https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Abhinavsinghshiva 2026-08-17T11:14:04Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruvannamalai_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=541558 2026-05-04T15:10:46Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made initial stub first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tiruvannamalai<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = Tiruvannamalai lok sabha constituency.png<br /> | map_caption = Area of Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | abolished = <br /> | assembly_cons = [[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mp = [[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:1470203}}<br /> | preceded_by = [[R. Vanaroja]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|ta|திருவண்ணாமலை மக்களவைத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern [[India]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 11.<br /> <br /> == Assembly Segments ==<br /> <br /> Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] segments:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; | District<br /> ! colspan=2| Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> | 49<br /> | [[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]<br /> | None<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Tirupattur district|Tirupathur]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | 50 <br /> | [[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]<br /> | None<br /> | {{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 62<br /> | [[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]<br /> |SC<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 63<br /> | [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | None<br /> | {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 64<br /> | [[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]<br /> | None<br /> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 65<br /> | [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]<br /> | None<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white; &quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |---- <br /> |2009<br /> |[[D. Venugopal]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |----<br /> |2014<br /> |[[R. Vanaroja]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |----<br /> |2019<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |----<br /> |2024<br /> |----<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.75}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Annadurai C N]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=547,379|percentage= 47.75 |change= {{decrease}}10.46 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kaliyaperumal|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=313,448 |percentage=27.34 |change={{decrease}}4.30 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Ashvathaman Allimuthu|Ashvathaman]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes= 156,650|percentage=13.67 |change= ''{{increase}}13.67''}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= R.Ramesh Babu|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=83,869 |percentage=7.32 |change= {{increase}}4.92 }}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes= 11,957|percentage=1.04 |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= 233,931|percentage= 20.41|change= {{Decrease}}6.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,146,273 |percentage= 74.24 |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,33,099 |change =}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Annadurai C N]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,66,272 |percentage=58.21 |change=26.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,62,085 |percentage=31.64 |change=-15.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gnanasekar |party=Independent politician |votes=38,639 |percentage=3.38 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramesh Babu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=27,503 |percentage=2.40 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Arul |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,654 |percentage=1.28 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=12,317 |percentage=1.08 |change=0.17 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,04,187 |percentage=26.58 |change=10.64 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,44,549 |percentage=77.66 |change= -0.53 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,73,862 |change =8.94 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Vanaroja]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,00,751 |percentage=47.34 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Annadurai C N]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,32,145 |percentage=31.40 |change=-20.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ediroli Manian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,57,954 |percentage=14.93 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Subramaniyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,854 |percentage=1.69 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,708 |percentage=1.01 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=9,595 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Arumugam |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=6,278 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,68,606 |percentage=15.94 |change=-1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,57,852 |percentage=78.19 |change= -1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,52,966 |change =28.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.77 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Venugopal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,36,866 |percentage=52.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kaduvetti Guru]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,88,566 |percentage=34.42 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Manikandan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=56,960 |percentage=6.79 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Afroz Husna |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=5,798 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,432 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Shanmugavel |party=Independent politician |votes=5,126 |percentage=0.61 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Guru (A) Gurumoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,927 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Govindasamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,731 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,48,300 |percentage=17.69 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,52,587 |percentage=79.66 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=330|percentage=0.04 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,38,481 #VALUE!<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,41,254 |percentage=48.99 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Neelakantan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,37,528 |percentage=47.69 |change=11.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjuna Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=9,574 |percentage=3.32 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,726 |percentage=1.29 |change=-3.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,88,356 |percentage=66.61 |change= 19.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,49,968 |change =5.46 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=84,309 |percentage=41.75 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Neelakantan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,070 |percentage=36.68 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Thayuman |party=Independent politician |votes=25,145 |percentage=12.45 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Munisami |party=Independent politician |votes=18,436 |percentage=9.13 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doraiswamy Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=0 |percentage=0.00 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,239 |percentage=5.07 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,960 |percentage=47.33 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,26,665 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/tiruvannamalai/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tiruvannamalai lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Coord|12.2|79.1|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha Constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulur_Assembly_constituency&diff=538149 2026-05-04T05:43:28Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | constituency_no = 116<br /> | map_image = File:Constitution-sulur.svg<br /> | established = 1956 (first establishment)&lt;br&gt;2008 (second establishment)<br /> | district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[V. P. Kandasamy]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> <br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | name = Sulur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | electors = 307,616 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sulur''' ({{langx|ta|சூலூர்}}) is a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 116. It comprises the [[Town Panchayat]] of [[Irugur]], [[Kannampalayam]], [[Mopperipalayam]], [[Pallapalayam, Coimbatore|Pallapalayam]], [[Samalapuram]] and [[Sulur]]. It also has Karumathapatti municipality and Village [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] of [[Sulur Block]] and [[Sultanpet Block]] surrounding areas in [[Coimbatore]]. It was formed for the second time in 2008 and is part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218064536/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/16/stories/2007081654670500.htm Two more Assembly segments notified]&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Term<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Madras State|Madras]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[C. Kolandai Ammal]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |- align=center<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Constituency did not exist (1967–2008)''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[K. Thinakaran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[R. Kanagaraj]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[V. P. Kandasamy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.78}}<br /> <br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|52.29}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.59}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sulur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Kandasamy]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Thalapathi Murugesan|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Rajasekar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Sukumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =303541 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sulur]]&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Kandasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,18,968 |percentage=49.23% |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam Kalichamy M. |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=87,036 |percentage=36.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elangovan. G |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=14,426 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranganathan. A |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=12,658 |percentage=5.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthil Kumar. S. A. |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,111 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,610 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,932 |percentage=13.21% |change=-3.97% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,41,653 |percentage=76.20% |change= 0.60% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=309 |percentage=0.13% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,17,124 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Sulur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC116.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430074815/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC116.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=30 Apr 2022 |title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[V. P. Kandasamy]]|votes=1,00,782|percentage=44.78|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]]|votes=90,669|percentage=40.29|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=K. Sugumar|votes=16,530|percentage=7.35|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|candidate=S. Mohanraj|votes=6,644|percentage=2.95|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=V. Vijaya Ragavan|votes=4,335|percentage=1.93|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=1,938|percentage=0.86|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=10,113|percentage=4.49|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=2,26,998|percentage=76.89|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sulur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kanagaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,00,977 |percentage=47.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manoharan. V. M. C. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=64,346 |percentage=30.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mandharasalam. S. D. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,517 |percentage=6.34% |change=3.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thinakaran. K. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=13,106 |percentage=6.15% |change=-46.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Premier Selvam @ Kalichamy. M. |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=9,672 |percentage=4.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,688 |percentage=1.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayaragavan. M. V. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,873 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan. P. K. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,687 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,631 |percentage=17.19% |change=-0.23% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,13,121 |percentage=75.60% |change= -4.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,81,890 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -4.91% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sulur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Thinakaran]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=88,680 |percentage=52.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. R. Eswaran]] |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,148 |percentage=34.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhinakaran K |party=Independent politician |votes=7,285 |percentage=4.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilkumar K |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,353 |percentage=2.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthikeyan Pon |party=Independent politician |votes=3,053 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariappan Dr M |party=Independent politician |votes=2,205 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jerold Amalajothi I |party=Independent politician |votes=1,315 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu C |party=Independent politician |votes=1,281 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Hakkim P |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,064 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,532 |percentage=17.41% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,574 |percentage=80.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,588 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sulur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Kolandai Ammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,732 |percentage=38.76% |change=-5.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Chinnayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,375 |percentage=32.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasami Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,017 |percentage=15.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. N. Rasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,953 |percentage=10.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sethupathy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,364 |percentage=2.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Gopalasami Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=955 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,357 |percentage=6.56% |change=-0.08% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,396 |percentage=77.14% |change= 25.43% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,754 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sulur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Kolandai Ammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,328 |percentage=44.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramani]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,598 |percentage=37.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,053 |percentage=9.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,126 |percentage=7.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,730 |percentage=6.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=41,105 |percentage=51.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,503 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|df= }}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.0248594|77.1046683|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Coimbatore district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]<br /> [[Category:1956 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirumanam&diff=540922 2026-04-23T05:37:01Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made basic page from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1958 film by A. Bhimsingh}}<br /> {{for|the 2019 film|Thirumanam (2019 film)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Thirumanam poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]<br /> | writer = [[Valampuri Somanathan]]<br /> | producer = Valampuri Somanathan<br /> | starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br /> | cinematography = G. Vittal Rao&lt;br /&gt;C. F. Marconi<br /> | music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[T. G. Lingappa]]<br /> | studio = Valampuri Pictures<br /> | distributor = Palaniyappa Film Corporation<br /> | released = {{film date|1958|7|18|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Thirumanam''''' ({{translation|Marriage}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]], and produced and written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. It revolves around a singer who does not sing for money, believing there is [[Superstition in India|a curse]] upon him that if he did so, he would die.<br /> <br /> ''Thirumanam'' is the first film produced by the studio Valampuri Pictures. While primarily black-and-white, it featured some dance sequence which were shot in [[Gevacolor]]. The film was released on 18 July 1958 and failed commercially. No print of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Brothers Chidambaram and Nataraj live in a village. They hail from a family of musicians. The brothers do not sing for money, since they believe there is [[Superstition in India|a curse]] upon the family that if they sing for money, they would die. In the face of poverty Nataraj goes to [[Chennai|Madras]] in search of a job. He stays in the [[bungalow]] of Damodharam, a friend of Chidambaram. Damodharam's daughter Vani falls in love with Nataraj. Damodharam, who learns about the financial difficulty faced by his friend through Nataraj, sends money to Chidambaram but Chidambaram returns the money as his policy is not to receive money from others without doing any work. Enraged, Vani tells Nataraj that people with so much self-respect should not have come to their house. Nataraj leaves the house. He saves a clerk from robbers. The clerk gives accommodation to Nataraj. Vani feels sorry for Nataraj and somehow finds his new place of stay.<br /> <br /> Damodharam decides to have their marriage ceremony. Vani discovers that Nataraj can sing. She arranges for him to sing in a radio broadcast. Nataraj says about the curse but Vani brushes away that saying it is superstitious. Nataraj agrees with her and sings on the radio. He receives payment for his performance and sends money to his elder brother. In the meantime, Nataraj gives accommodation to another girl named Mullai in the house. Vani becomes suspicious and stops the marriage arrangements. When he learns that Nataraj sang for money, Chidambaram dies of shock. Upon learning of Chidambaram's death, Nataraj returns to the village. He becomes mentally unbalanced. Doctors say that he cannot be cured by medicine. Mullai decides that he can be cured only by bringing Vani. The rest of the story deals with what happens afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> &lt;!