Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Shiv Prakash

2023-10-09T06:23:58Z

Abhishek: Created page with '{{short description|Indian politician}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = ShivPrakash |image= |quotation = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|08|01|df=y}} |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = Indian | office = National Jt General Secretary Org of Bharatiya Janata Party | term_start = July 2014 | party = Bharatiya Janata Party | education = Post...'

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shiv Prakash
|image= File:Shiv_Prakash.jpg
| office = [[General Secretary|Joint National General Secretary (Organisation)]],
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = July 2014
| president = * [[Amit Shah]]
* [[J. P. Nadda]]
|quotation =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|08|01|df=y}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality = Indian
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/hi/national-general-secretarys}}
}}

'''Shiv Prakash''' (born 1 August 1967) is an Indian politician and the current Joint National General Secretary (Organization) of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Smriti Kak |date=2023-07-29 |title=JP Nadda rejigs BJP central leadership; Dilip Saikia, CT Ravi among those dropped |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-chief-j-p-nadda-rejigs-party-s-central-leadership-101690611900332.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramaseshan |first=Radhika |date=2016 |title=RSS, BJP and Communal Polarisation in Uttar Pradesh Polls |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44166051 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=51 |issue=53 |pages=50–53 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> He was assigned to the party from the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=shiv+prakash+bjp&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix8vaxzOGBAxXYxDgGHWjZAbgQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=shiv%20prakash%20bjp&f=false |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |date=2023-04-11 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-24790-8 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=2021-03-13 |title=The RSS men fostering BJP’s Bengal parivar |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/the-rss-men-fostering-bjps-bengal-parivar-7226005/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shiv Prakash was born on 1 August 1967, in Birubala, a small village in the [[Moradabad district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his studies at [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== Career ==

Shiv Prakash started his political career in 1986 as a district-level coordinator of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Double engine! How two RSS workers are helping BJP ace West Bengal Polls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/double-engine-how-two-rss-workers-are-helping-bjp-ace-west-bengal-polls/2211848/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Shailendra |date=2021-03-13 |title=पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा चुनाव: बीजेपी के लिए गुमनाम होकर लड़ रहा आरएसएस का यह सिपाही |trans-title=West Bengal Assembly Elections: This RSS soldier is fighting anonymously for BJP |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/west-bengal-assembly-elections-this-rss-man-fighting-anonymously-for-bjp/1660314/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[Indian Express Limited|Jansatta]] |language=hi}}</ref> In 2008, the RSS gave him the responsibility of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhasakshi |date=2021-03-13 |title=सत्ता में दीदी की वापसी के दरवाजे बंद करने के लिए एक्टिव मोड में संघ का सिपाही |language=hi-IN |trans-title=Sangh soldier in active mode to close the doors of Didi's return to power |work=Prabhasakshi |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/national/rss-soldier-in-active-mode-to-close-doors-of-didi-return-to-power |access-date=2023-10-06}}</ref>

In 2014, he was transferred to the BJP to take charge as joint general secretary<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-07 |title=RSS deputes Ram Madhav, Shiv Prakash to BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rss-deputes-ram-madhav-shiv-prakash-to-bjp/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-07 |title=Two RSS leaders to join BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-rss-leaders-to-join-bjp/article6187516.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>, soon after overseeing the party's victory in Uttar Pradesh in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2017 |title=Unsung RSS leaders behind BJP's electoral victories |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/unsung-rss-leaders-behind-bjp-s-electoral-victories-117031100806_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA166&dq=Shiv+Prakash+BJP&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Shiv%20Prakash%20BJP&f=false |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |date=2023-04-11 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24790-8 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> Shiv Prakash, along with former Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad leader Arvind Menon, started working behind the scenes to lay the foundation of the BJP in the eastern states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Sambit |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=03oTEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT139&dq=Shiv+Prakash+BJP&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Shiv%20Prakash%20BJP&f=false |title=The Bengal Conundrum: The Rise of the BJP and the Future of the TMC |date=2021-01-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-68-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Dibyendu |date=2021-04-10 |title=RSS work helps build BJP momentum in Bengal polls |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/rss-work-helps-build-bjp-momentum-bengal-polls |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015, he came to [[West Bengal]], where he worked at the booth level, learned the Bengali language, and formed party committees at 78,000 booths. The result was that the BJP won an unexpected victory in the state in the [[2019 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Surya |title=पर्दे के पीछे रहकर बंगाल में बीजेपी के लिए सालों से जमीन तैयार कर रहा है यह शख्स, बांग्ला भी सीखी |trans-title=This person has been preparing the ground for BJP in Bengal by staying behind the scenes for years, also learned Bengali |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bengal-election-2021/story-rss-pracharak-shiv-prakash-is-tha-man-behind-west-bengal-election-strategy-of-bjp-3909646.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

Currently, he is responsible for party-related development work in the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vadlapatla |first=Sribala |date=2022-02-28 |title=Shiv Prakash to help BJP in state |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/shiv-prakash-to-help-bjp-in-state/articleshow/89879835.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2020 |title=BJP में संगठनात्मक बदलाव:राष्ट्रीय सह संगठन महामंत्री शिव प्रकाश को MP-CG सहित 6 राज्यों का प्रभार, बेस कैंप रहेगा भोपाल |trans-title=Organizational change in BJP: National Co-Organization General Secretary Shiv Prakash will be given charge of 6 states including MP-CG, Bhopal will be the base camp. |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/news/national-co-organization-general-secretary-shiv-prakash-will-be-in-charge-of-6-states-including-mp-cg-bhopal-will-remain-base-camp-128072290.html}}</ref>

As of July 2023, in the most recent restructuring of the central leadership within the BJP, Shiv Prakash has been reaffirmed in his role as the Joint National General Secretary (Organization).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Manish Chandra |date=2023-07-30 |title=BJP’s national team: U.P. gets lion’s share, ex-AMU VC appointed party vice-president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjps-national-team-u-p-gets-lion-s-share-ex-amu-vc-appointed-party-vicepresident-101690710726496.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The role of Joint National General Secretary is typically designated for members associated with the RSS. The responsibilities of those in this position encompass managing state-level party affairs, overseeing organizational matters, and serving as a crucial liaison between the BJP and the RSS, its ideological progenitor. Prakash continued to hold the position, albeit with an enhanced scope of responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnimesh |first=Shanker |date=2021-01-03 |title=Why BJP has 'cut' number of joint general secretaries — RSS men in party — from 4 to 1 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-bjp-has-cut-number-of-joint-general-secretaries-rss-men-in-party-from-4-to-1/578508/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2016, an insider from the BJP disclosed to the media that concerns had arisen within the central leadership regarding the open conflict between [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]], then a potential candidate for the position of [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], and Shiv Prakash, who held the role of in-charge within the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand BJP State Unit]]. The source revealed that Koshyari publicly voiced his discontent during the state executive meeting, where he critiqued Prakash for his alleged authoritative control over the state unit. This led to a verbal altercation between the two.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Ravish |date=2016-10-15 |title=BS Koshiyari-Shiv Prakash's public feud dims BJP chances in Uttarakhand |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bs-koshiyari-shiv-prakashs-public-feud-dims-bjp-chances-in-uttarakhand/articleshow/54859700.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. Satish]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Joint National General Secretary (Organisation) of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]|years=2014-present}}
{{s-end}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Shiv}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Internet geolocation

2023-10-01T07:04:11Z

Abhishek: Internet geolocation

{{Short description|Determining the physical location of an internet user}}
{{broader|Geolocation}}
In [[computing]], '''Internet geolocation''' is software capable of deducing the [[geographic position]] of a device connected to the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muir|first1=James A.|last2=Oorschot|first2=Paul C. Van|date=2009-12-14|title=Internet geolocation: Evasion and counterevasion|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1592451.1592455|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|volume=42|issue=1|pages=4:1–4:23|doi=10.1145/1592451.1592455|s2cid=16289271|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> For example, the device's [[IP address]] can be used to determine the country, city, or [[ZIP code]], determining its geographical location.<ref name=oreilly>{{cite book|title=HTML5 Geolocation |url=https://archive.org/details/htmlgeolocation00iiia_202 |url-access=limited|last=Holdener|first=Anthony T.|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|year=2011|isbn=9781449304720|page=[https://archive.org/details/htmlgeolocation00iiia_202/page/n19 11]}}</ref> Other methods include examination of [[Wi-Fi positioning system|Wi-Fi hotspots]],<ref name="Lindner"/> {{citation needed span|a [[MAC address]], [[International Press Telecommunications Council|image metadata]], or [[credit card]] information.|date=March 2021}}

==Data sources==
An [[IP address]] is assigned to each device (e.g. computer, printer) participating in a [[computer network]] that uses the [[Internet Protocol]] for communication.<ref name=rfc760>{{IETF RFC|760}}, ''DOD Standard Internet Protocol'' (January 1980)</ref> The protocol specifies that each IP packet must have a [[Header (computing)|header]] which contains, among other things, the IP address of the sender.

There are a number of free and paid subscription geolocation [[database]]s, ranging from country level to state or city—including ZIP/[[post code]] level—each with varying claims of accuracy (generally higher at the country level). These databases typically contain IP address data which may be used in firewalls, ad servers, routing, mail systems, web sites, and other automated systems where a geolocation may be useful. An alternative to hosting and querying a database is to obtain the country code for a given IP address through a [[DNSBL]]-style lookup from a remote server.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netop.org/services/ip-geolocation|title=IP geolocation (The NetOp Organization)|access-date=2009-02-04|date=2009-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125023649/http://www.netop.org/services/ip-geolocation|archive-date=2009-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some commercial databases have augmented geolocation software with demographic data to enable demographic-type targeting using IP address data.<ref name=oreilly/>

The primary source for IP address data is the [[regional Internet registry|regional Internet registries]] which allocate and distribute IP addresses amongst organizations located in their respective service regions:

* [[AfriNIC|African Network Information Centre]] (AfriNIC)
* [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] (ARIN)
* [[Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre]] (APNIC)
* [[LACNIC|Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry]] (LACNIC)
* [[RIPE NCC|RIPE Network Coordination Centre]] (RIPE NCC)

The registries allow assignees to specify country and geographical coordinates of each assigned block.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geolocation |url=https://help.apnic.net/s/article/Geolocation |publisher=[[APNIC]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> Starting from 2021 [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 9092 allows assignees to specify location of any IP [[subnetwork]] they own.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finding and Using Geofeed Data |url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9092/ |publisher=[[IETF]] |access-date=4 September 2022 |date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

Secondary sources include:

* [[Data mining]] or user-submitted geographic location data:
** Website-submitted, e.g. a weather website asking visitors for a city name to find their local forecast or pairing a user's IP address with the address information in their account profile.
** [[Wi-Fi positioning system]]<ref name="Lindner">{{Cite journal|last1=Lindner|first1=Thomas|last2=Fritsch|first2=Lothar|last3=Plank|first3=Kilian|last4=Rannenberg|first4=Kai|date=2004|editor-last=Lamersdorf|editor-first=Winfried|editor2-last=Tschammer|editor2-first=Volker|editor3-last=Amarger|editor3-first=Stéphane|title=Exploitation of Public and Private WiFi Coverage for New Business Models|journal=Building the E-Service Society|series=IFIP International Federation for Information Processing|volume=146|language=en|publisher=Springer US|pages=131–148|doi=10.1007/1-4020-8155-3_8|isbn=978-1-4020-8155-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> through the examination of neighborhood Wi-Fi [[BSSID]]. E.g. [[Mozilla Location Service]].
** Examination of neighborhood [[Bluetooth]] devices.
** Pairing a user's IP address with the [[Satellite navigation device|GPS location]] of a device that's using such an IP address.
* Data contributed by [[Internet service provider]]s.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* [[Guesstimate]]s from adjacent [[Classful network|Class C range]]<ref>An example is the guessed city provided by hostip.info.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2021}} and/or gleaned from network [[hop (telecommunications)|hops]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* Network routing information collected to the end point of the IP address.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* Analysis of linguistic data from the device, using pretrained models that show that some term is frequently mentioned in a certain location (e.g. "the T" vs "the El" vs. "the subway").<ref>{{cite arXiv|title=Inferring the location of authors from words in their texts|date=2015|last1=Berggren|
first1=Max|last2=Karlgren|first2=Jussi|last3=Östling|first3=Robert|last4=Parkvall|first4=Mikael|class=cs.CL|language=en|eprint=1612.06671}}</ref>

Accuracy is improved by:
* [[Data scrubbing]] to filter out or identify [[software anomaly|anomalies]].
* [[Statistics|Statistical analysis]] of user submitted data.
* Utilizing third-party tests conducted by reputable organizations.

===Errors===
If geolocation software maps IP addresses associated with an entire county or territory to a particular location, such as the geographic center of the territory, this can cause considerable problems for the people who happen to live there, as law enforcement authorities and others may mistakenly assume any crimes or other misconduct associated with the IP address to originate from that particular location.

For example, a farmstead northeast of [[Potwin, Kansas]] became the default site of 600 million [[IP address]]es when the Massachusetts-based digital mapping company [[MaxMind]] changed the putative [[geographic center of the contiguous United States]] from 39.8333333,-98.585522 to 38.0000,-97.0000.<ref name="Potwin, Kansas">{{cite web | url=https://theweek.com/articles/624040/how-internet-mapping-glitch-turned-kansas-farm-into-digital-hell | title=How an internet mapping glitch turned a random Kansas farm into a digital hell | publisher=Fusion | date=2016-04-10 | access-date=2016-04-10 | author=Hill, Kashmir}}</ref> Since 2012, a family in [[Pretoria]], South Africa, has been regularly visited by police or angry private citizens who believed their stolen phones were to be found in the family's backyard. This was also the result of geolocation by MaxMind. The company used the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]'s coordinates for Pretoria, which pointed to the family's house, to represent IP addresses associated with Pretoria.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Kashmir |title=How Cartographers for the U.S. Military Inadvertently Created a House of Horrors in South Africa |url=https://gizmodo.com/how-cartographers-for-the-u-s-military-inadvertently-c-1830758394 |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Gizmodo |date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

==Privacy==
A distinction can be made between ''co-operative'' and ''oppositional'' geolocation. In some cases, it is in the interest of users to be accurately located, for example, so that they can be offered information relevant to their location. In other cases, users prefer not to disclose their location for privacy or other reasons.<ref>{{cite web|last=Plaintiff: Coalition for Sexual Freedom and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom Foundation|first=Defendant: US Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]] and the United States of America|date=2003-11-10|title=''Nitke vs. Ashcroft'' - Expert report of Seth Finkelstein|url=http://www.sethf.com/nitke/ashcroft.php|access-date=2004-11-15}}</ref>

Technical measures for ensuring [[anonymity]], such as [[proxy server]]s, can be used to circumvent restrictions imposed by geolocation software. Some sites detect the use of proxies and anonymizers, and may either block service or provide non-localized content in response.<ref>RealNetworks detects proxies and anonymizers; Google serves non-localized content if location is in doubt. {{cite web |url=http://wired-vig.wired.com/news_drop/news_lycatalog/story/0,2149,64178,00.html |title=Geolocation: Don't Fence Web In |date=2004-07-12 |publisher=Wired |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514234503/http://wired-vig.wired.com/news_drop/news_lycatalog/story/0,2149,64178,00.html |archive-date=2006-05-14 }}</ref>

==Applications==
Geolocation technology has been under development only since 1999, and the first patents were granted in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Digital-Envoy-wins-geotargeting-patent/2110-1032_3-5251844.html |title=Digital Envoy wins Geotargeting Patent |access-date=2010-04-19 |date=2004-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617060350/http://news.cnet.com/Digital-Envoy-wins-geotargeting-patent/2110-1032_3-5251844.html |archive-date=June 17, 2011 }}</ref> The technology is already widely used in multiple industries,<ref name=industries>[http://clientsidenews.com/downloads/CSNV10I6.pdf ClientSideNews, Nov/Dec 2010 issue, Page 6 “You Can Really Do That? – The Power of Geolocation Technology” ]</ref> including e-retail, banking, media, telecommunications, education, travel,<ref name=travel>[http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/1054072/Thetrainline-brings-Digital-Element-board-localised-ad-task/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH Marketing Magazine, February 10, 2011 “Thetrainline brings Digital Element on board for localised ad task”]</ref> hospitality, entertainment, health care, online gaming and law enforcement, for preventing [[online fraud]], complying with regulations, managing digital rights<ref name=rights>[http://www.digitalelement.com/success_stories/we7.html Music Streaming site we7 Cranks up the Volume for Digital Rights Management and Ad Targeting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040230/http://www.digitalelement.com/success_stories/we7.html |date=2010-12-06 }}</ref> and serving targeted [[marketing]] content and [[pricing]].<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=1433634|title=Geolocation and Federalism on the Internet: Cutting Internet Gambling's Gordian Knot|date=2009-10-04|last1=King|first1=Kevin F.}}</ref> Additionally, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) has proposed that geolocation software might be leveraged to support [[9-1-1]] location determination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0712/DOC-308377A1.pdf| title= FCC Strengthens Enhanced 911 Location Accuracy Requirements for Wireless Services |access-date= April 27, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023438/http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0712/DOC-308377A1.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2011 }}</ref>

An IP address or the [[one-to-one correspondence|related unique]] [[URL]] may also be investigated with basic functions, typing from the [[computer keyboard|keyboard]] two instructions: [[ping (networking utility)|ping]] and [[traceroute]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/traceroute-geolocation.html|title= File traceroute-geolocation|language= en|access-date= March 24, 2017}}</ref> In [[Unix-like]] systems, they are available as a command line tool. In the same way, [[Microsoft Windows]] has the prompt of [[DOS]] working with those instructions.

===Criminal investigations===

Banks, software vendors and other online enterprises in the US and elsewhere became subject to strict "[[know your customer]]" laws imposed by the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], the [[Bank Secrecy Act]], the [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury Department]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] and other regulatory entities in the US and Europe from the early twenty-first century. These laws are intended to prevent money laundering, trafficking with terrorist organizations, and trading with banned nations. When it is possible to identify the true location of online visitors, geolocation can protect banks from participating in the transfer of funds for illicit purposes. More and more prosecuting bodies are bringing cases involving cyber-crimes such as cyber-stalking and identity theft. Prosecutors often have the capability of determining the [[IP address]] data necessary to link a computer to a crime.<ref>[http://superiorcourtblog.com/sean-erenstoft-lectures-on-authenticating-web-evidence/ Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney, Wendy Segall Hides Evidence.]</ref>

===Fraud detection===
Online retailers and payment processors use geolocation to detect possible [[credit card fraud]] by comparing the user's location to the billing address on the account or the shipping address provided. A mismatch – an order placed from the US on an account number from Tokyo, for example – is a strong indicator of potential fraud. IP address geolocation can be also used in [[fraud detection]] to match billing address postal code or area code.<ref>{{cite book|title=Identity Theft|last=Vacca|first=John R.|publisher=[[Prentice Hall Professional]]|year=2003|isbn=9780130082756|page=400}}</ref> Banks can prevent "[[phishing]]" attacks, [[money laundering]] and other security breaches by determining the user's location as part of the authentication process. [[Whois]] databases can also help verify [[IP address]]es and registrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/business/finance/mc-biz-bank-share-location-20171127-story.html|title=Sharing your location with your bank seems creepy, but it's useful|last=Barba|first=Robert|work=[[The Morning Call]]|date=2017-11-18|access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref>

Government, law enforcement and corporate security teams use geolocation as an investigatory tool, tracking the Internet routes of online attackers to find the perpetrators and prevent future attacks from the same location.

