23/joe-biden-obama-big-fucking-deal-overheard}}</ref> Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended [[Sidwell Friends School]] together.<ref name="nyt0508122">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Leibovich|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Leibovich |date=May 7, 2012|title=For a Blunt Biden, an Uneasy Supporting Role|page=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/us/politics/for-a-blunt-biden-an-uneasy-supporting-role.html|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081748/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/us/politics/for-a-blunt-biden-an-uneasy-supporting-role.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden visited [[Kosovo]] in May 2009 and affirmed the U.S. position that its "independence is irreversible".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Chun|first=Kwang-Ho|title=Kosovo: A New European Nation-State?|url=https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/96517/1/5.Kosovo-A-New-European-Nation-State_Kwang-ho-Chun.pdf|journal=Journal of International and Area Studies|volume=18|issue=1|year=2011|pages=91, 94|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082124/https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/96517/1/5.Kosovo-A-New-European-Nation-State_Kwang-ho-Chun.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He lost an internal debate to Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] about [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Dilanian|first=Ken|date=June 11, 2009|title=In a supporting role, Clinton takes a low-key approach at State Dept.|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090611/1aclinton11_cv.art.htm|access-date=July 22, 2009|archive-date=May 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516020144/https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090611/1aclinton11_cv.art.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Smith|first=Ben|date=June 23, 2009|title=Hillary Clinton toils in the shadows|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/06/clinton-toils-in-the-shadows-024067|access-date=July 22, 2009|archive-date=September 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916005405/https://www.politico.com/story/2009/06/clinton-toils-in-the-shadows-024067|url-status=live}}</ref> but his skepticism was valued,<ref name="pol091609">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cummings|first=Jeanne|date=September 16, 2009|title=Joe Biden, 'the skunk at the family picnic'|publisher=[[The Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/09/the-skunk-at-the-family-picnic-027211|access-date=September 17, 2009}}</ref> and his views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.<ref name="nw-cov-1010092">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bailey|first1=Holly|last2=Thomas|first2=Evan|author-link2=Evan Thomas|date=October 10, 2009|title=An Inconvenient Truth Teller|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/joe-biden-white-house-truth-teller-81181|access-date=November 6, 2009|archive-date=November 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123063731/https://www.newsweek.com/joe-biden-white-house-truth-teller-81181|url-status=live}}</ref> Obama delegated Biden to oversee Iraq policy, and he became the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership before the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref name="time-mo" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Crowley|first=Michael|date=November 9, 2014|title=The war over President Obama's new war in Iraq|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/president-obama-war-iraq-112730|access-date=August 26, 2015|archive-date=October 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013002931/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/president-obama-war-iraq-112730|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pol091609" /><ref name="nytm-traub" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|magazine|last=Osnos|first=Evan|author-link=Evan Osnos|date=August 12, 2014|title=Breaking Up: Maliki and Biden|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/breaking-maliki-biden|access-date=August 26, 2015|archive-date=October 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053443/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/breaking-maliki-biden|url-status=live}}</ref> }}

[[File:President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden shake hands in the Oval Office following a phone call with House Speaker John Boehner securing a bipartisan deal to reduce the nation's deficit and avoid default.jpg|thumb|President Obama congratulates Biden for his role in shaping the [[United States debt ceiling|debt ceiling]] deal which led to the [[Budget Control Act of 2011]].|alt=Photo of Obama and Biden shaking hands in the Oval Office]]

Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the [[United States elections, 2010|2010 midterm elections]], maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.<ref name="nyt1013102">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Stolberg|first=Sheryl Gay|date=October 12, 2010|title=Vice President Tries to Energize Democrats|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/us/politics/13biden.html|access-date=October 14, 2010|archive-date=October 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028044617/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/us/politics/13biden.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After big Republican gains in the elections and Emanuel's departure, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.<ref name="pol1209102">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Lee|first1=Carol E.|last2=Bresnahan|first2=John|date=December 9, 2010|title=Joe Biden expands role as White House link to Congress|newspaper=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/12/biden-steps-into-rahms-shoes-046173|access-date=December 10, 2010|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194519/https://www.politico.com/story/2010/12/biden-steps-into-rahms-shoes-046173|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt1211102">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cooper|first=Helene|date=December 11, 2010|title=As the Ground Shifts, Biden Plays a Bigger Role|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/us/politics/12biden.html|access-date=December 13, 2010|archive-date=December 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213044241/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/us/politics/12biden.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the [[New START treaty]].<ref name="pol1209102" /><ref name="nyt1211102" /> In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader [[Mitch McConnell]], were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary [[extension of the Bush tax cuts]].<ref name="nyt1211102" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Hulse|first1=Carl|last2=Calmes|first2=Jackie|date=December 7, 2010|title=Biden and G.O.P. Leader Helped Hammer Out Bipartisan Tax Accord|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08deal.html|access-date=December 8, 2010|archive-date=December 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208043606/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08deal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The package passed as the [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]].

[[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|thumb|Biden, Obama and the national security team gathered in the [[White House Situation Room]] to monitor the progress of the May 2011 [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|mission]] to kill [[Osama bin Laden]].|alt=Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid]]

Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress during the [[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011|2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Congress averts shutdown, sends stopgap to Obama |date=March 2, 2011 |first1=Andy |last1=Sullivan |first2=Kim |last2=Dixon |first3=Alister |last3=Bull |first4=Thomas |last4=Ferraro |first5=Richard |last5=Cowan |publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-spending-idUSTRE7205MS20110302}}</ref> Biden's relationship with McConnell brought about the [[Budget Control Act of 2011]] that solved the crisis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Thrush |first1=Glenn |last2=Brown |first2=Carrie Budoff |last3=Raju |first3=Manu |last4=Bresnahan |first4=John |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Joe Biden, Mitch McConnell and the making of a debt deal |newspaper=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/08/biden-mcconnell-and-the-making-of-a-deal-060463 |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922144250/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/08/biden-mcconnell-and-the-making-of-a-deal-060463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=August 3, 2011 |first1=Ben |last1=Feller |first2=Julie |last2=Pace |first3=Laurie |last3=Kellman |first4=Nancy |last4=Benac |title=The real drama was in private as debt deal hatched |publisher=[[Fox News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/the-real-drama-was-in-private-as-debt-deal-hatched |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230142752/https://www.foxnews.com/us/the-real-drama-was-in-private-as-debt-deal-hatched |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bohan |first1=Caren |last2=Sullivan |first2=Andy |last3=Ferraro |first3=Thomas |date=August 3, 2011 |title=Special report: How Washington took the U.S. to the brink |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-debt-brink/special-report-how-washington-took-the-u-s-to-the-brink-idUSTRE77271R20110803|access-date=August 4, 2011|archive-date=October 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013231825/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-debt-brink/special-report-how-washington-took-the-u-s-to-the-brink-idUSTRE77271R20110803|url-status=live}}</ref> Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 [[U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden]],<ref name="time-mo" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Weigel |first=David |author-link=David Weigel |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Hillary Told the President That Her Opposition to the Surge in Iraq Had Been Political |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/01/robert-gates-duty-hillary-told-the-president-that-her-opposition-to-the-surge-in-iraq-had-been-political.html |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082441/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/01/robert-gates-duty-hillary-told-the-president-that-her-opposition-to-the-surge-in-iraq-had-been-political.html |url-status=live}}</ref> lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Thiessen |first=Marc A. |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Biden's Bin Laden Hypocrisy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-bidens-bin-laden-hypocrisy/2012/10/08/990aca7c-114d-11e2-be82-c3411b7680a9_story.html |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904124649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-bidens-bin-laden-hypocrisy/2012/10/08/990aca7c-114d-11e2-be82-c3411b7680a9_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Andersen Brower |first=Kate |date=June 1, 2018 |title=Hillary Clinton's 'ass-covering' on bin Laden raid 'rattled' Biden |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/390144-hillary-clintons-ass-covering-on-bin-laden-raid-rattled-biden |access-date=April 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134732/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/390144-hillary-clintons-ass-covering-on-bin-laden-raid-rattled-biden |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Biden made the case for Obama's reelection: "Osama bin Laden is dead and General Motors is alive."<ref>{{cite news| last=Dwyer| first=Devin| title=Biden's Shorthand For First Term: 'Osama bin Laden Dead, General Motors Alive'| work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]| date=January 31, 2012| url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/01/bidens-shorthand-for-obama-1st-term-osama-bin-laden-dead-general-motors-alive}}</ref>

Obama named Biden to head the [[Gun Violence Task Force]], created to address the causes of [[school shooting]]s and consider possible [[gun control]] measures in the aftermath of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], in December 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Caldwell|first=Leigh Ann|date=December 19, 2012|title=Obama sets up gun violence task force|publisher=[[CBS News]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-sets-up-gun-violence-task-force/|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185454/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-sets-up-gun-violence-task-force/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "[[United States fiscal cliff|fiscal cliff]]", Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012]] being passed at the start of 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2013/jan/01/its-over-house-passes-fiscal-cliff-deal/ |title=It's over: House passes 'fiscal cliff' deal |last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]] |date=January 1, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185455/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2013/jan/01/its-over-house-passes-fiscal-cliff-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ap-cliff">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.startribune.com/politics/national/185276422.html |title=Congress' OK of fiscal cliff deal gives Obama a win, prevents GOP blame for tax boosts |last=Fram|first=Alan |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Star Tribune]] |location=Minneapolis |date=January 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020524/https://www.startribune.com/politics/national/185276422.html |archive-date=January 5, 2013}}</ref>

=== Second term (2013–2017) ===
{{See also|Second inauguration of Barack Obama}}
[[File:Joe Biden official portrait 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Biden's official portrait as vice president, 2013]]
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at [[Number One Observatory Circle]], his official residence, with Justice [[Sonia Sotomayor]] presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-inauguration-biden-idUSBRE90J08B20130120 | title=Vice President Biden sworn into office for second term | last=Rampton|first=Roberta | publisher=[[Reuters]] | date=January 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122062434/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/20/us-usa-inauguration-biden-idUSBRE90J08B20130120| archive-date=January 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the [[Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014]], which resolved the [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|federal government shutdown of 2013]] and the [[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013|debt-ceiling crisis of 2013]]. Senate Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] and other Democratic leaders cut him out of direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/anatomy-of-a-shutdown-098518 |title=Anatomy of a shutdown |last1=Bresnahan |first1=John |last2=Manu |first2=Raju |last3=Sherman |first3=Jake |last4=Brown |first4=Carrie Budoff |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=October 18, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185529/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/anatomy-of-a-shutdown-098518 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/13/biden-mostly-out-of-sight-during-shutdown-showdown/2968373/ |title=Biden mostly out of sight as shutdown drags on |last=Gaudiano |first=Nicole |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082716/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/13/biden-mostly-out-of-sight-during-shutdown-showdown/2968373/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/biden-takes-back-seat-in-budget-negotiations-during-shutdown | title=Biden takes a back seat during budget negotiations over shutdown | last=Bowman | first=Bridget | work=[[PBS NewsHour]] | publisher=[[PBS]] | date=October 14, 2013 | access-date=January 24, 2021 | archive-date=January 3, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082723/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/biden-takes-back-seat-in-budget-negotiations-during-shutdown | url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the [[White House Council on Women and Girls]], begun in the first term, as well as the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]], begun in January 2014 with Biden and [[Valerie Jarrett]] as co-chairs.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/sexual_assault_report_1-21-14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121105625/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/sexual_assault_report_1-21-14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |title=Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action |date=January 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |publisher=[[White House]] |access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a | title=Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault | date=January 22, 2014 | access-date=June 10, 2014 | archive-date=January 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122115707/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a | via=[[NARA|National Archives]] | publisher=[[White House]] | url-status=live}}</ref> He talked about sexual violence while introducing [[Lady Gaga]] at the [[88th Academy Awards]] in 2016, receiving a [[standing ovation]] from the audience.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Stone |first=Natalie |date=February 28, 2016 |title=Oscars: Joe Biden Introduces Lady Gaga for Performance of 'Til It Happens to You' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lady-gagas-oscars-performance-til-870679/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301042445/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gagas-oscars-performance-til-870679 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:President Obama Awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Vice President Biden.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=|Biden receiving the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on January 12, 2017, four years prior to his presidential inauguration in 2021, the first U.S. president to do so.]]

Biden favored arming [[Timber Sycamore|Syria's rebel fighters]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Who to Blame If Arming the Syrian Rebels Goes Wrong |first=Conor |last=Friedersdorf |author-link=Conor Friedersdorf |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/who-to-blame-if-arming-syrian-rebels-goes-wrong/380411/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=September 18, 2014 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512184447/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/who-to-blame-if-arming-syrian-rebels-goes-wrong/380411/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As the [[ISIL]] [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|insurgency in Iraq]] intensified in 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/joe-biden-iraq-107858 | title=Was Joe Biden right? | last=Gerstein | first=Josh | newspaper=[[Politico]] | date=June 13, 2014 | access-date=September 14, 2014 | archive-date=September 27, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927001111/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/joe-biden-iraq-107858 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/62830 |title=Turns Out, Joe Biden Was Right About Dividing Iraq |last=Kitfield |first=James |magazine=[[National Journal]] |date=January 30, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011194233/https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/62830 |url-status=live}}</ref> He had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Paz|first=Christian|date=October 26, 2020|title=The Biden Doctrine Begins With Latin America|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/10/joe-biden-foreign-policy-latin-america/616841/|access-date=November 15, 2020|issn=1072-7825|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111041523/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/10/joe-biden-foreign-policy-latin-america/616841/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2016, Biden visited [[Serbia]], where he met with the Serbian Prime Minister [[Aleksandar Vučić]] and expressed condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Melander |first1=Ingrid |date=August 16, 2016 |title=Biden offers condolences for Serbs killed in 1999 NATO air strikes |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-balkans-biden-serbia/biden-offers-condolences-for-serbs-killed-in-1999-nato-air-strikes-idUSKCN10R1ZD |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-balkans-biden-serbia/biden-offers-condolences-for-serbs-killed-in-1999-nato-air-strikes-idUSKCN10R1ZD |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> Biden never [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States|cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate]], making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bycoffe|first=Aaron|date=February 7, 2017|title=Pence Has Already Done Something Biden Never Did: Break A Senate Tie|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/pence-has-already-done-something-biden-never-did-break-a-senate-tie/|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|quote=Twelve vice presidents, including Biden, never broke a tie; Biden was the longest-serving vice president to never do so.|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082937/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/pence-has-already-done-something-biden-never-did-break-a-senate-tie/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a bid for the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2016 Democratic presidential nomination]].<ref name="Itkowitz1" /> With his family, friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with [[Hillary Clinton]]'s favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to be seriously considering the prospect and a "[[Draft (politics)|Draft]] Biden 2016" [[Political action committee]] (PAC) was established.<ref name="Itkowitz1">{{cite news|first=Colby |last=Itkowitz |title=There is a 'Draft Joe Biden' Super PAC Now; It's Even Hiring a Fundraiser |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 23, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2015/03/23/job-opening-raise-money-to-draft-joe-biden-to-run-in-2016/ |access-date=August 2, 2015 |archive-date=July 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716011912/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2015/03/23/job-opening-raise-money-to-draft-joe-biden-to-run-in-2016/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Maureen |last=Dowd |title=Joe Biden in 2016: What Would Beau Do? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/opinion/sunday/maureen-dowd-joe-biden-in-2016-what-would-beau-do.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106105547/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/opinion/sunday/maureen-dowd-joe-biden-in-2016-what-would-beau-do.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Jeff |last1=Zeleny |first2=Kevin |last2=Liptak |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/31/politics/vice-president-joe-biden-presidential-elections/ |title=Joe Biden Keeps Watchful Eye on 2016 Race |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=August 1, 2015 |access-date=August 2, 2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202185430/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/31/politics/vice-president-joe-biden-presidential-elections/ |url-status=live}}</ref> During 2015, Biden was uncertain about running, particularly due to the recent death of his son Beau,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-34216117|title=Joe Biden still undecided on presidential run|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=September 11, 2015|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083021/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-34216117|url-status=live}}</ref> before announcing his decision not to run that October.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff |last=Mason |url=https://www.aol.com/article/2015/10/21/biden-announces-hes-not-running-for-president/21252056/ |title=Biden says he will not seek 2016 Democratic nomination |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=October 21, 2015 |publisher=[[AOL]] |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022211907/https://www.aol.com/article/2015/10/21/biden-announces-hes-not-running-for-president/21252056/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mollie|last=Reilly|title=Joe Biden Is Not Running For President In 2016|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joe-biden-president-2016_n_55f1cefbe4b093be51be0d69|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213056/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joe-biden-president-2016_n_55f1cefbe4b093be51be0d69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Colleen|last1=McCain Nelson|first2=Peter|last2=Nicholas|title=Joe Biden Decides Not to Enter Presidential Race|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-decides-not-to-enter-presidential-race-1445444657|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021204730/https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-decides-not-to-enter-presidential-race-1445444657|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Post–vice presidency (2017–2021) ==
[[File:The Funeral of President George H.W. Bush (32332101008).jpg|thumb|Biden attending the [[Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush|state funeral of George H. W. Bush]] in December 2018]]

Biden left office on January 20, 2017, and was succeeded by the 48th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]], [[Mike Pence]]. After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], developing the [[Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement]]. Biden remained in that position until 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2021/10/23/biden-administration-penn/|title=The Biden Administration Keeps Tapping Penn People for Major Roles: D.C.'s gain is Philly's loss|first=Sandy|last=Hingston|magazine=Philadelphia|date=October 23, 2021|accessdate=March 5, 2022|archive-date=March 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305173530/https://www.phillymag.com/news/2021/10/23/biden-administration-penn/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Tamari |first=Jonathan |date=July 12, 2019 |title=Penn has paid Joe Biden more than $900K since he left the White House. What did he do to earn the money? |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/joe-biden-penn-salary-lectures-20190712.html |access-date=February 22, 2023 |magazine=[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]] |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222055817/https://www.inquirer.com/news/joe-biden-penn-salary-lectures-20190712.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, ''[[Promise Me, Dad]]'', and went on a book tour.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Kane|first=Paul|title=Biden wraps up book tour amid persistent questions about the next chapter|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/biden-wraps-up-book-tour-amid-persistent-questions-about-the-next-chapter/2018/06/11/33ebbe8e-6daf-11e8-bf86-a2351b5ece99_story.html|date=June 11, 2018|access-date=November 10, 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107171225/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/biden-wraps-up-book-tour-amid-persistent-questions-about-the-next-chapter/2018/06/11/33ebbe8e-6daf-11e8-bf86-a2351b5ece99_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Eder|first1=Steve|last2=Glueck|first2=Katie|date=July 9, 2019|title=Joe Biden's Tax Returns Show More Than $15 Million in Income After 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/us/politics/joe-biden-net-worth.html|access-date=July 16, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715211457/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/us/politics/joe-biden-net-worth.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|presidency of Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2017/05/28/biden-backing-phil-murphy-says-nj-governors-race-single-most-important-112380|title=Biden backs Phil Murphy, says N.J. governor's race 'most important' in nation|first=Ryan|last=Hutchins|date=May 28, 2017|magazine=[[Politico]]|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=December 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230125059/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2017/05/28/biden-backing-phil-murphy-says-nj-governors-race-single-most-important-112380|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="foreign-policy2" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/335859-biden-paris-deal-best-way-to-protect-us-leadership|title=Biden: Paris deal 'best way to protect' US leadership|first=Max|last=Greenwood|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225090215/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/335859-biden-paris-deal-best-way-to-protect-us-leadership|url-status=live}}</ref> He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Edward-Isaac|last=Dovere|title=VP's LGBT comments raise eyebrows |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/joe-biden-lgbt-workplace-discrimination-executive-order-human-rights-campaign-105018 |magazine=[[Politico]] |date=March 26, 2014 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083142/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/joe-biden-lgbt-workplace-discrimination-executive-order-human-rights-campaign-105018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/joe-biden-to-lgbt-gala-hold-president-trump-accountable/|title=Joe Biden to LGBT gala: 'Hold President Trump accountable'|date=June 21, 2017|first=Steve|last=Peoples|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090144/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/joe-biden-to-lgbt-gala-hold-president-trump-accountablehttps://|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator [[John McCain]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Friedman|first=Megan|date=August 30, 2018|title=Joe Biden Just Gave an Incredibly Powerful Speech at John McCain's Memorial|magazine=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a22877209/joe-biden-eulogy-john-mccain-memorial-full-transcript/|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610041411/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a22877209/joe-biden-eulogy-john-mccain-memorial-full-transcript/|url-status=live}}</ref> Biden continued to support [[cancer research]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |date=March 12, 2017 |title=Joe Biden: The fight against cancer is bipartisan |agency=[[CNN Business]] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/12/technology/sxsw-joe-biden-cancer/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526151625/https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/12/technology/sxsw-joe-biden-cancer/index.html |archive-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref>

==2020 presidential campaign==
{{Main|Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign}}
{{See also|List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements}}
=== Speculation and announcement ===
[[File:Biden9 (32932624647).jpg|thumb|Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in [[Philadelphia]], May 2019|alt=Photo of Biden raising his fist while standing behind a lectern]]

Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for [[2020 United States presidential election|president in 2020]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-201612-htmlstory.html#joe-biden-wouldnt-count-out-a-2020-run-for-president-but-he-was-asked-in-an-emotional-moment|title=Joe Biden wouldn't count out a 2020 run for president. But he was asked in an emotional moment|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=August 27, 2021|date=December 6, 2016|last=A. Memoli|first=Michael|archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090152/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-201612-htmlstory.html#joe-biden-wouldnt-count-out-a-2020-run-for-president-but-he-was-asked-in-an-emotional-moment|url-status=live}}</ref> When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say never".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/joe-biden-colbert-interview-2020-buzz/|title=Biden stokes 2020 buzz on Colbert: 'Never say never' |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 8, 2016|date=December 7, 2016|last=Wright|first=David|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090156/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/joe-biden-colbert-interview-2020-buzzhttps://|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[political action committee]] known as [[Time for Biden]] was formed in January 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.wvik.org/post/new-quad-city-super-pac-time-biden |title=New Quad City Super PAC: 'Time for Biden' |last=Charnetzki |first=Tori |publisher=[[WVIK]] |date=January 10, 2018 |access-date=January 24, 2018 |archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090209/https://www.wvik.org/post/new-quad-city-super-pac-time-biden/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Scherer |first1=Michael |last2=Wagner |first2=John |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Former vice president Joe Biden jumps into White House race |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/former-vice-president-joe-biden-jumps-into-white-house-race/2019/04/25/093ff596-0aef-11e9-88e3-989a3e456820_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526072655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/former-vice-president-joe-biden-jumps-into-white-house-race/2019/04/25/093ff596-0aef-11e9-88e3-989a3e456820_story.html |archive-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> saying he was worried by the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] and felt a "sense of duty".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Dovere |first=Edward-Isaac |date=February 4, 2019 |title=Biden's Anguished Search for a Path to Victory |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/02/joe-biden-close-running-president-despite-doubts/581956/|url-status=live|access-date=February 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090215/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/02/joe-biden-close-running-president-despite-doubts/581956https:// |archive-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref>

=== Campaign ===
{{Further|2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 United States presidential debates}}

Public polling showed Biden as one of the best-performing Democratic candidates head-to-head against Trump.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Ashley Pratte |last=Oates |title=Opinion |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/joe-biden-democrats-best-chance-beat-trump-2020-no-other-ncna961836 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=January 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003526/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/joe-biden-democrats-best-chance-beat-trump-2020-no-other-ncna961836 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=April 17, 2019 |title=Every 2020 Democrat Wants To Be The Electable Candidate |first1=Kevin |last1=Robillard |first2=Amanda |last2=Terkel |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/electability-2020_n_5cb73acbe4b0c53a1705763f |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=HuffPost |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003526/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/electability-2020_n_5cb73acbe4b0c53a1705763f |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |title=Here's how Biden, Sanders, Warren and other top Democrats are faring against Trump in national polls |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/05/how-biden-warren-and-sanders-fare-vs-trump-in-2020-election-polls.html |access-date=May 14, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=November 5, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003522/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/05/how-biden-warren-and-sanders-fare-vs-trump-in-2020-election-polls.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With Democrats keenly focused on "electability" for defeating Trump,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Barabak |first=Mark Z. |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Desperate to beat Trump, Democrats differ over who is best |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-31/democrats-electability-2020-iowa-caucus |access-date=May 14, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003532/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-31/democrats-electability-2020-iowa-caucus |url-status=live}}</ref> this boosted his popularity among Democratic voters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Scocca |first=Tom |date=April 12, 2020 |title=Biden's Electability Only Works if There Is an Election |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/04/biden-won-without-votes.html |access-date=May 14, 2023 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003526/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/04/biden-won-without-votes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It also made Biden a frequent target of Trump.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Allen |first=Mike |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Scoop: Trump fears Biden 2020, losing Pennsylvania |url=https://www.axios.com/2018/07/25/scoop-trump-fears-biden-losing-pennsylvania-1532514558 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=Axios |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003522/https://www.axios.com/2018/07/25/scoop-trump-fears-biden-losing-pennsylvania-1532514558 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Adam |last=Edelman |title=Trump says Biden would go down "fast" and "crying" in a fight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-attacks-crazy-biden-tweet-physically-mentally-weak-n858981 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=March 22, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003522/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-attacks-crazy-biden-tweet-physically-mentally-weak-n858981 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] to investigate [[Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory|alleged wrongdoing]] by Biden and his son [[Hunter Biden]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/ukraine-trump-zelensky.html |title=Ukraine Pressured on U.S. Political Investigations |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |date=September 20, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 20, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920171010/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/ukraine-trump-zelensky.html |url-status=live}}</ref> No evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Isachenkov |first=Vladimir |title=Ukraine's prosecutor says there is no probe into Biden |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ukraines-prosecutor-says-there-is-no-probe-into-biden |access-date=October 1, 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 27, 2019 |quote=Though the timing raised concerns among anti-corruption advocates, there has been no evidence of wrongdoing by either the former vice president or his son. |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001005328/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ukraines-prosecutor-says-there-is-no-probe-into-biden |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=White House 'tried to cover up details of Trump-Ukraine call' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49842895 |access-date=October 1, 2019 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=September 26, 2019 |quote=There is no evidence of any wrongdoing by the Bidens. |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930105132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49842895 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Matthew |last1=Brown |date=January 15, 2021|accessdate=July 7, 2021|title=Fact check: False conspiracy theories allege connection between Biden victory and Ukraine |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/01/15/fact-check-conspiracy-theories-falsely-link-bidens-victory-ukraine/4149335001/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608213107/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/01/15/fact-check-conspiracy-theories-falsely-link-bidens-victory-ukraine/4149335001/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump was perceived by many as attempting to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mackinnon |first=Amy |date=September 20, 2019 |title=Is Trump Trying to Get Ukraine to Take Out Biden for Him? |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |publisher=[[Graham Holdings]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/20/is-trump-trying-to-get-ukraine-to-take-out-biden-for-him/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920210034/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/20/is-trump-trying-to-get-ukraine-to-take-out-biden-for-him/ |archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> resulting in [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|a political scandal]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-defends-conversation-with-ukraine-leader-11568993176 |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Trump Repeatedly Pressed Ukraine President to Investigate Biden's Son |first1=Alan |last1=Cullison |first2=Rebecca |last2=Ballhaus |first3=Dustin |last3=Volz |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=September 20, 2019 |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923092317/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-defends-conversation-with-ukraine-leader-11568993176 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|Trump's impeachment]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 10, 2021 |title=This is why Donald Trump was impeached the first time – previous charges against former US president explained |first=Matt |last=Brooks |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/why-was-donald-trump-impeached-the-first-time-previous-charges-against-the-former-us-president-explained-3100617 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514003522/https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/why-was-donald-trump-impeached-the-first-time-previous-charges-against-the-former-us-president-explained-3100617 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=All the Women Who Have Spoken Out Against Joe Biden|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/04/joe-biden-accuser-accusations-allegations.html|work=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]|access-date=May 19, 2021|date=April 12, 2020|first1=Amanda|last1=Arnold|first2=Claire|last2=Lampen}}</ref> Biden had previously called himself a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-joe-biden-kiss-lucy-flores-20190329-story.html |title=Nevada Democrat accuses Joe Biden of touching and kissing her without consent at 2014 event |access-date=December 30, 2019 |last=Brice-Saddler |first=Michael |date=March 29, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090227/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-joe-biden-kiss-lucy-flores-20190329-story.html/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist [[Mark Bowden]] described Biden's lifelong habit of talking close, writing that he "doesn't just meet you, he engulfs you... scooting closer" and leaning forward to talk.<ref name="The Atlantic">{{Cite magazine |last=Bowden |first=Mark | author-link=Mark Bowden| date=August 30, 2010 |title=The Salesman |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/10/the-salesman/308226/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123045827/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/10/the-salesman/308226/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more "respectful of people's personal space".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/us/politics/joe-biden-women-video.html|title=Joe Biden, in video, says he will be 'more mindful' of personal space|date=April 3, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090251/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/us/politics/joe-biden-women-video.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Joe Biden Rally at Hiatt Middle School - 49480899101.jpg|thumb|Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020|alt=Photo of Biden holding a microphone, with a crowd in the background]]

Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/nbc-wsj-poll-former-vice-president-joe-biden-frontrunner-in/article_24e6b0ee-2256-11ea-9a8d-e79be1ad7f68.html |title=NBC/WSJ poll: Former Vice-President Joe Biden frontrunner in race for Democratic nomination |date=December 19, 2019 |access-date=February 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213155327/https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/nbc-wsj-poll-former-vice-president-joe-biden-frontrunner-in/article_24e6b0ee-2256-11ea-9a8d-e79be1ad7f68.html |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/biden-is-the-front-runner-but-there-is-no-clear-favorite/|title=Biden Is The Front-Runner, But There's No Clear Favorite |last=Silver |first=Nate |author-link=Nate Silver |date=January 10, 2020 |work=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |access-date=February 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214220639/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/biden-is-the-front-runner-but-there-is-no-clear-favorite/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this, he finished fourth in the [[2020 Iowa caucuses|Iowa caucuses]] and fifth in the [[New Hampshire presidential primary|New Hampshire primary]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=2020 Iowa Democratic Caucuses Live Results |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/election-results/iowa/ |date=February 3, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207234356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/election-results/iowa/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 11, 2020 |title=New Hampshire results |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-primary-elections/new-hampshire-results |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212082135/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-primary-elections/new-hampshire-results |url-status=live}}</ref> He performed better in the [[Nevada presidential caucuses|Nevada caucuses]], reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|Bernie Sanders]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Nevada Election Results 2020|url=https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/nevada/|access-date=November 14, 2020|newspaper=[[Politico]]|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115105350/https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/nevada/|url-status=live}}</ref> Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the [[2020 South Carolina Democratic primary|South Carolina primary]] by more than 28 points.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/b9872b58b495fd17044f359338ab3f2a|title=Biden wins South Carolina, aims for Super Tuesday momentum |date=February 29, 2020 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=March 1, 2020 |first1=Steve |last1=Peoples |first2=Meg |last2=Kinnard |first3=Bill |last3=Barrow |archive-date=February 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229231101/https://apnews.com/b9872b58b495fd17044f359338ab3f2a |url-status=live}}</ref> After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates [[Pete Buttigieg]] and [[Amy Klobuchar]], he made large gains in the [[Super Tuesday]] primaries. Biden won [[Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|18 of the next 26 contests]], putting him in the lead.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Montanaro |first1=Domenico |date=March 4, 2020 |access-date=November 14, 2020 |title=5 Takeaways From Super Tuesday And Joe Biden's Big Night |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/04/811868704/5-takeaways-from-super-tuesday-and-joe-bidens-big-night |publisher=[[NPR]] |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113205101/https://www.npr.org/2020/03/04/811868704/5-takeaways-from-super-tuesday-and-joe-bidens-big-night |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Warren]] and [[Michael Bloomberg]] soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/11/politics/2020-primary-election-takeaways/index.html |title=5 takeaways as Biden takes command of Democratic race on Super Tuesday II |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 11, 2020 |date=March 11, 2020 |first1=Eric |last1=Bradner |first2=Gregory |last2=Krieg |first3=Dan |last3=Merica |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311093752/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/11/politics/2020-primary-election-takeaways/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, Biden said, "I view myself as a bridge, not as anything else. There's an entire generation of leaders you saw stand behind me. They are the future of this country."<ref>{{cite news| title=Joe Biden says he's a 'bridge' to a new generation of leaders while campaigning with Harris, Booker, Whitmer| last1=Bradner| first1=Eric| last2=Mucha| first2=Sarah| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=March 9, 2020| url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/joe-biden-bridge-new-generation-of-leaders}}</ref>

In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, [[Joe Biden sexual assault allegation|accused]] Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.<ref name="nytimesallegations">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Lerer |first1=Lisa |last2=Ember |first2=Sydney |title=Examining Tara Reade's Sexual Assault Allegation Against Joe Biden |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/us/politics/joe-biden-tara-reade-sexual-assault-complaint.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412090835/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/us/politics/joe-biden-tara-reade-sexual-assault-complaint.html |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=April 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> There were inconsistencies between Reade's 2019 and 2020 allegations.<ref name="nytimesallegations" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=McGann |first1=Laura |title=The Agonizing Story of Tara Reade |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/7/21248713/tara-reade-joe-biden-sexual-assault-accusation |access-date=May 19, 2021 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507224441/https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/2020/5/7/21248713/tara-reade-joe-biden-sexual-assault-accusation |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sexual-assault-allegation-by-former-biden-senate-aide-emerges-in-campaign-draws-denial/2020/04/12/bc070d66-7067-11ea-b148-e4ce3fbd85b5_story.html|title=Sexual assault allegation by former Biden Senate aide emerges in campaign, draws denial |date=April 12, 2020|access-date=April 14, 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Beth |last1=Reinhard |first2=Elise |last2=Viebeck |first3=Matt |last3=Viser |first4=Alice |last4=Crites}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Phillips |first=Amber |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/30/who-is-tara-reade-biden-accuser/ |title=What we know about Tara Reade's sexual assault allegation against Joe Biden|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 1, 2020 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618153105/https://www.washingtonpost.comhttps://politics/2020/04/30/who-is-tara-reade-biden-accuser/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's [[presumptive nominee]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ember|first=Sydney|date=April 8, 2020|title=Bernie Sanders Drops Out of 2020 Democratic Race for President |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/politics/bernie-sanders-drops-out.html |access-date=April 8, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408160232/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/politics/bernie-sanders-drops-out.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/us/politics/bernie-sanders-joe-biden-endorsement.html|title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Joe Biden for President|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|last2=Glueck|first2=Katie|date=April 13, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 13, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413182004/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/us/politics/bernie-sanders-joe-biden-endorsement.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]] endorsed Biden the next day.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Merica |first1=Dan |last2=Zeleny |first2=Jeff |author-link2=Jeff Zeleny |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/14/politics/obama-endorses-biden/index.html |title=Obama endorses Biden for president in video message |date=April 14, 2020 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414183659/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/14/politics/obama-endorses-biden/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There was a great deal of interest in who his running mate would be, in part because of "the expectation, downplayed but not exactly denied by the Biden campaign, that the 77-year-old would be a one-term president".<ref name=NYT/> Biden said, "I view myself as a transition candidate."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news| last1=Martin| first1=Jonathan| author-link1=Jonathan Martin (journalist)| author-link2=Alexander Burns (journalist)| last2=Burns| first2=Alexander| title=Why Biden's Choice of Running Mate Has Momentous Implications| date=May 3, 2020| work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/us/politics/joe-biden-vice-president-pick.html}}</ref> On August 11, Biden announced [[Kamala Harris]] as his running mate, making her the first African American and first [[South Asian American]] vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-53739323 |title=Biden VP pick: Kamala Harris chosen as running mate |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2021 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010223842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-53739323 |url-status=live}}</ref> On August 18, at the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]], Biden officially became the Democratic Party nominee for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=DNC Nominates Joe Biden to Lead Nation Through Pandemic |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-to-nominate-joe-biden-bill-clinton-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-to-speak-11597777946 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=August 18, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |first1=Joshua |last1=Jamerson |first2=Chad |last2=Day |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818221830/https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-to-nominate-joe-biden-bill-clinton-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-to-speak-11597777946 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Joe Biden officially becomes the Democratic Party's nominee on convention's second night |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2020/08/18/democratic-national-convention-live-updates/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 19, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |first1=Toluse |last1=Olorunnipa |first2=Chelsea |last2=Janes |first3=Felicia |last3=Sonmez |first4=Colby |last4=Itkowitz |first5=John |last5=Wagner |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117190515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2020/08/18/democratic-national-convention-live-updates/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Presidential election and transition ===
{{Main|2020 United States presidential election|Presidential transition of Joe Biden}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Results for the 2020 United States presidential election|2020 electoral vote results. Biden won 306–232.]]
Biden was [[2020 United States presidential election|elected]] the 46th president in November 2020, defeating the incumbent, [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Santucci |first=Jeanine |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Timeline: Trump insists he won the election as Biden prepares to take the White House |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/09/bidens-transition-continues-trump-refuses-concede-timeline/3801714001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204403/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/09/bidens-transition-continues-trump-refuses-concede-timeline/3801714001/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 21, 2021 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Trump and numerous other Republicans repeatedly made [[False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|false claims]] that widespread [[electoral fraud]] had occurred and that only he had legitimately won the election.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=JackSmithReportVol1 />{{Rp|pages=3–4}}<ref name=JanuarySixFinalReport />{{Rp|pages=195–233}}|name=TrumpMakesClaimsOfElectionFraud}} Biden's transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rein |first1=Lisa |last2=Viser |first2=Matt |last3=Miller |first3=Greg |last4=Dawsey |first4=Josh |date=November 9, 2020 |title=White House, escalating tensions, orders agencies to rebuff Biden transition team |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-transition-agencies-biden/2020/11/09/ad9f2ba2-22b7-11eb-952e-0c475972cfc0_story.html |access-date=January 4, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114063503/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-transition-agencies-biden/2020/11/09/ad9f2ba2-22b7-11eb-952e-0c475972cfc0_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 23, [[General Services Administration|General Services Administrator]] [[Emily W. Murphy]] formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/23/politics/transition-biden-gsa-begin/index.html|title=First on CNN: GSA tells Biden that transition can formally begin|first1=Kristen|last1=Holmes|first2=Jeremy|last2=Herb|date=November 23, 2020|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123232709/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/23/politics/transition-biden-gsa-begin/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although most resulting lawsuits were either dismissed or ruled against by numerous courts,{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=JackSmithReportVol1 />{{Rp|pages=5–6}}<ref name=JanuarySixFinalReport />{{Rp|pages=210–213}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cummings |first1=William |last2=Garrison |first2=Joey |last3=Sergent |first3=Jim |date=January 6, 2021 |title=By the numbers: President Donald Trump's failed efforts to overturn the election |url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/elections/2021/01/06/trumps-failed-efforts-overturn-election-numbers/4130307001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224053823/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/elections/2021/01/06/trumps-failed-efforts-overturn-election-numbers/4130307001/ |archive-date=February 24, 2021|url-status=dead |access-date=March 9, 2025 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shamsian |first1=Jacob |last2=Sheth |first2=Sonam |date=February 22, 2021 |title=Trump and Republican officials have won zero out of at least 42 lawsuits they've filed since Election Day |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-campaign-lawsuits-election-results-2020-11 |access-date=March 9, 2025 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barnes |first=Daniel |date=November 2, 2024 |title=How Trump's challenges to the 2020 election unfolded in the courtroom |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trumps-challenges-2020-election-unfolded-courtroom-rcna175490 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kovacs-Goodman |first=Jacob |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Post-Election Litigation Analysis and Summaries |url=https://web.mit.edu/healthyelections/www/sites/default/files/2021-06/Post-Election_Litigation_Analysis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017143427/https://web.mit.edu/healthyelections/www/sites/default/files/2021-06/Post-Election_Litigation_Analysis.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=4, 10–14}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Wheeler |first=Russell |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Trump's judicial campaign to upend the 2020 election: A failure, but not a wipe-out |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/trumps-judicial-campaign-to-upend-the-2020-election-a-failure-but-not-a-wipe-out/ |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Supreme Court Kills Last Trump Election Lawsuit |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/03/08/supreme-court-kills-last-trump-election-lawsuit/ |access-date=March 10, 2025 |magazine=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>|name=CourtsDismissClaimsOfElectionFraud}} Trump nonetheless [[Criminal conspiracy|conspired]]<ref name="JackSmithReportVol1">{{cite web|last=Smith |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Smith (lawyer) |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Final Report of the Special Counsel Under 28 C.F.R. § 600.8 |url=https://www.justice.gov/storage/Report-of-Special-Counsel-Smith-Volume-1-January-2025.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114061624/https://www.justice.gov/storage/Report-of-Special-Counsel-Smith-Volume-1-January-2025.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=February 20, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=33–53}} with his [[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] team to [[Trump fake electors plot|submit documents in several states]] (all of which Biden had won) that [[Making false statements|falsely claimed]] to be legitimate electoral votes for President Trump and Vice President [[Mike Pence]].{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=JackSmithReportVol1 />{{Rp|pages=11–16}}<ref name=JanuarySixFinalReport>{{cite web|date=December 22, 2022 |title=Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223203001/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |access-date=March 3, 2025 |publisher=[[GovInfo]]}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=341–359}}<ref name="Breuninger_6/22/2022">{{cite news|last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=June 22, 2022 |title=Trump had a direct role in plan to install fake electors. Key takeaways from the fourth Jan. 6 hearing |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/22/jan-6-probe-takeaways-trump-had-a-direct-role-in-plan-to-install-fake-electors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151510/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/22/jan-6-probe-takeaways-trump-had-a-direct-role-in-plan-to-install-fake-electors.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |agency=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Daniel |last=Villarreal |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Michigan Republicans Tried to Submit Fake Electoral Votes to Capitol |url=https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-republicans-tried-submit-fake-electoral-votes-capitol-1555028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215235518/https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-republicans-tried-submit-fake-electoral-votes-capitol-1555028 |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=January 26, 2025 |magazine=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Costa |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Costa (journalist) |last2=Watson |first2=Kathryn |date=August 9, 2023 |title=Newly unveiled memo cited in Trump indictment detailed false electors scheme |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fraudulent-electors-memo-kenneth-chesebro-trump-indictment/ |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>|name=TrumpFakeElectors}} After the submission of these documents, the Trump campaign intended that the [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|presiding officer of the United States Senate]], either [[President of the Senate of the United States|President of the Senate]] Pence or [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President pro tempore]] [[Chuck Grassley]], would claim the unilateral power to reject [[United States Electoral College#Electors|electors]] during the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|January 6, 2021, vote counting session]]; the presiding officer would reject all electors from the several states for which the Trump campaign had submitted false documents, leaving 232 votes for Trump and 222 votes for Biden, thereby [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturning the election results]] in Trump's favor.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=JackSmithReportVol1 />{{Rp|pages=20–22}}<ref name=JanuarySixFinalReport />{{Rp|pages=343–346, 441–461}}<ref name="NYT-20230808">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Broadwater |first3=Luke |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Previously Secret Memo Laid Out Strategy for Trump to Overturn Biden's Win - The House Jan. 6 committee's investigation did not uncover the memo, whose existence first came to light in last week's indictment. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/us/politics/trump-indictment-fake-electors-memo.html |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chesebro |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Chesebro |date=December 13, 2020 |title=Brief notes on 'President of the Senate' strategy |url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000189-db0d-d1b8-adff-fb4f5ae70000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810095224/https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000189-db0d-d1b8-adff-fb4f5ae70000 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |access-date=September 29, 2023 |newspaper=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eastman |first=John |author-link=John Eastman |date=January 3, 2021 |title=John Eastman's second memo on 'January 6 scenario' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/john-eastman-s-second-memo-on-january-6-scenario/b3fd2b0a-f931-4e0c-8bac-c82f13c2dd6f/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109134450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/john-eastman-s-second-memo-on-january-6-scenario/b3fd2b0a-f931-4e0c-8bac-c82f13c2dd6f/ |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Legare |first=Robert |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Email to Giuliani reveals plan to keep Trump in office on Jan. 6, court records show |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-news-giuliani-kenneth-chesebro-email-plan-january-6/ |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Steck |first1=Em |last2=Kaczynski |first2=Andrew |author-link2=Andrew Kaczynski |last3=Cohen |first3=Marshall |last4=Gordon |first4=Allison |date=February 26, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Key figure in fake electors plot concealed damning posts on secret Twitter account from investigators |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/26/politics/kenneth-chesebro-secret-twitter-account-kfile/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226211441/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/26/politics/kenneth-chesebro-secret-twitter-account-kfile/index.html |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=February 1, 2022 |title=Vice president doesn't have power to 'change the outcome' of elections |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-275776015398 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>|name=UnilateralRejectionOfElectors}} This plan failed after Pence refused to cooperate with it.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=JackSmithReportVol1 />{{Rp|pages=20–24}}<ref name=JanuarySixFinalReport />{{Rp|pages=461–462}}<ref name="Showdown">{{cite news|last1=Swan |first1=Betsy Woodruff |last2=Cheney |first2=Kyle |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Inside Pence-world's preparation for a Jan. 6 legal showdown |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/30/pence-jan-6-legal-showdown-00021864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331010734/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/30/pence-jan-6-legal-showdown-00021864 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glantz |first1=Aaron |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Read Pence's full letter saying he can't claim 'unilateral authority' to reject electoral votes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106190245/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>|name=PenceRefusesToRejectElectors}} Trump nevertheless urged his supporters on January 6 to march to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] while the joint session of Congress was assembled there to count electoral votes and formalize Biden's victory, whereupon [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|hundreds of people stormed]] the building and interrupted the count. During the attack, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events "an unprecedented assault unlike anything we've seen in modern times".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://people.com/politics/biden-speaks-capitol-riots/|title=Joe Biden Calls on Donald Trump to 'Step Up' amid Chaos Led by 'Extremists' at Capitol |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Lindsay |last=Kimble |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126224534/https://people.com/politics/biden-speaks-capitol-riots/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Will |last1=Weissert |first2=Darlene |last2=Superville |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-us-capitol-c68378d16055c53e3942da66e968ea6b |title=Biden urges restoring decency after 'assault' on democracy |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129142525/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-us-capitol-c68378d16055c53e3942da66e968ea6b |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Capitol was cleared, Congress officially counted the election results, with Pence, in his role as president of the Senate, announcing Biden and Harris as the winners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/01/06/congress-count-electoral-college-votes-biden-win/6556555002/ |last1=King |first1=Ledyard |last2=Groppe |first2=Maureen |last3=Wu |first3=Nicholas |last4=Jansen |first4=Bart |last5=Subramanian |first5=Courtney |last6=Garrison |first6=Joey |title=Pence confirms Biden as winner, officially ending electoral count after day of violence at Capitol |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 7, 2021 |date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107100543/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/01/06/congress-count-electoral-college-votes-biden-win/6556555002/}}</ref> On January 7, Trump acknowledged the incoming administration without mentioning Biden's name.<ref>* {{cite news|date=January 21, 2021 |title=Biden sets to work on reversing Trump policies with executive orders |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-55738746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210190233/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55738746 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{cite news|last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Stracqualursi |first2=Veronica |last3=Malloy |first3=Allie |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term day after inciting mob |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107095401/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}
* {{cite news|last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Colvin |first2=Jill |date=January 8, 2021 |title=After excusing violence, Trump acknowledges Biden transition |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-orderly-transition-f03215c31a400f815a8f62960a430063 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107202934/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-orderly-transition-f03215c31a400f815a8f62960a430063 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

== Presidency (2021–2025) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Joe Biden}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency}}

=== Inauguration ===
{{Main|Inauguration of Joe Biden}}
[[File:Biden oath of office.jpg|thumb|Biden takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2021.|alt=Photo of Biden raising his right hand, with his left hand placed on a thick Bible]]

Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.<ref name="hunnicutt">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-inauguration/assuming-u-s-presidency-biden-tells-divided-nation-democracy-has-prevailed-idUSKBN29P0HG|title=Taking helm of divided nation, U.S. President Biden calls for end to 'uncivil war'|date=January 20, 2021|last1=Hunnicutt|first1=Trevor|last2=Zengerle|first2=Patricia|last3=Renshaw|first3=Jarrett|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 20, 2021|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171341/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-inauguration/assuming-u-s-presidency-biden-tells-divided-nation-democracy-has-prevailed-idUSKBN29P0HG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Baker |first=Peter |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Biden Inaugurated as the 46th President Amid a Cascade of Crises |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-president.html |access-date=May 11, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120165158/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-president.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At 78, he was then the oldest person to assume the office up to that point.{{efn|Donald Trump surpassed this record in 2025. While he was also 78 years old at the time, he was five months and 6 days older than Biden had been.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diaz |first=Johnny |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump Is the Oldest President to Take the Oath, Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/20/us/politics/donald-trump-age-oldest-presidents.html |access-date=November 8, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>}}<ref name="hunnicutt" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Zak |first=Dan |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Joe Biden, 78, will lead an American gerontocracy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/joe-biden-age-oldest-president/2021/01/12/91353560-49fe-11eb-839a-cf4ba7b7c48c_story.html |access-date=May 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202203055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/joe-biden-age-oldest-president/2021/01/12/91353560-49fe-11eb-839a-cf4ba7b7c48c_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden was the second [[Catholic]] U.S. president, after [[John F. Kennedy]],<ref>{{cite news|date=January 19, 2021|title=Biden to become the second Catholic president in U.S. history, after JFK|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/biden-to-become-the-second-catholic-president-in-u-s-history-after-jfk-99673157918|access-date=January 20, 2021|publisher=[[NBC News]]|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119212606/https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/biden-to-become-the-second-catholic-president-in-u-s-history-after-jfk-99673157918|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sandstrom |first=Aleksandra |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Biden is only the second Catholic president, but nearly all have been Christians |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/01/20/biden-only-second-catholic-president-but-nearly-all-have-been-christians-2/ |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> and the first president elected from the state of [[Delaware]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cormier|first1=Ryan|last2=Talorico|first2=Patricia|date=November 7, 2020|title=Delaware history is made: The First State gets its first president in Joe Biden|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/07/one-us-delaware-pride-soars-biden-makes-history/6121243002/|access-date=January 20, 2021|newspaper=[[The News Journal]]|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108021346/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/07/one-us-delaware-pride-soars-biden-makes-history/6121243002/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the first person since [[George H. W. Bush]] to have been both vice president and president,<ref>{{cite web|author=Talia Lakritz|title=15 vice presidents who became president themselves |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/15-vice-presidents-became-president-184837549.html |access-date=January 12, 2026 |publisher=Insider |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113003125/https://www.yahoo.com/news/15-vice-presidents-became-president-184837549.html|archive-date=January 13, 2026}}</ref> and the only president to date from the [[Silent Generation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b66a24e4-5eea-11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4|date=March 6, 2020|access-date=August 26, 2021|title=At long last, the silent generation's hour has come|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126034429/https://www.ft.com/content/b66a24e4-5eea-11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 23, 2021 |title=At 78 and the oldest president, Biden sees a world changed |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-inauguration-joe-biden-race-and-ethnicity-ronald-reagan-pennsylvania-48d1659d4469999be87fbd87d560a52c |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Biden's inauguration was "a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration" due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/why-joe-biden-swearing-in-will-be-muted-affair-unlike-previous-inaugurations-2353966|title=Masked Crowd, No Trump: Why Biden Inauguration Will Be Like No Other|date=January 18, 2021|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref>

=== First 100 days ===
{{main|First 100 days of the Biden presidency}}

In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17{{nbsp}}executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the [[Paris Climate Agreement]], ending the state of national emergency at the [[Mexico–United States border|border with Mexico]], directing the government to rejoin the [[World Health Organization]], [[100 Days Masking Challenge|face mask requirements]] on [[Federal lands|federal property]], measures to combat [[hunger in the United States]],{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Ricardo |last1=Alonso-Zaldivar |first2=Ellen |last2=Knickmeyer |first3=Ben |last3=Fox |first4=Elliot |last4=Spagat |first5=Matt |last5=Lee |first6=Josh |last6=Boak |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Biden's first act: Orders on pandemic, climate, immigration |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-executive-orders-b5b409da08e42414b9a12e2c67ee2df6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120230130/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-executive-orders-b5b409da08e42414b9a12e2c67ee2df6 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Erikson |first=Bo |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Biden signs executive actions on COVID, climate change, immigration and more |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-executive-orders-watch-live-stream-today-2021-01-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120233631/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-executive-orders-watch-live-stream-today-2021-01-20/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 22, 2021 |title=Joe Biden is taking executive action at a record pace |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/01/22/joe-biden-is-taking-executive-action-at-a-record-pace |url-status=live |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124002448/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/01/22/joe-biden-is-taking-executive-action-at-a-record-pace |archive-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cassella |first=Megan |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Biden signs executive orders aimed at combating hunger, protecting workers |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-executive-orders-hunger-workers-461270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122112210/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-executive-orders-hunger-workers-461270 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref>}} and revoking permits for the construction of the [[Keystone XL pipeline]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Allassan|first1=Fadel|first2=Ursula|last2=Perano|date=January 20, 2021|title=Biden will issue executive order to rescind Keystone XL pipeline permit|url=https://www.axios.com/biden-keystone-pipeline-9ffcedfb-42c1-4778-8183-27d858f0c966.html|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Massie|first=Graeme|date=January 23, 2021|title=Canada's Trudeau 'disappointed' with Biden order to cancel Keystone pipeline|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trudeau-biden-keystone-xl-pipeline-b1791756.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trudeau-biden-keystone-xl-pipeline-b1791756.html|archive-date=June 9, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Nickel|first1=Rod|last2=Volcovici|first2=Valerie|date=January 21, 2021|title=TC Energy cuts jobs as Keystone pipeline nixed, but markets start to move on|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-keystone-idUSKBN29Q1T8|access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Cabinet members of Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Biden with [[Cabinet of Joe Biden|his Cabinet]], July 2021|alt=Group photo of Biden, Harris and cabinet members standing outdoors]]
On March 11, Biden signed into law the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]], a $1.9 trillion [[Stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] and relief package that he had proposed to support the United States' recovery from the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|economic]] and health effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=March 11, 2021 |title=H.R.1319 – American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313014919/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319 |archive-date=March 13, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the [[Child tax credit (United States)|child tax credit]]. Biden's initial proposal included an increase of the [[Minimum wage in the United States|federal minimum wage]] to $15 per hour, but after the [[Parliamentarian of the United States Senate|Senate parliamentarian]] determined that including the increase in a [[budget reconciliation]] bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats removed it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Luhby |first1=Tami |last2=Lobosco |first2=Katie |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Here's what's in Biden's $1.9 trillion economic rescue package |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/biden-economic-rescue-package-coronavirus-stimulus/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218023132/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/biden-economic-rescue-package-coronavirus-stimulus/index.html |archive-date=February 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Tankersley |first1=Jim |last2=Crowley |first2=Michael |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Here are the highlights of Biden's $1.9 trillion 'American Rescue Plan.' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/us/biden-american-rescue-plan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/us/biden-american-rescue-plan.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Kaplan |first1=Thomas |date=March 7, 2021 |title=What's in the Stimulus Bill? A Guide to Where the $1.9 Trillion Is Going |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/07/us/politics/whats-in-the-stimulus-bill.html |url-access=limited |access-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/07/us/politics/whats-in-the-stimulus-bill.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Also in March, amid [[Mexico–United States border crisis|a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico]], Biden said migrant adults were "being sent back", in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=March 17, 2021 |title=Biden administration faces pressure on immigration amid influx |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/17/biden-administration-faces-pressure-on-immigration-amid-surge |url-status=live |access-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319221757/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/17/biden-administration-faces-pressure-on-immigration-amid-surge |archive-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> He earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them, leading the Biden administration in March to direct the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] to help.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Miroff |first1=Nick |date=March 13, 2021|title=Biden will deploy FEMA to care for teenagers and children crossing border in record numbers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fema-border-unaccompanied-minors/2021/03/13/738366a4-8455-11eb-bb5a-ad9a91faa4ef_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 23, 2021}}</ref>

On April 14, Biden announced that the United States [[2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|would delay the withdrawal of all troops]] from the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]] until September 11, signaling an end to the country's direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Shear |first2=Michael D. |date=April 14, 2021 |title=Biden, Setting Afghanistan Withdrawal, Says 'It Is Time to End the Forever War' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/us/politics/biden-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/us/politics/biden-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal.html|archive-date=December 28, 2021|url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|access-date=April 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In February 2020, the Trump administration had [[United States–Taliban deal|made a deal]] with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.<ref name="images">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=E. Sanger |first1=David |date=August 15, 2021 |title=For Biden, Images of Defeat He Wanted to Avoid |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/15/us/politics/afghanistan-biden.html |access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref> Biden's decision met with a range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Wadington |first=Katie |date=April 14, 2021 |title=Afghanistan withdrawal draws strong Capitol Hill reactions, making some strange alliances |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/04/14/biden-afghanistan-withdrawal-plan-draws-strong-reaction-capitol-hill/7220926002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422144959/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/04/14/biden-afghanistan-withdrawal-plan-draws-strong-reaction-capitol-hill/7220926002/ |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On April 22–23, Biden held an [[2021 Leaders' Climate Summit|international climate summit]] at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.<ref>{{cite press release |title=New momentum reduces emissions gap, but huge gap remains – analysis |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/press/new-momentum-reduces-emissions-gap-but-huge-gap-remains-analysis/ |work=Carbon Action Tracker |publisher=climateactiontracker.org |date=April 23, 2021 |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426182048/https://climateactiontracker.org/press/new-momentum-reduces-emissions-gap-but-huge-gap-remains-analysis/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Newburger |first1=Emma |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Here's what countries pledged on climate change at Biden's global summit |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/biden-climate-summit-2021-what-brazil-japan-canada-others-pledged.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429043848/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/biden-climate-summit-2021-what-brazil-japan-canada-others-pledged.html |archive-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his [[2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress|first address to a joint session of Congress]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Lemire |first1=Jonathan |last2=Boak |first2=Josh |date=April 28, 2021 |title=Biden to the nation and world: 'America is rising anew' |url=https://www.startribune.com/biden-to-the-nation-and-world-america-is-rising-anew/600051057/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429023533/https://www.startribune.com/biden-to-the-nation-and-world-america-is-rising-anew/600051057/ |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=April 28, 2021 |website=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref>

=== Domestic policy ===
{{See also|Social policy of the Biden administration}}
[[File:President Joe Biden speaking at the joint session of Congress (cropped).jpg|thumb|Biden delivers a [[2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress|speech at a joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on April 28, 2021.|alt=Photo of Biden giving a speech to Congress, with Pelosi and Harris clapping behind him]]

On June 17, Biden signed the [[Juneteenth National Independence Day Act]], which officially declared [[Juneteenth]] a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=June 17, 2021 |title=Most Federal Employees Will Receive Friday Off for Juneteenth |url=https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2021/06/most-federal-employees-will-receive-friday-juneteenth/174796/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618055747/https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2021/06/most-federal-employees-will-receive-friday-juneteenth/174796/ |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |website=[[Government Executive]]}}</ref> In July 2021, amid a slowing of [[COVID-19 vaccination in the United States|the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country]] and the spread of the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant]], Biden said that it was "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Jaffe |first1=Alexandra |last2=Madhani |first2=Aamer |date=July 22, 2021 |title=Biden says getting COVID-19 vaccine 'gigantically important' |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-07-22/biden-says-getting-vaccinated-gigantically-important |url-status=live |access-date=July 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826071814/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-07-22/biden-says-getting-vaccinated-gigantically-important |archive-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Biden endorsed a change to the [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|Senate filibuster]] to allow for the passing of the [[Freedom to Vote Act]] and [[John Lewis Voting Rights Act]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Subramanian |first=Courtney |date=January 11, 2022 |title='Let the majority prevail': Biden backs filibuster change to pass voting rights in Atlanta speech |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/01/11/biden-endorses-filibuster-change-voting-rights/9165060002/ |url-status=live |accessdate=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114062405/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/01/11/biden-endorses-filibuster-change-voting-rights/9165060002/ |archive-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> The rules change failed when two Democratic senators joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Foran |first1=Clare |last2=Zaslav |first2=Ali |last3=Barrett |first3=Ted |date=January 19, 2022 |title=Senate Democrats suffer defeat on voting rights after vote to change rules fails |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/senate-voting-legislation-filibuster/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409161903/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/senate-voting-legislation-filibuster/index.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan [[Postal Service Reform Act of 2022]] to revamp the finances and operations of the [[United States Postal Service]] agency.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Fossum |first1=Sam |last2=Vasquez |first2=Maegan |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Biden signs US Postal Service reform bill into law |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/06/politics/biden-postal-service-reform-law-signing/index.html |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> Biden supported the [[Bipartisan Safer Communities Act]] aimed to address gun reform issues following the [[Robb Elementary School shooting]] in [[Uvalde, Texas]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=June 23, 2022 |title=Statement of Administration Policy |agency=White House |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Bipartisan-Safer-Communities-Act-SAP-1.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> he signed the bill on June 25, 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Weissert |first=Will |date=June 25, 2022 |title=Biden signs landmark gun measure, says 'lives will be saved' |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-signs-gun-violence-bill-c21249287f976c2c164d8753205c2e6d |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Honoring our PACT Act of 2022]] was introduced in 2021 and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Egan |first2=Lauren |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Biden signs bill to expand benefits for veterans exposed to toxic burn pits |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/10/biden-signs-bill-to-expand-benefits-for-veterans-exposed-to-toxic-burn-pits.html |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> The act intended to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances, including [[burn pits]], during military service.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Dean |first1=Jessica |last2=Zaslav |first2=Ali |date=August 3, 2022 |title=Senate passes long-sought bill to help veterans affected by burn pits |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/02/politics/senate-vote-burn-pits/index.html |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, Biden signed the [[Respect for Marriage Act]], which repealed the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex]] and [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial]] marriages.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Biden Signs Bill to Protect Same-Sex Marriage Rights |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/us/politics/biden-same-sex-marriage-bill.html |access-date=December 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In June 2024, Biden issued an executive action offering amnesty to unauthorized immigrants married to American citizens. The program included a pathway to U.S. residency and citizenship and was expected to initially affect about 500,000 people. It was later struck down due to a lack of legislation empowering the president to enact the program.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=June 19, 2024 |title=Biden immigration program offers legal status to 500,000 spouses of U.S. citizens. Here's how it works. |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-immigration-program-offers-legal-status-immigrant-spouses-of-u-s-citizens/ |first=Camilo |last=Montoya-Galvez}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Judge rejects Biden plan for undocumented spouses |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq5287xy71do}}</ref>

In January 2025, Biden declared the lapsed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] ratified as the "28th Amendment" to the [[Constitution of the United States|constitution]]. The declaration has no formal effect<ref name="Stokols">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Stokols |first1=Eli |last2=Cancryn |first2=Adam |title=Biden declares the ERA the law of the land — but it likely will not matter |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/17/biden-era-amendment-004495 |access-date=January 17, 2025 |work=Politico |date=January 17, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden says Equal Rights Amendment is ratified, kicking off expected legal battle as he pushes through final executive actions |last1=Klein |first1=Betsy |last2=Saenz |first2=Arlette Saenz |date=January 17, 2025 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/17/politics/joe-biden-equal-right-amendment/index.html |access-date=January 17, 2025}}</ref> and the [[National Archives of the United States|National Archives]] has said it does not intend to certify the amendment as part of the constitution due to "established legal, judicial, and procedural decisions".<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2025/nr25-004|title=Statement on the Equal Rights Amendment Ratification Process|date=December 17, 2024|access-date=January 17, 2025|publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref>

==== Economic policy ====
{{Main|Economic policy of the Biden administration}}
[[File:Inflation rate, United States and eurozone, January 2018 through November 2024.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Inflation rate, United States and eurozone, January 2018 through November 2024]]

Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the [[COVID-19 recession]] and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages, and stock market returns, amid [[2021–2022 inflation surge|significantly elevated inflation]]. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mutikani |first1=Lucia |date=September 29, 2022 |title=U.S. economic growth revised up; gap between GDP and GDI narrows sharply |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-economic-growth-revised-up-gap-between-gdp-gdi-narrows-sharply-2022-09-29/}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Tappe |first1=Anneken |date=January 27, 2022 |title=The US economy grew at the fastest rate in 2021 since the Reagan administration |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/27/economy/us-fourth-quarter-2021-gdp/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127201057/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/27/economy/us-fourth-quarter-2021-gdp/index.html |archive-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref> Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mutikani |first1=Lucia |date=January 7, 2022 |title=U.S. labor market eyes maximum employment despite underwhelming December payrolls |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-employment-growth-misses-expectations-unemployment-rate-falls-39-2022-01-07/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121221243/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-employment-growth-misses-expectations-unemployment-rate-falls-39-2022-01-07/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Pickert |first1=Reade |date=January 7, 2022 |title=U.S. Sees Record Job Growth in 2021 After Millions Lost in 2020 |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-07/u-s-sees-record-job-growth-in-2021-after-millions-lost-in-2020 |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129065310/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-07/u-s-sees-record-job-growth-in-2021-after-millions-lost-in-2020 |archive-date=January 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS|title=All Employees, Total Nonfarm|publisher=fred.stlouisfed.org|access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> By the end of 2021, inflation rates measured by the consumer price index (CPI) reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years. The inflation rate peaked at 9% in June 2022.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref name = "chartingecon"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rubin |first1=Gabriel T. |date=January 28, 2022 |title=U.S. Wages, Benefits Rose at Two-Decade High as Inflation Picked Up |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-employers-labor-costs-inflation-11643331612 |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130032502/https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-employers-labor-costs-inflation-11643331612 |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Smialek |first1=Jeanna |last2=Casselman |first2=Ben |date=January 28, 2022 |title=Inflation Continued to Run Hot and Consumer Spending Fell in December |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/business/pce-inflation-federal-reserve.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128134006/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/business/pce-inflation-federal-reserve.html |archive-date=January 28, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Iacurci |first1=Greg |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Wage growth may be slowing from 'breakneck' pace |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/31/wage-growth-may-be-slowing-from-breakneck-pace.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203205842/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/31/wage-growth-may-be-slowing-from-breakneck-pace.html |archive-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Graffeo |first1=Emily |last2=Wang |first2=Lu |date=November 3, 2021 |title=S&P 500 Is Up 37% Since Biden's Election One Year Ago, Setting Presidential Record |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-03/s-p-500-notches-best-one-year-run-after-a-presidential-election |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106213451/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-03/s-p-500-notches-best-one-year-run-after-a-presidential-election |archive-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref>}} The inflation rate reached 2.9% and core inflation rate reached 3.2% on an annual basis in December 2024, the last full month of Biden's term. Between December 2020 and December 2024, CPI rose 21.3% overall, with an annualized inflation rate of 5.3% throughout Biden's term in office. The inflation rate remained above the Federal Reserve's 2% target every month since March 2021, resulting in elevated interest rates to combat inflation. Average wages increased 19% throughout Biden's presidency, falling behind inflation. The unemployment rate declined by over 2% and real GDP grew 11% during Biden's term. Total household net worth increased by 28%, largely driven by stocks and real estate. The national debt grew to $36.2 trillion, with a debt to GDP ratio of 123% and a deficit to GDP ratio of 6% in FY 2024.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Derek |last=Saul |date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Inflation Ticked Up To 2.9% In December As Expected—Highest Since July |magazine=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2025/01/15/cpi-inflation-ticked-up-to-29-in-december-highest-since-july-as-economists-note-stalling-progress/}}</ref><ref name = "chartingecon">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 19, 2025 |title=Charting the Biden economy: Despite all the growth and jobs, a deeply unpopular president |agency=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/19/charting-the-biden-economy-deeply-unpopular-despite-growth-and-jobs.html|quote=Joe Biden leaves the presidency with what appears to be a sterling economic record. There's just one problem, and it is one that will forever taint the 46th president's legacy. Inflation and its onerous burden on households, particularly at the lower end of the income spectrum, dwarfed all the other good that happened on Biden's watch.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Megan |last=Leonhardt |date=January 2, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=The U.S. Can't Grow Its Way Out of Debt. Here's What It Can Do. |magazine=[[Barron's]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/us-national-debt-deficit-f64e6712}}</ref> In February 2023, the unemployment rate fell to 3.4%, a 53-year low.<ref>{{cite news| title=U. S. Unemployment Rate Drops to 3.4%, Lowest in 53 Years| work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url=https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/minute-briefing/us-unemployment-drops-to-34-lowest-in-53-years/fe5194d4-7204-40a9-9d26-c64b26932ee0?gaa_at=eafs&gaa_n=ASWzDAhRsNgMD1GHOEGA7s4IGa1Te5yaNtwKEFy4Z15V35Ykcloc2BX7k_UxMt9nqGM%3D&gaa_ts=686d38e8&gaa_sig=OfBJhbqDW5JOwzVcz2y4cafhz6Pcd55gHhGNeyRIN4s9IYIKM0y9UvjJskIJP9u37pZcu4Vn4KotxwpmToH4wg%3D%3D}}</ref>

[[File:US Uninsured Under Age 65.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Percentage of uninsured Americans under age 65 from 2010 to 2022. The number and percentage of those uninsured under Biden fell to their lowest levels since 1997.]]
Amid a surge in [[2021–2023 inflation surge|inflation]] and [[2021–present global energy crisis|high gas prices]], Biden's approval ratings declined, with his disapproval rating surpassing his approval rating in early 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Mattingly |first2=Phil |date=January 28, 2022 |title=Biden is aiming to hit the road to reset his presidency. He starts with yet another stop in Pennsylvania. |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/28/politics/joe-biden-pittsburgh-trip/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204225558/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/28/politics/joe-biden-pittsburgh-trip/index.html |archive-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=President Biden Job Approval |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president-biden-job-approval-7320.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124133936/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president-biden-job-approval-7320.html |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=[[RealClearPolitics]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Daniel |first=Will |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Inflation drives President Biden's economic approval rating to a record low |url=https://fortune.com/2022/07/18/inflation-president-biden-approval-rating-lower-donald-trump/ |access-date=September 13, 2022 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref> After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled in 2022 to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June before easing to 3.2% by October 2023. Stocks had had their worst year since 2008<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bhattarai |first1=Abha |date=January 26, 2023 |title=U.S. economy grew 2.1 percent in 2022, but recession fears linger |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/01/26/gdp-2022-q4-economy/}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|author-first1=Jesse |author-last1=Pound |author-first2=Samantha |author-last2=Subin |date=December 30, 2022 |title=Stocks fall to end Wall Street's worst year since 2008, S&P 500 finishes 2022 down nearly 20% |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/29/stock-market-futures-open-to-close-news.html}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Iacurci |first1=Greg |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Here's the inflation breakdown for December 2022 — in one chart |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/12/heres-the-inflation-breakdown-for-december-2022-in-one-chart.html}}</ref> before recovering. Widespread predictions of an imminent recession did not materialize in 2022 or 2023, and by late 2023 indicators showed sharply lower inflation with economic acceleration. GDP growth hit 4.9% in the third quarter of 2023 and the year ended with stocks near record highs, with robust holiday spending.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Harrison |first1=David |date=October 23, 2023 |title=The Economy Was Supposed to Slow by Now. Instead It's Revving Up. |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/the-economy-was-supposed-to-slow-by-now-instead-its-revving-up-3c0f7a2e |url-access=subscription |quote=Recent economic data suggest the economy is accelerating despite higher borrowing costs, the resumption of student-loan payments, and wars in Ukraine and the Middle East ... Analysts, many of whom had expected a recession this year, are pushing up their forecasts ... After predicting a recession for the past year, economists surveyed by The Wall Street Journal this month said they now believe that the economy will avoid a downturn in the next 12 months. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122184856/https://www.wsj.com/economy/the-economy-was-supposed-to-slow-by-now-instead-its-revving-up-3c0f7a2e |archive-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=October 26, 2023 |title=GDP surged 4.9% in the third quarter, defying the Fed's rate hikes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gdp-third-quarter-4-9-economic-growth/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Robust holiday shopping sends economy soaring into 2024 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/12/26/holiday-sales-retail-mastercard/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 26, 2023|first1=Rachel |last1=Siegel |first2=Aaron |last2=Gregg}}</ref>

Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the [[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]], including the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021|American Rescue Plan]], [[Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act]], [[CHIPS and Science Act]], and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Jones |first=Dustin |title=Despite infighting, it's been a surprisingly productive 2 years for Democrats |date=January 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/01/1143149435/despite-infighting-its-been-a-surprisingly-productive-2-years-for-democrats}}</ref> He signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shepardson |first1=David |last2=Mason |first2=Jeff |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Biden signs bill to boost U.S. chips, compete with China |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-sign-bill-boost-us-chips-compete-with-china-2022-08-09/ |access-date=August 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> It provided billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research on and manufacture of [[semiconductors]], to [[China–United States relations#Economic relations|compete economically with China]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Lamar |date=August 9, 2022 |title=Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |magazine=[[Politico]] |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621192521/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his third month in office, Biden also signed an executive order to increase the minimum wage for federal contractors to $15 per hour. The order went into effect for 390,000 workers in January 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden raising minimum wage for federal contractors to $15/hr |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-raises-minimum-wage-federal-contractors-15hr-2021-04-27/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=April 27, 2021|author-first1=Nandita |author-last1=Bose|author-first2=Jarrett|author-last2= Renshaw}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Juliana |last=Kaplan |access-date=August 14, 2023 |title=Nearly 400,000 federal contractors will get paid $15 an hour starting this weekend. Biden's labor secretary says there's 'no question' it'll cut down on labor shortages. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/federal-contractors-15-hour-minimum-wage-could-end-labor-shortges-2022-1 |work=Business Insider |date=January 28, 2022}}</ref> His administration rigorously enforced [[United States antitrust law|antitrust law]].