--Credits adapted from the songbook--&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin|width=75%}}<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Male cast&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Nataraj<br /> *[[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Adambaram<br /> *[[V. Nagayya]] as Chidambaram<br /> *[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Damodharam<br /> *[[N. Viswanathan]] as Sundar<br /> *[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Rajagopal<br /> *[[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]] as Ashokan<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Female cast&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Vani<br /> *[[M. N. Rajam]] as Mullai<br /> *P. Hemalatha as Mangalam<br /> *Sandhya as Sandhya<br /> *M. S. S. Bhagyam as Bhagyam<br /> *Baby Uma as Megalai<br /> *[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Kanthammal<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Supporting cast&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> *K. M. Nambirajan<br /> *Rama Rao<br /> *Sharma<br /> *[[Karikol Raju]]<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Dance&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]]<br /> *[[Kumari Kamala|Kamala Lakshman]]<br /> *[[B. Saroja Devi]]<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Thirumanam'' was the inaugural production of the studio Valampuri Pictures.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress&quot; /&gt; It was directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]], who also produced the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 May 2017 |title=Thirumanam (1958) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thirumanam-1958/article18422253.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170727155327/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thirumanam-1958/article18422253.ece |archive-date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinematography was handled by G. Vittal Rao and C. F. Marconi, and the art direction by P. P. Chowdhri. Photography was handled by Thirumalai, and the choreography by [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai]], [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], Thangaraju, and Thangappan. The film was processed at Bharani Studio.&lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot; /&gt; Although primarily black-and-white, the film featured some dance sequence which were shot in [[Gevacolor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ThirumanamReleasePoster&quot; /&gt; The final length of the film was {{Convert|16771|feet|metres}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[T. G. Lingappa]] while the lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[Kannadasan]], Subbu Arumugam, [[Suratha]], [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] and [[M. K. Athmanathan]]. There were two songs, one each written by poets [[Subramania Bharati]] and [[Ramalinga Swamigal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=145 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Mangiyathor Nilavinile&quot;, based on Bharati's poem of the same name,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 September 2018 |title=Southern Lights: Subramaniya Bharati's Poetry In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/southern-lights-subramaniya-bharatis-poetry-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920193934/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/southern-lights-subramaniya-bharatis-poetry-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Desh (raga)|Desh]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=142}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamani&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ennamellam Or Idathaye&quot; is set in [[Sahana (raga)|Sahana]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=130}} and &quot;Thanga Nilavil&quot; is set in [[Abheri]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aadiya Padam Mandradiya Padam&quot; || M. M. Dandapani Desikar || [[Ramalinga Swamigal|Jothi Ramalinga Swamigal]] || 03:10<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thulli Vara Poren&quot; || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;En Ennam Inipatheno&quot; || Jikki || M. K. Athmanathan || 03:10<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kazhani Engum Sathiradum&quot; || A. L. Raghavan, Jikki || Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram || 03:05<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Lavaa Lavaa...Vai Raja Vai&quot; || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, [[A. G. Rathnamala|Rathnamala]] || Thanjai Ramaiah Dass ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ennamellam Or Idathaye&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || Suradha || 02:43<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mangiyathor Nilavinile&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]] || 03:19<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thanga Nilavil&quot; || A. M. Rajah, Jikki || rowspan=2|Kavingnar Kannadasan || 03:11<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thirumanam...Naalum Paathaachu&quot; || Jikki, A. P. Komala ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Inbam Yavume&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || Thanjai Ramaiah Dass || 03:16<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Karunaikkadale Katpagatharuve&quot; || M. M. Dandapani Desikar || Subbu Arumugam ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaa, Oru Saedhi Sollave Odi Vaa&quot; || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Leela || Thanjai Ramaiah Dass ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Thirumanam'' was released on 18 July 1958,&lt;ref name=&quot;ThirumanamReleasePoster&quot; /&gt; by Palaniyappa Film Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 July 1958 |title=Thirumanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19580714&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was previously scheduled for [[Diwali]] 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=16 June 1957 |title=திருமணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-06-16/page/6/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230824053342/https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-06-16/page/6/mode/2up |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=9 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 July 1958, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, &quot;''Thirumanam'' is a film that really holds the audience. [Bhimsingh's] direction has made the tale of a village family that falls on evil times owing to its faithfulness to tradition memorable.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress&quot; /&gt; However, the film was not commercially successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamani&quot; /&gt; No print of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 August 2017 |title=Another Anandan in the making |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918071255/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |archive-date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-9-14-194 --&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;songbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNb0lWdTQ5MmlvdHc/view |title=திருமணம் |publisher=Valampuri Pictures |year=1958 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]] |access-date=20 January 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 July 1958 |title=Thirumanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19580725&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=3 June 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1958 – திருமணம் – வலம்புரி பிக்சர்ஸ் – (த) |trans-title=1958 – Thirumanam – Valampuri Pictures – (ta) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails16.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170120093721/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails16.asp |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;ThirumanamReleasePoster&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 July 1958 |title=Thirumanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19580718&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=7 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;dinamani&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=லெனின் |first=பி. |author-link=B. Lenin |date=22 August 2017 |title=கண்டதும் கேட்டதும் 10 |url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/ilaignarmani/2017/aug/22/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-10---%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-2759869--1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407161330/http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/ilaignarmani/2017/aug/22/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-10---%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-2759869--1.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{A. Bhimsingh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumanam}}<br /> [[Category:1958 films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1950s lost films]]<br /> [[Category:1950s romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about superstition]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Lost Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Lost romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thekkatte&diff=540788 2026-04-21T12:59:19Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made basic entry basic info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Thekkatte<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluk]]<br /> | parts = [[Kundapura]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]] <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 5590<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | registration_plate =KA <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Thekkatte''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi]], Karnataka, India.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> In 2011, Thekkatte has a total population of 5,590 people consisting of 2,885 male and 520 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 543.73 hecatres with a population density of 10.281 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 76.08% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.&lt;ref name=&quot;udupi-census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, Thekkatte has an employment rate of over 48.6%, 78.76% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;udupi-census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Thekkatte has a government school, Kuvempu Centenary Model Government Higher Primary School that provides education to its residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kundapur: Thekkatte Circle becomes accident zone due to unscientific highway works |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1053990 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-02 |title=Govt school may have to pay back Rs 21L received from NHAI |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/govt-school-may-have-to-pay-back-rs-21l-received-from-nhai/articleshow/88036814.cms |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Infrastructure ==<br /> The village is situated on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and is 43&amp;nbsp;km away from the district capital of [[Udupi]]. The closest airport is in [[Mangalore]] ([[Mangalore International Airport|IXE]]).The nearest railway station is Kundapura Railway Station.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Udupi]]<br /> * [[Kundapura]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Udupi district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]<br /> <br /> {{Udupi-geo-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_women%27s_national_football_team_results_(2000%E2%80%932009)&diff=503986 2026-04-20T12:56:55Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added some details w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{main|India women's national football team results}}<br /> {{India women's national football team results}}<br /> Results of [[India women's national football team]] from 2000 to 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women03.html|title = Asian Women's Championship 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-vietcoal05.html|title=Vietnam Coal Women's Tournament (Quang Ninh province) 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Women's National Team |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131120952/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html |archive-date=31 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=India Women's International matches |date=3 October 2019|website=[[RSSSF]] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom-intres.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Legend'''<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|'''W'''&lt;small&gt;in&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|'''D'''&lt;small&gt;raw&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|'''L'''&lt;small&gt;oss&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> ''Only Senior '''A''' international matches are listed here.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=India Women's International matches |date=3 October 2019|website=[[RSSSF]] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom-intres.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==2001==<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2001 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 4 December<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 0–7<br /> | report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women01.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030616165728/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200112.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|KOR}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Yoo Young-sil]] {{goal|}}<br /> *[[Lee Myung-hwa]] {{goal|}}<br /> *Koak Mi-Hi {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> *Kong Sun-Mi {{goal|}}<br /> *Cha Sung-Mi {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> | stadium = [[Zhongshan Soccer Stadium|Chungshan Soccer Stadium]], <br /> | location = [[Taipei]], Taiwan<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2001 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 6 December<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|TPE}}<br /> | score = 5–0<br /> | report = [https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2001/12/07/0000114802 Report] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030616165728/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200112.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Lee Ming-Shu {{goal|12||61}}<br /> *Liao Ying-Wan {{goal|}}<br /> *Huang Chun-Lan {{goal|}}<br /> *Lin Chi-I {{goal|85}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Zhongshan Soccer Stadium|Chungshan Soccer Stadium]], <br /> | location = [[Taipei]], Taiwan<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2001 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 10 December<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 0–1<br /> | report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women01.html RSSSF]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|THA}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Taipei]], Taiwan<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | round = [[2001 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 12 December<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = [https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2001/12/13/0000115662 Report] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030616165728/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200112.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|MAS}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|21||22}}<br /> *Shadokpam Shanti Devi {{goal|27}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Taipei Municipal Stadium|Taipei Municipality Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Taipei]], Taiwan<br /> | attendance =<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==2003==<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2003 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 9 June<br /> | time = 18:15<br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 6–0<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011719/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200306.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women03.html]&lt;br&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104181446/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=7055/matches/match=33010/report.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|UZB}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * Shadokpam Rani Chanu {{goal|15}}<br /> * Khundrakpam Maichon Devi {{goal|20}}<br /> * Robita Wangkhem Devi {{goal|40}}<br /> * [[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|47}}<br /> * [[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal|72||76}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Nakhon Sawan Province Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Nakhon Sawan Province|Nakhon Sawan]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 1000<br /> | referee = Ri Hong Sil ([[DPR Korea Football Association|North Korea]])<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2003 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 11 June<br /> | time = 18:15<br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|CHN}}<br /> | score = 12–0<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011719/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200306.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women03.html]&lt;br&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100623063225/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D521/edition%3D7055/matches/match%3D33012/report.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Bai Jie]] {{goal|9||20||26||74||79}}<br /> * [[Sun Wen (footballer)|Sun Wen]] {{goal|22||63||67||88||90+1}}<br /> * [[Zhao Lihong]] {{goal|56}}<br /> * [[Liu Ying (footballer)|Liu Ying]] {{goal|61}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Nakhon Sawan Province Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Nakhon Sawan Province|Nakhon Sawan]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 800<br /> | referee = [[Mayumi Oiwa]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2003 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]<br /> | date = 13 June<br /> | time = 16:00<br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|VIE}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011719/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200306.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women03.html]&lt;br&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103155119/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=7055/matches/match=33013/report.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Lưu Ngọc Mai]] {{goal|9}}<br /> * [[Đoàn Thị Kim Chi|Đoàn Kim]] {{goal|55}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|60}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nakhon Sawan Province Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Nakhon Sawan Province|Nakhon Sawan]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 1000<br /> | referee = Im Eun Ju ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==2005==<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2006 AFCW Q]]<br /> | date = 12 June<br /> | time = <br /> |team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> |score = 10–0<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180704191720/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html] [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/13foot.htm] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005011/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200506.html]<br /> |team2 = {{fbw|GUM}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> * [[Sradhanjali Samantaray]] {{goal|23}}<br /> * [[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|36||38||67||77||84}}<br /> * [[Pinky Bompal Magar]] {{goal|48}}<br /> * [[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal|50||53}}<br /> * [[Oinam Bembem Devi|Bembem Devi]] {{goal|58}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Hanoi]], Vietnam<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = W<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2006 AFCW Q]]<br /> | date = 14 June<br /> | time = <br /> |team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180704191720/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005011/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200506.html]<br /> |team2 = {{fbw|TPE}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Oinam Bembem Devi|Bembem Devi]] {{goal|36}}<br /> | goals2 = Lan Mei-fen {{goal|19}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Lin Yu-hui]] {{goal|46}}<br /> | stadium = [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Hanoi]], Vietnam<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2006 AFCW Q]]<br /> | date = 20 June<br /> | time = <br /> |team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> |score = 2–3<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180704191720/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005011/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200506.html]<br /> |team2 = {{fbw|THA}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|11||17}}<br /> | goals2 = Wiphakonwat Suthonthip {{goal|23}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Sukunya Peangthem]] {{goal|72}}&lt;br/&gt;Pitasamal Sornsai {{goal|83}}<br /> | stadium = [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Hanoi]], Vietnam<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = Vietnam Coal Tournament<br /> | date = 5 October<br /> | time = <br /> |team1 = {{fbw-rt|TPE}}<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808191634/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200510.