===Geomarketing===
{{further|Geomarketing}}
Since geolocation software can get the information of user location, companies using geomarketing may provide [[web content]] or products that are famous or useful in that specific location. Advertisements and content on a website that uses geolocation software in the form of an [[API]] (also referred to as "IP API" or "IP address geolocation API") may be tailored to provide the information that a certain user wants.<ref name=wants>[http://www.internetretailer.com/2010/06/25/personalized-web-site-content-gives-retailers-edge Internet Retailer “Personalized web site content gives retailers an edge’, June 25, 2010]</ref>

===Regional licensing===
[[Internet]] movie vendors, online broadcasters who serve live streaming video of sporting events, or certain TV and music video sites that are licensed to broadcast their videos of episodes/music videos are permitted to serve viewers only in their licensed territories. By geolocating viewers, they can be certain of obeying licensing regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/CinemaNow-appeases-studios-by-locating-Web-surfers/2100-1023_3-253169.html|publisher=CNet|title=CinemaNow appeases studios by locating Web surfers|date=2001-02-26|access-date=2010-04-22}}</ref> Online gambling websites must also know where their customers violate gambling laws, or risk doing so.

Jim Ramo, chief executive of movie distributor Movielink, said studios were aware of the shortcomings going in and have grown more confident now that the system has been shown to work.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/news/infostructure/0,1377,64178,00.html |publisher=Wired News |agency=Associated Press |title=Geolocation: Don't Fence Web In |date=2004-07-12 |access-date=2006-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909221543/http://www.wired.com/news/infostructure/0,1377,64178,00.html |archive-date=2006-09-09 }}</ref>

===Gaming===
A [[location-based game]] is a type of [[pervasive game]] for [[smartphone]]s or other [[mobile device]]s in which the [[gameplay]] evolves and progresses via a player's real-world location which is typically obtained by [[GPS]] functionality from the device.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trimble |first=Marketa |title=The future of cybertravel: legal implications of the evasion of geolocation |journal=Fordham Intell}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Geo-blocking]]
* [[Geotargeting]]
* [[Satellite navigation software]]
* [[Location-based service]]
* [[MAC address anonymization]]
* [[Online locator service|Locator software]]
* [[Personalization]]
* [[W3C Geolocation API]]
* [[Kinomap]] (geolocation video software)
* [[Mobile phone tracking]]
* [[TV White Space Database]] (geolocation database)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{curlie|Computers/Software/Internet/Servers/Personalization|Computers : Software : Internet : Servers : Personalization}}
*[http://www.usenix.org/events/nsdi11/tech/full_papers/Wang_Yong.pdf Towards Street-Level Client-Independent IP Geolocation]: Recent research paper explaining how to find a location from an IP address within 1 km
*[https://www.bigdatacloud.com/blog/how-accurate-can-ip-geolocation-get How accurate can IP Geolocation get?]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geolocation Software}}
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Business software]]
[[Category:Internet geolocation|*]]

La Trobe University

2023-09-07T18:01:50Z

Abhishek:

{{Short description|Public university in Melbourne, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = La Trobe University
| image_name = LTU Armorial CMYK small.PNG
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Coat of arms]]
| latin_name = Universitas La Trobeana {{#tag:ref|As the institution is named after a person and not a geographical location, the correct terminology is ''La Trobeana'' and not ''La Trobensis''. For reference see [[John Sandys (classicist)|Sandys]] and his preference for ''Universitas Yaleana'' over ''Universitas Yalensis'' in John Edwin Sandys, ''[https://archive.org/stream/orationesetepist00sanduoft#page/viii/mode/2up/search/1 Orationes Et Epistolae Cantabrigienses 1876–1909]'' (London: Macmillan & Company, limited, 1910), viii, accessed 17 Nov. 2015.|group=Note}}
| motto = ''Qui cherche trouve'' ([[French language|French]])
| mottoeng = "Whoever seeks shall find"
| established = 9 December 1964
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| chancellor = [[John Brumby]] {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/john-brumby-ao-our-new-chancellor |title=La Trobe University website |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821064006/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/john-brumby-ao-our-new-chancellor |url-status=live }}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = [[John Dewar (academic)|John Dewar]] {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}}
| students = 38,639<ref name="latrobe.edu.au">{{Cite web | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/facts-figures | title=Facts and figures | access-date=18 May 2019 | archive-date=2 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502163731/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/facts-figures | url-status=live }}</ref>
| undergrad = 29,981<ref name="latrobe.edu.au"/>
| postgrad = 8,658<ref name="latrobe.edu.au"/>
| administrative_staff = 1,736<ref name="La Trobe Stats">See La Trobe University, [https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/689562/Pocket-Statistics-2015.pdf '2015 Pocket Statistics'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092933/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/689562/Pocket-Statistics-2015.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}, ''La Trobe University'', (2015), accessed 19 January 2016.</ref>
| faculty = 1,481<ref name="La Trobe Stats"/>
| location = [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| campus = [[metropolitan area|Metropolitan]] and [[regional]] (Melbourne campus) {{convert|267|ha|km²|1}}
| free_label = Named after
| free = [[Charles La Trobe]]
| colours = '''[[University]]'''  {{color box|#9F0018}} La Trobe red  {{color box|#868686}}{{color box|#white}} [[Argent|Grey (white)]] {{#tag:ref|Since the second [[heraldic]] colour is [[Argent]], grey may alternatively be depicted as white.|group=Note}}  '''[[Sport]]ing'''  {{color box|#9F0018}} La Trobe red  {{color box|#white}} White  {{color box|#1E1E1E}} Black {{#tag:ref|The use of black dates back to the early years of the university, most likely originating from the La Trobe University Football Club. When La Trobe first opened in 1967 its sports clubs used the [[University of Melbourne]] as a benchmark to emulate.<ref>"An election in 1968 resulted in my being appointed Foundation President of the La Trobe University Boat Club. 'Boat' not 'Rowing' club epitomised the intended culture of La Trobe and proved its use in providing start-up support from [[Melbourne University Boat Club|MUBC]]." Andrew Armstrong, '[http://www.latroberowing.net.au/history/ History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301221744/http://www.latroberowing.net.au/history/ |date=1 March 2016 }}', La Trobe University Rowing Club [website], (2016), accessed 29 May 2016</ref> One outcome of this was the creation of the La Trobe University Reds and the La Trobe University Blacks in 1968, which was based on the [[Melbourne University Football Club|University Blues]] and the [[Melbourne University Football Club|University Blacks]] at Melbourne.<ref>Victorian Amateur Football Association, '[https://www.vafa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/VAFA-Vol76.No11.pdf Today's games and umpires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212924/https://www.vafa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/VAFA-Vol76.No11.pdf |date=11 April 2019 }}', ''The Amateur Footballer'', 76/11 (1976), 14, accessed 6 July 2016</ref><ref>AustralianRulesFootball.com.au, '[http://www.australianrulesfootball.com.au/pages/latrobeuniversityfc La Trobe University Football Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024031/http://australianrulesfootball.com.au/pages/latrobeuniversityfc |date=14 March 2016 }}', AustralianRulesFootball.com.au [website], accessed 29 May 2016</ref>|group=Note}}
| nickname = La Trobians and Old [[Charles La Trobe|Charlie]]{{#tag:ref|The nickname ''La Trobian'' (variants include ''La Trober'', and to a lesser extent ''Trobian'') refers to the individuals who are a part of the university, while ''Old Charlie'' refers to the institution as a whole. For example: The opposition took on La Trobe University this week in Melbourne. It was a hard fought match against ''Old Charlie'', with the teams separated by a goal at half time. However, the ''La Trobians'' eventually gained the lead in the latter stages of the match...|group=Note}}
| mascot = [[Wedge-tailed eagle]]<ref>La Trobe University, '[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history/logo A change to the La Trobe University Brandmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093021/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history/logo |date=18 April 2018 }}', La Trobe University [website], (2012), accessed 5 January 2015</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.latrobe.edu.au|latrobe.edu.au}}
| logo = File:La Trobe University logo.svg
| footnotes =
| coor = {{coord|-37.72179|145.047909|type:edu_region:AU|display=title}}
| affiliations = [[Universities Australia]], [[Innovative Research Universities|Innovative Research Universities (IRU)]]
}}
[[File:La Trobe University Bundoora Campus aerial panorama, facing south towards the city skyline. September 2023.jpg|thumb|La Trobe University Bundoora Campus aerial panorama, facing south towards the city skyline. September 2023.]]
'''La Trobe University''' is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] based in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Its main campus is located in the suburb of [[Bundoora, Victoria|Bundoora]]. The university was established in 1964, becoming the third university in the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and the twelfth university in Australia. La Trobe is one of the Australian [[verdant universities]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Trobe University |url=http://digitalhealth.org.au/cm-business/la-trobe-university/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=AIDH |language=en-AU}}</ref> and also part of the [[Innovative Research Universities]] group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Universities |url=https://iru.edu.au/our-universities/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Innovative Research Universities |language=en}}</ref>

La Trobe's original and principal campus is located in the Melbourne metropolitan area, within the northern Melbourne suburb of Bundoora. It is the largest metropolitan campus in the country, occupying over {{convert|267|ha|acre}}.<ref>La Trobe University, [https://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2014/required/about-latrobe/the-university.htm "University Handbook 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120084546/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2014/required/about-latrobe/the-university.htm |date=20 January 2015 }}, La Trobe University website, Accessed 20 January 2015.</ref> It has two other major campuses located in the regional Victorian city of [[Bendigo]] and the twin border cities of [[Albury-Wodonga]]. There are two smaller regional campuses in [[Mildura]] and [[Shepparton]] and a city campus in Melbourne's [[Central business district|CBD]] on [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]] and in Sydney on [[Elizabeth Street, Sydney|Elizabeth Street]].

La Trobe offers [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] courses across its two colleges of Arts, Social Science and Commerce (ASSC) and Science, Health and Engineering (SHE).

In 2015, it was ranked in the top 100 universities under 50 by the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2015/one-hundred-under-fifty "100 Under 50 Rankings 2015 results"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174142/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2015/one-hundred-under-fifty |date=29 May 2015 }}, ''Times Higher Education'' website, 2015, Accessed 9 June 2015.</ref> In the 2021 [[QS World University Rankings]], it was ranked in the top 300 universities for arts and humanities.<ref name=":2" />

==History==

The university was established in 1964 following the assent of the ''La Trobe University Act'' by Victorian Parliament on 9 December 1964. The passing of the Act of [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] to establish La Trobe University followed earlier University Acts to establish the [[University of Melbourne]] (1853) and [[Monash University]] (1958).<ref name="Gregory"/>{{Rp|3}} The Minister of Education at the time and the appointed planning council were "unanimous in their enthusiasm that the new institution should be innovative in its approach",<ref name="Marshall">Marshall, A.S.(1979), 'La Trobe University: The Vision and the Reality', Centre for Comparative and International Education: School of Education: La Trobe University. La Trobe University Library, Bundoora (Victoria), p.1.</ref> and the university adopted an academic structure based on schools of studies (rather than on faculties) and a collegiate format, where a large number of students lived on campus. At this time, [[Flinders University]] and [[Macquarie University]] were also establishing a schools-based system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Many prominent Victorians were involved in La Trobe's establishment process, and there was a strong belief that it was important to increase research and learning in Victoria. One of the major individuals involved was [[Davis McCaughey]], who later became [[Governor of Victoria]]. The university was named after [[Charles Joseph La Trobe]], the first Governor of Victoria, and the university motto, 'whoever seeks shall find', is adapted from Charles La Trobe's family motto.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|3}} The La Trobe University [[Coat of Arms]] incorporates the scallop shells from the La Trobe family bearings, the Australian wedge-tailed eagle to represent Australia, and sprigs of heath to represent Victoria.<ref>[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/history "Our History, La Trobe University"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720235445/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/history |date=20 July 2014 }}. La Trobe University. Retrieved 17 June 2009.</ref>

=== Origins===

The origins of La Trobe can be traced back to the post-World War II era where there emerged a global recognition of the need to increase facilities for higher education.{{#tag:ref|'In Britain, the [[Robbins Committee]] reported in 1963 on the need for the expansion of tertiary education in that country. During the 1950s in the United States, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] moved with great speed in establishing a grand plan to vastly expand facilities for higher education including many new universities.'<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}}|group=Note}} In 1957 Prime Minister [[Sir Robert Menzies]] established a special committee to report on the future of [[Australian universities]], inviting Sir [[Keith Murray, Baron Murray of Newhaven|Keith Murray]], Chairman of the University Grants Committee of Great Britain, to chair it. The Murray Committee, in a far-reaching report submitted in September 1957, recommend a major expansion of university facilities in Australia and changes in administration and financing.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}}

As a direct consequence of the key recommendations of the Murray report, the [[Australian Federal Government|federal government]] established the Australian Universities Commission (AUC) in 1959, appointing Sir [[Leslie H. Martin|Leslie Martin]] as its chair.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}} Menzies appointed Martin to chair a special committee in 1961 to report to the AUC on the rapidly increasing demands for higher education in Australia.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}} In August 1963 it released its second report, which recognised the urgency of Victoria's situation "...the resources of [[University of Melbourne|Melbourne]] and [[Monash University|Monash]] Universities are not likely to meet the long-term demands for university education beyond 1966. The Commission therefore is willing to support in the 1964–1966 triennium the extension of university facilities in the Melbourne metropolitan area."<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21–22}} Following the recommendations the federal government passed the Universities Assistance Bill in October 1963, providing a grant for a "third" university for recurrent expenditure in 1965 of $106,000 and $210,000 in 1966. The first capital grant was for 1966 and amounted to $1,000,000. These grants were to be matched by equivalent state grants.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21–22}}

===Establishment===

==== Third University Committee ====

In April 1964, Sir [[Archibald Glenn]] was invited by the Victorian premier, Sir [[Henry Bolte]], to chair a "Third University Committee".<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}} In addition to Glen, 13 other members were announced on 21 May 1964. The committee, therefore, consisted of:<ref name="autogenerated189">{{cite book |year=1989 |chapter=Appendix A |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=189–190 |hdl=1959.9/201803}}</ref>
* Sir Archibald Glenn, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Engineers Australia|AMIE Aust.]], [[Institution of Chemical Engineers|MIChemE]], chairman and managing director, [[Orica#History|ICI Australia Ltd]], ''Chairman''
* F. H. Brookes, assistant director of education, Victoria
* Sir John Buchan [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]], architect and chairman, Buchan, Laird & Buchan
* Sir Michael Chamberlin, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], deputy chancellor, [[Monash University]]
* [[Thomas MacFarland Cherry|Sir Thomas Cherry]] [[Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science|FAA]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], president, [[Australian Academy of Science]] 1961-65
* [[Kathleen Fitzpatrick (Australian academic)|Kathleen Fitzpatrick]], formerly associate professor of history, [[University of Melbourne]]
* J. A. Hepburn, chief planner, [[Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works]]
* Ethleen King [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], president of the Free Kindergarten Union and former President of the [[National Council of Women of Australia|National Council of Women]]
* [[Phillip Law]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], director of the Antarctic Division, [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of External Affairs]]
* C. E. Newman [[Military Cross|MC]], solicitor, Numurkah, Victoria
* J. D. Norgard, general manager (operations), [[BHP]]
* W. C. Radford [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], Director, [[Australian Council for Educational Research]]
* R. Selby Smith [[Order of Australia|AM]], professor of education, Monash University, and principal of [[Scotch College, Melbourne]], 1953–64
* Russel G. French, secretary of the committee

The terms of reference of the committee were to advise the government on all matters concerning the establishment of a third Victorian university. This consisted of "the selection of the site, the preparation of a detailed development program, planning and calling tenders for buildings, the formulating of an administrative structure, the appointment of an Academic Planning Board and the recruitment of key staff." It was planned that La Trobe would enrol students, if possible, in March 1967.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}

==== Selecting the site ====

The first meeting of the committee occurred on 2 June 1964 in the rooms of the [[Royal Historical Society of Victoria|Historical Society of Victoria]] on [[Victoria Street, Melbourne|Victoria Street]]. From there, they acted promptly in seeking out a suitable metropolitan location, inspecting 27 sites from a list of 57 possibilities.{{#tag:ref|"A number of these prospects were the result of submissions by local councils and other interested groups"<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}|group=Note}}

The main constraints facing all options were area - "adequate for a full and balanced university"; cost - preferably [[Crown land|Crown owned land]], as private land would require large compensation payments; and locality - somewhere reasonably close to the demographic centre of Melbourne (calculated to be in the [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] area) and to public transport.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|5}}

A subcommittee, headed by [[Phillip Law]], quickly recognised that "somewhere on the eastern side of Melbourne stands out as the right location", however, [[Monash University|Monash]] was already growing in the southeastern suburbs so an alternative area was sought.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|5}} An early list of possibilities read:

''Outer'' - [[Bundoora]], [[Lilydale, Victoria|Lilydale]].
''Inner'' - [[Burnley College (Australia)|Burnley Horticultural College]], [[Wattle Park, Melbourne|Wattle Park]], [[Caulfield Racecourse]], [[Kew Asylum|Kew Mental Asylum]]<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}

Selection of an inner site was unlikely, as they were mostly "either inadequate or unattainable, especially the racecourse", however, the Kew site was a real possibility.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}

The "ultimate choice" was unanimously agreed upon by the end of July, resulting in the farm attached to the [[Mont Park Asylum]]. Cunningham Dax, head of the Mental Health Authority, was "most co-operative", although he raised concerns that the loss of the farm would be serious for the hospital. An alternative site for the farm was procured a little further out on Plenty Road, resolving the issue.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}

==== Naming the university ====

While it was an interesting interpretation of a "local name", [[Charles La Trobe|La Trobe]], proposed by [[Kathleen Fitzpatrick (Australian academic)|Fitzpatrick]],<ref>Davies, Susan (1995). "Kathleen Fitzpatrick: Sculptor with Words". In Macintyre, Stuart; Thomas, Julian. The Discovery of Australian History: 1890–1939. Carlton South: Melbourne University Press. pp. 158–173. {{ISBN|0-522-84699-8}}.</ref> was agreed unanimously upon by the planning committee after some alternatives, such as [[Alfred Deakin|Deakin]], were "thoughtfully put aside".{{#tag:ref|"[P]robably the most distinguished name among Victorians born in Victoria".<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}|group=Note}} [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian State Parliamentarians]], however, were far from unanimous when they came to debate the La Trobe University Bill.{{#tag:ref|"'redolent of the [[Folies Bergère]] and prurient Parisian life' complained one who, perhaps more seriously, proposed '[[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]' as an alternative."<ref name="Gregory"/>|group=Note}}

Sir [[Archibald Glenn]], chairman of the committee, provided a concise summary as to why La Trobe was chosen:

"Lieutenant-Governor Charles Joseph La Trobe has great historic significance for [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] and his name is recognised internationally. La Trobe was not a university man...{{#tag:ref|'La Trobe enrolled at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College at Cambridge]] but it is doubtful whether he ever attended a lecture'.<ref>C J La Trobe Society, '[http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobe2.html Early Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107131709/http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobe2.html |date=7 January 2015 }}', The C J La Trobe Society [website], accessed 7 January 2015.</ref>|group=Note}} but he appears to have had almost every quality, one would desire in one. He had a lively interest in every aspect of life of the community, the will to work for the good of other men, and a sense of responsibility towards prosperity."<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|24}}

The Victorian Minister for Education, Sir John Bloomfield, upon presenting the enabling bill to the [[Victorian parliament]], reflected on the influence of Charles La Trobe in the foundation of the [[University of Melbourne]] over a 100 years before, concluding "my most satisfying reflection at this moment is that my father's father sought for gold in our hills, and he knew this city in the days of the man whom, at the behest of others, I am now trying to acknowledge. If Providence and this Parliament will it, my son's son may be taught in his aura and tradition."<ref name="Simpson">{{cite book |author=Roy Simpson |year=1989 |chapter=The Master Plan |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=39–49 |hdl=1959.9/201726}}</ref>{{rp|39–40}}

Although La Trobe, like his [[Christian Ignatius Latrobe|father]], used "La Trobe" and "Latrobe" interchangeably,<ref name="Reilly_Armstrong">See Reilly, Diane and Armstrong, Helen, '[http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV12n3.pdf#Page=16 The Latrobe/La Trobe Family Name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121154106/http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV12n3.pdf#Page=16 |date=21 January 2015 }}', La Trobeana, 12/3 (2013), 31-32, accessed 15 January 2015.</ref> the committee selected the spelling that was predominantly used by his side of the family.<ref name="Reilly_Armstrong"/>

==== Interim council ====

Following the passing of the ''La Trobe University Act'', the interim council was established in December 1964. Aside from Sir Michael Chamberlin and Kathleen Fitzpatrick, who indicated they were unavailable, all members of the Third University Committee were appointed to the interim council, with Sir Archibald Glenn remaining as chairman.<ref name="autogenerated189"/> Additional members of the interim council were:

* [[Keith Aickin]] QC, barrister
* [[Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians|FRACP]], [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]], [[List of Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science|FAA]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], Nobel Prize for Medicine 1960, Professor of Experimental Medicine and Director of the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute]], President, [[Australian Academy of Science]] 1965-69
* J. Andrews, Professor of Geography, [[University of Melbourne]],{{#tag:ref|Appointed to Interim Council in May 1965<ref name="autogenerated189"/>|group=Note}}
* [[Bernard Callinan]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Military Cross|MC]], [[Engineers Australia|MIEAust.]], Consulting Engineer and Commissioner of [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria|SEC]].
* [[Michael Clarke (Australian politician)|Michael Clarke]], representing [[Northern Province (Victoria)|Northern Province]], [[Victorian Legislative Council]]
* [[John Galbally]], barrister, representing [[Melbourne North Province|Melbourne North]] and Opposition Leader, Victorian Legislative Council
* [[Davis McCaughey]], Master of [[Ormond College]], [[University of Melbourne]]
* [[Joe Rafferty (politician)|J. A. Rafferty]], representing [[Electoral district of Ormond|Ormond]], [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
* Peter Thwaites, Principal of [[Geelong College]]
* David Myers, [[Institution of Electrical Engineers|MIEE]], [[Institution of Chemical Engineers|MIEAust]], [[Institute of Physics|FInstP]], Vice-Chancellor (''ex officio''). {{#tag:ref|Became a member on taking up appointment of 1 September 1965.<ref name="autogenerated189"/>|group=Note}}

Sir Thomas Cherry died late in 1966, prior to the final meeting of the Interim Council.<ref name="autogenerated189"/> All other members automatically became members of council upon its establishment with the first meeting held on 19 December 1966. It was this meeting that Sir Archibald was elected as chancellor of the university.<ref name="autogenerated189"/>

=== La Trobe eras ===

The concept of the "La Trobe eras" was first coined by William Breen and John Salmond in the university's 25th anniversary history, ''Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989''. It is used to refer to La Trobe in periods of 25 years, following the year of establishment in 1964 rather than the year of opening in 1967.{{#tag:ref|"This year (1989) will mark not just the first quarter century but the end of the first era of La Trobe's history. It is likely that the second era will witness the emergence of a very different institution, much larger, much more diverse in its offerings, and catering to a broader range of student needs than in the past."<ref>{{cite book |year=1989 |chapter=Introduction |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=xi–xii |hdl=1959.9/201803}}</ref>|group=Note}} As of 2015, La Trobe is currently in its third era.

=== First era: 1964–1989 ===

[[File:Martin building, autumn 2.jpg|thumb|right|Martin Building in autumn.]]
La Trobe University was officially opened by the Victorian premier, Sir [[Henry Bolte]], on 8 March 1967 at a ceremony that was attended by a number of dignitaries including former [[Prime Minister of Australia]], [[Robert Menzies]].<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |author=David M. Myers |year=1989 |chapter=The First Decade |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=31–38 |hdl=1959.9/201719}}</ref>{{rp|31}} Teaching commenced at the Bundoora campus in the first semester of that year, with some 500 students.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|3}} La Trobe was seen to be unique amongst Australian universities due to its school-based and collegiate structure. At the time, "this novel approach became commonly known in the university as 'The La Trobe Concept'".<ref>Henry, M. (1971) "La Trobe: a study of the idea of a university". Sociology Department: School of Social Sciences: La Trobe University. La Trobe University Library, Bundoora (Victoria).</ref> Within four years, however, this format had all but broken down, with the collegiate ideal reduced to halls of residence and the schools becoming departmentalised.<ref name="Marshall"/>

Up until the late 1980s, La Trobe focused almost exclusively on the [[liberal arts]] and the sciences.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lincoln School of Health Sciences |date=2022-06-14 |title=Lincoln Institute Handbooks (1972 - 1989) |url=https://opal.latrobe.edu.au/collections/La_Trobe_University_Handbooks_1967-2009/5430822 |language=en |doi=10.26181/c.5430822.v2}}</ref> In 1987 the '''Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences''' merged with the university.<ref name=":4" /> The Lincoln Institute had begun as Lincoln House, after the building was bought by the government in 1966, with its formal constitution being established in December 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |title=La Trobe University Amendment Act 1987 (Vic) |publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of Victoria]] |year=1987 |language=En}}</ref> Lincoln House comprised professional training schools for [[occupational therapy]], [[physiotherapy]] and [[speech therapy]], all of which were affiliated with the Victoria Institute of Colleges.<ref name=li>{{cite web | title=Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences | website=Research Data Australia | url=https://researchdata.edu.au/lincoln-institute-health-sciences/492421 | access-date=8 October 2020 | archive-date=8 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008045006/https://researchdata.edu.au/lincoln-institute-health-sciences/492421 | url-status=live }}</ref> Lincoln Institute thus became the university's Faculty of Health Sciences, offering several professional health science programs.

=== Second era: 1990–2014 ===

The university established other professional schools, including its law school in 1992, which was previously a legal studies department which was established in 1972. In 2008, Victoria's second dentistry school was established at La Trobe. However, despite being a leading Australian university in professional health and biomedical sciences, La Trobe does not have a medical school. When planned and developed in the 1960s, there was strong expectation that La Trobe would eventually establish a medical school and a teaching hospital.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Trobe University Handbooks|year=1967–1970|publisher=Jonker Printing Pty Ltd|location=Bundoora, Victoria}}</ref>

The Bendigo campus of La Trobe dates back to 1873: the Bendigo College of Advanced Education amalgamated with La Trobe University in 1991, completing a process that began in the late 1980s as part of the [[Dawkins reforms]] to higher education. During the merger process, a controversial issue erupted when the university's head office in Bundoora raised concerns about the academic standards at Bendigo CAE. This led to a public outcry in which Bendigo CAE students threatened the ''Bendigo Advertiser'' over publishing the matter in its newspapers. Several newspapers were burned in the protest.

The inclusion of the Wodonga Institute of Tertiary Education took place in the same year. The university has continued to expand, with the opening of the Research and Development Park at Bundoora and the upcoming opening of a second Melbourne CBD site.

====Funding and cutbacks====
Higher education reforms by the [[John Howard|Howard government]] allowed Australian universities to increase fees and take in a greater number of full-fee paying students. Despite a large student backlash, La Trobe took advantage of the reforms, increasing fees by 25% in 2005.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/01/1078117370918.html La Trobe latest to lift HECS fees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014854/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/01/1078117370918.html |date=4 November 2012 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 03/08/2009.</ref> Around the same time, the university suffered cutbacks in government funding,<ref name="funding1">[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/la-trobe-cutbacks-alarm-staff/2008/05/20/1211182801432.html La Trobe cutbacks alarm staff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014921/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/la-trobe-cutbacks-alarm-staff/2008/05/20/1211182801432.html |date=4 November 2012 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</ref> a problem experienced across most of the Australian higher education sector.

La Trobe has lost funding disproportionately across its departments. For instance, the History Department at the university was once by far the largest of any institution in Australia; however, funding restrictions have led to a significant reduction in its size. Similarly, in 1999, the Music Department was closed due to funding cuts; in 2004 the Geology Department was excised even though it had the highest graduate satisfaction rating in the country. The university's African Research Institute, the only major African studies centre in Australasia, was closed at the end of 2006.<ref>[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=0703&week=e&msg=ZJcW%2b048Gpfl7eJS68DFfw&user=&pw= Message posted by Peter Limb on 30 March 2007 to H-Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521051828/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=0703&week=e&msg=ZJcW+048Gpfl7eJS68DFfw&user=&pw= |date=21 May 2011 }} ([[H-Net]] list on African studies)</ref> In 2008, the university cut the Philosophy and Religious Studies Program at the Bendigo campus, the change resulted in the stream only being taught as a minor.

In 2008, La Trobe was operating with a $1.46 million surplus but has highlighted that by 2010 it will "review, and where appropriate, restructure all academic, administrative and committee structures"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/downloads/Strategic-Plan-July09.pdf |title=La Trobe University Strategic Plan 2008–2012 |publisher=La Trobe University |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212938/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/downloads/Strategic-Plan-July09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> to deal with diminished student intakes, falling entrance marks, below-par scores on student satisfaction surveys and a decreasing proportion of national research funding.<ref name="funding1" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23742583-12332,00.html |work=The Australian |first=Andrew |last=Trounson |title=La Trobe University to cut spending and freeze staff positions |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-date=26 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090456/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23742583-12332,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an attempt to address these issues, the university is making cut backs and restructuring several courses under the direction of the Vice-Chancellor, John Dewar.<ref name="funding1" /><ref name="autogenerated2" /> As of 2013, the university is operating on a 28 million dollar surplus.<ref name="2010ar">https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/132331/annual-report-2010.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702090411/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/132331/annual-report-2010.pdf |date=2 July 2017 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

=== Third era: 2015–present ===

In 2015, La Trobe University committed to fully divest from fossil fuels, after a campaign by students and faculty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Suzanne |title=La Trobe University's fossil fuel divestment: a small, but significant step |url=https://theconversation.com/la-trobe-universitys-fossil-fuel-divestment-a-small-but-significant-step-60042 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=The Conversation |date=27 May 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135144/http://theconversation.com/la-trobe-universitys-fossil-fuel-divestment-a-small-but-significant-step-60042 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university later committed in 2019 to become fully carbon neutral in its own operations by 2029.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Agostino |first1=Emma |title=La Trobe University to become carbon neutral by 2029 |url=https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6339126/carbon-neutral-in-10-years-la-trobe-sets-ambitious-goal/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=Bendigo Advertiser |date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120138/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6339126/carbon-neutral-in-10-years-la-trobe-sets-ambitious-goal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====COVID-19 pandemic====

In 2020, La Trobe University had its operations substantially impacted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In March, part of the Bundoora campus had to be closed for a deep clean after a student tested positive for the disease.<ref>[https://www.3aw.com.au/la-trobe-university-student-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/ La Trobe University student tests positive for coronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170318/https://www.3aw.com.au/la-trobe-university-student-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/ |date=6 July 2020 }} ''3AW Radio''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref> The university remained open for a time, until the health advice from the Department of Health and Human Services indicated the university should close - although a limited number of courses eventually continued in a face-to-face teaching mode. Classes not run face-to-face were continued online.<ref>[https://www.sheppnews.com.au/news/2020/03/17/1086058/la-trobe-university-to-shift-classes-online-due-to-coronavirus La Trobe University to shift classes online due to coronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707105730/https://www.sheppnews.com.au/news/2020/03/17/1086058/la-trobe-university-to-shift-classes-online-due-to-coronavirus |date=7 July 2020 }} ''Shepparton News''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref>

This, combined with a reduction in international student enrolments, purportedly weakened the university's financial position<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/la-trobe-university-seeks-lifeline-from-banks-as-seven-found-to-be-at-high-financial-risk "La Trobe University seeks lifeline from banks as seven institutions found to be at 'high financial risk'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706165814/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/la-trobe-university-seeks-lifeline-from-banks-as-seven-found-to-be-at-high-financial-risk |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> - although the extent to which this occurred is debated. Reports circulated that La Trobe University risked exhausting its cash reserves unless a deal was with reached with financial institutions or the federal government<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html Race to shore up La Trobe University as cash crisis bites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html |date=6 July 2020 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref> but the university has stated that it was not at risk of insolvency.<ref name="bendigoadvertiser.com.au">[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6780051/la-trobe-rejects-reports-its-going-broke-because-of-covid-19/ "La Trobe University rejects media reports it's going broke because of COVID-19 pandemic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170404/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6780051/la-trobe-rejects-reports-its-going-broke-because-of-covid-19/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''The Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> A range of measures were proposed or taken to improve the university's finances including voluntary redundancies,<ref name="bendigoadvertiser.com.au"/> and staff pay cuts.<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html "Race to shore up La Trobe University as cash crisis bites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> La Trobe had applied for access to the Australian government wage subsidy program, JobKeeper, but it was deemed ineligible.<ref>[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6736845/la-trobe-universitys-jobkeeper-application-rejected/ "La Trobe University's JobKeeper application rejected"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6736845/la-trobe-universitys-jobkeeper-application-rejected/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

Other steps taken by the university in response to the pandemic include: opening up new pathways for student enrolment that do not require an [[Australian Tertiary Admission Rank|ATAR]],<ref>[https://www.miragenews.com/new-pathways-for-enrolling-at-la-trobe/ "New pathways for enrolling at La Trobe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821063957/https://www.miragenews.com/new-pathways-for-enrolling-at-la-trobe/ |date=21 August 2022 }}, ''Mirage News''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> removing failing grades from student transcripts<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-universities-start-wiping-fail-grades-as-students-plea-for-amnesty-20200331-p54fmf.html "Australian universities start wiping fail grades as students plea for amnesty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709050424/https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-universities-start-wiping-fail-grades-as-students-plea-for-amnesty-20200331-p54fmf.html |date=9 July 2020 }}, ''Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> and offering new short courses.<ref>[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6721267/la-trobe-offers-short-courses-to-help-people-upskill-during-covid-19/ "La Trobe University offers online courses to help people upskill amid coronavirus pandemic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706105248/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6721267/la-trobe-offers-short-courses-to-help-people-upskill-during-covid-19/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

==Campuses==

===Melbourne (Bundoora)===
[[File:La Trobe University.jpg|thumb|Moat and George Singer Building, La Trobe University Bundoora Campus]]
[[File:Health Sciences Building and Charles La Trobe Statue at La Trobe University.jpg|thumb|Health Sciences Building]]
[[File:La Trobe University - student hub.jpg|thumb|Student hub]]
The Melbourne campus at Bundoora is the foundation campus of La Trobe and was officially opened in 1967 when La Trobe began operations. The campus is the main base of all La Trobe's main courses except education, pharmacy, and dentistry, all of which are based at Bendigo. Bundoora is the largest university campus in the Southern Hemisphere, encompassing {{convert|235|hectare|acre}}, including the adjacent Nangak Tamboree Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/wildlife/|title=La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728152103/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/wildlife|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bundoora has around 22,000 students on campus and therefore has many facilities such as restaurants, bars, shops, banks and an art gallery. The main library on the campus, the Borchardt, has well over one million volumes.

The original main campus buildings were designed by Melbourne architecture firm, [[Yuncken Freeman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3506434|title=Digital Collections - Pictures - Sievers, Wolfgang, 1913–2007. La Trobe University [architectural] model, Victoria, architect: Yuncken Freeman, 1965 [3] [picture]|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605112039/http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3506434|url-status=live}}</ref> in a utilitarian, Post-War International style. These buildings are connected by a series of raised walkways. La Trobe University has three on-campus residential colleges: [[Menzies College, La Trobe|Menzies]], [[Glenn College, La Trobe University|Glenn]] and Chisholm. These are complemented by the newer North and South Apartments, the self-contained Barnes Way and Waterdale Apartments and the University Lodge, which primarily serves postgraduate students.

Prior to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], La Trobe University had developed plans to transform the Bundoora campus into a 'City of the Future', closely co-locating commercial, cultural and research facilities onto the site.<ref>{{cite news |title=La Trobe University plans major overhaul of its Bundoora campus |url=https://architectureau.com/articles/la-trobe-university-plans-5-billion-overhaul-of-its-bundoora-campus/ |access-date=1 March 2021 |publisher=ArchitectureAU |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024604/https://architectureau.com/articles/la-trobe-university-plans-5-billion-overhaul-of-its-bundoora-campus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====On-campus facilities====

The Bundoora campus is home to the La Trobe University Medical Centre and La Trobe Private Hospital.

Bundoora also has sporting and recreation facilities such as an indoor pool, gyms, playing fields, and indoor stadiums. [[A-League]] franchise [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]] have constructed a $15 million training facility on the campus grounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/feb/27/a-league-melbourne-city-training-base|title=A-League: Melbourne City unveil new $15m training base|agency=Australian Associated Press|date=2015-02-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201152/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/feb/27/a-league-melbourne-city-training-base|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the construction of its new training facilities, the [[Essendon Football Club]] had trained at La Trobe University during the summer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2010-05-05/facility|title=Tough decisions needed on new training facility - essendonfc.com.au|work=essendonfc.com.au|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200841/http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2010-05-05/facility|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally the Sport Program exists to assist student athletes.