In 2022, Biden blocked a [[2022 United States railroad labor dispute|national railroad strike]] planned by multiple labor unions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=David |last1=Shepardson |first2=Nandita |last2=Bose |date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |title=Biden signs bill to block U.S. railroad strike |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-signs-bill-block-us-railroad-strike-2022-12-02/ }}</ref> During the [[2023 United Auto Workers strike|United Auto Workers strike]], he expressed support for the workers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=September 15, 2023 |title=UAW strike: Biden says striking car workers deserve 'fair share' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66822558 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915171936/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66822558 |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden joined striking UAW workers' [[picketing|picket line]] in Michigan, becoming the first president to join a picket line.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=September 26, 2023|title=Biden visits the picket line in Michigan to show solidarity with striking UAW|agency=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/26/politics/biden-picket-line-michigan-uaw/index.html|access-date=September 26, 2023|archive-date=September 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926185932/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/09/26/politics/biden-picket-line-michigan-uaw/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He refused to block a [[2024 United States port strike|port strike]] from the [[International Longshoremen's Association]] in October 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Ry |last1=Rivard |first2=Cassandra |last2=Dumay |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Biden won't step in to stop dockworker strike |newspaper=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/01/biden-administration-dockworker-strike-00181839 }}</ref>

Over the course of five days in March 2023, [[2023 banking crisis|three small- to mid-size U.S. banks failed]], triggering a sharp decline in global bank stock prices and swift response by regulators to prevent potential global [[Financial contagion|contagion]]. After [[Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank|Silicon Valley Bank collapsed]], the first to do so, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout by taxpayers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cathey |first=Libby |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Amid crisis, Biden tells Americans 'banking system is safe' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-speaks-banking-crisis/story?id=97820883 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |agency=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> He claimed that the [[Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act|partial rollback]] of [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act|Dodd-Frank regulations]] contributed to the bank's failure.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Hunnicutt |first=Trevor |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Biden vows new bank rules after SVB collapse, cites Trump rollback |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-defend-us-banking-system-after-svb-signature-collapse-2023-03-13/ |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

At the beginning of the [[118th United States Congress|118th Congress]], Biden and congressional Republicans [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|engaged in a standoff]] after the U.S. hit its [[United States debt ceiling|debt limit]], which raised the risk that the U.S. would [[Default (finance)|default]] on its debt.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Fox |first2=Lauren |last3=Zanona |first3=Melanie |last4=Mattingly |first4=Phil |last5=Saenz |first5=Arlette |last6=Liptak |first6=Kevin |date=June 1, 2023 |title=Inside a debt ceiling standoff 'far more dangerous than people will recognize' |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/31/politics/biden-mccarthy-debt-ceiling-behind-the-scenes/index.html |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref> Biden and House speaker [[Kevin McCarthy]] struck a deal to raise the debt limit, the [[Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023]], which suspended the debt limit until January 2025. Biden signed it on June 3, averting a default.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Megerian |first1=Chris |date=June 3, 2023 |title=Biden signs debt ceiling bill that pulls US back from brink of unprecedented default |publisher=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-debt-ceiling-budget-signing-f78a000d83cf85ffbaa2d08637844053 |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref> The deal was generally seen as favorable to Biden.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Baker |first1=Peter |date=June 1, 2023 |title=The Calm Man in the Capital: Biden Lets Others Spike the Ball but Notches a Win |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/us/politics/biden-mccarthy-debt-ceiling-deal-who-won.html |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Tankersley |first1=Jim |date=June 3, 2023 |title=Biden's Debt Deal Strategy: Win in the Fine Print |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/03/us/politics/biden-debt-ceiling-deal.html |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref>

Biden extended the COVID-19 student loan pause through September 2023, with an "on ramp" period that extended some of the pause's protections against credit reporting, collection efforts, and late payment fees through September 30, 2024.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Minsky |first=Adam S. |title=Huge Changes For Student Loan Repayment Begin In 5 Days For 30 Million Borrowers |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamminsky/2024/09/25/huge-changes-for-student-loan-repayment-begin-in-5-days-for-30-million-borrowers/ |access-date=September 28, 2024 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> The Biden administration's attempts to implement student loan forgiveness and relief programs have faced legal challenges from a coalition of Republican-led states.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Minsky |first=Adam S. |title=2 Major Student Loan Forgiveness Rulings For IDR, New Biden Plan Expected In Just Weeks |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamminsky/2024/09/20/2-major-student-loan-forgiveness-rulings-for-idr-new-biden-plan-expected-in-just-weeks/ |access-date=September 28, 2024 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> Biden's plans to forgive student loan debt were estimated to cost over $519 billion,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 26, 2022 |title=The Biden Student Loan Forgiveness Plan: Budgetary Costs and Distributional Impact |url=https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2022/8/26/biden-student-loan-forgiveness#:~:text=We%20estimate%20that%20debt%20cancellation,will%20cost%20another%20$16%20billion. |access-date=December 23, 2024 |website=Penn Wharton Budget Model}}</ref> and some critics called them a "disaster".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Camp |first=Emma |date=December 14, 2024 |title=Biden's attempts to forgive student debt were a disaster |url=https://reason.com/2024/12/14/student-debt-disaster/?utm_medium=reason_email&utm_source=new_at_reason&utm_campaign=reason_brand&utm_content=Senate%20Tees%20Up%20$200%20Billion%20Social%20Security%20Giveaway%20to%20Public%20Sector%20Workers&utm_term=&time=December%2016th,%202024&mpid=38717&mpweb=2534-5255-38717 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}</ref>

==== Judiciary ====
{{Further|List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden}}
[[File:P20220407AS-0337 (52068715434).jpg|thumb|Biden and [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] watching the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] vote on her confirmation, April 2022|alt=Photo of Biden and Jackson looking at an off-camera television screen]]

By the end of 2021, 40 of his nominees to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in his first year in office since [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Raymond |first1=Nate |date=December 28, 2021 |title=Biden finishes 2021 with most confirmed judicial picks since Reagan |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/biden-finishes-2021-with-most-confirmed-judicial-picks-since-reagan-2021-12-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201053907/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/biden-finishes-2021-with-most-confirmed-judicial-picks-since-reagan-2021-12-28/ |archive-date=February 1, 2022 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Biden prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with most of his appointees being women and people of color.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=December 28, 2021 |title=Biden had a productive year picking federal judges. The job could get tougher in 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/28/1067206141/biden-federal-judges-nominations-diverse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204171925/https://www.npr.org/2021/12/28/1067206141/biden-federal-judges-nominations-diverse |archive-date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

In January 2022, Supreme Court justice [[Stephen Breyer]] announced his intention to retire. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Totenberg |first=Nina |date=January 26, 2022 |title=Justice Stephen Breyer, an influential liberal on the Supreme Court, to retire |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/26/1075781724/justice-stephen-breyer-supreme-court-retires |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204091216/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/26/1075781724/justice-stephen-breyer-supreme-court-retires |archive-date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> a promise he reiterated after Breyer announced his retirement.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Chung |first1=Andrew |last2=Hurley |first2=Lawrence |last3=Holland |first3=Steve |date=January 28, 2022 |title=Biden vows to nominate Black woman to U.S. Supreme Court by end of February |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/retiring-us-justice-breyer-appear-with-biden-white-house-2022-01-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202194132/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/retiring-us-justice-breyer-appear-with-biden-white-house-2022-01-27/ |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On February 25, [[Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination|Biden nominated]] federal judge [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]].<ref>{{cite press release |date=February 25, 2022 |title=President Biden Nominates Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/25/president-biden-nominates-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-to-serve-as-associate-justice-of-the-u-s-supreme-court/ |publisher=[[White House Office]] |access-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228102827/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/25/president-biden-nominates-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-to-serve-as-associate-justice-of-the-u-s-supreme-court/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She was sworn in on June 30.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Bustillo |first1=Ximena |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson sworn in as first Black woman on the Supreme Court |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/30/1108714345/ketanji-brown-jackson-supreme-court-oath-swearing-in |access-date=July 5, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> By the end of his presidency, Biden had appointed 235 judges, more appointments in a single term than any other president in at least 50 years. 63% of Biden's judges were women and 60% were non-white.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 16, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |first1=Cooper |last1=Burton |first2=Amina |last2=Brown |title=How Biden reshaped the judiciary |url=https://abcnews.go.com/538/biden-reshaped-judiciary/story?id=117717279 |agency =ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 9, 2025 |title=How presidents compare on the racial, ethnic diversity of their appointed judges |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/01/09/how-biden-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/sr_25-01-09_biden-judges_3/ |publisher=Pew Research}}</ref> Biden expressed interest in judicial [[Term limits in the United States#Federal term limits|term limits]] and a binding ethics code for Supreme Court justices.<ref name="BidenSCOTUSreform">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Madhani|first1=Aamer|last2=Long|first2=Colleen|title=Biden decries 'extremism' on Supreme Court, details plan for term limits, ethics code for justices|url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-reform-biden-harris-trump-ffd48f3a2023aeca841bb53c2147ef03|date=July 29, 2024|access-date=August 16, 2024|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref>

Notably, President Biden declined to select a nominee for a judicial vacancy on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]] in his home state of [[Delaware]] even though the vacancy was announced eight months before his term ended.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raymond |first1=Nate |title=3rd Circuit's Jordan to retire, giving Biden a new seat to fill |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/3rd-circuits-jordan-retire-giving-biden-new-seat-fill-2024-05-09/ |website=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Jacqueline |title=Trump Appointees' Debut Marks Third Circuit's Rightward Tilt |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trump-appointees-debut-marks-third-circuits-conservative-tilt |website=Bloomberg Law |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> Biden's decision not to fill the vacancy in his home state of Delaware on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]] and unsuccessful nomination of [[Adeel A. Mangi]] to another [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]] vacancy allowed President Trump to fill both seats in 2025 and flip the Third Circuit to a conservative majority.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Jacqueline |title=Trump Appointees' Debut Marks Third Circuit's Rightward Tilt |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trump-appointees-debut-marks-third-circuits-conservative-tilt |website=Bloomberg Law |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell-Sluchansky |first1=Carmen |title=Trump's 3rd Circuit: President has power to remake Philly region’s highest federal court |url=https://whyy.org/articles/trump-federal-appeals-court-democrat-republican/ |website=WHYY |publisher=WHYY |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rubino |first1=Kathryn |title=Third Circuit Has Been Utterly Transformed By Donald Trump |url=https://abovethelaw.com/2025/10/third-circuit-has-been-utterly-transformed-by-donald-trump/ |website=Above the Law |publisher=Above the Law |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>

==== Infrastructure and climate ====
{{Further|Build Back Better Plan|Environmental policy of the Biden administration}}
[[File:P20211101AS-0357 (51846489866).jpg|thumb|Biden, then British prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] and UN secretary-general [[António Guterres]] at the opening ceremony of the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP26 climate summit]] in [[Glasgow]] on November 1, 2021|alt=Phot of Biden, Johnson and Guterres standing onstage]]

As part of Biden's Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the [[American Jobs Plan]], a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Renshaw |first2=Jarrett |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Biden says $2 trillion jobs plan rivals the space race in its ambition |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-infrastructure-idUSKBN2BN13C |url-status=live |access-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130443/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-infrastructure-idUSKBN2BN13C |archive-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Siegel |first1=Rachel |date=March 31, 2021 |title=What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401015541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ |archive-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the [[Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Romm |first1=Tony |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Senate approves bipartisan, $1 trillion infrastructure bill, bringing major Biden goal one step closer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-vote-biden/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929154828/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-vote-biden/ |archive-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Pramuk |first1=Jacob |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Senate passes $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill, sending key part of Biden's economic agenda to the House |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/10/senate-to-pass-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108112959/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/10/senate-to-pass-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill.html |archive-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref> while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Jalonick |first1=Mary Clare |date=November 7, 2021 |title=Roads, transit, internet: What's in the infrastructure bill |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-technology-business-broadband-internet-congress-d89d6bb1b39cd9c67ae9fc91f5eb4c0d |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107214148/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-technology-business-broadband-internet-congress-d89d6bb1b39cd9c67ae9fc91f5eb4c0d |archive-date=November 7, 2021}}</ref> Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Boak |first1=Josh |last2=Long |first2=Colleen |date=November 16, 2021 |title=Biden signs $1T infrastructure deal with bipartisan crowd |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-congress-infrastructure-bill-signing-b5b8cca843133de060778f049861b144 |url-status=live |access-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116045821/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-congress-infrastructure-bill-signing-b5b8cca843133de060778f049861b144 |archive-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref>

The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the [[Build Back Better Act]], a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the [[social safety net]] and includes major provisions on climate change.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Senate approves framework of $3.5 trillion budget plan that would expand Medicare, tax credits and climate initiatives |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/11/senate-passes-3point5-trillion-budget-resolution-after-infrastructure-bill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411025307/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/11/senate-passes-3point5-trillion-budget-resolution-after-infrastructure-bill.html |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |accessdate=April 13, 2022 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Frazin |first=Rachel |date=July 14, 2021 |title=Democratic senator: Reconciliation package to include clean electricity standard |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/562983-senator-expects-clean-electricity-standard-to-be-part-of/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222513/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/562983-senator-expects-clean-electricity-standard-to-be-part-of |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |accessdate=April 13, 2022}}</ref> Democrats attempted to pass it on a [[party-line vote]] through [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|budget reconciliation]], but struggled to win the support of Senator [[Joe Manchin]], even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first1=Nancy |last1=Cordes |first2=Ellis |last2=Kim |first3=Ed |last3=O'Keefe |first4=Weijia |last4=Jiang |first5=Jordan |last5=Freiman |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Biden sets $1.9 – $2.2 trillion price range for social safety net bill in call with House progressives |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-reconciliation-bill-house-democrats-progressives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023023747/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-reconciliation-bill-house-democrats-progressives/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |accessdate=April 13, 2022 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> After Manchin rejected the bill,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Seipel |first1=Arnie |last2=Hernandez |first2=Joe |date=December 19, 2021 |title=Joe Manchin says he won't support President Biden's Build Back Better plan |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411025452/https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |accessdate=April 13, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> it was comprehensively reworked into the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]], covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Dennis |first=Brady |date=August 14, 2022 |title=As Congress funds high-tech climate solutions, it also bets on a low-tech one: Nature |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2022/08/14/nature-climate-solutions-inflation-reduction-act/ |access-date=August 29, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]] was introduced by Manchin and Senator [[Chuck Schumer]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bose |first1=Nandita |last2=Holland |first2=Steve |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Biden signs inflation act, hands pen to Manchin |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-signs-430-billion-climate-healthcare-tax-bill-2022-08-16/ |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |date=July 31, 2022 |title=Joe Manchin hails expansive bill he finally agrees to as 'great for America' |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/31/joe-manchin-hails-deal-inflation-reduction-act |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref> The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and [[climate change]], $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of [[Affordable Care Act]] subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and [[tax reform]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Greve |first=Joan E. |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Senate passes $739bn healthcare and climate bill after months of wrangling |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/07/inflation-reduction-act-senate-democrats-pass |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref> According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower [[Climate change in the United States|U.S. greenhouse gas emissions]] between 31 percent and 44 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.<ref name="Joan">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=E Greve |first1=Joan |date=August 12, 2022 |title=US House passes Democrats' landmark healthcare and climate bill |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/12/us-house-passes-climate-bill-inflation-reduction-act |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref> On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|breaking the tie]]. Biden signed the bill on August 16.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Pitas |first=Costas |date=August 13, 2022 |title=Biden to sign $430 billion climate and tax bill into law next week |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-sign-430-bln-climate-tax-bill-into-law-next-week-2022-08-12/ |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Egan |first2=Lauren |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Biden signs major climate, health care and tax bill into law |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/biden-sign-major-climate-health-care-spending-bill-rcna43269 |access-date=August 16, 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>

Before and during the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (COP26), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the [[European Union]] cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Natter |first1=Ari |last2=A Dlouhy |first2=Jennifer |last3=Krukowska |first3=Ewa |title=U.S. and EU Vow Steep Methane Cuts Ahead of Climate Summit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-14/u-s-and-eu-to-pledge-steep-methane-cuts-ahead-of-climate-summit |access-date=September 17, 2021 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917193105/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-14/u-s-and-eu-to-pledge-steep-methane-cuts-ahead-of-climate-summit |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden pledges to double U.S. climate change aid; some activists unimpressed |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/us-seeks-double-climate-change-aid-developing-nations-biden-2021-09-21/ |first= Valerie |last=Volcovici |access-date=September 29, 2021 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=September 21, 2021 |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925130818/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/us-seeks-double-climate-change-aid-developing-nations-biden-2021-09-21/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40 percent of global emissions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=COP26: Cautious welcome for unexpected US-China climate agreement |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59243434 |access-date=November 15, 2021 |publisher=BBC News |date=November 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114161429/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59243434 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, when [[2023 Western North America heat wave|heat waves hit the United States]], Biden announced measures to protect the population and said the heat waves were linked to climate change.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces New Actions to Protect Workers and Communities from Extreme Heat |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/27/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-announce-new-actions-to-protect-workers-and-communities-from-extreme-heat/ |publisher=The White House |date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Sprunt |first1=Barbara |title=Biden rolled out some new measures to respond to extreme heat as temperatures soar |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/27/1190435892/biden-extreme-heat-climate |access-date=August 15, 2023 |publisher=NPR |date=July 27, 2023}}</ref> In April 2024, he unveiled a plan to protect and restore natural water sources (3.2 million hectares of [[wetland]]s and 161,000 km of waterways).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden sets new target to protect vast US water sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-sets-new-target-protect-vast-us-water-sources-2024-04-23/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=April 23, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref>

Biden protected 674 million acres of land and ocean from natural resource exploitation, more than any other president. The vast majority of the conservation came from a ban on offshore drilling in 625 million acres of ocean.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Wilson |first1=Janet |last2=Coulter |first2=Tom |title=Biden to create two new national monuments in California |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/01/07/president-biden-new-national-monuments-california/77503768007/ |access-date=January 9, 2025 |newspaper=USA today |date=January 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Nilsen |first1=Ella |title=President Biden to establish two new national monuments in California |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/07/climate/biden-national-monuments/index.html |access-date=January 9, 2025 |agency=CNN |date=January 7, 2025}}</ref>

==== Immigration ====
{{Main|Immigration policy of the Biden administration}}
[[File:2000- Border apprehensions at southwest border.svg|thumb|upright=1.0|Yearly numbers of illegal immigrants apprehended at the [[Mexico–United States border|U.S. southern border]]]]
[[Illegal entry|Illegal border crossings]] at the [[Mexico–United States border]] began to surge in 2021 when Biden assumed office,{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 26, 2024 |title=Illegal border crossings from Mexico reach highest on record in December before January lull |url=https://apnews.com/article/immigration-border-crossings-mexico-biden-18ac91ef502e0c5433f74de6cc629b32 |work = Associated Press News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 2, 2024 |title=Migrant encounters along southwest border reach all-time high of 302,000 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/migrant-encounters-reach-time-high-southwest-border/story?id=106050779|author-first1=Luke|author-last1=Barr|agency = ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 29, 2023 |title=December migrant surge at Southern border largest in more than two decades as mayors call for action|author-first1=Priscilla|author-last1=Alvarez|author-first2=Rosa|author-last2=Flores|author-first3=Holly|author-last3=Yan|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/29/us/us-mexico-border-migration/index.html|publisher = CNN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 14, 2024 |title=Migrant encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border hit a record high at the end of 2023 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/15/migrant-encounters-at-the-us-mexico-border-hit-a-record-high-at-the-end-of-2023/ |publisher = Pew Research Center}}</ref>}} reaching an all-time monthly high in December 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Debusmann |first1=Bernd Jr. |title=Three reasons why so many migrants want to cross from Mexico to US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68208637 |publisher=BBC News |date=February 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Gramlich |first1=John |title=2023 ended with more migrant encounters at U.S.-Mexico border than any month on record |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/15/migrant-encounters-at-the-us-mexico-border-hit-a-record-high-at-the-end-of-2023/sr_24-02-15_borderencounters_1-png/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> Throughout 2024, crossings began to significantly decline from the December record, after Biden implemented restrictions on [[Asylum in the United States|asylum]] claims from migrants who cross the border between ports of entry and urged Mexico to crack down on migrants.<ref name="cbs-border-crossings">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 1, 2024 |title=Illegal crossings at U.S.-Mexico border fall to 3-year low, the lowest level under Biden |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/border-crossings-us-mexico-border-june-2024/ |publisher = CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=April 30, 2024 |title=A quieter border eases pressure on Biden, with a hand from Mexico |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/04/30/united-states-mexico-border-surge-biden/ |newspaper = The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=June 26, 2024 |title=Biden border restrictions bring sharp drop in illegal crossings |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/06/26/border-crossings-drop-biden-closures/ |newspaper = The Washington Post}}</ref> Deportations from October 2023 to September 2024 reached the highest level since 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Alvarez |first=Priscilla |date=December 19, 2024 |title=Biden carried out the highest level of deportations since 2014, new report says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/politics/biden-deportations-report/index.html |access-date=December 21, 2024 |agency=CNN}}</ref> Biden used [[humanitarian parole]] to mitigate illegal border crossings, allowing migrants to fly into the U.S. or schedule their entries through official entry points in the U.S.-Mexico border. Over a million migrants had been admitted to the U.S. under humanitarian parole as of January 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 22, 2024 |title=Biden administration has admitted more than 1 million migrants into U.S. under parole policy Congress is considering restricting |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-parole-biden-administration-1-million-migrants/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=March 11, 2024|title=What Is Humanitarian Parole? How an Obscure Biden Immigration Policy Became So Controversial |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/humanitarian-parole-immigration-border-policy-controversy-eb4d63a9 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=March 8, 2024|title=Program that allows 30,000 migrants from 4 countries into the US each month upheld by judge |url=https://apnews.com/article/immigration-biden-haiti-cuba-nicaragua-venezuela-trial-fac9dc853231ba04ff0ea4e7442057ef |publisher=Associated Press News}}</ref>

[[File:Joe Biden at the Mexico border 2023-01-08.jpg|thumb|Biden visiting border patrol agents at the U.S. southern border, January 2023]]

In January 2024, Biden expressed support for a proposed bipartisan immigration deal led by Senators [[Kyrsten Sinema]] and [[James Lankford]]. He had previously supported the [[U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021]], which he proposed on his first day in office.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Jacobson |first=Don | url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/01/27/Biden-voices-support-Senate-border-bill-new-emergency-powers/7161706363564/ | title=Biden voices support for Senate border bill with new 'emergency' powers | publisher=[[United Press International]] | date=January 27, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Montoya-Galvez |first1=Camilo |last2=Brennan |first2=Margaret |last3=Escobedo |first3=Richard | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-deal-biden-senate-us-mexico-border-bill/ | title=Biden and senators on verge of striking immigration deal aimed at clamping down on illegal border crossings | agency=[[CBS News]] | date=January 28, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> The proposed bipartisan bill would have allowed [[Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] to close the border when encounters reach a seven-day average of 5,000 or exceed 8,500 in a single day.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Desjardins |first1=Lisa |last2=Midura |first2=Kyle | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-the-bipartisan-border-deal-would-transform-the-u-s-immigration-system | title=How the bipartisan border deal would transform the U.S. immigration system | website=[[PBS News]] | date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Scholtes |first1=Jennifer |last2=Emma |first2=Caitlin | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/05/biden-bipartisan-immigration-deal-00139558 | title=Detention and that border 'shutdown': What's really in Biden's bipartisan immigration deal | newspaper=[[Politico]] | date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> In addition, the bill would have mandated the detention of migrants seeking asylum and undergoing asylum interviews, with those failing the process repatriated to their home countries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Tsirkin |first=Julie | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/does-new-immigration-bill-5000-illegal-border-crossings-per-day-rcna136656 | title=The bipartisan border deal would not allow 5,000 illegal crossings per day, despite what Trump says | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> While not addressing the status of "[[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals|Dreamers]]", it would have changed immigration law to allow the children of those with [[H-1B visas]] to get work authorizations and freeze their legal ages while waiting for green cards, rather than face deportation once they turn 21, and provide additional funding for immigration judges.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Kapur |first1=Sahil |last2=Wong |first2=Scott |last3=Tsirkin |first3=Julie |last4=Ainsley |first4=Julia | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/new-immigration-asylum-reform-bill-released-senate-text-rcna136602 | title=Senators unveil bipartisan bill to impose tougher asylum and border laws | agency=[[NBC News]] | date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

Former president Donald Trump announced his opposition to the legislation, calling on Congressional Republicans to oppose it; subsequently, leaders such as [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Mike Johnson]] announced their opposition, halting further legislative action.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Groves |first=Stephen | url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-border-security-ukraine-058876834b48bacf5b3678b067d8dd9a | title=Biden urges Congress to embrace border bill. But House speaker suggests it may be 'dead on arrival' | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Kapur |first2=Sahil | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-urge-congress-pass-bipartisan-border-security-bill-republicans-n-rcna137483 | title=Biden urges Congress to pass bipartisan immigration bill, says Republicans are 'caving' to Trump's demands |agency=[[NBC News]] | date=February 6, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> As a result of continued high immigration levels throughout his tenure, some lawmakers and pundits have criticized Biden's handling of the southern border.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Narea |first=Nicole |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/24153132/us-border-crisis-mexico-migrant-immigration-asylum |title=America's misunderstood border crisis, in 8 charts |website=Vox |date=June 3, 2024 |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bryant |first1=Christa Case |last2=Babcock |first2=Caitlin |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2024/0416/biden-trump-immigration-border-crossings |title=How Biden and Trump compare on border crossings and immigration |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Saad |first=Lydia |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/610322/immigration-leads-reasons-biden-detractors-disapprove.aspx |title=Immigration Leads Reasons Biden's Detractors Disapprove |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref> Criticism of the bill and broader immigration policy continued to be expressed by both sides, with some liberals considering his policies too harsh while some conservatives considered them too lax.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Debusmann |first=Bernd Jr. |date=May 17, 2024 |title=How Joe Biden and Donald Trump's border policies compare |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65574725 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Miroff |first1=Nick |last2=Sacchetti |first2=Maria |last3=Frostenson |first3=Sarah |date=February 11, 2024 |title=Trump vs. Biden on immigration: 12 charts comparing U.S. border security |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/02/11/trump-biden-immigration-border-compared/ |access-date=July 8, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> On January 17, 2024, a Republican-led non-binding resolution denouncing the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the U.S. southern border passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 225–187, with 211 Republicans and 14 Democrats supporting it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Adragna |first1=Anthony |title=14 Dems vote with GOP as House condemns Biden handling of southern border |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/01/17/congress/house-gop-biden-border-rebuke-dems-00136221 |newspaper=Politico |access-date=January 18, 2025 |date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> In the final year of his presidency, the Biden administration worked to extend at least 14 contracts with private prison companies to run immigrant detention centers, despite his 2020 campaign promise to end the practice.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Olivares |first=José |date=December 5, 2024 |title=Revealed: Biden lays groundwork to expand immigration jails as Trump readies for office |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/05/biden-immigration-jails-trump-mass-deportation-plan |access-date=December 5, 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In June 2024, Biden issued an [[A Proclamation on Securing the Border|executive order]] allowing the president to restrict the Mexico–U.S. border.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/us/politics/biden-executive-order-border-asylum.html |title=Biden Issues Executive Order to Temporarily Seal the Border to Asylum Seekers |date=June 4, 2024 |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |last2=Aleaziz |first2=Hamed |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 4, 2024}}</ref><ref name="cbs-border-crossings" />

==== Pardons and commutations ====
Biden issued more individual pardons and commutations than any other president.<ref name = "APpardons"/> In October 2022, he pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] possession under federal law.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Daniels |first1=Eugene |last2=Fertig |first2=Natalie |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Biden pardons marijuana offenses, calls for review of federal law |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/06/biden-to-pardon-marijuana-offenses-call-for-review-of-federal-law-00060796 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |magazine=[[Politico]]}}</ref> In December 2023, he pardoned Americans for cannabis use or possession on federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shivaram |first=Deepa | url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/22/1221230390/biden-pardons-clemency-marijuana-drug-offenses | title=Biden expands pardons for marijuana possession and grants clemency to 11 | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=December 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke | url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-marijuana-pardons-clemency-02abde991a05ff7dfa29bfc3c74e9d64 | title=Biden pardons thousands convicted of marijuana charges on federal lands and in Washington | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=December 22, 2023}}</ref> In December 2024, in the largest single-day clemency act in history, Biden granted clemency to about 1,500 nonviolent felons in [[home confinement]] who had previously been released from prison.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Colleen | url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-pardons-clemency-4432002d67334e6716c2776fd73f3cc8 | title=Biden commutes roughly 1,500 sentences and pardons 39 people in biggest single-day act of clemency | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keith |first1=Tamara |last2=Shivaram |first2=Deepa | url=https://www.npr.org/2024/12/12/nx-s1-5226683/biden-commutations-pardons | title=Biden commutes sentences for 1,500 people. Some say he could do a lot more | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> The act generated controversy, as it included felons such as [[Michael Conahan]], a judge involved in the [[kids for cash|kids for cash kickback scandal]], and [[Rita Crundwell]], a comptroller responsible for the single largest municipal fraud in U.S. history. The Biden administration said the offenders who received clemency "deserve a second chance" and were selected based on meeting certain criteria in a uniform decision.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/13/politics/joe-biden-commutations-pennsylvania-illinois/index.html | title=Victims 'shocked' after Biden grants clemency to 'kids-for-cash' judge and $54 million embezzler |agency=[[CNN]] |date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Danner |first1=Chas | url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/joe-biden-clemency-list-pardons-commutations.html | title=Everyone Biden Has Granted Presidential Pardons and Commutations | magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] | date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> Also in December 2024, Biden commuted the sentences of 37 out of 40 federal [[death row]] inmates.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ruth |last=Comerford |title=Biden commutes most federal death sentences |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgkxe4xlvgxo |work=[[BBC News]] |date=December 23, 2024 |access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> On his last day in office, Biden commuted the sentence of [[Leonard Peltier]] to house arrest. Peltier had been convicted of murdering two FBI agents in 1975 and had served almost 50 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Luke |last1=Barr |first2=Mark |last2=Osborne |title=Biden sparks outrage with last-minute commutation of man convicted of killing FBI agents |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sparks-outrage-minute-commutation-leonard-peltier-man/story?id=117909582 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref> Biden also pardoned two Democratic officials: Ernest William Cromartie, who had served his prison sentence for [[tax evasion]], and [[Gerald G. Lundergan]], convicted of a scheme to funnel money to his daughter's Senate campaign and released in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael D. |last=Shear |authorlink=Michael D. Shear |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Biden Pardons 5 Members of His Family in Final Minutes in Office |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/20/us/politics/biden-pardons-family.html |work= [[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Biden pardons former Ky. Democratic Party leader moments before leaving office |url=https://www.wkyt.com/2025/01/20/biden-pardons-former-ky-democratic-party-leader-moments-before-leaving-office/ |work=[[WKYT-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Former Columbia councilman Cromartie, previously jailed for tax evasion, pardoned by Biden |url=https://www.thestate.com/news/local/crime/article298849453.html |work=[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]}}</ref>

[[File:2024-12-01 Biden pardon Hunter Biden.jpg|thumb|Pardon dated December 1, 2024]]
On December 1, 2024, Biden [[Hunter Biden#Pardon of criminal offenses|issued a "full and unconditional" pardon]] to his son [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]] that covered all federal offenses between that day and 2014, breaking his June 2024 pledge not to do so.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Richer |first2=Alanna Durkin |last3=Long |first3=Colleen |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-son-hunter-charges-pardon-pledge-24f3007c2d2f467fa48e21bbc7262525 |title=Biden pardons his son Hunter despite previous pledges not to |work=[[AP News]] |date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=March 24, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news {last1=Long |first1=Colleen |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |url=https://apnews.com/article/hunter-biden-pardon-president-trump-d5c8e7fbead7218c9b1e03a290945267 |title=Biden's broken promise on pardoning his son Hunter is raising new questions about his legacy |work=[[AP News]] |date=December 3, 2024 |access-date=March 24, 2026}}</ref> In a statement announcing the pardon, Biden said he believed his son was "selectively, and unfairly, prosecuted".<ref>{{cite news|last=Morin |first=Rebecca |title=President Biden pardons his son Hunter Biden despite pledges not to |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2024/12/01/president-joe-biden-hunter-biden-pardon/76693183007/ |access-date=December 2, 2024 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

On his last day in office, Biden pardoned five family members, including [[James Biden|his brother James]], and others targeted for retribution by his successor.<ref name="lastpardonnyt">{{cite news|first1=Peter |last1=Baker |first2=Michael D. |last2=Shear |authorlink2=Michael D. Shear |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Biden in Final Hours Pardons Relatives and Others to Thwart Trump Reprisals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/20/us/politics/biden-pardons-fauci-milley-cheney-jan-6.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref> They included former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Mark Milley]], former [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] director [[Anthony Fauci]], and members and participants in the [[House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack]].<ref name="lastpardonnyt"/><ref name = "APpardons">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 20, 2025 |title=Biden pardons Fauci, Milley and the Jan. 6 panel. It's a guard against potential 'revenge' by Trump |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-trump-fauci-milley-pardons-january-6-3cba287f89051513fb48d7ae700ae747 |work = [[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> Biden said the pardons were preemptive, to protect the individuals against the incoming Trump administration's politically motivated vengeance, and should not be seen as an acknowledgment of wrongdoing.<ref name="lastpardonnyt"/><ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name="cnn.com">{{cite news |last1=Luhby |first1=Tami |last2=Lobosco |first2=Katie |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Here's what's in Biden's $1.9 trillion economic rescue package |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/biden-economic-rescue-package-coronavirus-stimulus/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218023132/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/biden-economic-rescue-package-coronavirus-stimulus/index.html |archive-date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>

====2022 elections====
{{Main|2022 United States elections}}

[[File:Biden rally at Bowie State University (52485660899).jpg|thumb|Biden holding a rally at [[Bowie State University]] in [[Maryland]] for gubernatorial candidate [[Wes Moore]], November 7, 2022|alt=Photo of Biden holding a microphone at a campaign rally, with his jacket off and sleeves rolled up]]

On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast [[Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech|Philadelphia speech]], Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation". Off camera, he called Trump supporters "semi-fascists", which Republican commentators denounced.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=O'Keefe |first1=Ed |last2=Cook |first2=Sara |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Biden delivers prime-time speech on the "battle for the soul of the nation" in Philadelphia |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/biden-speech-philadelphia-democracy-watch-live-stream-today-2022-09-01/ |access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Four takeaways from President Biden's speech in Philadelphia |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-aud-nw-nyt-biden-philadelphia-speech-20220902-zsfckr7n7jf4rbowcu6e2pre2i-story.html |access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Naughtie |first=Andrew |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Jan 6 committee members back Biden remarks on Trump 'fascism' after rally guest defends neo-Nazi rioter: Joe Biden's warnings of creeping fascism on the pro-Trump right have fired up ex-president's followers and dissenters alike |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/jan-6-trump-fascism-rally-lofgren-raskin-b2159938.html |access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> A predicted Republican [[Wave elections in the United States|wave election]] did not materialize and the race for [[U.S. Congress]] control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|222{{nbsp}}seats in the House of Representatives]],{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Hounshell |first=Blake |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Five Takeaways From a Red Wave That Didn't Reach the Shore |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/midterm-elections-takeaways.html |access-date=November 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Knowles |first1=Hannah |last2=Scherer |first2=Michael |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Democrats show strength, leaving fight for control of Congress unresolved |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2022/11/08/house-senate-race/ |access-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McGraw |first=Meridith |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Trump's biggest midterm bets don't pay out |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/09/trump-endorsed-candidates-2022-election-results |access-date=November 9, 2022 |magazine=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Republicans take control of the House, NBC News projects |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/16/midterm-house-elections-2022-republicans-take-control-of-the-house.html |access-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref>}} and the Democratic caucus keeping control of the [[2022 United States Senate elections|U.S. Senate]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=November 8, 2022 |title=2022 Election: Live Analysis and Results |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/live-blog/2022-midterm-election/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}</ref>{{efn|[[Kyrsten Sinema]] and [[Joe Manchin]], whose seats were not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became [[independent politicians]] in December 2022 and May 2024, respectively. As a result, 47{{nbsp}}Democrats (rather than 49), plus [[Angus King]] and [[Bernie Sanders]], independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate of the [[118th United States Congress]], on May{{nbsp}}31, 2024. Manchin continued to caucus with Democrats while Sinema opted to caucus with neither party but to align with the Democrats, bringing the Democratic Senate majority to 51{{nbsp}}seats.<ref>{{USCongRec|2023|S22|January 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Skelley |first=Geoffrey |date=December 9, 2022 |title=Why Kyrsten Sinema Left The Democratic Party |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-kyrsten-sinema-left-the-democratic-party/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606220147/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-kyrsten-sinema-left-the-democratic-party/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Watson|first=Kathryn|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrat-joe-manchin-registers-independent/|title=Sen. Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, registers as an independent|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=May 31, 2024|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}</ref>}}

It was the first midterm election since [[1986 United States gubernatorial elections|1986]] in which the incumbent president's party achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since [[1934 United States elections|1934]] in which the president's party lost no state legislative chambers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Enten |first=Harry |date=November 13, 2022 |title=How Joe Biden and the Democratic Party defied midterm history |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/13/politics/democrats-biden-midterm-elections-senate-house/index.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly strong performance,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Lauren |last=Gambino |date=November 20, 2022 |title='You did it!': Biden basks in midterms afterglow after beating expectations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/nov/20/joe-biden-midterms-democrats-presidency |access-date=November 28, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> but they likely overperformed for other reasons, including [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|the Supreme Court overturning ''Roe v. Wade'']] and poor Republican candidate quality in many races.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/11/democrats-2022-error-message/680661/|title=The Democrats' 2022 Error Message|quote=Swing-state successes in the last midterms gave the party false optimism about 2024.|first1=Ronald|last1=Brownstein| author-link=Ronald Brownstein|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 14, 2024|access-date=November 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Silver |first=Nate |authorlink=Nate Silver |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Candidate Quality Mattered |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/candidate-quality-mattered/ |access-date=November 10, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Biden administration}}

In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president, visiting Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended [[47th G7 summit|a G7 summit]], [[2021 Brussels NATO summit|a NATO summit]], and an EU summit, and held [[2021 Russia–United States summit|one-on-one talks]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bidens-first-trip-abroad-whirlwind-of-meetings-with-allies-rivals-2021-6 |title=Biden's first trip abroad will be a whirlwind of major meetings with key allies and top rivals |last=Haltiwanger |first=John |date=June 3, 2021 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=June 19, 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021, Biden announced [[AUKUS]], a [[Defense pact|security pact]] between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure "peace and stability in the [[Indo-Pacific]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Lemire |first2=Jonathan |title=Biden announces Indo-Pacific alliance with UK, Australia |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-china-australia-united-states-1b2e597918bc1c8dd1aab26ab32c9621 |access-date=October 4, 2021 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009141945/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-china-australia-united-states-1b2e597918bc1c8dd1aab26ab32c9621 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its [[U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen|support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign]] in Yemen and revoked the designation of Yemen's [[Houthis]] as terrorists.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Knickmeyer |first1=Ellen |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Biden ending US support for Saudi-led offensive in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-end-support-saudi-offenseive-yemen-b68f58493dbfc530b9fcfdb80a13098f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023211712/https://apnews.com/article/biden-end-support-saudi-offenseive-yemen-b68f58493dbfc530b9fcfdb80a13098f |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Knickmeyer |first1=Ellen |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Biden revokes terrorist designation for Yemen's Houthis |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-civil-wars-yemen-d17b50e3995827838a19fb8bd09e9f64|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> In early February 2022, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the [[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi#Death|death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]], the second leader of the [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=February 3, 2022|title=Statement by President Joe Biden|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/03/statement-by-president-joe-biden-3/|access-date=February 3, 2022|publisher=The White House|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203132343/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/03/statement-by-president-joe-biden-3/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late July, Biden approved the [[drone strike]] that [[Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri|killed Ayman al-Zawahiri]], the second leader of [[Al-Qaeda]], and an integral member in the planning of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/al-qaeda-strike-afghanistan.html |title=U.S. Drone Strike Kills Ayman al-Zawahri, Top Qaeda Leader |date=August 1, 2022 |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |last3=Barnes |first3=Julian |last4=Schmitt |first4=Eric |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 1, 2022 |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801215209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/al-qaeda-strike-afghanistan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[OPEC#2022 oil production cut|2022 OPEC+ oil production cut]] caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, threatening a longstanding [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations|alliance]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/11/us/politics/biden-saudi-arabia-oil-production-cut.html | title=Biden Vows 'Consequences' for Saudi Arabia After Oil Production Cut | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 11, 2022 | last1=Baker | first1=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5cfd12-a202-4242-b0ad-bed56f377142 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/1a5cfd12-a202-4242-b0ad-bed56f377142 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Joe Biden warns of 'consequences' for Saudi Arabia after oil production cuts | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | date=October 12, 2022}}</ref>

In August 2024, Biden negotiated and oversaw the [[2024 Ankara prisoner exchange]], the largest [[prisoner exchange]] since the end of the [[Cold War]]. It involved the release of 26 people, including journalist [[Evan Gershkovich]] and former Marine [[Paul Whelan]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=August 1, 2024 |title=Things to know about the largest US-Russia prisoner swap in post-Soviet history |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-gershkovich-whelan-prisoner-swap-354df585ad321ecdbea4c0f2c557f0aa |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |quote=The U.S. and Russia on Thursday completed their largest prisoner swap in post-Soviet history... |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802233705/https://apnews.com/article/russia-gershkovich-whelan-prisoner-swap-354df585ad321ecdbea4c0f2c557f0aa |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2024, the Biden administration announced that it had helped broker a [[2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement|ceasefire]] agreement in the [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)|Israel–Hezbollah conflict]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref name="reuters20241127">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gebeily |first1=Maya |last2=Taher |first2=Aziz |date=November 27, 2024 |title=Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire holds in first hours, Lebanese civilians start to return home |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-hezbollah-ceasefire-takes-effect-2024-11-27/ |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="apnews20241126">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Geller |first=Adam |date=November 26, 2024 |title=What to know about the ceasefire deal between Israel and Lebanon's Hezbollah |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-lebanon-hezbollah-ceasefire-3ed296f8317ecaa89c4e3548c75c9602 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="wsj20241127">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rasmussen |first=Sune Engel |date=November 27, 2024 |title=The Impossible Mission to Enforce an Israel-Hezbollah Cease-Fire |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-impossible-mission-to-enforce-an-israel-hezbollah-cease-fire-9402a682 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="cnn20241126">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Edwards |first2=Christian |last3=Qiblawi |first3=Tamara |last4=Yosef |first4=Eugenia |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Israeli security cabinet approves Lebanon ceasefire deal, after 11th-hour strikes on central Beirut |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/26/middleeast/israel-lebanon-ceasefire-deal-approve-hezbollah-intl/index.html |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>}}

==== Withdrawal from Afghanistan ====
{{Main|2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan}}

[[File:President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris meet with their national security team and senior officials.jpg|thumb|Biden in a video conference with Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] and the [[United States National Security Council|U.S. National Security team]], discussing the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]] on August 15, 2021|alt=Photo of Biden seated alone at a table, looking at a videoconference screen]]

American forces had begun withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a [[United States–Taliban deal|February 2020 US-Taliban agreement]] that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Kiely |first1=Eugene |last2=Farley |first2=Robert |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/ |title=Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817224525/https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Taliban began [[2021 Taliban offensive|an offensive]] on May 1.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/16/politics/biden-afghanistan-speech/index.html|title=Biden admits Afghanistan's collapse 'did unfold more quickly than we had anticipated'|first1=Kevin|last1=Liptak|first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny|first3=Kaitlan|last3=Collins|first4=Jennifer|last4=Hansler|first5=Maegan|last5=Vazquez|date=August 16, 2021|access-date=August 26, 2021|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=August 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830160957/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/16/politics/biden-afghanistan-speech/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Nomaan|last1=Merchant|first2=Zeke|last2=Miller|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-evacuations-32bb6a22846f649b626a3130f8c5dffb|title=Misread warnings helped lead to chaotic Afghan evacuation|date=August 19, 2021|access-date=August 26, 2021|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829230019/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-evacuations-32bb6a22846f649b626a3130f8c5dffb|url-status=live}}</ref> By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.<ref name="images" /> Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."<ref name="images" />

On August 15, [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|the Afghan government collapsed]] under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President [[Ashraf Ghani]] fled the country.<ref name="images" /><ref name="messy">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden defends 'messy' US pullout from Afghanistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58238497 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023163517/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58238497 |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist with evacuating American personnel and Afghan allies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Prakash |first1=Nidhi |title=Joe Biden Blamed Afghan Leaders For Giving Up As The Taliban Took Control |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nidhiprakash/biden-afghanistan-speech-taliban-take-over |access-date=August 17, 2021 |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008133113/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nidhiprakash/biden-afghanistan-speech-taliban-take-over |url-status=live}}</ref> He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Edmondson |first1=Catie |title=Lawmakers Unite in Bipartisan Fury Over Afghanistan Withdrawal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/us/politics/afghanistan-withdrawal-congress.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 1, 2022 |date=August 16, 2021}}</ref> with the evacuations described as chaotic and botched.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |title=Top generals contradict Biden, say they urged him not to withdraw from Afghanistan |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/28/top-generals-afghanistan-withdrawal-congress-hearing-514491 |magazine=[[Politico]] |date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929165155/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/28/top-generals-afghanistan-withdrawal-congress-hearing-514491 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Melanie |last1=Zanona |first2=Lauren |last2=Fox |title=House Republicans vow to probe Biden's Afghanistan exit if they win in 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/20/politics/house-republicans-afghanistan-biden-benghazi/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=August 20, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822125620/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/20/politics/house-republicans-afghanistan-biden-benghazi/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Christopher |last1=Cadelago |first2=Natasha |last2=Korecki |first3=Laura |last3=Barrón-López |title=Biden scrambles to tamp down panic over Afghanistan |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/18/biden-afghanistan-withdrawal-506065 |magazine=[[Politico]] |date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126220827/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/18/biden-afghanistan-withdrawal-506065 |url-status=live}}</ref> On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".<ref name="messy" /><ref name="buck1">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |title=Biden says 'buck stops with me' and defends Afghanistan withdrawal |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-afghanistan-taliban-watch-live-stream-today-2021-08-16/ |access-date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817054019/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-afghanistan-taliban-watch-live-stream-today-2021-08-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves".<ref name="buck1" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=Biden says the 'buck stops with me' — while pinning blame on Trump and many Afghans |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/16/biden-says-buck-stops-with-me-while-pinning-blame-trump-lots-afghans/ |access-date=August 17, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153113/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/16/biden-says-buck-stops-with-me-while-pinning-blame-trump-lots-afghans/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 26, a [[2021 Kabul airport attack|suicide bombing at the Kabul airport]] killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were "planners and facilitators", according to a U.S. Army general.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Michael|last1=Collins|first2=Tom Vanden|last2=Brook|first3=Deirdre|last3=Shesgreen|title=Biden said US would 'hunt' down Kabul airport attackers. A day later, a drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/08/28/kabul-bombing-u-s-issues-drone-strike-against-isis-k-planner/5628326001/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=August 28, 2021|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-date=August 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830163452/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/08/28/kabul-bombing-u-s-issues-drone-strike-against-isis-k-planner/5628326001/|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. military completed its withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans, and other allies "an extraordinary success".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Freking |first2=Kevin |title=Biden defends departure from 'forever war,' praises airlift |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-islamic-state-group-dd43bcc58bd17668b1cf4ae79997142b |access-date=September 5, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 1, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160545/https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-islamic-state-group-dd43bcc58bd17668b1cf4ae79997142b |url-status=live}}</ref> He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Gore |first1=D'Angelo |last2=Farley |first2=Robert |last3=Robertson |first3=Lori |title=How Many Americans and Allies Are Left in Afghanistan? |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/09/how-many-americans-and-allies-are-left-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=September 5, 2021 |website=[[Factcheck.org]] |date=September 2, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104952/https://www.factcheck.org/2021/09/how-many-americans-and-allies-are-left-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the withdrawal, the U.S. continued to send aid to Afghanistan, remaining its biggest aid donor as of August 2024 and spending at least $20.7 billion post-withdrawal. U.S. funding has helped support the Taliban government and stabilize Afghanistan's economy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=US aid is still vital to Afghanistan |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/08/28/us-aid-is-still-vital-to-afghanistan_6722732_4.html|work=Le Monde |date=August 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=US aid vetting failures may have benefited militants in Afghanistan, watchdog finds |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/us-aid-vetting-failures-may-have-benefited-militants-afghanistan-watchdog-finds-2024-07-17/l|publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=July 17, 2024}}</ref> On September 25, 2024, the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed a resolution condemning the Biden administration for the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, with ten Democrats and all Republicans voting in favor.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Groves |first1=Stephen |title=House approves GOP resolution condemning Biden and Harris over Afghanistan withdrawal |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-harris-afghanistan-house-republicans-794de9e0a7685dbf7d9f2175728f4d51 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=January 18, 2025 |date=September 25, 2024}}</ref>

====2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine====
{{Further|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:President Biden met with refugees from Ukraine in Warsaw.jpg|thumb|Biden with [[Ukrainian refugee crisis|refugees from Ukraine]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland, March 2022|alt=Photo of a smiling Biden holding a child, with a mask lowered onto his chin]]

In February 2022, the [[Russian Armed Forces]] under President [[Vladimir Putin]] launched [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|an invasion of Ukraine]]. After warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden responded by imposing severe [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions on Russia]] and authorizing over $8 billion in [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|weapons shipments to Ukraine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |authorlink1=Michael D. Shear |last2=Kanno-Youngs |first2=Zolan |last3=Rogers |first3=Katie |date=February 28, 2022 |title=10 Consequential Days: How Biden Navigated War, Covid and the Supreme Court |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/biden-ukraine-covid-supreme-court.html |access-date=March 17, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321104514/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/biden-ukraine-covid-supreme-court.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Harris |first2=Shane |last3=Birnbaum |first3=Michael |last4=Hudson |first4=John |date=February 25, 2022 |title=13 days: Inside Biden's last-ditch attempts to stop Putin in Ukraine |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/25/inside-biden-putin-ukraine/ |access-date=March 16, 2022 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226045105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/25/inside-biden-putin-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Bose |first2=Nandita |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Biden calls Putin a 'war criminal,' sending more weapons to Ukraine |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-announce-new-security-assistance-ukraine-after-signing-massive-spending-2022-03-16/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080135/https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-announce-new-security-assistance-ukraine-after-signing-massive-spending-2022-03-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 29, he asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv |first=Piotr |last=Smolar |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |date=April 29, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510001810/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=April 29, 2022 |title=Biden seeks $33B for Ukraine, signaling long-term commitment |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-biden-business-europe-economy-5656f58ae48cb3cf37da0d0c431a15b8 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Alan |last1=Fram |first2=Zeke |last2=Miller |first3=Aamer |last3=Madhani}}</ref> but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request |first=Alan |last=Fram |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-biden-europe-0ac5c758d32dbea64c437b50e829bbb2 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511000720/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-biden-europe-0ac5c758d32dbea64c437b50e829bbb2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Sonmez |first1=Felicia |last2=Jeong |first2=Andrew |date=May 10, 2022 |title=House approves nearly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine as it fights off Russian aggression |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/10/house-poised-approve-additional-40-billion-aid-ukraine/ |access-date=May 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Zengerle |first=Patricia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=After delay, U.S. Senate overwhelmingly approves $40 billion in Ukraine aid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/after-delay-congress-sends-40-billion-ukraine-aid-package-biden-2022-05-19/ |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Biden blamed Putin for the emerging [[2021–present global energy crisis|energy]] and [[2022 food crises|food crises]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden blames 'Putin's invasion of Ukraine' for rising gas, food prices globally |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/biden-blames-putin-s-invasion-of-ukraine-for-rising-gas-food-prices-globally-101648873914167.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 2, 2022 |first=Shubhangi |last=Gupta|access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516164119/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/biden-blames-putin-s-invasion-of-ukraine-for-rising-gas-food-prices-globally-101648873914167.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Ukraine war: Hungry Africans are victims of the conflict, Macky Sall tells Vladimir Putin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61685383 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=June 3, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611165237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61685383 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Nichols |first2=Michelle |date=September 21, 2022 |title=Biden accuses Putin of irresponsible nuclear threats, violating U.N. charter |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-announce-29-bln-food-security-funding-during-un-speech-white-house-2022-09-21/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511024035/https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-announce-29-bln-food-security-funding-during-un-speech-white-house-2022-09-21/ |archive-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

In 2022, Congress approved about $113 billion in aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/21/politics/war-funding-ukraine-what-matters/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=September 21, 2023 |first=Zachary B. |last=Wolf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505224731/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/21/politics/war-funding-ukraine-what-matters/index.html |url-status=live |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref> In October 2023, the Biden administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=The White House is asking for almost $106 billion for Israel, Ukraine and the border |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/20/1206301577/biden-ukraine-israel-congress-funding-request |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=October 26, 2023 |first=Deepa |last=Shivaram |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref> but delays in the passage of further aid by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] inhibited progress, with the additional $61 billion in aid to Ukraine added in April 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Zengerle |first1=Patricia |last2=Cowan |first2=Richard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/long-awaited-aid-ukraine-israel-taiwan-poised-pass-us-congress-2024-04-23/ |title=US Congress passes Ukraine aid after months of delay |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=April 23, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Williams |first1=Michael |last2=Saenz |first2=Arlette |last3=Liptak |first3=Kevin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/politics/biden-signs-foreign-aid-bill/index.html |title=Biden signs foreign aid bill providing crucial military assistance to Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=April 30, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/04/24/1246839045/biden-signs-95-billion-military-aid-package-for-ukraine-israel-and-taiwan |title=Biden signs $95 billion military aid package for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> Actually delivered aid often differed from announced levels and was also often delayed. The [[Government Accountability Office]] and [[Department of Defense Office of Inspector General|Pentagon Inspector General]] found that the Biden administration seemed unaware of the pace of weapons deliveries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigations/biden-administration-beset-by-doubts-slowed-ukraine-weapons-shipments-until-2025-02-03/|title=Biden administration slowed Ukraine arms shipments until his term was nearly done |publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=February 3, 2025|access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref>

Throughout the conflict, Biden consistently refused Ukrainian requests to allow them to utilize weapons against Russian military targets inside [[Russia]]. An exception was granted in May 2024 for targets in the vicinity of [[Kharkiv]] for "counter-fire" purposes.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Stewart |first3=Phil |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-allows-ukraine-use-us-supplied-arms-strike-inside-russia-near-kharkiv-area-2024-05-30/ |title=Biden allows Ukraine limited use of US arms to strike inside Russia, say US officials |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bushard |first=Brian |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/05/30/biden-will-let-ukraine-strike-inside-russia-with-us-weapons-in-major-policy-reversal-but-only-in-one-region/?sh=1e654e4e3471 |title=Biden Will Let Ukraine Strike Inside Russia With U.S. Weapons—But Only In One Region |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy770l9llnzo |title=Biden allows Ukraine to hit some targets in Russia with US weapons |agency=[[BBC News]] |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4767636-biden-ukraine-weapons-restrictions/ |title=Biden maintains limit on Ukrainian strikes despite Zelensky's push |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>}} Biden also blocked access for some weapons systems altogether, typically citing fears of escalation, only to permit deliveries for some weapons later on.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/12/biden-ukraine-support-putin-armageddon/ |title=Biden's Soft Underbelly on Ukraine |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=October 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/17/us/politics/ukraine-biden-weapons.html |title=Ukraine Wants the U.S. to Send More Powerful Weapons. Biden Is Not So Sure. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Elliot |last=Ackerman |url=https://time.com/6548816/ukraine-biden-administration-military-aid/ |title=The Biden Administration's Slow Yes Has Doomed Ukraine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=December 18, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203070530/https://time.com/6548816/ukraine-biden-administration-military-aid/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Edward Hunter |last=Christie | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/09/11/ukraine-russia-war-biden-us-escalation-management-military-aid/ |title=Biden's 'Escalation Management' in Ukraine Makes the West Less Safe |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=September 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Matthew |last=Kaminski |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/09/18/america-ukraine-russia-biden-00179657 |title=Does America Want Ukraine to Defeat Russia? It Doesn't Look That Way. |website=[[Politico]] |date=September 18, 2024}}</ref>}}

==== China affairs ====
{{Further|China–United States relations#Biden administration (2021–2025)}}
[[File:P20221114CS-0276 (52651190554).jpg|thumb|Biden with Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] during the [[2022 G20 Bali summit|G20 summit in Bali]], November 14, 2022]]

The [[China–Solomon Islands relations|Solomon Islands-China security pact]] caused alarm in late 2022, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Ralph |last=Jennings |title=US Beefs Up South Pacific Aid, Diplomacy as China Spreads Its Influence |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-beefs-up-south-pacific-aid-diplomacy-as-china-spreads-its-influence-/6658148.html |date=July 13, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=May 24, 2022 |title=In meeting with Biden, Australia's Albanese recalls colourful first trip to U.S. |publisher=[[Reuters]] |first=Kirsty |last=Needham |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/meeting-with-biden-australias-albanese-recalls-colourful-first-trip-us-2022-05-24/ |access-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=What the China-Solomon Islands Pact Means for the U.S. and South Pacific |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/china-solomon-islands-security-pact-us-south-pacific |date=May 4, 2022 |first=Zongyuan Zoe |last=Liu |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> In a September 2022 interview with ''[[60 Minutes]]'', Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of "an unprecedented attack" by the Chinese,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=John |first1=Ruwitch |title=Biden, again, says U.S. would help Taiwan if China attacks |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/19/1123759127/biden-again-says-u-s-would-help-taiwan-if-china-attacks |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=September 19, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of "[[strategic ambiguity]]" toward China and Taiwan.<ref name="Kine">{{cite magazine |last1=Kine |first1=Phelim |title=Biden leaves no doubt: 'Strategic ambiguity' toward Taiwan is dead |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/19/biden-leaves-no-doubt-strategic-ambiguity-toward-taiwan-is-dead-00057658 |magazine=[[Politico]] |date=September 19, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=A bristling China says Biden remarks on Taiwan 'severely violate' U.S. policy |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-biden-taiwan-remarks-angry-reaction/ |agency=[[CBS News]] |date=September 19, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden's most hawkish comments on Taiwan yet |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/09/19/biden-taiwan-china-defense/ |date=September 19, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 28, 2023 |first=Aaron |last=Blake}}</ref> The September comments came after three previous comments by Biden that the U.S. would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion.<ref name="theories">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |title=Three theories on Biden's repeated Taiwan gaffes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/24/taiwan-biden-gaffe/ |date=May 24, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Amid increasing tension with China, Biden's administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that U.S. policy toward Taiwan has not changed.<ref name=theories/><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Joe Biden Keeps Being More Hawkish on Taiwan Than His Administration Wants to Be |first=Eric |last=Lutz |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/09/joe-biden-says-us-will-defend-taiwan-if-china-attacks |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=January 29, 2023 |date=September 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Kine/> In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bade |first=Gavin |title='A sea change': Biden reverses decades of Chinese trade policy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/26/china-trade-tech-00072232 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |magazine=[[Politico]] |date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>

On February 4, 2023, Biden ordered the United States Air Force to shoot down a [[2023 Chinese balloon incident|suspected Chinese surveillance balloon]] off the coast of [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Baldor |first1=Lolita C. |last2=Copp |first2=Tara |title=China balloon: Many questions about suspected spy in the sky |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-antony-blinken-china-b1b03193b7abeb7bbeca169bbc7c2c53 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209010911/https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-antony-blinken-china-b1b03193b7abeb7bbeca169bbc7c2c53 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3288543/f-22-safely-shoots-down-chinese-spy-balloon-off-south-carolina-coast/ |title=F-22 Safely Shoots Down Chinese Spy Balloon Off South Carolina Coast |last=Garamone |first=Jim |date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=February 12, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211012305/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3288543/f-22-safely-shoots-down-chinese-spy-balloon-off-south-carolina-coast/ |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |quote=A U.S. Air Force fighter safely shot down a Chinese high-altitude surveillance balloon today, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III said in a written statement.}}</ref> The [[Chinese government]] denied that the balloon was a surveillance device, instead claiming it was a civilian [[airship]] that had blown off course.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=February 4, 2023 |title=Chinese balloon soars across US; Blinken scraps Beijing trip |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-antony-blinken-china-314302278a5f05bdc2df146ed5b35ec6 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205001417/https://apnews.com/article/politics-antony-blinken-china-314302278a5f05bdc2df146ed5b35ec6 |archive-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Swire |first=Sonnet |date=February 4, 2023 |title=What to know about the suspected Chinese spy balloon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/04/politics/chinese-spy-balloon-us-latest/index.html |access-date=May 16, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] postponed his planned visit to China as the incident further damaged U.S.-China relations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |last3=Martina |first3=Michael |last4=Ali |first4=Idrees |date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2023 |title=Blinken postpones China trip over 'unacceptable' Chinese spy balloon |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-expresses-regret-that-civilian-airship-strays-over-us-2023-02-03/}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Cadell |first1=Cate |last2=Hudson |first2=John |last3=Abutaleb |first3=Yasmeen |title=Blinken postpones China trip as suspected spy balloon detected over U.S. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/02/03/blinken-postpones-china-trip-suspected-spy-balloon-detected-over-us/ |date=February 3, 2023 |url-access=limited |access-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer |last2=Liptak |first2=Kevin |last3=Herb |first3=Jeremy |last4=Atwood |first4=Kylie |last5=Sciutto |first5=Kylie |last6=Liebermann |first6=Oren |date=February 3, 2023 |title=Blinken postpones trip to Beijing after Chinese spy balloon spotted over US, officials say |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/03/politics/china-us-balloon-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204022758/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/03/politics/china-us-balloon-intl/index.html |archive-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> In May 2024, the Biden administration doubled [[tariff]]s on [[solar cell]]s imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries]] imported from China.<ref name="erwgs">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Boak |first1=Josh |last2=Hussein |first2=Fatima |last3=Wiseman |first3=Paul |last4=Tang |first4=Didi |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Biden hikes tariffs on Chinese EVs, solar cells, steel, aluminum — and snipes at Trump |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-china-tariffs-electric-vehicles-evs-solar-2024ba735c47e04a50898a88425c5e2c |access-date=May 16, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It also raised tariffs on imports of Chinese steel, aluminum, and medical materials.<ref name="erwgs"/>

In April 2024, Biden signed the [[Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act]], which would ban [[social networking service]]s if they are determined by the president and relevant provisions to be a "foreign adversary controlled application". The act explicitly applies to [[ByteDance|ByteDance Ltd.]] and its subsidiaries, which are based in China. It ceases to be applicable if the application is [[divestment|divested]] and no longer considered to be controlled by a [[United States foreign adversaries#Other meanings|foreign adversary of the United States]]. Biden had signed the [[No TikTok on Government Devices Act]] in December 2022, prohibiting the use of TikTok on devices owned by the federal government.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=January 19, 2025 |title=TikTok is down in the US |url=https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/18/24346961/tiktok-shut-down-banned-in-the-us |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Megan |last1=Lebowitz |first2=Ben |last2=Goggin |first3=Kat |last3=Tenbarge |date=January 19, 2025 |title=TikTok makes app unavailable for U.S. users ahead of ban |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-makes-app-unavailable-us-users-ahead-ban-rcna188294 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |publisher=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Yvette |last1=Tan |first2=Fan |last2=Wang |title=RedNote: Americans and Chinese share jokes on 'alternative TikTok' as US ban looms |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c983lr756xwo |date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

====Gaza war====
{{Further|United States support for Israel in the Gaza war}}
[[File:Isaac Herzog at Ben Gurion Airport, October 2023 (ABG 4491).jpg|thumb|Biden with Israeli president [[Isaac Herzog]] and prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in Tel Aviv, Israel, October 18, 2023]]

In October 2023, Hamas [[October 7 attacks|launched a surprise attack on Israel]] that [[Gaza war|devolved into an intensified conflict]], jeopardizing the administration's push to normalize relations [[Israel–Saudi Arabia relations|between Israel and Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |last3=Nereim |first3=Vivian |date=October 9, 2023 |title=U.S. Continues Push for Saudi-Israel Ties Even as War With Hamas Begins |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/us/politics/saudi-arabia-israel-palestinians-hamas.html |access-date=October 31, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Biden stated [[United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|his unequivocal support for Israel]] and condemned the attack by Hamas, but discouraged Israel from initiating a ground invasion of Gaza.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Baker |first=Peter |date=October 10, 2023 |title=In Unforgiving Terms, Biden Condemns 'Evil' and 'Abhorrent' Attack on Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/politics/biden-israel-hamas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012001950/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/politics/biden-israel-hamas.html |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="WarWoodward"/> Upon Israel's retaliation against Hamas, Biden deployed aircraft carriers in the region to deter others from joining the war,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=October 18, 2023 |title=What Biden did and didn't achieve during his trip to Israel |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/18/politics/middle-east-conflict-biden-israel/index.html |access-date=October 31, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> and called for an additional $14 billion in military aid to Israel.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Details of Biden's $105 Billion Funding Request for Israel and Ukraine |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/us/politics/bidens-funds-israel-ukraine.html |access-date=October 31, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He later began pressuring Israel to address the growing [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |authorlink1=Michael D. Shear |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |last3=Wong |first3=Edward |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Biden's Support for Israel Now Comes With Words of Caution |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/biden-israel.html |access-date=October 31, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bendery |first1=Jennifer |title=Joe Biden On The Chances Of A Gaza Cease-Fire: 'None. No Possibility.' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joe-biden-gaza-cease-fire-no-possibility_n_654d0b36e4b088d9a74da287 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=November 9, 2023}}</ref> He asked Israel to pause its invasion of Gaza for at least three days to allow for hostage negotiations; Israel agreed to daily four-hour pauses.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=November 9, 2023 |title=Israel agrees to 4-hour daily pauses in Gaza fighting to allow civilians to flee, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-humanitarian-pauses-b8fc613ffd8b9351c0dc37b90b6e10dd |access-date=November 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Aamer |last1=Madhani |first2=Zeke |last2=Miller |first3=Ellen |last3=Knickmeyer}}</ref> He also directed the U.S. military to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=March 7, 2024 |title=Biden Ordering US Military to Build Port in Gaza to Facilitate Aid |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-orders-us-military-to-build-port-in-gaza-to-facilitate-aid/7518026.html |access-date=April 29, 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |first=Patsy |last=Widakuswara}}</ref> Biden has said he is a [[Zionist]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Spetalnick |first1=Matt |last2=Mason |first2=Jeff |last3=Holland |first3=Steve |last4=Zengerle |first4=Patricia |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |title='I am a Zionist': How Joe Biden's lifelong bond with Israel shapes war policy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/i-am-zionist-how-joe-bidens-lifelong-bond-with-israel-shapes-war-policy-2023-10-21/ |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |title='I am a Zionist,' says Biden at Hanukkah event, promises continued military assistance to Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/biden-were-there-no-israel-there-wouldnt-be-a-jew-in-the-world-who-is-safe/ |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> He has faced criticism for his unwavering support for Israel. Officials have urged him to take a harder stance against Israel, criticizing his administration's leniency and support despite the Israeli government's contentious offensive, which has led to significant civilian casualties and [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crises]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=April 10, 2024 |title=Biden pressure on Israel not enough, say dissenting US officials |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68773400 |access-date=July 4, 2024 |first=Tom |last=Bateman |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Biden: What's happening in Gaza 'is not genocide' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/20/biden-gaza-not-genocide-israel-00159020 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |first1=Elena |last1=Schneider |first2=Jennifer |last2=Haberkorn |first3=Eli |last3=Stokols |date=May 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Dozens of former U.S. officials urge Biden to take harder line with Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/dozens-former-us-officials-urge-biden-take-harder-line-with-israel-2024-03-20/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=March 21, 2024}}</ref>

Following the [[flour massacre|killing of Palestinian civilians receiving food aid]] on February 29, 2024, Biden said the current level of aid flowing into Gaza was insufficient.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Ewing |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |date=March 2, 2024 |title=Gaza airdrop has begun, Biden says, but more needed |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/02/gaza-aid-airdrop-biden-00144563 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> On March 3, the U.S. military began airdropping food aid into Gaza.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=March 2, 2024 |title=US military aircraft airdrop thousands of meals into Gaza in emergency humanitarian aid operation |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-airdrop-humanitarian-assistance-f8bc071193f89906abf21478bc70a084 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Tara |last1=Copp |first2=Seung |last2=Min Kim}}</ref> Several experts called the U.S. airdrops performative and said they would do little to alleviate the [[Gaza Strip famine|famine in Gaza]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Airdropping aid is inefficient — so why is the U.S. doing it in Gaza anyway? |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236019060/gaza-israel-airdrop-aid-humanitarian-united-states |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=March 6, 2024 |first1=Ari |last1=Shapiro |first2=Linah |last2=Mohammad |first3=Elena |last3=Burnett}}</ref>

Biden continued to support Israel during the course of the war despite significant domestic opposition to American involvement in it and subsequent widespread [[Gaza war protests in the United States|protests]]. A March 2024 Gallup poll found that a strong majority of Americans disapproved of Israeli conduct during the war.<ref name="Gallup Inc.">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Majority in U.S. Now Disapprove of Israeli Action in Gaza |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/642695/majority-disapprove-israeli-action-gaza.aspx |access-date=April 3, 2024 |publisher=[[Gallup Inc.]]}}</ref> Beginning in April 2024, widespread [[List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024|Gaza war protests emerged on university campuses]], denouncing Biden.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=April 30, 2024 |title=College Democrats Back Protests and Criticize Biden's Israel Policy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/30/us/politics/biden-israel-college-protest.html |access-date=May 1, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On May 31, 2024, Biden announced his support for an Israeli [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|ceasefire]] proposal, saying that Hamas was "no longer capable" of another large-scale attack.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web |last1=Berg |first1=Matt |last2=Ward |first2=Alexander | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/31/hamas-no-longer-poses-major-threat-to-israel-biden-says-00161053 | title=Hamas no longer poses major threat to Israel, Biden says | website=[[Politico]] | date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web |last=Khalid |first=Asma |title=President Biden unveils and endorses details of a new Israeli cease-fire proposal |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/31/g-s1-2320/biden-israel-hamas-ceasefire-proposal |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web |last=Singh |first=Kanishka |title=What's in the new Israel ceasefire proposal Biden announced? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/whats-new-israel-ceasefire-proposal-biden-announced-2024-05-31/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> The proposal, which was intended to establish a permanent ceasefire, bring about the release of all hostages, and lead to the reconstruction of the [[Gaza Strip]], was supported by Hamas officials after mediation by [[Egypt]] and [[Qatar]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title='Time for this war to end': Biden tells Hamas to accept Israel's hostage-ceasefire offer |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/time-for-this-war-to-end-biden-tells-hamas-to-accept-israels-hostage-ceasefire-offer/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Mackenzie |first2=James |title=Biden details Gaza truce proposal, Hamas responds positively |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-unveils-new-gaza-truce-proposal-hamas-responds-positively-2024-05-31/ |publisher=Reuters |date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> The Netanyahu administration responded that Israel's goals regarding "the destruction of Hamas military and governing capabilities" had not changed and that conditions would need to be met before it would agree to a ceasefire.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Brown |first1=Benjamin |last2=Tanno |first2=Sophie | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/01/europe/netenyahu-ceasefire-hamas-contradiction-biden-intl/index.html | title=Netanyahu says no Gaza ceasefire until Israel's war aims are achieved, raising questions over Biden peace proposal | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Berman |first=Lazar | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-official-says-under-ceasefire-proposal-israel-can-renew-fighting-at-any-time-should-hamas-violate-terms/ | title=Israeli official to ToI: Under proposal, Israel can achieve all war goals before permanent ceasefire takes effect | newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] | date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Megerian |first2=Chris |last3=Superville |first3=Darlene | url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-israel-hamas-58169a607d4a7c4d7fc34f43160076b8/ | title=Biden details a 3-phase hostage deal aimed at winding down the Israel-Hamas war | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> In the first year of the war, it was estimated that the Biden administration had sent Israel at least $17.9 billion in military aid, a record.<ref name="knickmeyer">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Knickmeyer |first1=Ellen |title=US spends a record $17.9 billion on military aid to Israel since last Oct. 7 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-us-military-spending-8e6e5033f7a1334bf6e35f86e7040e14 |access-date=November 10, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> In about the same period, it sent Palestinians $1.2 billion in humanitarian aid.<ref name="ching-voa">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Ching |first1=Nike |title=Blinken announces $135M in additional US aid for Palestinians |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/blinken-announces-135-million-in-additional-us-aid-for-palestinians/7837681.html |access-date=December 10, 2024 |agency=[[Voice of America]] |date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> Biden was reported by journalist [[Bob Woodward]] to have clashed throughout the war with Netanyahu regarding his war strategy and lack of a post-war plan for Gaza.<ref name="WarWoodward">{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=War |title-link=War (Woodward book) |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-6680-5227-3 |location=New York |chapter=Sixty-six}}</ref> In the last week of Biden's presidency, Qatari officials announced that Hamas had accepted the ceasefire deal; Biden hailed the deal.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2025/01/15/statement-from-president-joe-biden-14/|title=Statement From President Biden: January 15, 2025|access-date=January 15, 2025|publisher=The White House|date=January 15, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/15/israel-hamas-ceasefire-hostage-deal-agreed-to-in-principle.html|title=Israel and Hamas agree to Gaza ceasefire, hostage deal |access-date=January 15, 2025 |agency=CNBC |date=January 15, 2025}}</ref>