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-vietcoal05.html] [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/harjinder-happy-despite-loss-in-hanoi/articleshow/1253867.cms]<br /> |team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = ? {{goal|70}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Cẩm Phả Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Cẩm Phả]], Vietnam<br /> | attendance = 7000<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = Vietnam Coal Tournament<br /> | date = 7 October<br /> | time = <br /> |team1 = {{fbw-rt|VIE}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808191634/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200510.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-vietcoal05.html]<br /> |team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Văn Thị Thanh]] {{goal|3||70|pen.}} <br /> | goals2 = [[Oinam Bembem Devi|Bembem Devi]] {{goal|50|pen.}} <br /> | stadium = [[Cẩm Phả Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Cẩm Phả]], Vietnam<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==2007==<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's qualification#First Round 2|2008 Olympics Q]]<br /> | date = 17 February<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|KOR}}<br /> | score = 5–0<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011427/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200702.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol2008q-women.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Ji So-yun]] {{goal|47}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Park Hee-young (footballer, born 1985)|Park Hee-young]] {{goal|71||84}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Yoo Young-a]] {{goal|72}}&lt;br/&gt;Kim Jin-young {{goal|89}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = <br /> | location = [[Masan]], South Korea<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee =<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's qualification#First Round 2|2008 Olympics Q]]<br /> | date = 25 February<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011427/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200702.html] [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol2008q-women.html]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|KOR}}<br /> | goals1 =<br /> | goals2 = Lee Kye-Lim {{goal|25}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Park Hee-young (footballer, born 1985)|Park Hee-young]] {{goal|38}}&lt;br/&gt;Moon Seula {{goal|39}}<br /> | stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Chennai]], India<br /> | attendance =<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee = [[Niu Huijun]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China]])<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2008 AFCW Q]]<br /> | date = 20 October<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 3–1<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20250304093122/https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/2426 AFC]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IRN}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Oinam Bembem Devi|Bembem Devi]] {{goal|14||78}}&lt;br&gt;[[Ngangom Bala Devi|Bala Devi]] {{goal|28}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Fereshteh Karimi|Karimi]] {{goal|8}}<br /> | stadium = [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Gurgaon]], India<br /> | attendance = 5000<br /> | result = W<br /> | referee = [[Niu Huijun]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China]])<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2008 AFCW Q]]<br /> | date = 27 October<br /> | time = <br /> | team1 = {{fbw-rt|IRN}}<br /> | score = 4–1<br /> | report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20220219054854/https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/2427 AFC]<br /> | team2 = {{fbw|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = [[Bayan Mahmoudi|Mahmoudi]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}&lt;br&gt;Sohila Malmooli Tarazi {{goal|}}&lt;br&gt;[[Zahra Ghanbari|Ghanbari]] {{goal|}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Oinam Bembem Devi|Bembem Devi]] {{goal|}}<br /> | stadium = [[Ararat Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Tehran]], Iran<br /> | attendance = 200<br /> | result = L<br /> | referee = [[Pannipar Kamnueng]] ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India women's national football team}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women's national football team results (2000-2009)}}<br /> [[Category:India women's national football team results|2000]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaheed_Sthal_(New_Bus_Adda)_metro_station&diff=534266 2026-04-18T07:23:47Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made the page w/ infobox - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = {{ric|Delhi Metro|size=50px}}&lt;br /&gt;Shaheed Sthal&lt;br /&gt;(New Bus Adda)<br /> | type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}<br /> | style = Delhi Metro<br /> | image = Shaheed Sthal metro station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Shaheed Sthal metro station<br /> | address = GT Road, New Bus Stand, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}<br /> | connections = {{ric|RapidX}} {{stl|RapidX|Ghaziabad}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = [[Elevated]]<br /> | platform = [[Side platform]]&lt;br /&gt;Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} &lt;br /&gt;Platform-2 → Train terminates here<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = 2<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = {{start date|2019|3|8|df=yes}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | code = {{#property:P296}}<br /> | owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcard name = <br /> | smartcard status = <br /> | former = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Red|left=Hindon River}}<br /> | route_map = {{Delhi Metro Red Line Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> '''Shaheed Sthal''' metro station, also known as '''New Bus Adda metro station''', is the terminal [[metro station]] of the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] in the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located in [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The metro station serves closest to NH 58 bus station, which carries passengers from [[Meerut]] to [[New Delhi]] and is also close to Red Mall [[Cinepolis]]. It is on the link road which connects NH58 to NH24. The station was renamed in 2019 in honour of the martyrs of the Indian Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, which saw a fierce battle fought near the Hindon River, with freedom fighters resisting British troops. The name change from New Bus Adda to Shaheed Sthal occurred in 2019 at the request of local residents and the Ghaziabad Development Authority, aiming to commemorate the historical significance of the area in the first war of Indian independence..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shaheed Sthal|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/two-stations-on-delhi-metro-s-red-line-extension-renamed-in-honour-of-martyrs-1552047598681.html|website=uniindia|access-date=8 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> As part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] of the extension of Delhi Metro, Shaheed Sthal is the extension of [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]. It was opened on 8 March 2019 for public use.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-delhi-metros-red-line-extension-to-ghaziabad-2004760|title=Delhi Metro's Red Line to run till New Bus Adds from the same day today after being flagged off by PM Modi|date=8 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Red}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Red}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=color:white&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Hindon River}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Concourse<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit and Entrance<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Entry/Exit==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; width=&quot;65%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Red}};&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:WHITE;&quot;&gt;Shaheed Sthal metro station Entry/exits&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;|Gate No-1<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;|Gate No-2<br /> |-<br /> | || || <br /> |-<br /> | || || <br /> |-<br /> | || || <br /> |-<br /> | || || <br /> |-<br /> | || ||<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}}}<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Delhi]]<br /> *[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br /> *[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]<br /> *[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> *[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]<br /> *[[List of Metro Systems]]<br /> *[[National Capital Region (India)]]<br /> *[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Ghaziabad}}<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br /> * {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}<br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] &amp;ndash; descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> <br /> {{Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Delhi &amp; NCR Metro stations|red line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Delhi-metro-stub}}<br /> {{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visakhapatnam-II_Assembly_constituency&diff=544874 2026-04-15T23:52:16Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made basic stub first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Defunct assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Visakhapatnam-II<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | constituency_no = <br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Visakhapatnam-II Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation1976&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was one of six assembly segments in the [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)'' and abolished in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Pothina Sanyasi Rao&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]&lt;ref name=election1972&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | N. S. N. Reddy&lt;ref name=election1978&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1978 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | Eswarapu Vasudevarao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Rajana Ramani<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | T. Suryanarayana Reddy (Surreddy)<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | Palla Simhachalam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | Penninti Varalakshmi<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | Saripalli Rangaraju&lt;ref name=election2004/&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam-II&lt;ref name=election2004&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Saripalli Rangaraju<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;!--<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = <br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|17.72|83.23|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-constituency-stub}}<br /> {{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinnakannan_Sivasankaran&diff=494231 2026-04-14T03:55:39Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil ( Mudaliar) Indian-born businessman (born 1956)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chinnakannan Sivasankaran<br /> | image = Chinnakannan Sivasankaran.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|07|29}} <br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = [[businessman]], [[entrepreneur]]<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = [[Aircel]], [[DishnetDSL]], Sterling Group<br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> '''Chinnakannan Sivasankaran''' (born 29 July 1956) is an Indian-born businessman and serial entrepreneur who is a citizen of [[Seychelles]]. He is the founder of [[List of telecom companies in India|Indian mobile network operator]] [[Aircel]], Siva Computers, and [[DishnetDSL|Dishnet]].&lt;ref name='it'&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircel founder C Sivasankaran praises Modi govt, says today's India is not like what it was a decade ago, criticises UPA for pressuring businesses |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/aircel-founder-c-sivasankaran-praises-modi-govt-says-todays-india-is-not-like-what-it-was-a-decade-ago-criticises-upa-for-pressuring-businesses/articleshow/110382253.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=24 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SIVA Group boss C Sivasankaran on how Indians can prevent heartattack, says most suffer from brain fog due to Covid |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/siva-group-boss-c-sivasankaran-on-how-indians-can-prevent-heartattack-says-most-suffer-from-brain-fog-due-to-covid/articleshow/110388610.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=24 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='bt'&gt;{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Anuradha |title=Chinnakannan Sivasankaran: The Visionary Behind Aircel's Journey |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/chinnakannan-sivasankaran-the-visionary-behind-aircels-journey |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sivasankaran started his business career in 1985 when he purchased Sterling Computers from Robert Amritraj. Sterling became one of India's top three computer companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='I was pressured to sell...': Aircel founder C Sivasankaran says today's India not like what it was decade ago |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/i-was-pressured-to-sell-aircel-founder-c-sivasankaran-says-todays-india-not-like-what-it-was-decade-ago-430742-2024-05-24 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=24 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1992, Sivasankaran won a five-year contract from state-owned MTNL, which ran telecom services in Mumbai and Delhi. He shifted base from Chennai to New Delhi. In 2004, Siva managed to get cellular telephony licences for Delhi and three other telecom circles. He sold these licences to his old acquaintance from Chennai, Shashi Ruia of Essar, for $105 million.&lt;ref name='bt'/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C Sivasankaran: Once the country's most astute deal maker, now a bankrupt entrepreneur |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/c-sivasankaran-once-the-country-s-most-astute-deal-maker-now-a-bankrupt-entrepreneur-114090501264_1.html |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Chinnakannan Sivasankaran bought 65% stake in [[Barista (company)|Barista]] under his company Fresh &amp; Honest (A Sterling Group subsidiary). And his Sterling Group also bought out Tata Coffee's stake later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sivasankaran to acquire 65 pc in Barista |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sivasankaran-to-acquire-65-pc-in-barista/articleshow/598517.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tata Coffee hits upper circuit on Barista stake sale |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/tata-coffee-hits-upper-circuit-on-barista-stake-sale-104120701052_1.html |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Founding of Aircel===<br /> Chinnakannan Sivasankaran founded [[Aircel]] from [[Kovilur, Tiruvannamalai|Kovilur village]], [[Cheyyar|Cheyyar taluk]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]] and started its operations in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1999.&lt;ref name='bt'/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircel founder Chinnakannan Sivasankaran says he lost company as 'politicians intervened': India different now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/aircel-founder-chinnakannan-sivasankaran-says-he-lost-company-as-politicians-intervened-india-different-now-101716543074664.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=24 May 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It had a significant presence in [[Odisha]], [[Assam]], and North-East telecom circles, and it was formerly the market leader in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Voice and other 2G and 3G services were shut off everywhere after merger negotiations with [[Reliance Communications]] failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Deepali |last2=Barman |first2=Arijit |title=Reliance Communications, Aircel merger gives birth to Rs 65,000 crore giant; talks on with Sistema for 25% stake |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/reliance-communications-aircel-merger-gives-birth-to-rs-65000-crore-giant-talks-on-with-sistema-for-25-stake/articleshow/54332073.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircel launches 4G services in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Odisha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/aircel-launches-4g-services-in-andhra-pradesh-assam-bihar-and-odisha/articleshow/38511222.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=17 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Malaysian telecom company [[Maxis Communications]] bought a 74% stock in 2005. The remaining 26% stock is held by Sindya Securities and Investments promoted by Suneeta Reddy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maxis, Reddy's to acquire Aircel for over $1 bn |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/maxis-reddys-to-acquire-aircel-for-over-1-bn/articleshow/1353061.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malaysia's Maxis and Partner To Acquire India Telecom Aircel |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113593716813034588 |website=WSJ|date=31 December 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;Now it is a liberalized India…&quot;: Aircel founder C Sivasankaran says he was pressured to sell his company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/now-it-is-a-liberalized-india-aircel-founder-c-sivasankaran-said-on-being-pressured-to-sell-his-company/articleshow/110418429.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Real Reason Why Aircel Failed - The Rise &amp; Fall Of Aircel {{!}} Aircel Founder {{!}} Raj Shamani Clips |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgOefy3KWpo |website=YouTube |publisher=Raj Shamani |date=21 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bankruptcy===<br /> In 2018, Aircel faced financial difficulties and eventually filed for bankruptcy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircel goes bankrupt, becomes fourth telecom player to bow out as cut-throat price war takes toll |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/aircel-bankruptcy-telecom-sector-nclt-numbers-insolvency-248448-2018-03-01 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='it'/&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2018, Aircel shut down its operations in unprofitable circles including, [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (West)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircel to shut operations in six circles from January 30 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/aircel-to-shut-operations-in-six-circles-from-january-30-2465863.html |website=MoneyControl}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dishnet===<br /> In 1998, Sivasankaran started [[DishnetDSL]], the country's first DSL Internet Service Provider. In 2004 it was sold to [[VSNL]] which was acquired by Tata Group in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=VSNL acquires assets of DishnetDSL for Rs 270 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/focus/it-cities/mumbai/vsnl-acquires-assets-of-dishnetdsl-for-rs-270-cr/articleshow/571495.