The university is also home to the [[Centre for Dialogue]], an interdisciplinary research institution which delves into certain intercultural and inter-religious conflicts, both in the domestic setting and in [[international relations]]. In March 2009, the centre attracted controversy in hosting a lecture given by former Iranian President [[Mohammad Khatami]] (1997–2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/events/khatami-2009.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318000608/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/events/khatami-2009.html |archive-date=18 March 2009 |date=20 February 2009 |title=Former Iranian President, Khatami, to visit La Trobe |publisher=La Trobe University}}</ref> Khatami emphasised the importance of dialogue between civilizations, especially in relation to quelling misunderstandings between the Islamic world and the West.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/khatami-israeli-nukes-the-problem-20090325-9aj0.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title=Khatami: Israeli nukes the problem | first=Daniel | last=Flitton | date=26 March 2009 | access-date=3 May 2009 | archive-date=3 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103060555/http://www.theage.com.au/national/khatami-israeli-nukes-the-problem-20090325-9aj0.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
The Centre for Dialogue has also won acclaim for its leadership programme for young Muslims, implemented predominantly in Melbourne's northern suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/assets/downloads/muslim-leadership-program-article.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001314/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/assets/downloads/muslim-leadership-program-article.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Research and Development Park====
The R&D Park opened in 1993, adjacent to the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus. Tenants include a branch of the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]], the [[Victorian State Forensic Centre]], a [[Rio Tinto Group]] research centre, Victorian [[Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)|Environment Protection Authority]] (EPA), the Co-operative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, CAVAL, AgriBio and the Technical Enterprise Centre (a [[business incubator]] for new ventures in information technology, biotechnology and the life sciences).

===Melbourne (CBD)===

La Trobe has a city campus in Melbourne's [[central business district]], on Collins Street. The campus delivers postgraduate courses for both domestic and international students.

====Bouverie Centre====
The Bouverie Centre (first known as the Collins Street Clinic) was established as a clinical mental health service for children and adolescents. In 1956, the centre was renamed the Bouverie Clinic following its relocation from Collins Street, in the CBD of Melbourne to Bouverie Street, Carlton. The Bouverie Centre made the transition from a child psychiatric clinic to the first family therapy centre in Australia in the mid-1970s. In 2007 the Bouverie Centre moved into a $5 million, state government-funded, purpose-built building at 8 Gardiner Street, [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]].

La Trobe University took over the management of the Bouverie Centre from the Mental Health Branch of the Victorian Department of Human Services, and added to Bouverie's name the subtitle Victoria's Family Institute. In the decades that followed, the range of clinical academic courses offered by Bouverie expanded and to date, the Centre delivers a number of Graduate Certificate programs, including the Graduate Certificate in Narrative Therapy; a program specifically tailored for professionals working with people impacted by Acquired Brain Injury seeking to enhance their skill and confidence in working with families, and the nationally recognised Graduate Certificate in Family Therapy for [[Indiginous Australians|Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander]] Workers. The centre's Master's level program and higher degree research program are a regular feature on the academic calendar.

The Bouverie Centre has over 40 staff, with clinical staff typically working across a number of different service areas.<ref>Bouverie Centre, '[http://www.bouverie.org.au/about-us/our-history Our History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412035218/http://www.bouverie.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |date=12 April 2015 }}', ''Bouverie Centre'' [website], (2015), accessed 14 April 2015.</ref>

===Regional & interstate campuses===

[[File:Bendigo Visual Arts Building Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The Visual Arts Building at the Bendigo Campus]]

====Bendigo====
La Trobe Bendigo succeeded 118 years of tertiary education in the regional centre, which began with the [[Bendigo School of Mines]] in 1873.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

La Trobe Bendigo was established in 1991, initially as the La Trobe University College of Northern Victoria (1991–1994).<ref>[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2013/release/bendigo-community-to-celebrate-milestone 'Bendigo community to celebrate milestone'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092854/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2013/release/bendigo-community-to-celebrate-milestone |date=18 April 2018 }}, La Trobe University [website], (2013), accessed 27 January 2015</ref> Between 1994 and 2005, La Trobe Bendigo's curriculum was operated by a multidisciplinary Faculty of Regional Development and was separate from that of Melbourne. Campuses could choose to offer individual courses from both Bundoora and Bendigo. This situation ceased in 2005 after the Bendigo campus was more tightly integrated into the Melbourne campus structure.<ref name="auto1" />

{{as of|2018}} the Bendigo campus is situated on {{cvt|33|ha}} of land, consisting of four sites—Edwards Road, Osbourne Street, the art centre and the La Trobe Rural Health School.<ref>'[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/documents/maps/bendigo/Bendigo-Locality-Map.pdf Locality Map, Bendigo Campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093026/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/documents/maps/bendigo/Bendigo-Locality-Map.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}', La Trobe University [website], accessed 27 January 2015.</ref>

The main site of the Bendigo campus, near Edwards Road, was established in 1967 under the Bendigo Institute of Technology (1967–1976).<ref name="auto1">'[http://www.bendigoweekly.com.au/news/touched-by-the-school-of-mines Touched by the School of Mines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155245/http://www.bendigoweekly.com.au/news/touched-by-the-school-of-mines |date=2 April 2015 }}', ''Bendigo Weekly'', 19 Apr. 2013, accessed 27 January 2015.</ref>

The Osbourne Street site was established in 1959 under the Bendigo Teacher's College (1926–73). It is now{{when|date=September 2022}} predominantly used for examination facilities and is home to the La Trobe University Bendigo Athletics Track. Some of the facilities used in the 2004 [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] were located at La Trobe University Bendigo. There is also the associated Central Victorian Innovation Park, located on university land, which opened in December 2003.

Together these two sites near Edwards Road and Osbourne Street form the Flora Hill campus precinct.<ref>'[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/vision/bendigo-campus Bendigo Campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912040813/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/vision/bendigo-campus |date=12 September 2015 }}', La Trobe University [website], (2013), accessed 27 January 2015.</ref> They were acquired by La Trobe University in 1991 after an amalgamation with the Bendigo College of Advanced Education (1976–1991).

There are two schools and an art centre in Bendigo:<ref name="University 2022">{{cite web | last=University | first=La Trobe | title=Bendigo Campus | website=La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria Australia | date=9 August 2022 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/bendigo | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
*La Trobe Rural Health School
*La Trobe Tech School
*The La Trobe Art Institute is a contemporary art centre comprising galleries, a studio for [[artist in residence|residencies]], and venues for hire to the public. The Institute is responsible for the university's seven art collections across all of the Victorian campuses.<ref>{{cite web | title=About La Trobe Art Institute | website=La Trobe University | date=14 April 2022 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==== Albury–Wodonga ====

La Trobe University's Albury–Wodonga Campus is located three kilometres from the centre of [[Wodonga]] on a {{convert|26|hectare|acre|adj=on}} site. South of the [[Murray River]], the campus is located in Victoria, but within 10 kilometres of the NSW town of [[Albury]] and within 20 kilometers of [[Charles Stuart University|Charles Stuart University's]] NSW-based Albury–Wodonga campus.

La Trobe University's presence in Albury–Wodonga began in 1991, within the facilities of the Wodonga Institute of TAFE. The Albury-Wodonga campus continues to share various resources with Wodonga TAFE, including the David Mann Library. This campus houses the faculties of education, health sciences, biology, business as well as the John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research and the Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems.

In 2020, the university announced plans to shift almost half of the courses offered at the campus online, while guaranteeing the campus would remain open.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boyd |first1=Sophie |title=La Trobe University unveils aims for finances and Albury-Wodonga campus |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7013417/job-and-course-cuts-unavoidable-as-la-trobe-looks-at-smaller-future/?cs=14264 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=Canberra Times |date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415133433/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7013417/job-and-course-cuts-unavoidable-as-la-trobe-looks-at-smaller-future/?cs=14264 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mildura====
[[File:MilduraLaTrobeUniversity.JPG|thumb|Mildura offices]]
The Mildura Campus was established in 1996, co-located with the main campus of the [[Sunraysia Institute of TAFE]]. These institutions and other tertiary education and research institutions on the site share various resources. A second Mildura City campus opened in 2006 in the old Mildura Cultivator offices, next to "Gallery 25", an art gallery which La Trobe became involved with a few years earlier.

====Shepparton====
The Shepparton campus was established in 1994. A new two-storey campus building at 210 Fryers Street, opposite the [[Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE]] was opened in late 2010.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Originally the revamped campus building was meant to open in early 2008, but funding delays pushed the project back.<ref>{{cite news |title=Date pushed back for Shepparton uni campus |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-08-28/date-pushed-back-for-shepparton-uni-campus/652854 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=ABC News |date=28 August 2007 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029025012/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-08-28/date-pushed-back-for-shepparton-uni-campus/652854 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sydney====

Located at 255 Elizabeth Street, near Hyde Park, the Sydney campus is centrally located and offers courses in business, accounting and informational technologies, as well as some bridging and enabling courses.

====Partnerships and the e-campus====

In 2007, the university announced plans to open "learning nodes" co-located with the Wangaratta and Seymour campuses of [[Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/2007/mediarelease_2007-58.php |date=27 September 2007 |title=New La Trobe Shepparton Campus gets the green light |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203014/http://latrobe.edu.au/news/2007/mediarelease_2007-58.php |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> and at the Swan Hill campus of [[Sunraysia Institute of TAFE]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22482528-12332,00.html | work=The Australian | first1=Milanda | last1=Rout | first2=Catherine | last2=Armitage | title=Howard backs links to TAFE | date=26 September 2007 | access-date=2 October 2007 | archive-date=9 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009111938/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22482528-12332,00.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

La Trobe University also offers an "online" campus, where students can access and participate in classes online through the university's [[learning management system]].

===Former campuses===

The Hotel and Conference Centre at Beechworth closed on 23 May 2011. This decision followed stakeholder consultation and feedback about the proposed closure from local businesses and the community. The Beechworth site was once home to the [[Beechworth Asylum|Beechworth Lunatic Asylum]], founded in 1867 and later renamed "Mayday Hills Hospital". The hospital ceased operation in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tasa.org.au/conference/2004/healthday.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615140938/http://www.tasa.org.au/conference/2004/healthday.php |archive-date=15 June 2005 |title=Health Day: Wednesday 8 |work=TASA 2004 Conference La Trobe University, Beechworth Campus, December 8–11 |publisher=TASA: The Australian Sociological Association}}</ref>

==Heraldry and brandmark==
=== Coat of arms ===
According to Glenn: "The Coat of Arms was approved and the Chancellor was asked to write formally to the [[College of Arms]] requesting the Grant-of-Arms."<ref name="Glenn">{{cite book |author=J. R. Archibald Glenn |year=1989 |chapter=The Planning Phase |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=21–29}}</ref>{{rp|28}}

The Coat of Arms were granted by the [[College of Arms]] in 1966 with the [[blazon]] described as:
:''"[[Argent]] a [[Chaplet (headgear)|chaplet]] of [[Epacris impressa|Common Heath]] [[Proper (heraldry)|proper]] tied with a [[Riband]] [[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]] and encircling in [[Chief (heraldry)|chief]] an open Book proper bound and over all on a [[Fess]] [[Gules]] three [[Scallops|Escallops]] Argent And for the [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]] On a [[Torse|Wreath]] Argent and Gules Perched on a Parchment Scroll an Australian wedgetailed eagle wings [[Attitude (heraldry)|inverted]] proper supporting with the [[Dexter and sinister|dexter]] claw an Escallop Argent".''<ref>Public Record Office of Victoria, '[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=554679891239671&set=pb.215890588451938.-2207520000.1380414447.&type=3&theater April 2013 - Showcase Record] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821063951/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto.php%3Ffbid%3D554679891239671%26set%3Dpb.215890588451938.-2207520000.1380414447.%26type%3D3%26theater |date=21 August 2022 }}', Facebook, viewed 15 January 2015.</ref>

==== Crest ====
On the [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]] sits an Australian [[wedge-tailed eagle]], perched on a parchment scroll and clasping an escallop shell. The wedge-tailed eagle (''aquila audax''), being such a well-known Australian bird that is found across the continent, was selected to symbolise La Trobe as an Australian university.

==== Motto ====
The motto ''qui cherche trouve'' ("whoever seeks shall find") is taken from the amorial bearings of the La Trobe family - ''qui la cèrca la tròba'' ([[Occitan language|Occitan]] for "who seeks shall find"). In Occitan, ''la tròba'' means "he finds it", and in regards to the La Trobe family there is debate over what was the object of the search.<ref>Latrobe, Pierre, [http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV9n2.pdf "The patronymic: the latrobe/la trobe family name"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227230352/http://latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV9n2.pdf |date=27 February 2016 }}, La Trobeana, 9/2 (2010), 2, accessed 25 October 2015.</ref> Such uncertainty is also expressed in the university's adaption, as [[John S. Gregory]], an [[emeritus professor]] of La Trobe, phrased it: "what one actually finds is rarely exactly what one seeks or hopes for".<ref name="Gregory">{{cite book |author=John S. Gregory |year=1989 |chapter=Qui cherche, trouve: an overview of the first twenty-five years |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=3–18 |hdl=1959.9/201707}}</ref>{{rp|17}}

==== Escutcheon ====
Upon the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] (shield), there are three main features: the common heath, the escallop shells and the book. The heath refers to the [[Epacris impressa|common heath]] (''Epacris impressa''), the pink form, or '''pink heath''' form of which is the floral emblem of the [[Victoria (Australia)|State of Victoria]]. In a sense, this floral symbol also reflects the university's attempts to cater to all Victorians. The blue ribbon serves a decorative purpose in tying both sprigs of heath together to form a [[Chaplet (headgear)|chaplet]]. The three [[escallop]] shells upon a [[fess]] were taken from the armorial bearings of the La Trobe family and signify the La Trobe name.

=== Brandmark ===
[[File:Old_La_Trobe_Brandmark.jpg|thumb|right|Initial brandmark of La Trobe University.<ref>Opening Ceremony and Inaugural Lectures 1967 (Melbourne: F. W. Cheshire Publishing, 1969)</ref>]]

The university has traditionally incorporated parts of its [[coat of arms]] into its brandmark. The first [[brandmark]] was heavily based on its armorial bearings, following the common university practice of using only the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] and the [[motto]]. It is acceptable for a university to use the shield of Arms by itself, or with a motto. A university can choose how and where to display the different elements of its Arms.

==Organisation and administration==
===Organisation===
The university has two colleges, made up of several schools, offering courses at all levels:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/faculties|title=Colleges|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231065115/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/faculties|url-status=live}}</ref>
*College of Arts, Social Sciences and Commerce:
**School of Business
**School of Education
**School of Humanities and Social Sciences
**School of Law
*College of Science, Health and Engineering:
**School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport
**School of Applied Systems Biology
**School of Cancer Medicine
**School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences
**School of Life Sciences
**School of Molecular Sciences
**School of Nursing and Midwifery
**School of Psychology and Public Health
**School of Rural Health

===Central administration===
{{see also|List of La Trobe University people#Administration{{!}}La Trobe University administrative people}}
The principal governing body of the university is the University Council. The council is composed of the chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Chair of the Academic Board, three persons elected by and from the staff of the university, two persons elected by and from the enrolled students of the university, six persons appointed by the Governor in Council, one person appointed by the Minister administering the Act and six other persons appointed by the council.

The current Chancellor and Chair of the University Council is [[John Brumby]], since 29 March 2019.

The Vice-Chancellor is the chief executive officer of the university (Section 26 of the act) and is responsible to the council for the discharge of his or her powers, functions and duties. [[John Dewar (academic)|Professor John Dewar]], former Provost of the University of Melbourne assumed the role Vice-Chancellor of La Trobe University in January 2012. Dewar is an internationally known family law specialist and researcher.

===Finances===
As of 2010, La Trobe was running a budget surplus of $28.5 million. In this year the university took in $618.1 million in income which came from a variety of sources. The university had expenditures of $516.9 million. {{as of|2010}}, the university had assets worth $1.22 billion and an endowment of $267 million.<ref name="2010ar"/>{{update inline|date=November 2013}}

===Rankings===
{{Infobox Australian university ranking
| UniName = La Trobe University
| QS_W = 400
| THES_W = 201-250
| ARWU_W = 301-400
| USNWR_W = 374=
| LEIDEN_W = 527
| QS_AUS = 21
| THES_AUS = 13=
| ARWU_AUS = 16-22
| USNWR_AUS = 23
| LEIDEN_AUS = 20
}}
La Trobe University is ranked in the world's top 400 universities by all three major independent ranking agencies.

The university recorded a strong result in the respected Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)<ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815195442/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html#!/page/0/length/25|date=15 August 2019}}, ''Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)'' [website], (2019), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref> - La Trobe University is now ranked at 307 in the world.

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902154147/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|date=2 September 2020}}, ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021'' [website], (2021), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref> placed La Trobe at 201-250th and ranked it 52nd globally in the 2019 Golden Age Rankings Rankings<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/young-university-rankings-2019-golden-age-results-out-now#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803045753/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/young-university-rankings-2019-golden-age-results-out-now#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|date=3 August 2019}}, ''2019 Golden Age Rankings Rankings'' [website], (2020), accessed 13 Sept. 2019</ref>

The 2021 QS World University Rankings<ref name=":2">[https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619052537/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020#!/page/0/length/25|date=19 June 2019}}, ''2021 QS World University Rankings '' [website], (2021), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref> ranked La Trobe University 400th in the world. These rankings placed La Trobe in the top 2 per cent of universities globally.

According to the QS Subject Rankings for 2020 La Trobe is ranked in the top 50 universities worldwide for sports-related subjects.<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/sports-related-subjects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304010456/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/sports-related-subjects|date=4 March 2020}}, ''Sports-related subjects rankings 2020, by Top Universities from QS'' [website], (2020), accessed 25 Mar 2020.</ref>

National Taiwan University's Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities<ref>[http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704112113/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/#!/page/0/length/25|date=4 July 2015}}, ''National Taiwan University's Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities'' [website], (2020), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref> evaluates research universities' achievements in scientific research by comparing the performance of scientific papers in each university for quality and quantity. In 2020 La Trobe was 467th globally and 156th in the field of Social Sciences.

La Trobe ranks well for employability, as demonstrated in the 2020 QS Graduate Employability Rankings<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/employability-rankings/methodology#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921194438/https://www.topuniversities.com/employability-rankings/methodology#!/page/0/length/25|date=21 September 2017}}, ''QS Graduate Employability Rankings'' [website], (2020), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref> in which the university ranks 16th in Australia and fifth in Victoria (and in the top 500 universities globally). For graduate employment rate – the number of graduates in full or part-time employment within 12 months of graduation – La Trobe ranks ninth in Australia and 129th in the world.

La Trobe secured its position among the world's elite institutions, featuring 38th in the world in sports-related subjects, and in the top 100 global universities for nursing and archaeology (QS World University Rankings by Subject).<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2020#!/page/0/length/25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329221134/http://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings#!/page/0/length/25|date=29 March 2015}}, ''QS World University Rankings by Subject'' [website], (2020), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref>

The 2018 [[Excellence in Research for Australia]] (ERA) report found that La Trobe's research was rated 'At world standard', 'Above world standard' or 'Well above world standard' across all broad and detailed disciplinary areas.<ref>[https://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia#!/page/0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120307/https://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia#!/page/0|date=8 August 2019}} "Australian Research Council, Excellence in Research for Australia" [website], accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref>

La Trobe also features a strong [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) program which was ranked 32nd globally by QS Distance Online MBA Rankings for 2019.<ref>TopMBA, '[https://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/qs-distance-online-mba-rankings/top-online-mba-cohorts-most-work-experience-2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302172037/https://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/qs-distance-online-mba-rankings/top-online-mba-cohorts-most-work-experience-2019|date=2 March 2020}}'[website], (2019), accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref>

==Research==
La Trobe University is a member of the [[Innovative Research Universities]], an Australian group that collectively receives over $340 million in research grants.