====NATO enlargement====
Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Biden expressed support for expanding [[NATO]] to cover [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/biden-discuss-nato-bid-with-swedens-kristersson-2023-07-05/ | title=Biden shows support for Sweden's NATO bid in talks with PM | publisher=[[Reuters]] | date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Mason |first2=Jeff | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-meet-leaders-finland-sweden-nato-expansion-2022-05-19/ | title=Biden cheers Finland, Sweden NATO plans as Turkey balks | publisher=[[Reuters]] | date=May 19, 2022 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> On August 9, 2022, he signed the instruments of ratification stipulating U.S. support for the two countries' entry into NATO.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Zengerle |first2=Patricia | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-sign-documents-backing-sweden-finland-nato-2022-08-09/ | title=Biden signs documents of U.S. support for Sweden, Finland to join NATO | publisher=[[Reuters]] | date=August 9, 2022 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=August 9, 2022 |title=Biden formalizes US support for Finland, Sweden joining NATO |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-nato-biden-finland-6a04422190bdd7e75440f7e176a88109 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |first=Zeke |last=Miller}}</ref> [[Finland–NATO relations|Finnish ascension]] occurred on April 4, 2023, but opposition by [[Turkey]] and [[Hungary]] to [[Sweden–NATO relations|Swedish entry]] led to a stalemate.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=John |first=Tara |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/04/europe/finland-joins-nato-intl/index.html | title=Finland joins NATO, doubling military alliance's border with Russia in a blow for Putin | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> Biden led diplomatic talks resulting in formal Swedish ascension into NATO on March 7, 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Pettypiece |first1=Shannon |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-meets-heads-finland-sweden-show-support-nato-membership-rcna29621 | title=Biden meets with heads of Finland, Sweden in show of support for NATO membership | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=May 19, 2022 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Min Kim |first1=Seung |last2=Megerian |first2=Chris |last3=Tanner |first3=Jari | url=https://apnews.com/article/president-joe-biden-white-house-nato-finland-716380d2299ccbfcfd73745a8327119a | title=Biden proclaims NATO alliance 'more united than ever' in contrast to predecessor Trump | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> He has also expressed openness to [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] entry into NATO following the end of the conflict,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Martinez |first1=A |last2=Khalid |first2=Asma | url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/10/1186712386/biden-is-in-europe-to-focus-on-u-s-alliances-and-nato-expansion | title=Biden is in Europe to focus on U.S. alliances and NATO expansion | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=July 10, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> supporting an expedited timetable in its ascension and the removal of steps such as the [[Enlargement of NATO#Membership Action Plan|Membership Action Plan]] typically required for NATO entry.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Klein |first=Betsy | url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/12/politics/joe-biden-nato-summit-day-2/index.html | title=Assurances that Ukraine's future is in NATO and new security guarantees calm worries at final day of summit | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Hansler |first2=Jennifer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/14/politics/ukraine-nato-joe-biden/index.html | title=Biden holding firm on Ukraine joining NATO | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

=== Investigations ===
====Retention of classified documents====
{{Main|Joe Biden classified documents incident}}

In November 2022, Biden's attorneys found classified documents dating from his vice presidency in a "locked closet" at the [[Penn Biden Center]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last5=Collins |first1=Phil |last1=Mattingly |first2=Evan |last2=Perez |first3=Maegan |last3=Vazquez |first4=Kevin |last4=Liptak |first5=Kaitlan |date=January 11, 2023 |title=Biden's legal team found another batch of classified documents in search of second location |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/11/politics/biden-classified-documents/index.html |access-date=January 12, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="nytbatch1">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Thrush |first3=Glenn |last4=Goldman |first4=Adam |date=January 10, 2023 |title=Biden Lawyers Found Classified Material at His Former Office |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/09/us/politics/biden-classified-documents.html |access-date=January 12, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> According to the White House, the documents were reported to the [[U.S. National Archives]], which recovered them the next day.<ref name="nytbatch1" /> On November 14, Attorney General [[Merrick Garland]] appointed [[John R. Lausch Jr.]] to conduct an investigation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/politics/biden-documents-timeline.html|title=Timeline of the Biden Documents Case: What We Know So Far|last=Shpigel|first=Ben|date=January 12, 2023|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 14, 2023|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114124700/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/politics/biden-documents-timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Chowdhury |first1=Maureen |last2=Hammond |first2=Elise |last3=Meyer |first3=Matt |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Garland lays out timeline of investigation into Biden classified documents so far |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/garland-attorney-general-statement-01-12-23/h_d0728a48029a6407e468b05806963497 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113030157/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/garland-attorney-general-statement-01-12-23/h_d0728a48029a6407e468b05806963497 |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden's [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] residence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Second Set of Classified Documents Were Found at Biden's Wilmington Home, White House Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/politics/biden-documents.html |access-date=January 12, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

On January 12, 2023, Garland appointed [[Robert K. Hur]] as special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=January 12, 2023 |title=A special counsel will probe government documents at Biden's home and private office |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148425062/special-counsel-biden-classified-documents-robert-hur |access-date=January 12, 2023}}</ref> On January 20, after a 13-hour [[consent search|consensual search]] by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden's Wilmington residence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |date=January 22, 2023 |title=Investigators Seize More Classified Documents From Biden's Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/21/us/politics/biden-documents.html |access-date=January 22, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> FBI agents searched Biden's home in [[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]] on February 1 and collected papers from his time as vice president, but did not find any classified information.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/01/fbi-searching-biden-home-in-rehoboth-delaware.html|title=FBI found no classified documents in search of Biden home in Rehoboth, lawyer says|last=Mangan|first=Dan|date=February 1, 2023|publisher=CNBC|access-date=February 16, 2023}}</ref> On February 8, 2024, Hur announced that no charges would be brought against Biden.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Rebecca |last1=Beitsch |first2=Brett |last2=Samuels |date=February 8, 2024 |title=Special counsel finds Biden 'willfully' retained classified documents, no charges filed |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/4456524-special-counsel-biden-classified-documents-probe-no-charges/ |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=February 9, 2024 |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208201505/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/4456524-special-counsel-biden-classified-documents-probe-no-charges/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Business activities ====
{{main|United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family}}

{{Further|Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden}}

On January 11, 2023, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] launched [[United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family|an investigative committee]] into the foreign business activities of Biden's son, [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]], and brother, [[James Biden|James]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Sforza |first1=Lauren |title=New GOP Oversight chair launches probes into Biden finances, Hunter Biden laptop story |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3808729-new-gop-oversight-chair-asks-treasury-for-biden-family-financial-information/ |work=The Hill |date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112174111/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3808729-new-gop-oversight-chair-asks-treasury-for-biden-family-financial-information/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The committee's chair, Representative [[James Comer]], simultaneously investigated alleged corruption related to the [[Hunter Biden laptop controversy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Wolf |first1=Zachary B. |title=Here's what to know about GOP claims of a Biden scandal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/09/politics/hunter-biden-republicans-what-matters/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=June 9, 2023}}</ref>

On September 12, House speaker [[Kevin McCarthy]] initiated a formal impeachment inquiry against Biden, saying that the House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" by Biden and his family.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mascaro |first1=Lisa |last2=Farnoush |first2=Amiri |title=Speaker McCarthy directs the House to open an impeachment inquiry into President Biden |url=https://apnews.com/article/mccarthy-biden-impeachment-shutdown-house-republicans-b187202be8814f7acbdd6e2e937e23d4 |publisher=Associated Press News |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=September 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Zanona |first1=Melania |last2=Tablot |first2=Haley |last3=Fox |first3=Lauren |last4=Grayer |first4=Annie |title=McCarthy calls for formal impeachment inquiry into Biden amid pressure from conservatives |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/12/politics/biden-impeachment-house-gop/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=September 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Cortellessa |first1=Eric |title=McCarthy Lacks the Votes For an Impeachment Inquiry. Trump's Allies Have a Plan to Get Them. |url=https://time.com/6311911/impeachment-biden-marjorie-greene-hunter/#:~:text=Republicans%20have%20only%20a%20slim,after%20a%20full%20House%20vote. |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=September 8, 2023 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912190044/https://time.com/6311911/impeachment-biden-marjorie-greene-hunter/#:~:text=Republicans%20have%20only%20a%20slim,after%20a%20full%20House%20vote. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Griffing |first1=Alex |title='He Doesn't Have Enough Votes': CNN's Manu Raju Explains Why McCarthy Backtracked on Impeachment Vote |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/he-doesnt-have-enough-votes-cnns-manu-raju-says-mccarthy-backtracked-on-impeachment-vote/ |publisher=[[Mediaite]] |date=September 12, 2023}}</ref>}} Congressional investigations, including [[United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family|by the House Oversight committee]], have discovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden as of December 2023.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Broadwater |first1=Luke |title=House Republican Report Finds No Evidence of Wrongdoing by President Biden |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/10/us/politics/hunter-biden-house-republicans-report.html |work=The New York Times |date=May 10, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Demirjian |first1=Karoun |title=Republicans Are Divided on Impeaching Biden as Panel Begins New Inquiry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/us/republicans-biden-inquiry.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=How a fight over immunity unraveled Hunter Biden's plea deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/08/17/hunter-biden-plea-deal/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 17, 2023|first1=Perry |last1=Stein |first2=Devlin |last2=Barrett |first3=Matt |last3=Viser}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Otten |first1=Tori |title=McCarthy Plans Biden Impeachment Inquiry—With No Evidence and Not Enough Votes |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/175504/mccarthy-biden-impeachment-inquiry-no-evidence-not-enough-votes |magazine=The New Republic |date=September 12, 2023}}</ref>}} On December 13, 2023, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] voted 221–212 to formalize an [[impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden|impeachment inquiry into Biden]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Brooks |first1=Emily |title=Biden impeachment inquiry risks backfiring on House GOP |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4362989-biden-impeachment-inquiry-backfiring-on-house-gop/ |newspaper=The Hill |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Diver |first1=Tony |last2=Staff |first2=Our Foreign |date=December 13, 2023 |title=US House votes to open Biden impeachment inquiry |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/13/hunter-biden-us-capitol-statement/ |access-date=December 15, 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rebecca Beitsch |first=Emily Brooks |date=December 13, 2023 |title=House formally approves Biden impeachment inquiry |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4358911-biden-impeachment-inquiry-house-gop/ |access-date=December 14, 2023 |newspaper=The Hill}}</ref>

In February 2024, [[Alexander Smirnov (FBI informant)|Alexander Smirnov]], a former intelligence [[informant]] who was prominent in the bribery allegations against Biden, was charged with [[making false statements]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Delaney |first=Arthur |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Justice Department Charges FBI Informant With Falsely Alleging Joe Biden Paid Bribes |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/alexander-smirnov-joe-biden-bribe_n_65ce83d9e4b043f1c0aa7d26 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |website=HuffPost |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215224018/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/alexander-smirnov-joe-biden-bribe_n_65ce83d9e4b043f1c0aa7d26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Smirnov admitted he had publicized a false story given to him by Russian intelligence officials with the goal of damaging Biden's reelection campaign.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Hannah |date=February 20, 2024 |title=Indicted ex-FBI informant told investigators he got Hunter Biden dirt from Russian intelligence officials |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/20/politics/biden-former-fbi-informant-russian-intelligence/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=February 21, 2024 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221020240/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/20/politics/biden-former-fbi-informant-russian-intelligence/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Informant charged with lies about Bidens also claimed Russian contacts, feds say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/02/20/hunter-biden-smirnov-lying-indictment-lowell/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 20, 2024 |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302220625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/02/20/hunter-biden-smirnov-lying-indictment-lowell/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mascaro |first1=Lisa |title=Republicans make last-ditch request for Biden to testify as impeachment inquiry winds down |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-impeachment-hunter-biden-comer-f09ba1ae3b7bda703a5a84530f56d70f |publisher=Associated Press |date=March 20, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513055832/https://apnews.com/article/biden-impeachment-hunter-biden-comer-f09ba1ae3b7bda703a5a84530f56d70f |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Age and health concerns ===
{{Main|Age and health concerns about Joe Biden}}

[[File:Joe Biden 81st birthday.jpg|thumb|Biden's 81st birthday cake]]

As of 2025, Biden was the oldest sitting president in U.S. history. His cognitive health was perceived to have declined by Republicans and some media figures,<ref>
* {{#invoke:cite|news|last=Klein |first=Betsy |date=November 20, 2023 |title=Biden's birthday prompts debate about age and wisdom of America's oldest president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/20/politics/joe-biden-birthday-81/index.html |access-date=March 30, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}
* {{#invoke:cite|news|last=Baker |first=Peter |date=November 19, 2023 |title=For an Aging President, a Birthday With a Bite |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/19/us/politics/biden-birthday-age.html |access-date=March 30, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name = "cbsjuly1age"/> and privately by some Democrats. Members of Biden's family and White House staffers insulated Biden from scrutiny of his advanced aging and decline in acuity.<ref>
* {{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=How Biden's Inner Circle Worked to Keep Signs of Aging Under Wraps |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/joe-biden-age-public-election-campaign-343a47bf |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}
* {{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 5, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Biden's aging is seen as accelerating; lapses described as more common |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/05/biden-aging-recent-months/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
* {{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Biden's Lapses Are Said to Be Increasingly Common and Worrisome |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/us/politics/biden-lapses.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}
* {{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |title=Top aides shielded Biden from staff, but couldn't hide the debate |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/30/top-aides-shielded-biden-white-house-debate |work=Axios}}</ref><ref name = "wsjagedec">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 19, 2024 |access-date=December 29, 2024 |title=How the White House Functioned With a Diminished Biden in Charge |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/biden-white-house-age-function-diminished-3906a839 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 17, 2025 |title=How Biden's Inner Circle Protected a Faltering President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/17/us/politics/biden-age.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

The media widely covered public concern about Biden's mental acuity after a weak performance in a June 2024 presidential debate,<ref name = "cbsjuly1age">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Salvanto |first1=Anthony |last2=Backus |first2=Fred |last3=Pinto |first3=Jennifer De |last4=Khanna |first4=Kabir |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Increasing numbers of voters don't think Biden should be running after debate with Trump — CBS News poll |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-debate-should-biden-be-running-mental-abilities/ |access-date=August 14, 2024}}</ref> but gave it limited coverage beforehand, in part due to harsh pushback from White House officials.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 2, 2024|access-date=August 23, 2025|title = Biden's mental fitness could have been better covered leading up to the debate, some White House reporters acknowledge |first=Hadas |last=Gold |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/02/media/biden-mental-fitness/index.html}}</ref> Biden initially deemed himself fit to serve two terms as president,<ref>
* {{cite news|last=Siegel |first=Dr. Marc |title=Should the nation be concerned about Biden's cognitive abilities? |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/591990-should-the-nation-be-concerned-about-bidens-cognitive-abilities/ |newspaper=The Hill}}
* {{cite news|last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=November 19, 2022 |title=President Biden Is Turning 80. Experts Say Age Is More Than a Number. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/us/politics/biden-age-health.html |access-date=September 13, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{cite news|first=Anthony |last=Zurcher |date=April 25, 2023 |title=How Joe Biden's campaign hopes to overcome his age problem |publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65389142 |access-date=September 13, 2023}}
* {{cite news|title=Joe Biden: 'Why the hell would I take a cognitive test?' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-53671679 |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref> but after the 2024 election said that he may have been too old to serve a second term.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Sara |last=Dorn |title=Biden Admits He Might Be Too Old To Have Served Another Term |magazine=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2025/01/08/biden-admits-he-might-be-too-old-to-have-served-another-term/ |date = January 8, 2025 |access-date=August 23, 2025}}</ref>

As part of the [[Joe Biden classified documents incident|investigation into Biden's handling of classified documents]], special counsel [[Robert Hur]] said that Biden did not remember when he was vice president ("if it was 2013—when did I stop being vice president?") or when his son Beau died.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hur |first=Robert |date=February 2024 |title=Report on the Investigation Into Unauthorized Removal, Retention, and Disclosure of Classified Documents Discovered at Locations Including the Penn Eiden Center and the Delaware Private Residence of President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. |url=https://www.justice.gov/storage/report-from-special-counsel-robert-k-hur-february-2024.pdf |access-date=May 20, 2025 |publisher=US Department of Justice}}</ref> Hur wrote that his memory "appeared to have significant limitations".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68245617 |title=No charge for Biden over classified documents but report questions memory |date=February 8, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first1=Max |last1=Matza |accessdate=January 1, 2025 |archive-date=February 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209073525/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68245617 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for [[COVID-19]] with reportedly mild symptoms.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wingrove |first1=Josh |last2=Sink |first2=Justin |date=July 21, 2022 |title=Biden Tests Positive for Covid, Has Mild Symptoms, White House Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-21/biden-is-positive-for-covid-has-mild-symptoms-white-house-says |access-date=July 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref name="AP News">{{cite news|date=July 22, 2022|title=Biden tests positive for COVID-19, has 'very mild symptoms' |url=https://apnews.com/article/boris-johnson-biden-covid-health-government-and-politics-fec6b4a56384b1f2bf7582aecb46aa36 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> According to the White House, he was treated with [[Paxlovid]].<ref name="AP News" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Shear |first=Michael |date=July 21, 2022 |title=Biden, 79, is experiencing fatigue, a runny nose and a dry cough after testing positive. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/21/us/politics/biden-covid-positive.html |access-date=July 21, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> He worked in isolation in the White House for five days<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Klein |first2=Betsy |last3=Sullivan |first3=Kate |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Biden 'feeling great' and back to work in person after testing negative for Covid-19 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/27/politics/joe-biden-negative-covid-test/index.html |access-date=July 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin |last=Liptak |date=July 30, 2022 |title=President Joe Biden tests positive for Covid-19 again |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/30/politics/joe-biden-covid-19-positive/index.html |access-date=July 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 30, 2022 |title=Biden tests positive for COVID-19, returns to isolation |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-covid-health-government-and-politics-6ffc64aa1d8d67b074dd8beb67d7cf6f |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |first1=Zeke |last1=Miller |first2=Josh |last2= Boak}}</ref> On July 17, 2024, Biden again tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 17, 2024 |title=Biden tests positive for Covid-19 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/president-joe-biden-tests-positive-covid-19-rcna162435 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |first1=Lebowitz |last1=Megan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 17, 2024 |title=President Joe Biden has tested positive for Covid-19 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/17/politics/joe-biden-tests-positive-covid-19/index.html |access-date=July 17, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |first1=Donald |last1=Judd |first2=Sam |last2=Fossum |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240717221451/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/17/politics/joe-biden-tests-positive-covid-19/index.html |archive-date = July 17, 2024 |url-status = live}}</ref> In 2023, Biden was asked whether any other Democrats could beat Donald Trump. His response was "Probably 50 of them".<ref>{{cite news| last=Baker| first=Peter| author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)| title=Biden Says He Is Not the Only Democrat Who Could Beat Trump| date=December 6, 2023|access-date=August 23, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/politics/biden-trump-democrats-election.html}}</ref>

== 2024 presidential campaign ==
{{Main|Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign}}

{{Further|2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Abandon Biden|2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election}}
[[File:President Joe Biden delivers remarks from the Oval Office 4.jpg|thumb|upright|Biden addressing the nation after [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|his withdrawal]]]]
Ending months of speculation,<ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/12/13/2024-campaigns-trump-biden-00073548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128170626/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/12/13/2024-campaigns-trump-biden-00073548 |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |title = Why the 2024 Race Is Eerily Quiet|last = Martin |first = Jonathan |newspaper = [[Politico]]|date = December 13, 2022|accessdate = July 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-reelection-bid-announcement-after-state-of-the-union-address/ |title = Biden likely to announce 2024 reelection bid not long after State of the Union address |last1 = Cordes |first1 = Nancy |last2 = O'Keefe |first2 = Ed |last3 = Gomez |first3 = Fin |publisher = [[CBS News]]|date = January 19, 2023 |accessdate = July 26, 2023}}</ref> on April 25, 2023, Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as president in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 election]], with Harris again as his running mate.<ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news|last=Miller |first=Zeke |date=April 25, 2023 |title=Biden announces 2024 reelection bid: 'Let's finish this job' |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-election-2024-president-democrats-trump-9c72115656855da89a41cac3f79aa65b |accessdate=April 25, 2023}}</ref> On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent, with most of those surveyed saying the economy was their biggest concern.<ref name="pollrui">{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Biden Begins Reelection Bid at Low Point in His Presidency |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/505202/biden-begins-reelection-bid-low-point-presidency.aspx |accessdate=July 26, 2023 |publisher=[[Gallup Inc.]]}}</ref> During his campaign, Biden promoted [[Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration|higher economic growth and recovery]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=June 22, 2023 |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/WH-Bidenomics-Deck-6.22.23.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626120055/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/WH-Bidenomics-Deck-6.22.23.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 26, 2023|title=Bidenomics: President Biden and Congressional Democrats' Plan to Grow the Economy from the Bottom Up and Middle Out, Not the Top Down, Is Delivering for the American People |publisher=[[White House]] |access-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/eyes-2024-bidenomics-back-campaign-trail-rcna95285 |title=Eyes on 2024: Bidenomics back on the campaign trail |last1=Marquez |first1=Alexandra |last2=Bowman |first2=Bridget |last3=Kamisar |first3=Ben |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=July 20, 2023 |accessdate=July 26, 2023}}</ref> He frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.<ref name="Associated Press" /><ref>{{cite news|title='It's Time to Finish the Job,' Biden Tells Union Workers as He Starts '24 Race|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/01/20/us/biden-2024-president-election-news#biden-running-2024-president |first=Peter |last=Baker |newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 25, 2023|access-date=January 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lemire |first=Jonathan |date=February 7, 2023 |title=Biden urges GOP lawmakers to 'finish the job' and takes a few swipes at them too |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/02/07/biden-state-of-the-union-address-2023-00081651 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

[[U.S. Representative]] [[Dean Phillips]] ran against Biden in the 2024 Democratic presidential primaries.<ref>{{cite news| last=Alberta| first=Tim| author-link=Tim Alberta| title=Dean Phillips Has a Warning For Democrats| date=October 27, 2023| work=[[The Atlantic]]| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/10/dean-phillips-joe-biden-2024-primary/675784/}}</ref> Phillips [[Dean Phillips 2024 presidential campaign|campaigned]] as a younger alternative to Biden,<ref>{{cite news|last1=John |first1=Arit |last2=McKend |first2=Eva |last3=Pellish |first3=Aaron |title=House Democrat Dean Phillips launches primary challenge against President Biden |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/26/politics/dean-phillips-presidential-campaign-launch/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 4, 2024 |date=October 27, 2023}}</ref> who would be a stronger opponent to Trump in the general election.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Skelley |first1=Geoffrey |title=The curious case of Dean Phillips's last-minute primary challenge |url=https://abcnews.go.com/538/curious-case-dean-phillipss-minute-primary-challenge/story?id=104482909 |publisher=ABC News |access-date=January 1, 2025 |date=October 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wong |first1=Scott |last2=Vitali |first2=Ali |last3=Traylor |first3=Jake |title='A head scratcher': Dems baffled by Dean Phillips' quixotic bid against Biden |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/-head-scratcher-dems-baffled-dean-phillips-quixotic-bid-biden-rcna122506 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=January 1, 2025 |date=October 27, 2023}}</ref> Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23, [[2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary|New Hampshire primary]], but won it in a write-in campaign with 63.8% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faircloth |first1=Ryan |title=Minnesota's Dean Phillips loses to President Joe Biden in New Hampshire's Democratic primary |url=https://www.startribune.com/dean-phillips-seeks-to-shock-democrats-country-in-tuesdays-new-hampshire-presidential-primary/600337784 |newspaper=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |access-date=December 4, 2024 |date=January 24, 2024 |archive-date=October 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003004822/https://www.startribune.com/dean-phillips-seeks-to-shock-democrats-country-in-tuesdays-new-hampshire-presidential-primary/600337784 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and [[2024 South Carolina Democratic presidential primary|won that state on February 3]] with 96.2% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Carolina Democratic Primary Results |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 3, 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/03/us/elections/results-south-carolina-democratic-primary.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> Biden received 89.3% of the vote in [[2024 Nevada Democratic presidential primary|Nevada]] and 81.1% of the vote in [[2024 Michigan Democratic presidential primary|Michigan]]. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in 13.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/results/2024/03/05/super-tuesday/ |newspaper=Washington Post |title=Super Tuesday: Election Results 2024 |date=May 5, 2024 |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-super-tuesday-key-races.html |title=Super Tuesday Results: Key Races to Watch |access-date=August 13, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 5, 2024}}</ref> Biden lost the [[2024 American Samoa Democratic presidential caucuses|American Samoa]] contest to venture capitalist [[Jason Palmer (politician)|Jason Palmer]], becoming the first incumbent president to lose a contest while appearing on the ballot since [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1980]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Megerian |first1=Chris |title=Who is Jason Palmer? A previously unknown Democrat beats Biden in American Samoa's Democratic caucus |url=https://apnews.com/article/who-is-jason-palmer-american-samoa-primary-c4bc109a16c7ee7b083f6216b44ba0c4 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=October 13, 2024 |date=March 6, 2024}}</ref> On March 6, Phillips suspended his campaign and endorsed Biden.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 6, 2024 |title=Dean Phillips ends presidential campaign and endorses Biden|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/dean-phillips-ends-presidential-campaign-rcna142091 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Egwuonwu |first2=Nnamdi}}</ref> On March 12, Biden reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 12, 2024 |title=How Biden won enough delegates to become the presumptive Democratic nominee |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/how-biden-won-enough-delegates-to-become-the-presumptive-democratic-nominee |access-date=March 10, 2025 |work=PBS Newshour}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Schneider|first=Elena|title=Biden officially clinches Democratic nomination for president|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/12/biden-cllinches-democratic-presidential-nomination-00146648 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |newspaper=Politico|date=March 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=March 12, 2024 |title=How Biden won enough delegates for another Democratic presidential nomination |first1=Robert |last1=Yoon |first2=Maya |last2=Sweedler |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-democrats-nomination-president-delegate-34a06d45d909c077fbeed17014f92986 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref>

The [[2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|first presidential debate]] was held on June 27, 2024, between Biden and Trump. Biden's performance was widely criticized, with commentators saying he frequently lost his train of thought and gave meandering answers.<ref name="reuters-biden-debate">{{cite news|last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Reid |first2=Tim |last3=Morgan |first3=David |title=Biden acknowledges age, bad debate performance but vows to beat Trump |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/democrats-scramble-limit-damage-after-bidens-wobbly-debate-showing-against-trump-2024-06-28/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=June 29, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024}}</ref><ref name="apjune27">{{cite news|date=June 27, 2024 |title=A halting Biden tries to confront Trump at debate but stirs Democratic panic about his candidacy |first1=Zeke |last1=Miller |first2=Michelle L. |last2=Price |first3=Will |last3=Weissert |first4=Bill |last4=Barrow |first5=Darlene |last5=Superville |url=https://apnews.com/article/bidentrumppresidentialdebate-0e7577e9a354a69f50675494fea54ca9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628073822/https://apnews.com/article/bidentrumppresidentialdebate-0e7577e9a354a69f50675494fea54ca9 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |access-date=June 28, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press News}}</ref><ref name="PoliticoJune28Dems">{{cite news|last1=Kashinsky |first1=Lisa |last2=Cancryn |first2=Adam |last3=Daniels |first3=Eugene |date=June 28, 2024 |title=Dems freak out over Biden's debate performance: 'Biden is toast' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/06/27/biden-debate-opening-concerns-00165595 |access-date=June 28, 2024 |newspaper=Politico |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628024715/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/06/27/biden-debate-opening-concerns-00165595 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several newspaper columnists declared Trump the winner,{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref name="worst" >{{cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Jeff|title=The Worst Debate Performance in American History|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/06/28/worst-debate-performance-history-opinion-00165686|newspaper=Politico|date=June 28, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628202227/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/06/28/worst-debate-performance-history-opinion-00165686|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|title=Who Won the Debate? Biden Stumbles Left Trump on Top|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/us/politics/biden-trump-debate-who-won.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 27, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628230244/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/us/politics/biden-trump-debate-who-won.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Potas|first=Dace|title=Republicans deserve the version of Trump we saw during the debate. Too bad it won't last.|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/06/28/trump-won-debate-biden-failed/74241366007/|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 28, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628230346/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/06/28/trump-won-debate-biden-failed/74241366007/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Prokop|first=Andrew|title=2 winners and 2 losers from the first Biden-Trump debate|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/357788/biden-trump-debate-winners-losers|website=Vox|date=June 28, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151404/https://www.vox.com/politics/357788/biden-trump-debate-winners-losers|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and polling indicated the majority of viewers believed Trump won.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-trump-june-debate-poll/|title=Who Won The First Biden-Trump Presidential Debate? |first1=Aaron |last1=Bycoffe |first2=Amina |last2=Brown |first3=Nathaniel |last3=Rakich|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=June 28, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024|archive-date=June 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627224514/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-trump-june-debate-poll/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the debate raised questions about [[Age and health concerns of Joe Biden|his health and age]], Biden faced calls to withdraw from the race, including from [[List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|fellow Democrats]]<ref name="nbc-biden-step-down">{{cite news|last1=Allen |first1=Jonathan |title=Some Democrats start calling for Biden to step aside and 'throw in the towel' on 2024 |date=June 28, 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/democrats-biden-step-aside-throw-towel-2024-rcna159368 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=June 29, 2024}}</ref> and the [[editorial boards]] of several major news outlets.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=June 28, 2024 |title=To Serve His Country, President Biden Should Leave the Race |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/28/opinion/biden-election-debate-trump.html |access-date=June 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628220351/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/28/opinion/biden-election-debate-trump.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=June 30, 2024 |title=These major media outlets have called for Biden to drop out |first=Nick |last=Robertson |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/4748637-biden-debate-step-aside-newspapers/ |access-date=July 1, 2024 |newspaper=The Hill}}</ref>

[[File:P20241113CS-0503 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Biden and President-elect Donald Trump meet in the [[Oval Office]] as part of the [[Second presidential transition of Donald Trump|presidential transition]] on November 13, 2024.]]

Biden initially insisted that he would remain a candidate,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/03/nx-s1-5028147/biden-presidential-race|title='I'm in this race to the end,' Biden tells campaign staffers|first1=Tamara|last1=Keith|first2=Deepa|last2=Shivaram|publisher=NPR|date=July 3, 2024|accessdate=July 3, 2024}}</ref> but on July 21, he withdrew from the race, writing that this was "in the best interest of my party and the country".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wynder |first1=Ehren |last2=Schrader |first2=Adam |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden ends his presidential re-election campaign |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/07/21/biden-ends-2024-presidential-campaign/3971721584879 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |publisher=United Press International}}</ref> He immediately endorsed Harris to replace him as the party's presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=JoeBiden |number=1815087772216303933|title=My fellow Democrats, I have decided not to accept the nomination and to focus all my energies on my duties as President for the remainder of my term. My very first decision as the party nominee in 2020 was to pick Kamala Harris as my Vice President. And it's been the best decision I've made. Today I want to offer my full support and endorsement for Kamala to be the nominee of our party this year. Democrats — it's time to come together and beat Trump. Let's do this. |date=July 21, 2024 |last=Biden |first=Joseph R. Jr.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Live Updates: Biden Drops Out of Presidential Race, Endorses Harris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/trump-biden-election |access-date=July 21, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On August 6, 2024, Harris officially became the Democratic presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Oren |last1=Oppenheim |first2=Brittany |last2=Shepherd |first3=Isabella |last3=Murray |title=Kamala Harris certified as Democratic presidential nominee after earning majority of roll call votes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kamala-harris-nominee-DNC-majority-democratic-roll-call-votes/story?id=112580918 |access-date=August 19, 2024 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> This was the first time an eligible incumbent had declined to run for reelection since [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montanaro |first1=Domenico |title=6 political takeaways from Biden's decision to step aside |date=July 22, 2024 |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/22/nx-s1-5048115/biden-harris-drop-out-election-analysis |publisher=NPR |access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>

In the general election, Trump defeated Harris. The Senate [[2024 United States Senate elections|went Republican]] for the first time since 2018. In a nationally televised speech after the election, Biden congratulated Trump and promised a "peaceful and orderly" transition of power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stoddart |first1=Michelle |title=Biden congratulates Trump in phone call, invites him to meeting at White House |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-congratulates-trump-phone-call-invites-meeting-white-house/story?id=115560662 |access-date=February 5, 2026 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> In a January 2025 interview, Biden claimed he could have defeated Trump had he not been persuaded to withdraw from the election, despite lagging behind Trump in polling.<ref>{{cite news|last=Page |first=Susan |title=In exclusive sit-down, Biden reveals his biggest regret and the compliment Trump gave him |date=January 8, 2025 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/01/08/exclusive-joe-biden-interview-donald-trump-election/77378693007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sommerlad |first=Joe |title=Biden still believes he could have beaten Trump and says successor 'very complimentary' in private |date=January 8, 2025 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/biden-interview-trump-harris-election-b2675767.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref> A [[YouGov]] poll conducted on November 6–7, 2024, found that if Biden had been the Democratic nominee, Trump would have won the popular vote by 49% to 42%. Trump won the popular vote over Harris by 49.8% to 48.3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d3nkl3psvxxpe9.cloudfront.net/documents/econTabReport_KJi77QW.pdf#page=68 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 15, 2024 |publisher=YouGov |title=40. Trial Heat - Biden v Trump}}</ref>

== Post-presidency (2025–present) ==
[[File:Funeral Service for former Vice President Richard B. Cheney 9401905.jpg|thumb|Biden attending the [[Dick Cheney#Death and funeral|funeral of Dick Cheney]] in November 2025]]

Biden's term ended on January 20, 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/politics/where-are-the-bidens-headed-after-the-inauguration/6114539/|title=Where are the Bidens headed after the inauguration?|first1=Kelly|last1=O'Donnell|date=January 20, 2025|access-date=January 20, 2025|agency=[[WNBC]]}}</ref> At the end of his presidency, Biden designated former [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|senior advisors]] [[Anthony Bernal]] and [[Annie Tomasini]] to raise funds for the [[Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allen |first1=Mike |title=Behind the Curtain: Biden's haunting twin sins |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/12/05/joe-biden-pardon-hunter-biden-presidential-library |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> He later signed with talent agency [[Creative Artists Agency]] (CAA), which previously represented him from 2017 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hayden |first=Erik |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Joe Biden Is Ready to Make Some Hollywood Deals, Signs With CAA |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/joe-biden-is-ready-to-make-some-hollywood-deals-signs-with-caa-1236126286/ |access-date=February 4, 2025 |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Former President Biden signs with Hollywood talent agency CAA |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2025-02-03/biden-signs-with-hollywood-talent-agency-caa|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 3, 2025}}</ref>

On February 7, President Trump revoked Biden's [[security clearance]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn57p5r99xyo |publisher=BBC News |last=Davies |first=Alys |date=February 7, 2025 |title=Trump says he is revoking Biden's security clearance |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref> Former presidents have traditionally been granted access to intelligence briefings, though such access is at the sitting president's discretion. In 2021, Biden had revoked Trump's security clearance for his role in inciting the [[January 6 Capitol attack]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 8, 2025 |title=Trump revokes security clearances for top diplomat, security official under Biden |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/trump-revokes-security-clearances-for-top-diplomat-security-official-under-biden/ |agency=Reuters |via=[[CTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Green |first1=Erica L. |last2=Meko |first2=Hurubie |last3=Feuer |first3=Alan |date=February 9, 2025 |title=Trump to Revoke Security Clearances for Antony Blinken, Letitia James and Alvin Bragg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/09/us/politics/trump-blinken-james-bragg-security-clearances.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On April 15, Biden made his first major public appearance since leaving office, delivering remarks at an Advocates, Counselors and Representatives for the Disabled (ACRD) conference in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mueller |first1=Julia |title=Biden says Trump administration has 'done so much damage' since taking office |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5250868-biden-trumps-admin-damage/ |access-date=April 16, 2025 |newspaper=The Hill |date=April 15, 2025}}</ref> In his address, he criticized the Trump administration's handling of the Social Security Administration.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Peoples |first1=Steve |last2=Hussein |first2=Fatima |title=Biden alleges Trump has 'taken a hatchet' to Social Security in his first post-presidency speech |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-speech-return-democrat-president-trump-f3e2a163db5e4e73635a60a8a61e1c7a |access-date=April 16, 2025 |publisher=Associated Press |date=April 15, 2025}}</ref> On May 7, Biden appeared on ''[[The View]]'' to defend his presidential legacy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=John |first1=Arit |last2=Saenz |first2=Arlette |title=Key takeaways from Joe Biden and Jill Biden's interview on 'The View' |agency=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/08/politics/joe-biden-jill-biden-view-interview-takeaways |date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref>

On April 26, Biden and his wife attended the state funeral of [[Pope Francis]] in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinder |first1=Mike |title=President Trump and former President Biden attend Pope Francis' funeral |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2025/04/26/donald-trump-joe-biden-pope-francis-funeral/83293241007/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |work=USA Today}}</ref>

On September 6, Biden announced that his proposed [[Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library|presidential center]] would be in Delaware and that he and his foundation had approved a 13-person governance board.<ref>{{cite web|last=Madhani|first=Aamer|date=September 6, 2025|url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-presidential-library-delaware-42d1c3fd0b25fb2f4e579307984f6ddb|title=Biden chooses Delaware for his presidential library as his team turns to raising money for it|work=Associated Press|accessdate=September 6, 2025}}</ref>

On November 20, Biden and his wife attended former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]'s funeral.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/joe-biden-attends-dick-cheney-funeral-83rd-birthday-11853538|title=Joe Biden, Who Recently Rang the Bell for Cancer Treatment, Publicly Emerges on 83rd Birthday for Dick Cheney's Funeral|first=Greta|last=Bjornson|publisher=People|date=November 20, 2025|accessdate=November 20, 2025}}</ref>

On March 6, 2026, Biden gave a speech at civil rights activist [[Jesse Jackson]]'s memorial service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Full remarks from former President Joe Biden at Rev. Jesse Jackson's funeral - CBS Chicago |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/jesse-jackson-funeral-chicago-president-joe-biden-full-remarks/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Health===

On May 18, 2025, Biden's office announced that he had been diagnosed with aggressive [[prostate cancer]] with [[bone metastasis]] during a routine physical examination.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klein |first=Betsy |date=May 18, 2025 |title=Biden diagnosed with 'aggressive form' of prostate cancer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/18/politics/joe-biden-prostate-cancer |access-date=May 18, 2025 |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On May 30, Biden confirmed that he had begun treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Beccah |last=Hendrickson |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Former President Joe Biden gives first public remarks since cancer diagnosis at event in Delaware |url=https://6abc.com/post/joe-biden-set-give-first-public-remarks-cancer-diagnosis-event-new-castle-delaware/16599372/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |agency=[[WPVI-TV]]}}</ref>

On September 4, Biden's spokesperson confirmed that he had recently undergone [[Mohs surgery]] to remove skin cancer lesions from his forehead. The procedure followed a 2023 removal of a [[basal-cell carcinoma]] from his chest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Epstein |first1=Reid J. |last2=Kolata |first2=Gina |title=Biden Has Surgery to Remove Skin Cancer Lesions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/04/us/politics/biden-skin-cancer.html |website=The New York Times |date=September 4, 2025 |access-date=September 5, 2025}}</ref>

On October 11, Biden's spokesperson confirmed that he was undergoing [[radiation therapy|radiation]] and [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormone therapies]] for his prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Kelly |last2=Duffy |first2=Nick |date=October 11, 2025 |title=Former President Joe Biden undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/former-president-joe-biden-radiation-therapy-prostate-cancer-rcna237019 |access-date=October 11, 2025 |work=NBC News}}</ref> On October 20, Biden completed a course of radiation therapy at Penn Medicine Radiation Oncology at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]; it is uncertain whether he will need further treatment.<ref name=bidenhealth>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-completes-round-of-radiation-therapy-aggressive-prostate-cancer/|title=Biden completes round of radiation therapy to treat aggressive prostate cancer|first=Ed|last=O'Keefe|publisher=CBS News|date=October 20, 2025|accessdate=October 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-rings-bell-after-completing-radiation-therapy-cancer/story?id=126700915|title=Biden rings the bell after completing course of radiation therapy for cancer|first1=Claire|last1=Brinberg|publisher=ABC News|date=October 20, 2025|accessdate=October 20, 2025}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
{{Main|Political positions of Joe Biden}}

[[File:Pope Francis and Joe Biden at the White House.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Pope Francis]] (left) meets Joe Biden at the White House, September 2015.]]
As a senator, Biden was regarded as a [[moderate Democrat]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=John |last=Kruzel |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/may/06/joe-biden/joe-biden-claims-he-was-staunch-liberal-senate-he-/ |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Joe Biden claims he was a staunch liberal in the Senate. He wasn't |publisher=[[PolitiFact]] |access-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506170707/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/may/06/joe-biden/joe-biden-claims-he-was-staunch-liberal-senate-he-/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As a presidential nominee, Biden's platform had been called the most progressive of any major party platform in history, although not within his party's ideological vanguard.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Louis |last=Jacobson |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/apr/17/barack-obama/joe-bidens-platform-progressive-obama-says/|date=April 17, 2020 |title=Is Joe Biden's platform as progressive as Obama says? |publisher=[[PolitiFact]]}}</ref> Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by [[Catholic social teaching]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Lamport |first=Mark |title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Contemporary Christianity in the United States |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2022 |isbn=9781538138816 |pages=113}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rocca |first=Francis X. |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Can Catholic Social Teaching Unite a Divided America? |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/can-catholic-social-teaching-unite-a-divided-america-11612540382 |access-date=September 28, 2023 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=O'Dowd |first=Niall |author-link=Niall O'Dowd |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Joe Biden's Catholic social teaching central to his presidency |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/niallodowd/joe-bidens-catholic-social-teaching-central-presidency |access-date=September 28, 2023 |website=IrishCentral}}</ref>

According to political scientist Carlo Invernizzi Accetti, Biden represents an Americanized form of [[Christian democracy]], taking positions characteristic of both the [[center-right]] and [[center-left]].<ref name="Foreign Policy">{{Cite magazine |last=Accetti |first=Carlo Invernizzi |date=March 16, 2020 |title=Joe Biden Isn't a Liberal or a Moderate. He's a Christian Democrat. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/16/joe-biden-election-liberal-moderate-christian-democrat/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |magazine=Foreign Policy}}</ref> Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher [[Jacques Maritain]], credited with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely influential in his thinking.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cairns |first=Madoc |date=May 3, 2023 |title=The Red Christian |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2023/05/red-christian-democracy-history-philosophy |access-date=October 20, 2023 |magazine=New Statesman}}</ref> Other analysts have likened his ideology to traditional [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]], "a doctrine of liberty, equality, justice and individual rights that relies... on a strong federal government for enforcement".<ref name="Greenberg">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Greenberg|first=David|date=September 12, 2019|title=The danger of confusing liberals and leftists|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/12/stop-calling-bernie-sanders-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-liberals/|access-date=August 6, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In 2022, journalist [[Sasha Issenberg]] wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic Party".<ref>{{cite news|last=Issenberg |first=Sasha |authorlink=Sasha Issenberg |date=May 6, 2022 |title=How Same-Sex Marriage Shaped Joe Biden |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/05/06/joe-biden-gay-marriage-00030367 |access-date=May 6, 2022 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Some critics claimed Biden's climate policy was [[Socialism|socialist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste Watch: Biden's Socialist Wish List |url=https://oversight.house.gov/blog/waste-watch-bidens-socialist-wish-list/ |publisher=Committee on Oversight and Government Reform |date=January 25, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Collinson |first1=Stephen |title=The momentum behind Biden's climate ambitions |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/22/world/meanwhile-in-america-december-22-intl/index.html |access-date=March 12, 2025 |agency=CNN |date=December 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Folley |first1=Aris |last2=Jagoda |first2=Naomi |last3=Lillis |first3=Mike |title=Five takeaways: House passes Biden's sweeping benefits bill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/582418-five-takeaways-house-passes-bidens-sweeping-benefits-bill/ |access-date=March 12, 2025 |newspaper=The Hill |date=November 20, 2021}}</ref>

Biden proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Joseph|last=Zeballos-Roig|date=September 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden pledges to roll back Trump's corporate tax cuts on 'day one,' saying it won't hurt businesses' ability to hire|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/joe-biden-trumps-tax-cuts-day-one-presidency-economy-2020-9|access-date=November 13, 2020|archive-date=November 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122232506/https://www.businessinsider.com/joe-biden-trumps-tax-cuts-day-one-presidency-economy-2020-9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Megan|last=Henney|date=June 30, 2020|title=Biden pledges to roll back Trump's tax cuts: 'A lot of you may not like that'|agency=[[Fox Business]]|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/biden-pledges-to-undo-trumps-tax-cuts-a-lot-of-you-may-not-like-that|access-date=November 13, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112205316/https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/biden-pledges-to-undo-trumps-tax-cuts-a-lot-of-you-may-not-like-that|url-status=live}}</ref> He voted for the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA)<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url-status=dead |title=Final Senate Vote on NAFTA |publisher=[[Public Citizen]] |url=https://www.citizen.org/print_article.cfm?ID=15960 |access-date=August 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608182639/https://www.citizen.org/print_article.cfm?ID=15960 |archive-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref> and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Mike |last=Lillis |date=January 28, 2016 |title=Biden coaxes Dems on Obama trade deal |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/267420-biden-coaxes-dems-on-obama-trade-deal |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107075246/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/267420-biden-coaxes-dems-on-obama-trade-deal |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden is a staunch supporter of the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA).<ref name="ACA203">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Dan|last=Diamond|date=July 15, 2019|access-date=August 26, 2021|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/15/joe-biden-health-care-plan-1415850|title=Biden unveils health care plan: Affordable Care Act 2.0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083823/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/15/joe-biden-health-care-plan-1415850|archive-date=January 3, 2021|newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Bill|last=Barrow|date=July 15, 2019|access-date=August 26, 2021|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-aggressively-defends-the-affordable-care-act|title=Biden aggressively defends the Affordable Care Act|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083902/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-aggressively-defends-the-affordable-care-act|archive-date=January 3, 2021|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> He promoted a plan to build upon it,<ref name="ACA203" /> aiming to expand [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|health insurance coverage]] to 97% of Americans, including by creating a [[public health insurance option]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Scott |first=Dylan |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Joe Biden has a chance to finish the work of Obamacare |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/8/20/21372511/joe-biden-obamacare-health-care-plan|access-date=November 27, 2020 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105044015/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/8/20/21372511/joe-biden-obamacare-health-care-plan |url-status=live}}</ref>

Biden did not support national [[same-sex marriage]] rights while in the Senate and voted for the [[Defense of Marriage Act]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Roll Call Votes 104th Congress – 2nd Session |date=September 10, 1996 |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1042/vote_104_2_00280.htm |access-date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref> but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex marriage nationwide.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Roll Call Vote 109th Congress – 2nd Session |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1092/vote_109_2_00163.htm |date=June 7, 2006 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref> Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012.<ref name="NYT Biden Evolution on LGBTQ" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=May 6, 2012|title=May 6: Joe Biden, Kelly Ayotte, Diane Swonk, Tom Brokaw, Chuck Todd |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47311900 |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405045344/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/47311900/ns/meet_the_press-transcripts/t/may-joe-biden-kelly-ayotte-diane-swonk-tom-brokaw-chuck-todd/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a [[Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights|Police Officer's Bill of Rights]] measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=June 9, 2020 |title=Joe Biden let police groups write his crime bill. Now, his agenda has changed.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/joe-biden-let-police-groups-write-his-crime-bill-now-his-agenda-has-changed/2020/06/08/82ab969e-a434-11ea-8681-7d471bf20207_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112174038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/joe-biden-let-police-groups-write-his-crime-bill-now-his-agenda-has-changed/2020/06/08/82ab969e-a434-11ea-8681-7d471bf20207_story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=McDermott|first1=Nathan|last2=Steck|first2=Em|date=June 10, 2020|title=Biden repeatedly pushed bill in Senate that critics said would have made investigating police officers for misconduct more difficult|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/10/politics/biden-senate-police-officers-kfile/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116122904/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/10/politics/biden-senate-police-officers-kfile/index.html|archive-date=November 16, 2020|access-date=November 13, 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing [[cannabis]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=December 28, 2020 |title=President-Elect Joe Biden and the Future of Cannabis Policy in America |first=Whitt |last=Steineker |publisher=[[Bradley Arant Boult Cummings]] |url=https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2020/12/president-elect-joe-biden-and-the-future-of-cannabis-policy-in-america |access-date=August 22, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144322/https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2020/12/president-elect-joe-biden-and-the-future-of-cannabis-policy-in-america |url-status=dead }}</ref> after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a senator.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=October 9, 1982 |title=U.S. Plans A New Drive On Narcotics |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/09/us/us-plans-a-new-drive-on-narcotics.html |first=Leslie |last=Maitland |access-date=August 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Democratic Response to Drug Policy Address |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?8997-1/democratic-response-drug-policy-address |access-date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=C-SPAN}}</ref>

Biden believes action must be taken on [[climate change]]. As a senator, he co-sponsored the [[Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act of 2007|Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act]], the most stringent climate bill in the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 3, 2008|title=A look at the environmental record of Joe Biden, Barack Obama's running mate|magazine=[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]|url=https://grist.org/article/biden_factsheet/|access-date=May 4, 2008|archive-date=May 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526083021/https://www.grist.org/article/biden_factsheet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Biden supports [[nature conservation]]. According to a report from the [[Center for American Progress]], he broke several records in this domain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Biden reached conservation records in 2023 |url=https://westernpriorities.org/2023/12/biden-reached-conservation-records-in-2023/ |publisher=Center for Western Priorities |date=December 21, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2024}}</ref> He took steps to protect [[old-growth forest]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/19/biden-forest-logging-ban-old-trees |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> Biden opposes drilling for oil in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Presidential Candidates views on ANWR, The Democrats |url=https://www.anwr.org/Politics/Presidential-Candidates-views-on-ANWR-The-Democrats.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807162357/https://www.anwr.org/Politics/Presidential-Candidates-views-on-ANWR-The-Democrats.php |archive-date=August 7, 2008 |access-date=August 25, 2008 |publisher=[[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]]}}</ref> He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Carr|first1=Bob|date=September 2, 2020|title=Joe Biden's bold climate policies would leave Australia behind|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/02/joe-bidens-bold-climate-policies-would-leave-australia-behind|access-date=September 21, 2020|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170525/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/02/joe-bidens-bold-climate-policies-would-leave-australia-behind|url-status=live}}</ref> His program included reentering the [[Paris Agreement]], [[green building]] and more.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Moore |first1=Elena |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Trump's And Biden's Plans For The Environment |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/16/920484187/trumps-and-biden-s-plans-for-the-environment |access-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113807/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/16/920484187/trumps-and-biden-s-plans-for-the-environment |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden supports [[environmental justice]], including [[climate justice]] and [[Blue justice|ocean justice]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rice |first1=Doyle |last2=Voyles Pulver |first2=Dinah |title=Biden Administration announces first-ever Ocean Justice Strategy. What's that? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/12/07/biden-administration-announces-an-ocean-justice-strategy/71840427007/ |access-date=December 18, 2023 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|title=OCEAN JUSTICE STRATEGY |date=December 2023 |publisher=OCEAN POLICY COMMITTEE |page=23 |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ocean-Justice-Strategy.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Joselow |first1=Maxine |title=Biden announces new fund to help low-income housing get climate upgrades |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/05/11/hud-climate-housing-program/ |access-date=May 14, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Higgins |first1=Marisa |title=Biden Administration Allocates $830 Million in Energy-Efficient Low-Income Housing |url=https://www.environmentalleader.com/2023/05/biden-administration-invests-over-830-million-in-energy-efficient-low-income-housing/ |website=Environmental + Energy leader |date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622164907/https://www.environmentalleader.com/2023/05/biden-administration-invests-over-830-million-in-energy-efficient-low-income-housing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Biden called global temperature rise above the 1.5{{nbsp}}°C limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear war".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=Biden says global warming topping 1.5 degrees in the next 10 to 20 years is scarier than nuclear war |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/11/biden-global-warming-even-more-frightening-than-nuclear-war.html |access-date=October 27, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=September 11, 2023}}</ref> Despite his clean energy policies and congressional Republicans characterizing them as a "War on American Energy", domestic oil production reached a record high in October 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Borenstein |first1=Seth |title=US oil production hits all-time high, conflicting with efforts to cut heat-trapping pollution |url=https://apnews.com/article/oil-fossil-fuels-climate-change-biden-df27160fc81f28d21fbf1fc5575b77bc |publisher=Associated Press News |date=October 20, 2023}}</ref>

Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China, calling it the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges to the United States' "prosperity, security, and democratic values".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Why America Must Lead Again |last=Biden |first=Joseph R. Jr. |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January 23, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Remarks by President Biden on America's Place in the World |publisher=[[The White House]] |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |url= https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/}}</ref> Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the [[Xinjiang]] region to Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]], pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Edward |first1=Wong |last2=Crawley |first2=Michael |last3=Swanson |first3=Ana |date=September 6, 2020 |title=Joe Biden's China Journey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/06/us/politics/biden-china.html|access-date=November 13, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112163033/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/06/us/politics/biden-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Peter |last1=Martin |first2=Saleha |last2=Mohsin |first3=Nick |last3=Wadhams |first4=Jenny |last4=Leonard |title=President Biden Raises Human Rights and Trade Concerns in First Call With China's Xi |url=https://time.com/5938307/biden-xi-china-first-call/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216041626/https://time.com/5938307/biden-xi-china-first-call/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biden has said he is against [[regime change]] but is for providing non-military support to opposition movements.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 6, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/politics/joe-biden-foreign-policy.html |title=Foreign Policy, Joseph R. Biden Jr. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811235654/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/politics/joe-biden-foreign-policy.html |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He opposed direct U.S. [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervention in Libya]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Peter |last=Baker |date=October 9, 2015 |access-date=August 26, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/us/politics/a-biden-run-would-expose-foreign-policy-differences-with-hillary-clinton.html |title=A Biden Run Would Expose Foreign Policy Differences With Hillary Clinton |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201216223923/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/us/politics/a-biden-run-would-expose-foreign-policy-differences-with-hillary-clinton.html|archive-date=December 16, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times-2" /> voted against U.S. participation in the [[Gulf War]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Peter |last=Wehner |title=Biden Was Wrong On the Cold War|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122049148440397625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006022121/https://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB122049148440397625.html |date=September 4, 2008 |archive-date=October 6, 2008|access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> voted in favor of the [[Iraq War]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Robert |last=Farley |date=September 10, 2019|title=Biden's Record on Iraq War |website=[[FactCheck.org]] |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2019/09/bidens-record-on-iraq-war/|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107172331/https://www.factcheck.org/2019/09/bidens-record-on-iraq-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> and supports a [[two-state solution]] in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 12, 2019|access-date=August 26, 2021|url= https://www.jta.org/2019/12/12/united-states/where-does-joe-biden-stand-on-anti-semitism-israel-and-other-issues-that-matter-to-jewish-voters-in-2020|title=Where does Joe Biden stand on anti-Semitism, Israel and other issues that matter to Jewish voters in 2020?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111070241/https://www.jta.org/2019/12/12/united-states/where-does-joe-biden-stand-on-anti-semitism-israel-and-other-issues-that-matter-to-jewish-voters-in-2020|archive-date=January 11, 2021|agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> Biden pledged to end U.S. support for the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] and to reevaluate the [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations|United States' relationship]] with [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="foreign-policy2">{{cite magazine|title=The Democratic candidates on foreign policy|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020-election/|archive-date=June 16, 2020|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616084737/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020-election/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biden supported extending the [[New START]] arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of [[nuclear weapon]]s deployed by both sides.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Jonathan|last1=Landay|first2=Arshad|last2=Mohammed |title=Biden urged to extend U.S.-Russia arms treaty for full 5 years without conditions |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-biden-armscontrol-idUSKBN2852Y0 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512204150/https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-biden-armscontrol-idUSKBN2852Y0 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Pifer |first1=Steven |title=Reviving nuclear arms control under Biden |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/12/01/reviving-nuclear-arms-control-under-biden/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=December 1, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201173216/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/12/01/reviving-nuclear-arms-control-under-biden/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Biden officially [[Armenian genocide recognition|recognized]] the [[Armenian genocide]], becoming the first U.S. president to do so.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Kevin|last=Liptak|title=Biden officially recognizes the massacre of Armenians in World War I as a genocide|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/24/politics/armenian-genocide-biden-erdogan-turkey/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 24, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref>{{efn|In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding [[the Holocaust]], but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Chulov |first2=Martin |title=Biden becomes first US president to recognise Armenian genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/apr/24/joe-biden-armenian-genocide-recognition |newspaper=The Observer |access-date=February 27, 2023 |date=April 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |date=April 24, 2021 |title=Analysis {{!}} Biden goes where his predecessors wouldn't in recognizing Armenian genocide |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/04/22/bidens-bold-move-recognize-armenian-genocide/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>}}

Biden supported [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights]] throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion because of his Catholic faith.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Michael |last2=Jackson |first2=David |title=Abortion shapes Joe Biden's and Donald Trump's legacies. It may help one of them win reelection. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/04/13/abortion-joe-biden-donald-trumps-legacies-reelection/73121953007/ |website=[[USA Today]] |date=April 13, 2024 |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |title=Biden says he's "not big on abortion" because of Catholic faith, but Roe "got it right" |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-biden-abortion-catholic-faith-roe-v-wade-got-it-right/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> In 2019, he said he supported ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' and repealing the [[Hyde Amendment]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lerer|first=Lisa|date=March 29, 2019|title=When Joe Biden Voted to Let States Overturn Roe v. Wade|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/us/politics/biden-abortion-rights.html|access-date=August 8, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806121254/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/us/politics/biden-abortion-rights.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Siders |first=Dave |date=June 22, 2019 |title=Biden calls for enshrining Roe v. Wade in federal law |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/22/biden-roe-v-wade-2020-1376712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402175549/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/22/biden-roe-v-wade-2020-1376712 |archive-date=April 2, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref> After ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'', he criticized [[Abortion law in the United States by state|near-total bans on abortion access]] passed in a majority of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-controlled states,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Leonhardt |first=David |date=April 6, 2023 |title=The Power and Limits of Abortion Politics |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/world/wisconsin-chicago-elections-abortion.html |access-date=April 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=After the Supreme Court overturned Roe last June and allowed states to ban abortion, more than a dozen quickly imposed tight restrictions. Today, abortion is largely illegal in most of red America, even though polls suggest many voters in these states support at least some access.}}</ref> and took measures to protect [[Abortion in the United States|abortion rights in the United States]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Panetta |first=Grace |date=February 8, 2023 |title=Biden calls out abortion by name and skewers 'extreme' bans in State of the Union address |url=https://19thnews.org/2023/02/biden-abortion-state-of-the-union/ |access-date=April 10, 2023 |agency=The 19th}}</ref> Biden rejected calls to provide abortion services on [[Federal lands|federal land]].<ref>{{cite news|date=June 27, 2022 |title=White House downplays prospect of providing abortion services on federal lands |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-downplays-prospect-providing-abortion-services-federal-lan-rcna35594 |access-date=May 20, 2025 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan |first=Kate |date=June 28, 2022 |title=White House press secretary says using federal lands for abortion services would have 'dangerous ramifications' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/28/politics/white-house-federal-lands-abortion/index.html |access-date=May 20, 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> He vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of ''Roe'' into federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kinery |first=Emma |title=Biden promises to codify Roe if two more Democrats are elected to the Senate |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/23/biden-promises-to-codify-roe-if-two-more-democrats-are-elected-to-the-senate.html |access-date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=September 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hutzler |first=Alexandra |title=House passes bills to codify Roe, protect interstate travel for abortion |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-codifying-abortion-rights-travel-protections/story?id=86884239 |date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

== Public image ==
{{Main|Public image of Joe Biden}}

Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy [[United States Senate|members of the Senate]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Wallsten|first=Peter|date=August 24, 2008|title=Demographics part of calculation: Biden adds experience, yes, but he could also help with Catholics, blue-collar whites and women|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-assess24-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515025410/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-24-na-assess24-story.html|archive-date=May 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Broder|first=John M.|date=September 13, 2008|title=Biden Releases Tax Returns, in Part to Pressure Rivals|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/us/politics/13biden.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425024153/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/us/politics/13biden.html|archive-date=April 25, 2011}}</ref> which he attributed to having been elected young.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mooney|first=Alexander|date=September 12, 2008|title=Biden tax returns revealed|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/12/biden-tax-returns-revealed/|url-status=dead|access-date=September 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913001912/https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/12/biden-tax-returns-revealed/|archive-date=September 13, 2008}}</ref> Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]] measures during his first term.<ref name="cby-44" /> While a senator, Biden was viewed as being close to the credit card company [[MBNA]], a major contributor to his campaigns since 1989, sometimes being called the "senator from MBNA".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Healy |first1=Patrick |last2=Luo |first2=Michael |date=August 23, 2008 |title=A Senate Stalwart Who Bounced Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24bio.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> {{As of|2009|November}}, Biden's net worth was $27,012.<ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Montopoli|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/237-millionaires-in-congress/|title=237 Millionaires in Congress|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=November 6, 2009|access-date=August 25, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818145713/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/237-millionaires-in-congress/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020|November|alt=By November 2020}}, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 7, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2021|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/joe-biden-net-worth-lifestyle-real-estate-family-wealth-assets-2020-1|title=President-elect Joe Biden just turned 78. Here's how he went from 'Middle-Class Joe' to millionaire.|first=Taylor|last=Borden|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=March 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319163402/https://www.businessinsider.com/joe-biden-net-worth-lifestyle-real-estate-family-wealth-assets-2020-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michelatindera/2019/08/28/joe-bidens-net-worth-how-the-2020-presidential-candidate-built-a-9-million-fortune/|title=Here's How Much 2020 Presidential Candidate Joe Biden Is Worth|first=Michela|last=Tindera|date=August 28, 2019|access-date=August 24, 2021|magazine=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=March 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319162048/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michelatindera/2019/08/28/joe-bidens-net-worth-how-the-2020-presidential-candidate-built-a-9-million-fortune/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Political columnist [[David S. Broder]] wrote that Biden has grown over time: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much, much better."<ref name="watn020109" /> Journalist [[James Traub]] has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself".<ref name="nytm-traub" /> Particularly since the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Baldoni|first=John|title=How Empathy Defines Joe Biden|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnbaldoni/2020/08/20/how-empathy-defines-joe-biden/|date=August 20, 2020|access-date=March 17, 2021|magazine=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=June 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618172934/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnbaldoni/2020/08/20/how-empathy-defines-joe-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Nagle|first=Molly|date=December 19, 2020|title=Nearly 50 years after death of wife and daughter, empathy remains at Joe Biden's core|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/50-years-death-wife-daughter-empathy-remains-joe/story?id=74814251|access-date=March 17, 2021|agency=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302080416/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/50-years-death-wife-daughter-empathy-remains-joe/story?id=74814251|url-status=live}}</ref>

Journalist and TV anchor [[Wolf Blitzer]] has called Biden loquacious;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 12, 2006|title=Transcripts|work=[[The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer|The Situation Room]]|publisher=CNN|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0601/12/sitroom.01.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103425/https://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0601/12/sitroom.01.html|archive-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref> journalist Mark Bowden has said that he is famous for "talking too much", leaning in close "like an old pal with something urgent to tell you".<ref name="The Atlantic" /> He often deviates from prepared remarks,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Smith|first=Ben|date=December 2, 2008|title=Biden, enemy of the prepared remarks|newspaper=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2008/12/biden-enemy-of-the-prepared-remarks-014500|url-status=live|access-date=December 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911131530/https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2008/12/biden-enemy-of-the-prepared-remarks-014500|archive-date=September 11, 2015}}</ref> and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth".<ref name="nyt-no2" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Tapper|first=Jake|author-link=Jake Tapper|date=January 31, 2007|title=A Biden Problem: Foot in Mouth|agency=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Story?id=2838420|url-status=live|access-date=September 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827211803/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Story?id=2838420|archive-date=August 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Halperin|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Halperin|date=August 23, 2008|title=Halperin on Biden: Pros and Cons|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1835480,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722092813/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1835480,00.html|archive-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> Biden has a reputation for being prone to [[political gaffe|gaffes]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/joe-biden-news-joe-biden-gaffe-joe-biden-speech-mistakes-watch-joe-biden-in-latest-gaffe-has-two-words-to-say-made-in-america-101665383434183.html |access-date=August 23, 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Mallika |last=Bhagat |title=Watch: Joe Biden's latest gaffe- a rocky start and a counting problem |quote='Let me start off with two words: Made in America' |date=October 10, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Luke |last=O'Neil |date=April 25, 2019 |title='I am a gaffe machine': a history of Joe Biden's biggest blunders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/25/joe-biden-2020-public-gaffes-mistakes-history |access-date=January 26, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202133135/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/25/joe-biden-2020-public-gaffes-mistakes-history |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Broder |first=John M. |date=September 11, 2008 |title=Hanging On to Biden's Every Word: Biden living up to his gaffe-prone reputation |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/us/politics/12biden.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=But, boy, does he say some curious things. A day on the campaign trail without a cringe-inducing gaffe is a rare blessing. He has not been too blessed lately.... a human verbal wrecking crew.}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything".<ref name="nyt-no2" />

According to ''The New York Times'', Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 2014.<ref name="The New Yorker">{{Cite magazine |last=Osnos |first=Evan |date=July 20, 2014 |title=The Evolution of Joe Biden |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/07/28/biden-agenda |access-date=December 6, 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Qiu |first2=Linda |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Biden, Storyteller in Chief, Spins Yarns That Often Unravel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/us/politics/biden-exaggeration-falsehood.html |accessdate=October 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> For instance, he has claimed to have been more active in the [[civil rights movement]] than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.<ref name="The New Yorker" /> The ''Times'' wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences."<ref name="The New York Times" />

=== Job approval ===
{{See also|2021 opinion polling on the Biden administration|l1=2021|2022 opinion polling on the Biden administration|l2=2022|2023 opinion polling on the Biden administration|l3=2023|2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration}}

According to [[Morning Consult]] polling, Biden maintained an [[Opinion poll|approval rating]] above 50% during his presidency's first eight months. In August 2021, it began to decline, reaching the low forties by December.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=December 21, 2021 |title=Joe Biden's Job Approval Rating Steady in December |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/358343/joe-biden-job-approval-rating-steady-december.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123222342/https://news.gallup.com/poll/358343/joe-biden-job-approval-rating-steady-december.aspx |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2022 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref> This was attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variant]], [[2021–2023 inflation surge|high inflation and gas prices]], disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frostenson |first1=Sarah |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Why Has Biden's Approval Rating Gotten So Low So Quickly? |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-has-bidens-approval-rating-gotten-so-low-so-quickly/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012100615/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-has-bidens-approval-rating-gotten-so-low-so-quickly/ |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Graham |first1=David A. |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Six Theories of Joe Biden's Crumbling Popularity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/11/biden-approval-rating/620751/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112230703/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/11/biden-approval-rating/620751/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rupar |first1=Aaron |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Why Biden's approval numbers have sagged, explained by an expert |url=https://www.vox.com/2021/9/20/22678173/biden-polls-approval-rating-morning-consult |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028195231/https://www.vox.com/2021/9/20/22678173/biden-polls-approval-rating-morning-consult |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Montanaro |first1=Domenico |date=September 2, 2021 |title=Biden's Approval Rating Hits A New Low After The Afghanistan Withdrawal |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1033433959/biden-approval-rating-afghanistan-withdrawal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035207/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1033433959/biden-approval-rating-afghanistan-withdrawal |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>}} In 2023, Biden's approval rating was the lowest of any modern{{efn|The source defines "modern" presidents as all 7{{nbsp}}presidents before Biden, or presidents since 1979, which comprise Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.|name=}} U.S. president after three years in office.<ref name="gallup2023end">{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/547763/biden-ends-2023-job-approval.aspx|title=Biden Ends 2023 With 39% Job Approval|first=Megan|last=Brenan|date=December 22, 2023|publisher=Gallup, Inc.}}</ref>

[[Gallup, Inc.]] found Biden's approval ratings to be consistently above 50% during his first few months in office,<ref name="Gallup Approval">{{cite web|first=Jeffrey M.|last=Jones|date=February 4, 2021|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/329348/biden-begins-term-job-approval.aspx|title=Biden Begins Term With 57% Job Approval|publisher=
[[Gallup, Inc.]]|accessdate=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=April 23, 2021 |title=Biden Job Approval a Respectable 57% at 100 Days |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/348974/biden-job-approval-respectable-100-days.aspx |access-date=October 1, 2021 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref> but by August, his ratings began to decline.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|authorlink=Chris Cillizza|date=August 18, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/18/politics/joe-biden-polls-president-afghanistan/index.html|title=Joe Biden's political honeymoon is officially over|agency=[[CNN]]|accessdate=November 9, 2024}}</ref> He had a 98% approval rating from Democrats in February 2021, but by December only 78% approved of his presidency.<ref name="BidenGallup">{{cite web|title=Presidential Job Approval Center |url=https://news.gallup.com/interactives/185273/presidential-job-approval-center.aspx |access-date=July 31, 2022 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref name="Gallup Approval" /> By October 2023, his rating among Democrats had reached a record low of 75%.<ref name="gallup2023end" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Megan|last=Brenan|date=October 26, 2023|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/513305/democrats-ratings-biden-slip-overall-approval.aspx|title=Democrats' Rating of Biden Slips; Overall Approval at 37%|publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]|accessdate=November 9, 2024}}</ref> His approval rating among Republicans has been consistently in the single digits, aside from his first few months in office.<ref name="BidenGallup" /> Additionally, Gallup noted that Biden's public support eroded each year he was in office: he averaged 49% approval in his first year,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jeffrey M.|last=Jones|date=January 18, 2022|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/389033/biden-year-one-approval-ratings-subpar-extremely-polarized.aspx|title=Biden Year One Approval Ratings Subpar, Extremely Polarized|publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]|accessdate=November 9, 2024}}</ref> 41% in his second,<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Biden Averaged 41% Job Approval in His Second Year |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/468806/biden-averaged-job-approval-second-year.aspx |access-date=January 9, 2024 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref> 40% in his third,<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=January 25, 2024 |title=Biden's Third-Year Job Approval Average of 39.8% Second Worst |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/609188/biden-third-year-job-approval-average-second-worst.aspx |access-date=January 28, 2024 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref> and 39% in his fourth.<ref name="gallup20250117" /> In July 2024, just before he withdrew from the 2024 presidential election, Gallup found his approval rating had fallen to an all-time low of 36%.<ref>{{cite web|first=Megan |last=Brenan |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Biden's Approval Rating Hit New Low Before Exit From Race|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/647633/biden-approval-rating-hit-new-low-exit-race.aspx|access-date=July 31, 2024 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref> Gallup found that Biden had an average approval rating of 42.2% throughout his presidency, which was lower than all other presidents' except Trump's first term, at 41.1%. Biden's final approval rating in January 2025 was 40%, which was low but still higher than several other presidents' final approval ratings.<ref name="gallup20250117" /> Gallup's averaged polls of Biden's presidency found that he was the second-least popular president in its polling history, ahead of Trump.<ref name="gallup20250117">{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=January 17, 2025 |title=Biden Job Approval Second Lowest Among Post-WWII Presidents |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/655298/biden-job-approval-second-lowest-among-post-wwii-presidents.aspx |access-date=March 14, 2025 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]]}}</ref>