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=19 March 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The story of Sivasankaran |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/The-story-of-Sivasankaran/article20252651.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=6 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangarapet_Assembly_constituency&diff=489564 2026-04-14T03:16:56Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: creating some article with sources - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Bangarapet<br /> |state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 147<br /> | map_image = 147-Bangarapet constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]<br /> |established = 1951, 2008<br /> |electors = {{formatnum:205294}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> | reservation = SC <br /> |mla = [[S. N. Narayanaswamy]]<br /> |party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |preceded_by = M. Narayanaswamy<br /> }}<br /> '''Bangarapet Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1953 elections in India#Mysore|1953 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned in 1952}} || R. K. Prasad<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | E. Narayana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | M. Narayanaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 20 October 2010}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[S. N. Narayanaswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bangarapet&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bangarapet |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10147.htm?ac=147 |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |ref= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519144240/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10147.htm?ac=147 |archive-date=19 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. N. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,292 |percentage = 47.04% |change = {{increase}}1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallesh Babu |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 72,581 |percentage = 44.18% |change = {{increase}}12.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,972 |percentage = 5.46% |change = {{decrease}}15.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harikrishna Ramappa |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,530 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,711 |percentage = 2.87% |change = {{decrease}}11.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 164,461 |percentage = 80.11% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 164,294}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,294 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. N. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,171 |percentage = 45.29% |change = {{increase}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallesh Babu |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 49,300 |percentage = 31.37% |change = {{increase}}17.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatamuniyappa. B. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,554 |percentage = 21.35% |change = {{decrease}}5.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,871 |percentage = 13.92% |change = {{decrease}}3.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 157,199 |percentage = 81.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 157,152}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,234 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.74 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. N. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,570 |percentage = 43.78% |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,193 |percentage = 26.42% |change = {{decrease}}20.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 22,863 |percentage = 13.99% |change = {{increase}}6.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheshu. V |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,242 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,377 |percentage = 17.36% |change = {{increase}}14.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 141,917 |percentage = 82.07% |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 163,480}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,929 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.42 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,824 |percentage = 46.99% |change = {{increase}}8.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Narayanas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,781 |percentage = 43.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshap |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,255 |percentage = 7.65% |change = {{decrease}}4.00 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,043 |percentage = 3.34% |change = {{decrease}}3.46 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 120,934 |percentage = 78.62% |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 120,931}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,829 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.65 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.10 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanaswamy. M |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,556 |percentage = 44.89% |change = {{increase}}13.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatamuniyappa. B. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,051 |percentage = 38.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheshu. V |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,859 |percentage = 11.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendra. G. K |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesha. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 772 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,505 |percentage = 6.80% |change = {{decrease}}26.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 110,438 |percentage = 72.97% |change = {{increase}}18.23 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 110,391}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}154.94 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}19.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. Narayana Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,626 |percentage = 64.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Narayana Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,513 |percentage = 31.22% |change = {{decrease}}12.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chamundi |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,336 |percentage = 4.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,113 |percentage = 33.18% |change = {{increase}}21.10 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 32,492 |percentage = 54.74% |change = {{increase}}6.85 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 30,475}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,362 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.30 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. Narayana Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,467 |percentage = 56.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Venkataramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,563 |percentage = 43.96% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,904 |percentage = 12.08% |change = {{increase}}10.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 24,030 |percentage = 47.89% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 24,030}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,178 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 1953 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1953 elections in India#Mysore|1953 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm |title=First Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703132258/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Prasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,635 |percentage = 39.73% |change = {{decrease}}24.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Narayanan |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,364 |percentage = 37.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. B. Reddy |party = COM |votes = 3,184 |percentage = 22.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 271 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}51.98 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 14,183}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.00 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangarapet &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,761 |percentage = 63.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagabhushana Gowda |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,661 |percentage = 9.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Muniswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,349 |percentage = 7.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Dhruva |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,248 |percentage = 7.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Chinnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 783 |percentage = 4.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ballam Srinivasa Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 571 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkata Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 512 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,100 |percentage = 53.89% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 16,885 |percentage = 43.13% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 16,885}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,152 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kolar district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Kolar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]<br /> {{coord|12.99|78.18|display=title}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukumar&diff=538089 2026-04-10T17:42:17Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made first biography needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Bandreddi Sukumar<br /> | image = Sukku-one.jpg<br /> | caption = Sukumar promoting ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' in 2014<br /> | birth_name = Bandreddi Sukumar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|1|11 }}&lt;ref name=&quot;birthday&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-to-creative-director-telugu-news-122945.html | title=Happy Birthday to creative director | website=IndiaGlitz | date=11 January 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123145104/http://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-to-creative-director-telugu-news-122945.html | archive-date=23 January 2016|quote=...Sukumar, turns 45 today.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;birthday2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media | title=Director Sukumar Birthday Special | publisher=[[Dailymotion]] | access-date=19 December 2017 | url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5830j8 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075639/https://dailymotion.com/video/x5830j8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 August 2021 | medium=television special | location=India | time-caption=From | language=te | time=00:00:00 to 00:00:30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[East Godavari district|Mattaparru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Film producer|Screenwriter| Professor}}<br /> | years_active = 2004–present<br /> | children = 2, including [[Sukriti Veni]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Thabitha|2009}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bandreddi Sukumar''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is known for his intricate screenplays and for depicting protagonists with grey shades. He is one of the highest-paid directors in Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Manya |date=24 August 2023 |title=Best-paid Indian directors in 2023, by fee* |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/972743/india-best-paid-directors-by-fee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206103052/https://www.statista.com/statistics/972743/india-best-paid-directors-by-fee/ |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=[[Statista]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-02-23 |title=Meet India's most successful director with ₹4200 crore gross, 0 flops; not Bhansali, Hirani, Karan Johar, Rohit Shetty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/indias-most-successful-film-director-ss-rajamouli-box-office-4200-cr-bhansali-rajkumar-hirani-karan-johar-rohit-shetty-101740296524306.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223082915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/indias-most-successful-film-director-ss-rajamouli-box-office-4200-cr-bhansali-rajkumar-hirani-karan-johar-rohit-shetty-101740296524306.html |archive-date=2025-02-23 |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before entering the film industry, Sukumar worked as a mathematics and physics [[Lecturer#India|lecturer]] at a [[Junior college#India|junior college]] in [[Kakinada]] for nearly seven years. He began his film career as a writer, working with [[Editor Mohan]], and later assisted [[V. V. Vinayak]] on [[Dil (2003 film)|''Dil'']] (2003). He made his directorial debut with [[Arya (2004 film)|''Arya'']] (2004), which was a major success and earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] and the [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]].<br /> <br /> Sukumar's other notable films include ''[[Arya 2]]'' (2009), ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011), ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' (2014), ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016), ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018), ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021), and ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024). ''Rangasthalam'' became the third highest-grossing Telugu film at the time, behind the ''[[Baahubali (franchise)#Feature films|Baahubali]]'' films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2018-05-02 |title=Rangasthalam box-office collection: Ram's film crosses $3.5 million in US, Rs 200 crore worldwide |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-box-office-collection-rams-film-crosses-3-5-million-us-rs-200-crore-worldwide-768271 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Pushpa'' was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of 2021]], while ''Pushpa 2'' went on to become third [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]].<br /> <br /> In addition to his directorial work, Sukumar has produced films under his banner Sukumar Writings, including ''[[Kumari 21F]]'' (2015), ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021), and [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']] (2023). In recognition of his contributions to Telugu cinema, he received the K. V. Reddy Memorial Award in 2014..<br /> <br /> == Early life and family ==<br /> Sukumar was born on 11 January 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;birthday&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;birthday2&quot;/&gt; in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in Mattaparru, a village near [[Malikipuram]] in erstwhile [[East Godavari district]] (present-day [[Konaseema district]]) of [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Navya&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/Artical?SID=203322 | title=అమ్మకు ప్రేమతో.. |trans-title=To mother, with love.. | work=Andhrajyothi | date=4 February 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Bhagyalakshmi | first=Challa | language=te | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216073443/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/Artical?SID=203322 | archive-date=16 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father Tirupathi Rao Naidu was a rice trader and his mother Veera Veni was a homemaker. Sukumar was the youngest of the six children of Naidu and Veni. At the age of 6, following the slaughter of a rooster he loved, Sukumar practiced [[vegetarianism]] for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Navya&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He did his schooling from [[Zilla Parishad High School]], [[Razole, East Godavari district|Razole]] and graduated with a master's degree in mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Sukumar-studied-at-a-Zilla-Parishad-school/articleshow/35424079.cms | title=Sukumar studied at a Zilla Parishad school | work=The Times of India | date=20 May 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Pasupulate | first=Karthik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218164434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Sukumar-studied-at-a-Zilla-Parishad-school/articleshow/35424079.cms | archive-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He later worked as a [[Mathematics education|mathematics]] and [[physics]] lecturer in Aditya Junior college, [[Kakinada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar NKP int DC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/the-sukumar-saga.html | title=The Sukumar saga | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=21 January 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kavirayani | first=Suresh | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217021806/http://deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/the-sukumar-saga.html | archive-date=17 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; After nearly seven years,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Director Sukumar Full Interview {{!}} Dilse With Sukumar | date=4 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV-B2qJWNe4&amp;t=291s |publisher=[[Sakshi TV]] |language=te |access-date=2022-09-28}}; Event occurs from 4:51 to 5:00&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist | title=Sukumar&amp;nbsp;– The Reluctant Perfectionist | work=South Scope | date=6 May 2011 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kumar | first=Hemanth | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615025009/http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist | archive-date=15 June 2011 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar and his junior Prakash Toleti decided to do something creative as they opined that their life has become too mundane as a lecturer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toleti&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-debut/article2882680.ece | title=Dream debut | work=The Hindu | date=11 February 2012 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Narasimham | first=M. L. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218164647/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-debut/article2882680.ece | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sukumar and Toleti began their career as writers in Telugu cinema and worked as writers for a few films. After writing three scenes for [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]{{'s}} ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara?]]'' (1998), they were summoned by the college to help them in recruiting students. They walked out of the film on moral grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toleti&quot; /&gt; Due to lack of earnings, Sukumar briefly continued to teach students, earned money, and returned to film industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar NKP int DC&quot; /&gt; He worked as an assistant director for ''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]'' (1998).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=6 Tollywood directors who also produce films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-tollywood-directors-who-also-produce-films/photostory/70974944.cms |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar later assisted [[A. Mohan|Editor Mohan]] for ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' (2000) and ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001). Before making his directorial debut, Sukumar worked under [[V. V. Vinayak]] for ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' (2003) as an assistant director.