La Trobe University has been confirmed as one of Australia's leading research universities, climbing to third in Victoria, based on the Excellence in Research Australia (ERA) 2012 report.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url = http://archive.arc.gov.au/archive_files/ERA/2012/National%20Report/ERA-2012-National-Report_Accessible-pdf_ISBNupdateJan13.pdf|title = Excellence in Research for Australia National Report|access-date = 7 October 2015|date = 2012|website = archive.arc.gov.au|publisher = Australian Research Council|archive-date = 8 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008170407/http://archive.arc.gov.au/archive_files/ERA/2012/National%20Report/ERA-2012-National-Report_Accessible-pdf_ISBNupdateJan13.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> La Trobe is the top ranked institution in the nation for research in microbiology and equal top with just one other university in biochemistry and cell biology and in veterinary sciences. Historical studies and archaeology were also both assessed at the top ranking.<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

The ERA 2012 report shows La Trobe University has made very significant improvements over the past two years, with the number of fields of research in specific disciplines rated at world standard or above (ERA 3 – 5) rising by 31 per cent, from 29 to 38 in 2012. The increase in the publications rated at 'well above' world standard has increased from about 400 to about 1800, which is more than 300%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/university-profiles/La-Trobe-University#.Wbfcl5_RaHs|title=La Trobe University|website=www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au|language=en|access-date=2017-09-12|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192729/https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/university-profiles/La-Trobe-University#.Wbfcl5_RaHs|url-status=live}}</ref>

The results are in line with the research investment strategy in research physical infrastructure such as the LIMS and AgriBio projects, and will inform further development of research concentration. This will be important to ensure further improvement in research quality and output in the university in line with the strategic plan.<ref name="La Trobe Research">See La Trobe University, '[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/research Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409035646/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/research |date=9 April 2018 }}', ''La Trobe University'' [website], accessed 2 February 2015.</ref>

In August 2019, the university announced the "[[Shah Rukh Khan]] La Trobe University PhD Scholarship," which would provide an opportunity for a female researcher from India to contribute to her field via a four-year PhD degree in one of the following fields: health, sport, information technology, cyber security or engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/shah-rukh-khan-scholarship-at-la-trobe|title=Shah Rukh Khan Scholarship at La Trobe|website=www.latrobe.edu.au|language=en|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810204032/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/shah-rukh-khan-scholarship-at-la-trobe|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's Meer Foundation, which supports and empowers Women, is in recognition of the scholarship, which will provide an estimated $200,000 (AUD) worth of support to the student for a four-year research stay at La Trobe's Melbourne campus.<ref name=":0" />

=== La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science ===
[[File:LIMS building 3.jpg|thumb|Molecular inspired windows at LIMS]]
The [[La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science]] (LIMS) is an interdisciplinary research institute based at the university. It contains research groups in life sciences (biochemistry and [[genetics]]), physical sciences (chemistry and physics), and applied sciences (pharmacy) and teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in these areas through the School of Molecular Sciences.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title = LIMS study|url = https://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/study|website = www.latrobe.edu.au|access-date = 7 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042715/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/study|url-status = live}}</ref> It also contains two [[Biotech|biotech companies]]: Hexima<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.business.vic.gov.au/ContentPages/126282911.pdf|title = Melbourne Australia: life sciences capital of the Asia-Pacific|access-date = 7 October 2015|website = www.business.vic.gov.au|publisher = Life Science CLUSTERS Magazine|archive-date = 1 January 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101010101/http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.business.vic.gov.au/ContentPages/126282911.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> and AdAlta.<ref>{{Cite report|url = https://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/lims-documents/LIMS-2011-Research-Report.pdf|title = LIMS 2011 Research Report|access-date = 7 October 2015|website = www.latrobe.edu.au|date = |archive-date = 7 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307145627/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/lims-documents/LIMS-2011-Research-Report.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> The institute is housed in three buildings: LIMS1 and LIMS2 in the centre of the university's main campus in Bundoora and the applied science building at the Bendigo campus.

===AgriBio===
[[File:LTU Agribio front.jpg|thumb|Agribio building]]
[[File:LTU Agribio atrium 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Agribio Atrium]]
In 2004 the Victorian Government identified a need to collocate its primary industries department's plant and animal science research capabilities with other research entities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agribio.com.au/about-the-jv/background|title=Background|website=www.agribio.com.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195451/http://www.agribio.com.au/about-the-jv/background|url-status=live}}</ref> It committed funds for this purpose in 2005 and committed to a joint venture with La Trobe University to construct a bioscience research centre at its Bundoora campus. A key objective of AgriBio is to facilitate science collaboration between the university and the [[Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning]] (previously [[Department of Environment and Primary Industries (Victoria)|DEPI]]).<ref name="La Trobe Research" />

The La Trobe AgriBio building, on the south eastern side of the university, has grown into a structure of around 31,000 square metres and over three levels with a number of external buildings under construction such as a large glasshouse and poly-house complex. Construction commenced in May 2009 and was completed in August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agribio.com.au/construction|title=Construction|website=AgriBio|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195944/http://www.agribio.com.au/construction|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory===
In 2011 the university, in conjunction with the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences built the Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory (TAAL),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/|title=The Australian Archaeomag Lab (TAAL)|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703222548/http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> based within the Department of Archaeology, Environment and Community Planning. The main aim and focus of research in the laboratory is promoting the use of magnetic methods of analysis ([[palaeomagnetism]], [[rock magnetism]], [[archaeomagnetic dating]] and [[magnetostratigraphy]]) for understanding the age, palaeoenvironmental/climate context and site formation history of archaeological and fossil sites. The laboratory also undertakes other research with the Department of Physics, including comparative work at the [[Australian Synchrotron]].

In 2011 the laboratory was involved in dating the age of the new South African hominin species ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', which was published in the journal "Science".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latrobeuniversitybulletin.com/2011/12/06/dating-our-earliest-ancestors/|title=Out of Africa: dating our earliest ancestors|work=La Trobe University Bulletin|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703182806/http://latrobeuniversitybulletin.com/2011/12/06/dating-our-earliest-ancestors/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Art collections==
===History===
[[File:David Myers Building Panorama La Trobe University Bundoora VIC 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|David Myers Building]]
La Trobe began collecting artworks in the early 1960s before beginning construction on the main campus at Bundoora.<ref name="The art of the matter"/> Master architect of La Trobe Roy Simpson initiated the commissioning of paintings to establish the art collection, and large sculptures were included in the original design.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The collection was established at the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus in 1967, and from the late 1970s, various exhibition spaces came and went.<ref name=artinsthist>{{cite web | title=Our history | website=La Trobe University | date=24 April 2017 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about/history | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929094529/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about/history | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010 the Melbourne collection consisted of more than 3000 post-war contemporary Australian artworks valued at $17 million; the second largest university art collection in Victoria in terms of collection value.<ref name="The art of the matter">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/the-art-of-the-matter-20101123-184mf.html |location=Melbourne |work=The Age |title=The art of the matter |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107015117/http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/the-art-of-the-matter-20101123-184mf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The La Trobe University Museum of Art (LUMA), which was located at Glenn College, Melbourne campus, from 1990 to 2016, managed the University Art Collection. It hosted exhibitions, managed the sculpture park (which includes a controversial upside-down statue of Governor La Trobe by sculptor [[Charles Robb]]<ref name="latrobe3">{{cite web | title=Arts and Culture, La Trobe University | website=La Trobe University | url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au:80/life/arts | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808074505/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/arts | archive-date=8 August 2011 | url-status=dead | access-date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>) was managed by LUMA.,<ref name=artinsthist/> and collaborated with significant state, national and international projects.<ref name=artinsthist/>

The Visual Arts Centre (VAC) opened in 2005 at 121 View Street, Bendigo. It held public lectures, hosted [[artist residencies]] and exhibited cutting-edge work in the [[visual arts]].<ref name=artinsthist/> The Phyllis Palmer Gallery was also situated at Bendigo.<ref name="latrobe3"/>

===La Trobe Institute===
{{as of|2021}}, the university's collection is managed by the '''La Trobe Institute''' (LAI), which was established in 2013 to build upon and rationalise the existing university framework of art collections and activities. In 2016 LAI assumed responsibility for LUMA and VAC, which were fully integrated into the LAI structure in 2017. It is based at the old VAC location, but is also active on all of the university campuses, participating in various collaborative projects<ref name=artinsthist/>

The LAI acquires the winning work in the [[Australian Muslim Artists Art Prize]] each year,<ref name=lt2021winner>{{cite web | title=Fatima Killeen announced as recipient of Australian Muslim Artists Art Prize 2021 | website=La Trobe University | date=19 August 2021 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2021/release/fatima-killeen-announced-as-recipient-of-australian-muslim-artists-art-prize-2023 | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929085930/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2021/release/fatima-killeen-announced-as-recipient-of-australian-muslim-artists-art-prize-2023 | url-status=live }}</ref> since the university entered into an educational partnership with the [[Islamic Museum of Australia]], which included sponsoring the prize as well as the possibility of providing training in Islamic cultures for teachers, adding a new component to journalism courses and "work-integrated learning opportunities".<ref>{{cite web | title=Islamic Museum partnership strengthened | website=La Trobe University | date=19 June 2019 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/islamic-museum-partnership-strengthened | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929082931/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/islamic-museum-partnership-strengthened | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Student life==

===Student Union===
The former La Trobe University Students' Union was responsible for the Eagle Bar, Contact Student Services but its role has been considerably diminished as a consequence of [[Voluntary Student Unionism]]. There used to be three main student representative bodies on campus known as the La Trobe University Student Guild, the Student's Representative Council and the La Trobe Postgraduate Student's Association. The [[La Trobe University Student Representative Council]], became the principal representative body on campus and a student advocacy group as well as student representatives for welfare, disability, women, queer, indigenous, environment, education and welfare and the Guild managed student services. In 2011 however, the Student's Representative Council, the La Trobe Postgraduate Students Association, the Students Guild and the university merged the three separate organisations into one body: the La Trobe Student Union.

The largest faculty-based student representative organisation on campus is the Law Students Association (LSA). Postgraduate students are represented in the new union. The students at the Bendigo campus are represented by the Bendigo Student Association (BSA), a much less activist and political organisation than the student union. The BSA publishes the ''3rd Degree'' magazine.

===''Rabelais''===
''[[Rabelais Student Media]]'' was a student newspaper at La Trobe University, named after French Renaissance writer [[François Rabelais]]. From its founding in 1967, Rabelais Student Media has been run as a department of the La Trobe University Student Representative Council (subsequently by the former La Trobe Student Union). The paper was funded by a combination of advertising revenue and a student levy. Editors were elected annually and serve for a single year.

Notably it was the subject of a [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] case after the Office of Film and Literature Classification ruled in 1995 that it "promotes, incites and instructs in matters of crime" because of an article on shoplifting (reprinted from elsewhere). This decision was later reviewed by the High Court of Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huntley|first=Rebecca|title=Rabelais Goes To Canberra|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CLCCommsUpd/1998/127.pdf|journal=CLC Communications Update|volume=127|pages=20–21|via=Database|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211224130/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CLCCommsUpd/1998/127.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Colleges and halls of residence===
The following colleges and halls are based at the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/accommodation/bundoora/.|title=Accommodation locations|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711201459/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/accommodation/bundoora/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Chisholm College (undergraduate)
*[[Glenn College, La Trobe University|Glenn College]] (undergraduate)
*[[Menzies College, La Trobe|Menzies College]] (undergraduate)
*University Lodge (postgraduate and mature-age)
*Graduate House (graduate and mature-age)

===Athletics===
La Trobe University is one of 36 universities across Australia that is part of the Elite Athlete Friendly University Network. The network was established by the Australian Sports Commission in 2004 to identify, promote and support the specific needs of university students who participate in sport at an elite level. As a result, an Elite Athlete Friendly University (EAFU) program was developed and formulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/elite-athletes/index.htm|title=Sport, La Trobe University|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106061546/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/elite-athletes/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 La Trobe University was the reigning champion at the Southern University Games, having won the competition in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/unigames.htm|title=Sport, La Trobe University|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903233044/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/unigames.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Sports Centre at the Melbourne campus has a fully equipped gym, squash/racquetball and tennis courts, volleyball, badminton, indoor soccer, netball and basketball courts, a 25-metre pool with a deep water pit, and dance and yoga studios. The centre also offers group exercise classes, dance classes, pilates and yoga. Tuition in most sports can be arranged and courts can be hired to students at discounted rates. The centre also offers deep tissue and trigger point sports massage. La Trobe University participates in the annual [[Australian University Games]]<ref>https://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/sport. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419031624/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/sport |date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> [[A-League]] association football (soccer) club [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]] have their training and administrative facilities based at La Trobe University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne City FC Re-Commence Training|url=http://www.melbournecityfc.com.au/article/news-melbourne-city-fc-re-commence-training/uhezs3kpfgu310t71bi1f1x0g|publisher=melbournecityfc.com.au|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810180833/http://www.melbournecityfc.com.au/article/news-melbourne-city-fc-re-commence-training/uhezs3kpfgu310t71bi1f1x0g|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Song ===
The university song is the tune of [[Marche Henri IV]]. The melody is originally from Cassandre by [[Thoinot Arbeau]]. There are many university chants that are sung at matches which vary between the sports clubs. The most common chant that is used by La Trobe teams is "LT Who? LTU!".

Other student-run activities include the [[La Trobe International Relations Associations]].<ref>LIRA, "constitution", 02-02-2010, "[http://www.lira.org.au/?page_id=60 Source 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605174107/http://www.lira.org.au/?page_id=60 |date=2011-06-05 }}", 16-04-2010</ref>

==People==
{{main|List of La Trobe University people}}

==Controversies==
Roz Ward, an academic at the university's Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS), co-founded a [[Safe Schools Coalition Australia|Safe Schools program]] for Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/she/staff/profile?uname=rward|title=La Trobe University, Staff profile: Roz Ward|work=La Trobe University|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505165942/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/she/staff/profile?uname=rward|url-status=live}}</ref> The program aims to reduce [[homophobic]] and [[transphobic]] bullying and discrimination in schools. Research work undertaken by ARCSHS into [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex]] attracted and [[gender]] diverse youth has helped underpin the program.<ref name="wti2010">{{Cite book| isbn = 978-1-921377-92-1| last1 = Hillier| first1 = Lynne| last2 = Jones| first2 = Tiffany| last3 = Monagle| first3 = Marisa| last4 = Overton| first4 = Naomi| last5 = Gahan| first5 = Luke| last6 = Blackman| first6 = Jennifer| last7 = Mitchell| first7 = Anne| title = Writing themselves in three: The 3rd national study on the sexual health and wellbeing of same sex attracted and gender questioning young people| location = Melbourne| date = 2010| publisher = Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University| url = http://glhv.org.au/files/wti3_web_sml.pdf| access-date = 25 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405064153/http://glhv.org.au/files/wti3_web_sml.pdf| archive-date = 5 April 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref> This program has created controversy. At a national symposium, Ward said, "When people do complain then school leadership can very calmly and graciously say, 'You know what? We're doing it anyway, tough luck'! . . .'(It's) not about celebrating diversity; not about stopping bullying, (It's) about [[gender and sexual diversity]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-activist-roz-ward-raises-red-flag/news-story/42208731b0e4705aa0d2e6aaa8584e3e|title=Safe Schools activist Roz Ward raises 'red flag'|author=Urban, Rebecca|date=1 March 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125013435/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-activist-roz-ward-raises-red-flag/news-story/42208731b0e4705aa0d2e6aaa8584e3e|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-tell-concerned-parents-tough-luck/news-story/cc2e9d420e9cddf5ddf1d94849d0d9f4 |title=Safe Schools: tell concerned parents 'tough luck!' |author=Urban, Rebecca|date=22 March 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Australian Christian Lobby]] (ACL) and others have criticised the program<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/ |title=Safe Schools Coalition |work=Safe Schools Coalition Australia |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031213206/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as "radical sexual experimentation"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/christian-lobby-groups-claim-radical-sexual-experimentation-is-being-promoted-in-schools/story-fngqim8m-1227456527511|title=Christian lobby groups claim 'radical sexual experimentation' is being promoted in schools|date=25 July 2015|work=News Ltd|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022105755/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/christian-lobby-groups-claim-radical-sexual-experimentation-is-being-promoted-in-schools/story-fngqim8m-1227456527511|url-status=live}}</ref> which "exposed students to extreme material"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/safe-schools-program-ordered-to-stay-silent-on-gay-marriage-20150728-gimdrr.html|title=Safe Schools program ordered to stay silent on gay marriage|author=Cook Herietta|date=28 July 2015|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505045717/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/safe-schools-program-ordered-to-stay-silent-on-gay-marriage-20150728-gimdrr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked for the withdrawal of $8 million allocated to the Australia-wide program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/acl-says-school-antibullying-program-encouraging-cross-dressing-20150728-gimhz4.html|title=ACL says school anti-bullying program 'encouraging cross dressing'|work=Brisbane Times|date=28 July 2015 |access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132301/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/acl-says-school-antibullying-program-encouraging-cross-dressing-20150728-gimhz4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/christian-lobby-boycotts-gay-student-program-20141218-12a0xf.html|title=Christian lobby boycotts gay student program|work=The Age|date=19 December 2014 |access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117000007/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/christian-lobby-boycotts-gay-student-program-20141218-12a0xf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ACL says the program instructs students how to use facilities that match gender identities, how to have anal sex<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/australian-christian-lobby-renews-attacks-on-safe-schools-coalition-19465.html|title=Safe schools program under renewed attack by Australian Christian Lobby|author=Hughes, Ron|date=4 November 2015|work=Gay News Network|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132302/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/australian-christian-lobby-renews-attacks-on-safe-schools-coalition-19465.html|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and how girls can bind their chests to change gender.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/this-is-why-the-australian-christian-lobby-is-talking-about|title=A Christian group is up in arms about chest binding and here's why|author=Sainty, Lan|date=13 October 2015|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019192040/http://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/this-is-why-the-australian-christian-lobby-is-talking-about|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 March 2016, ABC news reported that a Liberal Nationals MP, George Christensen, had used parliamentary privilege to accuse the Safe Schools program of being linked to a "[[Paedophilia|paedophilia advocate]]", referring to a professor, Gary Dowsett, and a report he published in 1982. A spokesman for La Trobe University stated: "We are appalled that a respected academic has been attacked using parliamentary privilege. This is a blatant attempt to distract attention from the independent endorsement of the highly effective Safe Schools program. We stand by the important work of Professor Dowsett and his team."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-16/george-christensen-links-safe-schools-program-to-paedophilia/7252476|title=George Christensen links Safe Schools to 'paedophilia advocate'|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 March 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701193501/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-16/george-christensen-links-safe-schools-program-to-paedophilia/7252476|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2016, the Victorian Government reignited its feud with Canberra over the controversial Safe Schools program, announcing it will publicly provide material about sexual diversity that had been deleted from the federal government's website, and an additional $300,000 a year to deliver the program in full.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-15/safe-schools-victoria-reignites-feud-with-canberra-over-program/7415452|title=Victoria defies Federal Government over Safe Schools program|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=15 May 2016|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190110/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-15/safe-schools-victoria-reignites-feud-with-canberra-over-program/7415452|url-status=live}}</ref>