CNN and CBS News found Biden's final approval rating to be 37% and 36%, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=De Pinto |first1=Jennifer |last2=Salvanto |first2=Anthony |last3=Backus |first3=Fred |last4=Khanna |first4=Kabir |date=January 19, 2025 |title=Biden's presidency viewed negatively by most Americans — CBS News poll |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-presidency-opinion-poll-2025-01-19/ |access-date=March 14, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Agiesta |first=Jennifer |date=January 15, 2025 |title=CNN Poll: Biden leaves office with his approval rating matching the lowest of his term |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/15/politics/cnn-poll-biden-presidency/index.html |access-date=March 14, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Polling aggregator [[FiveThirtyEight]] found that Biden had a final average approval rating of 37%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/|title=How popular is Joe Biden?|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=February 3, 2025|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204153001/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/ |archive-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref>

=== Media depictions ===
{{See also|Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden|l1=''Saturday Night Live'' parodies of Joe Biden}}
Nine men have portrayed Biden on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', starting with [[Kevin Nealon]] in 1991. [[Jason Sudeikis]] portrayed Biden during the 2008 election and reprised the role many times. During the 2020 election, Biden was played by [[John Mulaney]], [[Alex Moffat]], [[Mikey Day]], [[Woody Harrelson]], and [[Jim Carrey]]. In 2024, [[Dana Carvey]] played the role.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url= https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/joe-biden-snl-actors|title= Everyone Who Has Played Joe Biden on SNL|publisher= [[NBC]]|date= September 27, 2024|accessdate= October 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/saturday-night-live-nate-bargatze-dana-carvey|title= Dana Carvey's Joe Biden Is the Real Star of 'Saturday Night Live'|magazine= Vanity Fair|accessdate= October 12, 2024}}</ref> In 2016, [[Greg Kinnear]] portrayed Biden in the [[HBO]] television film ''[[Confirmation (film)|Confirmation]]'', about the [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Miller |first=Liz Shannon |date=June 10, 2016 |title=Greg Kinnear Doesn't Do Impressions, But He Did Channel Joe Biden in 'Confirmation' (Consider This) |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/greg-kinnear-joe-biden-confirmation-emmys-1201682835/ |access-date=November 10, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Biden appears in episodes of ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'' during his time as vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/Parks-and-Rec-nbc-joe-biden-leslie-knope-15516894.php|title=According to 'Parks and Rec' creator, President Biden is a great actor|first=Dan|last=Gentile|publisher=[[SFGate]]|website=sfgate.com|access-date=October 16, 2025|date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> He appears as himself in a 2016 episode of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit|Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/09/29/joe-biden-law--order-svu-cameo/91261270/|title=The internet is here for Joe Biden's cameo on 'Law & Order: SVU'|first=Erin|last=Jensen|publisher=[[USA Today]]|website=usatoday.com|access-date=October 16, 2025|date=September 29, 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Onion]]'' featured a series of articles about a [[Joe Biden (The Onion)|fictionalized Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Joe Biden| work=[[The Onion]]| url=https://theonion.com/tag/joe-biden/page/22/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Rollins| first=Samantha| title=The 6 Best Onion Parodies of Joe Biden| work=[[The Week]]| date=January 8, 2015| url=https://theweek.com/articles/468552/6-best-onion-parodies-joe-biden}}</ref>

== Assessments ==
A December 2024 Gallup poll found that 54% of Americans thought Biden's presidency was below average or poor, 26% average, and 19% above average or outstanding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/654878/americans-think-history-rate-biden-presidency-negatively.aspx|title=Americans Think History Will Rate Biden Presidency Negatively|date=January 7, 2025|publisher=Gallup, Inc.|first1=Jeffrey M.|last1=Jones|access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref> Gallup found that Americans largely offered negative assessments of Biden's presidency on economic, national, and international issues. Of 18 issue areas Gallup tracked, a majority of Americans said the U.S. lost ground in six, including the economy in general, immigration, and the country's position in the world. A plurality found that the U.S. declined in six other areas, including national infrastructure and energy, education, and trade relations with other countries. A plurality felt the U.S. made progress in only one indicator under Biden: the conditions of [[LGBTQ people|gay, lesbian, and transgender people]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/655112/americans-little-progress-key-areas-biden.aspx |title=Americans See Little Progress in Key Areas Under Biden |date=January 14, 2025 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |first1=Megan |last1=Brenan |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=More think the U.S. lost than gained ground in a majority of economic, national and international areas}}</ref>

Journalist [[Amy Walter]], editor of the nonpartisan ''[[The Cook Political Report]]'', argued that the public deemed Biden's presidency a failure particularly due to frustration over inflation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walter |first1=Amy |date=December 11, 2024 |title=Democrats' Solution For Winning in 2028 Won't Come From Over-Analyzing 2024 Results |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/democrats-solution-winning-2028-wont-come-over-analyzing-2024?check_logged_in=1 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |website=The Cook Political Report}}</ref> Economists debate the extent to which Biden's policies were responsible for inflation,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/post-neoliberal-delusion|title=The Post-Neoliberal Delusion and the Tragedy of Bidenomics|first1=Jason|last1=Furman|date=February 10, 2025|access-date=February 10, 2025|quote=Jason Furman is Aetna Professor of the Practice of Economic Policy at Harvard University. He was Chair of the White House Council of Economic Advisers from 2013 to 2017.|website=Foreign Affairs|volume=104|issue=2}}</ref> but according to Gallup, public perception of the economy in 2024 was worse only in 2008 and 1992, helping Trump win the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/653303/political-fundamentals-foreshadowed-trump-victory.aspx|title=Political Fundamentals Foreshadowed Trump Victory|date=November 8, 2024|access-date=November 15, 2024|publisher=Gallup, Inc.|first1=Megan|last1=Brenan|first2=Jeffrey M.|last2=Jones|first3=Lydia|last3=Saad}}</ref>

The [[Siena College Research Institute]]'s 2022 survey [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#2022 Siena College|ranked Biden]] 19th out of 45 presidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/|title=American Presidents: Greatest and Worst|publisher=[[Siena College Research Institute]]|date=June 22, 2022|access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> The 2024 ''Presidential Greatness Project Expert'' survey ranked Biden 14th.<ref name="bc">{{cite web |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=February 19, 2024 |title=In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/19/1232447088/historians-presidents-survey-trump-last-biden-14th |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> A February 2024 [[American Political Science Association]] poll of historians and scholars also ranked Biden the 14th-greatest president, diverging from public assessments. The pollsters noted that Biden's ranking was unusually high for a presidency without military victories or institutional expansion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Poll Ranks Biden as 14th-Best President, With Trump Last |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/18/us/politics/biden-trump-presidential-rankings.html |access-date=August 23, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaughn |first1=Justin |last2=Rottinghaus |first2=Brandon |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Opinion: We know how voters feel about Trump and Biden. But how do the experts rank their presidencies? |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-02-18/trump-biden-presidents-day-ranking-poll-election-2024 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="bc" />

When Biden left office in 2025, journalists and many Democrats viewed his presidency as a failure due to [[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|age and health concerns]], public frustration over inflation, and Harris's loss to Trump in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/394712/joe-biden-president-legacy-inflation-manchin|title=The president who could not choose|date=January 14, 2025|access-date=January 16, 2025|website=Vox|first1=Dylan|last1=Matthews}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' called the conclusion of Biden's presidency a "tragedy".<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/jan/18/biden-presidency-legacy-trump-election|title=An American tragedy: how Biden paved the way for Trump's White House return|first1=David|last1=Smith|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=January 18, 2025|date=January 18, 2025|quote=To admirers, Biden will remain one of the most consequential one-term presidents in US history - to detractors, he was undone by a fatal flaw.}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Bibliography of Joe Biden]]
* [[Electoral history of Joe Biden]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]]
* [[List of things named after Joe Biden]]

== Notes ==
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Bronner |first=Ethan |author-link=Ethan Bronner |title=Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-393-02690-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforjustice00bron_0}}
* {{cite book|last=Gadsden |first=Brett |title=Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFQE3bLDsS4C |date=October 8, 2012 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-0797-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mayer |first1=Jane |author-link=Jane Mayer |last2=Abramson |first2=Jill |author-link2=Jill Abramson |title=Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-395-63318-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangejusticese00maye}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |author-link=Richard Wolffe |title=Renegade: The Making of a President |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-307-46312-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/renegademakingof00wolf}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMxWRDTR_sMC |title=See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-394-57059-4 }}
* {{cite book|last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |author-link=Jules Witcover }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Barone |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Barone (pundit) |first2=Richard E. |last2=Cohen |author-link2=Richard E. Cohen |year=2008 |title=The Almanac of American Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00mich_0/ |url-access=registration |publisher=[[National Journal Group]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-89234-116-0}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Draper |first=Robert |date=August 18, 2024 |title=Joe Biden's Interrupted Presidency |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/18/magazine/joe-biden-president-legacy.html |access-date=August 18, 2024 |magazine=The New York Times Magazine}}
* {{cite book |last1=Levingston |first1=Steven |last2=Dyson |first2=Michael |year=2019 |title=Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqyHDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-316-48788-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Charles |editor-last=Moritz |year=1987 |title=Current Biography Yearbook 1987 |title-link=Current Biography |publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Company]] |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Whipple |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Whipple |year=2023 |title=The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden's White House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CWjEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-9821-0643-0}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jake |last1=Tapper |first2=Alex |last2=Thompson |year=2025 |title=Original Sin: President Biden's Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again |url=https://www.amazon.com/Original-Sin-President-Cover-Up-Disastrous/dp/B0DTYKCJC9/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1784LIFUUL48Q&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.-qub6thm8G1IE4xnqWviw5duNoSTC8CeF3tTRrwOd003zG-xZ0TrSxwM7Wnd7gO8HLTwvO5PcMNlyFuOguZ5N3fvCwLYpfnttY0bIRl2AmRZvq5DfIL3AN-wZTulKl-SaBJ6R5w_evBLvkW3RhtbNoDPmviTQQTm2OxhmCpuCZi4a10fB1Xvkmx9c5QsR62qAg4I519j9LljFeYDSIM--4VlJpsXBCvYROufvKjQJFc.ksxV2RKkwpPKVNzhaopOV2RlZJrfLUAAym4VYPI_UZk&dib_tag=se&keywords=original+sin&qid=1740800556&sprefix=original+sin%2Caps%2C135&sr=8-1 |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |location=New York |isbn=979-8217060672}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{#invoke:Sister project links|main |auto=yes}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|by=yes}}

=== Official ===
* [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/president-biden/ President Joe Biden] official website (archived)
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718211814/https://joebiden.com/ |date=July 18, 2024 |title=Presidential campaign website}}
* [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/vp Obama White House biography] (archived)
* [https://www.congress.gov/member/joseph-biden/B000444 Senator Joseph R. Biden] (1973–2009)

=== Other ===
* {{C-SPAN|34}}
* {{New York Times topic|people/b/joseph_r_jr_biden|Joe Biden}}
* [https://www.ontheissues.org/joe_biden.htm Joe Biden] at [[On the Issues]]
* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/joe-biden/ Joe Biden] at [[PolitiFact]]

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Bhagavata Purana

2026-03-29T15:08:28Z

Abhishek Mandal: further update section as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Sanskrit Hindu text}}
{{other uses|Bhagavata Puranas (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavad Gita}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 275
| footer = ''Bhagavata Purana'' manuscripts from 16th to 19th century, in [[Sanskrit]] (above) and in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] or [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| image1 = Rajasthan manuscript page of Bhagavata Purana.jpg
| image2 = Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) Manuscript LACMA M.88.134.4 (2 of 2).jpg
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts|Puranas}}
The '''''Bhagavata Purana''''' ({{langx|sa|भागवतपुराण}}; {{IAST3|Bhāgavata Purāṇa}}), also known as the '''''Srimad Bhagavatam''' (Śrīmad Bhāgavatam)'', '''''Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana'''''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyasa123 |first=Vyasa123 |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Gita Press Srimad Bhagavat Mahapuran 2 Volume Set Sanskrit Hindi |url=https://archive.org/details/srimad-bhagavat-mahapuran-2-volume-set-sanskrit-hindi/Srimad%20Bhagavat%20Mahapuran%20Volume%201%20Sanskrit%20Hindi/ |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> ({{IAST|Śrīmad Bhāgavata Mahāpurāṇa}}) or simply '''''Bhagavata''' (Bhāgavata)'', is one of [[Hinduism]]'s eighteen major popular [[Purana]]s (''Mahapuranas'') and central text in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="richardthompson2">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Richard L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10|title=The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-81-208-1919-1|page=10}}</ref><ref>Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520207783}}, page xli</ref> Composed in [[Sanskrit]] and traditionally attributed to [[Veda Vyasa]],<ref name="edwinbryant1122">{{harvp|Bryant|2007|pages=112}}</ref> it promotes ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) towards [[Vishnu]].{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=53}}<ref name="Kumar Das_1722">{{harvp|Kumar Das|2006|pages=172–173}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bryant|2007|p=111–113}} Like other Puranas, it discusses a wide range of topics including [[cosmology]], [[astronomy]], [[genealogy]], geography, legend, music, dance, [[yoga]] and culture.<ref name="Kumar Das_1722" /><ref name="Rocher_141-144">{{harvp|Rocher|1986|pp=138–151}}</ref>

The text consists of twelve books (''skandhas'' or [[canto]]s) totalling 335 chapters (''adhyayas'') and 18,000 verses.<ref name="barbaraholdrege109">Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415670708}}, pages 109–110</ref><ref name=":4">Richard Thompson (2007), The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120819191}}</ref> The tenth book, with about 4,000 verses, has been the most popular and widely studied.<ref name="edwinbryant1122" /> It is widely available in almost all [[Languages of South Asia|Indian languages]] and was the first ''Purana'' to be translated into a European language, as a French translation of a Tamil version appeared in 1788 and introduced many Europeans to Hinduism and 18th-century Hindu culture during the colonial era.{{sfnp|Bryant|2007|p=111–113}}<ref>[[Jean Filliozat]] (1968), Tamil Studies in French Indology, in Tamil Studies Abroad, Xavier S Thani Nayagam, pages 1–14</ref><ref>Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, {{ISBN|978-0816054589}}, page 474</ref>

The Bhagavata Purana has Vaishnava theology that is grounded in the philosophical traditions of [[Vedanta]] and [[Samkhya]], utilizing these systems in the service of bhakti.<ref name=":4" /> It has been interpreted as having a [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualistic]] tenor, but also integrating themes from the [[Advaita]] (monism) philosophy of [[Adi Shankara]] with the [[Vishishtadvaita]] (qualified monism) of [[Ramanujacharya]] and the [[Dvaita]] (dualism) of [[Madhvacharya]].<ref name="Kumar Das_1722" /><ref name="Brown">{{harvp|Brown|1983|pages=553–557}}</ref>{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|pp=1–2, 17–25}}<ref>{{harvnb|Katz|2000|pp=184–185}}: "The five classical Vaiṣṇava schools (''sampradāya''s) recognize the authority of this devotional text, and each school has accordingly produced commentaries to demonstrate the Bhāgavata's support of its particular views–the Viśiṣṭādvaita school of Rāmānuja (eleventh century), the Dvaita school of Madhva (thirteenth century), the Dvaitādvaita school of Nimbārka (twelfth-thirteenth century), the Śuddhādvaita school of Vallabha (sixteenth century), and the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava school of the Gosvāmins (sixteenth century)."</ref> The dualistic school of [[Madhvacharya]] has commentaries expounding the [[Dwaita|dualistic]] interpretation of the Bhagavata, beginning with the ''[[List of works by Madhvacharya|Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya]]''.<ref name=richardthompson>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Richard L.|title=The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1919-1|page=10}}</ref><ref>Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520207783}}, page xli</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
* '''<nowiki/>'[[Bhagavata|Bhagavata'<nowiki/>]]''' (or '''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Bhagavatam'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' or 'Bhagavat', [[Sanskrit]] भागवत) means 'follower or worshipper of [[Vishnu]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Bhagavata&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref>
** '[[Bhagavan|Bhagavan']] (Sanskrit भगवन्) means 'Blessed One', 'God', or 'Lord'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Bhagavan&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> [[Krishna]] – the [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]], primeval Personality of Godhead, [[avatar]] of Vishnu – is directly referred to as 'Bhagavan' throughout this scripture. It is stated in canto 1, chapter 3, verse 28, "kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam" which [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] translates as, "Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead."<ref>{{Cite web|title=ŚB 1.3.28|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/28/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=vedabase.io|language=en}}</ref>
* '''<nowiki/>'[[Puranas|Purana'<nowiki/>]]''' (Sanskrit पुराण) means 'ancient' or 'old' (or 'old traditional history').<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=purana&dir=se|title=Sanskrit–English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> It also means 'complete' and 'completing'<ref name=":2" /> in the sense that a Purana 'completes the [[Vedas]]'.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|quote=purana word completes.|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|date=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n228 222]|language=en}}</ref>
* '''<nowiki/>'Srimad'''' (or 'Srimat', Sanskrit श्रीमत्) means 'radiant', 'holy', 'splendid', or 'glorious',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=srimat&dir=se|title=Sanskrit–English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> and is an [[honorific]] religious title.
** '[[Sri]]'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' (or '''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Shri'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' or 'Shree', Sanskrit श्री) means 'wealth'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sri&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> [[Lakshmi]] – Goddess of Wealth and Vishnu/Krishna's wife – is also referred to as 'Sri'.
** '''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Mad'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' (or 'Mat', Sanskrit मत्) means 'religion' or 'believed'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=mAtha&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref>

== Modern scholarship ==
===Dating and origin===
{{Main|Origin of the Bhagavata Purana}}Modern scholarship dates its composition to between 500 CE to 1000 CE.<ref name="sheridanp6"/> A version of the text must have existed by 1030 CE, when it is mentioned by [[al Biruni]]<ref name="sheridanp6">{{harvp|Sheridan|1986|p=6}}</ref> and quoted by [[Abhinavagupta]]. Within this range, many scholars including Hardy, date its final redaction to the 9th or early 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119144892 |title=Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-14486-1 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |page=95 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119144892}}</ref>

However, many scholars argue for an earlier composition, placing much of the text in the Gupta period (4th–7th centuries CE): Dennis Hudson's study of the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikunda Perumal Temple]] at Kanchipuram provides iconographic evidence that the temple's sculptural panels and layout parallel the Bhagavata Purana, suggesting the text's narratives were already well-established by that era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Dennis |year=2008 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.001.0001 |isbn=9780195369229}}</ref> Gupta and Valpey (2013) affirm this interpretation, concluding that Hudson's findings "convincingly suggest" an early, Gupta-period provenance for substantial portions of the Purana, while noting that arguments for a specifically South-Indian origin remain inconclusive.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=13}} Bryant summarizes modern scholarship, stating that the Bhagavata Purana "might well have reached its final form by the Gupta period". This earlier dating is supported by its use of Vedic archaisms throughout the text, as well as dynastic lists that conclude before the Gupta era. Bryant also suggests that the text was likely composed in North India because northern references and "historical Puranic stories" are more numerous than southern ones.<ref>Edwin Bryant (2002), The Date and Provenance of the Bhagavata Purana, Journal of Vaishnava Studies, Vol 2, Issue 1, pages 51-80</ref>

In contrast, Sheridan argues that the Bhagavata Purana was written by a group of learned Brahmin ascetics, probably in South India, who were well versed in Vedic and ancient Indian literature and influenced by the Alvars.{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=11-14}} The Bhagavata Purana contains apparent references to the South Indian Alvar saints and it makes a [[Vaticinium ex eventu|''post factum'' prophecy]] of the spread of Vishnu worship in [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] country (BP XI.5.38–40);{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-16}}<ref name="Archaism">{{Cite book | year=1966 | last=van Buitenen | first=J. A. B | chapter=The Archaism of the Bhagavata Purana| editor=Milton Singer | title=Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes | pages=23–40}}. Reprinted in {{harvp|van Buitenen|1996|pages=28–45}}</ref> these facts, along with its emphasis on "emotional Bhakti to Krishna" and the "[[Advaita]] philosophy of [[Adi Shankara|Sankara]]", lead many scholars to trace its origins to South India.{{sfnp|Kumar Das|2006|p=172-173}} However, [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] points out that 10th–11th CE South Indian Vaishnava theologians [[Yamunacharya|Yamuna]] and [[Ramanuja]] do not refer to Bhagavata Purana in their writings, and this anomaly must be explained before the geographical origins and dating are regarded as definitive.{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-16}}<ref name = "Archaism"/>

== Content and structure ==
The Bhagavata Purana consists of twelve ''skhandas'' or [[canto]]s consisting of 18,000 verses of several interconnected, interwoven, and non-linear dialogues, teachings, and explanations espousing [[Bhakti Yoga]] that go back and forth in time:
{{Blockquote|We have alluded to the Bhagavata's identity as a [[Purana]], an important feature of which is its multilevel dialogical structure ... the layered arrangement of dialogues, in which a speaker (typically [[Shuka|Suka]], the main reciter, addressing his interlocutor, [[Parikshit|King Pariksit]]) quotes an "earlier" speaker (for example, [[Narada]], addressing King [[Yudhisthira]], Pariksit's granduncle, in a dialogue understood to have taken place earlier and elsewhere), who may in turn quote yet another speaker. Two or three such layers are typically operative simultaneously ... the compounding of voices serve to strengthen the message delivered; and second, one is left with the sense that one cannot, and indeed need not, trace out the origin of the message.|source=Ravi M. Gupta and Kenneth R. Valpey, ''The Bhāgavata Purāna: Selected Readings''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrwxDQAAQBAJ&q=Ravi+Gupta+and+Kenneth+Valpey+%282013%29%2C+The+Bhagavata+Purana|title=The Bhāgavata Purāna: Selected Readings|last1=Gupta|first1=Ravi M.|last2=Valpey|first2=Kenneth R.|date=2016-11-29|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231542340|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>}}

===Stated authorship and purpose===
From the N. P. Jain for Motilal Banarsidass translation:

{{Blockquote|The divine seer, [[Vedavyasa]], composed this [[Purana]], known by the name of Srimad Bhagavata, which stands on a par with the Vedas and contains the stories of the Lord of excellent renown. |source=Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 1st Canto, Chapter 3, Verse 40|author=|title=}}

A unique and especial emphasis is placed on fostering transcendental loving devotion to Krishna as the ultimate good, i.e. for its own sake rather than for fruitive results or rewards such as [[Detachment (philosophy)|detachment]] or worldly or heavenly gains, a practice known as [[Bhakti Yoga]]:{{Blockquote|What makes the Bhagavata unique in the history of Indian Religion... is its prioritization of Bhakti. The main objective of this text is to promote Bhakti to Vishnu in his incarnation as Krishna referred to variously, and to illustrate and explain it... what makes the Bhagavata special is its emphasis on an intense personal and passionate Bhakti...|source=Sisir Kumar Das, ''A History of Indian Literature''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=The+main+Objective+of+the+Text|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126021710|pages=173|language=en}}</ref>}}

=== Puranic characteristics ===
[[File:Brahma see cosmic form of vishnu from Bhagavata purana series by Manaku.jpg|thumb|Brahma see cosmic form of vishnu from Bhagavata purana series]]
As detailed in the [[Matsya Purana|Matsya Mahapurana]], all [[Puranas]] must cover at least five specific subjects or topics referred to in [[Sanskrit]] as ''Pancha Lakshana'' (literally meaning 'consisting of five characteristics')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=pancha&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=lakshana&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> – in addition to other information including specific deities and the [[Puruṣārtha|four aims or goals of life]]. From the K. L. Joshi (editor) translation:

{{Blockquote|The following are the five characteristics of the Puranas: They describe (1) the creation of the universe, (2) its genealogy and dissolution, (3) the dynasties, (4) the [[Manvantara]]s, (5) the dynastic chronicles. The Puranas, with these five characteristics, sing the glory of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Surya|the Sun]] and [[Shiva|Rudra]], as well as they describe also the creation and dissolution of the Earth. The four [aims of human life] ([[Dharma]], [[Artha]], [[Kama]] and [[Moksa]]) have also been described in all the Puranas, along with evil consequences following from sin. In the [[sattvika]] Puranas there is largely a mention of [[Hari|Hari's]] glory.|source=Matsya Mahapurana, Chapter 53<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS1AAQAAIAAJ&q=bhagavata+purana|title=Matsya Mahāpurāṇa: Chapters 1–150|last=Jośī|first=Kanhaiyālāla|date=2007|publisher=Parimal Publications|isbn=9788171103065|pages=213–214|language=en}}</ref>}}

Srimad Bhagavatam covers ten characteristics, while lesser Puranas cover five characteristics. SB 2.10.1 lists the ten characteristics as: "the creation of the universe, subcreation, planetary systems, protection by the Lord, the creative impetus, the change of Manus, the science of God, returning home (back to Godhead), liberation and the ''summum bonum''". [[Jiva Goswami]] explains that the ten characteristics in the Srimad Bhagavatam are spread across all twelve cantos. Each canto discusses different aspects of these topics with varying emphasis, covering all key aspects of human knowledge without following a strict order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ŚB 12.7.9–10 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/7/9-10/ |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=vedabase.io |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/10/|title=CHAPTER TEN|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref>

=== Manuscripts ===
[[File:Bhagavata Purana manuscript, 18 century.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A Bhagavata Purana manuscript]]
According to Hariprasad Gangashankar Shastri, the oldest surviving manuscript dates to c. 1124-25 and is held in the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampurnananda Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya]] in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edelmann |first=Jonathan |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Bhāgavatapurāṇa |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

Poetic or [[artistic license]] with existing materials is a strong tradition in Indian culture,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC&q=Gregory+Bailey+%282003%29%2C+The+Study+of+Hinduism&pg=PA139|title=The Study of Hinduism|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|date=2003|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=9781570034497|pages=142–143|language=en}}</ref> a ''<nowiki/>'tradition of several hundred years of linguistic creativity'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2osmDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+tradition+poetic+license&pg=PA32|title=Text and Tradition in South India|last=Rao|first=Velcheru Narayana|date=2017-06-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438467757|pages=32|language=en}}</ref> There are variations of original manuscripts available for some Purana, The common manuscript for translations of the Bhagavata Purana – seemingly used by both Swami Prabhupada and [[Bibek Debroy]] – is the ''Bhāgavatamahāpurāṇam''<ref>{{Cite book|title=श्रीमद्भागवतमहापुराणम्: अन्वितार्थप्रकाशिकाख्यव्याख्यासमेतं = The Bhāgavatamahāpurāṇam|last1=Sharma|first1=Rajendra Nath|last2=Singh|first2=Nag Sharan|last3=Gaṅgāsahāya|date=1987|publisher=Nag Publishers|location=Delhi|language=sa|oclc=17508743}}</ref> a reprint of Khemraj Shri Krishnadas' manuscript.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLh9DwAAQBAJ&q=bhagavata+purana+debroy |title=The Bhagavata Purana 1 |date=2019-01-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789353053789 |pages=xix-xxi |language=en}}.</ref> In regard to variances in Puranic manuscripts, Gregory Bailey states:

{{Blockquote|[S]ignificant are the widespread variations between manuscripts of the same Purana, especially those originating in different regions of India... one of the principal characteristics of the genre is the status of Purana as what Doniger calls "fluid texts" (Doniger 1991, 31). The mixture of fixed form [the Puranic Characteristics] and seemingly endless variety of content has enabled the Purana to be communicative vehicles for a range of cultural positions ... [the] idea of originality is primarily Western and belies the fact that in the kind of oral genres of which the Puranas continue to form a part, such originality is neither promoted nor recognised. Like most forms of cultural creation in India, the function of the Puranas was to reprocess and comment upon old knowledge ...|source=''The Study of Hinduism'' (Arvind Sharma, editor), Chapter 6 ('The Puranas: A Study in the Development of Hinduism')<ref name=":1" />}}

== Cantos (skandhas) ==
'''SB 1.1.3''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>निगमकल्पतरोर्गलितं फलं
शुकमुखादमृतद्रवसंयुतम् ।
पिबत भागवतं रसमालयं
मुहुरहो रसिका भुवि भावुका: ॥ ३ ॥</poem>O ye devotees possessing a taste for divine joy, Srimad Bhagavata is the fruit (essence) of the wish-yielding tree of Veda, dropped on earth from the mouth of the parrot-like sage Suka, and is full of the nectar of supreme bliss. It is unmixed sweetness (devoid of rind, seed or other superfluous matter). Go on drinking this divine nectar again and again till there is consciousness left in you.}}

===First Canto===
{{main|Srimad Bhagavata Book 1}}
Consisting of 19 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/|title=Canto 1: Creation|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> the first canto opens with an invocation to [[Krishna]] and the assertion that the Srimad Bhagatavam, compiled by [[Vyasa]]deva, is sufficient alone to realise God. The overarching narration begins at the onset of [[Kali Yuga]] as a dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] (the son of Vyasadeva) and a group of sages headed by [[Saunaka]], as they perform a thousand-year sacrifice for Krishna and his devotees in the forest of [[Naimisha Forest|Naimisaranya]]. Questioned by the [[sages]], topics covered by Suka Gosvami include the:
* Birth of [[Pariksit]] – protected in the womb by Krishna – in the aftermath of the devastating [[Kurukshetra War]]
* Appearance and instruction of [[Narada]] to Vyasadeva on the composition of the Srimad Bhagavatam
* Meditation and inspiration of Vyasadeva on the western bank of the [[Sarasvati river]] to compile and revise the Bhagavata
* Teaching of the Bhagavata by Vyasadeva to his already-liberated son, Suka Gosvami
* Departure and disappearance of Krishna, followed by the signs and onset of Kali Yuga
* Retirement of the [[Pandava]]s (including King [[Yudhisthira]]) and consequent enthronement of Pariksit
* Attempts of Pariksit to stem the influence of Kali before being cursed by a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] boy to die within seven days
* Renunciation of Pariksit, who decided to fast until death ([[Prayopavesa]]) on the banks of the Ganges in [[Bhakti|devotion]] to Krishna
* Arrival of sages (including Narada and [[Bhrgu]]) and their disciples to Pariksit's fast, followed by Suta Gosvami

 '''SB 1.3.38''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>स वेद धातु: पदवीं परस्य
दुरन्तवीर्यस्य रथाङ्गपाणे: ।
योऽमायया सन्ततयानुवृत्त्या
भजेत तत्पादसरोजगन्धम् ॥ ३८ ॥</poem>The power of the Lord who wields the discus in His hand is infinite; though the Maker of this world, He remains ever beyond it. He alone can know His ways who inhales the fragrance of His lotus-feet through constant and sincere devotion to them.}}

===Second Canto===
{{main|Srimad Bhagavata Book 2}}
[[File:Suka Dev and Parikshit.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] addressing [[Pariksit]]|alt=]]

Consisting of 10 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/|title=Canto 2: The Cosmic Manifestation|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> the second canto opens with an invocation to [[Krishna]]. The second layer of overarching narration begins as a dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]] (narrated by Suta Gosvami to a group of sages headed by [[Saunaka]] in the forest of [[Naimisha Forest|Naimisaranya]]). Questioned by Pariksit, the topics covered by Sukadeva Gosvami include the:
* [[Transcendence (religion)|Transcendental]], supreme, eternal, and pure nature of Krishna
* Universal [[Vishvarupa|Virat-Rupa]] and [[Mahavishnu|Maha-Vishnu]] forms of Krishna, as well as His scheduled avatars with their purposes
* Process and laws of creation and annihilation of the universe
* God realisation, [[Bhakti Yoga]], devotional duties, and the need for a spiritual master ([[Guru]])
* [[Vedic]] knowledge, modes of material nature ([[gunas]]), [[Karma in Hinduism|karma]], false (i.e. [[Materialism|materialistic]]) ego, and [[illusion]] and suffering due to ignorance
* Divisions (caste or [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]) of society, common religious affiliations, and [[faith]] versus [[atheism]]

'''SB 2.5.35''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>स एव पुरुषस्तस्मादण्डं निर्भिद्य निर्गत: ।
सहस्रोर्वङ्‌घ्रिबाह्वक्ष: सहस्राननशीर्षवान् ॥ ३५ ॥</poem>Bursting open that (Cosmic) egg, issued therefrom the same Supreme Person (the Cosmic Being) with thousands of thighs, feet, arms and eyes and thousands of faces and heads too.}}

===Third Canto===
{{main|Srimad Bhagavata Book 3}}
Consisting of 33 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/|title=Canto 3: The Status Quo|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> the third canto continues the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. [[Vidura]], the [[Shudra|sudra]] incarnation of [[Yama]] and devotee of [[Krishna]], is the main protagonist narrated. After being thrown out of his home by King [[Dhritarashtra]] (his older half-brother) for admonishing the [[Kaurava|Kaurava's]] ignoble behaviour towards the [[Pandava]]s, Vidura went on a [[pilgrimage]] where he met other devotees of Krishna such as [[Uddhava]] and the sage [[Maitreya (Mahābhārata)|Maitreya]]; their dialogues form a third layer of narration. Topics covered by Sukadeva Gosvami, Uddhava, and Maitreya include the:
* Remembrance, pastimes, qualities, and kingdom ([[Vaikuntha]]) of Vishnu
* Universal – [[Vishvarupa|Virat-Rupa]] – form of [[Vishnu]] to animate dormant material energy for creation (with [[Kali]], explicitly stated to represent His [[Maya (religion)|external energy]])
* Emergence of [[Brahma]] from [[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu|Garbhodakasayi Vishnu]]; Brahma's prayers to [[Vishnu]], creation of living beings, and manifestation of the [[Vedas]]
* Curse of the [[Four Kumaras|Four Kamaras]] on [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]] and their consequent incarnations as the demons [[Hiranyaksa]] and [[Hiranyakasipu]]
* Appearance of the [[Varaha]] avatar to lift the Earth out of the depths of the Cosmic Ocean ([[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu|Garbhodakasayi]]) and destroy [[Hiranyaksa]]
* Appearance of the [[Kapila]] avatar to expound [[Sankya]] philosophy and devotional service ([[Bhakti Yoga]]) for Krishna. A dialogue between Kapila and his mother [[Kapila#Kapila Devahuti Samvada|Devahuti]] explains the constituent parts of matter to help her overcome the suffering caused by identifying the self with the physical body.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=56}}
* Principles of material nature, divisions of creation, and calculation of time

'''SB 3.25.25''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>सतां प्रसङ्गान्मम वीर्यसंविदो
भवन्ति हृत्कर्णरसायना: कथा: ।
तज्जोषणादाश्वपवर्गवर्त्मनि
श्रद्धा रतिर्भक्तिरनुक्रमिष्यति ॥ २५ ॥</poem>Through the fellowship of saints one gets to hear My stories, leading to a correct and full knowledge of My glory and pleasing to the heart as well as to the ear. By hearing such stories one is sure to develop one after another reverence and fondness for and Devotion to the Lord, whose realization is preceded by the cessation of ignorance.}}

===Fourth Canto===
[[File:Dhruva as star from Bhagavata purana series by manaku.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Dhruva]] as a star from Basholi Bhagavata Purana manuscript.|alt=]]
Consisting of 31 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/4/|title=Canto 4: The Creation of the Fourth Order|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> the fourth canto continues the dialogues of [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]], [[Uddhava]], and [[Maitreya (Mahābhārata)|Maitreya]]. There are additional layers of dialogue, such as between the sage-avatar [[Narada]] and King [[Prachetas|Pracinabharhisat]] (as narrated by Maitreya to [[Vidura]]). Focusing on the female descendants of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Svayambhuva Manu]], topics covered include the:
* [[Genealogies]] of the daughters of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Svayambhuva Manu]] and of [[Dhruva]] (grandson of [[Svayambhuva Manu]])
* Enmity between [[Daksha|Daksa]] and [[Shiva]], self-immolation of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] (wife of Shiva and daughter of Daksa), and attack by Shiva on Daksa's ritual
* [[Tapasya]] and liberation of [[Dhruva]], including advice from Narada, his vision of [[Vishnu]], and battles between Dhruva and the [[Yaksas]]
* Killing of the tyrant-king [[Vena (Hindu king)|Vena]] by [[Brahmin]]s before the appearance of the king [[Prthu]] to restore abundance of the Earth
* [[Allegorical]] story, descriptions, and characteristics of King Puranjana, who was reborn as a woman due to thinking of his wife when he died
* Activities of the [[Pracetas]], including meeting with Shiva, instruction from Narada, and ultimate liberation
* Qualities of [[Krishna]], [[Vaishnava]] devotion ([[Bhakti Yoga]]), the soul ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]), the super-soul ([[paramatman]]), and materialistic life

 '''SB 4.16.17''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>मातृभक्ति: परस्त्रीषु पत्‍न्यामर्ध इवात्मन: । प्रजासु पितृवत्स्‍निग्ध: किङ्करो ब्रह्मवादिनाम् ॥ १७ ॥</poem>He regards and reveres the wives of others as His mother and loves His own wife as a half of His own body. He is loving as a father to those over whom He rules; He looks upon Himself as a servant to those who are well-versed in the Vedic lore.}}

=== Fifth Canto ===
[[File:Lustration of a Jina Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Folio from a Bhaktamara Stotra (Hymn of the Immortal Devotee) LACMA AC1992.170.2 (1 of 6).jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|[[Rsabha]].]]
Consisting of 26 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/5/|title=Canto 5: The Creative Impetus|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> the fifth canto focuses on the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. Notable additional layers of dialogue are between the avatar [[Rsabha]] and his sons, and between [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] and King Rahugana (the former was perceived as a fool and made to carry the latter's [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquin]]). Topics covered include the:
* Appearance, life, and teachings of the publicly abused avatar [[Rsabha]], the first [[Tirthankara]] (spiritual teacher) of [[Jainism]]
* Appearance of [[Hayagriva]] to return vedic knowledge to Brahma
* Activities, character, teachings, and liberation of King [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] (incarnated as a deer and then a supposed [[idiot]]-[[Brahmin]])
* Activities and descendants of King Priyavrata, whose chariot wheels created the seven oceans and islands (i.e. continents)
* Descriptions of the universe, [[sun]], orbits of the planets, and the heavenly and hellish planets
* Flow of the Ganges and expansion of [[Narayana]] as Vasudeva ([[Krishna]]), [[Shesha|Sankarsana]], [[Pradyumna]], and [[Aniruddha]]
* Glories of [[Ananta (infinite)|Ananta]] / Sankarsana / [[Shesha]] / [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamasi]]

'''SB 5.5.1''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>ऋषभ उवाच
नायं देहो देहभाजां नृलोके
कष्टान् कामानर्हते विड्भुजां ये ।
तपो दिव्यं पुत्रका येन सत्त्वं
शुद्ध्येद्यस्माद् ब्रह्मसौख्यं त्वनन्तम् ॥ १ ॥</poem>This (human) body in the mortal world does not deserve to be given up to (the pursuit of) sensuous pleasures, which are (really) a source of misery and which are enjoyed even by swine, dogs and other animals (that feed on ordure). It is worthy of being devoted, My beloved sons, to sublime austerities whereby the mind is purified; and from purity of mind follows the unending bliss of absorption into the Absolute.}}

===Sixth Canto===
[[File:Vritra try to eat indra.jpg|thumb|[[Vritra|Vrtrasura]] attacks [[Indra]]|alt=|230x230px]]

Consisting of 19 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/6/|title=Canto 6: Prescribed Duties for Mankind|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> the sixth canto continues with the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between [[Yama]] and his messengers (called the ''Yamadutas''). With the main focus on the battles of the demon-devotee [[Vritra|Vrtrasura]] and his armies against the demigods led by [[Indra]], as well as the life of King Citraketu, topics covered include the:
* Life of [[Ajamila]], a [[Brahmin]] that lost liberation due to sex-attraction but was liberated due to calling his son – [[Narayana]] – upon death
* Instructions of [[Yamaraja]] to his messengers about justice, punishment, chanting, Vishnu's messengers, and surrender ([[Bhakti]]) to Krishna
* Curse of [[Daksha|Daksa]] on [[Narada]], and a [[genealogy]] of the daughters of [[Daksha|Daksa]]
* Offence of [[Indra]] to [[Brhaspati]], the appearance of [[Vritra|Vrtrasura]] to battle the demigods, their prayers to [[Narayana]] and [[Vritra|Vrtrasura]]'s death
* Story of King Chitraketu, the murder of his son, instruction from [[Narada]] and [[Angiras]], meeting with Krishna, and curse by [[Parvati]]
* Vow of [[Diti]] to kill Indra, her embryo being cut into 49 pieces by Indra but saved by [[Vishnu]], and her purification through devotion
* Performance of the [[Pumsavana]] ceremony for pregnancy with prayers to Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]] (Goddess of Wealth and Fortune)

'''SB 6.3.13''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>यो नामभिर्वाचि जनं निजायां
बध्नाति तन्‍त्र्यामिव दामभिर्गा: ।
यस्मै बलिं त इमे नामकर्म-
निबन्धबद्धाश्चकिता वहन्ति ॥ १३ ॥</poem>Just as a farmer ties (his) oxen with tethers to a big cord (to keep them together), He binds men with (different) denominations (Brahmana, Ksatriya and so on) to His own Word (the Veda)-allots them different duties as enjoined by the Vedas; and, bound by (these) strong ties in the shape of class, names and obligations (attaching thereto), the aforesaid men meticulously bear offerings (do homage) to Him (through the scrupulous discharge of their duties).}}

=== Seventh Canto ===
[[File:Narasimha Disemboweling Hiranyakashipu, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) LACMA M.82.42.8 (1 of 5).jpg|thumb|240x240px|[[Nrsimha]] killing Hiranyakashipu with [[Prahlada]] on the left.|alt=]]
Consisting of 15 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/7/|title=Canto 7: The Science of God|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> the seventh canto continues with the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between [[Narada]] and [[Yudhishthira]] about [[Prahlada]], the devotee-son of the demon-King [[Hiranyakasipu]] (brother of [[Hiranyaksa]], destroyed by the [[Varaha]] avatar in the third canto; the demonic brothers are incarnations of [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]]). Prahlada, protected by [[Vishnu]], survives multiple attempts to kill him until the arrival of the [[Nrsimha]] avatar to destroy his father, who could not be killed by any weapon, by any man or beast, or in the water, air, or on land. Topics covered include the:
* Vow of demon-King [[Hiranyakasipu]] to destroy [[Vishnu]], his austerities to become invincible, and conquering of the entire universe
* Birth, abuse, and teachings of the devotee [[Prahlada]], son of [[Hiranyakasipu]], protected from death by Vishnu
* Arrival of the [[Nrsimha]] avatar to destroy [[Hiranyakasipu]], later pacified by the prayers of Prahlada
* Perfect society in the form of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|four social]] and [[Puruṣārtha|four spiritual]] classes or orders
* Behaviour of a good person, ideal family life, and instructions to be civilised
* Exposition that the absolute truth is a person – [[Vishnu]] – who is the master and controller of all universe.
* Previous incarnations of [[Narada]], and that Krishna lived with the [[Pandava]]s like an ordinary human being

'''SB 7.14.9''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>मृगोष्ट्रखरमर्काखुसरीसृप्खगमक्षिका: ।
आत्मन: पुत्रवत् पश्येत्तैरेषामन्तरं कियत् ॥ ९ ॥</poem>He should look upon deer, camels, donkeys, monkeys, rats, reptiles, birds and flies as though they were their (own) children What is that which distinguishes these from those (children)? (They deserve his fostering care as much as his own children).}}

===Eighth Canto===
[[File:Vamana Bali Shukra.jpg|thumb|232x232px|[[Vamana]] with [[Mahabali|Bali]].]]
Consisting of 24 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/8/|title=Canto 8: Withdrawal of the Cosmic Creations|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> the eighth canto continues the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between the [[Vamana]] avatar and [[King Bali]] about the demon-King [[Hiranyakasipu]]. Topics covered include the:
* Details and ages of the four [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manus]] (Svayambhuva, Svarocisa, Uttama, and Tamasa), and of the future Manus
* Elephant [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendra]], rescued from [[Makara]] the crocodile by [[Vishnu]] riding his mount [[Garuda]], after prayers of surrender
* Battles between the [[demigod]]s and the [[Asura|demons]], the truce brokered by [[Vishnu]], and churning of the [[ocean of milk]] by both factions
* Appearance of the [[Kurma]], [[Dhanvantari]], [[Mohini]], and Ajita avatars (and [[Lakshmi]]) during the churning of the ocean of milk
* Second appearance of Mohini to beguile [[Shiva]]
* Annihilation of the demons by [[Indra]]
* Appearance of the [[Vamana]] avatar to take back the three worlds from King Bali in three footsteps, and the [[Bhakti|surrender]] of Bali to Him
* Appearance of the [[Matsya]] avatar to save devotee-King [[Satyavrata]] from the [[Flood myth|flood]] (during the time of [[Hiranyaksa]] in the third canto)

'''SB 8.5.30''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>न यस्य कश्चातितितर्ति मायां
यया जनो मुह्यति वेद नार्थम् ।
तं निर्जितात्मात्मगुणं परेशं
नमाम भूतेषु समं चरन्तम् ॥ ३० ॥</poem>Let us bow to that Ruler of the highest gods, moving qually in all created beings, whose Maya (deluding potency) nobody can overpass-that Māyā due to which men get bewildered and are unable to know the truth (their reality)-but vho has completely subdued that Maya-Sakti of His own and its properties (in the shape of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas).}}In 7th chapter of eighth canto mentioned [[Shiva]] is also non different from [[Brahman]]. He is supreme ruler of the universe and the eternal refugee of all living beings.

Gita Press:

{{Blockquote|text=You are the supreme, mysterious Brahma (the Absolute), the Creator of all beings, (the gods, beasts and so on), high and low. It is You, the (supreme) Spirit, that stand manifested as the universe by virtue of (Your) manifold energies (in the form of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) and are its Ruler (too).
|source=Canto 8, Chapter 7, Verse 24}}{{Blockquote|text=29. The five sacred (Vedic) texts (known by the names of Tatpuruşa, Aghora, Sadyojäta, Vämadeva and Iśāna), O Lord, from (the thirty- eight parts of) which the thirty-eight fragmentary Mantras came into existence, constitute Your (five) faces (bearing the same names as the sacred texts themselves). Again, that self- effulgent Principle, constituting the supreme Reality, which is known by the name of Śiva, O Deity, is (nothing but) Your absolute state.|source=Canto 8, Chapter 7, Verse 29}}

=== Ninth Canto ===
[[File:Parashurama with axe.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Parashurama]]|alt=]]
Consisting of 24 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/9/|title=Canto 9: Liberation|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> the ninth canto continues the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. With no notable additional layers of dialogue, the primary focus is upon the male [[dynasties]] of various ruling figures (the female sides are covered in the fourth canto). Topics covered include the:
* Pastimes of the [[Rama]] avatar that destroyed the demon-King [[Ravana]] (and [[Kumbhakarna]]; incarnations of [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]])
* Appearance of the [[Parashurama]] avatar to repeatedly destroy the corrupt, Godless ruling ([[Kshatriya]]) class
* [[Genealogy]] and downfall of Saubhari Muni due to sex-desire (after seeing fish copulate), and his liberation through performing austerities
* Story of King [[Yayati]], cursed to suffer old age; after passing the curse to his [[King Puru|son]], he learned the futility of [[Hedonism|sense-pleasure]] and achieved liberation
* Story of King [[Pururava]], beguiled by the [[Apsara]] [[Urvasi]], until he sated his lusty desires with a ceremonial fire
* Genealogies of the sons of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Svayambhuva Manu]], and of the Kings [[Mandhata (King)|Mandhata]], [[Amshuman|Amsuman]], [[Yayati]], [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]], [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)#Lineage of the Puru Kings up to the Panchala Kingdom|Ajamidha]], [[King Puru|Puru]], and [[Pururava]]
* Genealogy of [[Krishna]], and brief descriptions of His beauty and pastimes

'''SB 9.24.59.60''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>अक्षौहिणीनां पतिभिरसुरैर्नृपलाञ्छनै: । भुव आक्रम्यमाणाया अभाराय कृतोद्यम: ॥ ५९ ॥</poem>कर्माण्यपरिमेयाणि मनसापि सुरेश्वरैः ।
सहसङ्कर्षणश्चक्रे भगवान्मधुसूदनः ॥ ६० ॥

Endeavouring to remove the burden of the earth, which was overrun by demons disguised as kings, who led more than one Akşauhinīs, Śri Krsna (the slayer of the demon Madhu). accompanied by (His elder brother) Sarnkarsana (better known as Balarama), performed deeds which cannot be comprehended even in thought by the rulers of gods.}}

=== Tenth Canto ===
[[File:Krishna and Balarama Studying with the Brahman Sandipani (1525-1550 CE).jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Balarama Studying with the Brahman Sandipani'' (''Bhagavata Purana'', 1525-1550 CE print). Krishna in blue is seated next to Balarama, both wearing peacock-feather headdresses, in front of their teacher [[Sandipani]]. Two other students appear on the left.]]
[[File:Kuvalayapida Slain.jpg|thumb|Kuvalayapida Slain]]
Consisting of 90 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/|title=Canto 10: The Summum Bonum|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> the tenth canto continues the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. Notable additional layers of dialogue all involve the ''[[Lila (divine play)|lila]]'' (divine play) of the supreme and [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] [[Krishna]] avatar. Thus focusing on the appearance and pastimes of Krishna, topics covered include the:
* Imprisonment of Krishna's parents ([[Vasudeva Anakadundubhi]] and [[Devaki]]), the murder of His siblings, and attempted murder of baby Krishna by King [[Kamsa]]
* Fostering of Krishna and [[Balarama]] by [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]] ([[Gopas]], a tribe of cowherds); Yashoda saw the universal form in boy-Krishna's mouth
* Attempts on baby and boy-Krishna's life by various demons, mostly sent by Kamsa (e.g. [[Putana]], Trnavarta, [[Aghasura]], [[Pralamba]], Kesi, etc.)
* Chastisement of [[Kaliya]], swallowing of a forest fire, lifting of [[Govardhan Hill#Legends|Govardhana Hill]], stealing of Gopis' clothes, and the [[Rasa (theology)|Rasa dance]]
* Raas Leela is described very thoroughly and is shown in great detail in the Tenth Canto.
* Defeat of numerous demonic foes (e.g. [[Kamsa]], [[Jarasandha]], [[Kalayavana]], [[Narakasura]], [[Paundraka]], etc.) to diminish the burden of the Earth
* Marriages to over 16,000 wives (and children with each), establishment of [[Dvaraka]], return of the [[Syamantaka|Syamantaka Jewel]], and washing of [[Narada|Narada's]] feet
* Defeat of [[Banasura]] and Shiva, daily activities, blessing of [[Sudama]], blessing of His devotees, saving of [[Shiva]] from Vrkasura, and summary of glories

'''SB 10.90.50''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>मर्त्यस्तयानुसवमेधितया मुकुन्द-
श्रीमत्कथाश्रवणकीर्तनचिन्तयैति ।
तद्धाम दुस्तरकृतान्तजवापवर्गं
ग्रामाद् वनं क्षितिभुजोऽपि ययुर्यदर्था: ॥ ५० ॥</poem>By listening to, chanting and contemplating on the charming stories of Bhagavān Sri Krsna every moment, man develops the devotion which leads him to the (supreme) sphere of the Lord. (True,) it is (most) difficult to reach beyond the jurisdiction of Time; but in the Lord's realm Time has no sway. Even rulers of the earth have left their kingdom and retired to the forest for (the performance of austerities with the object of) gaining that eternal realm. (Therefore, one should constantly engage oneself in hearing the stories of the Lord.)}}The first nine books of the Bhagavata Purana function as a prologue, discussing previous incarnations of Vishnu and the principles of bhakti-yoga. The Tenth Book presents the goal of this path: Krishna himself. The text prioritizes Krishna as the supreme absolute truth and personal godhead (bhagavan svayam), rather than as a derivative incarnation of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |pages=112–113 |chapter=Krishna in the Tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana}}</ref>

The narrative is divided into two distinct sections: Krishna's childhood pastimes in the forests of Vrindavan (Braj lila) and his later adult activities in Mathura and Dvaraka. The Braj lila section is particularly noted for depicting God as a child absorbed in lila (divine play) stealing butter, hiding from his mother, and playing with his companions without an apparent formal mission or agenda.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |pages=114–115 |chapter=Krishna in the Tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana}}</ref>

A central theological concept in this book is yogamaya (divine illusion), a spiritual power that masks Krishna's overwhelming majesty to allow his most intimate devotees to relate to him spontaneously as a friend, child, or lover. The Tenth Book presents itself as a literary incarnation of God (vangamayavatara), asserting that those who hear, read, and contemplate these stories are interacting directly with the divine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |pages=112–113 |chapter=Krishna in the Tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana}}</ref>

==== Study ====
The largest canto with 4,000 verses, the tenth canto is also the most popular and widely studied part of the Bhagavata.{{sfnp|Bryant|2007|p=112}} It has also been translated, commented on, and published separately from the rest of the Srimad Bhagavatam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtaexZ_ekpQC&q=Krishna%3A+The+Beautiful+Legend+of+God|title=Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana|last=Bryant|first=Edwin F.|date=2003-12-04|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780140447996|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKX9aWCLc8C&q=krishna+the+supreme+personality+of+godhead|title=Krsna: The Supreme Personality of Godhead|last=Prabhupāda|first=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|date=1994-04-01|publisher=Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=9780892131365|language=en}}</ref>
===Eleventh Canto===
[[File:Hamsa, the Swan-Incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Hamsa|alt=]]
Consisting of 31 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/|title=Canto 11: General History|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> the eleventh canto continues the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. Notable additional layers of dialogue are between [[Narada]] and [[Vasudeva]], and between [[Krishna]] and [[Uddhava]] (and in turn, other dialogues such as that between the Hamsa (swan) avatar and [[Brahma]]). Topics covered include the:
* Curse and destruction of the [[Yadu|Yadu Dynasty]] (through intoxicated in-fighting) at Prabhasa to relieve the burden of the Earth
* Appearance of the Hamsa (swan) avatar to answer the questions of the sons of [[Brahma]]
* Discourse of [[Narada]] to [[Vasudeva]] about the instruction of the '9 Yogendras' to King Nimi about [[Bhakti]] for [[Krishna]]
* Final teachings of Krishna to Uddhava at [[Dvaraka]] (e.g. the story of a young [[Brahmin]] [[avadhuta]] narrating his 24 gurus to King [[Yadu]])
* Disappearance of Krishna after being shot in the foot by the hunter, Jara
* Flood and destruction of Dvarka

 '''SB 11.7.33–35''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>पृथिवी वायुराकाशमापोऽग्निश्चन्द्रमा रवि: ।
कपोतोऽजगर: सिन्धु: पतङ्गो मधुकृद् गज: ॥ ३३ ॥
मधुहाहरिणो मीन: पिङ्गला कुररोऽर्भक: ।
कुमारी शरकृत् सर्प ऊर्णनाभि: सुपेशकृत् ॥ ३४ ॥
एते मे गुरवो राजन् चतुर्विंशतिराश्रिता: ।
शिक्षा वृत्तिभिरेतेषामन्वशिक्षमिहात्मन: ॥ ३५ ॥</poem>The earth, the air, the sky, water, fire, the moon and the sun, the dove, the boa-constrictor, the sea, the moth, the honey-bee, the elephant, the honey-gatherer, the deer, the fish, Pingala (a courtesan), the osprey, the infant, the maiden, the forger of arrows, the serpent, the spider and the Bhrnga (a kind of wasp) these twenty-four have been accepted, O king, by me as preceptors. From the conduct of these have I learnt all that I had to learn in this life for my good.}}

==== The Uddhava or Hamsa Gita ====
Containing the final teachings of Krishna to His devotee [[Uddhava]], the eleventh canto is also referred to as the 'Uddhava Gita' or '[[Hamsa Gita]]'. Like the tenth canto, it has also been translated and published separately, usually as a companion or 'sequel' to the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gipfAwAAQBAJ&q=uddhava+gita|title=The Uddhava Gita|last=Saraswati|first=Swami Ambikananda|date=2002|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=9781569753200|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Uddhava-Gītā: ultimate companion to Bhagavad Gita by the same speaker : original Sanskrit text, roman transliterations, and translations featuring Sārārtha darśinī commentary by Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura, chapter summaries and Gauḍiya bhāṣya purport by Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura|last1=Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswati|last2=Purnaprajna Das|last3=Viśvanātha Cakravartī|date=2007|publisher=Touchstone Media|isbn=9788187897194|location=Kolkata|oclc=191006938}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Hamsa'''' means 'swan' or 'spirit',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=hamsa&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> and:
* Is the name of the single class or order of society in [[Satya Yuga]] (as compared to four in Kali Yuga), the first and purest of the four cyclical [[yuga]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/17/10/|title=ŚB 11.17.10|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
* Symbolises [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Truth, Self, or [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) in Hinduism<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 13|last=Jones|first=Lindsay|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2005|isbn=978-0028657332|pages=8894}}</ref>
* Is the mount ridden by [[Brahma]]
* Is the name of the tenth (i.e. swan) avatar of [[Vishnu]] that taught the [[Vedas]] to [[Brahma]] (hence the symbolism of the swan being ridden by Brahma as a mount).

===Twelfth Canto===
[[File:Kalki Avatar by Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Kalki]]|alt=]]

Consisting of 13 chapters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/|title=Canto 12: The Age of Deterioration|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> the twelfth and final canto completes the dialogue between [[Shuka|Sukadeva Gosvami]] and [[Pariksit]] on the banks of the [[Ganges river]], and ends with the overarching dialogue between Sukadeva Gosvami and the group of sages led by [[Saunaka]], at the forest of [[Naimisha Forest|Naimisaranya]]. Focusing on prophecies and signs of [[Kali Yuga]], topics covered in this canto include the:
* Degradation of rulers as liars and plunderers, and the symptoms of the age of Kali (e.g. atheism, political intrigue, low character of royals, etc.)
* A list of the future rulers of the world, and the way they attained downfall
* Final instructions to and death of Pariksit due to his curse (bitten by a poisonous serpent [[Takshaka]])
* Prayers of sage [[Markandeya]] to [[Nara-Narayana]], resistance to [[Kamadeva]] sent by [[Indra]] to break his vows, and glorification by [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Uma]]
* Four categories of universal annihilation
* Appearance of the [[Kalki]] avatar to destroy evil at the end of Kali Yuga
* Description of the lesser and greater [[Puranas]], and the eighteen major Puranas
* Description of the [[Mahavishnu|Mahapurusa]]
* Summary and glories of the Srimad Bhagavatam

'''SB 12.13.11–12''' original Sanskrit:

{{Blockquote|<poem>आदिमध्यावसानेषु वैराग्याख्यानसंयुतम् ।
हरिलीलाकथाव्रातामृतानन्दितसत्सुरम् ॥ ११ ॥
सर्ववेदान्तसारं यद ब्रह्मात्मैकत्वलक्षणम् ।
वस्त्वद्वितीयं तन्निष्ठं कैवल्यैकप्रयोजनम् ॥ १२ ॥</poem>It has been enriched at the beginning, in the middle and at the end with legends illustrating the glory of Dispassion and has been delighting the righteous as well as the gods with its nectar-like stories describing the pastimes of Lord Śri Hari. (11) It has for its theme that one reality without a second—which is the sum and substance of all the Upaniṣads (which are the culmination of the Vedas) and has been characterized as the oneness of Brahma (the Absolute) and the (individual) soul—and has detachment of the Spirit from Matter as its only object.}}

==Philosophy==
While [[Bhakti Yoga]] and [[Dvaita Vedanta]] are the prominent teachings, states [[T. S. Rukmani]], various passages show a synthesis that also includes [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Vedanta]], and [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name="Rukmani_217-218">{{harvp|Rukmani|1993|pp=217–218}}</ref>

=== Bhakti ===
{{main|Bhakti|Bhakti yoga}}

Cutler states the Bhagavata Purana is among the most important texts on [[bhakti]], presenting a fully developed teaching that originated with the Bhagavad Gita.<ref>{{harvp|Cutler|1987|p=1}}</ref> Bryant states that while classical yoga attempts to shut down the mind and senses, Bhakti Yoga in the Bhagavata teaches that the mind is transformed by filling it with thoughts of Krishna.<ref name="Bryant_117">{{harvp|Bryant|2007|page=117}}</ref>

Matchett states that in addition to various [[didactic]] philosophical passages the Bhagavata also describes one of the activities that can lead to liberation (''[[moksha]]'') as listening to, reflecting on the stories of, and sharing devotion for [[Vishnu]] with others.<ref name="LoveDivine_103">{{harvp|Matchett|1993|page=103}}</ref> Bhakti is depicted in the [[Purana]], adds Matchett, as both an overpowering emotion as well as a way of life that is rational and deliberately cultivated.<ref>{{harvp|Matchett|1993|page=104}}</ref>

=== Samkhya ===
[[File:Kapila muni.jpg|alt=|thumb|130x130px|[[Kapila]] Muni.]]
{{main|Samkhya}}

[[Surendranath Dasgupta]] describes the theistic [[Samkhya]] philosophy taught by [[Kapila]] in the Bhagavata as the dominant philosophy in the text.<ref>{{harvp|Dasgupta|1949|p=30}}</ref>

Sheridan points out that in the Third Canto, Kapila is described as an avatar of [[Vishnu]], born as the son of the [[Prajapati]] [[Kardama]], in order to share the knowledge of self-realization and liberation with his mother, Devahuti; in the Eleventh Canto, [[Krishna]] also teaches Samkhya to [[Uddhava]], describing the world as an illusion, and the individual as dreaming, even while in the waking state. Krishna expounds Samhkhya and Yoga as the way of overcoming the dream, with the goal being Krishna Himself.{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=42-43}}

Sheridan also states that the treatment of Samkhya in the Bhagavata is also changed by its emphasis on devotion, as does [[Surendranath Dasgupta|Dasgupta]], adding it is somewhat different from other classical [[Samkhya]] texts.{{sfnp|Dasgupta|1949|p=24}}{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=42-43}}

=== Advaita ===
[[File:Advaita Vedanta Hindu monastery gopuram, Sringeri matha, Karnataka.jpeg|thumb|270x270px|[[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] is one of the Hindu Advaita Vedanta matha or monastery established by [[Adi Shankara]].]]
{{main|Advaita Vedanta}}

Kumar Das and Sheridan state that the Bhagavata frequently discusses a distinctly [[advaitic]] or non-dualistic philosophy of Shankara.<ref name="Kumar Das_1722"/>{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-22}} Rukmani adds that the concept of [[moksha]] is explained as ''Ekatva'' (Oneness) and ''Sayujya'' (Absorption, intimate union), wherein one is completely lost in Brahman (Self, Supreme Being, one's true nature).<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /> This, states Rukmani, is proclamation of a 'return of the individual soul to the Absolute and its merging into the Absolute', which is unmistakably advaitic.<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /> The Bhagavata Purana is also stated to parallel the non-duality of Adi Shankara by Sheridan.{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-22}} As an example:

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
The aim of life is inquiry into the Truth, and not the desire for enjoyment in heaven by performing religious rites,
Those who possess the knowledge of the Truth, call the knowledge of non-duality as the Truth,
It is called [[Brahman]], the Highest [[Atman (Hinduism)|Self]], and [[Bhagavan]].
</poem>
|Sūta|Bhagavata Purana 1.2.10–11, Translated by Daniel Sheridan{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=23 with footnote 17}}}}

Sheridan describe this philosophy as built on the foundation of [[non-dualism]] in the [[Upanishads]],{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-22}} and Brown terms it as "Advaitic Theism".<ref name="Brown2">{{harvp|Brown|1998|p=17}}</ref> This term combines the seemingly contradictory beliefs of a personal God that can be worshiped with a God that is immanent in creation and in one's own self. God in this philosophy is within and is not different from the individual self, states Sheridan, and transcends the limitations of specificity and temporality. Sheridan also describes Advaitic Theism as a "both/and" solution for the questions of whether God is [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] or [[immanent]], and credits the Bhāgavata with a 'truly creative religious moment' for introducing this philosophy.{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1-22}} The text suggests that God [[Vishnu]] and the soul ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]) in all beings is one in quality (nirguna).

[[Edwin Bryant (author)|Bryant]] states that the [[monism]] in Bhagavata Purana is certainly built on [[Vedanta]] foundations, but not exactly the same as the [[monism]] of Adi Shankara.<ref name="bryant45" /> The Bhagavata asserts, according to Bryant, that the empirical and the spiritual universe are both metaphysical realities, and manifestations of the same Oneness, just like heat and light are "real but different" manifestations of sunlight.<ref name="bryant45">Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140447996}}, pages 43–48</ref> Bryant notes that the tenth book of the Bhagavata does not, as is conventional for non-dualist schools, understand Krishna's form to be a "secondary derivation," which can be subsumed within the impersonal absolute. Rather than describe Brahman to be ultimately formless, the tenth book ascribes an "eternal personal element" to Brahman.{{sfnp|Bryant|2007|p=114}}

=== Dharma ===
[[File:Dharma wheel.svg|alt=|thumb|The [[Dharma]] wheel|135x135px]]
{{main|Dharma}}

Kurmas Das states the Bhagavata Purana conceptualizes a form of [[Dharma]] that competes with that of the [[Vedas]], suggesting that Bhakti ultimately leads to Self-knowledge, [[Moksha]] (salvation) and bliss.<ref name="Kumar Das 2006 page=174">{{harvp|Kumar Das|2006|page=174}}</ref> The earliest mention of [[bhakti]] is found in the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] verse 6.23,<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 326</ref><ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up Shvetashvatara Upanishad], The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</ref> but scholars such as [[Max Muller]] state that the word Bhakti appears only once in this [[Upanishad]]; and that being in one last verse of the epilogue it could be a later addition, and that the context suggests that it is a [[panentheistic]] idea and not [[theistic]].<ref name="maxmullerbhakti">Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up The Shvetashvatara Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii</ref><ref name="paulcarus">Paul Carus, {{Google books|96sLAAAAIAAJ|The Monist|PA514}}, pages 514–515</ref>

Scholarly consensus sees bhakti as a [[Vedic period|post-Vedic]] movement that developed primarily during the [[Puranas]] era of [[India]]n history.<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 17, Quote: "Scholarly consensus today tends to view bhakti as a post-Vedic development that took place primarily in the watershed years of the epics and Puranas."</ref> The Bhagavata Purana develops the Bhakti concept more elaborately, states Cutler,<ref>Norman Cutler (1987), Songs of Experience, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0253353344}}, pages 1–5</ref> proposing "worship without ulterior motive and with kind disposition towards all" as Dharma.<ref>{{harvp|Kumar Das|2006| pp=173–175}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Bryant|2007|page=382}}</ref> T.R. Sharma states the text includes in its scope intellectual and emotional devotion as well as Advaita Vedanta ideas.<ref>TR Sharma (1993), Psychological Analysis of Bhakti, Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism (Editor: Karel Werner), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0235-0}}, pages 103–107</ref>

The text does not subscribe, states Gupta and Valpey, to context-less "categorical notions of justice or morality", but suggests that "Dharma depends on context".{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|pp=8-10, 30-32|2013}} They add that in a positive or neutral context, ethics and moral behavior must be adhered to; and when persistently persecuted by evil, anything that reduces the strength of the "evil and poisonous circumstances" is good.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|pp=8-10, 30-32|2013}} That which is motivated by, furthers, and enables bhakti is the golden standard of Dharma.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|pp=8-10, 30-32|2013}}

=== Yoga ===
{{main|Yoga}}

Sarma states that the Bhagavata Purana describes all steps of yoga practice, and characterizes yoga as [[bhakti]], asserting that the most important aspect is the spiritual goal.<ref name="ramasharma218">Rāma Karaṇa Śarmā (1993), Researches in Indian and Buddhist Philosophy, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120809949}}, pages 218–221</ref> According to Sarma and Rukmani, the text dedicates numerous chapters to yoga, such as Canto 10 (chapter 11), which begins with a declaration that [[Siddhi]] results from concentrating one's mind on [[Krishna]], adding this substitutes the concept of a "personal god" in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yogasutras of Patanjali]], and contrasts with [[Patanjali|Patanjali's]] view that Siddhi is considered powerful but an obstacle to [[Samadhi]].<ref name="ramasharma218" /><ref name="Rukmani_220,_224">{{harvp|Rukmani|1993|pp=220, 224}}</ref>

In other chapters of the text, Rukmani states, [[Śuka]] describes different meditations on aspects of [[Krishna]], in a way that is similar to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /> However, adds Bryant, the Bhagavata Purana recommends the object of concentration as [[Krishna]], thus folding in yoga as a form of bhakti and the "union with the divine".<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /><ref>{{harvp|Bryant|2007|pages=117–118}}</ref> Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as:

{{Blockquote|
The philosophy of the Bhagavata is a mixture of Vedanta terminology, Samkhyan metaphysics and devotionalized Yoga praxis. (...) The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead – the personality behind the term [[Ishvara]] and the ultimate aspect of [[Brahman]].
|Edwin Bryant|Krishna: A Sourcebook<ref>{{harvp|Bryant|2007|pages=114}}</ref>}}

Sheridan as well as Pintchman affirm Bryant's view, adding that the [[Vedantic]] view emphasized in the Bhagavata is [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualist]], as described within a reality of plural forms.<ref name="tracy133">Tracy Pintchman (1994), The rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791421123}}, pages 132–134</ref>{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=17–21}}

=== Maya ===
In Vedanta, ''Maya'' is frequently depicted as a deceptive or deluding energy. Conversely, the Bhagavata Purana presents ''Maya'' as divine energy through which Krishna manifests the material universe, including its elements, universes, bodies, senses, and minds, contributing to the richness and diversity of the phenomenal world. This process is not just entrapment but also a path to liberation for beings caught in the cycle of birth and death. Maya's illusionary powers, though binding individuals to temporal existence, ultimately facilitate their spiritual growth and release.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gopal K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS8DEAAAQBAJ |title=Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Human Suffering and Divine Play |date=2020-10-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-259905-6 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Suffering ===
In explaining suffering, the Bhagavata Purana acknowledges karma as a central principle, where actions in past lives influence current and future existences, shaping one's destiny and experiences in subsequent lifetimes. However, it also critiques the adequacy of karma in fully explaining suffering and explores time (''kala'') as a significant factor in suffering. Time, personified by [[Sudarshana Chakra]], is shown as an unstoppable force that brings both end and renewal, acting indiscriminately upon all beings. Despite time's overwhelming power, the text suggests that sincere devotion (''bhakti'') to God and surrender to the divine can enable devout souls to overcome the influence of time and karma, ultimately leading to spiritual liberation (''moksha'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gopal K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS8DEAAAQBAJ |title=Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Human Suffering and Divine Play |date=2020-10-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-259905-6 |pages=141–145 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Lila ===
The Bhagavata Purana argues that the play of God (''lila'') is central to understanding his actions in the world. Despite having everything and being able to make his wishes reality, Krishna engages in various activities and interactions with devotees out of joy and divine play, rather than out of any necessity or compulsion (SB 1.10.24). By participating in Krishna's lila, individuals can transcend the limitations and suffering of the material world and ultimately achieve liberation from time's constraints.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=5}}

==Significance==
The source of many popular stories of Krishna's pastimes for centuries in the [[Indian subcontinent]],{{sfnp|Bryant|2007|p=111–113}} the Bhagavata Purana is widely recognized as the best-known and most influential of the ''[[Puranas]],'' and as a part of [[Vedic]] literature ''(''the Puranas, [[Itihasa]] epics, and [[Upanishads]]) is referred to as the "[[Fifth Veda]]".{{sfnp|Sheridan|1986|p=1–16}}<ref name="Matchett_107">{{harvp|Matchett|2001|pages=107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/76 76]}}</ref> It is important in Indian religious literature for its emphasis on the practice of devotion compared to the more theoretical approach of the Bhagavad Gita, for challenging the ritualism of the [[Vedas]], and for its extended description of a God in human form.<ref name="Kumar Das_1722"/>
{{Blockquote|
The Srimad Bhagavatam is the very essence of all the [[Vedanta]] literature. One who has enjoyed the nectar of its [[Rasa (theology)|rasa]] never has any desire for anything else.
|Bhagavata Purana 12.13.15|Translated by David Haberman<ref>{{harvp|Haberman|Rūpagōsvāmī|2003|page=65}}</ref>}}

=== Relation to other texts ===
The Bhagavata Purana aligns itself with canonical texts like [[Brahma Sutras]] and [[Rigveda]] by echoing their verses at various points throughout its narrative. It claims equality with the Vedas and reinterprets their themes to emphasize the supremacy of Krishna. It transforms the descriptions of Vishnu's deeds found in the Vishnu Sukta into narratives centered around Krishna's actions (verse 10.51.38). The Bhagavata Purana does not directly reference the Bhagavad Gita, which is part of the Mahabharata. Instead, it includes the teachings similar to those found in the Bhagavad Gita in the form of dialogues between Krishna and Uddhava in Canto 11.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matchett |first=Freda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |title=Krsna: Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krsna and Visnu |date=2013-01-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-11834-0 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hindu Festivals ===
The stories in the Bhagavata Purana are also the legends quoted by one generation to the next in Vaishnavism, during annual festivals such as [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]].<ref>Usha Sharma (2008), Festivals In Indian Society, Mittal, {{ISBN|978-8183241137}}, page 177</ref><ref>[[Selina Sharma|Selina Thielemann]] (1998), Sounds of the Sacred Music in India, APH, {{ISBN|978-8170249900}}, pages 96–98</ref>

The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) celebrates the promise of Canto 12, Chapter 13, Verse 13 by distributing sets of Srimad Bhagavatam leading up to the full-moon day of the month of Bhādra (Bhādra Purnima) in India and around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhadra Campaign 2020|url=https://www.bhadracampaign.com/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Bhadra Campaign|language=en|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807150153/https://www.bhadracampaign.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Vaishnavism ===
[[File:Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg|thumb|180x180px|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] (1486–1534 CE)|alt=]]

==== Gaudiya Vaishnavism ====
{{main|Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Gauranga|Gaudiya Vaishnavism}}

The Bhagavata has played a significant role in the emergence of the [[Vaishnavism|Krishna-bhakti]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]) movement of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] (1486–1534 CE), in Bengal.<ref>Edwin Francis Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231122566}}, page 15</ref> The scriptural basis for the belief that Chaitanya is an avatar of [[Krishna]] is found in verses such as the following (''Disciples'' of [[Swami Prabhupada]] translation):

{{blockquote|In the Age of Kali, intelligent persons perform congregational chanting to worship the incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the names of Kṛṣṇa. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Kṛṣṇa Himself. He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions.|source=Canto 11, Chapter 5, Verse 32<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/5/32/|title=ŚB 11.5.32|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>}}

Chaitanya is commonly referred to as 'Gauranga' in regards to His golden complexion (as detailed in the [[Gauranga]] article, the [[Sanskrit]] word 'ākṛṣṇaṁ' means 'not blackish' and 'golden'), and is most notable for popularising the [[Hare Krishna maha-mantra]]. In regards to not being explicitly named as an avatar (unlike others such as [[Kalki]]) in the Bhagavata, this is also explained (A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada translation):

{{blockquote|In this way, my Lord, You appear in various incarnations as a human being, an animal, a great saint, a demigod, a fish or a tortoise, thus maintaining the entire creation in different planetary systems and killing the demoniac principles. According to the age, O my Lord, You protect the principles of religion. In the Age of Kali, however, You do not assert Yourself as the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and therefore You are known as Triyuga, or the Lord who appears in three yugas.|source=Canto 7, Chapter 9, Verse 38<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/7/9/38/|title=ŚB 7.9.38|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>}}

The key word in this verse in regards to Krishna incarnating in the age of [[Kali Yuga]] is '''<nowiki/>'channaḥ'''' (''S''anskrit छन्न''),'' which means ' hidden', 'secret', or 'disguised'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=channa&dir=se|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref> In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Chaitanya is accepted as a hidden avatar of [[Krishna]] who appeared in the age of Kali (also known as 'the Iron Age' and 'the age of quarrel') as His own devotee to show the easiest way to achieve Krishna Consciousness.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CQiBgAAQBAJ&q=the+hidden+incarnation&pg=PT9|title=The Golden Volcano of Divine Love: The Highest Conception of Ultimate Reality|last=Sridhar|first=Bhakti Rakshak|publisher=Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math|pages=36|language=en}}</ref> Modern Gaudiya movements such as the [[Gaudiya Math]] (established by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] in 1920) and others established by disciples of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1966) and the Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math (by [[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar]] in 1941), trace their disciplic lineages back directly to Chaitanya.