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Debut and breakthrough: 2004–2011 ===<br /> Sukumar began working on the script of his directorial debut, ''Arya'' (2004), in [[Visakhapatnam]] before joining the sets of ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' (2003). The producer of the film, [[Dil Raju]], assured him that he would produce the film if ''Dil'' became a commercial success.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}} Sukumar chose to narrate the story of a boy who confesses his love to a girl right in the beginning of the story, as opposed to films like ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), ''[[Kabhie Haan Kabhie Naa]]'' (1994), and ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), where the protagonist's love/obsession for the female lead is revealed towards the end, as he found that idea an &quot;obsolete&quot; one.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot;/&gt; Raju was impressed with Sukumar's script and [[Allu Arjun]] was selected as the protagonist after considering the likes of [[Ravi Teja]], [[Nithin]], and [[Prabhas]]. [[Anuradha Mehta]] and [[Siva Balaji]] were chosen for the other two lead roles.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} [[R. Rathnavelu]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] were chosen as the film's director of photography and music director, respectively, who both went on to collaborate with Sukumar in many of his future films. ''Arya'' was a huge commercial and critical success, collecting a distributor's share of {{INR}}16 [[crores]] and a box-office gross of ₹30 crores, on a budget of {{INR}}4 crores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-05-07 |title=16 Years for Arya: Some of the interesting facts about the Allu Arjun starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/16-years-for-aarya-some-of-the-interesting-facts-about-the-allu-arjun-starrer/photostory/75598280.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}}The success of ''Arya'' catapulted Sukumar into stardom overnight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot;/&gt; He earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Telugu]] at the [[52nd Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony,&lt;ref name=&quot;Arya Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm | title=&quot;Autograph&quot; bags 3 Filmfare awards | date=10 July 2005 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kumar | first=S. R. Ashok | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218165954/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] award at the annual [[Nandi Awards]] ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arya Nandi&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/10/stories/2005101016620400.htm | title=Rajendra Prasad is over the moon | date=10 October 2005 | access-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218170034/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/10/stories/2005101016620400.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sukumar then began working on the script of ''[[Jagadam]]'' (2007), a crime film starring [[Ram Pothineni]] and Isha Sahni. Unlike ''Arya'', ''Jagadam'' focused more on violence and in an interview with [[South Scope]], Sukumar called the film an &quot;act of bravado&quot;, adding that he &quot;made it with an innocent passion&quot;, without thinking about the audience's response.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot;/&gt; ''Jagadam'' received mixed reviews&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot;/&gt; with [[Sify]] calling the film a &quot;not so much a plot-driven one&quot; albeit praising the work of its technical crew,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jagadam-review-telugu-pclwmPffgjgga.html | title=Review : Jagadam | website=[[Sify]] | date=16 March 2007 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218170450/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagadam-review-telugu-pclwmPffgjgga.html | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] called it a &quot;good effort&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagadam&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/20ssjagadam.htm | title=Jagadam: A good effort | publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] | date=20 March 2007 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Vardhan | first=G. P. Aditya | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007054408/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/20ssjagadam.htm | archive-date=7 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the mixed reviews, ''Jagadam'' was a box office failure, although, over the years, it has gained a major cult following.<br /> <br /> He then wrote and directed ''[[Arya 2]]'' (2009), which was promoted as the namesake sequel to his debut ''Arya''. It featured Allu Arjun, [[Kajal Aggarwal]], and [[Navdeep]] in the lead roles and narrated the story of Arya, a psychotic orphan whose love for his childhood friend, Ajay, and his colleague, Geetha, is never reciprocated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-review-arya2/20091127.htm | title=Arya 2 is disappointing | publisher=Rediff | date=27 November 2009 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Rajamani | first=Radhika | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-review-arya2/20091127.htm | archive-date=10 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received mixed reviews from critics. However, ''Arya 2'' became one of the few successful Telugu films of the year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/just-a-dozen-films-hit-the-bulls-eye/article126725.ece | title=Just a dozen films hit the bull's eye | work=The Hindu | date=27 December 2009 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Krishnamoorthy | first=Suresh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314172104/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/just-a-dozen-films-hit-the-bulls-eye/article126725.ece | archive-date=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was praised for its stylistic quotient and music.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot; /&gt; Sukumar received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Telugu at the [[57th Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony,&lt;ref name=&quot;Arya 2 Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://awards.filmfare.com/telegu.php | title=57th Filmfare Awards South Nominations&amp;nbsp;— Telugu | work=[[Filmfare]] | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314174545/http://awards.filmfare.com/telegu.php | archive-date=14 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; but lost it to [[S. S. Rajamouli]] for ''[[Magadheera]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html | title=Magadhera wins 6 Filmfare awards | website=[[Sify]] | date=9 August 2010 | access-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112052048/http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html | archive-date=12 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajamouli stated that he regards Sukumar as the best of the lot after watching ''Arya 2'', which according to Sukumar &quot;was the most precious and sweetest thing I have heard about myself&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After a gap of two years, Sukumar's next directorial film ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011) was released. Sukumar envisioned the film's concept 15 years ago, which dealt with the simple conflicts couples face and the way they solve them, and made changes based on the technological and behavioural developments of the students in the colleges.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int SSC&quot; /&gt; ''100% Love'' featured [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Tamannaah]] in the lead roles and was produced by [[Allu Aravind]] and Bunny Vasu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Its-100-Love-for-Nag/articleshow/21647970.cms | title=It's 100% Love for Nag | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=22 March 2011 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218171157/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Its-100-Love-for-Nag/articleshow/21647970.cms | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''100% Love'' was commercially successful,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-06-04 |title=Year of family entertainers - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/year-of-family-entertainers/article2745569.ece |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604061620/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/year-of-family-entertainers/article2745569.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; collecting a share of ₹18.11 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=100%Love Total Collections{{!}} AndhraBoxOffice.com |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=169&amp;cid=6&amp;fid=303 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=andhraboxoffice.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received the [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home-viewing Feature Film]] award at the annual Nandi Awards ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2011-Nandi-Awards-winners-list/articleshow/16797289.cms | title=2011 Nandi Awards winners list | work=The Times of India | date=13 October 2012 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kavirayani | first=Suresh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123184900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2011-Nandi-Awards-winners-list/articleshow/16797289.cms | archive-date=23 January 2016 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar earned another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Telugu at the [[59th Filmfare Awards South]],&lt;ref name=&quot;100 Love Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite episode | title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South 2012 | date=8 July 2012 | series=Filmfare Awards South | network=[[MAA TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a nomination for the Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Telugu at the [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;100 Love SIIMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/siima-nominations.html | title=SIIMA nominations for Telugu films | publisher=Idlebrain.com | date=13 June 2012 | access-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050619/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/siima-nominations.html | archive-date=7 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Darker themes: 2014–present ===<br /> [[File:Sukumar interview FC South 2018.jpg|thumb|Sukumar promoting ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' 2018.]]<br /> After completing ''100% Love'', Sukumar began working on ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'', a [[psychological thriller]] keeping [[Mahesh Babu]] in mind as the protagonist as he felt that Mahesh had a universal appeal in terms of looks. The incident of a bus driver talking about a young boy who claims that his parents were murdered in that bus was taken as the story's base.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahesh-babu-agreed-immediately-to-do-1-nenokkadine-south/20140115.htm | title=Mahesh Babu agreed immediately to do 1-Nenokkadine | publisher=Rediff | date=15 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Rajamani | first=Radhika | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914201027/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahesh-babu-agreed-immediately-to-do-1-nenokkadine-south/20140115.htm | archive-date=14 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He worked on the film's script for two months,&lt;ref name=&quot;One and only&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/one-and-only/article5409282.ece | title=One and only | work=The Hindu | date=1 December 2013 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Chowdary | first=Y. Sunita | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830152014/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/one-and-only/article5409282.ece | archive-date=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and considered it as his dream project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-tollywood/article/sukumar-numero-uno | title=Sukumar, Numero Uno | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=10 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115041824/http://deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-tollywood/article/sukumar-numero-uno | archive-date=15 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''1: Nenokkadine'' was released on 10 January 2014 globally and received mixed reviews from the critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-21 |title=1: Nenokkadine highest rated Telugu film on IMDB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/1-nenokkadine-highest-rated-telugu-film-on-imdb/story-TTKYPeJZk2qdIh1wf6gkHN.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |quote=1: Nenokkadine may have opened to mixed reviews at the domestic box office, but the film has received a rating of 9.2 on Internet Movie Database (IMDB) website.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=11 January 2014 |title='1 Nenokkadine' Review Roundup: Mahesh Babu Starrer Fails to Live up to Expectations |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-review-roundup-mahesh-babu-starrer-fails-to-live-up-to-expectations-533883 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713172843/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-review-roundup-mahesh-babu-starrer-fails-to-live-up-to-expectations-533883 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |work=International Business Times India}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' opined that Sukumar &quot;fails to deliver&quot; and the story is &quot;run of the mill&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/movie-review-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine | title=Movie Review: Mahesh Babu's '1-Nenokkadine' | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=12 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kavirayani | first=Suresh | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330194949/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/movie-review-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine | archive-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, &quot;Habitual to watching films that begin with a great premise only to fall into the commercial trap of force-fit comic situations, it comes as a relief when Sukumar laces the psychological thriller with subtle wit that never takes the focus away from the plot&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/1nenokkadine-games-the-mind-can-play/article5562253.ece | title=1-Nenokkadine: Games the mind can play | work=The Hindu | date=10 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Devi Dundoo | first=Sangeetha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706151139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/1nenokkadine-games-the-mind-can-play/article5562253.ece | archive-date=6 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the mixed reviews, ''1: Nenokkadine'' collected approximately {{INR}}28.9 crore share worldwide on a budget of {{INR}}60{{Endash}}70 crore, thus becoming a commercial failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-starrer-earns-over-28-crore-worldwide-share-536174 | title='1 Nenokkadine' Box Office Collection: Mahesh Babu Starrer Earns over ₹28 Crore Worldwide Share | work=International Business Times India | date=28 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Seshagiri | first=Sangeetha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129102440/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-starrer-earns-over-28-crore-worldwide-share-536174 | archive-date=29 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, ''1: Nenokkadine'' became a major cult film.<br /> <br /> In 2014, he wrote and directed a 3-minute short film ''[[I Am That Change]]'' produced by and starring Allu Arjun.&lt;ref name=&quot;I am that change&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-short-film-is-a-hit/articleshow/40309064.cms | title=Allu Arjun's short film is a hit | work=The Times of India | date=15 August 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=A. S. | first=Sashidhar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314165549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-short-film-is-a-hit/articleshow/40309064.cms | archive-date=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon its release, the short film received viral response online and was acclaimed by many including celebrities for its concept and execution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's short film is a hit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-short-film-is-a-hit/articleshow/40309064.cms |work=The Times of India |accessdate=15 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the demise of his father Tirupathi Naidu, Sukumar decided to direct ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' starring [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] in the lead roles. ''Nannaku Prematho'', which was Rama Rao Jr.'s 25th film as an actor, dealt with an emotional relationship between a father and his son spanning the last 30 days of the father's life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Tollywood-Tiger-Shining-Bright/2016/01/30/article3249576.ece | title=Tollywood Tiger Shining Bright | work=The New Indian Express | date=30 January 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Yellapantula | first=Suhas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203024639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Tollywood-Tiger-Shining-Bright/2016/01/30/article3249576.ece | archive-date=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Released on 13 January 2016, ''Nannaku Prematho'' received positive reviews from the critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-review-roundup-jr-ntr-sukumars-combo-bags-decent-ratings-critics-663102 | title=Nannaku Prematho review roundup: Jr NTR-Sukumar's combo bags decent ratings from critics | work=International Business Times India | date=13 January 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=H. Hooli | first=Shekhar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218174441/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-review-roundup-jr-ntr-sukumars-combo-bags-decent-ratings-critics-663102 | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''The Times of India'' stated that the viewers see ups every time when Sukumar &quot;decides to listen to his inner self and gives us some interestingly conceived sequences&quot; and downs come whenever he &quot;gives in to the prerequisite mandates of Telugu cinema&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Nannaku-Prematho/movie-review/50565064.cms | title=Nannaku Prematho Movie Review | work=The Times of India | date=13 January 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Jonnalagedda | first=Pranita | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218174544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Nannaku-Prematho/movie-review/50565064.cms | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An above average grosser at the domestic box office,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-box-office-collection-jr-ntrs-film-grosses-total-rs-87-2-crore-lifetime-670535 | title='Nannaku Prematho' box office collection: Jr NTR's film grosses total of Rs 87.2 crore in lifetime | work=International Business Times India | date=13 March 2016 | access-date=14 March 2016 | last=H. Hooli | first=Shekhar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314012742/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-box-office-collection-jr-ntrs-film-grosses-total-rs-87-2-crore-lifetime-670535 | archive-date=14 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Nannaku Prematho'' became the third highest grossing Telugu film of all time in the overseas market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-completes-50-days-jr-ntrs-film-sets-over-5-new-collection-records-box-office-669019 | title='Nannaku Prematho' completes 50 days; Jr NTR's film sets over 5 new collection records at box office | work=International Business Times India | date=2 March 2016 | access-date=14 March 2016 | last=H. Hooli | first=Shekhar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314013006/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nannaku-prematho-completes-50-days-jr-ntrs-film-sets-over-5-new-collection-records-box-office-669019 | archive-date=14 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; His 2018 period action film with [[Ram Charan]] titled ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' received positive reviews with particular praise for Ram Charan's performance, and Sukumar's direction and screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-review-critics-wowed-by-sukumars-script-ram-charan-samanthas-performances-765378|title=Rangasthalam review: Critics wowed by Sukumar's script, Ram Charan &amp; Samantha's performances|work=International Business Times India|last=H. Hooli|first=Shekhar|date=30 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143829/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-review-critics-wowed-by-sukumars-script-ram-charan-samanthas-performances-765378|archive-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rangasthalam'' ended up as [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|one of the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rangasthalam 50-day box office collection: Ram Charan delivers highest grosser of 2018|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-50-day-box-office-collection-ram-charan-delivers-highest-grosser-2018-769553|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2018-05-18|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Post the success of ''[[Rangasthalam]]'', Sukumar started working on the period action drama, ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021), starring [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna|Rashmika]]. Budgeted between {{INR}}170{{Endash}}200 crores, it was released as a pan-Indian film and although it received mixed reviews from critics, the film was well received by the audiences and went on to get amazing commercial reception in Telugu, Hindi, and Tamil languages earning a total gross of {{INR}}373 crores by the end of its theatrical run.