A children's story book, promoted by the Safe Schools Coalition, released in January 2016 and titled ''The Gender Fairy'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/is-the-gender-fairy-in-your-school-library-5|title=The Gender Fairy|author=Hirst, Jo|date=27 January 2016|work=Safe Schools Coalition|access-date=25 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114810/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/is-the-gender-fairy-in-your-school-library-5|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> explains [[transgender]] issues for children as young as four. Ward compiled the accompanying notes for teachers and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-gender-fairy-a-new-chapter-in-transgender-education-for-kids-20151130-glbst8.html|title='The Gender Fairy': a new chapter in transgender education for kids|author=Perkins, Miki|date=2 December 2015|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506115049/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-gender-fairy-a-new-chapter-in-transgender-education-for-kids-20151130-glbst8.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ward was suspended in June 2016 over comments she made about the Australian flag in a Facebook post, amid concerns her comments had the potential to inflame opinion about the Safe Schools program. The suspension was soon lifted, along with a statement: "La Trobe said it was not in the university's best interest to pursue the matter, but that it followed the proper procedures to suspend Ms Ward."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-04/safe-schools-roz-ward-reinstated-after-university-suspends-her/7477320|title=Safe Schools co-founder Roz Ward reinstated after Facebook controversy|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=4 June 2016|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807103818/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-04/safe-schools-roz-ward-reinstated-after-university-suspends-her/7477320|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sexual assault and abuse ===
In 2017 La Trobe was reported as the worst university in Victoria for sexual harassment according to the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]]'s national survey on campus abuse. Of the 947 La Trobe students surveyed, 30% stated they had been sexually harassed at university.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/worst-victorian-university-for-sexual-harassment-revealed-20170801-gxn2dx.html|title=Worst Victorian university for sexual harassment revealed|last1=Jacks|first1=Timna|date=2017-08-02|work=The Age|access-date=2017-08-01|last2=Cook|first2=Henrietta|language=en-US|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802081250/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/worst-victorian-university-for-sexual-harassment-revealed-20170801-gxn2dx.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under a previous 2016 FOI request, the university had stated there were only 7 officially reported cases of sexual assault, harassment or misconduct on campus, resulting in no expulsions and no suspensions over the previous five years.<ref name="foi_sexual_assault">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/full-list-of-universities-exposed-by-sexual-assault-investigation/news-story/f7c39dcacce8a9c839bc8b881172173b|title=Full list of universities exposed by sexual assault investigation|last=Funnell|first=Nina|date=10 October 2016|work=News Limited|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802075917/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/full-list-of-universities-exposed-by-sexual-assault-investigation/news-story/f7c39dcacce8a9c839bc8b881172173b|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Australia}}}}
*[[List of universities in Australia]]
*[[Centre for Dialogue]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|32em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book |year=1989 |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |hdl=1959.9/201688}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.latrobe.edu.au/ }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208223206/http://www.srclatrobe.org.au/ La Trobe Students' Representative Council]

{{ La Trobe University|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Australian Higher Education Articles
|titlestyle =
|state =autocollapse
|list =
{{Australian universities}}
{{Open Universities Australia}}
{{Australian university groups}}
}}

[[Category:La Trobe University| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Universities in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Universities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the City of Darebin]]

ESPNcricinfo

2023-07-26T21:56:56Z

Abhishek: edit

{{short description|Sports news website for cricket}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = ESPNcricinfo
| logo = ESPNCricinfo.png
| logocaption =
| screenshot = [[File:Screen shot of ESPNcricinfo.png|border|300px|alt=Main page of ESPNcricinfo]]
| collapsible = yes
| collapsetext = Screenshot
| caption = Screenshot of the ESPNcricinfo main page
| url = {{Official website}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = Sports website
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[ESPN Inc.|ESPN]]
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The A to Z of ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/25/content/story/1151771.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=Cricinfo |date=31 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| launch_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1993|03|15}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Rachna |title=Timeline | Cricinfo at 20 years |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricinfoat20/content/site/cricinfoat20/timeline.html |access-date=2 August 2013 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ESPNcricinfo at 20 years |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/20 |access-date=2 August 2013 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| current_status = Active
| revenue =
}}

'''ESPNcricinfo''' (formerly known as '''Cricinfo''' or '''CricInfo''')<ref>{{Cite press release |title=ESPN acquires Cricinfo |date=11 June 2007 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/297655.html |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> is a [[Sports journalism|sports news]] website exclusively for the game of cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESPNcricinfo / About Us |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/page/156066.html |access-date=25 February 2017 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The site features news, articles, live coverage of cricket matches (including [[Liveblogging|liveblogs]] and scorecards), and ''StatsGuru'', a database of historical matches and players from the 18th century to the present. {{As of|2023|3}}, [[Sambit Bal]] was the editor.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/magazine/author.html?author=31;genre=119 Sambit Bal]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</ref>

The site, originally conceived in a pre-World Wide Web form in 1993 by Simon King, was acquired in 2002 by the [[Wisden Group]]{{emdash}}publishers of several notable cricket magazines and the [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]. As part of an eventual breakup of the Wisden Group, it was sold to [[ESPN Inc.|ESPN]], jointly owned by [[The Walt Disney Company]] and [[Hearst Corporation]], in 2007.
==History==
CricInfo was launched on 15 March 1993 by Simon King, a British researcher at the University of Minnesota. It grew with help from students and researchers at universities around the world. Contrary to some reports, Badri Seshadri, who was very instrumental in CricInfo's early growth, did not become involved in CricInfo until some months after its founding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2009 |title=11.5 Million, Not Out |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=102329 |access-date=2 August 2013 |publisher=business.outlookindia.com}}</ref>

The site was reliant on contributions from fans around the world who spent hours compiling electronic scorecards and contributing them to CricInfo's comprehensive archive, as well as keying in [[live scores]] from games around the world using CricInfo's scoring software, "dougie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishal Misra |date=11 June 2013 |title=One night in 1996– Ball-by-ball text commentary, the core of ESPNcricinfo's offering, was born out of adversity during the sixth World Cup |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricinfoat20/content/story/637331.html |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In 2000, Cricinfo's estimated worth was $150 million; however it faced difficulties the following year as a result of the [[Dot-com bubble|dotcom crash]].<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Weaver |first=Paul |date=16 February 2006 |title=Cricinfo ups tempo on turning clicks into cash |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/feb/16/cricket.gdnsport3 |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref>

Cricinfo's significant growth in the 1990s made it an attractive site for investors during the peak of the [[dotcom boom]], and in 2000 it received $37 million worth of [[Sify|Satyam Infoway Ltd.]] shares in exchange for a 25% stake in the company (a valuation of around £100 million). It used around $22m worth of the paper to pay off initial investors but only raised about £6 million by selling the remaining stock. While the site continued to attract more and more users and operated on a very low cost base, its income was not enough to support a peak staff of 130 in nine countries, forcing [[layoff|redundancies]].
[[File:Cricinfo in 1995.jpg|right|thumb|Cricinfo in 1995]]
By late 2002 the company was making a monthly operating profit and was one of very few independent sports sites to avoid collapse (such as [[Sports.com]] and [[Sportal]]). However, the business was still servicing a large loan. Cricinfo was eventually acquired by [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Paul Getty]]'s [[Wisden Group]], the publisher of ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' and ''[[The Wisden Cricketer]]'', and renamed Wisden Cricinfo. The Wisden brand (and its own wisden.com site) were eventually phased out in favour of Cricinfo for Wisden's online operations. In December 2005, Wisden re-launched its recently discontinued ''[[Wisden Asia Cricket]]'' [[magazine]] as ''Cricinfo Magazine'', a magazine dedicated to coverage of [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket]]. The magazine published its last issue in July 2007.

In 2006, revenue was reported to be £3m.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weaver |first=Paul |date=16 February 2006 |title=Cricinfo ups tempo on turning clicks into cash |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/feb/16/cricket.gdnsport3 |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2007, the Wisden Group began to be broken up and sold to other companies; [[BSkyB]] acquired ''The Wisden Cricketer'', while [[Sony Corporation]] acquired the [[Hawk-Eye]] ball tracking system.<ref name="BBC12670063">{{Cite news |date=7 March 2011 |title=Hawk-Eye ball-tracking firm bought by Sony |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12670063 |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> In June 2007, [[ESPN Inc.]] announced that it had acquired Cricinfo from the Wisden Group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2007 |title=ESPN acquires Cricinfo.com |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/espn-acquires-cricinfocom/287445/ |access-date=1 September 2012 |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref> The acquisition was intended to help further expand Cricinfo by combining the site with ESPN's other web properties, including [[ESPN.com]] and [[ESPN Soccernet]]. Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.<ref name="espn-cricinfo">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2007 |title=ESPN acquires Cricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/espn-acquires-cricinfo-297655 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

As of 2023, Sambit Bal is the Editor-in-Chief of ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sambit Bal {{!}} Author Index {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |language=en |work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/author.html?author=31 |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> In 2013, ESPNcricinfo.com celebrated its twentieth anniversary with a series of online features. The website awards the annual ESPNcricinfo Awards.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}.

On 20 March 2023, ESPNcricinfo celebrated its 30th anniversary by [https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/we-ve-lived-cricket-for-three-decades-alongside-you-sambit-bal-1363777 an article] from Sambit Bal, their Editor-in-Chief.

In 2000, Cricinfo was named title sponsor of the [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|Women's World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricinfoat20/content/current/story/648565.html| title=Cricinfo's own World Cup| author=Raf Nicholson|publisher=Cricinfo| date= 11 July 2013| access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

==Popularity==
ESPNcricinfo's popularity was demonstrated on 24 February 2010, when the site could not handle the heavy traffic experienced after Indian cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] broke the record for the highest individual score in a men's [[One Day International]] match with 200*.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bal |first=Sambit |date=2013-02-25 |title=Tendulkar breaks Cricinfo records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tendulkar-breaks-cricinfo-records-617220 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website='From the Editor' blog |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoult |first=Nick |date=24 February 2010 |title=Sachin Tendulkar's 200 breaks ODI world record as India crush South Africa |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/india/7308573/Sachin-Tendulkars-200-breaks-ODI-world-record-as-India-crush-South-Africa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/india/7308573/Sachin-Tendulkars-200-breaks-ODI-world-record-as-India-crush-South-Africa.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Features==
ESPNcricinfo contains various [[news]], [[Column (periodical)|columns]], [[blogs]], videos and [[fantasy sport]]s games. Among its most popular feature are its [[liveblog]]s of cricket matches, which includes a bevy of scorecard options, allowing readers to track such aspects of the game as wagon wheels and partnership breakdowns. For each match, the live scores are accompanied by a bulletin, which details the turning points of the match and some of the off-field events. The site also used to offer ''Cricinfo 3D'', a feature which utilizes a match's scoring data to generate a [[computer animation|3D animated]] simulation of a live match.<ref name="cricinfo3d">{{Cite web |title=Live 3D Cricket at Cricinfo.com |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/live_3d_cricket.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830011655/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/live_3d_cricket.php |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=22 January 2012 |publisher=The Next Web}}</ref>

Regular columns on ESPNcricinfo include "All Today's Yesterdays", an "On this day" column focusing on historical cricket events, and "Quote Unquote", which features notable quotes from cricketers and cricket administrators. "Ask Steven" is a weekly column, published on Tuesdays, in which Steven Lynch answers users' questions on all things cricket.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven Lynch |title=Ask Steven |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/genre.html?genre=6}}</ref>

Among its most extensive features is ''StatsGuru'', a [[database]] originally created by [[Travis Basevi]], containing statistics on players, officials, teams, information about cricket boards, details of future tournaments, individual teams, and records. In May 2014, ESPNcricinfo launched CricIQ, an online test to challenge every fan's cricket knowledge.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2014 |title=ESPNcricinfo launched CricIQ |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/espncricinfo-launches-criciq/article5978994.ece}}</ref>

In September 2021, ESPNCricinfo launched AskCricinfo, a [[Natural language processing|natural language]] search tool to help in exploring cricket stats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESPNcricinfo launches natural language search tool AskCricinfo service - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/espncricinfo-launches-askcricinfo-service-115686.html |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

==''The Cricket Monthly''==
''The Cricket Monthly'' claims to be the world's first digital-only cricket magazine.<ref name="About Cricket Monthly">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/site/aboutus |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The first issue was dated August 2014.<ref name="Cricket Monthly Issues">{{Cite web |title=Issues index |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/archive/index |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cricbuzz]]
* [[CricketArchive]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricinfoat20/content/story/674431.html History of the first decade of Cricinfo] by Badri Seshadri, 26 September 2013
* [http://rohanchandran.wordpress.com/cricinfo-how-it-all-began/ CricInfo – How it all began] by Rohan Chandran, 2013, with an insiders view of the who, how and what and comments by other pioneers. (Blog at [[WordPress.com]])

{{ESPN}}

[[Category:Cricket websites]]
[[Category:ESPN media outlets]]
[[Category:Gopher (protocol)]]
[[Category:Sports mass media in India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1993]]
[[Category:2007 mergers and acquisitions]]

Vikas Gupta (born 1970)

2023-07-19T04:55:30Z

Abhishek: Added structure.

{{Short description|Indian political activist (born 1970)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| parents = Rajendra Kumar Gupta (father)
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]
| education = B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
| birth_date = 11 June 1970
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain]]
| office = [[Chairman]] of Uttar Pradesh Council of Agricultural Research
| profession = Politician
| termstart = 2019
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| allegiance = {{flagu|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1994 – 2001
| rank = [[File: Captain of the Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Captain]]
| image = Capt. Vikas Gupta Apr 2023.jpg
| caption = Vikas Gupta
}}
'''Vikas Gupta''' (born 11 June 1970) is an Indian political activist who serves as the [[Chairman]] of Uttar Pradesh Council of Agricultural Research (UPCAR).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vikas Gupta(Independent(IND)):Constituency- NOIDA(GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=624 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Capt. Vikas Gupta {{!}} Hony. Advisor, Management Council {{!}} Chairman, UPARC, Lucknow {{!}} IIP Academy |url=https://www.iipacademy.edu.in/vikas-gupta |access-date=2023-04-18 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Independent candidate Vikas Gupta claims BJP pressures him to withdraw candidature, calls Rajnath son 'parachuted' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/independent-candidate-vikas-gupta-claims-bjp-pressures-him-to-withdraw-candidature-calls-rajnath-son-parachuted/articleshow/56838836.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कैप्टन विकास गुप्ता को मुख्यमंत्री ने दी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी, जानिए |url=https://tricitytoday.com/news/capt-vikas-gupta-appointed-in-charge-of-dhaulana-assembly-constituency-in-up-6793.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gupta was born on 11 June 1970 to Rajendra Kumar Gupta at [[Bharthana]] tehsil, [[Etawah district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Both of his grandfathers (paternal & maternal) were freedom fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आजादी के रखवाले: पूर्व सैनिक ने छेड़ी भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ जंग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/indepence-day-special-story-ex-soldiers-captain-vikas-gupta-story |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He received his B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from [[University of Lucknow]]'s [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]] in 1993.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He started his career at Lohia Machines Limited in [[Kanpur]] and then joined the [[Indian Army]] as a commissioned officer in 1994. He
was also part of the Prime Minister's security team from 1997 to 1999.<ref name=":0" />

In 2001, he joined the [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)|Indian Revenue Service]] after passing the [[Union Public Service Commission]] Exam. He served in the [[Central Board of Excise & Customs]] in [[New Delhi]] before resigning in 2007.<ref name=":0" /> He is Patron of International Human Rights Commission India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.ihrcindia.com/membership/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=IHRC India |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was appointed as the Chairman of the U.P. Council of Agricultural Research on 11 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कैप्टन विकास गुप्ता को दी बधाई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/greetings-to-captain-vikas-gupta/articleshow/68381732.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Promote low-cost organic farming, CM to agri experts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/promote-low-cost-organic-farming-cm-to-agri-experts/articleshow/92215147.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Vikas}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:People from Etawah district]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:IET Lucknow alumni]]

Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya

2023-07-16T03:42:57Z

Abhishek: Added format.

{{Notability}}
{{short description|Judge of Allahabad High Court}}

{{Infobox Judge
|name=Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya
|office=[[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
|termstart=21 November 2011
|termend=
|appointer=[[Pratibha Patil]]
|nominator=[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|6|16|df=y}}
|birth_place=
|alma_mater=[[Lucknow University]]
|honorific_prefix=Hon'ble Justice
}}
'''Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya''' (born 16 June 1965) is an Indian judge who serves in the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gokhale |first=Omkar |title=SC Collegium recommends elevation of Justice D K Upadhyaya as Chief Justice of Bombay HC |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sc-collegium-recommends-elevation-of-justice-d-k-upadhyaya-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-hc-8781714/lite/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends Appointment Of Justice Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya As Chief Justice Of Bombay High Court |work=Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/high-court/bombay-high-court/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-devendra-upadhyaya-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-high-court-232020 |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyaya, Devendra Kumar}}

[[Category: Indian judges]]
{{India-stub}}

Varanasi Junction (web series)

2023-07-11T18:58:10Z

Abhishek: Finished writing a new contribution.