==== Other Vaishnava Traditions ====
In the 15th–16th century [[Ekasarana Dharma]] in [[Assam]], a [[panentheistic]] tradition whose proponents, [[Sankardeva]] and [[Madhavdeva]], acknowledge that their theological positions are rooted in the ''Bhagavata Purana'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atributetosankaradeva.org/greatest_expression.pdf|title=The Eka-sarana Dharma of Sankaradeva: The Greatest Expression of Assamese Spiritual Outlook|last=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> purged of doctrines that find no place in Assamese Vaishnavism<ref>SN Sarma (1966), The Neo-Vaisnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam, Gauhati University, {{ISBN|978-8173310263}}, page 27, Quote: "the Chapters of the Bhagavata Purana, where the [[Pancharatra]] theology is discussed, have been omitted by Assamese translators"</ref> and adding a [[monist]] commentary instead.<ref>"...the influence of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' in forming the theological backbone of Assam Vaishnavism in quite clear and the monistic commentary of Sridhara Swami is highly popular amongst all sections of Vaishnavas" SN Sarma (1966), The Neo-Vaisnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam, Gauhati University, {{ISBN|978-8173310263}}, page 26</ref>

In northern and western India the ''Bhagavata Purana'' has influenced the ''Hari Bhakti Vilasa'' and ''Haveli''-style Krishna temples found in [[Braj]] region near Mathura-Vrindavan.<ref name="edwinmaria48" /> The text complements the Pancharatra [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] texts of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="edwinmaria48">Edwin Francis Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231122566}}, pages 48–51</ref> While the text focuses on Krishna "Narayana (Vishnu) himself appears and explains how [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]] should never be seen as independent and different from him".{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=149-150}} The sixth book includes the feminine principle as ''Shakti'', or goddess Devi, conceptualizing her as the "energy and creative power" of the masculine yet a manifestation of a sexless Brahman, presented in a language suffused with [[Monism#Hinduism|Hindu monism]].<ref name="tracy133" />

===Jainism and Buddhism===
The fifth canto of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' is significant for its inclusion of legends about the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], [[Rishabha]], as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=151-155}} Further, his father [[Nabhi]] is mentioned as one of the Manus and his mother [[Marudevi]] also finds a mention. It further mentions the 100 sons of Rishabha including [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]].{{sfnp|Doniger|1993|p=243}} While homage to [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] is included in by declaring him as an avatar of [[Vishnu]],{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=157-159}} the interpretation of Buddhism-related stories in the Purana range from honor to ambivalence to polemics wherein prophecies predict some will distort and misrepresent the teachings of the Vedas, and attempt to sow confusion.<ref>John Holt (2004), The Buddhist Visnu, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231133227}}, pages 13–31</ref><ref>Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447025225}}, pages 110–111</ref><ref>Gail Adalbert (1968), Buddha als Avatara Visnus im Spiegel der Puranas, Deutscher Orientalistentag, Vol. 17, pages 917–923</ref> According to [[T. S. Rukmani]], the Bhagavata Purana is also significant in asserting that [[Yoga]] practice is a form of Bhakti.<ref>[[T. S. Rukmani]] (1993), Researches in Indian and Buddhist Philosophy (Editor: RK Sharma), Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120809949}}, pages 217–224, Quote (page 218): "The Bhagavata emphasizes yoga as bhakti and it is in the method of realization of its spiritual goal that yoga becomes important".</ref>

=== The Arts ===
{{multiple image
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| footer = The Bhagavata Purana was a significant text in the [[bhakti movement]] and the culture of India.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=185-200}} Dance and theatre arts such as [[Kathakali]] (left), [[Kuchipudi]] (middle) and [[Odissi]] (right) portray legends from the Purana.<ref>ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172215}}, pages 98–99</ref>{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=162-180}}
| image1 =
| image2 = Flickr - dalbera - Danseuse de Kuchipudi jouant Krishna (musée Guimet).jpg
| image3 = Shrinika Purohit.jpg
}}

The Bhagavata Purana played a key role in the history of Indian theatre, music, and dance, particularly through the tradition of [[Rasa leela|''Ras'' ''Leela'']]. These are dramatic enactments about Krishna's pastimes. Some of the text's legends have inspired secondary theatre literature such as the eroticism in [[Gita Govinda]].<ref>Graham Schweig ( 2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-1851099801}}, pages 247–249</ref> While Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins to the ancient [[Sama Veda]] and [[Natyasastra]] texts,{{sfnp|Beck|1993|pp=107–108}}<ref>PV Kane, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802742}} (2015 Reprint), pages 10–41</ref> the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and other [[Krishna]]-related texts such as ''[[Harivamsa]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' have inspired numerous choreographic themes.<ref>{{harvp|Varadpande|1987|pages=92–94}}</ref>

Many '<nowiki/>''Ras''' plays dramatise episodes related in the ''Rasa Panchadhyayi'' ("Five chapters of the Celestial Dance"; Canto 10, Chapters 29–33) of the ''Bhagavatam''.<ref>{{harvp|Datta|2006|page=33}}</ref> The ''Bhagavatam'' also encourages theatrical performance as a means to propagate the faith (BP 11.11.23 and 36, 11.27.35 and 44, etc.), and this has led to the emergence of several theatrical forms centred on Krishna all across India.<ref>{{harvp|Varadpande|1987|pages=95–97}}</ref> Canto 10 of ''Bhagavatam'' is regarded as the inspiration for many classical dance styles such as [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Bharatnatyam]].<ref>{{harvp|Varadpande|1987|page=98}}</ref> Bryant summarizes the influence as follows,

{{Blockquote|
The Bhagavata ranks as an outstanding product of Sanskrit literature. Perhaps more significantly, the Bhagavata has inspired more derivative literature, poetry, drama, dance, theatre and art than any other text in the history of Sanskrit literature, with the possible exception of the [[Ramayana]].
|Edwin Bryant|Krishna: A Sourcebook<ref name="Bryant 2007 pages=118">{{harvp|Bryant|2007|pages=118}}</ref>}}
== Modern reception ==
In the 20th century, the Bhagavata Purana became widely popular as it spread beyond India, translated into over twenty languages and respected by people worldwide.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=222}}

=== Bhaktivedanta Swami ===
[[Bhaktivedanta Swami]] significantly impacted the global recognition of the Bhagavata Purana. Bhaktivedanta Swami, raised in a devout Vaishnava family, embraced the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Caitanya tradition]] in 1932. Between 1962 and 1965, he devoted himself to translating the Bhagavata Purana into English, a departure from earlier works focusing on Caitanya's life and teachings.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=235-236}} While lacking formal traditional education, he was deeply familiar with the teachings of Caitanya and the insights of ancient commentators through self-study. He made the Bhagavata Purana meaningful to modern readers, and his way of explaining the text made it easier to understand and relevant to modern world. He appealed to young people who were looking for something different from mainstream religion.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=240-242}}

==Commentaries and translations==

=== Commentaries ===
The Bhagavata Purana is one of the most commented texts in Indian literature. There is a saying in Sanskrit – vidyā bhāgavatāvadhi – Bhāgavatam is the limit of one's learning. Hence throughout the centuries it attracted a host of commentators from all schools of Krishna worshippers. Over eighty medieval era ''Bhāṣya'' (scholarly reviews and commentaries) in Sanskrit alone are known, and many more commentaries exist in various Indian languages.<ref name="edwinbryant1122"/> The oldest [[exegetical]] commentary presently known is ''Tantra-Bhagavata'' from the [[Pancaratra]] school. Other commentaries include:

==== Advaita Vedanta commentaries ====
* ''Bhāvārtha-dīpikā'' by Śrīdhara Svāmī (15th century CE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/April2006/engpdf/sanskrit_scholars_of_orissa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917084901/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/April2006/engpdf/sanskrit_scholars_of_orissa.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=2012-12-17 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name=":3">Gupta, Ravi M. ''Why Śrīdhara Svāmī? The Makings of a Successful Sanskrit Commentary''
</ref> According to [[Ravi M. Gupta]], this commentary "exerted extraordinary influence on later Bhāgavata commentaries, and indeed, on Vaiṣṇava traditions more generally." This influence is "particularly true of the [[Caitanya]] Vaiṣṇava commentaries by [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanātana Gosvāmi]], [[Jiva Goswami|Jīva Gosvāmī]], [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Viśvanātha Cakravartī]], and others."<ref name=":3" />
* ''Amṛta-taraṅginī'' by Lakṣmīdhara (15th century CE)<ref>Anand Venkatkrishnan, "''The River of Ambrosia'': An Alternative Commentarial Tradition of the ''Bhagavata Purana''," ''The Journal of Hindu Studies'' 11 (2018):53–66.</ref>
* A commentary by [[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī]] ({{circa|1540–1640}}) on the first verse of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa.

==== [[Acintya Bheda Abheda|Acintya-bhedābheda]] Commentaries ====
* Caitanya-mata-mañjuṣā – Śrīnātha Cakravartī
* Bṛhad-vaiṣṇava-toṣiṇī – [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanātana Gosvāmī]]
* Laghu-Vaiṣṇava-toṣiṇī – [[Jiva Goswami|Jīva Gosvāmī]]
* Krama-sandarbha – [[Jiva Goswami|Jīva Gosvāmī]]
* Bṛhat-krama-sandarbha – [[Jiva Goswami|Jīva Gosvāmī]] (attributed)
* [[Sat Sandarbhas|Ṣaṭ-sandarbhas]] by [[Jiva Goswami|Jīva Gosvāmī]] (16th century CE)<ref name="barbaraholdrege149">Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415670708}}, pages 149–150</ref>
* Sārārtha-darśinī – [[Vishvanatha Chakravarti|Viśvanātha Cakravartī]] (17th century CE) – elaborate commentary
* Vaiṣṇavānandinī – [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana|Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa]]
* Dīpika-dīpanī – Rādhāramaṇa Gosvāmī
* Gauḍīya-bhāṣya – [[Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati]] (20th century CE) – elaborate commentary
* Bhaktivedānta Purports – [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] (20th century CE) – elaborate commentary

==== [[Dvaita]] commentaries ====
* Bhāgavata Tātparya Nirṇaya by [[Madhvacharya]] (13th century CE)
* Pada-ratnavali by Vijayadhvaja Tīrtha (15th century CE) – elaborate commentary
* Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya Tippani by [[Yadupati Acharya]] (16th century)
* Duraghatabhavadipa by [[Satyabhinava Tirtha]] (17th century CE)
* Bhaghavata-Sarodhara by [[Adavi Jayatirthacharya]] (18th century CE)
* Srimadbhagavata Tippani by [[Satyadharma Tirtha]] (18th century CE)

====[[Dvaitādvaita]] Commentaries====
* Siddhānta pradīpikā – Śuka-sudhī (Early 19th Century)

==== [[Shuddhadvaita|Suddhādvaita]] Commentaries ====
* Subodhinī by [[Vallabha]] (incomplete — present on the First, Second, Third, Tenth Cantos and partially on the Eleventh Canto)
* Bhāgavatārtha-prakaraṇa by [[Vallabha]]
* Daśama-skandha anukramaṇikā by [[Vallabha]]
* Ṭippaṇī – Gosvāmī Viṭṭhalanātha
* Subodhinī-prakāśa – Gosvāmī Puruṣhottama
* Bāla-prabodhinī – Gosvāmī Giridharalāla
* Viśuddha-rasa-dīpikā – Kiśorī Prasāda

==== [[Viśiṣṭādvaita]] Commentaries ====
* Śuka pakṣīyā – Sudarśana sūri (alias Vyāsa Bhaṭṭa)
* Bhāgavata-candrikā – Vīrarāghava (14th century CE) – elaborate commentary
* Bhakta-rañjanī – Bhagavat prasāda

====Others====
* ''Hanumad-bhāṣya''
* ''Vāsanā-bhāṣya''
* ''Sambandhokti''
* ''Vidvat-kāmadhenu''
* ''Paramahaṁsa-priyā''
* ''Śuka-hṛdaya''
* ''Muktā-phala'' and ''Hari-līlāmṛta'' by Vopadeva
* ''Bhakti-ratnāvali'' by Viṣṇupurī
* ''Bhakti-ratnākara'' by Srimanta Sankardev
* ''Ekanathi Bhagavata'' by Saint [[Eknath]] of Paithan (16th century CE, on the 11th Canto in the vernacular language of the Indian state of Maharashtra)
* ''[[Narayaneeyam]]'' by [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri|Melpathur Bhattathiri]] of [[Kerala]] (1586, a condensed Srimad Bhagavatam)
* Bhāvārtha-dīpikā-prakāśa – Vaṁśīdhara
* Anvitārtha prakāśikā – Gaṅgāsahāya
* ''Bhagavata-Purana'' by S.S. Shulba (2017, original Sanskrit);<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Bhagavata-Purana|title=Bhagavata-Purana|last=SHASHANK SHEKHAR SHULBA|date=2017-02-20}}</ref> other Sanskrit manuscripts are available
* ''A study of the Bhagavata Purana or Esoteric Hinduism'' by P.N. Sinha (1901)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/studyofbhagavata00benaiala|title=A study of the Bhagavata Purana; or, Esoteric Hinduism|date=1901|publisher=Benares : Printed by Freeman & co., ltd.|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
The ''Bhagavata'' has been rendered into various Indian and non-Indian languages. A version of it is available in almost every Indian language, with forty translations alone in the Bengali language.<ref name="edwinbryant1122"/> From the eighteenth century onwards, the text became the subject of scholarly interest and [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] disapproval,<ref name="Bryant 2007 pages=118">{{harvp|Bryant|2007|pages=118}}</ref> with the publication of a French translation followed by an English one. The following is a partial list of translations:

==== [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ====
* ''[[Bhagavat of Sankardeva|Bhagavata of Sankara]]'' (1449–1568 CE, primary theological source for [[Mahapuruxiya Dharma|Mahapurushiya Dharma]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/kirttana.htm |title= The Holy Kirttana |publisher=atributetosankaradeva |date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2012-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/Srimad_Bhagavata.htm |title= The Bhagavata of Sankaradeva; Assamese rendering of the Bhagavata Purana |publisher=atributetosankaradeva |date=2008-10-02 |access-date=2012-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/Gunamala_trans.pdf |title=Gunamala |publisher=atributetosankaradeva |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2012-12-26}}</ref>
* ''Katha Bhagavata by Bhattadeva '' (Prose translation 16th century CE)

==== [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ====
* Śrī Kṛṣṇa-vijaya by Maladhara Basu, a translation of the 10th Canto and a bit from others
* ''Kṛṣṇa-prema-taraṅginī'' by Śrī Raghunātha Bhāgavatācārya (15th Century CE)

==== Gurmukhi ====
10th Book of Bhagvad Purana under title Krishna Avtar written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in [[Dasam Granth]]

==== Hindi ====
* ''Bhagavata Mahapurana'' published by [[Gita Press]] (2017)

==== [[Kannada]] ====
* [http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/ShastraPaata/BhagavataPadaRatnavali/ Bhagavata Padaratnavali with kannada translation] by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar
* [http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/PoornaBhagavata/BhagavataSaroddara/ Bhagavata Saroddhara by VishnuTeertharu (Adavi JayatirthaCharyaru) with Kannada translation] by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar
* [http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/bhagavataMahatme/ Bhagavata Mahatmya in PadmaPurana] in Kannada Pravachana by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar
* ''Bhagavata Mahapurana'' by Vidwan Motaganahalli Ramashesha Sastri (foreword by historian S. Srikanta Sastri)<ref>[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/preface-bhagavata-mahapurana/4582942965 Sastri Kannada Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811151725/https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/preface-bhagavata-mahapurana/4582942965 |date=11 August 2020 }} 1932</ref>
[[Odia language|'''Odia''']]
* ''Odia Bhagabata'' by [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] (15th Century CE)
==== Telugu ====
* ''Mahābhāgavatamu'' by the poet [[Bammera Potana|Bammera Pōtana]] (15th century CE).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Edelmann |first=J. |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Bhāgavatapurāṇa |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

==== English ====
* ''The Śrīmad Bhāgavatam'' by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1970–77, includes [[transliteration]]s, [[synonym]]s, and purports). Swami Prabhupada completed cantos 1 through 9 and the first thirteen chapters of canto 10 before he died. After his departure, a team of his disciples completed the work, which was then published by the [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|Bhaktivedenta Book Trust]].
* ''A prose English translation of Shrimadbhagabatam'' by [[Manmatha Nath Dutt|M.N. Dutt]] (1895, unabridged)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/proseenglishtran12dutt|title=A prose English translation of Shrimadbhagabatam|last=Dutt|first=Manmatha Nath|date=1895|publisher=Calcutta|others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}</ref>
* ''Bhagavata Purana'' by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1950, unabridged)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull|title=Bhagavata Purana Motilal English Full|last=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}}</ref>
* ''The Srimad Bhagavatam'' by J.M. Sanyal (1970, abridged)
* The Bhagavata Purana by Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (1976, unabridged)<ref name=":02" />
* Srimad Bhagavata by [[Swami Tapasyananda]] (1980, unabridged)
* A Translation by B.P. Yati Maharaj of Mayapur Sri Chaitanya Math
* Reading from Bhagabata by Gananath Das which has been translated from Odia Bhagabata
* ''Bhagavata Mahapurana'' by C.L. Goswami and M.A. Shastri (2006, unabridged, [[Gita Press]])<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907|title=Bhagavata Purana Gita Press|last=Gita Press}}</ref>
* Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Sārārtha-darśinī commentary of Viśvanātha Cakravartī by Swami Bhānu (2010)
* ''Srimad Bhagavata Purana'' by Anand Aadhar (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/SrimadBhagavataPuranaTranslatorA.Aadhar|title=Srimad Bhagavata Purana Translator A. Aadhar|last=Veda Vyasa|first=Translated by Anand Aadhar|date=2012-01-01}}</ref>
* ''The Bhagavata Purana'' by [[Bibek Debroy]] (2019, unabridged)

==== English (partial translations and paraphrases) ====
* Kṛṣṇa: The Supreme Personality of Godhead by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (part translation, condensed version: summary study and paraphrase of Canto 10)<ref name=":02" />
* Vallabhacarya on the Love Games of Krishna by James D. Redington (English translation of Vallabha's commentary on the Rāsa-Panchyādhyāyi)
* ''The Bhagavata Purana; Book X'' by Nandini Nopani and [[P. Lal]] (1997)
* ''Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X'' by Edwin F. Bryant (2004)<ref>Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140447996}}</ref>
* ''The Wisdom of God: Srimat Bhagavatam'' by [[Swami Prabhavananda]] (part translation, part summary and paraphrase)
*
* ''The Uddhava Gita'' by Swami Ambikananda Saraswati (2000, prose translation of Canto 11)
* ''Bhagavata Purana'' by [[Ramesh Menon]] (2007, a 'retelling' based on other translations)
* ''Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: A Symphony of Commentaries on the Tenth Canto'' in six volumes (covering chapters 1-33) by Gaurapada Dāsa, M.A. (translator) & Matsya Avatāra Dāsa (editor) (2016–2018)
* ''Bhakti Yoga: Tales and Teachings from the Bhagavata Purana'' by Edwin F. Bryant (2017, selections of verses and commentary)
* Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Krama-sandarbha commentary of Jīva Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2019)
* Bṛhad-vaiṣṇnava-toṣaṇī (Canto 10) of Sanātana Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2020)
* Laghu-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī (Canto 10) of Jīva Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2020)
* Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Vaiṣṇavānandinī commentary (Cantos 1 & 10) of Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa by Swami Bhānu (2022–23)

==== French ====
* ''Bagavadam ou Bhagavata Purana'' by Maridas Poullé (1769)
* ''Le Bhagavata Purana'' by Eugene Burnouf (1840)<ref name=":02" />

==See also==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [[Srimad Bhagavata Book 1]]
* [[Srimad Bhagavata Book 2]]
* [[Srimad Bhagavata Book 3]]
* [[Bhagavan]]
* [[Vishnu]]
* [[Bhakti]]
* [[Narayana]]
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Nava rasas]]
* [[Puranas]]
* [[Smriti]]
* [[Vedanta]]
{{Refend}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy |title=Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=1993 |pages=183–184 |isbn=978-0-253-35334-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC&pg=PA183}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Cheever Mackenzie |title=The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess; a translation, annotation, and commentary |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3940-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&pg=PA17}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |year=1983 |title=The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=551–567 |jstor=1462581 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551}}
* {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC}}
* {{cite book |last=Cutler |first=Norman |title=Songs of Experience |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1987 |page=1 |isbn=978-0-253-35334-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy |volume=IV: Indian pluralism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1949}}
* {{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |author2=Rūpagōsvāmī |title=The Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu of Rūpa Gosvāmīn |editor=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-208-1861-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsRb6gjUa1oC}}

* {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth |title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1WrAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0231149990}}

* {{cite book |last=Katz |first=Steven T. |title=Mysticism and Sacred Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJW71yboqI4C |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0195357097}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar Das |first=Sisir |title=A history of Indian literature, 500–1399 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC}}
* {{cite book |last=Matchett |first=Freda |year=1993 |chapter=The Pervasiveness of Bhakti in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |editor=Werner, Karel |title=Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism |publisher=Routledge |pages=95–116 |isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA95}}
* {{cite book |last=Matchett |first=Freda |title=Kṛṣṇa, Lord or Avatāra? |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC}}
* {{cite book |last=Matchett |first=Freda |year=2003 |chapter=The Purāṇas |editor=[[Gavin Flood|Flood, Gavin D.]] |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages=129–144 |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA129}}
* {{cite book |last=Rocher |first=Ludo |title=The Puranas |publisher=Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz |year=1986 |pages=138–151 |isbn=978-3-447-02522-5}}
* {{cite book |editor=Wayman, Alex |title=Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy: essays in honour of Professor Alex Wayman |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |author-link=T. S. Rukmani |chapter=Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison |year=1993 |pages=217–226 |isbn=978-81-208-0994-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217}}

* {{cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Daniel |year=1986 |title=The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia, Mo |isbn=978-81-208-0179-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C}}
* {{cite book |last=van Buitenen |first=J. A. B |chapter=The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |title=Encyclopedia Indica |year=1996 |editor=S.S Shashi |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=28–45 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-sC1GkwH7sC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Anmol Publications |location=New Delhi}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

* {{cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |title=History of Indian theatre |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7017-221-5 |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC}}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Vettam Mani|Mani, Vettam]]. ''Puranic Encyclopedia''. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.
* C Mackenzie Brown (1983), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581 The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma], Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 51, No. 4, pages 551–567
* Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140447996}}
* Sanjukta Gupta (2006), Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415395359}}
* Ithamar Theodor (2015), Exploring the Bhagavata Purana, IB Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1784531997}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Bhagavata Purana}}
'''English'''
* Swami Prabhupāda's version [http://vedabase.io/ Bhaktivedanta Vedabase]
* [https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907 Gita Press version]
* [http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/Gunamala_trans.pdf The Translation of Sankaradeva's Gunamala – the 'pocket-Bhagavata'] (Assam version)
* [http://atributetosankaradeva.org/Veda_Stuti.pdf Translation of Sankaradeva's Veda-Stuti (The Prayer of the Vedas), Bhagavata, Book X, from Sankaradeva's Kirttana Ghosa, the 'Bhagavata in miniature']
* [http://www.ochs.org.uk/research/bhagavata-purana-research-project Bhagavata Purana Research Project], Oxford University
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012507010 A prose English translation of Srimad Bhagavatam], MN Dutt (Open access limited to the US and parts of Europe)
* [http://atmanirvana.com/category/srimad-bhagavatam/ Bhagavata Purana Research Project], (Srimad Bhagavatam English Version)
* An Android app with text in [[Devanagari]] and [[IAST]], two different English translations and two different recitations: [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vengallurapps.srimadbhagavatamenglish Srimad Bhagavatam (English)]
* Swami Harshananda, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, [https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/bh%C4%81gavata?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433 Bhagavata]

'''Sanskrit original'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012022829/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/bhagp/bhp1-12u.htm GRETIL etext: The transliterated Sanskrit text for the entire work]
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa Bhagavata Purana] (Sanskrit)
* [http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/bhagpur.pdf Searchable transliterated PDF file of the entire Bhagavata-Purana from sanskritweb.net]

{{Puranas}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Jagannath}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]

Sansad TV

2026-03-29T12:27:37Z

Abhishek Mandal: cleanup

{{short description|Indian television channel}}
{{distinguish|Sangsad Television}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sansad TV
| logo = Sansad TV En Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| country = [[India]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| languages = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[576i]] for the [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] feed)
| area = Worldwide
| headquarters = 23, Mahadev Road, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2021|03||df=yes}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2021|09|15|df=yes}}
| replaced = [[Lok Sabha TV]] [[Rajya Sabha TV]]
| key_people = [[Amit Khare]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.) ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| webcast = https://webcast.gov.in/
| website = {{URL|sansadtv.nic.in}}
| online_serv_1 = Waves
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.wavespb.com/pb_live_details?id=FUPFo9nqEVWSatuwF1EAuA==:MTIzNDU2Nzg5MDEyMzQ1Ng== Sansad TV 1 HD]
[http://www.wavespb.com/pb_live_details?id=Lci7BXk1A2wAt4d7Eju9QQ==:MTIzNDU2Nzg5MDEyMzQ1Ng== Sansad TV 2 HD]
}}

'''Sansad TV''' is an [[Government of India|Indian government]] [[television channel]], which broadcasts the proceedings of the two Houses of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] (Bharatiya Sansad) and other [[Public affairs (broadcasting)|public affairs programming]]. It was formed in March 2021 by amalgamating the existing house channels, [[Lok Sabha TV]] and the [[Rajya Sabha TV]], although separate satellite channels are broadcast for each House.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-tv-merged-to-create-sansad-tv| title=Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha TV Merged To Create SANSAD TV | agency=All India, Press Trust of India | date=3 March 2021 | accessdate=21 March 2021 }}</ref>

Provisionally, the channel will have about 35 themes on which programmes will be aired, and the programmes will be similar, but in two languages: [[Hindi]] and [[Indian English|English]]. The channel was launched by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]], [[Vice President of India]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] and Speaker of [[Lok Sabha]] [[Om Birla]] on 15 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/sansad-tv-launched-pm-modi-vp-naidu-om-birla-inaugurate-new-govt-channel-all-you-need-to-know-1482262|title=Sansad TV Launched: PM Modi, VP Naidu, Om Birla Inaugurate New Govt Channel - Details Here|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=15 September 2021|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/india/sansad-tv-to-be-launched-on-15th-september-by-prime-minister-narendra-modi-58850|title=PM नरेंद्र मोदी 15 सितंबर को लॉन्‍च करेंगे 'संसद टीवी', अब यहां आसानी से देख सकेंगे सदन की कार्यवाही|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/netas-turn-hosts-sansad-tv-goes-on-air-today-311236|title=Netas turn hosts, Sansad TV goes on air today|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> The TV Channel has experts from diverse fields as guest anchors for some flagship programmes and include [[Bibek Debroy]], [[Karan Singh]], [[Amitabh Kant]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Vikas Swarup]], [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]], Hemant Batra, [[Maroof Raza]] and [[Sanjeev Sanyal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/all-set-for-sansad-tv-launch-karan-singh-tharoor-kant-sanyal-to-host-special-shows-311049|title=All set for Sansad TV launch; Karan Singh, Tharoor, Kant, Sanyal to host special shows|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

==History==
It was formed in the year 2021. "During the intersession period and beyond the working hours of Parliament, both will telecast common content to a large extent. The LSTV platform would telecast programmes in Hindi, while RSTV would do so in English. The two language variants, it was felt, enables better branding and increased viewership", a top official said. "The attempt is to go beyond the proceedings of the Houses and show the functioning of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] and parliamentarians when the House is not in session."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|title=Sansad TV to have shows on 35 themes and prime-time 'democracy' news bulletin|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sansad-tv-to-have-shows-on-35-themes-and-prime-time-democracy-news-bulletin/articleshow/77156737.cms|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=2020-06-24|title=Process to merge Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha TVs into Sansad TV in final stages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/process-of-merger-of-rs-and-ls-tvs-into-sansad-tv-in-final-stages/article31906731.ece|access-date=2020-12-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Sansad TV, the integrated product of LSTV, RSTV, to be 'more focused and content-driven'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sansad-tv-the-integrated-product-of-lstv-rstv-6474889/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title='Sansad TV' that integrates functioning of LSTV, RSTV, to have English, Hindi variants|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sansad-tv-that-integrates-functioning-of-lstv-rstv-to-have-english-hindi-variants-853283.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lists of television channels in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://sansadtv.nic.in/}}


{{Parliamentary broadcasters}}

[[Category:Legislature broadcasters]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2021]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]

Naruvee

2026-03-26T23:08:53Z

Abhishek Mandal: done

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naruvee
| image = Naruvee.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Subarak M
| writer = Subarak M
| producer = A. Alagu Pandian
| cinematography = Anand Rajendran
| editing = Subarak M
| music = Ashwath
| studio = Harish Cinemas
| distributor = Baskar Cinema Company Sivaani Studios
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Naruvee''''' is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language [[horror thriller film]] written and directed by Subarak M. Produced by A. Alagu Pandian under the banner of ''Harish Cinemas'', the film features Harish Alag, Vinchu Rachel Sam, Chatherin Varuna, Panine Kumar, and VJ Pappu in the lead roles. The cinematography is handled by Anand Rajendran, with editing by Subarak M and music composed by Ashwath. The stunt choreography is done by Jesudas Manoharan. It is distributed by Baskar Cinema Company and Sivaani Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Murugesan |date=2025-08-13 |title=நறுவீ படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://tamiljanam.com/91410027/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Tamil Janam TV |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 29 August 2025.

== Cast ==
* Harish Alag
* Vinchu Rachel Sam
* Chatherin Varuna
* Padine Kumar
* VJ Pappu

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Subarak Mubarak. It is produced by A. Alagu Pandian under ''Harish Cinemas''. Anand Rajendran served as the [[cinematographer]], while Subarak Mubarak also handled the editing. Music was composed by Ashwath, and stunt sequences were choreographed by Jesudas Manoharan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tamil |first=Hindu |date=2025-08-29 |title=நறுவீ - அதிர வைக்கும் குருதட்சிணை {{!}} திரைப் பார்வை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1374661-naruvi-movie-analysis.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831112449/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1374661-naruvi-movie-analysis.html |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film is scheduled to be released on 29 August 2025.

== Reception ==
''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic stated that director M. Subarak has captured attention by presenting various social issues in an enjoyable suspense-thriller style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-09-01 |title="நறுவீ" சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/naruvi-cinema-review-1177309 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote that "The film leaves you with a purpose to think about, even if the journey to get there is a struggle."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naruvee Movie Review: Noble intent trapped in timid suspense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/naruvee/movie-review/123524855.cms |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt37968077}}

[[Category:2025 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Peacock Throne

2026-03-26T17:01:05Z

Abhishek Mandal: improved details also and added references

{{Short description|Imperial throne of India (1635–1739)}}
{{About||the Iranian imperial throne from the early 19th century|Sun Throne}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
[[File:The Mughal Emperor and His Court, c. 1774 - V&A.jpg|thumb|The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his court]]
The '''Peacock Throne''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: ''Mayūrāsana'', [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: मयूरासन, [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: تخت طاؤس, {{langx|fa|تخت طاووس}}, ''Takht-i Tāvūs'') was the imperial [[throne]] of the Indian [[Mughal emperors]], the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]<ref>Maria E. Subtelny, ''Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia'', Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201.</ref> rulers of the [[Mughal Empire]] from the [[Timurid dynasty]], a dynasty or [[Barlās]] [[clan]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin.<ref name="EI">B.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Online Edition, 2006</ref> The throne was named after the two figures of [[peacock]]s displaying their tails that were mounted on its canopy.

It was commissioned in the early 17th century by Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and was located in the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]] (Hall of Private Audiences, or Ministers' Room) in the [[Red Fort]] of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Throne Now Sits at Sri Darbar Sahib Complex |url=http://dailysikhupdates.com/bhagael-singh-brought-mughal-throne-delhi-sri-harmandir-sahib-1783/ |date=1 February 2015 |website=Daily Sikh Updates |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925000532/http://dailysikhupdates.com/bhagael-singh-brought-mughal-throne-delhi-sri-harmandir-sahib-1783/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The original throne was taken as a war trophy by [[Nader Shah]], in 1739 after his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]]. Its replacement disappeared during or soon after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

== History ==
[[File:Shah Jahan op de pauwentroon.jpg|thumb|[[Shah Jahan]] seated on the Peacock Throne]]
Shah Jahan ruled in what is now considered the [[Golden Age]] of the vast [[Mughal Empire]], which covered almost all of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He ruled from the newly constructed capital of [[Shahjahanabad]]. The emperor was the focus around which everything else revolved, giving audiences and receiving petitioners. The ruler's court was to be a mirror image of paradise on earth, in the very center of the empire, and such a ruler would be worthy of a [[Throne of Solomon]] (تختِ سليمان, Takht-e-Sulaiman) to underscore his position as a just king. Like Solomon's throne, the Peacock Throne was to be covered in gold and jewels, with steps leading up to it, with the ruler floating above the ground and closer to heaven. Said Gilani and his workers from the imperial goldsmiths' department were commissioned to construct this new throne. It took seven years to complete. Large amounts of solid gold, precious stones, and pearls were used, creating a masterful piece of Mughal artistry that was unsurpassed before or after its creation. It was an opulent indulgence that could only be seen by a few courtiers, aristocrats, and visiting dignitaries. The throne was, even by Golden Age Mughal standards, supremely extravagant, costing twice as much as the construction of the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="Nicoll 2009 207">{{cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |year=2009 |title=Shah Jahan |url={{Google books|KfkCTTcvKGwC|Shah Jahan|page=207|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0670083039 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040905/spectrum/book3.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Books|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000130/spectrum/main7.htm|title=As priceless as the Peacock Throne|author=K.R.N. Swamy|work=The Tribune|date=30 January 2000|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref>

The appearance of this new throne was in stark contrast to the older [[throne of Jahangir]], a large rectangular slab of engraved black [[basalt]] constructed in the early 1600s, used by the father of Shah Jahan.

The new throne was not initially given the name by which it became known. It was known as the "Jeweled Throne" or "Ornamented Throne" (''Takht-Murassa''). It received its name from later historians because of the peacock statues featured on it.<ref name="Nicoll 2009 207"/>

The Peacock Throne was inaugurated in a triumphant ceremony on 22 March 1635, the formal seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |year=2009 |title=Shah Jahan |url={{Google books|KfkCTTcvKGwC|Shah Jahan|page=205|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0670083039 }}</ref> The date was chosen by astrologers and was doubly auspicious, since it coincided exactly with [[Eid al-Fitr]], the end of Ramadan, and [[Nowruz]], the Persian New Year. The emperor and the court were returning from Kashmir, and it was determined that the third day of Nowruz would be the most auspicious day for him to enter the capital and take his seat on the throne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |year=2009 |title=Shah Jahan |url={{Google books|KfkCTTcvKGwC|Shah Jahan|page=205-207|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0670083039 }}</ref><ref>Muhammad Baqir. ''The Peacock Throne: Romance and Reality''. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 3 (1966), pp. 27-32. The inauguration of the throne took place on 3 Shawwal 1044. See Lahori's ''Padhshahnama'' in Elliot and Dowson, ''History of India'', vol. 6, pp. 45-6. Also Inayat Khan in Begley and Desai, ''Shah Jahan Nama'', pg. 147.</ref>

Muhammad Qudsi, the emperor's favourite poet, was chosen to compose twenty verses inscribed in emerald and green enamel on the throne. He praised the matchless skill of the artisans, the "heaven-depleting grandeur" of its gold and jewels, and included the date in the letters of the phrase "the throne of the just king".<ref name="Nicoll 2009 207"/><ref>''Aurang shahinshah adil'' (1+6+200+50+20, 300+1+5+50+300+1+5, 70+1+4+30=AH 1044)</ref>

Poet Abu-Talib Kalim was given six pieces of gold for each verse in his poem of sixty-three couplets.<ref name="Nicoll 2009 208">{{cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |year=2009 |title=Shah Jahan |url={{Google books|KfkCTTcvKGwC|Shah Jahan|page=208|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0670083039 }}</ref>

The emperor summoned master goldsmith Said Gilani and showered him with honours, including his weight in gold coins and the title "Peerless Master" (''Bibadal Khan''). Gilani produced a poem of 134 couplets, filled with [[chronogram]]s, the first twelve couplets giving the date of the emperor's birth, the following thirty-two the date of his first coronation, then ninety couplets giving the date of the throne's inauguration.<ref name="Nicoll 2009 208"/>

{{blockquote|Towards India he turned his reins quickly and went in all glory, 
Driving like the blowing wind, dapple-grey steed swift as lightning. 
With bounty and liberality, he returned to the capital; 
Round his stirrups were the heavens and angels round his reins. 
A thousand thanks! The beauty of the world has revived 
With the early glory of the throne of multi-coloured gems.<ref>Hasan, ''Mughal Poetry'', pp. 56-61. Biography of Said Gilani Bibadal Khan in Nawaz Khan, ''Maathir'', vol. 1, pp. 396-9</ref>}}

After Shah Jahan's death, his son [[Aurangzeb]], who had the regnal name of Alamgir, ascended the Peacock Throne. Aurangzeb was the last of the strong Mughal emperors. After he died in 1707, his son [[Bahadur Shah I]] reigned from 1707 to 1712. Bahadur Shah I could keep the empire stable by maintaining a relaxed religious policy; however, after his death, the empire declined. A period of political instability, military defeats, and court intrigues led to a succession of weak emperors: [[Jahandar Shah]] ruled for one year from 1712 to 1713, [[Farrukhsiyar]] from 1713 to 1719, [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] and [[Shah Jahan II]] only for a couple of months in 1719. By the time [[Muhammad Shah]] came to power, Mughal power was seriously declining, and the empire was vulnerable. Nevertheless, under the generous patronage of Muhammad Shah, the court at Delhi became again a beacon of the arts and culture. Administrative reforms could not, however, stop the later [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]], which significantly sapped the imperial forces. It was only a question of time until forces from neighbouring Persia saw their chance to invade.
[[File:Nadir Shah on the Peacock Throne after his defeat of Muhammad Shah. ca. 1850, San Diego MOA.jpg|thumb|The Persian king [[Nader Shah]] seated upon the Peacock Throne with members of the court, after his victory at the [[Battle of Karnal]]]]
[[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] culminated in the [[Battle of Karnal]], on 13 February 1739, and the defeat of Muhammad Shah. [[Nadir Shah]] entered Delhi and sacked the city, in the course of which tens of thousands of inhabitants were massacred. Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, taking with them the throne as a war trophy. Their treasure haul amounted to a considerable reduction in Mughal wealth and an irreplaceable loss of cultural artefacts. Among the known precious stones that Nadir Shah looted were the [[Akbar Shah diamond|Akbar Shah]], [[Great Mogul Diamond|Great Mughal]], [[Great Table diamond|Great Table]], [[Koh-i-Noor]], and [[Shah Diamond|Shah]] diamonds, as well as the [[Samarian spinel]] and the [[Timur Ruby]]. These stones were either part of the Peacock Throne or were in possession of the Mughal emperors. The Akbar Shah Diamond was said to form one of the eyes of a peacock,<ref>{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=Edwin W |title=The Great Diamonds of the World: Their History and Romance |url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_200 |date=1882 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128033326/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_200 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |page=200 |location=London |publisher=George Bell & Sons |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> as did the Koh-i-Noor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=Edwin W |title=The Great Diamonds of the World: Their History and Romance |url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_113 |date=1882 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109092113/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_113 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |page=113 |location=London |publisher=George Bell & Sons |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> The Shah diamond was described by [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] as being on the side of the throne.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=James Remington |title=Fire in the Earth: The Story of the Diamond |url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/mccarthy-fire-earth/page_128 |date=1942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718040819/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/mccarthy-fire-earth/page_128 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |page=128 |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Brothers |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> Many of these stones ended up becoming part of the [[Iranian National Jewels|Persian crown jewels]] and, later, the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|British crown jewels]] as a result of Great Britain's colonial expansion into the region.{{citation needed|date=July 2019|reason=sources? not mentioned at British crown jewels article and mention at Persian c. j. has citation needed template}}
When Nadir Shah was assassinated by his officers on 19 June 1747, the throne disappeared, most probably being dismantled or destroyed for its valuables, in the ensuing chaos.<ref>James Fraser. ''Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822'' (n.p., 1825), p. 43, cited in Baqir "Peacock Throne", 34-41</ref> One of the unsubstantiated rumours claimed the throne was given to the Ottoman Sultan,<ref>Mehmet Onder - Antika - The Turkish Journal of Collectable Art, May 1985, Issue: 2</ref> although this could have been a minor throne produced in Persia and given as a gift. The Persian emperor [[Fath-Ali Shah]] commissioned the [[Sun Throne]] to be constructed in the early 19th century. The Sun Throne has a platform in the shape of that of the Peacock Throne. Some rumours claim that parts of the original Peacock Throne were used in its construction, although there is no evidence. Over time, the Sun Throne was erroneously called the Peacock Throne, a term the West later appropriated as a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for the Persian monarchy. No structural parts proven to be of the original Peacock Throne survived. Only some of the diamonds and precious stones attributed to it have survived and been re-worked.

A [[Sikh]] legend has it that a rectangular stone slab measuring {{convert|6|ft}} by {{convert|4|ft}} by {{convert|9|inch}} was uprooted, enchained, and brought by [[Ramgarhia Misl]] chief [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] to [[Ramgarhia Bunga]], in [[Amritsar]], after the capture of the Red Fort by the combined Dal Khalsa forces of [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and [[Baghel Singh]] in 1783, as war booty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monumental neglect|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060330/aplus.htm#1|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref>[[:File:Historic stone slab of Mughal throne.jpg|Mughal throne image]]</ref> However, that this stone pedestal does indeed come from the Peacock Throne has not been independently corroborated by scientists and historians.

A replacement throne resembling the original was probably constructed for the Mughal emperor after the Persian invasion.<ref name="Sunday Tribune">Swany, K.R.N. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000130/spectrum/main7.htm "As priceless as the Peacock Throne,"] ''The Tribune'' (India). 30 January 2000.</ref> The throne was located on the eastern side of the ''Divan-i-Khas'', towards the windows. This throne, however, was also lost, possibly during or after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the subsequent looting and partial destruction of the Red Fort by the British.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Caspar Purdon |title=A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne |url=https://archive.org/stream/jstor-3252550/3252550#page/n1/mode/2up |date=1 October 1908 |pages=182–83 |journal=Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art |volume=3 |number=10 |doi=10.2307/3252550 |jstor=3252550 |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> The marble pedestal on which it rested has survived and can still be seen today.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdqTV5ut4m4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/WdqTV5ut4m4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Shah Jahan's Peacock Throne|work=YouTube|access-date=25 October 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1908, the [[New York Times]] reported that [[Caspar Purdon Clarke]], Director of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], obtained what was purported to be a marble leg from the pedestal of the throne.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D1EFC395A17738DDDAF0A94DF405B888CF1D3 |title=INDIAN TREASURE FOR METROPOLITAN - Sir Purdon Clarke Has Purchased Pedestal of Peacock Throne of Great Mughal. MARVEL IN INLAID MARBLE Has Been Trying to Get the Relic for Years - Price Paid One-Tenth of Original Offer. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=1908-07-26 |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref> Although mentioned in the 1908 annual report, the status of this pedestal leg remains unknown.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-09/deep-focus/35705331_1_pedestals-marble-platform | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-09/deep-focus/35705331_1_pedestals-marble-platform | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-12-16 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreporttru00trusgoog#page/n198/|title=Annual report of the Trustees|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgtimes.in/2012/12/the-mystery-of-peacock-throne.html#.UtCGDPb6y_w|title=PG Times|publisher=Pgtimes.in|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> There is another marble leg in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}. Where precisely these two pedestal legs originate, and if they are connected to the Peacock Throne, remains unclear.

Inspired by the legend of the throne, King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] installed a romanticised version of it in his ''Moorish Kiosk'' in [[Linderhof Palace]], constructed in the 1860s.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

== Descriptions ==
{{over-quotation|section=yes|date=August 2021}}
The contemporary descriptions that are known today of Shah Jahan's throne are from the Mughal historians [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]] and [[Inayat Khan (historian)|Inayat Khan]], and the French travellers [[François Bernier]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]]. No known painting of the throne that would match their descriptions exists.

=== By Abdul Hamid Lahori ===
[[Abdul Hamid Lahori]] (d. 1654) describes, in his ''[[Padshahnama]]'', the construction of the throne:<ref>{{cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |year=1997 |title=King of the world: the Padshahnama : an imperial Mughal manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle |url={{Google books|O4VIAQAAIAAJ|King of the world: the Padshahnama : an imperial Mughal manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-1898592105 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|In the course of years many valuable gems had come into the Imperial jewel-house, each one of which might serve as an ear-drop for Venus, or would adorn the girdle of the Sun. Upon the accession of the Emperor, it occurred to his mind that, in the opinion of far-seeing men, the acquisition of such rare jewels and the keeping of such wonderful brilliants can only render one service, that of adorning the throne of empire. They ought therefore, to be put to such a use, that beholders might share in and benefit by their splendour, and that Majesty might shine with increased brilliancy.

It was accordingly ordered that, in addition to the jewels in the Imperial jewel-house, rubies, garnets, diamonds, rich pearls and emeralds, to the value of 200 [[Lakh|lacs]] of rupees, should be brought for the inspection of the Emperor, and that they, with some exquisite jewels of great weight, exceeding 50,000 [[Mithqal|miskals]], and worth eighty-six lacs of rupees, having been carefully selected, should be handed over to Bebadal Khan, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department. There was also to be given to him one lakh of [[Tola (unit)|tolas]] of pure gold, equal to 250,000 miskals in weight and fourteen lakhs of rupees in value.

The throne was to be three [[Guz|gaz]] in length, two and a half in breadth, and five in height, and was to be set with the above-mentioned jewels. The outside of the canopy was to be of enamel work with occasional gems, the inside was to be thickly set with rubies, garnets, and other jewels, and it was to be supported by twelve emerald columns. On the top of each pillar there were to be two peacocks thick set with gems, and between each two peacocks a tree set with rubies and diamonds, emeralds and pearls. The ascent was to consist of three steps set with jewels of fine water.

This throne was completed in the course of seven years at a cost of 100 lakhs [10,000,000] of rupees. Of the eleven jeweled recesses (''takhta'') formed around it for cushions, the middle one, intended for the seat of the Emperor, cost ten lakhs of rupees. Among the jewels set in this recess was a ruby worth a lac of rupees, with Shah 'Abbas, the king of Iran, had presented to the late Emperor Jahangir, who sent it to his present Majesty, the Sahib Kiran-i sani, when he accomplished the conquest of the Dakhin.

The names of Sahib-kiran (Timur), Mir Shah Rukh, and Mirza Ulugh Beg were engraved on it. When in course of time it came into the possession of Shah 'Abbas, his name was added; and when Jahangir obtained it, he added the name of himself and of his father. Now it received the addition of the name of his most gracious Majesty Shah Jahan. By command of the Emperor, the following masnawi, by Haji Muhammad Jan, the final verse of which contains the date, was placed upon the inside of the canopy in letters of green enamel.

On his return to Agra, the Emperor held a court, sat for the first time on his throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924006140374/cu31924006140374_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Shah Jahan"|year=1875|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>}}

=== By Inayat Khan ===
The following is the account given of the throne in the ''[[Shahjahannama]]'' of [[Inayat Khan (historian)|Inayat Khan]]:

{{blockquote|The Nauroz of the year 1044 fell on the 'Id-i fitr, when His Majesty was to take his seat on the new jeweled throne. This gorgeous structure, with a canopy supported on twelve pillars, measured three yards and a half in length, two and a half in breadth, and five in height, from the flight of steps to the overhanging dome. On his Majesty's accession to the throne, he had commanded that eighty-six lakhs worth of gems and precious stones, and a diamond worth fourteen lakhs, which together make a crore of rupees as money is reckoned in [[Hindustan]], should be used in its decoration. It was completed in seven years, and among the precious stones was a ruby worth a lakh of rupees that Shah 'Abbas Safavi had sent to the late Emperor, on which were inscribed the names of the great Timur Sahih-Kiran, etc.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first='Inayat |year=1990 |title=The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller |url={{Google books|n_BtAAAAMAAJ|The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=147 |isbn=978-0195624892 }}</ref>}}

=== By François Bernier ===
The French physician and traveller [[François Bernier]] described, in his ''Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668'', the throne in the ''Diwan-i-Khas'':

{{blockquote|The King appeared seated upon his throne, at the end of the great hall, in the most magnificent attire. His vest was of white and delicately flowered satin, with a silk and gold embroidery of the finest texture. The turban, of gold cloth, had an aigrette whose base was composed of diamonds of an extraordinary size and value, besides an Oriental topaz, which may be pronounced unparalleled, exhibiting a lustre like the sun. A necklace of immense pearls, suspended from his neck, reached to the stomach, in the same manner as many of the Gentiles wear their strings of beads.

The throne was supported by six massive feet, said to be of solid gold, sprinkled over with rubies, emeralds, and diamonds. I cannot tell you with accuracy the number or value of this vast collection of precious stones, because no person may approach sufficiently near to reckon them, or judge of their water and clearness; but I can assure you that there is a confusion of diamonds, as well as other jewels, and that the throne, to the best of my recollection, is valued at four crores of Rupees. I observed elsewhere that a lakh is one hundred thousand<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6093710_000/pages/ldpd_6093710_000_00000330.html |title=Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668 |page=268 |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> rupees, and that a crore is a hundred lakh; so that the throne is estimated at forty millions of rupees, worth sixty millions of pounds [livres] or thereabouts. It was constructed by Shah Jahan, the father of Aurangzeb, for the purpose of displaying the immense quantity of precious stones accumulated successively in the treasury from the spoils of ancient Rajas and Patans, and the annual presents to the Monarch, which every Omrah is bound to make on certain festivals. The construction and workmanship of the throne are not worthy of the materials; but two peacocks, covered with jewels and pearls, are well conceived and executed. They were made by a workman of astonishing powers, a Frenchman by birth, named..... who, after defrauding several of the Princes of Europe, by means of false gems, which he fabricated with peculiar skill, sought refuge in the Great Mogul's court, where he made his fortune.

At the foot of the throne were assembled all the Omralis, in splendid apparel, upon a platform surrounded by a silver railing, and covered by a spacious canopy of brocade with deep fringes of gold. The pillars of the hall were hung with brocades of a gold ground, and flowered satin canopies were raised over the whole expanse of the extensive apartment fastened with red silken cords, from which were suspended large tassels of silk and gold. The<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6093710_000/pages/ldpd_6093710_000_00000331.html |title=Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668 |page=269 |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> floor was covered entirely with carpets of the richest silk, of immense length and breadth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6093710_000/pages/ldpd_6093710_000_00000332.html |title=Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668 |page=270 |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>}}

=== By Jean-Baptiste Tavernier ===
[[File:JB-Tavernier.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, as a traveller wearing Mughal dress, from his ''Les Six Voyages'', published in 1679]]
[[File:Thomas Maurice (1754 - 1824) - The Peacock Mogul throne.jpg|thumb|The throne, as seen by Baron Tavernier, at the end of the 16th century, according to [[Thomas Maurice]], published in 1794. Tavernier speaks of one peacock only, but two appear in this print. which was drawn at Delhi, by a European artist in the train of Nadir Shah who plundered it in 1739.]]

The French jeweler [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] made his sixth voyage to India between 1663 and 1668. It was his great privilege to be invited by emperor Aurangzeb himself to visit the court at Delhi, where he remained as Aurangzeb's guest for two months, from 12 September 1665 to 11 November 1665.

Tavernier was invited so the emperor could inspect the jewels he had brought from the West, intending to purchase them. During this visit, Tavernier sold several jewels to the emperor and the emperor's uncle, Jafar Khan, and established a close relationship with the emperor, leading to a more extended stay. Tavernier was invited to stay until the conclusion of the emperor's annual birthday celebrations. During that time, he had the opportunity to visit the Red Fort and inspect the Peacock Throne. He was also allowed to inspect the valuable jewels and stones belonging to the emperor but could not see those still kept by Aurangzeb's father, Shah Jahan, who was imprisoned at Agra Fort. In January 1666, only a few months after Tavernier's stay, Shah Jahan died, and Aurangzeb claimed the remaining stones.

Tavernier gives a detailed description of the Peacock Throne in his book ''Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier'', published in 1676 in two volumes. The account of the throne appears in Chapter VIII of Volume II, in which he describes the preparations for the emperor's annual birthday festival and the court's magnificence. Tavernier is considered among the least reliable from a conventionally historical perspective.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNQg3X03b3kC&pg=PA96|title=Jean-Baptiste Tavernier: A Life|first=Harish|last=Kapur|date=18 June 2013|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781481795944|access-date=12 April 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBHwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|title=French Travel Writing in the Ottoman Empire: Marseilles to Constantinople, 1650-1700|first=Michele|last=Longino|date=5 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317585961|access-date=12 April 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Tavernier, however, describes seeing the throne in what is probably the ''[[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Am]]''. One theory is that the throne was sometimes moved between the two halls, depending on the occasion. Tavernier also describes five other thrones in the ''Diwan-i-Khas''.

== Discrepancies between descriptions of Lahori and Tavernier ==

The descriptions of Lahori, from before 1648, and Tavernier's, published in 1676, are generally in broad agreement on the essential features of the thrones, such as its rectangular shape, standing on four legs at its corners, the 12 columns on which the canopy rests, and the type of gemstones embedded on the throne, such as balas rubies, emeralds, pearls, diamonds, and other coloured stones. There are, however, some significant differences between the two descriptions:

* Lahori's account of the throne, based on the language used, could describe the projected design. Tavernier's account of the throne seems to be an eyewitness observation during his 1665 visit to the Red Fort. It could be that there were differences between the projected and final designs of the throne that Shah Jahān ascended for the first time on 12 March 1635.
* According to Lahori, the throne was to have a length of 3 yards (9 feet) and a breadth of 2½ yards (7½ feet). Tavernier, however, gives the length at 6 feet and breadth of 4 feet. Lahori describes the height as 5 yards (15 feet), but Tavernier's account does not mention its total height. Only the height of the four legs at the corners, about 2 feet, is mentioned.
* Lahori describes the canopy as being supported by 12 emerald columns; Tavernier describes 12 columns surrounded by and embedded with rows of pearls, which were round and of fine water and weighed 6 to 10 carats each. He thinks these pearls were, in fact, the most costly and precious aspect of the throne.
* A significant difference is the position of the eponymous peacock statues. Lahori states that on the top of each pillar, there were to be two peacocks, thick-set with gems, and between every two peacocks, a tree set with rubies and diamonds, emeralds, and pearls. If the reference to "pillar" here means "column" there would be 24 peacocks right round the throne. Tavernier, however, saw only a single large peacock above the quadrangular-shaped, dome-like canopy, with an elevated tail embedded with blue sapphires and other coloured stones; the body of the peacock is made of gold inlaid with precious stones, having a large ruby in front of the breast, from which hung a pear-shaped pearl around 60 carats in weight. Apart from the single large peacock, Tavernier's account speaks of a large bouquet, representing many kinds of flowers, made of gold inlaid with precious stones, of the same height as the peacock, situated on either side of the peacock.
* According to Lahori, ascending the throne was by way of three steps, also set with jewels of fine water. Tavernier, however, describes four steps on the longer side of the throne embedded with the same types of gemstones used on the throne and with matching designs.

Apart from the significant differences between the two accounts given above, there are several details provided in Lahori's account that are not mentioned in Tavernier's, and vice versa.

=== Lahori's description ===
* Lahori's account mentions several historical diamonds that decorated the throne, such as the 186-carat Koh-i-Noor diamond, the 95-carat Akbar Shah diamond, the 88.77-carat Shah diamond, and the 83-carat Jahangir diamond, apart from the 352.50-carat Timur Ruby, the third-largest balas ruby in the world. Tavernier makes no mention of these most precious stones. One explanation is that when Tavernier saw the throne in 1665, all these historical diamonds and the balas ruby were in the possession of Shah Jahan, who was under house arrest at the Fort in Agra. Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666—two months after Tavernier left Delhi, and reached Bengal, during this, his sixth, and last, voyage to India—and his son and successor Aurangzeb was able to claim all these gems. Lahori's descriptions were made during the rule of Shah Jahan when all the gems were probably incorporated into the throne.
* According to Lahori, a twenty-couplet poem by Muhammad Qudsi praising Shah Jahan in emerald letters was embedded in the throne. Tavernier does not mention this in his account, either because of his inability to read and understand what was written or because Aurangzeb had ordered its removal.

=== Tavernier's description ===
Tavernier was allowed to inspect the throne and its jewels closely and wrote the most well-known detailed description.

* In his account, Tavernier gave details of the design in which the balas rubies, emeralds, diamonds, and pearls were arranged on the four horizontal bars connecting the four vertical legs, from which the 12 vertical columns supporting the canopy arose. A large cabochon-cut balas ruby was placed in the middle of each bar, surrounded by four emeralds forming a square cross. Smaller such square crosses were situated on either side of the central large cross, along the length of the bar, but arranged in such a way that while in one square cross, a balas ruby occupied the center, surrounded by four emeralds, in the next square cross, four balas rubies surrounded an emerald. The emeralds were table-cut, and the intervals between the emerald-and-ruby crosses were covered with diamonds, also table-cut and not exceeding 10 to 12 carats in weight.
* There were three cushions or pillows upon the throne. The one behind the emperor's back was large and round; the other two, placed at his sides, were flat. The cushions were also studded with gems.
* Tavernier mentioned some royal standards and weapons suspended from the throne, such as a mace, a sword, a round shield, a bow and quiver with arrows, all studded with gemstones.
* He counted the number of large balas rubies and emeralds on the throne. Accordingly, there were 108 large balas rubies on the throne, all cabochon-cut, the smallest weighing around 100 carats and the largest over 200 carats in weight. He counted 116 large emeralds on the throne, all of excellent colour but with many flaws (a characteristic feature of emeralds), the smallest weighing around 30 carats and the largest approximately 60 carats.
* The underside of the canopy was covered with diamonds and pearls, with a fringe of pearls all round.
* On the side of the throne facing the court was suspended a diamond of 80 to 90 carats in weight, with rubies and emeralds surrounding it. When the Emperor was seated on the throne, this suspended arrangement of jewels was in full view before him.
* Tavernier then wrote about two large gem-studded royal umbrellas, which were not part of the throne but were placed on either side at a distance of 4 feet from it. The central stems of these umbrellas, 7 to 8 feet long, were covered with diamonds, rubies, and pearls. The umbrella cloth was made of red velvet and embroidered and fringed all round with pearls. The height of these umbrellas might indicate the throne's height, which was probably the same height. Thus, the height of the throne would have been around 7 to 10 feet.

== Later Peacock Throne ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}

After Nadir Shah [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|took the original]], another throne was made for the Mughal emperor. Along with the Peacock Throne, Nadir had also taken the fabulous [[Koh-i Noor]] and [[Darya-i Noor]] diamonds to [[Persia]], where some became part of the [[Iranian crown jewels|Persian crown jewels]], and others were sold to the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]]. The plunder taken by Nadir was so great that he stopped taxation for three years. The bottom half of the Peacock Throne might have been converted into the [[Sun Throne]], also a part of the Persian crown jewels. Various 19th-century Indian paintings of this later throne exist. It was located in the ''Diwan-i-Khas'' and might have been smaller than the original. However, the appearance would have been similar, based on either the original plans or from memory and eyewitness accounts. The replacement throne was made out of gold, or was gilded, and was studded with precious and semi-precious stones. Just like the original, it featured 12 columns. The columns carried a Bengali ''[[do-chala]]'' roof, which was graced with two peacock statues on the two ends, carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks and two peacocks at the top, also carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks. The two lower peacocks were in the center underneath a flower bouquet made of jewels or under a royal umbrella. A canopy of precious and colorful textiles and gold and silver threads protected this throne. The canopy was carried by four slender columns or beams made out of metal. Underneath the throne, colorful and precious carpets were laid out.

Later [[Shah of Persia|Shahs of Persia]] used the [[Naderi Throne]], but they were sometimes referred to as holders of the “Peacock Throne”, in reference to the historical throne. This was meant to be symbolic rather than a reference to the actual piece of furniture.

The name of the throne also inspired [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|King Ludwig II]] of Bavaria to have a contemporary interpretation of the "Peacock Throne" made for his "[[Linderhof Palace#Landscape garden and structures in the park|Moorish Kiosk]]" in the park of his [[Linderhof Palace]].

==Gallery of the later throne==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|[[Shah Alam II]] seated on the throne, next to him the crown prince, circa 1800
File:Ghulam Murtaza Khan The Delhi Darbar of Akbar II.jpg|[[Akbar II]] seated on the throne, circa 1811
File:Akbar II in durbar.jpg|Akbar II in ''durbar'' (holding court) in the ''Diwan-i Khas'' at the Red Fort, circa 1830
File:Sixteen views of monuments in Delhi Peacock Throne Red Fort Delhi 1850.png|Painting of the later Peacock Throne in the ''[[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]'' of the Red Fort, around 1850
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Golden Throne (Mysore)]]
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne]]
* [[Marble Throne]]
* [[Naderi Throne]]
* [[Sun Throne]]
* [[Throne of Jahangir]]
* [[Turquoise Throne]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Curzon |first=George Nathaniel |year=1892 |title=Persia and the Persian Question |url={{Google books|gM0oAAAAYAAJ|Persia and the Persian Question|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. }}
* {{cite book |year=1929 |title=Delhi Fort: A Guide to the Building and Gardens |url={{Google books|OzUKAQAAIAAJ|Delhi Fort: A Guide to the Building and Gardens|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1986 |title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India |url={{Google books|AV--abKg9GEC|The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Swamy |first1=K.R.N. |last2=Ravi|first2=Meera|year=1993 |title=The Peacock Thrones of the World |url={{Google books|oyUFAQAAIAAJ|The Peacock Thrones of the World|page=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Alpine Fine Arts Collection }}
* {{cite book |last1=Swamy |first1=K.R.N. |last2=Ravi|first2=Meera|year=2003 |title=The Mughal Peacock Throne; A Reference Anthology |url={{Google books|3iyYtgAACAAJ|The Peacock Thrones of the World|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=Kolkata |publisher=Writers Workshop Greybird Book }}
* {{cite book |last=Batra |first=N. L. |year=2008 |title=Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna |url={{Google books|wUMWAQAAMAAJ|Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna|page=|plainurl=yes}} |location=Delhi |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-8189738273 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Peacock Throne}}
{{commons category|Peacock Throne II}}
*{{Cite EB1911|last= |first= |wstitle=Delhi|volume=7|page=955|short=x}}—description of the throne and what happened to it.

[[Category:Mughal court]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Red Fort]]
[[Category:Thrones]]
[[Category:Individual thrones]]
[[Category:1739 in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afsharid Iran]]
[[Category:Islamic metal art]]
[[Category:1730s in Iran]]

Phyllocnistis phrixopa

2026-03-21T00:41:54Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added first page first draft...

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis phrixopa
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLPHRI Phyllocnistis phrixopa Meyrick, 1926] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis phrixopa''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplants for the species include ''Casearia esculenta'', and ''Casearia multinervosa''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188749}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1926]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Nandana (actress)

2026-03-13T05:42:24Z

Abhishek Mandal: stub

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandana
| image =
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|1|17}}
| years_active = 2002–2006
| death_date =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Manoj Bharathiraja]] |2006|2025|end=died}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Bharathiraja]] (Father-in-law)
| parents =
}}

'''Ashwati Manoj''', known as '''Nandhana''' (born 1985), is an Indian former actress who handled lead roles and supporting roles during the 2000s in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil film|Tamil]] films. She made her cinematic debut with the Malayalam movie ''[[Snehithan]]'' in 2002.