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Highest grossing South Indian films worldwide - Kantara Ninth, RRR on rise after Japan release |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-south-indian-films-worldwide-kantara-ninth-rrr-on-rise-after-japan-release-1201153 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post the success of ''Pushpa: The Rise'', Sukumar announced that the sequel, ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', is in development and production commenced in 2022. The film released on 5 December 2024 and was met with critical acclaim.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Sukumar met Thabitha Hamsini at the screening of ''Arya'', in the Sudarshan Theatre, [[RTC X Roads]], in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int Sakshi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=Thabitha Bandreddi |trans-title= |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CiKg7ixrOKJ/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123071501/https://www.instagram.com/p/CiKg7ixrOKJ/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date= |language= }}&lt;/ref&gt; After a courtship of 4 years, they got married in 2009, in the presence of his parents and sister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar NKP int DC&quot; /&gt; Thabitha's parents initially opposed their relationship due to Sukumar being a film director, however, they later accepted their alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar NKP int DC&quot; /&gt; The couple have a daughter and a son, named [[Sukriti Veni]] (who made her film debut with ''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]'') and Sukranth, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar int Sakshi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukriti Veni Bandreddi, lead actor of ‘Gandhi Tatha Chettu’ and Sukumar-Thabitha’s daughter, wants to be a music teacher&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sukriti Veni Bandreddi, lead actor of 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu' and Sukumar-Thabitha's daughter, wants to be a music teacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sukriti-veni-bandreddi-i-want-to-be-a-music-teacher-some-day/article69118882.ece |accessdate=22 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 January 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122075933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sukriti-veni-bandreddi-i-want-to-be-a-music-teacher-some-day/article69118882.ece |archivedate=22 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmmaking style==<br /> As a writer, Sukumar is influenced by the works of [[Gudipati Venkatachalam]], [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]], and [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]. In an interview with ''Deccan Chronicle'', he revealed that each of the romantic scenes in his films are inspired from the writings of either Veerendranath or Sulochana Rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar NKP int DC&quot;/&gt; Sukumar mentioned that [[Martin Scorsese]] has had a huge influence on him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-06 |title=Sukumar - The Reluctant Perfectionist {{!}} Southscope.in |url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist?page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510054908/http://southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist?page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-10 |access-date=2022-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He uses [[nonlinear narrative|non-linear screenplay]] for most of his films and few sequences of most of his films involve revelation of finest details and re-visiting a scene again and again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-slick-touch-to-NTRs-film/articleshow/46353827.cms | title=Sukumar slick touch to NTR's film | work=The Times of India | date=24 February 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218175203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-slick-touch-to-NTRs-film/articleshow/46353827.cms | archive-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His screenplays are mostly complex and multi-layered which earned him the reputation of being an intelligent screenplay writer. In an interview of ''The Times of India'' in January 2014, Sukumar said that emotions play a key role in his films, stating that a film &quot;may have multiple subplots, but in the end, it's the emotional curve that connects with the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Director-Sukumar-interview/articleshow/29307211.cms | title=Director Sukumar interview | work=The Times of India | date=24 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104141910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Director-Sukumar-interview/articleshow/29307211.cms | archive-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of improvising the sequences on the sets and making changes to already filmed portions, his films took long time to complete their production phases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-should-take-a-cue-from-Trivikram/articleshow/28381167.cms | title=Sukumar should take a cue from Trivikram | work=The Times of India | date=4 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-should-take-a-cue-from-Trivikram/articleshow/28381167.cms | archive-date=6 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In most of his films, Sukumar's protagonists are shown to be characterised with grey shades. Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''The Hindu'' commented that Sukumar &quot;revels in giving a slight twist to his protagonist, in his background and character&quot; and leaves the audience to understand him as he &quot;unties the knots during narration and justifies his behaviour and makes us root for him&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;One and only&quot;/&gt; Karthik Keramalu of [[CNN-IBN]], in his review of ''Kumari 21F'', stated that Sukumar's lead characters are &quot;psychologically wired differently&quot;, adding that at least one of the characters in his films &quot;behaves in a way that will amuse the audience and the other characters present in the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/kumari-21f-review-the-film-is-surprisingly-good-though-it-takes-time-to-settle-down-1166932.html | title='Kumari 21F' review: The film is surprisingly good though it takes time to settle down | publisher=CNN-IBN | date=21 November 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Keramalu | first=Karthik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124114516/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/kumari-21f-review-the-film-is-surprisingly-good-though-it-takes-time-to-settle-down-1166932.html | archive-date=24 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the same, Sukumar said, &quot;We all have a lot of emotions and we suppress most of them fearing rejection. Instead we sport a smile and move on in this world. Problems arise when we don't enjoy all feelings like jealousy, selfishness and don't express them. To achieve something, there must be a driving force and that could be jealousy which you term as negative&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;One and only&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Except for the short film ''I Am That Change'' whose music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Just-in-Poster-of-I-am-that-Change/articleshow/40107978.cms | title=Just in: Poster of 'I am that Change' | work=The Times of India | date=12 August 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815073614/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Just-in-Poster-of-I-am-that-Change/articleshow/40107978.cms | archive-date=15 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar chose Devi Sri Prasad to compose the soundtrack and background score for all the films he directed.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Devi Sri Prasad turns actor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151128/entertainment-tollywood/article/devi-sri-prasad-turns-actor|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=29 November 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218174652/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151128/entertainment-tollywood/article/devi-sri-prasad-turns-actor|archive-date=18 February 2016|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar worked with cinematographer R. Rathnavelu for ''Arya'', ''Jagadam'', ''1: Nenokkadine'', and ''Rangasthalam''. When Dil Raju asked Sukumar about the budget to be allotted to ''Arya'', Sukumar said that he first wanted R. Rathnavelu on board as the cinematographer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lover-boy-turns-action-hero/article2270979.ece | title=Lover boy turns action hero | work=The Hindu | date=5 January 2007 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Narasimham | first=M. L. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218175804/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lover-boy-turns-action-hero/article2270979.ece | archive-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5598196.ece | title=Light, camera and a lens to top it all | work=The Hindu | date=21 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Krishnamoorthy | first=Suresh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305215434/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5598196.ece | archive-date=5 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140121/entertainment-tollywood/article/1%E2%80%99s-cinematographer | title=1's cinematographer | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=21 January 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Kumari | first=Barkha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083104/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140121/entertainment-tollywood/article/1%E2%80%99s-cinematographer | archive-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview to ''The Hindu'' in March 2012, Rathnavelu said, &quot;Sukumar's speciality is he can give you five different ways to solve every problem you encounter. He can get to the crux of the problem and figure out the best possible method to resolve it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-three-faces-of-david/article2982022.ece | title=The three faces of David | work=The Hindu | date=10 March 2012 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Manigandan | first=K. R. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724040733/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-three-faces-of-david/article2982022.ece | archive-date=24 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of their friendship with Sukumar, neither Rathnavelu nor Prasad charged any remuneration for his maiden production venture ''Kumari 21F''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rentala Jayadeva&quot;/&gt; He worked with B. Rajasekar, Venkat Prasad, [[Vijay C Chakravarthy|Vijay K. Chakravarthy]], and [[Miroslaw Kuba Brozek|Mirosław Kuba Brożek]] for ''Arya 2'', ''100% Love'', ''Nannaku Prematho'', ''Pushpa: The Rise'', and ''Pushpa 2: The Rule'', respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media | title=100% Love | publisher=[[Geetha Arts]] |year=2011 | medium=motion picture | location=India | language=te | time=00:01:10 to 00:03:42 | time-caption=From}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media | title=Nannaku Prematho | publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] |year=2016 | medium=motion picture | location=India | language=te | time=00:03:50 to 00:06:33 | time-caption=From}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Frequent collaborators===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Collaborator<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' | (2004)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Jagadam]]'' | (2007)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Arya 2]]'' | (2009)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' | (2011)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' | (2014)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' | (2016)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' | (2018)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' | (2021)}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Ubl | ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' | (2024)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Allu Arjun]]<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jagapathi Babu]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Brahmaji]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[R. Rathnavelu]]<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karthika Srinivas]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Naveen Nooli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |<br /> | {{ya}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Film production==<br /> Sukumar established Sukumar Writings in 2014 for presenting and producing films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/darshakudu-trailer-talk-sukumar-writings-next-chapter/| title=Darshakudu Trailer Talk: Sukumar Writings Next Chapter| last=Toleti| first=Siddartha| website=mirchi9.com| date=15 July 2017| language=en-US| access-date=2018-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/darshakudu-actor-ashok-elated-about-tollywood-debut/articleshow/59848309.cms| title=Darshakudu actor Ashok elated about Tollywood debut| work=The Times of India| access-date=2018-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=http://www.tollywood.net/shocking-heebah-patel-said-no-to-sukumar/| title=Shocking! Heebah Patel said no to Sukumar| date=2018-03-13| work=Tollywood| access-date=2018-06-08| language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukumar Writings' first venture was ''[[Kumari 21F]]'', which had Sukumar's norm technicians of Devi Sri Prasad composing music and R. Rathnavelu as the director of cinematography. Ashok Banreddi and Thomas Reddy joined as co-producers with P. A. Motion Pictures; it was co-produced by Vijaya Prasad Bandreddi and Thomas Reddy.<br /> <br /> Sukumar provided the story and screenplay for ''Kumari 21F'', his debut feature film as a co-producer, which was directed by his assistant, [[Palnati Surya Pratap]]. He took inspiration from his college days in Razole where a young woman went to a picnic with some young men; a major undertaking for a woman at the time. Rumours were spread and the woman was labelled as a &quot;loose&quot; character, which stayed in Sukumar's mind.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kumari-is-the-girl-most-of-us-know-Sukumar/articleshow/49872895.cms | title=Kumari is the girl most of us know: Sukumar | work=The Times of India | date=22 November 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Jonnalagedda | first=Pranita | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122160601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kumari-is-the-girl-most-of-us-know-Sukumar/articleshow/49872895.cms | archive-date=22 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced on a budget of {{INR}}6{{ndash}}9 crore,{{efn|Film historian Rentala Jayadeva estimates the film's budget as {{INR}}6 crore,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rentala Jayadeva&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/requires-a-lot-of-maturity-292239 | title=చాలా మెచ్యూరిటీ అవసరం..! |trans-title=Requires a lot of Maturity..! | work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] | date=20 November 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Jayadeva | first=Rentala | language=te | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123140646/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/requires-a-lot-of-maturity-292239 | archive-date=23 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sify]] estimates the film's budget as {{INR}} 9 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kumari-21-f-turns-out-to-be-a-hit-news-telugu-plxkJoijfhjde.html | title='Kumari 21 F' turns out to be a hit! | website=[[Sify]] | date=23 November 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123144937/http://www.sify.com/movies/kumari-21-f-turns-out-to-be-a-hit-news-telugu-plxkJoijfhjde.html | archive-date=23 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ''Kumari 21F'' grossed {{INR}}38 crore and became the 12th highest grossing Telugu film of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-kumari-21f-top-20-highest-grossing-telugu-tollywood-movies-2015-662060 | title=Baahubali to Kumari 21F: Top 20 highest-grossing Telugu/Tollywood movies of 2015 | work=International Business Times India | date=5 January 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=H. Hooli | first=Shekhar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105145832/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-kumari-21f-top-20-highest-grossing-telugu-tollywood-movies-2015-662060 | archive-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siddharth Rao of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, &quot;In an industry where a damsel-in-distress-wooed-and-saved-by-an-angry-young-man is the norm, this is refreshing. Kudos to the writer Sukumar for giving yet another off-beat story with characters that can't be put into a box&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Kumari-21-F/movie-review/49862745.cms | title=Kumari 21 F Movie Review | work=The Times of India | date=20 November 2015 | access-date=18 February 2016 | last=Rao | first=Siddharth | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124141556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Kumari-21-F/movie-review/49862745.cms | url-status=live | archive-date=24 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Main|Sukumar filmography}}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ceremony<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref(s)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nandi Awards]]<br /> | [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Arya Nandi&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Telugu]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Arya Filmfare&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arya 2]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Arya 2 Filmfare&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rangasthalam]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|access-date=23 December 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|access-date=23 December 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;100 Love Filmfare&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;100 Love SIIMA&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/|title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead|work=The Indian Express|date=31 May 2017|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330142906/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/|archive-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Jr NTR bags Best Actor, Kirik Party wins Best Film|work=India Today|date=1 July 2017|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180330143249/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|archive-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rangasthalam]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[CineMAA Awards]]<br /> | Best Director (Jury)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Arya CineMAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html | title=CineMAA Awards 2004 | publisher=Idlebrain.com | date=23 January 2006 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318221953/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html | archive-date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Screenplay writer<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Arya CineMAA&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Santosham Film Awards]]<br /> |[[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]<br /> |''[[Rangasthalam]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | KV Reddy memorial award&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(for contribution to Telugu cinema)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{mdash}}<br /> | {{mdash}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-was-honored-with-KV-Reddy-award/articleshow/45118531.cms | title=Sukumar was honored with KV Reddy award | work=The Times of India | date=12 November 2014 | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218174025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sukumar-was-honored-with-KV-Reddy-award/articleshow/45118531.cms | archive-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Chinnarayana|first1=Pulagam|url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Arya?sort=3&amp;page=1|title=సినిమా వెనుక స్టోరీ: ఫీల్ మై లవ్|trans-title=Behind the scenes: Feel my love|language=te|date=18 October 2015|publisher=Sakshi Funday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210454/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Arya?sort=3&amp;page=1|url-status=live|archive-date=10 June 2016}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Biography|Cinema}}<br /> *{{IMDb name}}<br /> {{Sukumar (director)}}<br /> {{SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kakinada]]<br /> [[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._S._Vimal&diff=527739 2026-04-09T14:37:00Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = R.S.Vimal<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film director|film producer}}<br /> | years_active = 2015–present<br /> | children = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''R.S.Vimal''' is an Indian filmmaker who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the Malayalam film ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', for which he received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> He made documentary films for a Malayalam television channel for a period of time. Prior to making his feature directorial debut, Vimal made a documentary on the same subject, titled ''Jalam Kondu Murivettaval''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://cinemabulletin.in/prithviraj-r-s-vimal-multilingual-film-karnan-to-cost-300-crore/|title= Prithviraj – R S Vimal multilingual film 'Mahavir Karna' to cost 300 Crore|publisher= Cinema Bulletin|date= 21 September 2016|accessdate= 21 September 2016|archive-date= 21 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191221155317/http://cinemabulletin.in/prithviraj-r-s-vimal-multilingual-film-karnan-to-cost-300-crore/|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/dec/09/malayalam-documentary-to-be-screened-at-mumbai-f-111347.html|title=Malayalam documentary to be screened at Mumbai f|date=15 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the Malayalam film ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', which was based on the real-life story of Moideen and Kanchanamala that took that place in the 1960s in [[Mukkam]], [[Kozhikode]]. The film starred [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-unfold-in-the-first-person-account-of-Kanchanamala/articleshow/38487271.cms &quot;Ennu Ninte Moideen unfolds in the first person account of Kanchanamala&quot;]. ''The Times of India'' (17 July 2014). Retrieved on 27 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2016, announcement of his second directorial was held at a function in [[Burj Al Arab]], [[Dubai]]. The high-budget film titled ''Mahavir Karna'' was based on the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' was initially launched as a Malayalam language film with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Saseendran|first=Sajila|title=Karnan: Biggest, most expensive Malayalam film|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/south-stars/karnan-biggest-most-expensive-malayalam-film|accessdate=7 January 2018|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/after-ennu-ninte-moideen-prithviraj-rs-vimal-join-hands-karnan-movie-be-launched-dubai-663335 |title=After Ennu Ninte Moideen, Prithviraj-RS Vimal join hands for Karnan; movie to be launched in Dubai |website=M.ibtimes.co.in |date= 15 January 2016|accessdate=2016-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the year, Vimal said that the film's budget estimate is around {{INR}}300 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|title=Karnan to cost Rs 300 crore|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/210916/karnan-to-cost-rs-300-crore.html|accessdate=7 January 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=21 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, for reasons unknown, Prithviraj opted out of the project and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was signed in as a replacement, thus making the film a Tamil production.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Director<br /> !Producer<br /> !Note<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || '' Jalam Kondu Murivettaval '' (documentary) || {{yes}} || {{no}} <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''Sasiyum Sakunthalayum''<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | Also actor<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> |''{{pending film|Chethi Mandaram Thulasi}}''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Film<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2015<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Asianet Film Awards]]<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Screenplay<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[1st IIFA Utsavam]]<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Asiavision Awards]]<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Screenplay<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> | Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|7479043}}<br /> <br /> {{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vimal, R. S.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Babu_(CPI-M_politician)&diff=476393 2026-03-29T16:10:01Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{distinguish|K. Babu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K. Babu<br /> | native_name = കെ .ബാബു <br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]<br /> | honorific-suffix = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | image = K. Babu CPM.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Nemmara]]<br /> | residence = [[Nemmara]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place =<br /> | office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = {{Start date|2016|06|02|df=yes}}<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | constituency1 = [[Nenmara Assembly constituency|Nenmara]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[V. Chenthamarakshan]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 =<br /> | term_start2 =<br /> | term_end2 =<br /> | constituency2 =<br /> | predecessor2 =<br /> | successor2 =<br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | spouse = Rosha<br /> | children = Adithyan<br /> | nationality = [[Indian peope|Indian]]<br /> | footnotes =<br /> | date =<br /> | year =<br /> | source =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''K. Babu''' (Malayalam: കെ ബാബു) is an Indian politcian and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of [[14th Kerala Assembly|14th Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Nenmara Assembly constituency|Nenmara constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members.htm|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|publisher=|accessdate=8 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Babu started his political life as a member of [[Students Federation of India|SFI]]. He was a leader of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]].<br /> <br /> He was the President of [[Nenmara]] Block Panchayath from 1995 to 2000. He was the member of [[Palakkad District]] Panchayath representing Nenmara Division, from 2000 to 2005. He was the President of Nenmara Grama Panchayat from 2005 to 2010.<br /> <br /> Babu is the Secretary of [[Palakkad District]] Committee of Auto Taxi Workers' Union ([[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]]).<br /> He is a member of [[Palakkad District]] Committee of Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was the secretary of Nemmara Local Committee of Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was the secretary of [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]] Area Committee of Communist Party of India (Marxist).<br /> <br /> He was elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2016.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kerala Legislature]]<br /> * [[V. Chenthamarakshan]]<br /> * [[K. D. Prasenan]]<br /> * [[K. Krishnankutty]]<br /> * [[A. K. Balan]]<br /> * [[P. Unni]]<br /> * [[P. K. Sasi]]<br /> * [[K. V. Vijayadas]]<br /> * [[Muhammed Muhsin]]<br /> * [[P. K. Biju]]<br /> * [[U. R. Pradeep]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, K}}<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Palakkad district]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixon&diff=471197 2026-03-28T19:29:12Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: improve formatting for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|President of the United States from 1969 to 1974}}<br /> {{Redirect|Nixon|other uses|Nixon (disambiguation)|and|Richard Nixon (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Featured article}}<br /> {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{Pp-move}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = Richard Nixon presidential portrait (1).jpg<br /> | alt = Presidential portrait of Richard Nixon<br /> | caption = Official portrait, 1972<br /> | order = 37th<br /> | office = President of the United States<br /> | vice_president = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{longitem|[[Spiro Agnew]] {{nwr|(1969–1973)}}}}<br /> * {{longitem|Vacant {{nwr|(Oct–Dec 1973)}}}}<br /> * {{longitem|[[Gerald Ford]] {{nwr|(1973–1974)}}}}<br /> }}<br /> | term_start = January 20, 1969<br /> | term_end = August 9, 1974<br /> | predecessor = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br /> | successor = Gerald Ford<br /> | order1 = 36th <br /> | office1 = Vice President of the United States<br /> | president1 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]<br /> | term_start1 = January 20, 1953<br /> | term_end1 = January 20, 1961<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Alben W. Barkley]]<br /> | successor1 = Lyndon B. Johnson<br /> | jr/sr2 = United States senator<br /> | state2 = [[California]]<br /> | term_start2 = December 1, 1950<br /> | term_end2 = January 1, 1953<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Sheridan Downey]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Thomas Kuchel]]<br /> | state3 = [[California]]<br /> | district3 = {{ushr|CA|12|12th}}<br /> | term_start3 = January 3, 1947<br /> | term_end3 = November 30, 1950<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Jerry Voorhis]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Patrick J. Hillings]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1913|1|9}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Yorba Linda, California]], U.S.<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1994|4|22|1913|1|9}}<br /> | death_place = New York City,&lt;!-- Do not link this, see [[MOS:OVERLINK]]. --&gt; U.S.<br /> | resting_place = [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]]<br /> | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Pat Nixon|Pat Ryan]]|June 21, 1940|June 22, 1993|end=died}}<br /> | children = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Tricia Nixon Cox|Tricia]] <br /> * [[Julie Nixon Eisenhower|Julie]]<br /> }}<br /> | parents = {{ubl|[[Francis A. Nixon]]|[[Hannah Milhous]]}}<br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> * Author<br /> * lawyer<br /> * politician <br /> * military veteran <br /> }}<br /> | education = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Whittier College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br /> * [[Duke University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])<br /> }}<br /> | signature = Richard Nixon Signature.svg<br /> | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink<br /> | branch = {{tree list}}<br /> * [[United States Navy]]<br /> ** [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]]<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | service_years = {{plainlist|<br /> * 1942–1946 (active)<br /> * 1946–1966 (inactive)<br /> }}<br /> | rank = [[Commander (United States)|Commander]]<br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> * [[World War II]]<br /> ** [[Pacific War]]<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | mawards = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal]]<br /> * [[American Campaign Medal]]<br /> * [[Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal]]<br /> * [[World War II Victory Medal]]<br /> * [[Armed Forces Reserve Medal]]<br /> }}<br /> | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Richard Nixon speaks on Peace in Vietnam.ogg|title=Richard Nixon's voice|type=speech|description=Nixon speaking on [[Vietnam War|peace in Vietnam]]&lt;br /&gt;Recorded November 3, 1969}} <br /> }}<br /> {{Richard Nixon series}}<br /> '''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913{{spnd}}April 22, 1994) was the 37th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1969 until [[Resignation of Richard Nixon|his resignation]] in 1974. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], he represented [[California]] in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] before serving as the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] under President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] from 1953 to 1961. [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|His presidency]] saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]], ''[[détente]]'' with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], the [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing, and the establishment of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the [[Watergate scandal]].<br /> <br /> Nixon was born into a poor family of [[Quakers]] in [[Yorba Linda]], Southern California. He graduated from [[Whittier College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1934 and from [[Duke University School of Law]] with a [[Juris Doctor]] in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife [[Pat Nixon|Pat]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942 to work for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. After serving in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1946]]. His work on the [[Alger Hiss]] case established his reputation as a leading [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]. In 1950, he [[1950 United States Senate election in California|was elected]] to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952]] and [[1956 United States presidential election|1956 elections]]. Nixon served for eight years as vice president, and his two terms saw an increase in the notability of the office. He narrowly lost the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After his loss in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] race for governor of California, Nixon announced his retirement from politics. However, he ran again for the presidency in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]] and defeated the Democratic candidate, Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]].<br /> <br /> Seeking to bring the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered [[Cambodian campaign|military operations]] and [[Operation Menu|carpet bombing campaigns]] in Cambodia. He covertly aided Pakistan during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971 and ended American combat involvement in Vietnam in 1973, and the [[Conscription in the United States|military draft]] the same year. His [[1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China|visit to China]] in 1972 led to [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|diplomatic relations between the two nations]], and he finalized the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] with the Soviet Union. During the course of his first term, he enacted many progressive environmental policy shifts, such as creating the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] and passing laws, including the [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Endangered Species]] and [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Acts]]. In addition to implementing the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-sixth Amendment]] that lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, he ended the [[Bretton Woods system|direct international convertibility]] of the U.S. dollar to gold in 1971, effectively taking the United States off the [[gold standard]]. He also imposed [[Economic Stabilization Act of 1970|wage and price controls]] for 90 days, launched the wars [[war on cancer|on cancer]] and [[War on Drugs|drugs]], passed the [[Controlled Substances Act]], and presided over the end of the [[Space Race]] by overseeing the Apollo 11 Moon landing. He was re-elected in [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]], when he defeated [[George McGovern]] in [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|one of the largest landslide victories in American history]].<br /> <br /> In his second term, Nixon ordered [[Operation Nickel Grass|an airlift]] to resupply Israeli materiel losses in the [[Yom Kippur War]], a conflict which led to the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]] at home. From 1973, ongoing revelations from the Nixon administration's involvement in Watergate eroded his support in Congress and the country. The scandal began with a break-in at the [[Democratic National Committee]] office, ordered by administration officials, and escalated despite [[cover-up]] efforts by the Nixon administration, of which he was aware. On August 9, 1974, facing almost certain [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|impeachment]] and removal from office, Nixon resigned. Afterward, he was issued [[Pardon of Richard Nixon|a controversial pardon]] by his successor, [[Gerald Ford]]. During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote nine books and undertook many foreign trips, rehabilitating his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. On April 18, 1994, he suffered a debilitating [[stroke]], and [[Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon|died four days later]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> [[File:Nixon child.jpeg|thumb|Nixon (second from right) makes his newspaper debut in 1916, contributing five cents to a fund for [[World War I]] orphans; his brother [[Donald Nixon|Donald]] is to his right.|left]]<br /> Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of [[Yorba Linda, California]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Richard Nixon in the U.S. Census Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/census/presidents/nixon.html |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=National Archives |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145815/https://www.archives.gov/research/census/presidents/nixon.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; in a house built by his father, on his family's lemon ranch.&lt;ref name=&quot;archives&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf |title=Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum |date=September 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921204555/http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|NPS, Nixon Birthplace}}{{sfn|Ferris|p=209}} His parents were [[Francis A. Nixon]] and [[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah (Milhous) Nixon]]. His mother was a [[Quaker]], and his father converted from [[Methodism]] to the Quaker faith. Through his mother, Nixon was a descendant of the early English settler Thomas Cornell.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Reitwiesner |first=William Addams |author-link=William Addams Reitwiesner |title=The Ancestors of Senator John Forbes Kerry (b. 1943) |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html |access-date=August 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427081750/http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time, such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. He had four brothers: Harold, [[Donald Nixon|Donald]], Arthur, and [[Edward Nixon|Edward]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Childhood}} Four of the five Nixon boys were named after British kings; Richard was named after [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]].