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| producer = Ohendrila Banerjee and Ring a Bell Films
| writer =
| genre = Crime & Thriller
| screenplay =
| story = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| starring = [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], Jeet Sundor Chakraborty, Riddhish Chowdhury, Judhajit Sarkar, Arup Zaigirdar, Agniva Banerjee
| music = Tirthankar Majumdar
| cinematography = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''Varanasi Junction''' is a 2023 [[Bengali language]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] and [[crime]] [[web series]] written and directed by [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]. The series is produced by Ohendrila Banerjee and Ring a Bell Films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Riingo’s next ‘Varanasi Junction’ is an action-packed chase thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/riingos-new-series-varanasi-junction-is-an-action-packed-chase-thriller/articleshow/98083043.cms |website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata boy Jeet Sundor to debut as a lead in Klikk’s Varanasi Junction |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/mar/09/kolkata-boy-jeet-sundor-chakraborty-to-debut-as-a-lead-in-klikks-varanasi-junction-47588.html |website=Indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

The main cast in the series are [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], Jeet Sundor Chakraborty, Judhajit Sarkar, Riddhish Chowdhury, Korak Samanta, Agniva Banerjee, and Abhijit Sengupta. The series was released on 23 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=বারাণসীর রোমাঞ্চ কলকাতায়! রক্তরহস্যের প্রতি বাঁকে শিহরণ জাগাল এই ওয়েব সিরিজ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/varanasi-junction-a-klikk-ott-web-series-grand-premiere-ss-1027712-page-8.html |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Director Arnab Riingo Banerjee on upcoming web series: It’s an edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/director-arnab-riingo-banerjee-on-upcoming-web-series-its-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/articleshow/98300677.cms |website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=মোবাইলে শ্যুট, টানটান থ্রিলার, আসছে নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ 'বারাণসী জংশন' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/klikk-to-get-new-web-series-varanasi-junction-by-arnab-ringo-banerjee-entirely-shot-on-mobile-phone-956823 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] as Supriya Chowdhury
*Jeet Sundor Chakraborty as Ronodip Sen
*Riddhish Chowdhury as Roy
*Judhajit Sarkar as Wajib Suleman
*Arup Zaigirdar as Gokul Pandey
*Agniva Banerjee as Ashwin Pathak
*Korak Samanta as Ranga
*Abhijit Sengupta as Abdul
*Md Kareem as Taya

== Plot ==
Varanasi Junction is a pursuit thriller set in the heart of Varanasi, in which a teenage YouTube blogger recognises a missing girl in the news and passes information, only to become a target in one of the most violent criminal rackets operating in the holy city. Every step he makes is being watched, and he doesn't know who to trust in a place where he doesn't belong.<ref>{{cite web |title=বারাণসীতে ধর্ম ও রাজনীতির জটিল যোগ, ওয়েব সিরিজে তুলে ধরলেন রিঙ্গো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arnab-ringo-banerjee-directed-thriller-web-series-varanasi-junction-will-release-soon-31676551915517.html |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Riingo is back with a new series shot on mobile phone for Klikk |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/riingo-is-back-with-a-new-series-shot-on-mobile-phone-for-klikk/d8e0f65b3c985 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=Varanasi Junction is an action-packed pursuit thriller set in the heart of Varanasi |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |released=y |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A Murder On Camera
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ronodip, a Youtube vlogger, travels to Varanasi and, while vlogging, sees a murder and chooses to investigate, only to discover that the perpetrators are after him.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Clues And Secrets
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Freelance journalist Supriya is set to disclose breaking news on a crime ring operating in Varanasi when her partner is pursued and killed. She resolves to go against her racket alone, and she quickly becomes a marked victim like Ronodip.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Find The Criminals
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Ronodip and Supriya meet paths, the killings begin, and it is only a matter of time before they, too, fall victim to the gang's gunfire.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = A Trap Is Set
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When bodies start to fall, Supriya realises she has a chance to save Ronodip, and they both go incognito to save themselves. However, as a team, they both have their own strategies for cracking the case.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Verdict
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The case's twists are disclosed, and Ronodip sacrifices himself to allow Supriya to receive her due since she will identify the ones running the scam.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27169599}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Representation of People Act, 1951

2023-03-11T17:34:41Z

Abhishek: Published an informative piece.

#REDIRECT [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]

Ghadar Party

2023-02-21T06:24:43Z

Abhishek: Page started.

#REDIRECT [[Ghadar Movement]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Arya Samaj

2022-11-12T10:40:36Z

Abhishek: Page authored.

{{Short description|Vedic reform organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo_caption = Official logo, featuring ''[[Om|Aum]]'' with ''[[pluti]]'' ({{lang|sa|ओ३म्}})
| logo = Arya Samaj official logo.gif
| formation = {{Start date and age|1875|04|10|df=yes|p=y}} [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| type = [[Religious organisation]]
| status = [[Foundation (nonprofit)|Foundation]]
| purpose = Educational, [[Religious studies]], [[Spirituality]], Social Reforms
| headquarters =
| coords =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| main_organ =
| affiliations =
| remarks =
| name = Arya Samaj
| size = 200px
| abbreviation =
| founder = [[Dayananda Saraswati]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
| native_name =
| image_size =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Arya Samaj''' ({{lang-hi|आर्य समाज|lit=Noble Society}}, {{IAST3|Ārya Samāja}}) is considered a [[monotheistic]] Indian [[Hindu reform movement]] that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the [[Vedas]]. The samaj was founded by the [[sannyasa|sannyasi]] (ascetic) [[Dayanand Saraswati]] in the 1870s.

Arya Samaj was the first Hindu organization to introduce [[Proselytism|proselytization]] in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thursby|first1=G. R.|title=Hindu-Muslim relations in British India : a study of controversy, conflict, and communal movements in northern India 1923–1928|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004043800|pages=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abcfAAAAIAAJ&dq=arya+samaj&pg=PA15}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2013">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=A History of Prejudice: Race, Caste, and Difference in India and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO1zF3uC3lUC&pg=PR8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02900-2|page=64}}</ref> Inspired by the colonial concept of '[[Aryanism]]', they are well known for their campaign targeting Sikhs for conversion and derogatory remarks against Guru Nanak. This failed conversion campaign targeting Sikhs led to the rise of Singh Sabha movement and eventually the collapse of Hinduism in Punjab from 1901-1941 through large number Hindu Punjabis adopting Sikhism. The organization also claims to work towards the growth of civil rights but is seen by many as a proto-Hindutva movement and it’s anti-Sikh stance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Kenneth W. |title=Ham Hindū Nahīn*: Arya Sikh Relations, 1877–1905 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/ham-hindu-nahin-arya-sikh-relations-18771905/8D3012334BC9CC370C721D1F3C4D03B6 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=457–475 |doi=10.2307/2052684 |issn=1752-0401}}</ref>

==Dayananda Saraswati and Foundation==
The formal foundation date of the Arya Samaj is 24 June 1877 because it was then, in [[Lahore]] when the Samaj became more than just a regional movement based in [[Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter343.pdf Dayanand Saraswati] Himalaya publishing documents.</ref>

===Vedic schools===
Between 1869 and 1873, Dayanand began his efforts to reform orthodox [[Hinduism]] in India. He established ''[[Gurukul]]'' ([[Vedas|Vedic]] schools) which emphasised Vedic values, culture, and ''[[Satya]]'' (Truth). The schools gave separate educations to boys and girls based on ancient Vedic principles. The Vedic school system was also to relieve Indians from the pattern of a [[British Raj|British]] education.<ref>Sharma R. N and Sharma R. K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4odAR3HVJNcC&dq=dayanand+gurukul&pg=PA357 ''Problems of Education in India''] Atlantic 2006 p. 356 {{ISBN|817156612X}}</ref>
[[File:Arya Samaj R.V. Russell 1916.PNG|thumb|250px|right|A meeting of the Arya Samaj for investing boys with the [[sacred thread]][[R. V. Russell|Russell R. V.]] ''The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'' 1916 vol. 1</ref>]]
[[File:Arya Samaj 2000 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 2000 postage stamp dedicated to Arya Samaj]]

===Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875) ===
Due to Schisms in Adi [[Brahmo Samaj]] at Calcutta, a new variant of Adi Brahmoism called [[Arya Samaj]] began to take root in the Punjab. When he traveled to Calcutta Swami Dayanand had come into close and extended contact with Raj Narayan Bose, Debendranath Tagore etc. Swami Dayanand closely studied Tagore's book Brahmo Dharma, a comprehensive manual of religion and ethics for Adi Dharma, while in Calcutta. The bone of contention between these two Samaj's was over the authority of the Vedas - whose authority the Adi Dharma reject and hold to be inferior works, whereas Arya Samaj hold Vedas to be divine revelation. Despite this difference of opinion, however, it seems that the members of the Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand parted on good terms, the former having publicly praised the latter’s visit to Calcutta in several journals and the latter having taken inspiration from the former’s activity in the social sphere.
<ref>[http://adidharm.brahmosamaj.in/adi-dharm-timeline/emergence-of-arya-samaj-in-punjab-1875 Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875) ]</ref>

==Growth of Arya Samaj after Dayanand==
Dayanand was assassinated in 1883. Despite this set back, the Arya Samaj continued to grow, especially in Punjab. The early leaders of the Samaj were [[Pandit Lekh Ram]] (1858 {{ndash}} 1897) and [[Swami Shraddhanand]] (Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij) (1856 {{ndash}} 1926). Some authors claim that the activities of the Samaj led to increased [[Hindu–Islamic relations|antagonism between Muslims and Hindus]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2051414|jstor=2051414|title=The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in the Punjab, 1894-1908|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=363–379|year=1967|last1=Barrier|first1=Norman G.|s2cid=154569230 }}
</ref> Shraddhanand led the [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi movement]] that aimed to bring Hindus who had converted to other religions back to Hinduism.<ref>Nair N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o-NoCp9Lc24C&pg=PP8 ''Changing Homelands: Hindu Politics and the Partition of India'']. Permanent Black, New Delhi 2011. p. 53 {{ISBN|9780674057791}}</ref>

In 1893, the Arya Samaj members of Punjab were divided on the question of [[vegetarianism]]. The group that refrained from eating meat were called the ''"Mahatma"'' group and the other group, the "Cultured Party".<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_296.gif "Punjab"] Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909. vol. 20 p. 291. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</ref>

In the early 1900s, the Samaj (or organizations inspired by it such as ''Jat Pat Todak Mandal'') campaigned against [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref>Rajivlochan M. ''Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way'' in Judge P. S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJkAwAAQBAJ&q=mapping+social+exclusion+in+india ''Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands''] Cambridge University Press 2014 p. 82 {{ndash}} 83. {{ISBN|1107056098}}</ref> They also campaigned for [[widow remarriage]] and [[women's education]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kishwar M. |title=Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar|journal =[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume= 21|issue=17 |pages=WS9–WS24|jstor=4375593}}</ref> The samaj also established chapters in [[British colonies]] having [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian population]] such as [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Suriname]], [[Guyana]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>Vertovec S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eYpJeVkD_qoC&q=arya+missionaries&pg=PR9 ''The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns''] Routledge, London 2000. pp. 29, 54 and 69. {{ISBN|9780415238939}}.</ref>

Prominent Indian Nationalists such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] belonged to Arya Samaj and were active in its campaigning.<ref>Rai L. L. ''The Arya Samaj: an Account of its Aims, Doctrine and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder'' Longman, London 1915. {{ISBN|978-81-85047-77-5}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]]'s grandfather followed Arya Samaj, which had a considerable influence on Bhagat Singh.<ref name=hailHero1>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/twitter-hails-bhagat-singh-on-his-112th-birth-anniversary/21813159 Twitter hails Bhagat Singh on his 112th birth anniversary], Mid-Day, 27 September 2019.</ref> The British colonial government in the early part of 20th century viewed the Samaj as a political body. Some Samajis in government service were dismissed for belonging to the Samaj.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kumar|editor-first1=Raj |title=Essays on social reform movements|publisher=Discovery Pub. House|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171417926|pages=2–4|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Essays+on+Social+Reform+Movements+By+Raj+Kumar+isbn}}</ref>

In the 1930s, when the Hindu Nationalist group, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] grew in prominence in Northern India, they found support from the Arya Samaj of Punjab.<ref>Jaffrelot C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&q=%22arya+samaj%22&pg=PR7 ''The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s'']. Penguin Books, New Delhi 1999. pp. 67 and 68. {{ISBN|9780140246025}}.</ref>

===Arya Samaj in Punjab===
In Punjab, the Arya Samaj was opposed by the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement which provided the Samaj one of its most aggressive opponents from among the various Muslim groups and whose founder [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] was extensively involved in theological disputations with Samaj leaders, most notably with [[Pandit Lekh Ram]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBJJej_IiwC|pages=116–18|isbn=9780521249867}}</ref> It was also opposed by the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] dominated [[Singh Sabha]], the forerunner of the [[Akali Dal]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2052684 |jstor=2052684|title=Ham Hindu Nahin: Arya-Sikh Relations, 1877-1905|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=3|pages=457–475|year=1973|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth W.|s2cid=163885354 }}</ref>

===Arya Samaj in Sindh===
The Samaj was active in Sindh at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The activities of the Samaj in the region included using [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|shuddhi]] in integrating half-Muslim or low-caste communities into the organization. Narayan Dev, a Samaj member active in making many conversions is extolled as a Sindhi martyr. He is sometimes referred to as 'Dayanand ka vir sipahi' (Dayanand's 's heroic soldier). Dev was killed in a street fight in 1948.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Dominique-Sita |last2=Boivin |first2=Michel |title=SINDH through History and Representations, Chapter 6 JHULELAL AND THE IDENTITY OF INDIAN SINDHIS |publisher=Oxford University press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-547503-6 |page=80 |url=http://sanipanhwar.com/Sindh%20Through%20History%20and%20Rrpresentations%20French%20Contributions%20to%20Sindhi%20Studies%20Edited%20By%20Michel%20Boivin.pdf#page=110 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> The history of Sindhi nationalism is also tied with the activities of the Arya Samaj. In the 19th century, the Hindu community of Sindh had been challenged by Christian missionaries and the Samaj served as a deterrent to the "conversion" done by Christian missionaries in the region. A Hindu Sindhi leader, [[K. R. Malkani]], later on became prominent in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and the [[BJP]]. According to Malkani, the Arya Samaj created a "new pride" among the Hindu Sindhis by opening gymnasia and Sanskrit pathshalas in the 1930s.<ref>Dhabhai, G., 2018. The Purusharthi Refugee. Economic & Political Weekly, 53(4), p.67.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/55704568/SA_LIII_4_270118_Partition_Garima_Dhabhai.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DNATION-MAKING_IN_PARTITIONED_INDIA_The_P.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIATUSBJ6BAMXAKEPHL%2F20200330%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200330T194053Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPn%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDCiKi6A5DEiNpFun0A4o1IeU4dP9v4k4%2Bn7iNaCpso%2BwIgTKy1wSvB1P%2FRPda1VXHrj93qTro8N0azg68lK4nhxvoqvQMI8v%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAAGgwyNTAzMTg4MTEyMDAiDNYmlw4GGM1u%2F3KCvyqRA1JNwynb9KgSQAmHpaf184MEWMKdYjNtCwnWDuStV74N6SO5hhpyeby4mRvQ0%2BErXjK3yW6nh199%2FwCafV%2F%2BqYl6KbMGhh0w0gUaqwyWGxJjvz%2FistM3jq0HngOJveDL6V20iTk7cqNoCqM33AClGR1vHuI1EA%2BDQBZXzOGvjZj8sgY0eAwzxbDmoozxEDwtzjULJOwUdRsZXC9Qu6iwBNnO1ZtMtwWiuAIkfNWx9S%2FZ%2BnJCcNKM2e%2FnbJ%2BrWv3z7rFSRKHOXbo8oQCSS5xNhHjBrlvC9NIn5z%2F5O5yrxMo3f7a5CbljQ1sZHU8fRf9NDmSTK07E8kgEuNlWTweW2l5VS1zeeQgTmjDaxPsrId%2F1Jw9d7MQG5mvu1eOXH8YzsEXT3l2jmn%2FlCArJwO7K3B%2BRJV7jhJ9mCfgWMlGLwI79K%2BYtZAPAHBzBvAFiubI6OCMTfUKELoHsJP3q5Z5LjKtFxqXDb9f1urVkTYN0LjAaxs0auVqMtM3Rnl5UWsZAA01hFCPCMLDwMa%2FRUVqHYwUHMIO7iPQFOusBvdQZTkdP0Zae%2BisIJwvqw1CgWwtxQnxe2EXDLuuo6vw12QFzH5ARNo%2FOlqcYGyJgqfL%2Bkw2cexOJPnetNa%2FW2y1FQF7tHwdkEI82lhUyYM5zhopDfwa4oP7jNgyGAb01cBTV5IjQ9hxkj5oapc3fikA%2BGAejh3P%2BQXVYuNh7R5khSkOQULy%2BmD9pIrehxyzr9ukJmVV7hRMYML4cg4qBSfNLPDDuv7QBENG0nPxyMKRLfo8tsTdn4ZXfHNJ%2FI%2BEOb%2BHjJxvw678huBKkp6YBdmMPt0nDkcfooJ2TajeJC%2FkIdfM22dgI5gyshw%3D%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=6aed81ada47129aed554f4542a15b6a6e53ef2745bff7077af8cd52d5c236215]</ref>

===Arya Samaj in Gujarat===
The Arya Samaj of Gujarat members were missionaries from Punjab who had been encouraged to move to Gujarat to carry out educational work amongst the [[Untouchability|untouchable castes]] by the [[maharaja]], [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. The Gujarat Samaj opened orphanages. The samaj starting losing support when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] returned to India in 1915 because many activist joined his movement.<ref>''Purifying the nation, the Arya Samaj in Gujarat 1895–1930'' Indian Economic and Social History Review 2000. 44:1 p. 41 {{ndash}} 65.</ref>

===Reconversion in Malabar===
In 1921, [[Malabar rebellion|during a rebellion]] by the Muslim [[Moplah]] community of [[Malabar region|
Malabar]] Indian newspapers reported that a number of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. The Arya Samaj extended its efforts to the region to reconvert these people back to Hinduism through [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]] ceremonies.<ref name="Thursby 1975">Thursby G. R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=abcfAAAAIAAJ&q=arya+samaj&pg=PA15 ''Hindu-Muslim relations in British India: a study of controversy, conflict, and communal movements in northern India 1923–1928''] Brill, Leiden, 1975. {{ISBN|9789004043800}}</ref>{{rp|p.141{{ndash}}152}}

===Views of Orthodox Hindu on the Samaj===
The then [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath math]] in 1939 in a letter to the [[archbishop of Canterbury]], called Arya Samajis Un-Hindu. He also criticized the Samaj efforts at converting Christians and Muslims.<ref name="Benichou 2000">{{cite book|author=Lucien D. Benichou|title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&pg=PR7|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1847-6|page=79}}</ref>

===Arya Samaj in Hyderabad state===
A branch of Arya Samaj was established at [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] in [[Beed district]] of [[Hyderabad state]], the largest princely state during British colonial rule. [[Keshav Rao Koratkar]] was the president of the organization until 1932. During his tenure, the Samaj, established schools and libraries throughout the state. Although a social and religious organization, the Samaj activities assumed a great political role in resisting the government of the Nizam during 1930s. In 1938–1939, Arya Samaj teamed up with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] to resist the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] government through [[Satyagraha]]. The Nizam government responded by [[Persecution of Hindus#Hyderabad state|raiding and desecrating Arya Samaj mandirs]]. The Samaj, in turn, criticized Islam and the Islamic rulers of the state. This widely increased the gulf between the Hindu and Muslim population of the state.<ref name="Arya Samaj">{{cite book|author=P. V. Kate|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PR5|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-017-8|pages=51, 64–66}}</ref><ref name="Benichou-2000">{{cite book|author=Lucien D. Benichou|title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&pg=PR7|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1847-6|pages=79}}</ref>

===Language issue===
Arya Samaj promoted the [[History of Haryana#Hindi language movement|use of Hindi in Punjab]] and discouraged the use of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. This was a serious point of difference between the Sikhs, represented by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] group and the Arya Samaj. The difference was marked during the period immediately following the [[independence of India]] and the time of the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] (demand for a Punjabi speaking state).<ref name="google">Lamba K. G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aSzbGKyLqicC&pg=PA90 ''Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement''] Deep and Deep 1999. p. 90 {{ISBN|9788176291293}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref><ref name="google2">Chopra R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_ODfrFOd8AC&pg=PA9072 ''Love Is The Ultimate Winner''] Partridge, India 2013. p. 9072. {{ISBN|9781482800050}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref><ref name="google3">Grewal J. S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA187 ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] Cambridge University Press 1998. p. 187 {{ISBN|9780521637640}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref>