== Career ==
In 2002, Nandana made her debut with the multi-starrer ''[[Snehithan]]'' alongside [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] and [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]]. Regarding her performance a critic wrote, that her performance was "just ok".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/snehitan-review-malayalam-pcltPEbhdbfce.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312100542/https://www.sify.com/movies/snehitan-review-malayalam-pcltPEbhdbfce.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2022|title=Snehitan|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> in 2003, she made her Tamil debut with the film ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' co-starring [[Dushyanth Ramkumar]], the grandson of [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. Critics noted that her performance was "impressive" and that she "has a very photogenic face and the expressions to go with it".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Success |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13243048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031101234819/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13243048 |archive-date=1 November 2003 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 September 2003 |title=Success |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov293.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023122342/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov293.asp |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Regarding her performance in the film ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' (2005), critics noted that she "is good and the girl shows promise", "fiery" and that she fits well into her role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2005 |title=Review: ABCD |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200320094526/https://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=11 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 November 2005 |title=Quite defying norms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/quietly-defying-norms/article28588122.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101225358/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/quietly-defying-norms/article28588122.ece |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=30 November 2005 |title=A B C D |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/11abcd.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014120916/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/11abcd.asp |archive-date=14 October 2006 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Regarding her performance in her final film ''[[Kalinga (film)|Kalinga]]'' (2006), a critic wrote that she "is just about adequate, the character doesn't make much of an impact despite the director trying to add weight to it by giving it an unwanted flashback, the tragic past of a Sri Lankan refugee and her aspiration to become a doctor" whilst another critic wrote that to watch her "dance duets is a terrible headache".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05kalinga.asp |title=Kalinga |work=Chennai Online |access-date=6 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006005720/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05kalinga.asp |archive-date=6 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kalinka.shtml|title=Kalinga|work=Cinesouth|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825153616/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kalinka.shtml|archive-date=25 August 2006|access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> Her final film was the unreleased ''Joker''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-06-01/02-05-06-nandana.html | title=Tamil movies : "Engaged with Manoj? No, no!!" denies Nandana }}</ref>

After retiring from acting, she has since appeared in an ad for the Coimbatore-based Shree Devi Textile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/who-is-nandana-manoj-bharathiraja-former-actress-who-lost-her-husband-to-heart-attack-1379298|title=Who is Nandana Manoj Bharathiraja? Former actress who lost her husband to heart attack|date=26 March 2025|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>

==Personal life==
A native of [[Kozhikode]], she married actor [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], son of Tamil director [[Bharathiraja]], on 19 November 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/26/manoj-bharathiraja-death-his-movies-marriage-to-malayali-actor-nandana.html|title=Manoj Bharathiraja's demise: His marriage to Malayali actor Nandana brought him closer to Kerala|website=onManorama}}</ref> He was her co-star in the film ''[[Saadhuriyan]]''. Although she only married Manoj in 2006, she was credited as Nandana Kumar in ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' in 2005.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=ABCD |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher= OST Films Pte Ltd |year=2005|place=India |time= |time-caption=Opening credits, at}}</ref> She retired from the film industry after marriage. They have two daughters, Arthika and Mathivadani. Her husband died of a heart attack on 25 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Actor-Director Manoj Bharathiraja Dies Due To Cardiac Arrest At 48 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/actor-director-manoj-bharathiraja-dies-due-to-cardiac-arrest-at-48-article-119486476 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable" class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2002 ||''[[Snehithan]]''||Malavika ||[[Malayalam]] || Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 ||''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]''|| Kalyani || Malayalam||
|-
| [[Success (2003 film)|''Success'']]||Maha ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004|| ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' ||Reshmi || rowspan="3"|Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]''||Vandana||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005||''Kalyana Kurimanam'' ||Kaveri||
|-
| [[ABCD (film)|''ABCD'']]||Bharathi ||rowspan="3"|Tamil || credited as Nandana Kumar
|-
|''[[Saadhuriyan]]'' || ||
|-
|2006 || [[Kalinga (film)|''Kalinga'']]|| Jyothi||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1524367}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandana}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Allur mandal, Nellore district

2026-03-11T05:46:32Z

Abhishek Mandal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Allur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = Allur RKJC.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ramakrishna Junior College Entrance
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = 4
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.68|N|80.06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2819_PART_B_DCHB_SRI%20POTTI%20SRIIAMULU%20NELLORE.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|accessdate=27 August 2016|pages=25,228}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 177.73
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 52602
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524315
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-8622
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1009:1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Allur''' is a mandal in [[Nellore district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Kavali revenue division]] and the mandal headquarters are located in the town of Allur.<ref name="census" />

== Geography ==
Allur mandal is bounded by [[Bogole, Nellore district|Bogole]] Mandal towards North, [[Vidavalur]] Mandal towards South, [[Dagadarthi]] Mandal towards west [[Kodavalur]] Mandal towards South.<ref name="census" /><ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Guntur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=19 January 2015|pages=87,110}}</ref> Allur is located at {{Coord|14|41|N|80|3|E}}.<ref name=fallingrain>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Alluru.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref>

== Government ==
Allur was also originally part of Nellore taluk. [[Kovur, Nellore|Kovur]] taluk was created from Nellore in 1910 and Allur became part of it. These taluks were reorganized as mandals in 1985 and Allur became a mandal.<ref name="creation_kovur_taluk">{{cite book|last1=Boswell|first1=John Alexander Corrie|title=A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras|year=1873|publisher=Government Press|page=335,336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXooAAAAYAAJ&q=allur|accessdate=30 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 15 settlements and all are villages.<ref name="census" />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
# Allur
# Allurpeta
# Ananthabotlavari kandrika
# Batrakagollu
# Beeramgunta
# Gogulapalle (East and West)
# Graddagunta
# Indupuru
# Isakapalle
# Kalambotla Khandrika
# North Amuluru
# North Mopuru
# Purini
# Singapeta
# Velicherla
}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} the population of Allur mandal was 52,602 with 74,853 households. Male population is 26,272 and females are 26,330 and children are 5,622. The average literacy rate stands at 63.51% with 29,836 literates.<ref name=census />{{rp|229}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Census Division
! Number of houses
! Population
! Children(0-6)
! Sex Ratio
! Children Sex Ratio
! Male literacy
! Female literacy
|-
| 1
| Allur
| 3,239
| 11,656
| 10.25%
| 1021
| 940
| 73.84%
| 64.08%
|-
| 2
| Allurpeta
| 2,173
| 6,630
| 10.47%
| 1037
| 1081
| 73.14%
| 65.41%
|-
| 3
| Ananthabotlavari kandrika
| uninhabited
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 4
| Batrakagollu
| 520
| 1,749
| 8.92%
| 999
| 1026
| 62.78%
| 49.06%
|-
| 5
| Beeramgunta
| 557
| 1,898
| 9.59%
| 1011
| 1022
| 74.82%
| 62.99%
|-
| 6, 7
| Gogulapalle (East and West)
| 1,253
| 4,384
| 9.99%
| 970
| 1076
| 69.81%
| 53.31%
|-
| 8
| Graddagunta
| 163
| 616
| 11.36%
| 962
| 892
| 74.73%
| 57.99%
|-
| 9
| Indupuru
| 687
| 2,524
| 10.62%
| 1054
| 1144
| 65.67%
| 55.82%
|-
| 10
| Isakapalle
| 2,823
| 10,041
| 12.22%
| 968
| 862
| 63.17%
| 48.06%
|-
| 11
| Kalambotla Khandrika
| uninhabited
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 12
| North Amuluru
| 414
| 1,671
| 11.55%
| 961
| 804
| 70.87%
| 56.89%
|-
| 13
| North Mopuru
| 1,177
| 4,151
| 10.14%
| 1018
| 846
| 65.99%
| 55.65%
|-
| 14
| Purini
| 897
| 3,001
| 9.56%
| 980
| 993
| 66.33%
| 53.35%
|-
| 15
| Singapeta
| 854
| 2,955
| 12.01%
| 1005
| 940
| 72.35%
| 60.89%
|-
| 16
| Velicherla
| 96
| 326
| 9.51%
| 906
| 824
| 70.13%
| 56.14%
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Beeramgunta Poleramma Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

Kalithozhan

2026-03-04T09:15:27Z

Abhishek Mandal: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalithozhan
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| based_on = ''[[Illarikam]]'' (Telugu)(1959) by [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| producer = A. V. Subbarao
| writer = [[Sadasivabrahmam]] P. Karamchandran (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Sukumari]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1966|02|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kalithozhan''''' ( Friend) is a 1966 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and produced by A. V. Subbarao and L.V Prasad. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=177|title=Kalithozhan|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1134|title=Kalithozhan|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kalithozhan-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024454/http://spicyonion.com/title/kalithozhan-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Kalithozhan|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film was a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Illarikam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece|title = Blast from the past: Illarikam (1959)|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 24 September 2015|last1 = Narasimham|first1 = M. l.}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Venu
*[[Sheela]] as Radha
*[[Sukumari]] as Mridula
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Unnithan
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Sankara Pilla
*[[Bahadoor]] as Shivan
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Raghavan Karthavu
*[[Philomina]] as Ponnamma
*Premalatha as Ammayi
*[[Kottayam Shantha]] as Kalyaniyamma
*Sumathi as Seetha
*[[T. K. Balachandran]] as Raghu
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ammaayi Appanu" || A. L. Raghavan || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Maalika Meloru Mannaathikkili" || [[S. Janaki]], [[A. M. Rajah]], Chorus || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Manjalayil Mungithorthi" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Nandanavaniyil" || S. Janaki, [[A. M. Rajah]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Pularee Pularee" (Premanaadakam) || S. Janaki, A. M. Rajah || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 6 || "Ragasagara" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 7 || "Thaarunyam Thannude" || P. Jayachandran || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 8 || "Urakkamille" (Maanathu Vennilaavu) || S. Janaki || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254467|Kalithozhan}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Alif (2015 film)

2026-03-03T20:38:08Z

Abhishek Mandal: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Alif
| image = Alif film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N. K. Muhammed Koya
| producer = M. S. Biju
| writer =N. K. Muhammed Koya
| screenplay = N. K. Muhammed Koya
| starring = [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Zeenath]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| music = Ramesh Narayan
| cinematography = M. J. Radhakrishnan
| editing = B. Ajith Kumar
| studio =
| distributor =Mahadeva Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|02|27}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Alif''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by N. K. Muhammed Koya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=5049|title=Alif|accessdate=2015-09-11|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?7670 |title=Alif |accessdate=2015-09-11 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073932/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?7670 |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/alif-malayalam-movie-review-18767.html|title = Alif review. Alif Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15726/malayalam/alif/5007/review/|title=Alif Review | Alif Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-15 |title=ALIFF film festival gets under way |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/aliff-film-festival-gets-under-way/article7882683.ece |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
* 2015 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for upcoming director - NK Muhammed Koya
* 2015 (Kerala Film Critics Association Award) for Film ALIF
* 2015 17th John Abraham Special Jury mention for Film ALIF
* 2015 2nd Adoor Bhasi Award for Best Film ALIF
* 2015 1st Madhu Kaithapram Award for Debut Director

==Cast==
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Fathima
* [[Zeenath]] as Aatta
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Chandran
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kunhammu Saheb
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Hajyar
* Gourav Menon as Akbar Ali
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Abu
* Baby Ardra as Sainu
* [[Nilambur Ayisha]] as Ummakunju
* [[Santhakumari]] as Abu's mother
* Majeed as Jalajudeen
* [[Thara Kalyan]] as Hajiyar's wife
* Nedumbram Gopi as Namboothiri
*V. K. Unnikrishnan as Seythalikka
*Latheef as Sulaiman Musaliar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4835658}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Gold (2022 Indian film)

2026-03-03T09:41:37Z

Abhishek Mandal: Details

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{For|other purposes|Gold (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gold
| image = Gold.Malayalam.Film.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Alphonse Puthren]]
| writer = Alphonse Puthren
| producer = [[Supriya Menon]] [[Listin Stephen]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Nayanthara]]
| cinematography = Anend C. Chandran Viswajith Odukkathil
| editing = Alphonse Puthren
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| studio = Prithviraj Productions [[Magic Frames]]
| distributor = {{ubl|Magic Frames ([[Kerala]])|SSI Production ([[Tamil Nadu]])}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|01}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gold''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama film]] written, directed and edited by [[Alphonse Puthren]]. It was jointly produced by Supriya Menon of [[Prithviraj Productions]] and Listin Stephen of [[Magic Frames]]. The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Nayanthara]], along with an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble supporting cast]] of [[Deepti Sati]], [[Mallika Sukumaran]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Baburaj]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Jagadish]], [[Krishna Sankar]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Shabareesh Varma]] and [[Saiju Kurup]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Gold teaser: Prithviraj - Nayanthara starrer showcases Alphonse Puthren's signature style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gold-teaser-prithviraj-nayanthara-starrer-showcases-alphonse-puthrens-signature-style/articleshow/90379367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gold-teaser-prithviraj-nayanthara-starrer-showcases-alphonse-puthrens-signature-style/articleshow/90379367.cms |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

In addition to writing, editing and directing the film, Puthren also worked on the [[stunt coordinator|stunt choreography]], [[visual effects]], [[color grading]], and [[animation]] titles of the film. It marks his return to direction after seven years since ''[[Premam]]'' (2015). [[Principal photography]] commenced in September 2021 and ended in June 2022.

Initially set for worldwide theatrical release during [[Onam]], in September 2022, it was deferred due to delays in the [[post-production]] and eventually opened in theatres on 1 December 2022, where it received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/alphonse-puthren-lashes-out-after-gold-gets-mixed-reviews-8307108/{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Plot ==
"Danger" Joshi. S Kunjan, who owns a mobile shop, purchases a new car owing to a marriage alliance, that is almost fixed with Radha. However, on the delivery day, Joshi and his mother find that someone has parked a [[pickup truck]] with a load of [[Wireless speaker|portable speakers]]. Joshi complains to the police, but they're busy and decide to look into it slowly. The next morning, Joshi discovers that the small boxes inside the truck are not portable speakers, but [[gold bar|gold bars]] painted as speakers. Joshi, who believes that he has struck gold, literally, buys a [[Induction furnace|gold furnace]] from an acquaintance and melts one speaker. The police arrive to investigate, but decide to leave the truck due to unavailability of ground space in the police station.

Later, Joshi sells one of the gold bar to "Gold" Musthafa for {{INR|4.5 million }} and proceeds to buy 20 of the real portable speakers, of the same model as the ones in the truck, intending on switching the real speakers with the gold bars. It is later revealed that the gold was supposed to be dowry for the marriage between Sumangali, daughter of Unnikrishnan, the owner of the shopping complex in which Joshi's mobile shop is situated, and Unnikrishnan's friend, "Idea" Shaji's son, Suneesh. When Unnikrishnan's associate, Usman, was driving for the delivery of the gold, it was ambushed by another gang, headed by Boss Freddy, who learnt about the gold. However, Usman managed to escape and parked the truck in the entrance of Joshi's house, since it was empty that day.

Boss Freddy's men arrive at Joshi's house to silently take the truck away, but Joshi finds and thrashes them. Upon knowing the location of the truck, Sumangali and Unnikrishnan try to retrieve the gold themselves, along with Usman, but to no avail. Joshi's wedding alliance is also called off since Shaji unknowingly admitted to Radha's parents that the complex will be blasted with dynamite once it is transferred to Suneesh. Meanwhile, the police make space at the police station and inform Joshi that they will take the truck the next day, in the evening. Unnikrishnan cancels Sumangali's marriage as he learns that Shaji and Suneesh only wanted the dowry and transfer of the shopping complex.

With time running out as only 20 gold bars were switched, Joshi manages to buy 180 portable speakers. He manages to only switch 170 of remaining gold bars, leaving 10 bars in the truck. Later, Sumangali takes over from her father as the owner of the shopping complex, and is later impressed with Joshi when Baazi calls him to ask which mobile phone Sumangali should buy next. 6 months later, Joshi sends a letter to the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|CM]] Kalamassery Ajayan, revealing that he delivered {{INR|850 million}} of black money to a [[Fundraising|charity fund]] anonymously, in order to provide housing to the poor and [[Laptop|laptops]] to students. He took 10% of the total money as tax, and refers to himself as "Gold". It is also revealed that the 10 gold bars which Joshi could not switch, are still inside the truck. Sumangali is also revealed to have an interest in Joshi, but is confused whether to choose Joshi or Gold.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Joshi S. Kunjan, a mobile shop owner
* [[Nayanthara]] as Sumangali Unnikrishnan, Unnikrishnan's daughter
* [[Deepti Sati]] as Radha
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Latha, Joshi's mother
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as [[Civil_Police_Officer_(Kerala)|CPO]] Rakesh Manjappra
* [[Lalu Alex]] as "Idea" Shaji
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Suneesh Shaji, Shaji's son
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Unnikrishnan, Sumangali's father
* [[Shanthi Krishna]] as Subhadra, Sumangali's mother
* [[Jagadish]] as [[Head constable#India|Head constable]] Prince
* [[Krishna Sankar]] as Bhasi, Joshi's mobile shop manager
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Girish
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Boss Freddy
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Jumper Santhosh
* [[Roshan Mathew]] as Manu, new-gen ''gunda''
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Jomon, Joshi's mechanic friend
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as [[Circle_officer|CI]] Pluto Augustin
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] and Sandeep Varma as Timber Brothers
* Althaf Salim as Velukkuttan, Jomon's assistant
* [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Anto Chettan
* [[Sudheesh]] as Gold Musthafa
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Chacko, Shop owner
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Richard, Driver
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Babu, Marriage Broker
* [[Thesni Khan]] as News reader
* [[Shebin Benson]] as Sonny, a Day Band member
* [[Siju Wilson]] as Gilbert, Day Band Leader
* Justin John as JJ
* Faisal Muhammed as Faiz
* M. A. Shiyas as Baby Kunju
* Vineeth Thattil David as Usman
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad|Sabumon]] as Biju, Usman's friend
* Sibu Thankachan as Pappan, Auto driver
* George Abraham as Speeder Jinto
* [[Alphonse Puthren]] as "Spider" Suresh
* Aleena Alphonse Puthren as Mareena
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Mittu
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Jaffar
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Kalamassery Ajayan, Chief Minister of Kerala
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Major General Singhania
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Chandrashekharan
* [[Parvathi T.|Parvathi T]] as Bhavathi
* Anarkali Nassar as Suneesh Shaji's bride
}}

==Production==
Production began with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony on 8 September 2021. Originally planned to shoot within [[Kerala]], location was shifted outside of Kerala due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions in the state. Produced by Supriya Menon of Prithviraj Productions and Listin Stephen of [[Magic Frames]]. Puthren was directing a film after a gap of six years since ''[[Premam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=Alphonse Puthren's Gold with Prithviraj, Nayanthara goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/alphonse-puthrens-gold-with-prithviraj-nayanthara-goes-on-floors-7498368/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090655/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/alphonse-puthrens-gold-with-prithviraj-nayanthara-goes-on-floors-7498368/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> With a song sequence choreographed by Puthren's wife Aleena Antony at [[Fort Kochi]], the filming was wrapped up on 14 June 2022. Cinematography was done by Anend C. Chandran and Viswajith Odukkathil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran - Nayanthara starrer 'Gold' wraps up the shoot with a song sequence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayanthara-starrer-gold-wraps-up-the-shoot-with-a-song-sequence/articleshow/92198833.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Apart from directing, Puthren also handled editing, stunt choreography, [[visual effects]], and [[color grading]] of the film.<ref name="Tamil">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Alphonse Puthren, Prithviraj film Gold to be released in Tamil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/25/alphonse-puthren-prithviraj-film-gold-to-be-released-in-tamil-34087.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by Puthren's regular composer [[Rajesh Murugesan]]. The soundtrack is distributed by Magic Frames Music. The song "Hands Up Zindagi" contains a reprised version of the [[Hindi]] song "[[Zindagi Ek Safar Hai]]" from ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971).

{{Infobox album
| name = Gold
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue = [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=34}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Magic Frames|Magic Frames Music]]
| producer = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| prev_title = Pechi
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Thanne Thanne
| lyrics1 = [[Shabareesh Varma]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Hands Up Zindagi
| lyrics2 = [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Nadirshah]]
| extra2 = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]], Padmaja Srinivasan, [[Rajesh Murugesan]], [[Shabareesh Varma]]
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Pulari Unarnnathu Kaanande
| lyrics3 = [[Kaithapram|Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| extra3 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length3 = 1:45
| title4 = Clock Soojigal
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Ranjith_(singer)|Ranjith Govind]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length4 = 2:30
| title5 = Ural Urulumbo
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length5 = 2:28
| title6 = Thanne Thanne - Reprise
| lyrics6 = [[Shabareesh Varma]]
| extra6 = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length6 = 3:57
| title7 = Gold Hustle
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = K S Abhishek, [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| title8 = Gold Theme
| length8 = 2:23
| extra8 = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length7 = 4:19
}}

==Release==
Initially, the film was scheduled for a theatrical release on 8 September 2022 on the occasion of [[Onam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran & Nayanthara's bilingual film Gold to release on Onam on September 8 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayantharas-bilingual-film-gold-release-onam-september-8-1181782 |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827112103/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayantharas-bilingual-film-gold-release-onam-september-8-1181782 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran & Nayanthara's bilingual film Gold to Release on Onam on September 8 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayantharas-bilingual-film-gold-release-onam-september-8-1181782 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827112103/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayantharas-bilingual-film-gold-release-onam-september-8-1181782 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Alphonse Puthren confirms Gold as an Onam release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/11/alphonse-puthren-confirms-gold-as-an-onam-release-33654.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Subbiah Shanmughan of SSI Productions distributed the Tamil and Malayalam version of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Tamil/> The film completed censoring on 28 November 2022, with a runtime of 2 hours 45 minutes. With that, the release date was announced to be on 1 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran - Nayanthara's Gold Censored With a Clean U |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-nayantharas-gold-censored-with-a-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/95823191.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Due to [[dubbing]] and censoring delays, the Tamil dubbed version was released only a day later on 2 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Gold' Tamil dubbed version's release to be delayed by one day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gold-tamil-dubbed-versions-release-to-be-delayed-by-one-day/articleshow/95903427.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The digital rights of the film were bagged by [[Amazon Prime Video]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} and satellite rights were sold to [[Sun TV Network]].

== Reception ==
''Gold'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics who praised Prithviraj's performance, but criticized its story, screenwriting, editing and length.
=== Critical response ===
Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' appreciated the movie for portraying its brilliance on a man's inner psyche for luxuries in life. If ''[[Premam]]'' was a love story and ''[[Neram]]'' focused on a man's tryst with time, ''Gold'' definitely does justice to the film's theme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Gold Movie Review : Alphonse Puthren's magic is intact |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/12/01/alphonse-puthren-nayanthara-prithviraj-movie-review-listin-stephen.html |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> Manoj Kumar. R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "How do you enjoy an Alphonse Puthren film? By simply being in the moment. If you expect the narrative to take you someplace else, you might be left disappointed. Instead, if you choose to enjoy what the film is offering you at any given moment, you will find entertainment. Like life, in Alphonse's films, it's not the destination but the journey that matters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Gold movie review: Alphonse Puthren reflects on greed in this Prithviraj-Nayanthara starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gold-movie-review-prithviraj-nayanthara-alphonse-puthren-8298903 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The highlight of Prithviraj Sukumaran's Gold, right from its outset, is its making; Alphonse has carefully conceived and crafted each of the scenes of the film that blends with Rajesh Murugesan's thumping music."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold movie review: Alphonse Puthren's brilliance is on full display in this fun but overlong Prithviraj-starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gold-movie-review-alphonse-puthrens-brilliance-is-on-full-display-in-this-fun-but-overlong-prithviraj-starrer/28422e5e70668 |website=OTTplay}}</ref> Janani. K of ''[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and criticized Alphonse's script as "wafer-thin" and "incohesive", but praised Prithviraj's performance by describing him as the "soul" of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Gold Movie Review: Prithviraj, Nayanthara and Alphonse Puthren's film could have been a short film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gold-movie-review-prithviraj-nayanthara-and-alphonse-puthrens-film-could-have-been-a-short-film-2304042-2022-12-01 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite its flaws, Gold's first half is entertaining. The post-interval downhill slide is so rapid (...) No amount of catchy music, production polish and star wattage can camouflage skin-and-bones writing. Gold plating, after all, is just that – plating."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Gold movie review: Neglects Nayanthara, wastes Prithviraj's zeal and redefines lack of cohesion |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gold-movie-review-neglects-nayanthara-wastes-prithvirajs-zeal-and-redefines-lack-of-cohesion-11749201.html#:~:text=Despite%20its%20flaws%2C%20Gold's%20first,%2C%20is%20just%20that%20%E2%80%93plating. |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15340808}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/gold_2022_2/reviews|}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alphonse Puthren]]

Sharmajee Ki Beti

2026-03-02T04:39:29Z

Abhishek Mandal: made

{{Short description|2024 Hindi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sharmajee Ki Beti
| image = Sharmajee_ki_Beti.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = Tahira Kashyap Khurrana
| producer = {{ubl|[[Atul Kasbekar]]|Sameer Nair|Deepak Segal}}
| writer = Tahira Kashyap Khurrana
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]|[[Divya Dutta]]|[[Saiyami Kher]]|[[Parvin Dabas]]|[[Sharib Hashmi]]}}
| narrator =
| music = Donn Bhat
| cinematography = Rakesh Haridas Daljeet Singh
| editing = Antara Lahiri
| studio = [[Applause Entertainment]] Ellipsis Entertainment
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|06|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sharmajee Ki Beti''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy, drama]] film written and directed by Tahira Kashyap Khurrana, in her directorial debut, under [[Applause Entertainment]] and Ellipsis Entertainment, for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It stars [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Saiyami Kher]], [[Parvin Dabas]], [[Sharib Hashmi]] in prime roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Movie (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-126530 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=1 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701155156/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-126530 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Movie: Review {{!}} Release Date (2024) {{!}} Songs {{!}} Music {{!}} Images {{!}} Official Trailers {{!}} Videos {{!}} Photos {{!}} News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sharmajee-ki-beti/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |language=en |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628140922/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sharmajee-ki-beti/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on 28 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=28 June 2024 |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Review: Flattening Women's Empowerment Into Clichés |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-flattening-womens-empowerment-into-clichs |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Review : Tahira Kashyap's film is a delightful watch that looks at the grandeur of womanhood throughout all age groups |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sharmajee-ki-beti/ottmoviereview/111311925.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti movie review: Tahira Kashyap's debut is likeable, even if predictable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-debut-likeable-even-if-predictable-9420148/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> on [[Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |title=Civil War, Family Affair and more: Latest OTT releases to watch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/civil-war-family-affair-and-more-latest-ott-releases-to-watch-1308725 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630061454/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/civil-war-family-affair-and-more-latest-ott-releases-to-watch-1308725 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Kiran Sharma
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Jyoti Sharma
* [[Saiyami Kher]] as Tanvi Sharma
* Vanshika Taparia as Swati Sharma
* Arista Mehta as Gurveen Sharma
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Vinod Sharma
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Sudhir Sharma
* Anjali Joshi as Dr. Narvekar
* Nazneen Madan as Dr. Shreya Talpade
* Ravjeet Singh as Rohan
* Sushant Ghadge as Chotu
* Tripti Sahu as Surina
* Guneet Wahan as Shamma
== Production ==
The film was announced by Tahira Kashyap Khurrana in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Aakanksha |title="Feeling Numb, Can't Believe It's Happening": Tahira Kashyap Announces Debut Feature Sharmaji Ki Beti |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/feeling-numb-cant-believe-its-happening-tahira-kashyap-announces-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-2514107 |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810151216/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/feeling-numb-cant-believe-its-happening-tahira-kashyap-announces-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-2514107 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Service |first=Express News |title=Tahira Kashyap Khurrana to direct 'Sharmaji Ki Beti' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Aug/21/tahira-kashyap-khurrana-to-direct-sharmaji-ki-beti-2347726.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tahira Kashyap announces directorial debut with Sharmaji Ki Beti |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/tahira-kashyap-announces-directorial-debut-with-sharmaji-ki-beti-2386498.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=19 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716155023/https://zeenews.india.com/people/tahira-kashyap-announces-directorial-debut-with-sharmaji-ki-beti-2386498.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Tahira Kashyap Khurrana to direct debut feature Sharmaji Ki Beti |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/Aug/19/tahira-kashyap-khurrana-to-direct-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-26141.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129052954/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/aug/19/tahira-kashyap-khurrana-to-direct-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-26141.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in the same month in Mumbai and Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tahira Kashyap announces directorial debut with 'Sharmaji Ki Beti' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/tahira-kashyap-announces-directorial-debut-sharmaji-ki-beti-1502996466.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=19 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716155025/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/tahira-kashyap-announces-directorial-debut-sharmaji-ki-beti-1502996466.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The filming wrapped up in November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |title=Tahira Kashyap Wraps Up Shoot of Debut Feature Sharmaji Ki Beti Starring Sakshi Tanwar, Divya Dutta |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tahira-kashyap-wraps-up-shoot-of-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-starring-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-6383929.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=14 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716155022/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tahira-kashyap-wraps-up-shoot-of-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-starring-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-6383929.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Sharmajee Ki Beti'' was released on 28 June 2024 on [[Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{cite news |last=T |first=Sachin |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti OTT Release Date: Know About Plot, Cast & Platform |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sharmajee-ki-beti-ott-release-date-know-about-plot-cast-platform |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tahira Kashyap Khurrana's 'Sharmajee Ki Beti' gets premiere date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tahira-kashyap-khurranas-sharmajee-ki-beti-gets-premiere-date/article68299318.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=17 June 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702092704/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tahira-kashyap-khurranas-sharmajee-ki-beti-gets-premiere-date/article68299318.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 73% of 11 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.1/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sharmajee_ki_beti |access-date=29 January 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' awarded 3 stars to the movie and wrote in his review "It is a lively, warm film marked by insight, intelligence and imagination and buoyed by a bunch of flawless performances."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Review: A Lively, Warm Film Buoyed By Flawless Performances |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-lively-warm-film-buoyed-by-flawless-performances-3-stars-5988041 |access-date=2 July 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716155541/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-lively-warm-film-buoyed-by-flawless-performances-3-stars-5988041 |url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and stated "It’s all very likeable even if predictable, because this is not the kind of film that’s going to leave any of its characters hanging or desolate".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti movie review: Tahira Kashyap's debut is likeable, even if predictable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-debut-likeable-even-if-predictable-9420148/ |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702134344/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-debut-likeable-even-if-predictable-9420148/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wasn't positive about the movie and opined "Wanting to normalise menstruation and homosexuality is always appreciated but Sharmajee Ki Beti's airy-fairy approach doesn't quite convince."<ref>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Review: Lightweight Feminism |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sharmaji-ki-beti-review/20240628.htm |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701085814/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sharmaji-ki-beti-review/20240628.htm |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "What truly steals the show in Sharmajee Ki Beti is Divya Dutta's heartwarming performance as a housewife on a journey of self-discovery."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti review: A warm group hug celebrating womanhood; your next watch after Laapataa Ladies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-warm-group-hug-celebrating-womanhood-your-next-watch-after-laapataa-ladies-tahira-kashyap-101719544960725.html |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702092127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-warm-group-hug-celebrating-womanhood-your-next-watch-after-laapataa-ladies-tahira-kashyap-101719544960725.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' too gave a negative review "Over its nearly two-hour runtime, it takes some effort to sit through."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Arushi |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Review: Out-of-depth film celebrates women without bashing men |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-out-of-depth-film-2559412-2024-06-28 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Snigdha Nalini of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' stated "The movie is, at best, a one-time feel-good watch and that is a good attempt from a debutante director."<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalini |first=Snigdha |title='Sharmajee Ki Beti' Movie Review: Tahira Kashyap Delicately Captures The Essence Of Being A Woman |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/sharmajee-ki-beti-on-prime-video-movie-review-tahira-kashyaps-directorial-debut-delicately-captures-the-essence-of-being-a-woman |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Shreyas Pande of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave only 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The film doesn’t believe in thoughtful reflection and merely underlines some pre-existing issues faced by women."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |title='Sharmajee Ki Beti' Movie Review: Too facile to leave an impact |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jun/29/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-too-facile-to-leave-an-impact |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701012011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jun/29/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-too-facile-to-leave-an-impact |url-status=live}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' expressed "Keeping the focus on the teenage girls and their families would have been simpler."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Sonal |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti Movie Review: Tahira Kashyap's Overstuffed Comedy Has Its Moments |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-overstuffed-comedy-has-its-moments-review-105037853 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=7 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225115328/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-tahira-kashyap-overstuffed-comedy-has-its-moments-review-105037853 |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Riya Sharma of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' felt "as if it is a four-hour-long film" and wrote in her review "The film tries to deal with too many things at once."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Riya |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti review: Sakshi Tanwar, Divya Dutta shine bright in Tahira Kashyap's warm but overstuffed ode to women |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sharmajee-ki-beti-review-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-shine-in-tahira-kashyap-warm-but-overstuffed-feminist-story-3095011 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702145624/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sharmajee-ki-beti-review-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-shine-in-tahira-kashyap-warm-but-overstuffed-feminist-story-3095011 |url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' stated "It’s easy to make a big film about big things with big characters. But it’s always difficult to write with nuance about the daily occurrences.."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title='Sharmajee Ki Beti' review: A joyous debut that finds meaning in the mundane |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/06/28/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-joyous-debut-that-finds-meaning-in-the-mundane.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' praised Divya Dutta's performance and wrote "Although Kiran’s track is the most complicated as well as the most easily resolved, Dutta is an endearing superwoman."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Sharmajee Ki Beti' review: Feel-good with a capital F |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069716/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-feel-good-with-a-capital-f |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave some positive review with 3.5/5 stars "Tahira Kashyap Khurrana’s film leaves you wanting more – both of it and from it."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |title='Sharmajee Ki Beti' Review: A Simplistic, Intuitive Celebration of Womanhood |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sharmajee-ki-beti-movie-review-divya-dutta-sakshi-tanwar-saiyami-kher-womanhood-exploration |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9691290}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sharmajee_ki_beti Sharmajee Ki Beti] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Programs}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Sree Rama Varma Higher Secondary School

2026-02-22T01:24:58Z

Abhishek Mandal: made!

{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Rama Varma Union High School]] in Cherai, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sree Rama Varma Higher Secondary School
| image = Sree Rama Varma School, Ernakulam, Kerala, India (Image 6).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt = SRVHSS
| caption = SRVHSS, Ernakulam
| motto = Vidya Dhanam Sarva Dhanal Pradhanam
| motto_translation = Knowledge is the greatest wealth
| city = [[Kochi]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| schooltype = Government owned, mixed
| established = {{start date and age|1845}}
| principal = Sri. Biju (as of July 2024)
| teaching staff =
| grades = 1-12
| enrolment = 2,200
| campus_type = Mixed (Higher Secondary)
| colours =
}}

'''Sree Rama Varma Higher Secondary School'''<ref name="GoKHSCList">{{Cite web|title=HSE Kerala |url=https://www.hseportal.kerala.gov.in/public/sl/555 |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=HSE Portal, Govt. of Kerala |language=en}}</ref> and popularly known as '''SRV School''') is the largest government-owned school in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was founded by the [[Cochin Royal Family|Kochi Royal family]] as the English Elementary School in 1845.<ref name="Hindu2003-07-03">{{Cite web|title=Raring to perform an encore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/raring-to-perform-an-encore/article28441641.ece |date=3 July 2003 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The school was later named after King Rama Varma of the founding [[Cochin Royal Family|Kochi Royal family]]. After the independence of India from British rule in 1947, and the reorganization of the states of India in 1956, the school was handed over to the [[Government of Kerala]], which now owns and operates it.

== History ==
In 1845, the school was founded as the English Elementary School, located in what is now the campus of [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], established by the Diwan of Cochin, T. Shankara Warrier. It was renamed as His Highness, the Raja's School in 1865, and was upgraded to a college in 1875. Later,{{vague|date=April 2021}} the school was separated from the college, was moved to its present location, and was renamed Sree Rama Varma High School.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

== Organization ==
Sree Rama Varma Higher Secondary School offers curricula for grades 1 to 12. The school is administratively divided into four sections: Lower Primary (grades 1 to 4), Upper Primary (grades 5 to 7), High School (grades 8 to 10), and Higher Secondary (grades 11 and 12).<ref>Department of General Education, Government of Kerala, Chapter II on classification of schools: https://education.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Chapter_2.pdf</ref> The different sections have separate, though adjoining, campuses as well as separate administration.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Architecture==
The architecture of the school showcases the British architectural styling of colonial Kerala. It is a two-story building built using primarily [[Limestone|lime]] and [[teak]] [[wood]]. The floor and roof utilize [[terracotta]] tiles.

== ISRO Space Museum ==
Donated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) during the term of the former chairman [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]], who is also an alumnus of the school, the school contains a Space Museum, which showcases the ISRO's space research and educates students in [[Outline of space science|space science]]. The museum displays miniature replicas of ISRO's satellites as well as satellite launch vehicles. The exhibits educate students on various kinds of satellites and launch techniques, namely the ISRO's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]], [[geosynchronous satellite]]s, and related technologies and applications such as [[remote sensing]]. It was inaugurated by former President of India Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] on 19 December 2006.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan|Krishnaswami Kasturirangan]], space scientist, member of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization<ref name="Hindu2003-07-03" />
* [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]], [[Malayalam]] poet, known for his pastoral elegy ''Ramanan''<ref name="Hindu2003-07-03" />
* [[Swami Chinmayananda]], founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sv |first1=Vikas |title=Remembering Swami Chinmayananda who spread the knowledge of Advaita Vedanta on his birth anniversary |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/remembering-swami-chinmayananda-who-spread-the-knowledge-of-advaita-vedanta-on-his-birth-anniversary-2888198.html |website=oneindia.com |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[N. S. Madhavan]], writer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaya Taran - Sashi Kumar|url=https://www.kayataran.com/behindscenes/madhavan.htm|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.kayataran.com}}</ref>
* [[G. N. Ramachandran]], scientist, physicist, and [[Nobel Prize]] nominee
* [[K. V. Thomas]], former member of Parliament
* [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], former supreme court justice, critic, independent supporter of leftist movements
* [[Aashiq Abu]], film director and producer best known for his work in Malayalam cinema
* [[Amal Neerad]], filmmaker
* [[C. V. Subramanian]], mycologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
* [[Shaji P. Chaly|Justice Shaji P. Chaly]], judge of [[Kerala High Court]]
* [[V. Viswanatha Menon]], Minister of Finance in Kerala<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-kerala-finance-minister-viswanatha-menon-dead-5708763/ | title=Former Kerala Finance Minister Viswanatha Menon dead | work=Indian Express | date=3 May 2019 | agency=PTI | accessdate=1 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of schools in Ernakulam]]

==References==
<references />

{{Kochi (India)}}

{{Coord|9.970|76.286|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kochi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1845]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in British India]]

Delhi Public School Society

2026-02-21T19:49:56Z

Abhishek Mandal: updated page

{{short description|Indian private school society}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School Society
| image = [[File:DPSGF.png]]
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Logo of DPS Greater Faridabad (a part of Delhi Public School Society)
| motto = Service before self
| location = All over [[India]]
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1949}}
| founder =
| chairman =
| faculty =
| key_people =
| mascot = Torch
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]|[[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]}}
| website = {{URL|dpsfamily.org}}
}}
'''Delhi Public School Society (DPSS)''' or '''DPS Society''', is a chain of [[Private School|school]]s . The descriptor "Public School" references the model of the long-established [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools in the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Public School Society|url=http://dpsfamily.org/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=dpsfamily.org}}</ref> It operates as a non-profit and private organization. The Delhi Public School Society is the administrative authority for all its institutions in [[India]] and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Public Schools (DPS) |url=https://edutinker.com/glossary/delhi-public-schools-dps/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=eduTinker |language=en-GB}}</ref> The DPSS Global Network comprises approximately 222 English medium, co-educational, secular schools, catering to students from PG (Play Group) to Class XII.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dps society |url=https://www.dpskpv.com/dps-society.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.dpskpv.com}}</ref>

==History==
The first school associated with the Delhi Public School Society was [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]] established in 1949. The foundation stone of the school building was laid in 1956 by [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]].<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|author=Ajay Kumar Sharma|title=A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJPy-Kt8BrYC&pg=PA286|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-93-80213-14-9|pages=286–}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
The [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) provides accreditation for all schools in the society except for four; DPS [[New Town, Kolkata]]; DPS Mega City, Kolkata; and DPS International, Singapore, are affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), whilst DPS International, Saket, New Delhi, is affiliated with the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE),<ref name="accreditation">{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School Society - Accreditation|url=http://www.dpsfamily.org/span-60.html|publisher=DPS Society|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418023443/https://dpsfamily.org/span-60.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of schools ==
===Core schools===
As of October 2025, there are 13 core branches of the Delhi Public School. The list of core schools is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpsfamily.org/Home/content/The-Core-Schools/The-Core-Schools |title=List of core schools in the DPS Society |work=Delhi Public School Society |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

# [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]], [[New Delhi]]
# [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]], [[New Delhi]]
# Delhi Public School, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj]], [[New Delhi]]
# [[Delhi Public School, Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
# [[Delhi Public School, Rohini]], [[Delhi]]
# Delhi Public School, [[Dwarka]], [[Delhi]]
# [[Delhi Public School, Greater Noida]], Uttar Pradesh
# Delhi Public School, [[Bulandshahr]], Uttar Pradesh
# Delhi Public School, Nerul, [[Navi Mumbai]]
# Delhi Public School International, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]], New Delhi
# Delhi Public School, Knowledge Park-5, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
# Delhi Public School, Sector-122, Noida


===Franchise school===
{{further|List of Delhi Public School Society schools}}

As of July 2025, there are 204 schools running under the DPS Society as [[Franchising|franchises]] in India, and 5 more abroad. These are not core schools and are not managed directly by the DPS Society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html |title=List of Franchise Schools under DPS Society |work=DPS Society |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131033533/https://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Controversy==
Due to its legacy, good academic and extra curricular performance, and alumni network, schools affiliated with the Delhi Public School Society are considered to be among of the best in India. This has given rise to a situation where other schools not affiliated with the "Delhi Public School Society" have named and branded themselves as DPS schools.

The first such case was that of the "Delhi Public School Ghaziabad Society" which was started in collaboration with the Delhi Public School Society but later became a separate organization, and currently runs a chain of eight schools. A court case was filed in 2002 in the [[Delhi High Court]] by the Delhi Public School Society against the Delhi Public School Ghaziabad Society was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dps-branches-squabble-over-logo/articleshow/13698490.cms | title=DPS branches squabble over logo | Delhi News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

A second case, involved DPS alumni and society president [[Salman Khurshid]], starting a parallel organization DPS World Foundation to run schools under the name of DPS World Schools. Khurshid was thrown out of the DPS society and a case was filed against his foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dps-society-expels-salman-khurshid/356688/ | title=DPS Society expels Salman Khurshid - Indian Express }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://curriculum-magazine.com/tussle-for-owning-dps-brand-gets-into-a-new-phasesalman-khurshid-group-launches-dps-world-foundation/ | title=Tussle for owning DPS brand gets into a new phase,Salman Khurshid group launches DPS World Foundation – Curriculum Magazine }}</ref> The Supreme Court of India decided in favor of DPS society and DPS World Foundation changed its name to Delhi World Foundation and currently runs a chain of 60 schools named Delhi World Public Schools.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sc-restrains-educational-institute-from-using-dps-trademark-118072401339_1.html | title=SC restrains educational institute from using DPS trademark | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=24 July 2018 | agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

The third such case was of the DPS Trust. The organization based in Rohini, New Delhi offered franchises to open schools under the brand name of DPS in smaller cities. The Delhi High Court, on 16 December 2012, barred the ‘DPS Trust’ from using the name ‘DPS’ or its registered logo as well as the name Delhi Public School for running a school or education-related services. The trust was ordered to pay Rs 10 lakh as damages.
<ref>{{cite court |litigants= Delhi Public School Society v. D.P.S. Trust |vol= |reporter= Indian Kanoon |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= Delhi High Court|date= 14 December 2012|url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/187765377/|access-date= 23 November 2022|quote= |postscript= }}</ref>

== Arvey Malhotra suicide case ==
{{See also|Homosexuality in India}}
Arvey Malhotra, a 10th-grade student at DPS school at Greater Faridabad allegedly committed suicide at his residence blaming the school for inaction on his complaints about bullying.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 26, 2022 |title=We investigated, found nothing: DPS Faridabad on 15-year-old student suicide note alleging harassment by school students |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/we-investigated-found-nothing-dps-faridabad-on-15-year-old-student-suicide-note-alleging-harassment-by-school-students20220226202845/}}</ref> In his suicide note, he alleged that the school administration and other students bullied him over his sexuality<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |date=27 February 2023 |title=Haryana: Police Arrests Private School’s Academic Head In Connection With 15-Year-Old Student’s Suicide In Faridabad |work=India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-police-arrests-private-schools-academic-head-in-connection-with-15-year-old-students-suicide-in-faridabad-5260646/}}</ref> and the school's headmistress was held on the charges of abetment to suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=Faridabad student suicide: Headmistress held on abetment charges |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/headmistress-held-over-faridabad-student-suicide-7793784/}}</ref> Arvey's mother alleged the homophobic nature of bullying and history of sexual assault in the DPS school.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Raunak |date=23 March 2023 |title=One year, no justice: Faridabad mother seeks justice for child who died due to bullying |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-one-year-no-justice-faridabad-mother-seeks-justice-for-child-who-died-due-to-bullying-3031785}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.dpsfamily.org/}}

{{DPS Society aegis|Dps Gandhinagar=Gujarat}}

[[Category:Delhi Public School Society| ]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1949]]

T. V. Sambasivam Pillai

2026-02-06T02:38:53Z

Abhishek Mandal: data!

{{short description|Indian traditional medicine expert (1880–1953)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. V. Sambasivam Pillai
| native_name = டி. வி. சாம்பசிவம் பிள்ளை
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = T. V. Sambasivam Pillai.jpg
| alt = Commemorative 2019 five-rupee stamp issued in memory of Pillai
| caption = Commemorative 2019 five-rupee stamp issued in memory of Pillai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|09|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|11|12|1880|09|19|df=yes}}
| other_names =
| occupation = Scholar of [[Siddha medicine]]
| years_active =
| notable_works = ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences''
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*Duraikannu Ammal (m. 1903–1914)
*Ammani Ammal (m. 1916–1917)
}}
| children = 5
}}

'''Tanjore Vilviah Sambasivam Pillai''' ({{Langx|ta|டி. வி. சாம்பசிவம் பிள்ளை}}, 19 September 1880 – 12 November 1953) was a [[Tamils|Tamil]] scholar. He was best known for the ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, [[Chemistry]], Botany, and Allied Sciences'', a reference work in [[Siddha medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil - English dictionary of medicine, chemistry, botany and allied sciences |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZQ9l0My#book1/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.tamildigitallibrary.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Pillai was born on 19 September 1880 in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. He was the eldest son of Vilviah Manniar and Manonmani Ammal. His family was from the village of Kamuganchenthangudi, near [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], and later migrated to [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SEARCHi - Siddha Medical Dictionary - TV Sambasivam pillai |url=https://searchiccrs.com/about-tvs |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=searchiccrs.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=Stamp of best author of Siddha medicine to be released by PM |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290819/stamp-of-best-author-of-siddha-medicine-to-be-released-by-pm.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> A plague outbreak in Bangalore eventually led his family to return to their village.

Pillai completed his education in Bangalore and was later appointed as a clerk in the [[Chennai]] City Police Commissioner's office.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1903, he married Duraikannu Ammal, with whom he had five sons; all of whom died in childhood due to unknown causes.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Duraikannu Ammal died in 1914 due to [[cholera]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1916, Pillai remarried, this time to Ammani Ammal, who died in 1917 during childbirth.<ref name=":0" /> After these personal losses, Pillai shifted his focus to studying Siddha medicine despite not having formal medical training.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

During his studies, he recognized the absence of an authoritative English reference in Siddha medicine, which motivated him to compile the ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany, and Allied Sciences''. The dictionary was published in volumes, some of which were released posthumously.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Books authored by T.V. Sambasivam Pillai |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/author/t-v-sambasivam-pillai/?srsltid=AfmBOorJH99kQ3Mko4JzYhP87TFJu58whnYFUwQxIpOhEmMun9oj7gkC |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

In recognition of his work, in 1949, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], [[University of Madras]] and [[University of Mysore]] sanctioned 5000 rupees each as financial assistance for his research and accommodation at [[Triplicane]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Assurances|first=Madras (India : State) Legislature Legislative Council Committee on|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqq2AAAAIAAJ&q=sambasivam+pillai|title=Report|date=1967|publisher=Government of Madras.|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MW">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=T.V. Sambasivam Pillai |url=http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/11086-t-v-sambasivam-pillai |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Mintage World |language=en}}</ref>

Pillai died on 12 November 1953.<ref name=":0" />

On 30 August 2019, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative five-rupee stamp in the "Masters of [[AYUSH]]" series, recognizing the services of twelve modern masters of Indian systems of medicine, which included him.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=29 Aug 2019|title=PM to release special stamps on 12 unsung 'Rockstars of AYUSH' {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-to-release-special-stamps-on-12-unsung-rockstars-of-ayush/articleshow/70893564.cms|access-date=2020-10-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=Stamp of best author of Siddha medicine to be released by PM|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290819/stamp-of-best-author-of-siddha-medicine-to-be-released-by-pm.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Wujastyk|first1=Dagmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&q=sambasivam+pillai&pg=PA94|title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms|last2=Smith|first2=Frederick M.|date=2013-09-09|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5|language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
Pillai spent nearly 16 years collecting material for the ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, [[Botany]], and Applied Sciences''. In 1938, he compiled and published two volumes of his work at his own expense, but could only partially publish the third volume. The remaining part was published with assistance from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>Rajabhoosanam Mannayar. Siddha Maruthuva Methai T.V.Sambasivam Pillai. Chennai; Guruvarul Press; 2002. p 5-30.</ref> The fourth and fifth volumes were published in 1977 and 1978, respectively by [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu|G. D. Naidu]] and his son G. D. N. Gopal.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Pillai's dictionary provides information about plants, minerals, metals, and animals used in [[Siddha medicine]]. Consisting of five volumes, it spans 6,537 pages and contains nearly 80,000 words. The work provides translations for Tamil words in English and describes and explains each word with appropriate annotations.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The dictionary was renamed ''The Greatness of Siddha Medicine'' and was published at the second [[World Tamil Conference|World Tamil Research Conference]], held in Chennai in 1968.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The dictionary is cited in academic research related to Siddha medicine and Tamil literature.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lavanya|first1=A.|last2=Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Geetha|first3=A.|last4=Muralidass|first4=S. D.|last5=Kannan|first5=M.|last6=Sathiyarajeswaran|first6=P.|date=October 2019|title=Book Review|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=319–322|doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2019.09.006|pmc=6938865}}</ref>
! Volumes !! Part !! Publisher, year !! Pages !!Description
|-
| I ||I|| Research Institute of Siddhars Science, 1938 || 880 || It covers Tamil letters: A, Aa, and I (3 letters).
240 pages are occupied by a forward, containing research material under 27 headings. These include the topics "macrocosm vs. microcosm", "[[astrology]] in medicine", "eastern physiology", "the five elements", "humoral pathology", "science of breath", "''[[Prana]]''", "science of [[pulse]]", "diseases and their cure", "ancient chemistry", "[[alchemy]]", "rejuvenation", "immortality", "the ethics of a good physician", and others.
|-
| I ||II||Research Institute of Siddhars Science, 1938||862|| It covers Tamil letters: i, ee, u, oo, e, ae, i, o, oa, ou (10 letters).
|-
| II ||I|| Research Institute of Siddhars Science, 1938 ||800|| It covers Tamil letters: Ka, Kaa (2 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from ‘Ka' to ‘Kow' in the Tamil alphabet, with 774 pages.
|-
| II ||II|| Research Institute of Siddhars Science, 1938 ||536|| It covers Tamil letters: 'Ki' to 'Kou' (10 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from the letters ‘Ka' to ‘Kow' in the Tamil alphabet, with 774 pages.
|-
| III || -||The Directorate of Indian Medicine, 1977 ||472 || It covers Tamil letters: Sa, saa, si (3 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from the letters ‘Cha' to ‘Chi' in the Tamil alphabet, with 774 pages.
|-
| IV || I||The Directorate of Indian Medicine, 1977 || 1020 || It covers the 'Si-sow, nja' series, 'da' series to 'tha, thaa' (36 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from 'Si' to 'Now' in the Tamil alphabet. It was published posthumously.
|-
| IV || II||The Directorate of Indian Medicine, 1978 ||980|| It covers the 'Thi-thow' to 'Nha' series (22 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from 'Si' to 'Now' in the Tamil alphabet. It was published posthumously.
|-
| V || -||The Directorate of Indian Medicine, 1978 || 1292 || It covers the 'Pa' series to 'Nau' series (120 letters).
This volume consists of dictionary content from 'Pa' to 'Jo' in the Tamil alphabet.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Tamil_-_English_Dictionary_of_Medicine%2C_Chemistry%2C_Botany_and_Allied_Sciences_Vol.1.pdf ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences'', Vol.1 | Wikimedia]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Tamil_-_English_Dictionary_of_Medicine%2C_Chemistry%2C_Botany_and_Allied_Sciences_Vol.2.pdf ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences'', Vol.2 | Wikimedia]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Tamil_-_English_Dictionary_of_Medicine%2C_Chemistry%2C_Botany_and_Allied_Sciences_Vol.3.pdf ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences'', Vol.3 | Wikimedia]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Tamil_-_English_Dictionary_of_Medicine%2C_Chemistry%2C_Botany_and_Allied_Sciences_Vol.4.pdf ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences'', Vol.4 | Wikimedia]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Tamil_-_English_Dictionary_of_Medicine%2C_Chemistry%2C_Botany_and_Allied_Sciences_Vol.5.pdf ''Tamil-English Dictionary of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Allied Sciences'', Vol.5 | Wikimedia]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Siddha medicine]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]

Mukundan (actor)

2026-02-05T21:30:18Z

Abhishek Mandal: made

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1969)}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2017}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukundan Menon
| image =
| caption = Mukundan in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|07|19}}
| birth_place = [[Ottappalam]], Kerala, India
| citizenship = Indian
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| alma_mater = Thrissur School of Drama
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1987 {{endash}} present
| spouse = {{ubl|{{Marriage|Vidya Lakshmi|2006}}}}
| children = 2
| parents =
| homepage =
}}

'''Mukundan Menon''' (born 19 July 1969) is an Indian actor who works in film, television, and stage. Mukundan is an alumnus of Thrissur School of Drama.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/actor-mukundan-is-back-in-cinema/article6522996.ece|title=Cinema is timeless: Mukundan|first=Rasmi|last=Binoy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 October 2014|publisher=|accessdate=19 September 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Mukundan has starred in several hit television projects, including ''Jwalayayi'', ''Sthree'', ''Pakalmazha'' and ''Charulatha'' which established him as a lead actor in the Malayalam television industry and later started doing films. He was best noted for his performance in the [[Mazhavil Manorama]] series ''[[Bhramanam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Filmography ==
'''Film'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Sainyam]]'' || Cadet Biju ||
|-
| ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pavithram (1994 film)|Pavithram]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' || Chandrappan ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Gouthaman ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[College Kumaran]]'' || Doctor Kasim Haji ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Issac ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || Journalist || Segment: Happy Journey
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Poppins]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2013 || ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' || Sub-inspector ||
|-
| ''White Paper'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thank You (2013 film)|Thank You]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || Captain Sreenivasa Kartha ||
|-
| ''[[Nadan]]'' || Babykuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Franco Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Law Point]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Advocate James ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2015 || ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' || Traffic Police ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' || Commissioner Manoj Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || Manoj Puthiyamana ||
|-
| ''[[She Taxi (film)|She Taxi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vidooshakan'' || ||
|-
| ''Saaradhi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]'' || Abraham/George ||
|-
| ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || Leader of tribes ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[Fukri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]'' || Head Constable Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''Thank You Very Much'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Ravi Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2018 || ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || School Principal ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || || Cameo Appearance
|-
| ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]'' || V Joseph ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Oruthee]]'' || Hari ASI of Kerala Police ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navya Nair's Oruthee clears censors with U |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/31/navya-nairs-oruthee-clears-censors-with-u-2243305.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Live'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of VK Prakash's Live out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Ashakal Aayiram (2026 film)|Ashakal Aayiram]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-01 |title=Jayaram, Kalidas Jayaram's 'Ashakal Aayiram' cleared for release with 'U' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-kalidas-jayarams-ashakal-aayiram-cleared-for-release-with-u-certificate/articleshow/127841226.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

==TV serials==
;Partial
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!serial
!Character
!Channel
|-
|2025
|Peythozhiyathe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Peythozhiyathe Serial Surya TV Starts from 30 June, Everyday at 06:30 PM – Meet the Characters and Actors |url=https://www.keralatv.in/peythozhiyathe-serial-surya-tv-cast/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Kerala TV |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Balan Mashu
|[[Surya TV|Surya Tv]]
|-
|2024||[[Kadhanayika]]|| ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2021–2023||[[Aanpirannol]]||Vijay Panicker||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2020–2021||[[Raakuyil]]
|Bhaskaran|| rowspan="2" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2018–2019||[[Bhramanam]]
|Harilal
|-
|2015-2017||Eeran Nilavu
| ||[[Flowers (TV channel)]]
|-
|2012||Sandhyaragam
| || rowspan="2" |[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2009||Pakalmazha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008||Devimahatmyam
| || rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|Vishudha thomasleeha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007|| [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]
|
|-
|Velankani Mathavu
| ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006||Kanalpoovu
| ||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|Suryaputhri
| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|Veendum Jwalayayi
| Ananthan||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2005||Swantham Malootty
| || rowspan="3" |[[Surya TV]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004||Chakkaravava||
|-
|
|
|-
|Pakalmazha
| ||
|-
|2003||Thulasidalam
| ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2000|| Jwalayayi
| Ananthan||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|1998-2000||Sthree,
Charulatha
| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|1999||Thamarakuzhali||Varadarajan|| rowspan="2" |[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|||Pandu Pandu Oru Chekavar
|
|-
| ||Gandharva yamamam
| || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1459571}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukundan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Rajaram of Sinsini

2026-01-29T02:19:31Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added new stub added tags...

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Chieftain of Sinsini from 1670 to 1688}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Rajaram Jat
| title = Chieftain of [[Sinsini]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign = 1670–4 July 1688
| predecessor = [[Gokula Jat]]
| successor = [[Churaman]]
| death_date = 4 July 1688
| father = Bhajja/Bhagwant Singh
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Sinsinwar]]
}}

'''Rajaram Jat''' (reign 1670–1688) was a [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] of [[Sinsini]], who led organised rebellion against Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] after [[Gokula Jat]] execution. He is notable for desecrating the tomb of [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] in 1688. He united the [[Jats]], modernised their military capabilities, and employed [[Dhar (guerrilla warfare)|guerrilla]] tactics to disrupt Mughal authority in the regions around [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], and the [[Yamuna|Yamuna river]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=अकबर की हड्डियां खोदकर आग में जलाने वाला जाट, कहानी राजाराम जाट की |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/lallankhas/post/rajaram-jat-history-who-took-akbar-bones-from-grave-and-burned-it-gokula-jat-rebellion |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi}}</ref>

Rajaram successfully resisted [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces, defeating [[Nawab]] [[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)|Khan-i-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kokaltash]] in battle near [[Sinsini]], which allowed to gain control over [[Pargana|parganas]] such as [[Bhuma]], [[Hodal]], Kuthumbar, and [[Palwal]]. His leadership laid the foundation for the later establishment of the [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]]. After his death in 1688, his brother [[Churaman]] and his son continued their resistance against Mughal Empire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apdLQwAACAAJ |title=The Jats: Their Role in the Mughal Empire |date=2003 |publisher=Originals |isbn=978-81-88629-11-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajaram+of+sinsini |title=Bharatpur Upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |date=1970 |publisher=Rama Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajaram was born in [[Sinsini]], in present-day [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], to Bhajja Singh, a [[Sinsinwar]] [[Jats|Jat]] [[zamindar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ&q=rajaram+of+sinsini+1670 |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en |quote=Raja Ram was a Jat leader and organizer of rebellion for freedom against Aurangzeb. He was chieftain of Sinsini in princely state of Bharatpur in India. Raja Ram was son of Bhajja Singh of Sinsini}}</ref> He was the cousin of [[Churaman]], son of Bhajja’s brother Brij Raj. The Jats, an agrarian community with martial traditions, had faced [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] repression, notably after the execution of [[Gokula Jat]]. By 1685, with Mughal forces preoccupied in the Deccan, Rajaram, alongside Ramki Chahar (also known as Ramchehra) of Soghar, emerged as a leader to revive Jat resistance.<ref name=":0" />

== Leadership and military ==
After the failure of [[Gokula Jat|Gokula’s rebellion of 1669]], which lacked proper training, equipment, and defenses, Rajaram introduced major reforms. He united various Jat clans, such as the [[Sinsinwar]] and Sogaria, and formed an alliance with Ramki Chahar (also called Ramchehara), who controlled Sogar castle, located four miles southeast of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Rajaram also built connections with Jats in Sidgiri ([[Bayana]], [[Rupbas|Rupbasia]]) and [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambhor]], opposing the Amber ruler [[Ram Singh I|Ram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8-1AAAAIAAJ&q=Rajaram |title=Bharatpur Upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |date=1970 |publisher=Rama Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

Rajaram trained [[Jats|Jat]] farmers in using firearms, horse riding, and military discipline, organising them into [[regiment]]s led by appointed captains to ensure discipline among the independent Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YlrzgEACAAJ |title=History Of The Jats: A Contribution To The History Of Northern India |date=2017 |publisher=Repro India Limited |isbn=978-93-5128-513-7 |language=en}}</ref> He built simple mud forts, known as kachha forts, in dense jungles, strengthened with mud walls, to serve as bases, safe havens, and storage for looted goods, addressing the defensive shortcomings seen at [[Battle of Tilpat (1669)|Tilpat in 1669]]. Rajaram adopted the [[Dhar (guerrilla warfare)|Jat "Dhar"]] guerrilla warfare tactic, avoiding direct battles with larger Mughal forces and focusing on swift, surprise attacks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32029 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 2 |date=1934}}</ref>

==Rebellion and Raids==
{{See also|Desecration of Akbar's tomb}}From 1685, Rajaram forces disrupted Mughal trade routes between [[Dholpur]] - [[Delhi]], and [[Agra]] - [[Ajmer]] via [[Hindaun]] and [[Bayana]], plundering caravans and villages alongside allied Narukas, Panwars, [[Gurjar|Gujars]], and Mevs. The Mughal governor of Agra, Safi Khan, was largely confined to [[Agra Fort]], and in [[Mathura]], only the [[Jama Mosque, Mathura|Jama Mosque]] was considered safe from Jat raids. The [[Jats]], supported by local communities around [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]], revolted against Mughal authority, expelling imperial revenue officials and jagirdars’ agents from the [[Pargana|parganas]] between Delhi and [[Agra]], weakening Mughal control in the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
=== Desecration of Akbar tomb ===
In 1686, Rajaram attempted to plunder [[Akbar's tomb|Akbar’s tomb]] at Sikandra but was repelled by Mughal faujdar Mir Abul Fazl, who was wounded and later awarded the title Iltifat Khan with an increased rank of 200 [[Cavalry|cavalrymen]]. Rajaram then looted Shikarpur and Ratanpur. Near [[Dholpur]], his forces ambushed the baggage train of Mughal commander Aghar Khan, a Turanni warrior traveling from [[Kabul]] to the Emperor’s camp at Bijapur. The Jats attacked the disorganized Mughal troops, seizing carts, horses, and women. Aghar Khan impulsively pursued the raiders with a small force and was killed along with his son-in-law and 80 followers, though 200 Jats also died in the skirmish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurngjeb |url=https://archive.org/details/aurangzeb-1-2-jadunath-sarkar/Aurangzeb-5%20%28Jadunath%20Sarkar%29/page/227/mode/1up |pages=227}}</ref>

In early 1688, Rajaram attacked Mir Ibrahim (Mahabat Khan) near Sikandra, losing 400 men but retreating to regroup. Exploiting the delayed arrival of Agra’s governor-designate [[Shaista Khan]], Rajaram returned to Sikandra on 28 March 1688, plundering Akbar’s tomb and seizing gold, silver, carpets, and lamps. Reports by [[Niccolao Manucci]] and Ishwardas Nagar{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} suggest the Jats also burned Akbar’s bones. The inaction of Mughal deputy Muhammad Baqa led to his rank being reduced by 500 and Khan-i-Jahan’s by 1,000 cavalrymen. Jat forces further attacked villages supporting the Taj Mahal and captured Mughal officers at [[Khurja]] and [[Palwal]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

=== Mughal Campaigns Against the Jats ===
In the first of two Mughal campaigns led by Nawab [[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)|Khan-i-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kokaltash]] against the Jats of [[Sinsini]], the armies of the [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber state]] ruler and Mathura’s faujdar joined him. Despite their combined strength, Rajaram’s Jat forces defeated them. This victory allowed the Jats to seize control of the parganas of Bhuma, [[Hodal]], Kuthumbar, and [[Palwal]]. Historian R. P. Rana, citing a contemporary petition, notes that the active support of Jats around Agra and Delhi was key to Rajaram’s success. After a month-long unsuccessful campaign, [[Khan-e-Jahan|Khan-i-Jahan]] retreated to [[Mathura]].<ref name="Rana">{{cite book |last=Rana |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSeb2L1uLWAC |title=Rebels to Rulers: The Rise of Jat Power in Medieval India c. 1665–1735 |publisher=Manohar |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7304-605-6 |page=145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=RP |date=31 December 2013 |title=Social and economic background of the rise of Bharatpur kingdom |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/14417/11/11_chapter%205.pdf |website=Shodhganga}}</ref>

In the second campaign, [[Khan-e-Jahan|Khan-i-Jahan]] besieged Ram Chahar’s fortress at Sogar, capturing it and killing Ram Chahar among other Jat casualties. However, when [[Khan-e-Jahan|Khan-i-Jahan]] targeted [[Sinsini]], Rajaram defeated him in a battle nearby, forcing another retreat to [[Mathura]]. This battle also saw the deaths of several prominent [[Rajput]] Sardars from [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] fighting for the Mughals.<ref name="Rana" />

== Death ==
In 1688, Rajaram allied with the [[Rajput clans|Chauhan Rajputs]] in a land dispute against the [[Shekhawat|Shekhawats]], supported by Mughal faujdar Murtaza Khan, [[Bidar Bakht]], [[Bundi State|Rao Raja Anirudh Singh]] of Bundi, and [[Kota state|Maharao Kishor Singh Hada]]. On 4 July 1688, during a battle, Rajaram led a charge against the Mughal center, defeating the Hada chief and forcing Anirudh Singh to flee. A Mughal musketeer hidden in a tree shot Rajaram in the chest, killing him instantly. His death led to the Chauhans’ defeat, and his severed head was presented to [[Aurangzeb]] on 5 September 1688.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Nagar |first=Ishwardas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWSmb4AKKMYC&q=ishwardas%20nagar%20futuhat |title=Ishwardas Nagar's Futuhat-i-Alamgiri |date=1978 |publisher=Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==See also ==
* [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Bharatpur State]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram Jat, Raja}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1688 deaths]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Violent deaths in India]]
[[Category:Rebels from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]

Kaviraj

2026-01-28T16:45:04Z

Abhishek Mandal: improved article

{{Short description|Honorific title for poets}}
{{about|the title of honor|the lyricist in Kannada cinema|Kaviraj (lyricist)}}
{{Distinguish|Kabiraj}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Kaviraj''' (or '''Rajkavi''', '''Kaviraja''') is a title of honor, which was given to [[poet]]s and litterateurs attached to royal courts in medieval India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kF5BAQAAIAAJ&q=kaviraj+gujarati|title=Report on the antiquities in the Bidar and Aurangabad districts:in the territories of His Highness the Nizam of Haidarabad, being the result of the third season's operations of the Archæological survey of Western India, 1875-76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aEIAAAAQAAJ&q=kaviraj+gujarati|title=SELECTIONS FRM THE RECORDS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 1884}}{{Clarify|date=June 2016}}</ref> Eminent [[Charan]]s who were inducted into the [[royal courts]] due to their literary merit as royal [[poet]]s and [[historian]]s were given the rank of Kaviraja ([[King]] of [[Poet]]s). Such Charans assumed positions of great influence in the medieval [[polity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RuAAAAMAAJ |title=Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800 |last2=Nārāyaṇarāvu |first2=Vēlcēru |last3=Shulman |first3=David Dean |last4=Subrahmanyam |first4=Sanjay |date=2003 |publisher=Other Press |isbn=978-1-59051-044-5 |language=en |quote="Charans came to be instructed not only in oral recitation and memorisation but also in such subjects as religion and astrology, at times being accepted into royal courts with the titles of Kaviraja or Barhat (‘Guardian of the Gate’)."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziegler |first=Norman P. |date=1976 |title=The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564 |journal=History in Africa |volume=3 |pages=127–153 |doi=10.2307/3171564 |jstor=3171564 |s2cid=156943079 |issn=0361-5413 |quote="A few of the most prestigious Caranas were also accepted in the royal darbars ("courts"), attaining the rank of Kaviraja or "court-laureate" and assuming positions of great influence because of the power of their words."|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziegler |first=Norman P. |date=April 1976 |title=Marvari Historical Chronicles: Sources for the Social and Cultural History of Rajasthan |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946467601300204 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=219–250 |doi=10.1177/001946467601300204 |s2cid=144835701 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Few well known people are [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas|Kaviraja Shyamaldas]], [[Kaviraja Bankidas Ashiya|Kaviraja Bankidas]], etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en |quote="Kaviraj Shyamaldas, later author of the well-known history of Mewar called the Vir Vinod, was appointed to look after this library. It was during Maharana Sajjan Singh's reign that Shyamaldas wrote the major part of his now-renowned history of Mewar. The title of 'Kaviraj', or 'King of Poets', was bestowed on Shyamaldas for his skills."}}</ref> The descendants of such persons also started using the [[surname]] Kaviraj.

The surname is usually found in people of [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], etc. One of the community where this surname is often found is [[Charan]], who were the state poets and historians in the Rajput kingdoms of these regions.

== Notable people ==
* [[Kaviraja Bankidas Ashiya]]
* [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]]
* [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas]]
* [[Kaviraja Muraridan]]
* [[Kaviraj Rookny]]
* [[Kaviraj Sukon]]

== See also ==
* [[Barhath]]
* [[Gadhavi (title)|Gadhavi]]
* [[Rashtrakavi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Yug Charan]]
* [[Poet laureate|Poet Laurette]]

*[[Kabiraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Charan]]

Patrick Sookhdeo

2026-01-24T17:49:12Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added some article more to come...

{{Short description|British activist}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Sookhdeo
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|3|20}}
| birth_place = [[British Guiana]]
| education = [[SOAS University of London]]
| nationality =
| occupation =
| organisation = [[Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity]] [[Barnabas Fund]]
| years_active =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Patrick Sookhdeo''' (born 20 March 1947) is a British director of the [[Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity]] and was for 22 years International Director of the [[Barnabas Fund]]. Sookhdeo is a commentator on [[jihadist]] ideology, and has lectured British and [[NATO]] military officers on [[Islamic extremism]].<ref name="age"/> He has written a number of books.

In 2015, Sookhdeo was found guilty of sexual assault. He had been temporarily suspended from his role at Barnabas Fund but was subsequently reinstated. In 2018, he was tried and found not guilty of a historic allegation of indecent assault.

==Life==
Patrick Sookhdeo was born in 1947 in [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]),<ref name="age">{{cite news |title=Islam, the West, and the need for honesty |newspaper=The Age |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784043403.html |date=15 October 2004 |first=Tony |last=Parkinson}}</ref> to an originally [[Hindu]] father who had become a [[Muslim]] in order to marry Sookhdeo's Muslim mother. His family migrated to [[England]] in the late 1950s, and in 1965 the student Sookhdeo converted to [[Christianity]]. In 1967 he pursued studies at London Bible College (now the [[London School of Theology]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exeter.anglican.org/cpage/newsnews/sookhdeoleaflet_1272.pdf |title=Sookhdeo leaflet |publisher=[[Diocese of Exeter]] }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=Josve05a |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went on to obtain a [[doctorate]] in 2000 from London University's [[School of Oriental and African Studies]].<ref name="age"/> During that time Sookhdeo began exploring [[interfaith dialogue]] and became increasingly concerned by the brutality being leveled at Christian minorities in Islamic nations, and the Islamic [[Apostasy in Islam|death penalties]] for conversion from Islam.<ref name="age"/>

In 1975 with his wife Rosemary, Sookhdeo founded "In Contact Ministries", now called Servants Fellowship International,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=280859&SubsidiaryNumber=0 |title=Servants Fellowship International, Charity Number 280859 |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218165426/http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/ShowCharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=280859&SubsidiaryNumber=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> promoting [[evangelism]] and compassionate ministries in [[multi-cultural]] urban contexts in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.grosvenorchurch.org/news/diary_rotas.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014229/http://www.grosvenorchurch.org/news/diary_rotas.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=Grosvenor Church Headquarters Quarterly |title=Persecuted Church |date=October–November 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Thirty">{{Cite news|url=http://www.greenbelt.org.uk/system/downloads/Thirty-book-composite.pdf |publisher=Greenbelt Festivals |title=Thirty |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226152523/http://www.greenbelt.org.uk/system/downloads/Thirty-book-composite.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2010 }}</ref> During this period, Sookhdeo was also one of the organisers of the early [[Greenbelt Festival|Greenbelt]] Christian arts festivals.<ref name="Thirty"/>

In 1989, Sookhdeo created the London-based [[Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity]], and this saw the creation of a global database on extremist movements and ideologies whose followers were persecuting religious minorities across the Muslim world.<ref name="age"/> By 1991, Sookhdeo was predicting that an "Islamic storm" was on the horizon.<ref name="age"/> He was the International Director of the [[Barnabas Fund]], a charity that supports persecuted Christian minorities around the world.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Petre |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1479301/Charles-fights-death-penalty-for-converts.html |title=Charles fights death penalty for converts |date=18 December 2004 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph }}</ref>

Sookhdeo is the Founder and Chairman of the Westminster Institute, a Virginia based think tank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://westminster-institute.org/about/ |title=About |website=westminster-institute.org |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

He is the author of numerous papers and author/editor of several books, including ''Global Jihad: The Future in the Face of Militant Islam'' (reviews of which are accessible here<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-12|title=A review of Global Jihad. By Patrick Sookhdeo.|url=https://billmuehlenberg.com/2008/11/12/a-review-of-global-jihad-by-patrick-sookhdeo/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=CultureWatch|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/46902.html |title=History News Network |website=hnn.us |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130709052738/http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/46902.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Future In The Face Of Militant Islam|url=https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?sec_id=15190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909195941/https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?sec_id=15190|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2019|access-date=2020-11-07|website=www.newenglishreview.org}}</ref>) and ''Understanding Islamist Terrorism''. [[Melanie Phillips]] reported in ''[[The Spectator]]'' that Sookhdeo received death threats following the publication of ''Global Jihad''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/3409686/part_2/beware-the-new-axis-of-evangelicals-and-islamists.thtml |title=Beware the New Axis of Evangelicals and Islamists |work=The Spectator |date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416235136/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/3409686/part_2/beware-the-new-axis-of-evangelicals-and-islamists.thtml |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> A number of his books have been translated into German, Romanian and Russian, and at least one book is translated into Norwegian (''A Christian's Pocketguide to Islam''/''Den kristnes lommeguide til Islam'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lutherforlag.no/BookDetails.aspx?bokid=375 |publisher=Luther Forlag |title=Den kristnes lommeguide til islam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724181311/http://www.lutherforlag.no/BookDetails.aspx?bokid=375 |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2007 he participated in the international [[counter-jihad]] conference in Brussels.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103|title=Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency|first=Christopher|last=Othen|page=103|year=2018|publisher=Amberley|isbn=9781445678009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://libertiesalliance.org/2007/10/20/counter-jihad-brussels-18-19-october-2007/|title=Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007|date=20 October 2007|work=International Civil Liberties Alliance}}</ref>

Sookhdeo's wife, Rosemary, is the author of ''Secrets Behind The Burqa''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rosemary|first1=Sookhdeo|title=Secrets Behind the Burqa|year=2008|publisher=Isaac |isbn=978-0978714147}}</ref>

==Sexual assault conviction==
On 10 March 2014, ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper reported that Sookhdeo had been arrested on suspicion of [[sexual assault]] against a woman. He denied the charges.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Owen| first1=Joseph| last2=Milmo| first2=Cahal| title=Exclusive: Controversial pastor arrested on suspicion of sexual assault| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/exclusive-controversial-pastor-arrested-on-suspicion-of-sexual-assault-9208845.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/exclusive-controversial-pastor-arrested-on-suspicion-of-sexual-assault-9208845.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| access-date=26 October 2014| newspaper=The Independent| date=21 March 2014}}</ref> On 18 May 2014, Sookhdeo was formally charged by British police with sexual assault on a woman. He was released on police bail to appear at the Swindon Magistrates' Court later in the month.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Owen| first1=Jonathan| title=Head of Christian charity Patrick Sookhdeo faces sex assault charge| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/head-of-christian-charity-patrick-sookhdeo-faces-sex-assault-charge-9393038.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/head-of-christian-charity-patrick-sookhdeo-faces-sex-assault-charge-9393038.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| access-date=26 October 2014| newspaper=The Independent| date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Following his arrest and indictment, Barnabas UK launched an internal investigation and temporarily suspended him from his duties. In June 2014, Sookhdeo was reinstated after the board decided that there was insufficient evidence of sexual assault. Later, it was alleged that Sookhdeo had used "intimidating and manipulative" language against two prosecution witnesses.<ref name="WDL 17 Feb 2015">{{cite news| title=Christian charity boss Patrick Sookhdeo denies groping women| url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Christian-charity-boss-Patrick-Sookhdeo-denies/story-26037169-detail/story.html| work=Western Daily Press| date=17 February 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150223011223/http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Christian-charity-boss-Patrick-Sookhdeo-denies/story-26037169-detail/story.html| archive-date=23 February 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 23 February 2015, Sookhdeo was found guilty by a majority 10-2 verdict of the jury at [[Swindon Crown Court]] on the charge of sexual assault and unanimously on the two further charges of intimidating witnesses. He was ordered to serve a three-month community sentence, and ordered to pay £3500 prosecution costs and a £60 victim surcharge.<ref>{{cite news| title=Barnabas founder Patrick Sookdheo guilty of sexual assault| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-31495969| access-date=5 March 2015| agency=BBC News| date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last1=James| first1=Sam Burne| title=Patrick Sookhdeo of Barnabas Aid International found guilty of sexual assault| url=http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/patrick-sookhdeo-barnabas-aid-international-found-guilty-sexual-assault/management/article/1335175| website=Third Sector| access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=BF /> However, he was subsequently reinstated to his positions as a trustee of Barnabas Aid International and as the International Director and CEO of the Barnabas Fund.<ref name="CT 11 Aug 2015">{{cite news| last1=Woods| first1=Mark| title=Patrick Sookhdeo: Why the Barnabas Fund's founder should keep silence| url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/patrick.sookhdeo.why.the.barnabas.funds.founder.should.keep.silence/56964.htm| access-date=13 April 2016| work=[[Christian Today]]| date=11 August 2015}}</ref> Sookhdeo’s conviction drew mixed responses from within the British Christian community and media. By contrast, the [[Orthodox Anglican Communion|Orthodox Anglican]] website Virtueonline's managing editor David Virtue criticized the legal process as a travesty, asserted Sookhdeo's innocence, and cited concerns about the complainant's behaviour and inconsistencies in her testimony.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Virtue |first1=David |title=Dr Patrick Sookhdeo: The Story behind the Story, the Trial, Guilty Verdict, and Public Vilification |url=http://www.virtueonline.org/dr-patrick-sookhdeo-story-behind-story-trial-guilty-verdict-and-public-vilification |access-date=13 April 2016 |publisher=Virtueonline |date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516192519/http://www.virtueonline.org/dr-patrick-sookhdeo-story-behind-story-trial-guilty-verdict-and-public-vilification |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 21 November 2015, Sookhdeo was arrested by the [[Metropolitan Police]] at [[Heathrow Airport]] on suspicion of [[indecent assault]].<ref>{{cite news| last1=Woods| first1=Mark| title=Barnabas Fund's Patrick Sookhdeo arrested on suspicion of indecent assault| url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/barnabas.funds.patrick.sookhdeo.arrested.over.fresh.assault.allegation/71509.htm| access-date=13 April 2016| work=Christian Today| date=24 November 2015}}</ref> The following day, Sookhdeo resigned from all roles at Barnabas Aid International and Barnabas Fund due to the media publicity around his arrest.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Jones| first1=Marcus| title=Patrick Sookhdeo steps down from Barnabas Fund| url=http://www.premier.org.uk/News/UK/Patrick-Sookhdeo-steps-down-from-Barnabas-Fund| access-date=13 April 2016| publisher=Premier| date=23 November 2015}}</ref> In February 2016, the trustees of the Barnabas Fund defended Sookhdeo and announced his intention to appeal the conviction.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|title=Hard Pressed on Every Side: Challenges Faced by Barnabas Fund and Patrick Sookhdeo |url=https://www.barnabasfund.org/downloads/PDF/booklet/2016/hard-pressed-on-every-side_A4.pdf |access-date=14 February 2016 |publisher=[[Barnabas Fund]] |date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212160058/https://www.barnabasfund.org/downloads/PDF/booklet/2016/hard-pressed-on-every-side_A4.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They reported that twelve senior Anglican figures had concluded after looking at the evidence that "there had been a concerted move to take Patrick Sookhdeo down and destroy the Barnabas Fund."<ref name=BF /> It also described Sookhdeo's arrest by armed officers from the Metropolitan Police at Heathrow after an 'all ports' alert had been issued for him, even though for a month prior, he had been living in his own home 100 metres from the police station which prompted the arrest.<ref name=BF />

In early March 2016, it was reported that Sookhdeo was facing historical sexual assault charges against a woman dating back to 1977.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parfitt |first=Tom |date=4 March 2016 |title=Patrick Sookhdeo: Man, 68, charged with sexual assault on woman almost 40 years ago |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/650000/Patrick-Sookhdeo-Plaistow-London-Thames-Magistrates-Court |newspaper=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref> On 4 April 2016, Sookhdeo appeared in the Thames District Court where he was arraigned on one count of indecent assault on a woman aged 16 or over in [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]], [[East London]], in 1977. At [[Snaresbrook]] Crown Court the jury unanimously found him not guilty on 2 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/UK/Founder-of-Christian-charity-cleared-of-assault-charges|title=Founder of Christian charity cleared of assault charges - Premier|last=Premier|date=2018-08-03|work=Premier|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Barnabas Fund founder Dr Patrick Sookhdeo in unanimous "not guilty" verdict: we reveal the facts |url=https://anglicanmainstream.org/barnabas-fund-founder-dr-patrick-sookhdeo-in-unanimous-not-guilty-verdict-we-reveal-the-facts/| publisher=Anglican Mainstream | date=8 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053017/https://anglicanmainstream.org/barnabas-fund-founder-dr-patrick-sookhdeo-in-unanimous-not-guilty-verdict-we-reveal-the-facts/| url-status=live | archive-date= 14 October 2018}}</ref>

==Criticism and praise==
Hamza A. Bajwa, News Editor of ''[[The Muslim Weekly]]'', has criticised Sookhdeo, claiming that he presents a distorted image of [[Islam]] and Muslims,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf_page.php?pdf=119 |title=Sookhdeo's Paranoia of 'Global Jihad' |access-date=20 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207053420/http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf_page.php?pdf=119 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Jihad & Terrorism - Does Islam Need to be Reformed? (15 Dec 2007)</ref><ref name="Premier Christian Radio 2011">{{cite news| title=Unbelievable? 3 Sep 2011| url=http://www.premierchristianradio.com/Shows/Saturday/Unbelievable/Episodes/Unbelievable-3-Sep-2011-Islam-conversion-apostasy| access-date=5 March 2015| publisher=Premier Christian Radio| date=3 September 2011}}</ref> and [[Mehdi Hasan]] in ''[[The Guardian]]'' accused him of being a "crude, anti-Islam propagandist".<ref>{{cite news| last1=Hassan| first1=Mehdi| title=How the fear of being criminalised has forced Muslims into silence| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/08/fear-criminalisation-forces-muslim-silence#start-of-comments| newspaper=The Guardian| date=8 September 2011}}</ref> Against this, Sheikh Dr Muhammed Al-Husseini, a Muslim scholar from the interfaith organisation [[Scriptural Reasoning]], has said of Sookhdeo: "It is an absolute pleasure to be with somebody who is a very highly valued colleague, a deeply trusted colleague and for whose work I have the highest regard."<ref name="Premier Christian Radio 2011" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scripturalreasoning.org.uk/|title=Scriptural Reasoning website|website=Scriptural Reasoning|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> A joint statement in support of Sookhdeo was also published by Muhammed Al-Husseini and Islamic thinker and reformer [[Tawfik Hamid]] as a response to the ''Guardian'' article.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al-Hussaini |first1=Muhammad |last2=Hamid |first2=Tawfil |title=Statement in Support of Dr Patrick Sookhdeo |url=http://www.tawfikhamid.com/pdfs/Support-SOOKHDEO.pdf |website=Tawfik Hamid |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116084044/http://www.tawfikhamid.com/pdfs/Support-SOOKHDEO.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Books and booklets ===
* 1972 – ''The Asian in Britain'', London: Community and Race Relations Unit of the British Council of Churches (booklet)
* 1972 – ''Asians in Britain : a Christian understanding'', Church Pastoral-Aid Society, {{ISBN|0-85491-831-0}}
* 1983 – ''Christianity & Other Faiths'', [[Paternoster Press]], {{ISBN|0-85364-363-6}}
* 2001 – ''A Christian's Pocket Guide to Islam'', Christian Focus and Isaac, {{ISBN|1-85792-699-4}} (also 2006, {{ISBN|1-84550-119-5}})
* 2002 – ''A People Betrayed: The Impact of Islamisation on the Christian Community in Pakistan'', [[Christian Focus Publications]]; Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|1-85792-785-0}}
* 2004 – ''Understanding Islamic Terrorism: The Islamic Doctrine of War'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|0-9547835-0-6}} (published in US 2009 as "Understanding Islamist Terrorism: The Islamic Doctrine of War", {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-6-1}})
* 2006 – ''Islam the Challenge to the Church'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|0-9547835-4-9}}
* 2007 – ''Global Jihad: The Future in the Face of Militant Islam'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-2-3}}
* 2008 – ''Faith, Power and Territory: A Handbook of British Islam'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-3-0}}
* 2008 – ''Understanding Shari'a Finance: The Muslim challenge to Western economics'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-7-8}}
* 2009 – ''The Challenge of Islam: To the Church and Its Mission'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-5-4}} (2nd rev. ed. of "Islam the Challenge to the Church")
* 2009 – ''Freedom to Believe – Challenging Islam's Apostasy Law'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-9787141-9-2}}
* 2010 – ''A Pocket Guide to Islam'', Christian Focus Publications ; Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-84550-583-7}} (2nd rev. ed. of "A Christian's Pocket Guide to Islam")
* 2010 – ''My Devotional Journal'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-982-5218-2-3}}
* 2011 – ''Islam in our Midst, The Challenge to Our Christian Heritage'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-982-5218-5-4}}
* 2012 – ''Heroes of our faith – Inspiration and strength for daily living'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-982-5218-9-2}}
* 2012 – ''Is the Muslim Isa the Biblical Jesus?'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-985-3109-1-2}}
* 2019 – ''Hated Without a Reason: The Remarkable Story of Christian Persecution over the Centuries'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-732-1952-4-0}}

=== Co-authored or contributed ===
* 1982 – ''Christianity and Marxism'', with Alan Scarfe, Paternoster Press, {{ISBN|0-85364-289-3}}
* 1991 – ''Sharing Good News: The Gospel and Your Asian Neighbours'', Scripture Union, {{ISBN|0-86201-547-2}}
* 2004 – ''Christians in the Muslim World'' in ''[[The Myth of Islamic Tolerance]]: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims'', Prometheus Books, {{ISBN|1-59102-249-5}}
* 2005 – ''Islam in Britain: The British Muslim Community in February 2005'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|0-9547835-5-7}}
* 2010 – ''Ideas Matter: How to Undermine the Extremist Ideology Behind al Qaeda'' in ''Towards a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism'', McGraw-Hill, {{ISBN|978-0-07-352779-6}}
* 2012 – ''The West, Islam, and the counter-ideological war'' in ''Fighting the Ideological War – Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism'', Isaac Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-985-3109-0-5}}
* 2013 – ''Patrick Sookhdeo'' in ''How prayer impacts lives: 41 Christians and their conversations with God'', Christian Focus, {{ISBN|978-1-78191-131-0}}

=== Edited ===
* 1974 – ''All One in Christ: The Biblical View of Race'', Marshall, {{ISBN|0-551-05398-4}}
* 1978 – ''Jesus Christ the Only Way: Christian Responsibility in the Multicultural Society'', Paternoster Press, {{ISBN|0-85364-236-2}}
* 1988 – ''New Frontiers in Mission'', Paternoster Press, Baker Book House, {{ISBN|0-8010-8284-6}}
* 2004 – ''The Persecuted Church'', Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation (reprinted in South Africa 2005, 2007)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://patricksookhdeo.com/ Patrick Sookhdeo's blog].
* [https://sixdaysmore.blogspot.com/2006/03/it-gets-interesting.html Article, originally published in the Sunday Telegraph], with extensive comments from Patrick Sookhdeo on the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]].
* [http://www.bismikaallahuma.org/archives/2008/the-myth-of-the-myth-of-moderate-islam/ The Myth of "The Myth of Moderate Islam"] — Response to Sookhdeo originally published in ''Islamica Magazine''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sookhdeo, Patrick}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Theology]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Anglican writers]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:British critics of Islam]]
[[Category:English former Muslims]]
[[Category:British male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British people convicted of sexual assault]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Christian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Islam]]
[[Category:British counter-jihad activists]]
[[Category:Former Muslim critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Guyanese Anglicans]]
[[Category:Guyanese emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indo-Guyanese people]]
[[Category:Western Seminary]]

Sukh Kalale

2026-01-20T05:05:20Z

Abhishek Mandal: made!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Sukh Kalale
| cover = Sukh Kalale.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| album = [[Ved (film)|Ved]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|27}}
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=26}}
| label = [[Warner Music India]]
| writer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| lyricist =
| producer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| tracks = # "Ved Tujha"
# "Besuri"
# "Ved Lavlay"
# "'''Sukh Kalale'''"
# "My One and Only"
# "'''Sukh Kalale'''" (Ajay Gogavale version)
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|5rABTHdFm9U|Sukh Kalale}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Sukh Kalale'''" is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the soundtrack album of the film ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'', directed by [[Riteish Deshmukh]]. The song is composed and written by [[Ajay-Atul]], sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ved {{!}} Song - Sukh Kalale {{!}} Marathi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/ved-song-sukh-kalale/videoshow/96790168.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New song Sukh Kalale from Riteish Deshmukhs movie Ved is spellbinding |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/new-song-sukh-kalale-from-riteish-deshmukhs-movie-ved-is-spellbinding/96549386 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Mirchi.in]] |language=en}}</ref> The song depicting Shravani's ([[Genelia D'Souza]]) one-sided love in the film. It became a hit. A new version of the same song is featured in the voice of [[Ajay Gogavle]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Ved Marathi Movie : रितेश देशमुखने 'वेड'च्या चाहत्यांना दिलं आणखी एक सरप्राईज, 'सुख कळले' गाण्याचं नवं व्हर्जन रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/genelia-riteish-deshmukh-movie-ved-sukh-kalale-ajay-gogavale-version-out-a590/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Sukh Kalale {{!}} Riteish Deshmukh {{!}} Genelia Deshmukh {{!}} Mumbai Film Company {{!}} 30th December | date=27 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rABTHdFm9U |access-date=2024-03-15 |language=en}}</ref>

* Music – [[Ajay-Atul]]
* Lyrics – Ajay-Atul
* Singer – [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* Recorded & mixed by – Vijay Dayal ([[YRF Studios]])
** Assisted by – Chinmay Mestry
* Mastered by – Donal Whelan at Hafod Mastering ( whales )
* Music composed, arranged, produced and conducted by – Ajay-Atul
* Additional vocals – Strings Performed by the Budapest Scoring Symphonic Orchestra

== Release ==
The song was digitally released on 27 December 2022 on YouTube channel Desh Music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Genelia D'souza's romantic track 'Sukh Kalale' from 'Ved' out now |url=https://theprint.in/feature/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-dsouzas-romantic-track-sukh-kalale-from-ved-out-now/1284822/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> A new version sung by [[Ajay Gogavale]] was released on 15 February 2023.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations announced for the Planet Marathi presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-announced-for-the-planet-marathi-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022_-57599.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"Sukh Kalale"
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Riteish Deshmukh: महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट स्टाईल आयकॉन ठरला रितेश देशमुख, स्टाईलने लावले सर्वांना वेड |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-most-stylist-icon-141707542382959.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Female]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=कलाकारांच्या सन्मानासाठी रंगणार 'फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान' सोहळा |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/fakt-marathi-awards-show-will-take-place-on-15th-september-sh04 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Playback Singer Female|Best Playback Singer Female]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sukh-kalale/Ny0CUx9Dcko JioSaavn]
* [https://wynk.in/music/song/sukh-kalale/wm_5054197493287_INW262201281 Wynk Music]
* [https://open.spotify.com/track/6Q2eTo6myxIXfn4krkNYzT Spotify]
* [https://www.shazam.com/track/646350145/sukh-kalale Shazam]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/song/sukh-kalale/1660261398 Apple music]
* [https://gaana.com/song/sukh-kalale Gaana]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]
[[Category:Ajay Gogavale songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Indian pop songs]]

Ghataprabha Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-06T16:15:54Z

Abhishek Mandal: creating some stub w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ghataprabha Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| location = Belagavi district, Karnataka, India
| area = 29.78
| established = 1974
}}

'''Ghataprabha Wildlife Sanctuary''' also known as Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary is a protected area and wildlife sanctuary located in the [[Belagavi district]] of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] covering an area of 29.78 km². It is situated along the banks of the [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]] River and is renowned for its diverse bird population, particularly migratory species that visit during the winter months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belagavi news: Belagavi drinking water project raises Centre's eyebrows |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/belagavi-drinking-water-project-raises-centre-s-eyebrows-3096156 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2017-12-10 |title=Karnataka plays host to migratory birds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/Dec/09/karnataka-plays-host-to-migratory-birds-1723150.html |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

It includes the reservoir created by the Dhupdal Dam, which was constructed in 1883, as well as over 22 small islands located within the river. The sanctuary is located roughly 70 km from the city of Belagavi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka Tourism |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/en/experiences/ghataprabha-bird-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=karnatakatourism.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/ghataprabha-bird-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|16.227|74.741|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:10000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]

Theodore Morison

2026-01-04T01:56:37Z

Abhishek Mandal: pg!

{{Short description|British educationalist}}
{{distinguish|Theodore Morrison (disambiguation){{!}}Theodore Morrison}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Theodore Morison
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|KCIE|BA|DLitt}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 9 May 1863
| birth_place = Malta
| death_date = {{death date and age|1936|2|14|1863|5|9|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] (B.A., 1885)
| spouse =
| occupation =Educationalist
}}

'''Sir Theodore Morison''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|KCIE}} (9 May 1863 – 14 February 1936) was a British educationalist who served as a Member of the Council of India and Director of the [[University of London Institute in Paris]]. He is best known as an interpreter of Muslim life in India.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Sir Theodore Morison |work=[[The Times]] |page= 14|date=15 February 1936 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sir Theodore Morison was born in [[Malta]]<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35108|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/35108|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}}</ref> to [[James Augustus Cotter Morison]] and Frances Virtue (d. 1878), the daughter of publisher [[George Virtue]]. He had two sisters, Helen Cotter, and Margaret.<ref name="times"/>

Morison was educated at [[Westminster School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], graduating in 1885.

==Career==
After completing his education at the University of Cambridge, he joined the Department of Education. He was appointed as an educational advisor to young rulers of Chattarpur (Bundel-Khand) and Charkhari (Hamirpur) and subsequently moved to India.<ref name="times"/>

He was the principal of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] from 1899-1905 and member of the [[Council of India]] from 1906. He was the principal of College of Sciences at [[Durham University]] from 1919-1929.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-theodore-morison-18631936-kcsi-kcie-ba-dlitt-principal-armstrong-college-19191929-56787|title=Sir Theodore Morison (1863–1936), KCSI, KCIE, BA, DLitt, Principal, Armstrong College (1919–1929)|publisher=ArtUK.org|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> He was also the principal of [[Colleges of Durham University#Colleges in Newcastle (Armstrong College and King's College)|Armstrong College]]. He was also the Vice Chancellor of Durham University from 1924-1926.<ref name="times"/>

==Association with Aligarh Movement==

In the year of 1899, he was appointed as a Professor of English at M.A.O. College. He served as a Professor of English at the college until 1905. In 1899, he went to England for vacation and resigned from his teaching job of M.A.O. College. On 2 September 1899 Principal Theodore Beck died in Shimla and M.A.O. College offered the job of Principal to Prof. Theodore Morison which he accepted and joined on 29 October 1899.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Aftab hall: an introduction | url=http://amu.ac.in/pdf/halls/aftab/aftab.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928034303/http://amu.ac.in/pdf/halls/aftab/aftab.pdf | archive-date=2015-09-28}}</ref>
The 5-year tenure of Prof. Morison as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College Principal was a distinctive period for Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. He paid much attention to the educational upliftment of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. He paid special attention to the discipline of MAO College and established Proctorial System at Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. Hostel life of MAO College became disciplined and peaceful. He took keen interests in discipline and hygiene of student’s community. The college discipline was in good shape during his tenure as Principal. He established Proctorial system in the college and appointed Mir Wilayat Hussain as Proctor. He enforced student’s 24-hour time table. He equally enforced discipline among his staff and never tolerated indiscipline in their teachings and schedules. His disciplined approach paid and the college results were improved and student strength started growing. In 1899 when he joined as principal, student strength were 465 but in 1903 it became 713. At the same time the performance of the students were also on the rise. From 1900 to 1904, the rate of success in B.A. examinations was between 71% and 79%. Morison paid attention to other activities of students and promoted The Siddons’ Club. To improve Arabic conversation and communication, he established "Lahjatul-Adab". He also established "Anjuman Urdu-e-Moalla" to promote writing and oratory skills among college students.

Morison also paid attention to the religious studies. He created a position of Dean of Theology. He promoted the Darse-Quran program which used to be given by Allama Shibli in the Strachey Hall and asked Nazim-e-Diniyat, Maulana Abdullah Ansari to continue. Principal Morison also paid attention towards sports. He had a keen interest in riding so paid key role to establish The MAO College Riding Club in 1893. Due to his interest in riding, he was also known as "Sipaahi Morison".

He also started an Employment Bureau to help the students to get a job. He used to keep student records with his personal remarks so that upon the request of the government he can furnish the record to help the students.

Principal Morison was also appointed as Finance Secretary of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. He helped a lot to improve the financial condition of the college.

He was also elected as President of Muhammadan Educational Conference in December, 1904 at Aligarh. In 1905 he took early retirement from MAO College and moved back to England. Even then he was a part of Aligarh Movement and always took keen interest in helping MAO College and Aligarh Movement. He made several visit to MAO College from England and proved his belief of teacher taught relationship. For his contributions and key role and active participation in Aligarh Movement, MAO College board of Trustees elected him as a Visitor MAO College.

After 1920, when Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College became [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Morison was honored by naming one of the hostel of [[Aftab Hall]] as Morison Court hostel and a road Morison Road was named after him in the campus respectively.

The Morison medal was given to the student of MA History, standing first. It was endowed by the staff of MAO College in honour of its Principal Morison. It was Silver Medal, Gold Bordered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Theodore_Morison|title=Theodore Morison|publisher=|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
In 1933, Morison moved to Paris to become director of the University of London Institute in Paris. He died at his flat in Paris in 1936. In 1895, he married Margaret, daughter of barrister and politician [[Arthur Cohen (politician)|Arthur Cohen]].<ref name="times"/><ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4036</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book |title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London|chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Indian Education|Indian Education]] |pages=696–706}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=8298| name=James Cotter Morison}}
** [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18851 ''Gibbon'']
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Augustus Cotter Morison}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=James Cotter Morison}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morison, Theodore}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors and wardens of Durham University]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:British educational theorists]]
[[Category:British education writers]]

India–Turkey relations

2026-01-01T07:42:52Z

Abhishek Mandal: quick add layout and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indian-Turkish|India|Turkey|filetype=svg|mission1= Embassy of India, [[Ankara]]
|mission2= [[Embassy of Turkey, India|Embassy of Turkey, New Delhi]]
|envoytitle1= Indian Ambassador to Turkey
|envoy1= Shri Muktesh Pardeshi
|envoytitle2= Turkish Ambassador to India
|envoy2=Ali Murat Ersoy
}}[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on May 01, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at Hyderabad House, New Delhi, May 1, 2017]]

'''India–Turkey relations''', also known as the '''Indo-Turkish relations''', are the [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Republic of Türkiye]]. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Turkey in 1948, political and bilateral relations have been usually characterized by warmth and cordiality, although some sporadic tensions remain due to [[Pakistan–Turkey relations|Turkey's support for Pakistani stand on Kashmir]] and [[Armenia–India relations|India's support for Armenia]], [[Greece–India relations|Greece]] and [[Cyprus–India relations|Cyprus]] in return.<ref name="idsa.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/system/files/IB_IndiaTurkeyRelations.pdf|title=Can the Rise of 'New' Turkey Lead to a 'New' Era in India-Turkey Relations?|website=Idsa.in|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Turkey_Relations.pdf|title=India-Turkey Relations : Executive Summary|website=Mea.gov.in|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> India has an embassy in [[Ankara]] and a consulate–general in [[Istanbul]]. Turkey has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and consulate-generals in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Hyderabad]]. As of 2019, the bilateral trade between India and Turkey stood at US$7.8 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-commercial-and-economic-relations-with-india.en.mfa|title=Türkiye-India Economic and Trade Relations|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Economic and cultural relations between [[ancient India]] and [[History of Anatolia|Anatolia]] date back to the [[Vedic age]] (before 1500 BCE).<ref name="Radhey">{{cite book |last=Shyam Chaurasia |first=Radhey |title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. |date=May 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 2002 |isbn=9788126900275}}</ref>

In the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]], Indians were employed in the Achaemenid army of [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]]. All troops were stationed in [[Sardis]], [[Lydia]], during the winter of 481-480 BCE to prepare for the invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=Xerxes: A Persian Life |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300180077 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6pJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herodotus |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 1‑56 |pages=VII-26 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7A*.html}}</ref> In the spring of 480 BCE "Indian troops marched with Xerxes's army across the [[Hellespont]]".<ref name="Where was Achaemenid India"/><ref name="CB7"/>

In 1212, the [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]] was gifted a colony in [[Koothanallur]] from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Emperor]] of [[Tamilakam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaq |date=2012-01-17 |title=The Simble Investor: Koothanallur- A brief history of my home town |url=http://thesimblemantra.blogspot.com/2012/01/koothanallur-history.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Simble Investor}}</ref> The first exchange of diplomatic missions between the [[Ottoman Sultans]] and the Muslim rulers of the sub-continent dates back to the years 1481–82. Ottoman expeditions to the sultanates of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] were motivated by mutual anti-[[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] sentiment; Ottoman artillery contributed to the fall of the pro-Portuguese [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Casale |first=Giancarlo |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.001.0001 |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010-01-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-537782-8}}</ref> Turkish-Indian relations soured when the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] conquered most of India, since the Mughal Empire was a symbolic threat to the Ottoman Empire's position as the universal caliphate, despite contemplation for a Mughal-Ottoman-[[Khanate of Bukhara|Uzbek]] alliance against Iran.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqi |first=Naimur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=alliance |title=Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 |date=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli}}</ref> After the Mughal Empire collapsed, Muslim rulers of Mysore like [[Tipu Sultan]] sought Ottoman aid in driving out the [[British Empire|British]], but the Ottomans were weakened by wars with [[Russia]] and in no position to help.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Özcan |first=Azmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s04pus5jBNwC&q=tipu+sultan+and+ottoman&pg=PA11 |title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877-1924 |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10632-1}}</ref>

From the 15th to the 19th century, Indian [[Dervishes]] came to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and built Tekke, the so-called Hintli Tekkeler. Their names are recorded in the Ottoman archives.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/44684274 | title=Osmanlı Devleti'nde Hindî Tekkeleri (Indian Dervish Lodges in Ottoman State) | journal=Doktora Tezi | date=January 2020 | last1=i̇Şlek | first1=Ali Emre | archive-date=12 April 2023 | access-date=2 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412050445/https://www.academia.edu/44684274/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devletinde_Hind%C3%AE_Tekkeleri_Indian_Dervish_Lodges_in_Ottoman_State_ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.librakitap.com.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=820&Itemid=105 | title=Osmanlı Coğrafyasındaki Hintli Mutasavvıflar ve Tekkeleri - Libra Kitap }}</ref> Their descendants are called "Hindis", especially in [[Istanbul]] where they have settled.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-fellows/hindis-in-istanbul-field-notes-on-the-making-of-an-archival-subject-2/ | title="Hindis" in Istanbul: Field Notes on the Making of an Archival Subject }}</ref>

More recently, the connection was increasingly fostered in the 19th and 20th centuries due to interactions between the two countries.<ref name="idsa.in" /> In 1912–1913, during the [[First Balkan War]], [[Indian Muslim]] men in the [[Red Crescent Society]] of India cared for wounded Ottoman soldiers. They were led by [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] and [[Abdur Rahman Peshawari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-06 |title=The Indian Muslims who Helped the Ottomans During the Balkan Wars |url=https://ilmfeed.com/indian-muslims-helped-ottomans-balkan-wars/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=IlmFeed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2020-04-30 |title=The Indian Subcontinent Red Crescent Society's Aid to the Ottoman State during the Balkan war in 1912 |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/the-indian-subcontinent-red-crescent-societys-aid-to-the-ottoman-state-during-the-balkan-war-in-1912/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Heritage Times}}</ref> During [[World War I]], the [[British Indian Empire|British Raj]] played a pivotal role in the successful Allied campaign against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Kux">{{cite book |last=J. Schmidt |first=Karl |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1995 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In the 1920s, India extended support to [[Turkish War of Independence|Turkey's War of Independence]] and the formation of the Turkish republic. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] took a stand against the injustices inflicted on Turkey at the end of World War I.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Turkey_July_2014.pdf|title=India-Turkey Relations|website=Mea.gov.in|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>

Turkey recognised India after the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], and diplomatic relations were established between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-india-relations.en.mfa|title=Türkiye - India Political Relations|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], Turkey was part of the [[Western Bloc]] and India was part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Since the end of the Cold War, both sides have worked to develop their relations.
==Issues==

Relations between India and Turkey have been strained due to Turkey's continued support for [[Pakistani]] stand on the [[Kashmir dispute]], despite Indian attempts to "appease" Turkey, as seen in [[Operation Dost]], a [[rescue|search and rescue operation]] initiated by India to aid Syria and Turkey after the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA Explainer: What is Operation Dost, India's massive humanitarian aid for Turkey-Syria earthquake? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/explainer/report-dna-explainer-what-is-operation-dost-india-s-massive-humanitarian-aid-for-turkey-turkiye-syria-earthquake-3022281 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Turkey%E2%80%99s-new-found-%E2%80%98dost%E2%80%99-will-hurt-Pakistan-badly/201593|title=Turkey's new found 'dost' will hurt Pakistan badly|date=31 August 2022 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Until recently, Turkey remains a vocal advocate of Pakistan's position on the [[Kashmir dispute]].<ref name="Colakoglu">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/columnist/3649/turkey-india-relations-in-the-framework-of-ankara-39-s-new-south-asian-strategy.html|title=Turkey-India Relations in the Framework of Ankara's New South Asian Strategy|website=Turkishweekly.net|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511202129/http://www.turkishweekly.net/columnist/3649/turkey-india-relations-in-the-framework-of-ankara-39-s-new-south-asian-strategy.html|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Turkey was also the only opponent to India's inclusion into the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] other than [[China]].<ref name=":1">[https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/india-and-turkey-friends-again/ "India and Turkey: Friends Again?"], ''The Diplomat'', 19 July 2013</ref>

On [[Afghanistan]], Turkey had taken the lead in 2011 to begin the Istanbul Process to find meaningful and sustainable solutions to Afghanistan's problems. The Istanbul Process culminated in the annual "Heart of Asia" regional conference on Afghanistan held in [[Kazakhstan]]'s former capital, [[Almaty]], with both India and Turkey playing important roles. In the context of the planned 2014 withdrawal of [[NATO]] and US troops from Afghanistan, the need for Delhi and Ankara to intensify dialogue over Afghanistan has acquired a particular importance.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2019 ===
In September 2019, Turkey had criticized India on the issue of Jammu and Kashmir and the revocation of article 370. It made vocal comments against India at the United Nations, publicly favouring the position of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/939466/jammu-and-kashmir-criticisms-by-turkey-and-malaysia-at-unga-were-biased-claims-india|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Criticism by Turkey and Malaysia at UNGA were biased, claims India|date=4 October 2019 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> A diplomatic rift emerged, and in return India condemned Turkey for its [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|military offensive into north-eastern Syria]], claiming it would undermine regional stability and the fight against terrorism. India also called upon Turkey to exercise restraint and respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria.<ref>{{cite news |title=India slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slams-turkey-for-its-unilateral-military-offensive-in-northeast-syria/articleshow/71520852.cms |date=10 October 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> On 24 December 2020, Turkish authorities shut down a website which according to Pakistani officials, was operated by India and used for propaganda against Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/705738/turkey-closes-indian-website-spreading-anti-pakistan-propaganda/|title=Turkey closes Indian website spreading anti-Pakistan propaganda|publisher=dailytimes.com.pk|date=25 December 2020|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> However, Turkey has repeatedly condemned attacks on Indian forces by [[Naxalite]]s during the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/05/21/turkey-condemns-terror-attack-that-killed-7-policemen-in-eastern-india | title=Turkey condemns terror attack that killed 7 policemen in eastern India | website=[[Daily Sabah]] | date=21 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://turkishpress.com/turkey-condemns-deadly-maoist-attack-in-india/ | title=Turkey condemns deadly Maoist attack in India | work=TurkishPress | date=4 April 2021 }}</ref> which India has claimed have links to groups involved in the [[Maoist insurgency in Turkey]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/naxals-maintaining-close-links-with-filipino-turkish-groups-113081401175_1.html | title='Naxals maintaining close links with Filipino, Turkish groups' | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=14 August 2013 | agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===

In May 2025, a diplomatic rift between India and Turkey erupted after [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]], in which Turkey reportedly supplied over three hundred and fifty drones and two military operatives to Pakistan during its conflict with India, sparking public outrage across India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Turkey helped Pak attack India, sent 350+ drones, military operatives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/turkey-helped-pak-army-plan-attack-on-india-supplied-350-drones-military-operatives-sources-2724565-2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In response, Indian citizens, celebrities, and businesses launched widespread economic boycotts, especially targeting tourism-major travel platforms that reported a 60% drop in bookings to Turkey and a 250% surge in cancellations, while industry bodies such as the Travel Agents Association of India ceased promoting Turkish destinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Indians launch Track-II offensive as Turkey repays Op Dost with drones |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/boycott-turkey-azerbaijan-india-make-my-trip-business-trade-boycott-ankara-supported-pakistan-drone-personnel-2724723-2025-05-15 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=Backlash for support to Pakistan: Indians cancel trips to Turkey, Azerbaijan; travel portals report big dip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/backlash-for-support-to-pakistan-amid-india-operation-sindoor-indians-cancel-trips-to-turkey-azerbaijan-travel-ports-report-big-dip/articleshow/121178828.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=A million-dollar hit? India's travel boycott rocks Turkey, Azerbaijan tourism industry |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-a-million-dollar-hit-indias-travel-boycott-rocks-turkey-azerbaijan-tourism-industry-3845462/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> This backlash strained broader economic and diplomatic ties, with Indian traders shunning Turkish goods and universities like [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] suspending academic partnerships.<ref name=":2" /> However, contrary to what Indian media outlets claimed, Indians made up for less than 1% of Turkey's foreign visitors, a small share.<ref name="Nikita Yadav">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Indians urge Turkey boycott amid regional tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62v774d6l0o |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref>

Amid the tensions, the protocol division of India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) postponed the credentials ceremony for the newly appointed Turkish ambassador to India which was scheduled for 15 May 2025. The MEA announced that the ceremony had been deferred citing "scheduling issues."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2025-05-15 |title=Amid tension, MEA postpones credentials ceremony featuring Turkish ambassador |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-tension-mea-postpones-credentials-ceremony-featuring-turkish-ambassador/article69579958.ece |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Turkey: Indians urge travel boycott amid support to Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62v774d6l0o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=16 May 2025 |date=16 May 2025}}</ref> Additionally, India revoked security clearance for the Turkish firm Çelebi Aviation Holding.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India revokes Celebi security clearance over Turkish support for Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-revokes-security-clearance-turkeys-celebi-2025-05-15/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515192004/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-revokes-security-clearance-turkeys-celebi-2025-05-15/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> India’s aviation regulator, the [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] (BCAS), suspended Çelebi’s security clearance indefinitely on May 15, citing safety concerns over its presence in secure airside areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Why India grounding Turkish aviation firm Celebi is a seismic security shift |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-india-grounding-turkish-aviation-firm-celebi-is-a-seismic-security-shift-2726681-2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The revocation erased nearly $200 million in shareholder value and slashed a third of the Turkish company’s global revenue. Shares of Çelebi Hava Servisi AS plunged 20% over two trading sessions, dropping 222 points to 2,002 lira on May 16.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Turkey's Çelebi loses India in a day: $200 million gone, staff axed, and no return in sight - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/turkeys-celebi-loses-india-in-a-day-200-million-gone-staff-axed-and-no-return-in-sight-476714-2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Dhwani Pandya |title=Indian boycott of Turkish coffee, chocolates and fashion grows |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-boycott-turkish-coffee-chocolates-fashion-grows-2025-05-19/ |website=Reuters |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

Contrary to the sporadic tensions between both countries, economic ties continued to grow. India has a trade surplus over Turkey that benefits India more than Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kirti Sharma |title=What India Imports and Exports to Turkey? Check List Here As Per International Trade |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-india-imports-and-exports-to-turkey-list-as-per-international-trade-1747386936-1 |website=Jagran Josh |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> Ideologically both countries share many similarities with conservative-populist governments.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Shashi Tharoor |title=The Modi-Erdogan parallel |url=https://qantara.de/en/article/comparison-india-and-turkey-modi-erdogan-parallel |website=Qantara.de |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Sonikka Loganathan |title=How Turkey's economic and political trajectory compares to India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/how-turkeys-economic-and-political-trajectory-compares-to-india-data-point-podcast/article66997358.ece |website=The Hindu |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Both India and Turkey has cordial ties with [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]], the Gulf countries, and Russia; and both countries continues to face terrorism within their borders. In addition, Turkey has shown interest to join [[BRICS]]; Turkey will need approval from India to officially join. India has asked both China and Turkey to use their influence on Pakistan to end the latter's support for cross-border terrorism in Indian soil.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Shubhajit Roy |title='Be sensitive to our concerns, basis for ties': India to Turkey and China after their equipment was used by Pak during military conflict |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/be-sensitive-to-our-concerns-basis-for-ties-india-to-turkey-china-10023030/ |website=Indian Express |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

In October, India did not attend the [[Republic Day (Turkey)|Turkish Republic Day]] celebrations hosted by the Turkish Embassy in New Delhi. The decision was reportedly influenced by Ankara’s support for Pakistan during the May Conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jayanth |date=2025-10-29 |title=Centre skips Turkey's national day celebrations held in Delhi, deepens relationship with Cyprus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/29/centre-skips-turkeys-national-day-celebrations-held-in-delhi-deepens-relationship-with-cyprus |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In November, [[Boeing]] had to reportedly work out a new alternate supply route after Turkey tried to block the supply of [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache helicopters]] to India by refusing to allow the cargo aircraft transporting the helicopters through its airspace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-11-13 |title=Turkey blocks transport of Apache choppers to India through its airspace, new route being worked out |url=https://theprint.in/?p=2783335 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Trade relations==
[[File:Embassy of India in Ankara 01.JPG|thumb|Entrance plate at Embassy of India in Ankara]]
Turkey’s economic reliance on India is relatively limited but significant in certain sectors. India’s bilateral trade with Turkey in [[Fiscal year|Financial Year]] 2023-24 stood at $10.43 billion, with India’s exports to the country was at $6.65 billion and import at $3.78 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=Not just tourism, India has $12 billion trade with Turkiye, Azerbaijan - Not just tourism, India has $12 billion trade with Turkiye, Azerbaijan BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/not-just-tourism-india-has-12-billion-trade-with-turkiye-azerbaijan-475732-2025-05-10 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In the Financial Year 2024–25, Turkey exported goods worth $2.84 billion to India-mainly marble, gold, apples, and mineral oil-making up about 0.5% of India’s total imports, while India exported $5.2 billion to Turkey, accounting for roughly 1.5% of India’s total exports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PRactice |first=Abhishek |date=2025-05-14 |title=India's trade with Turkey and Azerbaijan faces uncertainty amid geopolitical tensions |url=https://indbiz.gov.in/indias-trade-with-turkey-and-azerbaijan-faces-uncertainty-amid-geopolitical-tensions/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=IndBiz {{!}} Economic Diplomacy Division |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2025, India maintains a trade surplus with Turkey but Turkish exports to India have declined by over 17% due to recent diplomatic tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor Fallout: How Turkey's Support for Pakistan Could Impact India-Turkey Trade |url=https://timeslife.com/life-hacks/operation-sindoor-fallout-how-turkeys-support-for-pakistan-could-impact-india-turkey-trade/articleshow/121169122.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Timeslife |language=en}}</ref> India's overall merchandise trade with Turkey contracted to nearly 63% in Financial year 2024-25 from Financial Year 2022-23 levels, from a positive trade balance of $5,400.85 million in FY22-23 to $2,721.9 million in FY24-25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Trade with Turkiye was down to 63% from FY22-23 levels well before Operation Sindoor - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/india-trade-with-turkey-azerbaijan-was-down-well-before-operation-sindoor-ws-e-19604859.htm |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 March 2012, [[Burak Akçapar]], [[Ambassador|Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey in India]], announced that Turkey sought to double flights from India and open four more connecting points. Other destinations considered are [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Bengaluru, India|Bengaluru]]. At present, [[Turkish Airlines]] operates daily flights from Mumbai and New Delhi to Istanbul. A joint study on a [[free trade area]] was conducted, but is yet to be signed. He also announced that consulates in Chennai and Hyderabad, in South India, are planned to be started, as permission had been gained from the Indian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3008905.ece?homepage=true|title=Turkey to double flights from India|author=K.V. Kurmanath|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

===Investments===
More than 150 companies with Indian capital have registered businesses in Turkey in the form of joint-ventures, trade and representative offices. These include M/s [[Polyplex]], [[GMR Group|GMR Infrastructure]], [[TATA Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], [[JSW Ispat|Ispat]], [[Aditya Birla Group]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd]], [[Jain Irrigation]], [[Wipro]], [[Sequent Scientific]] and [[Dabur]]. Turkey ranks 41st overall in terms of [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] inflows to India. Cumulative Turkish direct investment into India amounts to US$87.18 million (April 2000 – April 2014).

India's [[GMR Group]] is one of the main stakeholders in the new [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Amit Mitra |title=GMR to remain invested in Istanbul airport |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/gmr-to-remain-invested-in-istanbul-airport/article5478308.ece |access-date=19 July 2015 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

Both the countries are members of the [[G20 industrial nations|G20]] group of major economies, where the two countries have closely cooperated on the management of the world economy. Bilateral trade in July 2012 stood at US$7.5 billion, a figure that is expected to double to US$15 billion by 2015.

==Cooperation in space technology==
On 23 September 2009, a [[PSLV]] C-14 rocket from the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] launched Turkey's first nanosatellite, [[ITUpSAT1]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Aman Andrabi |first=Abroo |title=Indo-Turkish Relations: A Historical Overview and Analysis |date=October 2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268775031}}</ref>

== Defence cooperation ==
[[File:Admiral E Murat Bilgel, Commander of the Turkish Naval Forces receiving a Guard of Honour from the Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|Admiral E Murat Bilgel, Commander of the Turkish Naval Forces, accorded with a guard of honour by the Indian Navy at South Block lawn, New Delhi.]]
[[File:INS Trikand entering Istanbul, Turkey.jpg|thumb|INS Trikand entering Istanbul, Turkey; 4 October 2015.]]
During the visit of Prime Minister [[Turgut Ozal]] to India in 1986, it was agreed that the two embassies will house [[Defence Attaché]] office. During the visit of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] in September 2003, it was decided that Defence Ministers of both countries should remain in closer touch. India conveyed its willingness to expand military to military contacts, and mutual exchange of delegations to training facilities. During the visit of the Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] to India in November 2008, both prime ministers agreed to enhance cooperation between the two defence forces.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> As far as the [[military exercises]] between India and Turkey is concerned, there has been a regular but a low profile passage exercises (PASSEX) between the Navies of the two countries.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.japss.org/upload/8.Hussain.pdf|journal=Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences|year=2011|volume=3|pages=635–655|title=Forging a New Partnership: India and Turkey|author=Mohammad Samir Hussain|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040955/http://www.japss.org/upload/8.Hussain.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indians in Turkey]]
* [[Turkic peoples in India]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Turkey]]
* [[Operation Dost]]
* [[Khilafat Movement]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
* [http://www.idsa.in/system/files/IB_IndiaTurkeyRelations.pdf Mehmet Ozkan, Can the Rise of 'New' Turkey Lead to a 'New' Era in India-Turkey Relations?], IDSA Issue Brief, September 2010 (PDF).

==External links==
* [http://www.indembassy.org.tr/ Embassy of India in Turkey]
* [http://turkey.visahq.com/embassy/India/ Embassy of Turkey in India]
* [https://mumbai-bk.mfa.gov.tr/ Consulate of Turkey in Mumbai]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey |expanded=Bilateral}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Turkey relations}}
[[Category:India–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]

Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)

2025-12-29T23:09:41Z

Abhishek Mandal: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Seethakalyanam TV series title poster.jpg
| caption = Seetha Kalyanam
| alt_name =
| genre = [[family]] [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romantic]]
| creator = Nap Creations
| based_on = [[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]
| developer =
| writer = [[Sangeetha Mohan]] NAP Creative Team Vallikodu Vikraman
| director = Sunil Karyattukara Manu V Nair Kurup Mararikkulam
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|see below]]
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme = "ഓമൽ കുരുന്നുകൾ" ''Omal Kurunnukal'' by [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
| endtheme = "സീതാ കല്യാണാ വൈഭോഗമേ" "Seethakalyana Vaibhogame"
| composer = Background Score : Gokul Sreekandhan, Rajeev Attukal
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 772
| executive_producer =
| producer = NAAP Communications
| editor = Harimukham Libin George Akhil V Kumar Pradeep Bhagvath
| location =
| cinematography = Anpu Mani Renju Mani
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| channel = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|09|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|09|10|df=yes}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]
* [[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]
}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes =
| network =
| released =
| native_name =
| theme_music_composer = Music : Sijo John Lyrics : B.K. Harinarayanan Singer :[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
}}
'''''Seetha Kalyanam''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television [[soap opera]] drama. The show premiered on general entertainment channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel and streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 10 September 2018. Malayalam film actress [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] played the title role in the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dhanya-mary-varghese-makes-her-come-back-through-seetha-kalyanam/articleshow/65426761.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Dhanya Mary Varghese makes her come back through Seetha Kalyanam|last1=Ur |first1=Arya }}</ref> The show is the official remake of Telugu soap opera [[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]] which aired on [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/08/seetha-kalyanam-serial-on-asianet.html|title=Seetha Kalyanam Serial on Asianet launching on 10th September 2018|work=vinodadarshan.com}}</ref> The show aired its last episode on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-kalyanam-goes-off-air-dhanya-mary-varghese-pens-a-heart-touching-thank-you-note/articleshow/86160981.cms|title=Seetha Kalyanam goes off-air; Dhanya Mary Varghese pens a heart-touching thank you note|work=The Times Of India|date=13 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/seetha-kalyanam-serial-going-to-end-soon/articleshow/85862324.cms|title=സീതാ കല്യാണം ക്ലൈമാക്സിലേക്ക്! ആ യാത്ര അവസാനിക്കുന്നു! സന്തോഷമായെന്ന് പ്രേക്ഷകരും!|work=Samayam}}</ref>

It replaced ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' as the longest running serial in Malayalam, which completed 1,524 Episodes.

==Plot==
Seetha and Swathi are sisters from a poor household supported by their mother. Their mother dies and leaves Swathi in Seetha's care telling her that Swathi is now like her daughter. Seetha works to fund Swathi's education, remaining illiterate herself.

A grown-up Seetha and Swathi meet Rajeshwari, a bad-tempered and arrogant woman who hates poor people. Seetha gets into a fight with Rajeshwari and later apologises to her driver Kalyan. A humiliated Rajeshwari vows to take revenge from the sisters. Kalyan, who is in fact Rajeshwari's elder son, falls in love with Seetha. Swathi tries to commit suicide but is stopped by Seetha who is shocked to find out that Swathi is pregnant with her ex-boyfriend's child. Her ex-boyfriend is revealed to be Ajay, Rajeshwari's younger son.

Seetha helps Ajay and Swathi reunite. Rajeshwari is forced to accept them after Ajay tries to commit suicide. It is then revealed that Rajeshwari is in fact Kalyan's maternal aunt and step-mother. She finds a will bequeathing the entire property to Kalyan and plots to marry him to a sterile woman so he can never have children who can inherit.

Seetha and Kalyan fall in love. Rajeshwari demands Seetha marry her older son Kalyan and sign an agreement that she will never bear children and only then will she agree to Swathi and Ajay's marriage. Seetha agrees and breaks up with Kalyan. Swathi tries to stop Seetha but fails. On the wedding day, Kalyan and Seetha discover they are marrying each other and are shocked.

Seetha tries to win Kalyan's heart but all in vain. She starts working with the kalaakaars at the textile factory and wins them over helping them get their jobs back from Rajeshwari, thus impressing Kalyan. She then helps Kalyan track down his biological mother Ambika who had been accused of murder and is hated by Kalyan's father Venu because of misunderstandings created by Rajeshwari. This brings them closer and he accepts that she must have had a reason for rejecting him.

Later, Seetha gets [[pregnant]] too. However, Rajeshwari makes another evil move. She hires goons to kidnap Kalyan. Later, a lawyer named Jayadevan claims that Rajeshwari is his wife. Rajeshwari is shocked and worried.

It is later revealed in a flashback that, Rajeshwari's real name was Radhika Devi. She was from a wealthy family. She fell in love with Jayadevan, the son of a police officer. His father, had wished his son and his nephew, Hariprasad "Hari" to be an officer just like him.

Jayadevan and Hari is happy with the idea. It is also shown that Hari was in love with Jayasudha, the sister of Jayadevan. It is shown that Radhika, desperately wanted to marry Jayadevan. However, Jayadevan denied it to follow his dreams. Agitated, Radhika threatened him that she would commit suicide. Helpless, Jayadevan agrees. Soon, after Radhika gives birth to Aswathy, but she is mentally disabled because of which Radhika hates her and attempts to kill her, which fails.

Meanwhile, Jayadevan is in jail for the crime he didn't commit. After, releasing Jayadevan gets to know of Radhika's evil motives. However, he is shattered to learn that Radhika also murdered his family except Hari. Jayadevan and Hari joins hands to revenge. Jayadevan studies law and becomes a lawyer. Not knowing any of these, Ajay suspects Rajeshwari's evil motives and trusts Jayadevan. However, Jayadevan struggles to tell Ajay that he is Ajay's father.

Seetha brings in two children, Meenakshi "Meenu" and the other is none other than Aswathy "Achu" (She grew up under the care of Jayadevan), now a grown up girl. Achu and Meenu dislikes Rajeshwari. Meenu is later kidnapped, by Annadurai, Rajeshwari's goon.

Kalyan, is now a drug addict. However, Seetha manages to get Rajeshwari arrested and rescues Kalyan and Meenu. Ajay, realises that Jayadevan is his father and Achu is his sister. The show ends joyously with Jayadevan, Ajay, Kalyan, Meenu, Swathi and Seetha rejoicing, Rajeshwari's defeat.

==Cast==
===Lead cast===
* [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Seetha – Swathi's sister; Sravani's half-sister; Kalyan's wife
** Eva as Child Seetha
* [[Reneesha Rahiman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-brother-refused-to-talk-for-months-when-i-signed-for-the-serial-says-seetha-kalyanam-actress-reneesha-rahiman/articleshow/69644011.cms|title=My brother refused to talk for months when I signed for the serial, says Seetha Kalyanam actress Reneesha|work=The Times Of India|date=4 June 2019 }}</ref> as Swathi – Seetha's sister; Sravani's half-sister; Ajay's wife
** Baby Athmika as Child Swathi
* [[Roopa Sree]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/lifestyle/beauty-fashion/lesser-known-facts-about-seetha-kalyanam-serial-actress-roopa-sree/articleshow/68742761.cms|title=മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലെ തകർപ്പൻ താരം രൂപശ്രീയുടെ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ|work=Samayam}}</ref> as Radhika "Rajeshwari" Devi – Ambika's sister; Venu and Jayadevan's wife; Ajay and Aswathy's mother; Kalyan's step-mother
** Souparnika Subhash as Young Radhika Devi
* [[Anoop Krishnan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-satisfaction-i-get-for-playing-kalyan-is-akin-to-doing-10-films-anoop-krishnan/articleshow/67828767.cms|title=The satisfaction I get for playing Kalyan is akin to doing 10 films: Anoop Krishnan|work=The Times Of India|date=4 February 2019 }}</ref> / Alif Shah<ref>{{cite web| url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/dhanya-mary-varghese-introduces-new-kalyan-latest-photo-goes-viral/articleshow/84436710.cms |title=പുതിയ കല്യാണിനൊപ്പം ധന്യ മേരി വർ ഗീസ്! ലൈക്കടിച്ച് അനൂപ് കൃഷ്ണനും! സീതയ്ക്കൊപ്പം ഇനി കല്യാണായി അലിഫ്ഷാ! ചിത്രം വൈറലാവുന്നു|work=Samayam}}</ref> as Kalyan – Ambika and Venu's son; Radhika's step-son; Ajay and Aswathy's cousin; Seetha's husband
* Jithu Venugopal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-kalyanam-actor-jithu-venugopal-it-feels-like-i-am-starting-afresh/articleshow/76324080.cms|title=Seetha Kalyanam actor Jithu Venugopal: It feels like I am starting afresh|work=The Times Of India|date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> as Ajay – Radhika and Jayadevan's son; Aswathy's brother; Kalyan's cousin; Swathi's husband
* [[Sona Nair]] as Ambika Devi aka Saradananda Swamikal – Radhika's sister; Venu's ex-wife; Kalyan's mother
* Anand Thrissur as Venu – Ambika's ex-husband; Radhika's first husband; Kalyan's father
*Rahul Mohan as Jayadevan – Jayasudha's brother; Hariprasad's cousin; Radhika's husband; Ajay and Aswathy's father

===Recurring cast===
*J Padmanabhan Thampi as Moorthy
*Adithyan Jayan as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Hariprasad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] – Jayadevan and Jayasudha's cousin
*Amboori Jayan as Mahendran
*[[Souparnika subhash]] as Ashwathy aka Achu – Radhika and Jayadevan's daughter; Ajay's sister; Kalyan's cousin
*Gopika Janardhanan as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Pooja [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Archana Suseelan]] as Sravani Saigal – Seetha and Swathi's half-sister
* Tom Jacob as Annadurai
*Manu Varma as Jayadevan and Hariprasad's father
*Haridas as Hrishikeshananda Swamikal
**Disciple of Saradananda Swamikal and spoiled brat who aims to take over Swami's wealth
*Ranjith Raj as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Goutham [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Saji Surya as CI Musthafa
*Joshy Varghese as DYSP Mahesh
*Vimala as Shantha, Rajeshwari's Servant
*Hareendran as Hari
*Rajmohan as Hareendra Varma
*Anoop Sivasenan as Abhiram
*Sini Varghese as Nayana/Shreya
*Anzil Rahman as Abhiram's Friend
*[[Subbalakshmi]] as Sravani's grandmother
*Anugraha as Minnu, Achu's Friend
*Asha Nair as Nimmy
* Pala Aravindan as Mashammavan
* Sheeji Master as D2A2
*Sreekutty as Pramila
*Raima Rai as Nurse, Mashammavan's daughter
*Surya Mohan as Sandra
*Aparna Nair as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Nirmala
*Manu Gopinathan as Theeppori Bhaskaran
*____ as Dr. Reshma
*Leela Manacaud

===Guest appearance===
* Leena Nair as Seetha and Swathi's mother (Dead)
* Della George as herself (Episode 11)
* [[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] as herself (Episode 11)
* [[Haritha G Nair]] as herself (Episode 11)
* [[Vindhuja Vikraman]] as host (Episode 11)
* Rohini M Jayachandran as Anchor (Episode 33)
*[[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]] as Marina in Maha episode (Episode 362)

==Controversies==
In June 2021, police arrested the cast and crew of the show from a resort in [[Varkala]] for secretly shooting the TV series violating [[COVID-19]] protocols.<ref>{{cite web|title=ലോക്ഡൗണ്‍ ലംഘിച്ച് അതീവ രഹസ്യമായി സീതാകല്യാണം സീരിയല്‍ ഷൂട്ടിങ്; താരങ്ങളും അണിയറ പ്രവര്‍ത്തകരും അറസ്റ്റില്‍|url=https://thekarmanews.com/police-siezed-seetha-kalyanam-shooting-set/|website=Karma News|date=4 June 2021 }}</ref> The lead actors [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], [[Reneesha Rahiman]] and Jithu Venugopal later revealed that they were not part of the shoot.<ref>{{cite web|title=ഞങ്ങൾ സേഫാണെന്ന് ധന്യയും റെനീഷയും ജിത്തുവും: അപ്പോഴേ പറഞ്ഞതല്ലേ വേണ്ട വേണ്ടെന്ന്; ഇനിയെങ്കിലും ഇതിനൊരു അവസാനം ഉണ്ടാക്കൂ എന്ന് ആരാധകർ!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/seetha-kalyanam-fame-dhanya-mary-varghese-reneesha-rahiman-and-jithu-s-viral-reaction/articleshow/83252707.cms?story=1|website=Samayam}}</ref>

[[Anoop Krishnan]] who played lead role of Kalyan left the show in February 2021 due to his entry in ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss season 3]]''. Later in June 2021, he said that he completely left the show stating that he is looking for big screen roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=സീതാകല്യാണത്തിലേക്ക് ഇനിയില്ല; അനൂപ് കൃഷ്ണൻ പറയുന്നു|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/anoop-krishnan-about-seetha-kalyanam-508486/|website=Indian Express}}</ref> After almost 4 years in March 2025, he reveled that his experience on the show as "torturous" and mentioned that the management of the production, including delayed payments, made it difficult for him to continue. The delayed payments and other frustrations with the show’s management were significant factors in his decision to leave.<ref>{{cite web|title='ടോര്‍ച്ചറിന്റെ അങ്ങേയറ്റം, തുടര്‍ന്നാല്‍ കുടംബത്തെ ബാധിക്കുമെന്നായി'; സീതാകല്യാണം വിട്ടത് എന്തിനെന്ന് അനൂപ്|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/anoop-krishnan-reveals-he-left-sita-kalyanam-because-of-torture-but-doesnt-regret-127191.html|website=Filmibeat|date=15 March 2025 }}</ref>

==Awards and reception==
'''12th Asianet Television Awards 2019'''

* Best Star Pair –[[Anoop Krishnan|Anoop krishnan]] and [[Dhanya Mary Varghese|Dhanya mary varghese]]
* Performer In a Negative Role -[[Roopa Sree|Roopasree]]

This is the third serial among the 5 top-rated serials in Malayalam television with 4.46 million impressions (Week 05, 2019) following [[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]] and [[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]], according to BARC India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.barcindia.co.in/index.aspx|title=BARC India}}</ref> The TRPs of weeks in month January 2019 is shown below.

===January 2019===
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Episode
! Rank
! TRP Rating (Impressions)
|-
| 30 Mar – 5 Apr
| 157 – 162
| 2
| 4.20 M
|-
| 26 Jan – 1 Feb
| 109 – 113
| 3
| 4.46 M
|-
| 19 Jan – 25 Jan
| 104 – 108
| 3
| 4.24 M
|-
| 12 Jan – 18 Jan
| 98 – 103
| 3
| 4.67 M
|-
| 5 Jan – 11 Jan
| 93 – 97
| 3
| 5.00 M
|-
| 29 Dec – 4 Jan
| 88 – 92
| 3
| 4.59 M
|}

===2020===
In July 2020, the show got 4th position,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kudumbavilakku rules the TRP charts; Here are the top 5 shows of Malayalam TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-rules-the-trp-charts-here-are-the-top-5-shows-of-malayalam-tv/articleshow/77126508.cms|website=The Times Of India|date=23 July 2020 }}</ref> and in August 2020, it dropped to fifth position.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kudumbavilakku to Seetha Kalyanam: Here's the top 5 shows on Malayalam TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-to-seetha-kalyanam-heres-the-top-5-shows-on-malayalam-tv/photostory/77675297.cms?picid=77675362|website=The Times Of India| date=21 August 2020 }}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (Telugu TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' లక్ష్మీ కళ్యాణం
| 7 November 2016
| [[Star Maa]]
| 10 October 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' லட்சுமி கல்யாணம்
| 7 February 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 23 June 2017
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Sindhoora'' ಸಿಂಧೂರ
| 20 March 2017
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 23 April 2020
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mayar Badhon (TV series)|Mayar Badhon]]'' মায়ার বাঁধন
| 29 May 2017
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 17 June 2018
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Jiji Maa]]'' जीजी माँ
| 9 October 2017
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 18 February 2019
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Seetha Kalyanam'' സീതാകല്യാണം
| 10 September 2018
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 10 September 2021
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10305356|title=Seetha kalyanam}}

{{Asianet programs}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Raksha Rekha

2025-12-29T04:33:00Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added a stub more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raksha Rekha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Padmanabhan
| screenplay = R. Padmanabhan
| story = [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]]
| producer = R. Padmanabhan
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| cinematography = T. Marconi
| music = [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]] HR Padmanabha Sastry
| studio = R. Padmanabhan Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1949|4|30}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raksha Rekha''''' ({{translation|Protection Line}}) is a 1949 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[swashbuckler film]], produced and directed by R. Padmanabhan. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with music composed by [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]] and H. R. Padmanabha Sastry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M.L. |date=13 October 2012 |title=RAKSHAREKHA (1949) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raksharekha-1949/article12556691.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125200039/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raksharekha-1949/article12556691.ece |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Once upon a time, a kingdom called Simhala was ruled by Rajasimha, who dotes on her only daughter, Kalavati. In her infant, Markandeya Maharshi blesses & bestows a holy thread, ''Raksha Rekha,'' to shield her. Kalavati is currently opposed to wedlock, which perturbs her father. Besides, Sudhakar Avanti's prince also so was. So, vexed King Parthapa cages him at a dilapidated house in the forest with his acolyte Dooradarsi. At one time, angels led by Chitra visited the nearby [[Vishnu]] temple and were spotted & mesmerized by the handsome sleeping prince. Ergo, they lift him with a cot and shift to Kalavati's palace. In a trance, they exchange rings and nuptials the following day. Forthwith, tragically, Sudhakara is abducted by Chitra, transforming into a garland since she entices him. As of now, Kalavati pledges to retrieve her husband and walks up in men's guise. Midway, she is acquainted with Princess Chandrika, who crushes and knits her misinterpreting as a man. Later, she discerns the actuality and vows to aid her. Besides, Chitra arduously attempts to lure Sudhakara but in vain. Enraged and thwarted, she swears to Sudhakara as a statue and throws him to Chandrika's palace. Being conscious of it, Kalavati seeks to back Sudhakara with her adoration. At last, crestfallen Kalavati casts off the ''Raksha Rekha'' when Markandeya Maharshi appears, recoups Sudhakara and curses Chitra to be a vampire. Finally, the movie ends happily with the couple's reunion.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Sudhakar
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] as Kalavathi
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Chitra
*[[Kasturi Siva Rao]] as Dooradarsi
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Mantravaadi
*[[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]] as Maharju Parthapa
*Ramanatha Sastry as Maharaju Rajasimha
*Damerla Satyanarayana as Markandeya
*Kanakam as Yashini
*Jr. Lakshmirajyam as Chandrika
*Vijaya Lakshmi as Vasumathi

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]], H. R. Padmanabha Sastry. Lyrics were written by [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=రక్షరేఖ |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/AHC/1949-Raksha%20Rekha-1949.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214151320/https://indiancine.ma/documents/AHC/1949-Raksha%20Rekha-1949.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=R. Padmanabhan Productions |language=te |type=[[pressbook]]}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Bidiyama"
|[[A. P. Komala]]
|3:07
|-
|"Ravoyi Ravoyi"
|A. P. Komala
|3:19
|-
|"Oho Rajasukumara"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|2:58
|-
|"Rama Rama"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|0:50
|-
|"Abhayammu Neevegaa"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|2:48
|-
|"Neevuleni Jeevithame"
|A. P. Komala
|2:25
|-
|"Jeevana Doli"
|Ghantasala,Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|3:17
|-
|"Cheyi Cheyi Kalupukora"
|A. P. Komala, Kasturi Siva Rao
|2:41
|-
|"Bhale Pillanu"
|Kasturi Siva Rao
|2:45
|}

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=February 2025}}
<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 1949 |title='రక్షరేఖ' సమాక్ష |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/KEA/Raksharekha%20(1949)%20Review.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214160045/https://indiancine.ma/documents/KEA/Raksharekha%20(1949)%20Review.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=2–3 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0249104}}

[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films scored by H. R. Padmanabha Sastry]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]

Thus have I heard

2025-12-03T06:44:51Z

Abhishek Mandal: stub

{{good article}}
{{short description|Standard formula to introduce Buddhist discourses}}
{{italic title}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Buddhist term
| title = ''Thus have I heard'' | en = | | pi = Evaṃ me sutaṃ | my-Latn = | zh = 如是我聞 | zh-Latn = rúshìwǒwén | ja =如是我聞 | ja-Latn = nyozegamon | km = | km-Latn = Yŏsi amun | ko = 여시아문 | ko-Latn = yeosiamun | lo = | mnw = | mnw-Latn = | shn = | shn-Latn = | si = | si-Latn = | tl = Ganito ang narinig ko | ta = | th = | bo = འདི་སྐད་བདག་གིས་ཐོས་པ་དུས་གཅིག་ན |bo-Latn = 'di skad bdag gis thos pa dus gcig na | vi = như thị ngã văn / ta nghe như vầy | pwn = lemangeda aken a maitucu | id = |sa=Evaṃ mayā śrutam}}
{{Theravada Buddhism|Traditions}}
'''''Thus have I heard''''' ({{langx|pi|Evaṃ me sutaṃ|italic=yes}}; {{langx|sa|Evaṃ mayā śrutam|italic=yes}}) is the common translation of the first line of the standard introduction (Pāli and {{langx|sa|nidāna|italic=yes |link=no}}) of [[sutra|Buddhist discourses]]. This phrase serves to confirm that the discourse is coming from the Buddha himself, as a "seal of authenticity".{{sfn |Tola |Dragonetti |1999 |p=54}}{{sfn |Brough |1950 |p=424}} Buddhist tradition maintains that the disciple [[Ānanda]] used the formula for the first time, as a form of personal testimony, but this is disputed by some scholars. It is also disputed how the phrase relates to the words that follow, and several theories have been developed with regard to how the text was originally intended to be read. The formula has also been used in later [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] discourses.