===Humanitarian efforts===
Arya Samaj is a charitable organisation. For example, donations were made to victims of the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]]. The samaj campaigned for [[women's right to vote]], and for the protection of widows.<ref>Sharma S. C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L1RGX3whGEIC&q=punjab+the+crucial+decade ''Punjab, the Crucial Decade''] Atlantic 1987. p. 133.</ref>

==Contemporary Arya Samaj==

===Arya Samaj in India===
Arya Samaj schools and [[temple]]s are found in almost all major cities and as well as in rural areas (especially in the North region) of India. Some are authorised to conduct weddings. The Samaj is associated with the [[Dayanand Anglo Vedic]] (DAV) schools which number over eight hundred.<ref>[http://www.thearyasamaj.org/home Arya Samaj] Arya Samaj website.</ref> There are eight million followers of the Samaj in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam, Michel|title=Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQPqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers|isbn=978-9987-08-297-1|page=77}}</ref>

A branch of Arya Samaj was established in 2015 in [[Angul district]] in the state of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ordistricts.nic.in/district_home.php?did=an |title=Home: District Portal of Angul , Odisha, India |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106155800/http://www.ordistricts.nic.in/district_home.php?did=an |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Arya Samaj around the world===
Arya Samaj is active in countries including [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Fiji]], [[Australia]],<ref name="aryasamajqueensland">[http://www.aryasamajqueensland.com/ Arya Samaj Queensland] website. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</ref> [[South Africa]],{{citation needed}} [[Kenya]],<ref>Ombongi K. S. [http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/19703 ''Hindu socio-religious organizations in Kenya: a case study of Arya Samaj, 1903–1978''] [[University of Nairobi]] 1993.</ref> [[Mauritius]]<ref>Eisenlohr P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QFzcGV9FlxgC&q=arya&pg=PR7 ''Little India: Diaspora, Time, and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius''] University of California Press, Berkeley, California 2006. p. 36. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24879-3}}</ref> and other countries where a significant [[Hindu diaspora]] is present. The Arya Samaj in Kenya runs a number of schools in [[Nairobi]] and other cities of the country.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam, Michel|title=Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQPqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers|isbn=978-9987-08-297-1|page=47}}</ref>

Immigrants to [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] from [[South Asia]], [[Eastern Africa]], [[South Africa]], and the [[Caribbean]] countries have set up Arya Samaj temples for their respective communities.<ref name=Vancouver>Coward H. [http://www.mbc.metropolis.net/assets/uploads/files/wp/1999/WP99-04.pdf ''Hindus in Canada, the Third National Metropolis Conference''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231847/http://www.mbc.metropolis.net/assets/uploads/files/wp/1999/WP99-04.pdf# }} Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis 1999.</ref> Most major metropolitan areas of the United States have chapters of Arya Samaj.<ref>[http://aryasamaj.com/global/ Arya Pratinidhi Sabha America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231004055/http://aryasamaj.com/global/ }} Arya Samaj website. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</ref>

==Core beliefs==
[[File:O3m AryaSamaj.PNG|thumb|upright|Au-'3'-m ([[Om|Aum]]), considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God.]]
Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one creator God referred to with the syllable '[[Om|Aum]]' as mentioned in the [[Yajur Veda]] (40:17). They believe the Vedas are an infallible authority, and they respect the [[Upanishads]] and Vedic philosophy. The Arya Samaj members reject other Hindu religious texts because they are not pure works, and because these texts promote things do not support their ideology and are therefore against the Vedas. For instance, they believe epics like the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' are legends of historical figures, and reject them as reference to [[God|supreme beings]] and [[avatars]]. The members of Arya Samaj also reject other scriptural works such as the [[Puranas]], the [[Bible]], and the [[Quran]].<ref name="Jones1976">{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PR9|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02920-0|pages=139–143}}</ref> Worship of [[Murti|idols]] (''murti puja'') is strictly prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arya Samaj in Hindu Dharma - VCC|url=http://www.vedicculturalcentre.com/hindu.htm|access-date=2021-01-07|website=vedicculturalcentre.com}}</ref>

The core beliefs of Arya Samaj are postulated below:

# The primeval cause of all genuine knowledge and all that is known by means of knowledge is God.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=10 Principles of Arya Samaj – English & Hindi|url=http://aryasamajindia.org/read/10-principles-of-arya-samaj/|access-date=2019-04-21|website=Arya Samaj India|language=en-US}}</ref>
# God is truth-consciousness: formless, omnipotent, unborn, infinite, unchangeable, incomparable, [[wikt:Omnipresent|omnipresent]], internal, undecaying, immortal, eternal, holy, and creator of the universe. God alone deserves worship.<ref name=":1" />
# The Vedas are repositories of all of true knowledge. It is the paramount duty of all Aryas to study and teach and to propound the Veda.<ref name=":1" />
# One should be ever ready to imbibe [[truth]] and forsake untruth.<ref name=":1" />
# All acts should be done in accordance with [[Dharma]], i.e. after deliberating upon what is truth and untruth.<ref name=":1" />
# The prime object of Arya Samaj is to [[Lokaksema (Hindu prayer)|do good to the whole world]], i.e. to achieve physical, spiritual and social prosperity for all.<ref name=":1" />
# Our conduct towards all should [[Religious views on love#Indian religions|be guided by love]], by injunctions of Dharma and according to their respective positions.<ref name=":1" />
# One should dispel ignorance and promote knowledge.<ref name=":1" />
# One should not be content with one's own prosperity only, but should consider the prosperity of all as his own prosperity.<ref name=":1" />
# All human beings should abide by the rules concerning [[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam|social or everyone's benefit]], while [[Free will#Eastern philosophy|everyone should be free]] to follow any rule beneficial for him/her.<ref name=":1" />

==Practices==
[[File:Arya samaj Mandir hawan kaksh.jpg|thumb|A [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] being performed by Arya Samaj]]

The Arya Samaj members consider the [[Gayatri Mantra]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Naidoo | first=T. | title=The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-208-0769-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2z1mnXSPmEC | pages=30, 71|edition=First}}</ref> as the most holy mantra and chant it periodically, do the meditation known as "Sandhya" and make offering to the holy fire (''[[havan]]'').<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Morgan|editor-first1=Kenneth W. |last=Bhattacharyya|first=Sivaprasad|title=The Religion of the Hindus|publisher=M. Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8120803879|page=199|edition=Reprint.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&q=%22arya+samaj%22+animistic+worship&pg=PR5|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> The havan can be performed with a priest for special occasions or without a priest for personal worship. The havan is performed as per the {{transliteration|hi|havan pustika}}, usually a simplified guide to do havan, having mantras for general or special occasions. The priest is generally a Vedic scholar from the local Arya Samaj Mandir or Gurukul. Sometimes elder members of family or neighbours can also perform the havan acting as a purohit. The host is known as the "[[Yajamana|Yajmana]]". The priest can be called an "[[Acharya]]", "[[Swami|Swami Ji]]" or "[[Pandit|Pandit Ji]]" depending upon his scholarly status and local reputation. It is customary to give a nominal "[[dakshina]]" to the priest after havan, although in Arya Samaj it is more symbolic and the priest does not state any sum. The sum is decided by the host's capability and status but is still a small amount.<ref name=":0" /> After a death, Arya Samajis will often conduct a havan and collect the ashes on the fourth day.<ref>Firth S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C&q=havan&pg=PR8 ''Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community''] Peeters, Leuven 1997. p. 89. {{ISBN|9789068319767}}</ref>

===Diwali===
Diwali is a very important day in Arya Samaj as Swami Dayanand died this day. A special havan is done for the same.[[File:Dia one wick divali 20151111.jpg|thumb|upright|Diya with one wick.]]
[[File:Dia two wicks divali 20151111.jpg|thumb|upright|Diya with four wicks, pointing in each direction (N, W, S, E).]]

The Arya Samaj version of the Hindu festival [[Diwali]] is typified by the celebration in [[Suriname]]. The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil. A [[Diet in Hinduism#Vegetarian diet|vegetarian fast]] is kept. The [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited while oil lamps are lit, in front of a fire altar lit with sandalwood. One [[Diya (lamp)|Diya]] lamp, which is of larger size has two wicks crossed to produce four lights, one in each direction and is lit first. The smaller lamp has one wick. A lamp is kept in every room except the bathroom and restroom. More lamps can be lit, which can be placed arbitrarily in the yard, living room and so on.<ref>Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-Century Punjab Paperback – 1 January 2006{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth W.|title=Arya dharm : Hindu consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|publisher=Manohar|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8173047091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&q=kenneth+w+jones+arya+samaj&pg=PA67|page=67}}</ref>

===Holi===
[[Holi]] is celebrated as the conclusion of winter and the start of spring to sow the land and hope for a good harvest. This day is marked by colors and songs (''[[Chowtal|Chautal]]''). It does not require specific prayer or fasting, however, some people keep a vegetarian fast on this day. The festivities do not associate Holi with a particular deity such as Vishnu or Shiva. The early Arya Samajist in 19th century Lahore adapted the festival to include prayers and havan but avoid the intoxication, and obscenities associated with traditional celebrations.<ref name=":0">Jones K. W. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&dq=holi+arya+samaj&pg=PA95 ''Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab''] University of California Press, 1976. p. 95. {{ISBN|0520029208}}</ref>

==Arya Samaj across the world==
{{anchor| World }}
{{See also | Yatra }}

{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Arya Samaj in Burma]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Fiji]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Ghana]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Guyana]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Kenya]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Mauritius]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Mozambique]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Singapore]]
*[[Arya Samaj in South Africa]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Suriname]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Tanzania]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Thailand]]
*[[Arya Samaj in Uganda]]

{{colend}}

==See also==

* [[Guru–shishya tradition]]
* [[Hindu reform movements]]
* [[Sampradaya]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Chamupati M. A. (2001) ''Ten Commandments of Arya Samaj'' New Delhi: D.A.V. Publications.
* Jordens J. T. F. (1978) ''Dayanada Saraswati'' Oxford University Press, Delhi
*Madhu Kishwar, "The Daughters of Aryavarta: Women in the Arya Samaj movement, Punjab." Chapter in Women in Colonial India; Essays on Survival, Work and the State, edited by J. Krishnamurthy, Oxford University Press, 1989.
* Rai L. (1915) ''The Arya Samaj: an Account of its Aims, Doctrine and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder'' D.A.V. College Managing Committee, New Delhi {{ISBN|978-81-85047-77-5}}.
* Rai L. (1993) ''A History of the Arya Samaj'' New Delhi {{ISBN|81-215-0578-X}}.
* Ruthven M. (2007) ''Fundamentalism: a Very Short Introduction'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-921270-5}}.
* Sharma J. M. (1998) ''Swami Dayanand: a Biography'' USB, India {{ISBN|81-7476-212-4}}.
* Sethi R. "Rashtra Pitamah Swami Dayanand Saraswati" M R Sethi Educational Trust, Chandigarh.
* Upadhyaya G. P. (1954) ''The Origin, Scope and Mission of the Arya Samaj'' Arya Samaj.
* Shastri V. (1967) ''The Arya Samaj'' Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha.
* Pandey D. (1972) ''The Arya Samaj and Indian Nationalism, 1875–1920'' S. Chand.
* Pandit S. (1975) ''A Critical Study of the Contribution of the Arya Samaj to Indian Education'' Sarvadeshik Arya, Pratinidhi Sabha.
* Vedalanker N. and Somera M. (1975) ''Arya Samaj and Indians Abroad'' Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha.
* Vable D. (1983) ''The Arya Samaj: Hindu Without Hinduism'' Vikas{{ISBN|0-7069-2131-3}}.
* Sharma S. K. (1985) ''Social Movements and Social Change: a Study of Arya Samaj and Untouchables in Punjab'' B.R. Publishing.
* Yadav K. C. and Arya K. S. (1988) ''Arya Samaj and the Freedom Movement: 1875–1918'' Manohar Publications. {{ISBN|81-85054-42-8}}.
* Saxena G. S. (1990) ''Arya Samaj Movement in India, 1875–1947'' Commonwealth Publishers. {{ISBN|81-7169-045-9}}.
* Sethi R. (2009) ''Rashtra Pitamah, Swami Dayanand Saraswati'' M R Sethi Educational Trust, Chandigarh
* Chopra R. M. (2009) ''[[Hinduism Today]]''
* Jamnager A. S. and Pandya D. [http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/aryasamaji/arasamaji.htm ''Aryasamaj Ke Stambh''] A. S. Jamnager's website.
* Jones K. ''Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-Century Punjab''
* Dayananda, S., & Bharadwaja, C. (1932). Light of truth, or, An English translation of the Satyartha prakasha: The well-known work of Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Madras: Arya Samaj.
*[[Swami Shraddhananda]], . (1926). Hindu sangathan: Saviour of the dying race. Delhi: Shraddhananda.
* Swami Śraddhānanda, . (1984). Inside the Congress: A collection of 26 articles. New Delhi: Dayanand Sansthan.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam}}

*{{Official website|http://www.thearyasamaj.org/home}}

{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}

[[Category:Arya Samaj| ]]
[[Category:Nirguna worship traditions]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in British India]]

Pracharak

2022-11-05T04:31:02Z

Abhishek: Created an inspiring work.

#REDIRECT [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment

2022-06-06T06:50:51Z

Abhishek: New article layout.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox Space agency
|name = ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment
|acronym = ISITE
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|headquarters = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|spaceport =
|established = 2006
|administrator =
|budget =
|URL = [http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-satellite-centre-isac ISITE website]
}}

'''ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment''' (ISITE) ({{lang-hi|इसरो उपग्रह एकता एवं परीक्षण संस्थान}}) is an integrated satellite testing facility established under the aegis of [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Center]] by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] in 2006. Started with an area of 1000 sq ft. at the time when the [[Aryabhatta]] satellite was launched, the testing facility is spread over 100-acre and can integrate and test six satellites of the [[INSAT]] class at different stages simultaneously: 2 communications, 2 remote sensing and 2 foreign satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ISRO-gets-the-best-space/articleshow/1493963.cms |title=ISRO gets the best space |website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=19 November 2016|location=Bangalore |language=en}}</ref> The investment on the facility is so far about Rs 220 crore and ISRO plans to make a further investment of Rs 100 crore. The facility has also carried out vibration and acoustic tests of [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)]] spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7KZziIKExreUeMPWUVSdiM/Go-ahead-given-for-28-October-Mars-mission.html |title=Go ahead given for 28 October Mars mission |publication-date=22 Sep 2013}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The establishment houses four state-of-art facilities:
*'''Assembly, integration & test''' (AIT) clean room - A clean room is of the size of 55x34 metre and with a height of 60 metre, has the capacity to build satellites of 6.5 metre height integrating at least 800 elements. The complete airlock chamber will have temperatures ranging from 1 degree C to 22 degree C and the cleanliness level is 1 lakh class (1 lakh particles permissible per cubic metre).The AIT has an Electro static discharge (ESD) floor to drive away static charges from human body.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/ISRO_establishes_ISITE-nid-31610-cid-Top.html |title=ISRO establishes ISITE |publication-date=18 April 2006}}</ref>
*'''Comprehensive assembly & test vacuum chamber''' (CATVAC) - It can simulate conditions in space. CATVAC will test the working performance and the balance testing
*'''Comprehensive assembly and test vibration facility''' (CATVIB) - A vibration facility which can produce vibrations similar to those that occur during actual launch of spacecraft. The capacity of vibration facility is 29 tons.
*'''Compact antenna test facility''' (CATF) - It is a fully automated chamber for spacecraft and antenna testing that will ensure the increasingly travelled path of the radio frequency (RF) energy to find out if the antenna is going to cover the geographical location or not.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-gets-facility-for-satellite-integration-testing-106042601033_1.html |title=ISRO gets facility for satellite integration, testing |newspaper=Business Standard India }}</ref>
*'''ISITE Acoustic Test Facility''' - This facility was designed and commissioned by CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, for ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore, on 7 April 2011. A 1500 Cu.m. Isolated Reverberation Chamber, which can qualify satellites up to 156 dB in Nitrogen atmosphere, is the largest and one-of-its kind in India. This facility will be used to perform qualification and acceptance acoustic tests of ISRO’s satellites. Prior to this, acoustic tests on satellites were conducted at the ISRO-NAL Acoustic Test Facility located at CSIR-NAL campus. It has its own control room, data room, ground checkout room, air-lock area and air handling units.<ref name="acoustic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pages/ipapr11.htm |title=The Acoustic Test Facility at ISITE complex |publication-date=17 Apr 2011}}</ref>
*'''Space Science Instrumentation Facility''' (SSIF) - It is involved in scientific research and instrumentation, in the areas of astronomy and astrophysics, solar physics, planetary science, and space weather. In addition to this, SSIF is set up to assist external colleges, universities and institutions in the design, development and realization of space-worthy science payloads.

The facility tests on ground all payload packages for such launch-exposed energy fields for their mechanical effects under simulated conditions. The acoustic tests are designed to induce dynamic responses in the test specimen similar to those experienced in flight to qualify them under flight conditions to ensure trouble-free operation. The acoustic shielding efficiency of heat shields is also tested in this facility.
Salient Features of the Acoustic Test Facility:
* The 1500 Cu. m Reverberation Chamber (RC) is made of 500mm thick concrete wall with very close dimensional tolerances
* A Helical spring system to carry out modal tests and to minimize vibration transmission to nearby integration area;
* A 175 sq meter air-lock area with 20 ton EOT
* Oxygen sensors with interlocks and alarms
* Adequate clean atmosphere of 100,000 class with AC

==Projects==
ISITE has been involved in design and development of more than 50 satellites so far of various types namely:scientific, communication and remote sensing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/component/content/article/37-isro-centres/80-isro-satellite-centre-isac |title=ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)}}</ref> The center is involved in testing of various types of communications and meteorological satellites which are tested after getting fabricated at [[Space Applications Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3843 |title=Parliamentary Standing Committee on S&T, E&F visits ISRO, Bangalore |last=Arjun |publication-date=19 Oct 2011}}</ref> The [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] was also tested here. Some of the other satellites that have undergone testing at the facility are:[[GSAT-6]], [[GSAT-7]] and [[GSAT-14]].{{fact}}

==Collaboration==
ISRO has planned to support small and mid-sized industries at its 10-year-old second spacecraft complex, the 100-acre ISITE, at Marathahalli in [[Bengaluru]]. The facility is already open to suppliers who assemble and test their spacecraft systems for the ISRO. ISRO is hinging on public-private partnership to increase the frequency of satellite launches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-conceives-two-space-parks/article8089731.ece |title=Space parks to lift ISRO run rate |work=The Hindu |location=Bangalore |publication-date=11 January 2016}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-satellite-centre-isac ISITE website ]

{{Indian space programme}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2006]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bangalore]]

Kingdom of Tripura

2022-04-06T14:54:10Z

Abhishek: Established a new page.

#REDIRECT [[Twipra Kingdom]]

Bhagat Surdas

2022-01-10T00:45:58Z

Abhishek: Article drafted.

#REDIRECT [[Surdas]]