== History and function ==
[[File:唐彩繪石雕阿難陀像（石灰岩）-Monk, probably Ananda (Anantuo) MET DP170269.jpg|thumb|8th-century Chinese limestone sculpture of [[Ānanda]] |alt=Colored limestone sculpture of monk holding unidentified object|upright]]
According to Buddhist tradition—based on the [[atthakatha|commentary]] to the [[Digha Nikaya|Dīgha Nikāya]]—the formula was first used by the disciple [[Ānanda]] during the [[First Buddhist Council]] held at Rājagṛha (present-day [[Rajgir]]).{{sfn |Nanayakkara |1990 |p=174}}{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Evaṃ mayā śrutaṃ ekasmin samaye}} At this gathering, the [[Tripitaka|Buddhist Canon]] was established,{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Evaṃ mayā śrutaṃ ekasmin samaye}} and Ānanda was given the role of [[Wikt:rapporteur|rapporteur]] ({{langx|sa|saṃgītakāra|italic=yes |link=no}}) of the Buddha's teachings, being the personal attendant of the Buddha.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Saṃgītakāra}}

The formula is usually followed by the place where the discourse is given, as well as the names and numbers of those it is given to.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=89}} In the Chinese [[exegesis|exegetical]] tradition, the formula is known as the ''generic preface'' ({{zh|t=通序|p=tōngxù}}), as opposed to the subsequent part that differs between discourses, introducing the specifics, known as the ''specific preface'' ({{zh|t=別序|p=biéxù}}).{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Er xu}} In some [[Early Buddhist Texts]], other similar constructions are used, such as 'This was said by the Blessed One' ({{langx|pi|Vutaṃ hetaṃ bhagavatā |italic=yes |link=no}}) in the [[Itivuttaka]].{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Itivuttaka}}{{sfn |Analayo |2007 |p=19}}

== Interpretation and translation ==
The formula is glossed by the 5th-century Indian commentator [[Buddhaghosa]] as "received in the Buddha's presence".{{sfn |Przyluski |1940 |p=247, note 2}} Indologist [[Jean Filliozat]] (1906{{en dash}}82) disagreed with the traditional explanation that Ānanda was the one who invented the formula, arguing that the formula is an odd way to describe a first-hand witness account, as it sounds as though what follows is hearsay. He argued instead that it was a later compiler who added it.{{sfn |Nanayakkara |1990 |pp=174{{en dash}}5}} However, comparing Buddhist with [[Jain]] texts, Sanskrit scholar John Brough (1917{{en dash}}84) concluded the formula indicates personal testimony as opposed to hearsay.{{sfn |Brough |1950 |p=424}}{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |p=316}}

Indologist [[Jean Przyluski]] (1885{{en dash}}1944) argued that the formula originally may also have meant that the Buddhist discourses were presented as part of sacred revelation (''[[śruti]]''). This was intended to prove that the Buddhist texts were on the same level with, or superior than, the [[Vedas]] in the [[Brahmanical]] tradition.{{sfn |Przyluski |1940 |p=247, note 2}} Brough concurred with Przyluski that this may have played some role in the development of the phrase, but concluded that the motivation of declaring oneself a witness of the Buddha's teaching "could by itself quite adequately explain it".{{sfn |Brough |1950 |p=425}} Brough relates a traditional account in which the [[disciples of the Buddha|Buddha's disciples]] weep when they hear Ānanda say the words ''Thus have I heard'' for the first time, "marvelling that they should hear again the very words of their dead master".{{sfn |Brough |1950 |p=425}} Indologist {{ill|Konrad Klaus|de}} disagrees with Brough, however, citing two discourses from the Dīgha Nikāya and [[Majjhima Nikaya|Majjhima Nikāya]] in which the formula refers to what "... was acquired through communication by others", as opposed to personal experience.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |p=319 |ps=, "... durch Mitteilung durch Andere erworbenen wurde."}} Klaus also points at another expression which {{em|does mean}} that a discourse has been directly received from someone, that is ''samukkhā me taṃ ... samukkhā paṭiggahitaṃ'', meaning 'I heard and learned this {{nowrap|from ...'s}} own lips': an expression often used with regard to the Buddha.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |pp=319{{en dash}}20}} He proposes that the formula ''Thus have I heard'' does mark a discourse as the [[buddhavacana|Buddha's word]], but not because the discourse has been heard from the Buddha's own lips by the speaker. He does admit that the early Sanskrit texts contain a later interpretation of the formula, which does refer to personal experience.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |p=320{{en dash}}1}}

Indologist [[Étienne Lamotte]] (1903{{en dash}}83) argued it was the Buddha who had the formula placed at the beginning of the Buddhist discourses, conveying this through Ānanda.{{sfn |Lamotte |2005 |p=190}}

In addition, the formula may have been used by editors to standardize the discourses, as it is even used in discourses given by Ānanda himself.{{sfn |Nanayakkara |1990 |pp=174{{en dash}}5}}

== Punctuation ==
There has been considerable debate as to how the first sentences of the preface of Buddhist discourses should be translated, especially with regard to punctuation. There are three main opinions.{{sfn |Nattier|2014 |p=39}} The first possible and most common translation is ''Thus have I heard. At one time the [[Gautama Buddha|Blessed One]] was at ... in ...''{{sfn |Nattier|2014 |p=39}}{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Evaṃ mayā śrutaṃ}} Buddhist studies scholar Mark Allon has defended this translation based on metrical and rhyme patterns.{{sfn |Tola |Dragonetti |1999 |p=53}} The words of the Pāli formula indicate the oral tradition through which the discourses were passed down. As with many parts of the discourses, the preface consist of rhymes to help memorization of the text, such as repetition of initial consonant sounds ([[alliteration]]; ''evaṃ'', ''ekaṃ'') and final sounds ([[homoioteleuton]]; ''evaṃ'', ''suttaṃ'', ''ekaṃ'' and ''samayaṃ'').{{sfn |Analayo |2007 |pp=5{{en dash}}6}}{{sfn |Allon |1997 |p=195}} These rhyme patterns show that the two phrases, the first phrase starting with 'thus' (''evaṃ me suttaṃ'') and the second phrase, ''ekaṃ samayaṃ'' (Pāli; {{langx|sa|ekasmin samaye|italic=yes |link=no}}), 'at one time', were seen as two separate units.{{sfn |Allon |1997 |p=195}} On a similar note, the first phrase has a ''vedha'' type metrical pattern, which is repeated by the second phrase, ''ekaṃ samayaṃ'', 'at one time'.{{sfn |Allon |1997 |pp=195, 246}} Buddhist studies scholars Fernando Tola and Carmen Dragonetti have also argued for this translation with a three-word pre-amble (the three words being ''evaṃ me suttaṃ''), on the grounds that it gives the best meaning to the context.{{sfn |Tola |Dragonetti |1999 |pp=54{{en dash}}5}}

However, numerous scholars read the words 'at one time' ({{langx|pi|ekaṃ samayaṃ|italic=yes |link=no}}; {{langx|sa|ekasmin samaye|italic=yes |link=no}}) as combined with the first phrase, making for a five-word preamble. In their opinion, the first lines should be translated to '''''Thus have I heard at one time'''. The Blessed One was staying at ... in ...''{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Evaṃ mayā śrutaṃ}}{{sfn |Nattier |2014 |p=39}} This translation is often attributed to Brough, but was first proposed by Orientalist [[Alexander von Staël-Holstein]] (1877{{en dash}}1937).{{sfn |Nattier |2014 |p=39 note 4}} Von Staël-Holstein preferred this translation, basing himself on Indian commentaries,{{sfn |Chen |Montoneri |2011 |pp=286{{en dash}}7}} and Brough based himself on Tibetan translations, common usage in [[Avadana|Avadānas]] and Early Buddhist Texts, as well as [[atthakatha|Pāli]] and Sanskrit commentators.{{sfn |Brough |1950 |pp=418, 423}}{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |pp=310{{en dash}}1}} Indologist [[Oskar von Hinüber]] rejects Von Staël-Holstein's and Brough's interpretation, however. He argues that although in Sanskrit it may be possible to connect the two phrases in one sentence, in Pāli this is highly unusual. Von Hinüber further states that in the early Pāli texts, as well as the Pāli commentaries, separating the two phrases is actually quite common.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |pp=311{{en dash}}2}} Konrad Klaus agrees with von Hinüber's arguments.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |pp=311{{en dash}}6}} Buddhist studies scholar Brian Galloway further states that many Tibetan and Indian commentators such as [[Vimalamitra]] (8th century) did not support a five-word but rather a three-word pre-amble, reading ''at one time'' with the text following it.{{sfn |Galloway |1991 |p=101}}{{sfn |Galloway |1997 |p=367}} Religious Studies scholar Mark Tatz disagrees with Galloway's interpretation, however, providing several reasons.{{sfn |Tatz |1993 |pp=335{{en dash}}6}} In response, Galloway rejects most of Tatz' arguments.{{sfn |Galloway |1997 |loc=passim}}

A third group of scholars believe that the details of the place should also be mentioned within the same sentence, with no punctuation: ''Thus have I heard at the one time when the Blessed one was staying at ... in ...'' This type of translation, called the "double-jointed construction", has been proposed by Religious Studies scholar [[Paul Harrison (scholar)|Paul Harrison]] and Buddhologist {{ill|Tilmann Vetter|nl}}.{{sfn |Nattier |2014 |p=39, note 5}}{{sfn |Tola |Dragonetti |1999 |p=53}} Harrison bases himself on Tibetan translations and discussion in Sanskrit commentaries.{{sfn |Klaus |2007 |pp=314{{en dash}}5}}

== Usage in Buddhist history ==
[[File:Kumarajiva at Kizil Caves, Kuqa.jpg|thumb |upright |Statue of [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] in front of the [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], China |alt=Statue of monk sitting with the right leg touching his left knee]]
Prior to the 5th century, Chinese translations of Buddhist texts would often translate the standard formula as ''Heard like this'' ({{zh|c=聞如是}}), leaving out the ''I'' for stylistic reasons. During the 5th century, translator [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] (344{{en dash}}413 CE) started rendering the formula as ''Rushi wowen'' ({{zh|c=如是我聞 |l=Like this I hear}}), which became the standard Chinese translation, despite its unnatural construction.{{sfn |Nattier |2014 |pp=40{{en dash}}1, 53{{en dash}}4}}{{refn |group=note |The word order does not follow Chinese, but rather Indian syntax.{{sfn |Nattier |2014 |p=41}}}}

[[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] traditions considered many later discourses the Buddha's word, and also included the formula at the beginning of those.{{sfn |Skilton |2004 |pp=745{{en dash}}6}} Indeed, the 5th-century Chinese commentary ''[[Dazhidulun]]'' recommends editors to do so.{{sfn |Walser |2005 |p=154}} Often, Mahāyāna commentaries state that the formula can not only refer to Ānanda, but also to certain ''[[bodhisattvas]]'', such as [[Manjusri|Mañjuśrī]].{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Evaṃ mayā śrutaṃ}} Modern scholarship has drawn into question the historical value of most of these introductions of Mahāyāna discourses, though some scholars do not exclude the possibility that some of the content of the discourses themselves goes back to the Buddha.{{sfn |Williams |2009 |p=39}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist |group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist |20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last1=Allon |first1=Mark |title=Style and Function: A Study of the Dominant Stylistic Features of the Prose Portions of Pāli Canonical Sutta Texts and Their Mnemonic Function |date=1997 |publisher=The International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies |location=Tokyo |isbn=4-906267-40-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Analayo |first=Bhikkhu |author-link=Bhikkhu Analayo |year=2007 |title=Oral Dimensions of Pali Discourses: Pericopes, Other Mnemonic Techniques and the Oral Performance Context |journal=Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies|volume= 3 |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/cjbs/index.php/cjbs/article/viewFile/75/72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162733/http://journals.sfu.ca/cjbs/index.php/cjbs/article/viewFile/75/72 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Brough |first=J. |year=1950 |title=Thus Have I Heard... |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://namakajiri.net/misc/nonfree/609284.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220121/https://namakajiri.net/misc/nonfree/609284.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live |pages=416{{en dash}}26|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00083555 |s2cid=170920833 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|author2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144307/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last1=Chen |first1=Chu-Fen |last2=Montoneri |first2=Bernard |editor1-last=Jing-Schmidt |editor1-first=Zhuo |title=Study of the Punctuation Errors in the Taisho Diamond Sutra Based on Sanskrit{{en dash}}Chinese Comparison |encyclopedia=Proceedings of the 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-23) |date=June 2011 |volume=2 |pages=279{{en dash}}95 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307970517 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181125164736/https://naccl.osu.edu/sites/naccl.osu.edu/files/NACCL-23_2_20.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live |publisher=[[University of Oregon]] |location=Eugene}}
* {{Citation |last=Galloway |first=B. |year=1991 |title=Thus have I heard: At one time ... |journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/BF00176054 |pages=87{{en dash}}104|s2cid=161314510 }}
* {{Citation |last=Galloway |first=B. |year=1997 |title=A Reply To Professor Mark Tatz |journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] |volume=40 |issue=4 |jstor=24662125 |pages=367{{en dash}}71|doi=10.1163/000000097124992269 |s2cid=161380445 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Keown |first1=Damien |authorlink1=Damien Keown |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC}}
* {{Citation |last=Klaus |first=K. |author-link=Konrad Klaus |year=2007 |title=Zu der formelhaften Einleitung der buddhistischen Sūtras |trans-title=About the Formulaic Introduction of the Buddhist Sūtras |language=de |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Hahn |editor2-first=Klaus |editor2-last=Konrad |editor3-first=Jens-Uwe |editor3-last=Hartmann |encyclopedia=Indica et Tibetica. Festschrift für Michael Hahn. Zum 65. Geburtstag von Freunden und Schülern überreicht |isbn=978-3-902501-05-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NoQAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, [[Universität Wien]] |location=Vienna}}
* {{Citation |last1=Lamotte |first1=Étienne |author-link=Étienne Lamotte |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Williams (Buddhist studies scholar) |encyclopedia=Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies: Early History in South and Southeast Asia |volume=1 |date=2005 |orig-year=1984 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |title=The Assessment of Textual Authenticity in Buddhism |isbn=978-0-415-33227-9 |pages=188{{en dash}}98 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042656/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |last1=Nanayakkara |first1=S.K. |editor1-last=Malalasekera |editor1-first=G. P. |editor2-last=Weeraratne |editor2-first=W. G. |editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera |title=Evaṃ me suttaṃ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism |date=1990 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] |location=Kandy |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/283215709/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-V |volume=5 |oclc=2863845613 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Sen |editor-first1=Tansen |encyclopedia=Buddhism Across Asia: Networks of Material, Intellectual and Cultural Exchange |volume=1 |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=9789814519328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_ZXBgAAQBAJ |last=Nattier |first=J. |author-link=Jan Nattier |year=2014 |title=Now You Hear It, Now You Don't: The Phrase 'Thus Have I Heard' in Early Chinese Buddhist Translations |pages=39{{en dash}}64}}
* {{Citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |authorlink1=John Powers (academic) |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78074-476-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZycAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Przyluski |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Przyluski |year=1940 |title=Darstantika, Sautrantika and Sarvastivadin |journal=Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=16 |url=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/prz-1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051814/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/prz-1.htm |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live |pages=246{{en dash}}54}}
* {{Citation |title=Sanskrit, Buddhist Literature in |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051354/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA, [[Thomson Gale]] |location=Farmington Hills |last=Skilton|first=Andrew |date=2004 |volume=2|isbn=978-0-02-865720-2 |editor1-last=Buswell |editor1-first=Robert E. |pages=745{{en dash}}8}}
* {{Citation |last=Tatz |first=Mark |journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] |volume=36 |pages=335{{en dash}}6 |year=1993 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29020005 |title=Brief communication |issue=4 |doi=10.1163/000000093790084398 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |last1=Tola |first1=F. |last2=Dragonetti |first2=C. |year=1999 |title=Ekaṃ Samayam |journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |jstor=24663457 |pages=53{{en dash}}5|doi=10.1163/000000099124993068 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Walser |first1=Joseph |title=Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture |date=2005 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-231-50623-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUmrdqQ8Vz8C}}
* {{Citation |first=Paul |last=Williams |author-link=Paul Williams (Buddhist studies scholar) |title=Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |isbn=978-0-203-42847-4 |edition=2nd |year=2009 |url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/mahayana_buddhism_-_the_doctrinal_foundations_second_edition.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121051954/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/mahayana_buddhism_-_the_doctrinal_foundations_second_edition.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.andrew-may.com/zendynamics/thus.htm ''Thus have I heard''], overview of the punctuation debate as of 1994, by translator Maurice Walshe, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060210020455/http://www.andrew-may.com:80/zendynamics/thus.htm archived] from the original on 10 February 2006

{{refend}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist literature]]
[[Category:Oral tradition]]
[[Category:Buddhist practices]]

Open Hand Monument

2025-11-26T20:46:38Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added basic post added tags...

{{Short description|Monument by Le Corbusier, in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Open Hand
| image_file = Chandigarh Capitol Complex - Le Corbusier - Open hand monument.jpg
| caption = ''The Open Hand Monument'' in [[Chandigarh]], India
| painting_alignment =
| image_size =
| alt =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| artist = [[Le Corbusier]]
| catalogue =
| year = {{start date|1964}} 
| completion_date = {{start date|1985}} 
| material =
| subject =
| height_metric = 26
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| height_imperial =
| width_imperial =
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| diameter_metric =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = m
| imperial_unit = ft
| condition =
| city = Chandigarh
| museum =
| accession =
| pushpin_map = India Chandigarh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of ''Open Hand Monument'' in [[Chandigarh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.758974|76.807348|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| owner =
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}}
The '''''Open Hand Monument''''' is a symbolic structure designed by the architect [[Le Corbusier]] and located in the [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]] of the [[India]]n city and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. It is the emblem and symbol of the Government of Chandigarh and symbolizes "the hand to give and the hand to take; peace and prosperity, and the unity of mankind".{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=61-62}} The largest example of Le Corbusier's many ''Open Hand'' sculptures,{{Sfn|Shipman|2014|p=7}} it stands {{convert|26|m|ft}} high. The metal structure with vanes is {{convert|14|m|ft}} high, weighs {{convert|50|ST|lb}}, and was designed to rotate in the wind.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=61-62}}{{Sfn|Jarzombek|Prakash|2011|p=1931}}<ref name= tour>{{Cite web |url= http://chandigarhtourism.gov.in/Chandigarh%20Tourism%20-%20places%20to%20see-capitol.htm |title=Capitol Complex |publisher= Tourism Department Government of Chandigarh}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==
The ''Open Hand'' (''La Main Ouverte'') in Chandigarh is a frequent theme in Le Corbusier's architecture, a symbol for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive". Le Corbusier also stated that it was a recurring idea that conveyed the "Second Machine Age".{{Sfn|Shipman|2014|p=7}}

== Location ==
The ''Open Hand'' is located in Sector 1 in the Capitol Complex of Chandigarh, on the backdrop of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] hill range.<ref name= tour />{{Sfn|Sharma|2010|p=132}}

== Background ==
[[File:Open Hand Monument in Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|The ''Open Hand Monument'']]
Le Corbusier thought of the ''Open Hand Monument'' first in 1948,{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=129}} "spontaneously, or more exactly, as a result of reflections and spiritual struggles arising from feelings of anguish and disharmony which separate mankind and so often create enemies".{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6, 129}} His passion for the hand had an important role in his career beginning from the age of seventeen-and-a-half when he picked up a brick, a gesture which led to millions of bricks being laid in later years.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p= 1964}} [[Jane Drew]] felt that the symbol of Le Corbusier's philosophy should be made evident to the people of Chandigarh. Le Corbusier then perceived it as a sculptural monument to be erected in Chandigarh, the city he is credited with planning, designing, and implementing. One of his associates, [[Jerzy Soltan]], a member of his [[atelier]], had deliberated with him as to the type of hand to be made – whether an open hand or a fist holding a fighting device.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p= 6, 129}}

The ''Open Hand'' became a public project rather than a private symbol when Le Corbusier planned it for the city of Chandigarh, where his associate and cousin [[Pierre Jeanneret]] was then working as chief architect and town planning advisor to the [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]], and was supervising the construction of Chandigarh.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6}} In case his preference for Chandigarh to erect the sculpture was not accepted, he had thought of an alternate location: the top of the [[Bhakra Dam]], the {{Convert|220|m}} high dam in [[Nangal]] in Punjab.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=1964}} He had planned to erect the Open Hand against the scenic background of the Himalayas. He called the location he had selected the "Pit of Contemplation" (''Fosse de la Consideration''). The design was a huge elevated object (a wind vane), which was an "inspirational symbol of humanity unarmed, fearless, and spiritually receptive".{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6}}

Le Corbusier had discussed this project with the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] when he had visited India in 1951. He had also written to Nehru, saying that since 1948 he had been obsessed with this symbol of the Open Hand which he wished to erect at the end of the capital (Chandigarh) in the foreground of the Himalayas. Nehru had concurred with the concept.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6}} In his letter to Nehru, Le Corbusier expressed a view that it could also become a symbol of the [[Non Aligned Movement]] (NAM), an idea that Nehru mooted although ultimately it was not adopted for NAM.{{Sfn|Jarzombek|Prakash|2011|p=1931}} Later, for Le Corbusier, the project had remained linked with Nehru, and on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Nehru's birth in 1964, he was invited to submit something for a "celebratory volume". Le Corbusier forthwith sketched his concept of the ''Open Hand'', for it was his recurring dream which had obsessed him for six years (prior to 1954). In the sketch, he conceived the ''Open Hand'' as a {{Convert|26|m}} high sculpture which would rotate with the wind and would shine with colours such as yellow, red, green, and white in the foreground of the mountain range.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6}} Above the sketch he inscribed, "La Fin d'un monde" (The End of a World).{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p= 7}}

In spite of his personal relations with the highest echelons of the Government of India, Le Corbusier faced the problem of finding funds for this "Utopian symbol of peace and reconciliation in a poor and remote though spiritually rich province". He then appealed to [[André Malraux]] to get it made as a gift of France. He even appealed to his friends in India to get his project through. In spite of these efforts, it was twenty years after his death in 1965 that the ''Open Hand'', his dream project, was realized in 1985. It was built adjoining the location which had been intended for the governor's residence but which was later replaced by Le Corbusier's Museum of Knowledge.{{Sfn|Corbusier|Žaknić1997|p=6-7}}

== Features ==
{{Infobox person
| name = The Open Hand Monument
| image = [[File:Open Hand Monument, rotating in the wind, May 2017.gif|Open Hand Monument, rotating in the wind, May 2017]]
| caption = Rotation due to wind and comparison of size with people at base
}}

The ''Open Hand'' sculpture is {{Convert|26| m}} high above a trench of {{Convert|12.5|x|9|m}}.{{Sfn|Sharma|2010|p=132}} The metal wind vane, which is erected over a concrete platform, is {{Convert|14|m}} in height and weighs 50 tons; it appears like a flying bird.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=61}} The sculpture was hand-cast in sheet metal at the Bhakra Nangal Management Board's workshop at Nangal. The surface of the vane is covered with polished steel and is fitted over a steel shaft with ball bearings to facilitate free rotation by the wind.{{Sfn|Sharma|2010|p=132}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last1= Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2= McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=Delhi & Northwest India Footprint Focus Guide: Includes Amritsar, Shimla, Leh, Srinagar, Kullu Valley, Dharamshala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rX8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-909268-75-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Corbusier|first=Le |last2= Žaknić |first2=Ivan |title=Mise Au Point|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uY9eibSZ0BkC&pg=RA1-PA129|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06353-0}}
* {{cite book|last1= Jarzombek |first1=Mark M. |last2= Prakash |first2=Vikramaditya |title=A Global History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL2I_t_ZyQoC&pg=PT1931|date=4 October 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-90248-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Sharma |first=Sangeet |title=Corb's Capitol: a journey through Chandigarh's architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuHMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT132|date=26 September 2010|publisher=A3 foundation|isbn=978-81-8247-245-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Shipman |first=Gertrude |title=Ultimate Handbook Guide to Chandigarh : (India) Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFbHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP7|date=5 October 2014|publisher=MicJames|pages=7–|id=GGKEY:32JTRTZ290J}}

==External links==
* [https://chandigarhexplore.com/open-hand-monument/ Open Hand Monument]

{{Le Corbusier}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 establishments in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1985 sculptures]]
[[Category:Le Corbusier buildings in India]]
[[Category:Sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Peace monuments and memorials]]

India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay

2025-10-28T13:16:37Z

Abhishek Mandal: added info

The '''India International Film Festival''' ('''IIFF''') '''of Tampa Bay''' takes place annually in [[Tampa, Florida]]. IIFF's mission is to provide "a platform for increased awareness of Indian cinema and culture to the community by promoting films and industry professionals representing the diversity of India."<ref>"About IIFF." ''India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay.'' 2010. Web. <http://iifftampa.com/2010/aboutiiff.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519163141/http://www.iifftampa.com/2010/aboutiiff.html |date=2011-05-19 }}>.</ref><ref>"India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay." ''Filmmakers, Withoutabox.'' Web. 3 January 2013. <https://www.withoutabox.com/03film/03t_fin/03t_fin_fest_01over.php?festival_id=8604 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223002421/https://www.withoutabox.com/03film/03t_fin/03t_fin_fest_01over.php?festival_id=8604 |date=2012-12-23 }}>.</ref> The films featured at the festival include feature films, short films, and documentaries that are produced by Indians, films with Indian actors or actresses, or films with Indian themes.<ref>"About IIFF," 2010.</ref> The festival takes place over the course of three days and includes a red carpet, Indian food, and various entertainment, including music and dance performances.<ref>George, Justin. "India International Film Festival Opens Feb. 17 in Tampa and Points to Growth of the South Asian Community. " ''Tampa Bay Times.'' 17 February 2012. Web. 2 January 2013. <https://www.tampabay.com/features/humaninterest/india-international-film-festival-opens-feb-17-in-tampa-and-points-to/1215569/>.</ref><ref>Priyanka, Vidisha. "Indian Film Fest Celebrates Human Spirit, Grit." ''TBO Extra.'' 16 February 2011. Web. 2 January 2013. <http://www2.tboextra.com/entertainment/tboextra-movies/2011/feb/16/indian-film-fest-celebrates-human-spirit-grit-ar-268237/{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.</ref>

The fourth annual festival took place February 15, 2013 to February 17, 2013.<ref>"India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay." ''Filmmakers, Withoutabox''.</ref>

== History ==
IIFF was founded by Francis Vayalumkal,<ref>Guzzo, Paul, and the Center for Understanding Modern Indian American Culture (CUMIAC). ''From Indians to Indian Americans: How Tampa Bay's Indian Community Was Built.'' Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012. 79-84. Print.</ref> Rahul Korlipara, and Rachna Dinkar
in February, 2010. It was originally sponsored by the Indo-US Chamber of Commerce.<ref>Hutcheson, Nicole. "Tampa Bay Festivals, Theaters and Temples Indicate How Indian Community Has Grown and Flourished. " ''Tampa Bay Times.'' 21 February 2010. Web. 2 January 2013. <[https://archive.today/20130220140529/http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/article1074821.ece]>.</ref>

There were approximately 3,000 attendees in 2012,<ref>Cashill, Margaret. "India International Film Festival Develops Following." ''Tampa Bay Business Journal''. 27 February 2012. Web. 3 January 2013. <http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/blog/morning-edition/2012/02/india-international-film-festival.html>.</ref> 2,500 attendees in 2011,<ref name="George">George, 2012.
</ref> and 1,000 attendees in 2010.<ref>Hutcheson, 2010.</ref>

== 2013 Film Screenings ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast
|-
| [[Listen Amaya]] || Avinash Kumar Singh ||
|-
| Yoga Is: A Transformational Journey || Suzanne Bryant ||
|-
| Indelible || Pavitra Chalam ||
|-
| Planes, Trains & Autorickshaws || Scott Sheppard ||
|-
| ''[[A Gran Plan]]'' || Sangeeta Nambiar ||
|-
| Jana Gana Mana || Vijay Das ||
|-
| Shaya || Amir Noorani ||
|-
| Larry Brought Lemon || Ujjwal Patel ||
|-
| Ehsaas || Sunil Nair ||
|-
| Daadi || David Stoler ||
|-
| Sidekick (3D Animation) || Amrinder Jassar ||
|-
| [[Gattu]] || [[Rajan Khosa]] ||
|-
| [[Vishwaroopam]] || [[Kamal Haasan]] ||
|-
| Leaving Home || Robert Richter ||
|-
| Sambhavna || Joseph Malone ||
|-
| Saari Raat || Parimal Aloke ||
|-
| Party || Santosh Davakhar ||
|-
| Do Pahar || Shazia Shrivastava & Sharifa Roy ||
|-
| Un.Kahi || Samrat DasGupta ||
|-
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213162724/http://www.littleterrorsfilm.com/ Little Terrors] || Maninder Chana ||
|-
| [[Highway (2012 Nepali film)|Highway]] || Deepak Rauniyar ||
|-
| [[Paanch Adhyay]] || [[Pratim D. Gupta|Pratim DasGupta]] ||
|-
| [[Valley of Saints (film)|Valley of Saints]] || Musa Syeed ||
|}

== 2012 Film Screenings ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast
|-
| Love, Wrinkle - Free || Sandeep Mohan || [[Ash Chandler]], [[Shernaz Patel]], Seema Rahmani, Sohrab Ardeshir, [[Ashwin Mushran]], Arika Silaichia, Tensin Dasang
|-
| Adwait Sangeet || Makarand Brahme ||
|-
| [[Aadukalam]] (The Arena) || [[Vetrimaaran]] || [[Dhanush]], Velraj Rajamani, [[Tapsee Pannu]]
|-
| The Great Indian Marriage Bazaar || Ruchika Muchhala ||
|-
| [[Shuttlecock Boys]] || Hemant Gaba || Aakar Kaushik, Manish Nawani, Alok Kumar, Vijay Prateek
|-
| [[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]] || [[Deepti Naval]] || [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Rajit Kapur]], Sanaj Naval
|-
| [[Love You to Death (2012 film)|Love You to Death]] || Rafeeq Ellias || Yuki Ellias, Carl Sequeria, Leonid Kudryavtsev, [[Sheeba Chaddha]], [[Suhasini Mulay]], Sohrab Ardeshir
|-
| Porn Masala || Ken Kwek || Vadi PVSS, Adrian Pang
|-
| The Myth of Buddha's Birthplace || James Freeman ||
|-
| Paulwaat (The Pathway) || Aditya Ingale || Subodh Bhave, Jyoti Bhandekar
|-
| Patang (The Kite) || [[Prashant Bhargava]] || [[Seema Biswas]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Sugandha Garg]]
|-
| [[Love, Lies and Seeta]] || [[Chandra Pemmaraju]] || [[Melanie Kannokada]], Arjun Gupta, Michael Derek, Lavrenti Lopes
|-
| A Little Revolution - A Story of Suicide & Dreams || Harpreet Kaur ||
|-
| Your Own is Your Own || Anjay Nagpal ||
|-
| Fire in Our Hearts || Jayshree Janu Kharpade ||
|-
| Letters Home || Neilesh Verma ||
|-
| Have I Shared Too Much? || Sameer Acharya ||
|-
| The 5 || [[Ravi Kapoor]] ||
|-
| According to Plan A || Anuj Nijhawan ||
|-
| Set in Stone || Divij Roopchand ||
|-
| Bureaucracy Sonata || Vinay Shukla ||
|-
| Maaya Getting Born || Anand Raghavan ||
|-
| Anoochcharito (Unuttered)|| Sourav Sarkar ||
|-
| Sati Shaves Her Head || [[Tejal Shah]]||
|-
| Wind || Manik Andan ||
|-
| Always There || Jayesh Pillai ||
|-
| The Ballad of Sandeep || [[Derek Frey]] || [[Deep Roy]]
|-
| [[Another Day Another Life (short film)|Another Day Another Life]] || [[Rohit Gupta]] || Benjamin Jacobs, Amneek Sandhu
|-
| Nu Me (New Me)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOaxJil7Y7k | Watch "Nu Me"</ref><ref>http://www.nukkad-usa.org | Nukkad-USA Productions</ref> || Anjani K Pandey<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3671226/|title=Anjani Pandey|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> || John Von Trapp, Anjani K Pandey, Barbara Wilcox, Jay Cannon, Tamara Austin, Rebecca Ladd
|-
| Uncoupled || Monica Bassi ||
|-
| The Coffee || Hemant Dinkar ||
|}

== 2011 Film Screenings ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast
|-
| Ashes || [[Ajay Naidu]] || [[Heather Burns]], [[Ajay Naidu]], [[Piper Perabo]], [[Faran Tahir]], [[Samrat Chakrabarti]], Reena Shah
|-
| Huppa Huiyya || Anil Surve || Mohan Joshi, Ushna Nadkarni, Ganesh Yadav, Mangesh Desai, Maansi Mangikar, Vaibhav Mangale, Kushai Badrike, Nilesh Divekar, Poonam Jadhav
|-
| [[Prasthanam]] (The Rise and Fall of a Person) || [[Deva Katta]] || [[Sharwanand]], [[Ruby Parihar]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Sundeep Kishan]]
|-
| I am... || Ramesh Devu || Scott Mccabe, Wendy Nguyen, Bert Van Aalsburg
|-
| Topi || Arjun Rihan || Sarah Zerina Usmen, Ludwig Goransson, Sunil Rihan, Mala Rihan, Gurushish Dhupar, Naila Azad, Subash Kundanmal
|-
| Fresh Arrangement || Monica Bassi || Monica Bassi, Amit Lamba, Jeremiah Jett, Sujatha Chetty
|-
| The Eclipse of Taregna || Rakesh Chaudhary || Surendra Rajan, Purav Bhandare, Geetika Tyagi, Saagar Kale, Ashutosh Warang, Jimmy Peters, Sachin Tawde
|-
| Fatakra || Soham Mehta || [[Samrat Chakrabarti]], Meena Serendib, Ritik Goyal, Raj Vats
|-
| Shakti Pirakkudhu (Shakti Rising) || Usha Rajeswari || [[Devadarshini]], Sashi, Sampatth, Vishalini, Soori, Manaswini, T.K. Kala, Malar, Satyasree, Dr. S. Raghuraman, Madurai Annakamatchi
|-
| I Met with an Accident || Trevord Ward || Benedict Das
|-
| [[Life! Camera Action...]] || [[Rohit Gupta]] || [[Dipti Mehta]], Shaheed K. Woods, Noor Naghmi, John Crann, Subodh Batra, Swati Kapila, Jyothi Singh, Nina Mehta, Chelsi Stahr
|-
| [[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]] || [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] || [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Ronnie Screwvala]], Sanjay Singh
|-
| I am Kalam || Nila Madhab Panda || Harsh Mayar, Hussan Saad, Gulshan Grover, Beatrice Ordeix
|-
| Visible Bra Straps || Ajitesh Sharma || Petra Khruz, Reeth Mazumder
|-
| [[Dhobi Ghat (film)|Dhobi Ghat]] || [[Kiran Rao]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Monica Dogra]]
|-
| A Journey in My Mother's Footsteps || Dina Rosenmeier || Dina Rosenmeier, Jessie Rosenmeier, Joern Rosenmeier, Mohinder Singh, Nergis Udwadia, Shaila Samuel, Viji Iyengar
|-
| [[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]] || [[Arun Kumar Aravind|Arun Kumar]] || [[Jayasurya]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Fahad Fazil]], Innocent [[Mamukkoya]]
|-
| [[Dams: The Lethal Water Bombs]] || [[Sohan Roy]] || Vijo Alex, Tony Kurian, Vipin Viswan, Saj Matthews, Rajesh Nair
|-
| Still Voices || Tamal Sen || [[Gaurav Dwivedi]], Paru Gambhir, Kaushik Ghosh, Shahidur Rahaman, Prasenjit Ghosh, Sudipto Shankar Roy
|-
| You Can't Curry Love || Reid Waterer || Ashwin Gore, Russell Reynolds, Rajan Velu, Rakshak Sahni, Upasana Beharee, William Vega, Frederic Chaignat
|-
| Nerd of the Ring || Gowtham Bachina || Charles Marina, Michael Kuya, Zuri Bella, John Phillips, Saladin Florence, Corey Richards, Madaline Berube, Tilly, Trevor Teichmann, Aaron Phillips, Kole
|-
| Soy Milk || Veeran Naran || Djon Alexander, Mark Silveira, Lisa Emmanuel, Stefan Duscio, Nathalie Resciniti, Michael Latham, Juliet Hill, David Balaban
|-
| Esha || [[Reza Dahya]] || Albina Nahar, Adam Sidawi, Ashton Bishop, Chantal Hazineh, Christopher Lee Grant, Adam Crosby
|-
| A Girl Like You with a Boy Like Me || Ruben Amar || James Rana, Frank X, Allison Carter Thomas, Joan Chemia, Rick Adamson, Ryan Samuel, Jennifer Lilly
|-
| [[Shukno Lanka]] (Dry Red Chillies) || [[Gaurav Pandey]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], Sabyasachi Chakraborty [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Emma Brown Garett]], [[Angana Bose]], [[Saheb Chatterjee]], Nandinil Chaterjee, [[Arindam Sil]], Chattrapati Dutta, Suman De, Late Kunal Mitra
|-
| Blood & Curry || Atul Sharma || Atul Sharma, Angie Light, Raghu Bhagat, Dhara Mehta, Sathya Jesudason, Abhi Trivedi, [[Fagun Thakrar]], Ilona Maitra, Nicole Layson, Parminder Sidhu, Robbie Rosario, Robert P. Campbell
|-
| [[Life Goes On (2009 film)|Life Goes On]] || Sangeeta Datta || [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Om Puri]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], Rez Kempton, Neerja Naik, Christopher Hatherall, Mukulika Banerjee, [[Misha Crosby]], Tom Reed
|}

== 2010 Film Screenings ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast
|-
| 7 Days in Slow Motion || Umakanth Thumrugotl || Teja, Kunai Sharma, Shiva Varma, [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]], Ayesha Jaleel
|-
| [[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]] || [[Richie Mehta]] || [[Rupinder Nagra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Koel Purie]], [[Roshan Seth]], [[Vik Sahay]]
|-
| Bombay Summer || Joseph Matthew Varghese || [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], Jatin Goswami, [[Samrat Chakrabarti]], [[Gaurav Dwivedi]]
|-
| [[Little Zizou]] || [[Sooni Taraporevala]] || [[Boman Irani]], Sohrab Ardeshir, Zenobia Shroff, [[Shernaz Patel]], [[Imaad Shah]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
|-
| [[Tahaan]] || [[Santosh Sivan]] || Purav Bhandare, [[Anupam Kher]], [[Sarika]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Victor Banerjee]], Rahul Kanna [[Rahul Khanna]]
|-
| [[Gulabi Talkies]] || [[Girish Kasaravalli]] || [[Umashree]], K.G. Krishna Murthy, M.D. Pallavi, Poornima Mohan a/k/a [[Poornima Indrajith]], Ashok Sandip
|-
| [[Gabhricha Paus]] (The Damned Rain) || Satish Manwar || [[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Jyoti Subhash]], Veena Jamkar, Ammanul Attar
|-
| [[Kanchivaram]] || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Prakash Raj]], Shriya Reddy [[Sriya Reddy]], [[Shammu]], [[Geetha Vijayan]]
|-
| [[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[Mammootty]], Sarath Kumar [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Thilakan]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Kaniha a/k/a [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]], Padmapriya a/k/a [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]]
|-
| The Salt Stories || Lalit Vachani || Mrinal Desal, Anita Kushwaha, Lalit Vachani, Menno Boerema
|-
| Anything for You || Anand Alagappan || Sam Ghosh, Julie Fine, [[Pooja Kumar]], Aaron Mathias
|-
| [[Chath: A Roof Without Walls]] || [[Hyder Bilgrami]] & Tirthankar Das || Sanjay Malhotra, Llyakat Khan, Charu Gupta, Sarah Tyler, Shayna Glassman
|-
| [[Wake Up Sid]] || [[Ayan Mukerji]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], Namit Das, [[Rahul Khanna]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kainaz Motivala]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Kashmera Shah]]
|-
| Kissing Miss Jones || Chandra Pemmaraju || [[Lavrenti Lopes]], Khushboo Shah, Christopher Peuler, Meredith Dillard, Julie Donahue, Kyle Donahue, Collin James, Aaron Katter, Nadia Rahman, Aditi P. Solanki
|-
| Sukrit's Sundays || Vasant Nath ||
|-
| Ismael || Ambarish Manepalli ||
|-
| Kavi || Gregg Helvey || Sagar Salunke, Ulhas Tayade, Rajesh Kumar, Madhavi Juvekar, Debu Bhattacharya, Rishi Raj Singh, Mukesh Barahti
|}

== Film School ==
IIFF was the first South Asian Film Festival in the United States to hold an independent film school for aspiring filmmakers. It was started in 2012.<ref name="George" /><ref>"India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay." ''Filmmakers, Withoutabox.''</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* India International Film Festival http://iifftampa.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605045725/http://iifftampa.com/ |date=2013-06-05 }}
* Indo-US Chamber of Commerce http://www.indo-us.org



[[Category:Film festivals in Florida]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tampa, Florida]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2010]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tampa, Florida]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in Florida]]

Vinod Arya

2025-10-13T05:27:50Z

Abhishek Mandal: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

'''Vinod Arya''' is an Indian politician and a former leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. He served as a [[state minister]] under the government of then-Chief Minister [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]].<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Avaneesh |title=Vinod Arya, father of Ankita murder accused Pulkit, who used ayurveda business to fuel his rise in Uttarakhand BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vinod-arya-father-ankita-murder-accused-pulkit-ayurveda-business-uttarakhand-bjp-8178738/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010085537/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vinod-arya-father-ankita-murder-accused-pulkit-ayurveda-business-uttarakhand-bjp-8178738/ |archive-date=October 10, 2022}}</ref> He also served as chairman of the Uttarakhand Mati Kala (Pottery) Board with a [[state minister]]'s rank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Piyush |title=Mighty brought to justice for receptionist murder: Uttarakhand BJP leader's son sentenced to life |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mighty-brought-to-justice-for-receptionist-murder-uttarakhand-bjp-leaders-son-sentenced-to-life-prnt/cid/2105329 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=May 31, 2025}}</ref> In 2018, Vinod Arya was made a state minister with the responsibility of handling the Uttarakhand Animal Welfare Board (Animal Husbandry Department) as its vice president.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM names 14 BJP leaders to head boards, committees of government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-names-14-bjp-leaders-to-head-boards-committees-of-government/articleshow/67211296.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड: मंत्री के बेटे ने किया लॉकडाउन का उल्लंघन, बिना पास के पहुंचे चमोली |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/states/uttrakhand-minster-son-violet-lockdown-rules-1407569 |publisher=[[ABP Live]] |date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> In 2021, he was appointed as the co-in-charge of the Uttar Pradesh BJP OBC Morcha.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP BJP OBC मोर्चा के सह प्रभारी बने डॉ विनोद आर्य, हरिद्वार में हुआ जोरदार स्वागत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/haridwar/bjp-leader-vinod-arya-appointed-as-co-in-charge-of-obc-front-in-uttar-pradesh/uttarakhand20211213162150041 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>

He was expelled from the Bharatiya Janata Party in September 2022 following the arrest of his son, Pulkit Arya, in connection with the [[Murder of Ankita Bhandari]].<ref name=B>{{cite news |last1=Hirwani |first1=Peony |title=India’s ruling party expels member amid massive protests after son accused of killing 19-year-old receptionist |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bjp-vinod-arya-son-killing-receptionist-b2174448.html |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=September 24, 2022}}</ref>

== Background ==
He is originally from [[Roorkee]] and has a background in the [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] business. His association with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] helped his political rise within the BJP. His son, Ankit Arya, also held a position as the vice-president of the state OBC commission.<ref name=A/>

== Controversies ==
=== Expulsion from BJP ===
In September 2022, Vinod Arya and his son, Ankit Arya, were expelled from the BJP after Vinod's other son, Pulkit Arya, was arrested and charged with the murder of [[Ankita Bhandari]], a receptionist who worked at a resort he owned. The murder case sparked widespread public outrage and protests in Uttarakhand.<ref name=B/> Pulkit Arya, along with two other employees of the resort, was convicted and sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] in May 2025 for the murder, destruction of evidence, and criminal conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Aiswarya |title=Ex-BJP minister’s son convicted for Ankita Bhandari’s murder: What was the case that rocked Uttarakhand? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-bjp-minister-son-convicted-ankita-bhandari-murder-case-uttarakhand-10038356/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=May 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601151725/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-bjp-minister-son-convicted-ankita-bhandari-murder-case-uttarakhand-10038356/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025}}</ref>

=== Alleged sexual assault and criminal charges ===
In December 2022, a case was registered against Vinod Arya for alleged [[sexual assault]] and [[attempted murder]], based on a complaint from his former driver. He was booked at the Jwalapur police station in Haridwar under [[Section 377|Sections 377]] (unnatural offences), 511 (attempting to commit offences), 307 (attempt to murder), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt), 504 (intentional insult), and 506 (criminal intimidation) of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Avaneesh |title=Vinod Arya, father of Ankita murder accused Pulkit, who used ayurveda business to fuel his rise in Uttarakhand BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vinod-arya-father-ankita-murder-accused-pulkit-ayurveda-business-uttarakhand-bjp-8178738/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=September 29, 2022}}</ref> Police noted conflicting statements from the complainant during the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nawaz |first=MS |title=Vinod Arya case: Complainant's statements conflicting, say police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/vinod-arya-case-complainants-statements-conflicting-say-police/articleshow/96312078.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nawaz |first=MS |title=Uttarakhand cops to collect evidence in sexual assault case against former minister Vinod Arya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-cops-to-collect-evidence-in-sexual-assault-case-against-former-minister-vinod-arya/articleshow/96265343.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> Also, a video connected to the allegations circulated widely on social media, showing the staffer bleeding from his left wrist while Arya applies a bandage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sexual assault allegation against Vinod Arya: Video of staffer goes viral |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/sexual-assault-allegation-against-vinod-arya-video-of-staffer-goes-viral-101671201172291.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Tamil-language television channels in India

2025-09-29T14:43:00Z

Abhishek Mandal: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|List of news channels in India}}
{{more citations needed |date=May 2018}}
{{Indian television topics}}
{{main|Television in India|Lists of television channels in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
This is a '''list of [[Tamil-language]] television channels''' in India.

==Government-owned channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[DD Podhigai|DD Tamil]]
|1979
|SD+HD
|rowspan="2"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Doordarshan]], [[Prasar Bharati]]
|-
|[[DD Pudhucherry]]
|1976
|SD
|}

==General entertainment==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|1993
|SD+HD
|rowspan="15"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|[[Raj TV]]
|rowspan="2"|1994
|SD
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|-
|[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|-
|[[Jaya TV]]
|1999
|Jaya TV Network
|-
|[[Makkal TV]]
|2006
| rowspan="5" |SD
|Makkal Tholai Thodarpu Kuzhumam
|-
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|rowspan="3"|2007
|Kalaignar TV Network
|-
|[[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
|Mega TV Network
|-
|[[Polimer TV]]
|Polimer Media
|-
|[[Vasanth TV]]
|rowspan="2"|2008
|[[Vasanth & Co|Vasanth & Co Group]]
|-
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|SD+HD
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|-
|[[Puthuyugam TV]]
|2013
|rowspan="2"|SD
|rowspan="2"|SRM Group
|-
|[[Vendhar TV]]
|2014
|-
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|2018
|SD+HD
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|-
|[[Thanthi One]]
|2024
|SD
|Metronation Chennai Television Pvt Ltd
|}

==Movies==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Raj Television Network|Raj Digital Plus]]
|1998
|SD
|rowspan="8"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|-
|[[Sun TV (India)|KTV]]
|2001
|SD+HD [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|[[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega 24]]
|2007
|rowspan="3"|SD
|Mega TV Network
|-
|[[Jaya TV|J Movies]]
|2008
|Jaya TV Network
|-
|Murasu TV
|2012
|[[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
|[[Star Vijay|Star Vijay Super]]
|2016
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|-
|[[Zee Tamil|Zee Thirai]]
|2020
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|-
|[[Star Vijay|Star Vijay Takkar]]
|2022
|SD
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|}

===Audio feed===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies]]
|rowspan="4"|[[576i|SD]]+[[1080p|HD]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|-
|[[Movies Now]]
|[[The Times Group]]
|-
|[[&flix]]
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|-
|[[Sony Pix]]
|[[Sony Pictures Networks]]
|}

==Music==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun Music]]
|2004
|SD+HD
|rowspan="5"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|[[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega Music]]
|2007
|rowspan="4"|SD
|Mega TV Network
|-
|[[Isaiaruvi]]
|rowspan="3"|2008
|[[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
|[[Jaya TV|Jaya Max]]
|[[Jaya TV|Jaya TV Network]]
|-
|[[Raj Music Karnataka|Raj Musix]]
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|}

==Classic==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV Network|Sun Life]]
|2013
|SD
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|}

==News==
{{main|List of news channels in India}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV Network|Sun News]]
|2000
|rowspan="12"|SD
|rowspan="12"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|[[Jaya TV|Jaya Plus]]
|rowspan="3"|2008
|[[Jaya TV|Jaya TV Network]]
|-
|[[Kalaignar Seithigal]]
|[[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
|[[Raj Television Network|Raj News 24X7]]
|[[Raj Television Network]]
|-
|[[Polimer TV|Polimer News]]
|2009
|Polimer TV Network
|-
|[[Thanthi TV]]
|2012
|Metronation Chennai Television Pvt Ltd
|-
|[[News7 Tamil]]
|2014
|VV Group
|-
|[[News18 Tamil Nadu|News18 15]]
|2015
|[[Star (Disney+)]]
|-
|[[News J]]
|2017
|[[News J|Mantaro Network]]
|}

==Comedy==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV (India)|Adithya TV]]
|rowspan="2"|2009
|rowspan="2"|SD
|rowspan="2"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|[[Sirippoli TV]]
|[[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|}

==Kids==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Launch
!Video
!Audio
!Owner
|-
|[[Sun TV Network|Chutti TV]]
|2007
|rowspan="3"|SD
|rowspan="3"|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|Blacksheep TV
|2022
|[[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
|[[ETV Bal Bharat]]
|2021
|[[ETV Network]]
|}

===Audio feed===
*[[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Discovery Kids]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Disney Junior]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Hungama TV]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Nickelodeon Sonic]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Sony YAY!|Sony Yay]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Super Hungama]] - with Tamil audio feed<ref name=bmi>{{cite news |title=Disney India to replace Disney XD with Marvel HQ |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2019/01/disney-india-to-replace-disney-xd-with-marvel-hq/ |access-date=18 January 2019 |work=Best Media Info |date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

==Sports==
*[[Sony Sports Network (Indian TV Channels)|Sony Sports Ten 4]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Star Sports Network (Indian TV Channel)|Star Sports 1 Tamil]] - separate channel for Tamil

==Infotainment==
*[[Animal Planet (Indian TV channel)|Animal Planet]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel HD]] - with Tamil audio feed (HD version)
*[[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|D Tamil]] - separate channel for Tamil
*[[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)#Sister Channels|Nat Geo Wild]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Sony BBC Earth]] - with Tamil audio feed
*[[Travelxp|Travel XP Tamil]] - separate channel for Tamil

==Devotional==
*Jothi TV - Tamil Hindu spiritual channel
*Nambikkai TV - Tamil Christian spiritual channel
*[[Sri Sankara TV]] - Tamil and Kannada Hindu spiritual channel
*[[SVBC TV|SVBC 2]] - Tamil Hindu spiritual channel

==High-definition channels==
*[[Colors Tamil|Colors Tamil HD]]
*[[DD Tamil|DD Tamil HD]]
*[[Jaya TV|Jaya TV HD]]
*[[KTV (India)|KTV HD]]
*[[Star Vijay|Star Vijay HD]]
*[[Star Vijay|Star Vijay Super HD]]
*[[Sun TV (India)|Sun Music HD]]
*[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV HD]]
*[[Zee Tamil|Zee Tamil HD]]
*[[Zee Tamil|Zee Thirai HD]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of television channels by language|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television channels| ]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels in India|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mass media]]

Centum Electronics

2025-09-21T11:40:30Z

Abhishek Mandal: added references

{{Short description|Indian electronics company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Centum Electronics
| logo = Centum Electronics.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name = Solectron Centum Electronics
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|CENTUM}}|{{BSE|517544}}}}
| ISIN = INE320B01020
| industry = {{ubl|[[Technology company|Technology]]|[[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace]]|[[Arms industry|Defence]]|[[Transport]]|[[Healthcare industry|Healthcare]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|01|8}}
| founder = Apparao Venkata Mallavarapu
| hq_location = 44, KHB Industrial Area, [[Yelahanka|Yelahanka Newtown]]
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Head Office |url=https://www.centumelectronics.com/contact-us/ |website=Centum Electronics |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
| areas_served = {{ubl|India|Europe|North America}}
| key_people = {{ubl|Apparao Mallavarapu (Chairman and MD)|Francois Cebes (CEO Centum Adetel)<ref>{{cite web |title=Management |url=https://www.centumelectronics.com/management/ |website=Centum Electronics |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>}}
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|428.38|c}}
| revenue_year = FY21
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|33.12|c}}
| income_year = FY21
| profit = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|23.97|c}}
| profit_year = FY21
| assets = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|534.29|c}}
| assets_year = FY21
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|254.67|c}}
| equity_year = FY21
| owners = {{ubl|Mallavarapu family (58.8%)|[[Share (finance)|Public shares]] (41.2%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholding Pattern |url=https://www.centumelectronics.com/investor-relations/shareholding-pattern/ |website=Centum Electronics |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>}}
| num_employees = 1,800<ref name="AnnualReport">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://www.centumelectronics.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Centum-AR-2020-21_Digital_Low-res-17.07.2021_.pdf |website=Centum Electronics |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
| num_employees_year =FY21
| divisions =
| subsid = {{ubl|Centum Adeneo (100%)|Centum Electronics UK (100%)|Centum Adetel Group SA (64.66%)<ref name="AnnualReport"/>}}
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.centumelectronics.com/}}
}}
'''Centum Electronics Limited''' is an Indian [[electronics]] system design and manufacturing company. The company produces [[subsystems]] and [[microelectronics]], and provides [[system integration]] services.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|title=Centum Electronics|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/centum-electronics/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> The company was incorporated in January 1993 and is headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. Centum has a presence in 6 countries. It has manufacturing facilities, design, and sales and support teams in India, Canada, and France, a design team in Belgium, and sales and support teams in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation September 2020 |url=http://www.valoremadvisors.com/pdf/centum-investor-presentation-2020.pdf |website=Valorem Advisors |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=September 2020}}</ref> The company's British subsidiary, Centum Electronics UK Ltd., services all European customers except those in [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-23|title=Centum investing Rs 200 cr in B'luru|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/566353/centum-investing-rs-200-cr.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Centum Electronics has multiple manufacturing facilities in Bangalore. The company opened its fourth Indian manufacturing facility at the Aerospace Park in [[Devanahalli]], near Bangalore on 15 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-02-16 |title=Centum Electronics opens fourth manufacturing facility in Bengaluru |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/centum-electronics-opens-fourth-manufacturing-facility-in-bengaluru-117021600370_1.html |access-date=2022-01-26 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Baishakhi|date=2017-02-21|title=Centum inaugurates new facility at Devanahalli Aerospace Park, Bangalore|url=https://www.electronicsb2b.com/industry-buzz/centum-inaugurates-new-facility-devanahalli-aerospace-park-bangalore/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=ElectronicsB2B|language=en-US}}</ref> Centum is one of the largest contractors to the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and supplies over 50 different varieties of components for [[Satellite|satellites]] and [[Launch vehicle|launch vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The celestial bond that connects ISRO with India Inc|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/the-celestial-bond-that-connects-isro-with-india-inc/centum-for-micro-electronics/slideshow/70224320.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Centum opened a new space facility in [[Yelahanka]], Bangalore to support ISRO missions in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau&|first=Our|title=To meet ISROs growing number of missions, Centum Electronics opens new facility|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/to-meet-isros-growing-number-of-missions-centum-electronics-opens-new-facility/article29501964.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|website=thehindubusinessline.com|date=24 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Centum Electronics Limited inaugurates new space facility at Yelahanka|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/centum-electronics-limited-inaugurates-new-space-facility-at-yelahanka/articleshow/71278723.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Solectron]] Centum Electronics was founded on 8 January 1993 in Bangalore, Karnataka by Apparao Venkata Mallavarapu.<ref name="Forbes"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centum Electronics History {{!}} Centum Electronics Information|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/centum-electronics-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-8584.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref> The company was publicly listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Investor Relations – Centum|url=https://www.centumelectronics.com/investor-relations/|access-date=2022-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Centum Electronics demerged its [[electronics manufacturing services]] division into Solectron EMS India Ltd in November 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|title=OT-IT Convergence: Driving the Future of Industry 4.0 & Industry 5.0|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/ot-it-convergence-driving-the-future-of-industry-4-0-industry-5-0/articleshow/89093970.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> The company changed its name to Centum Electronics in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2007-12-14|title=Solectron Centum is now Centum Electronics|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/solectron-centum-is-now-centum-electronics-107121400018_1.html|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>

Centum acquired a 51% controlling stake in French company Adetel Group for an undisclosed amount in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-17|title=Centum Electronics picks 51% stake in French firm Adetel|url=https://www.vccircle.com/centum-electronics-picks-51-stake-french-firm-adetel|access-date=2022-01-26|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2018, Centum signed an agreement to sell its 51% stake in Centum Rakon India Pvt. Ltd., a joint venture with New Zealand company [[Rakon]], to Rakon for US$5.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakon confirms buyout of Centum Rakon India|url=https://www.rakon.com/news/rakon-confirms-buyout-of-centum-rakon-india|access-date=2022-01-26|website=www.rakon.com|language=en}}</ref> Centum stated that it did not regard Centum Rakon, which primarily operated in the telecommunications industry, as "core to its strategy".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-30|title=New Zealand electronics firm Rakon to buy out Bengaluru's Centum in JV|url=https://www.vccircle.com/new-zealand-electronics-firm-rakon-to-buy-out-bengalurus-centum-in-telecom-jv|access-date=2022-01-26|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref> The company increased its stake in Adetel Group to 64.66% in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2020-12-11|title=Board of Centum Electronics approves further investment in Centum Adetel Group SA|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/board-of-centum-electronics-approves-further-investment-in-centum-adetel-group-sa-120121100253_1.html|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>

The company was awarded the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]'s Defence Technology Absorption Award by Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] in January 2021 for its work on the [[EMISAT]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centum Electronics Limited Receives DRDO's Prestigious Defence Technology Absorption Award|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/centum-electronics-limited-receives-drdos-prestigious-defence-technology-absorption-award20210104183156/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> In March 2021, Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems CEO Rudra Jadeja stated that Centum Electronics was among the companies that contributed to the manufacture of [[Spice (bomb)|Spice 2000]] bombs including those used in the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bharadwaj|first=Swati|title=Spice bombs used in Balakot air strike were made in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/spice-bombs-used-in-balakot-air-strike-were-made-in-hyd/articleshow/81538800.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Centum Electronics has been a partner of the non-profit [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] since the 2000s. Between 2010 and 2020, Centum stated that it had sponsored meals for 360,000 school children at public and Government-aided schools in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-23|title=CSR: Centum Electronics sponsored meals for 3.6 lac school children over 10 years in Bangalore|url=https://thecsrjournal.in/csr-centum-electronics-sponsored-meals-for-3-6-lac-school-children-over-10-years-in-bangalore/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The CSR Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Industry collaboration ==
An agreement has been signed by Nibe Space, a division of Nibe Defence and Aerospace on 9 September 2024, with Centum Electronics, [[Skyroot Aerospace]], [[AgniKul Cosmos]], SpaceFields, Sisir Radar, CYRAN AI Solutions, and [[Larsen & Toubro]] for the launch of India's first constellation of multi-sensor, all-weather, high-revisit [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation satellites]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=11 September 2024 |title=Nibe shoots for stars with Earth observation satellite constellation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nibe-shoots-for-stars-with-earth-observation-satellite-constellation-124091101304_1.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]

Ambodala

2025-08-17T18:02:39Z

Abhishek Mandal: Put up new entry - done

{{short description|Village in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambodala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|50|02|N|83|27|26|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]<ref name=":1" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =3360
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 765021<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ambadola Pin Code|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/odisha/rayagada/ambadola |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=India TV|language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ambodala''' is a village in [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==History==
On 17 June 2023, four wagons [[Derailment|derailed]] off the train tracks while carrying goods. There were no casualties.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=4 wagons of goods train derail in Odisha's Rayagada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/4-wagons-of-goods-train-derail-in-odishas-rayagada/articleshow/101072617.cms |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The village is served by the [[Ambodala railway station]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway network]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rayagada district]]

{{Odisha-geo-stub}}

Rajputan

2025-08-10T12:50:00Z

Abhishek Mandal: Added new article more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajputan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Batala]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Majha]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric

| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 149
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 754 393/361 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 0 0/0 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_total_ha = 96
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01871
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-18
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|gurdaspur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajputan''' is a village in [[Batala]] in [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|14|km}} from sub district headquarter, {{convert|45|km}} from district headquarter and {{convert|12|km}} from [[Sri Hargobindpur]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]] an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village has a total number of 149 houses and a population of 754 of which 393 are males while 361 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village 0 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103437|title=Child Sex Ratio in India (2001-2011)|work=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201629/http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab]

{{Gurdaspur district}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{Gurdaspur-geo-stub}}

Yashwantrao Martandrao Mukne

2025-08-07T03:30:02Z

Abhishek Mandal: updated details

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jawhar State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yashwantraoji Martandraoji Mukne
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jawhar State]]
| image = यशवंतराव मुकने.png
| caption =
| succession = [[Jawhar State|King of Jawhar]]
| reign = 1938 - 1947
| coronation = 26 May 1938
| regent = Digvijaysinhrao Yashwantrao Mukne
| successor = Digvijaysinhrao Yashwantrao Mukne
| birth_name = Yashwantrao Mukne
| birth_date = 11 December 1917
| birth_place = Old Jawhar palace, [[Jawhar]], [[Jawhar State]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|6|4|1917|12|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Jawhar]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = * Maharani Priyamwande Mukne, ([[Princess]] Kamala Bai Dafle of [[Jath State]])
| issue = * [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] Digvijaysinghrao Mukne
* Princess Asharaje Sahiba
* Princess Premaraje Sahba
| full name = His Highness Maharaja Shrimant Sir Yashwantraoji Martandraoji Mukne of Jawhar State
| era name = [[British Raj|British era]]
| regnal name = Dada Saheb
| posthumous name = Godharma Pratipalak
| house = [[Mukne Dynasty]]
| father = Maharaja Martandrao Malharrao Mukne (Bhau Saheb)
| religion = [[Hindus|Hindu]]
| mother = Maharani Saguna Bai Mukne
| occupation = * politician
* Army person
}}
'''Yashwantrao Martandrao Mukne''' (also known as '''Patangshahji Mukne''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&dq=Yashwant+Rao+Jawhar&pg=PA277 |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=277 |language=en}}</ref> ('''V''') ('''Dada Saheb''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNjMDQAAQBAJ&dq=Yeswantrao+Jawhar&pg=PA162 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947 |date=2016-12-27 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-230-27076-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref> (11 December 1917 – 4 June 1978) was a [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Jawhar State]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-15 |title=Trove of tribal treasures |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/trove-of-tribal-treasures-740235.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> a [[flight lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Indian Air Force]], politician, social worker and a former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]] for the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] and [[Dahanu Lok Sabha constituency|Dahanu]] for the [[4th Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&q=Mukni+Koli&pg=PA212 |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire |publisher=Aakar Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-87879-54-1 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burman|first=J.J. Roy|date=1996|title=A comparison of sacred groves among the Mahadeo Kolis and Kunbis of Maharashtra|journal=Indian Anthropologist|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37–45|issn=0970-0927|jstor=41919791}}</ref>

Maharaja Mukne supported the [[List of Indian independence activists|revolutionaries]] directly or indirectly against [[British Raj|British Rule]] in India. He established a factory to manufacture [[pistol]]s and other firearms in [[Gorkha Kingdom|Nepal Kingdom]] in 1907.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sampath|first=Vikram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E46nDwAAQBAJ&q=Jawhar+State&pg=PT103|title=Savarkar: Echoes from a Forgotten Past, 1883–1924|date=2019-08-16|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-614-8|language=en}}</ref>

In 1970, Yashwantraoji Mukne published a book written by him about his family and forefathers named ''Jayaba''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jawhar) |first=Yeshwantrao (Maharaja of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3kdAAAAMAAJ |title=Jayaba |publisher=T. & A. Constable, Limited |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-901481-01-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Maharaja Mukne's father, Vikramshah Pantangshah, was [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Raja]] of [[Jawhar]], a princely state in the [[Thane district]] of what was then [[Bombay Presidency]]. A benevolent ruler who served in [[World War I]] and was granted a [[Salute state|nine-gun salute]], he died at the age of 42, around 1928, having succeeded his father as ruler in 1917. He had a son and a daughter,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=11 January 1928 |title=The Rajah of Jawhar |page=17}}</ref> the former of whom succeeded him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=Mortimer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndbMDQAAQBAJ&dq=Yeswantrao+Jawhar&pg=PA167 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1943 |date=2016-12-27 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-230-27072-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref>

Yashwantrao Martandrao Mukne was too young to assume control at the time of his accession, so his mother, [[Rajmata]] Saguna Bai Mukne, acted as regent. When he came of age in 1938, he assumed full ruling powers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpgjAQAAMAAJ |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |publisher=[[Times of India]] Press |year=1959 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=1154 |language=en}}</ref>

He did good works such as by expanding development activities, encouraging the [[chemical]], [[paper]], [[textile]], [[dyeing]] and printing liquor and [[starch]] industries. He provided free primary education and medical relief, He ran both [[Middle school|middle]] and [[High school|high]] schools, a central library and [[museum]], hospital and maternity home. He provided touring dispensaries for rural areas of state. At the outbreak of [[World War II]], He volunteered for services and served as [[Flight lieutenant]] for four years in [[Royal Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":0" />

Jawhar State acceded to the newly independent India in 1947, after which Mukne was no longer ruler and entered politics.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} As a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from the [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]], which was a seat [[Reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Tribe]]s. He was subsequently elected to the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] from [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]] and to the [[4th Lok Sabha]] from [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]], which was also a reserved constituency.<ref name="bioprofile"/>

==Education==
Born on 11 December 1917, Mukne was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]], and at Old [[Blundell's School]] and the [[Middle Temple]] in England. He was married to Her Highness Priyamvada Raje, a princess of [[Jath State]], and had one son and two daughters. He lived at [[Jai Vilas Palace]], Jawhar, in Thane district.<ref name="bioprofile">{{cite web |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1865.htm |title= Official biographical sketch |publisher=Parliament of India website |access-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{gallery
|File:Jaivilas Palace, Jawhar.jpg|Front View Of Jai Vilas Palace Built By Yashwantraoji Mukne
|File:H.H Maharani priyamvande Mukne of Jawhar State.jpg|Maharani Priyamvande Mukne, wife of Yashwantraoji Mukne
|File:Statue of Maharaja Yashwantrao Martandrao Mukne of Jawhar State.jpg|Statue of Yashwantraoji Mukne in Jawhar city
|File:Maharaja Yashwantrao Martandrao Mukne.png|Maharaja Yashwantraoji Mukne with his ministers and foreign guests
|File:Chamber of Princes 17-03-1941.png|Maharaja Yashwantraoji Mukne in Chamber of Princes 17-03-1941, New Delhi
|File:The Jaivilas Palace.jpg|Jai Vilas Palace built by Yashwantraoji Mukne
|File:महाराजा यशवंतराव मुकने जव्हार राज्य.jpg|Yashwantraoji Mukne in old age
||Yashwantraoji Mukne as young man
|File:महाराजा यशवंतराव मुकने (दाएं) दिग्विजयसिंहराव मुकने (बाएं) और राजकुमार महेंद्रसिंहराव.png|Yashwantraoji Mukne (right), prince Digvijaysinhraoji Mukne (left) and grandprince Mahendrasinhraoji Mukne as child
|File:महाराजा यशवंतराव मुकने बाल अवस्था.jpg|Yashwantraoji Mukne as prince
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukne, Yashwantrao Martandrao}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thane]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]

Jagmohanpur

2025-08-02T21:05:49Z

Abhishek Mandal: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagmohanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7130798|N|88.163115|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,193
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Jagmohanpur ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Jagmohanpur is located at {{coord|22.7130798|N|88.163115|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Chanditala I CD Block, page 649, Jagmohanpur Village 609| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref>

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Haripur [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Anantarampur]], [[Bade Sola]], [[Baghati, Chanditala-I|Baghati]], [[Ban Panchbere]], [[Chak Bangla]], [[Chota Choughara]], [[Dudhkomra]], [[Haripur, Chanditala-I|Haripur]], [[Ichhapasar]], Jagmohanpur, [[Mamudpur]] and [[Radhaballabhpur, Chanditala-I|Radhaballabhpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/haripur.html| title = Haripur| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Haripur GP.png|thumb|Map of Haripur GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Jagmohanpur had a population of 1,193 of which 600 (50%) were males and 593 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 105. The number of literates in Jagmohanpur was 944 (86.76% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bara Choughara Street links the village to Munsirhat-Mosat Road. [[Bargachia railway station]] and [[Baruipara railway station]] are the nearest railway stations.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Culture==
Jatiya Sadharan Pathagar at Jagmohanpur was established in 1961.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/district_library/gov_Hoogly.pdf| title = List of Government-sponsored Libraries in the district of Hooghly| work = Serial No. 71| publisher = Government of West Bengal| access-date = 6 October 2018| archive-date = 16 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180516205053/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/district_library/gov_Hoogly.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Khola chilli

2025-07-22T18:10:44Z

Abhishek Mandal: entry

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Khola Chilli
| image = Khola chilli - in red ripe stage.jpg
| image_caption = Khola chilli - in red ripened stage
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| origin = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 17,100<ref>{{cite news |title=17 types of chillies grown in India, their uses and spiciness |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/17-types-of-chillies-grown-in-india-their-uses-and-spiciness/photostory/98337145.cms |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''Khola chilli''' is a variety of [[chili pepper|chilli]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Variyar |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Singh |first2=Inder Pal |last3=Adiani |first3=Vanshika |last4=Suprasanna |first4=Penna |title=Peppers: Biological, Health, and Postharvest Perspectives |date=8 November 2024 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-15384-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-EoEQAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PA132 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Magical Minds and Magical Hands All the Handicrafts and Handlooms Of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=True Sign Publishing House |isbn=978-93-5988-684-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZgNEQAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PT155 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the village of [[Khola, Goa|Khola]], located in [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]], [[South Goa district]] of [[Goa]].

===Local name===
It is known as Khola mirsang - Mirsang in the state language of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] means chilli.

==Description==
Grown exclusively on the hilly slopes of Khola village, the Khola Chilli is distinguished by its vibrant, brilliant red coloration and elongated long shape. Notably, it possesses a moderate level of pungency, alluring aroma contributing to its distinctive flavor profile.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PA83 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Notably, it is employed in various [[Indian cuisine|Indian culinary]] applications, such as [[Mango pickle|mango pickles]], [[Chutney|chutneys]], and fish curries, contributing a characteristic pungency that enhances the flavor profile of these preparations.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 Indian chillies famous for their uniqueness and GI tags |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/5-indian-chillies-famous-for-their-uniqueness-and-gi-tags/photostory/107197300.cms?picid=107197305 |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

Khola Chilli has been officially declared as a Farmer Plant Variety by The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority ([[Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001|PPV&FRA]]), Govt. of India making it the first Farmer Plant Variety from Goa registered with the Plant Varieties Registry of PPV&FRA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khola Chilli Receives Goa's First Farmer Plant Variety Registration from PPV&FRA |url=https://icar.org.in/khola-chilli-receives-goas-first-farmer-plant-variety-registration-ppvfra#:~:text=Khola%2C%20also%20known%20as%20Canacona,red%20color%20and%20moderate%20pungency. |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
Photos from the farm of Suvidha Zaraunkar (Khola chilli grower) from Soliem, Khola.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact List of Khola Chilli Growers |url=https://www.ibef.org/giofindia-2020/goa/img/khola-chilli-vendor.pdf |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Khola chilli plant at a farm.jpg|Khola chilli plant at an agricultural farm
File:Khola chilli - in red ripened stage.jpg|Khola chillies - in red ripened stage spread on a sheet of cloth
File:Khola chillies - in red ripe stage.jpg|Closeup of Khola chillies
File:Closeup of Khola chilli.jpg|Another Closeup of a single red Khola chilli
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 28 August 2019 (valid until 5 August 2028).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Kavita Kanan |title=The many shades of red |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/the-many-shades-of-red-1040676.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/618 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravindran |first1=P. N. |last2=Sivaraman |first2=K. |last3=Devasahayam |first3=S. |last4=Babu |first4=K. Nirmal |title=Handbook of Spices in India: 75 Years of Research and Development |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-3728-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz4QEQAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PA2041 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soumya |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Piyali |last3=Aftab |first3=Tariq |title=Crop Sustainability and Intellectual Property Rights |date=18 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-000-86428-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKEIEQAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PA322 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The Khola/Canacona Chilli Cultivator's Group Association (TKCCGA) from [[Canacona]], proposed the GI registration of Khola Chilli. After filing the application in April 2019, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2019 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Khola Chilli" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Goa and the 2nd type of goods from Goa to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barua |first1=Ananya |title=Mirchi Map of India: 5 GI-Tagged Indian Chillies Famous For Their Flavour |url=https://thebetterindia.com/278976/mirchi-map-of-india-chillies-gi-tagged-health-benefits-history-food/ |website=The Better India |access-date=24 September 2024 |date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ltd |first1=Infokerala Communications Pvt |title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations 2023 |date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-91760-65-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzEUEQAAQBAJ&dq=khola+chilli&pg=PA394 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Goa Mankurad Mango]]
* [[Harmal Chilli]]
* [[Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)]]
* [[Mizo chilli]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}
[[Category:Goan cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Goa]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Goa]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Goa]]
[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Attur, Udupi

2025-05-11T22:13:40Z

Abhishek Mandal: Put up post

{{other uses|Attur (disambiguation)}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Attur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.26855|N|74.9579|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi District|Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 576117
| registration_plate = KA-20
| website =
| footnotes =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Karkal]]
| official_name =
| demographics2_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| demographics2_title1 = Spoken/Local
}}

'''Attur''' is a small village in [[Karkal]] [[taluk]], [[Udupi District]], [[Karnataka]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It comes under [[Nitte]] [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] and is a part of [[Mysore Division]]. It is located {{convert|41|km}} south of the district headquarters at [[Udupi]], {{convert|31|km}} from Karkal and {{convert|349|km}} from the state capital of [[Bangalore]].

Hejamadi (13 km), Palimaru (13 km) and Padubidri (16 km) are the nearby villages to Attur. It is surrounded by Karkal and Udupi taluks to the north and Bantval taluk to the east.

[[Mangalore]], [[Mudbidri]], Karkala, Udupi are the nearby cities.

It is near to the Arabian Sea, which means that the weather is quite hot and humid.

==See also==
* [[Udupi District]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20171101221550/http://udupi.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Sowmya Reddy

2025-04-25T18:00:26Z

Abhishek Mandal: improved formatting further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sowmya Reddy
| image = Sowmya reddy.webp
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|3|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = June 2018
| term_end = 13th May 2023
| predecessor = B. N. Vijaya Kumar
| successor = C. K. Ramamurthy
| constituency = [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| spouse =
| chief minister =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| father = [[Ramalinga Reddy]]
}}
'''Sowmya Reddy''' is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party. She is the current General Secretary of [[All India Mahila Congress]] (AIMC) and [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC).

She was elected as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Karnataka]] from [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/congress-takes-early-lead-in-jayanagar-assembly-election/article24150581.ece |title=Sowmya Reddy wins Jayanagar for Congress |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-06-13 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref> Sowmya Reddy is the daughter of Karnataka Muzrai and Transport Minister, [[Ramalinga Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/congress-candidate-gains-lead-over-bjp-rival/articleshow/64567946.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayanagar Election result: Congress candidate Sowmya Reddy wins |website=The Times of India |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/55-voting-in-jayanagar-byelection/articleshow/64552092.cms?from=mdr|title=Congress wins Jayanagar by-poll|first=Akshatha|last=M|date=13 June 2018|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

She is an environmentalist, who has campaigned against the use of plastic as well as promoted the planting of trees to increase greenery in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewsminute.com/article/meet-bengalurus-only-woman-mla-elect-whos-vegan-eco-activist-83056 |title=Meet Bengaluru's only woman MLA-elect, who's a vegan eco-activist |author=Geetika Mantri |date=2018-06-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref>

During the COVID-19 pandemic, she has conducted numerous campaigns for providing cooked meals and dry rations to the people in her constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehansindia.com/karnataka/government-must-reimburse-covid-treatment-bills-of-people-dk-shivakumar-691178
|title=Government must reimburse Covid treatment bills of people |author= Staff Reporter |date= 2021-06-17 |website=Hans News Service |language=en-IN |access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref>

Sowmya Reddy lost the state assembly election which was held in May 2023 in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] by merely 16 votes which the Congress Party claims was manipulated by the election officials by considering the postal ballots which were initially rejected and have now challenged the result in court. The party alleged the misuse of government machinery to favour [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate C K Ramamurthy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishna, DHNS |first=Udbhavi |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections: Congress files complaint over Jayanagar results |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/karnataka-assembly-elections-congress-files-complaint-over-jayanagar-results-1218808.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Sowmya Reddy is an alumna of the [[New York Institute of Technology]] and the [[Bangalore Political Action Committee|B.PAC]] Civic Leadership Incubator Program (B.CLIP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2022-03-10 |title=Think India Needs Cleaner Politics? This Team Trains Future Civic Leaders & Politicians |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/278729/think-india-needs-cleaner-politics-this-team-trains-future-civic-leaders-politicians/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sowmya}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1983 births|Reddy, Sowmya]]
[[Category:New York Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}