{{sfn|Aitken|p=11}}<br /> <br /> Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in describing his boyhood: &quot;We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it&quot;.{{sfn|Aitken|p=12}} The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to [[Whittier, California]]. In an area of East Whittier with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station at what is now the corner of Whittier Boulevard and Santa Gertrudes Avenue.{{sfn|Aitken|p=21}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://richardnixonsocal.com/2023/01/whittier-to-the-white-house-10/ |title=Whittier to the White House<br /> |date=January 9, 2023 |author=Paul Carter}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, the Nixon family attended East Whittier Friends Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://richardnixonsocal.com/2023/01/whittier-to-the-white-house-13/ |title=Whittier to the White House |date=January 9, 2023 |author=Paul Carter}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=41}} Richard was 12 years old when a spot was found on his lung; with a family history of [[tuberculosis]], he was forbidden to play sports. The spot turned out to be scar tissue from [[pneumonia]].{{sfn|Aitken|p=27}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=56–57}}<br /> <br /> === Primary and secondary education ===<br /> [[File:Richard Nixon HS Yearbook.jpg|left|thumb|Nixon as a senior at [[Whittier High School]] in 1930]]<br /> Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class.{{sfn|Black|p=16}} His older brother Harold had attended [[Whittier High School]], which his parents thought resulted in a dissolute lifestyle. They decided to send Nixon to the larger [[Fullerton Union High School]].{{sfn|Morris|p=89}}{{sfn|Black|pp=17–19}} Though he had to ride a school bus an hour each way during his freshman year, he attained excellent grades. Later, he lived with an aunt in [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]] during the week.{{sfn|Morris|p=91}} He played junior varsity football and seldom missed practice, though he rarely was used in games.{{sfn|Morris|p=92}} He had greater success as a debater, winning several championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. Nixon later mused on Sheller's words, &quot;Remember, speaking is conversation...don't shout at people. Talk to them. Converse with them.&quot;{{sfn|Aitken|p=28}} Nixon said he tried to use a conversational tone as much as possible.{{sfn|Aitken|p=28}}<br /> <br /> At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. At Whittier, Nixon lost a bid for student body president&amp;mdash;his first electoral defeat. He often rose at 4&amp;nbsp;a.m. to drive the family truck to Los Angeles to purchase vegetables and then drove to the store to wash and display them before going to school. Harold was diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona, hoping to improve his health, the demands on Nixon increased, causing him to give up football. Nevertheless, Nixon graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207.{{sfn|Black|pp=20–23}}<br /> <br /> === College and law school ===<br /> Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend [[Harvard University]], but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care until he died in 1933, Richard was needed at the store. He remained in his hometown and enrolled at [[Whittier College]] in September 1930. His expenses were met by his maternal grandfather.&lt;ref name=&quot;archives&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Black|pp=23–24}} Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, and though he lacked the size to play, he remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm.{{sfn|Gellman|p=15}} Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike Nixon. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society.{{sfn|Black|pp=24–25}} In addition to the society, his studies, and work at the store, Nixon engaged in several extracurricular activities; he was a champion debater and hard worker.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=61}} In 1933, he was engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=58–63}}<br /> <br /> After graduating ''[[Latin honors#North America|summa cum laude]]'' with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new [[Duke University School of Law]],{{sfn|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Whittier College]]|access-date=March 29, 2024|title=Richard M. Nixon's '34 100th birthday celebrated|date=January 9, 2013|url=https://www.whittier.edu/news/richard-nixon-100th-birthday}}&lt;/ref&gt; which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=33–34}} It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations.{{sfn|Aitken|p=67}} The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=33–34}} Nixon kept his scholarship, was elected president of the Duke Bar Association,{{sfn|Parmet|p=81}} inducted into the [[Order of the Coif]],{{sfn|Nixon Library, Family Collection Guide}} and graduated third in his class in June 1937.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2025/01/duke-university-richard-nixon-duke-law-alumnus-only-united-states-president-from-duke-foreign-policy-watergate-vice-president-congressman-resigned-in-disgrace-introduction|title=Richard Nixon, the Blue Devil: The making of the only Duke alumnus to become president of the United States|last=Wang|first=Audrey|date=January 9, 2025|website=[[Duke Chronicle]]|access-date=March 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early career and marriage ==<br /> [[File:Formal Nixon Family Portrait.jpg|thumb|Nixon's family: [[Julie Nixon Eisenhower|Julie]] and [[David Eisenhower]], President Nixon, First Lady [[Pat Nixon]], [[Tricia Nixon Cox|Tricia]], and [[Edward F. Cox|Edward Cox]] on December 24, 1971]]<br /> After graduating from Duke, Nixon initially hoped to join the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. He received no response to his application and learned years later that he had been hired, but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts.{{sfn|Aitken|p=76}} He was admitted to the [[State Bar of California|California bar]] in 1937, and began practicing in Whittier with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in the [[National Bank of Whittier Building]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2012/09/16/historic-whittier-bank-building-was-president-nixons-law-office-at-one-time/<br /> |title=Historic Whittier bank building was President Nixon's law office at one time<br /> |author=Keith Durflinger<br /> |publisher=Whittier Daily News |date=August 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His work concentrated on [[Commercial law|commercial litigation]] for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, as well as on [[Will (law)|wills]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=79–82}} Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women.{{sfn|Morris|p=193}} In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in [[La Habra, California]],{{sfn|Black|p=44}} and became a full partner in the firm the following year.{{sfn|Black|p=43}} In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney.{{sfn|Morris|p=193}} During this period, Nixon was also the president of the Citra-Frost Company, which attempted to produce and sell frozen orange juice, but the company went bankrupt after 18 months.&lt;ref name=NixonsCounty&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ocweekly.com/dick-nixons-orange-county-6394777/ |publisher=[[OC Weekly]] |title=Dick Nixon's Orange County |date=August 5, 1999 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130190455/https://www.ocweekly.com/dick-nixons-orange-county-6394777/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of ''[[The Dark Tower (play)|The Dark Tower]]'' in which he played opposite his future wife, a high school teacher named [[Pat Nixon|Thelma &quot;Pat&quot; Ryan]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}} In his memoirs, Nixon described it as &quot;a case of [[love at first sight]]&quot;,{{sfn|Nixon|1978|p=23}} but apparently for Nixon only, since Pat Ryan turned him down several times before agreeing to date him.{{sfn|Farrell|pp=385–393}} Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. They wed in a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in [[Mexico]], the Nixons began their married life in Whittier.{{sfn|Farrell|pp=37, 402}} They had two daughters: [[Tricia Nixon Cox|Tricia]], born in 1946, and [[Julie Nixon Eisenhower|Julie]], born in 1948.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Nixon Family}}<br /> <br /> == Military service ==<br /> [[File:Formal_portrait_of_Lt._Commander_Richard_Nixon_wearing_a_coat_and_Navy_hat_-_NARA_-_16916087.jpg|thumb|upright|Nixon as a lieutenant commander in the [[United States Navy]], {{Circa|1945}}]]<br /> In January 1942, the couple moved to the Northern Virginia suburbs, where Nixon took a job at the [[Office of Price Administration]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]{{sfn|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}}{{sfn|Nixon|1978|p=26}} In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier.{{sfn|Morris|pp=124–126}} He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later applied to join the [[United States Navy]].{{sfn|Kornitzer|pp=143–144}} Though he could have claimed an exemption from [[Conscription in the United States|the draft]] as a birthright Quaker, or a deferral due to his government service, Nixon nevertheless sought a commission in the Navy. His application was approved, and he was appointed a [[Lieutenant (junior grade)|lieutenant junior grade]] in the [[United States Navy Reserve|United States Naval Reserve]] on June 15, 1942.&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-n/nixon-richard.html |title=Naval Profiles: Richard Milhous Nixon |date=February 18, 2015 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |publisher=U.S. Navy |access-date=March 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315133741/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-n/nixon-richard.html |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Aitken|pp=96–97}}<br /> <br /> In October 1942, he was given his first assignment as aide to the commander of the [[Ottumwa Regional Airport#History|Naval Air Station Ottumwa]] in [[Wapello County, Iowa]], until May 1943. Seeking more excitement, he requested sea duty; on July 2, 1943, he was assigned to [[Marine Aircraft Group 25]] and the [[South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command]] (SCAT), where he supported the [[Military logistics|logistics]] of operations in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|South Pacific theater]] during [[World War II]].{{sfn|Naval Historical Center, Commander Nixon}}{{sfn|Black|pp=58–60}}{{sfn|Armstrong|p=81}}<br /> <br /> On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;/&gt; Nixon commanded the SCAT forward detachments at [[Vella Lavella]], [[Buin, Papua New Guinea#Japan and the USA during World War II|Bougainville]], and finally at [[Nissan Island]].&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Armstrong|p=81}} His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|R4D/C-47]] operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the transport aircraft. For this service, he received a [[Commendation Medal|Navy Letter of Commendation]] and a Navy Commendation Ribbon, which was later updated to the [[Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal]], from his commanding officer for &quot;meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command&quot;. Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the [[Naval Air Station Alameda|Alameda Naval Air Station]] in [[Alameda, California]]. In January 1945, he was transferred to the [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] office in [[Philadelphia]], where he helped negotiate the termination of World War II contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]{{sfn|Black|p=62}} for &quot;meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty&quot;. Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts, and he moved to Philadelphia, New York, and finally to Baltimore.{{sfn|Aitken|p=112}}{{sfn|Nixon|1978|p=33}} On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]].&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Black|p=62}} On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty.&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;/&gt; On June 1, 1953, he was promoted to [[Commander (United States)|commander]] in the U.S. Naval Reserve, and he retired from the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;navy.mil&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> While in the Navy, Nixon became a very good [[five-card stud]] poker player, helping finance his first congressional campaign with the winnings. In a 1983 interview, he described turning down an invitation to dine with [[Charles Lindbergh]] because he was hosting a game.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/for-us-presidents-poker-is-a-main-event/2019/06/16/7a1a5e54-8fb1-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html |title=For U.S. presidents, poker is a main event |first=Norman |last=Chad |author-link=Norman Chad |date=June 16, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144711/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/for-us-presidents-poker-is-a-main-event/2019/06/16/7a1a5e54-8fb1-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/14681-men-of-action-richard-the-big-bluffer-nixon |title=Men Of Action -- Richard &quot;The Big Bluffer&quot; Nixon |first=Bob |last=Paijich |date=December 25, 2012 |magazine=[[Card Player]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1950) ==<br /> {{further|1946 California's 12th congressional district election|1948 California's 12th congressional district election}}<br /> [[File:Nixonflyer1946.jpg|thumb|left|Nixon's 1946 congressional campaign flyer]]<br /> Republicans in [[California's 12th congressional district]] were frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic representative [[Jerry Voorhis]], and they sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him. In 1945, they formed a &quot;Committee of 100&quot; to decide on a candidate, hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to previous Voorhis victories. After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, manager of Whittier's [[Bank of America]] branch, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on Whittier College's board of trustees before the war. Perry wrote to Nixon in [[Baltimore]], and after a night of excited conversation with his wife, Nixon gave Perry an enthusiastic response,{{sfn|Parmet|pp=91–96}}{{sfn|Gellman|pp=27–28}} confirming that he was registered to vote in California at his parents' Whittier residence.{{sfn|Aitken|p=114}} Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=91–96}}{{sfn|Gellman|pp=27–28}} He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a representative and suggested that Voorhis's endorsement by a group linked to Communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=111–113}} Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis's 49,994.{{sfn|Gellman|p=82}}<br /> <br /> In June 1947, Nixon supported the [[Taft–Hartley Act]], a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and he served on the [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor|Education and Labor Committee]]. In August 1947, he became one of 19 House members to serve on the [[Herter Committee]],&lt;ref name=Final&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid<br /> |publisher = Marshall Foundation<br /> |url=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/04/Studies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf<br /> |date=May 1, 1948<br /> |access-date = May 30, 2020<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151221035849/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/04/Studies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf<br /> |archive-date = December 21, 2015<br /> |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner.{{sfn|Gellman|pp=105–107, 125–126}} Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the [[Marshall Plan]].{{sfn|Morris|p=365}}<br /> <br /> In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he joined the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC) &quot;at the end of 1947&quot;. However, he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947, when he heard &quot;Enemy Number One&quot; [[Gerhard Eisler]] and his sister [[Ruth Fischer]] testify. On February 18, 1947, Nixon referred to Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House. Also by early February 1947, fellow U.S. Representative [[Charles J. Kersten]] had introduced him to Father [[John Francis Cronin]] in Baltimore. Cronin shared with Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper &quot;The Problem of American Communism in 1945&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | first = John Francis<br /> | last = Cronin<br /> | author-link = John Francis Cronin<br /> | title = The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations<br /> | publisher = A Confidential Study for Private Circulation<br /> | url = http://mdhistory.net/hiss/cronin-report.pdf<br /> | date = October 29, 1945<br /> | access-date = July 26, 2017<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514131612/http://mdhistory.net/hiss/cronin-report.pdf<br /> | archive-date = May 14, 2013<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; with much information from the FBI's [[William C. Sullivan]] who by 1961 headed domestic intelligence under [[J. Edgar Hoover]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NixonV1&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | first = Stephen E.<br /> | last = Ambrose<br /> | author-link = Stephen E. Ambrose<br /> | title = Nixon Volume I: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962<br /> | publisher = Simon and Schuster<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-5zAgAAQBAJ<br /> | pages = 144–147<br /> | date = March 18, 2014<br /> | access-date = July 26, 2017| isbn = 978-1-4767-4588-6<br /> | ref= {{sfnRef|Ambrose}}<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> By May 1948, Nixon had co-sponsored the [[Mundt–Nixon Bill]] to implement &quot;a new approach to the complicated problem of internal communist subversion{{nbsp}}... It provided for registration of all [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts.&quot; He served as floor manager for the Republican Party. On May 19, 1948, the bill passed the House by 319 to 58, but later it failed to pass the Senate.{{sfn|Nixon|1978|loc=Running for Congress: 1946}} The Nixon Library cites this bill's passage as Nixon's first significant victory in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thetimes/timeline/ |publisher=Nixon Library |access-date=April 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015648/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thetimes/timeline/ |archive-date=April 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Congressman Richard Nixon, Yorba Linda, circa April 1950 (5494854338).jpg|thumb|Nixon in [[Yorba Linda, California]], {{circa|April 1950}}]]<br /> <br /> Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948, when his persistence as a House Un-American Activities Committee member helped break the [[Alger Hiss]] spy case. While many doubted [[Whittaker Chambers]]'s allegations that Hiss, a former [[United States Department of State|State Department]] official, had been a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. After Hiss filed suit, alleging defamation, Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations, including paper and [[microfilm]] copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after hiding them overnight in a field; they became known as the &quot;[[Pumpkin papers|Pumpkin Papers]]&quot;.{{sfn|Black|pp=129–135}} Hiss was convicted of [[perjury]] in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers.{{sfn|Gellman|pp=239–241}} In [[1948 California's 12th congressional district election|1948]], Nixon successfully [[cross-filed]] as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries,{{sfn|Morris|p=381}} and was comfortably reelected.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Congressman}}<br /> <br /> == U.S. Senate (1950–1953) ==<br /> {{see also|1950 United States Senate election in California}}<br /> [[File:Nixon_handout_1950.jpg|thumb|left|Nixon's 1950 Senate campaign flyer]]<br /> In 1949, Nixon began to consider running for the [[United States Senate]] against the conservative Democratic incumbent, [[Sheridan Downey]],{{sfn|Gellman|p=282}} and entered the race in November.{{sfn|Morris|p=535}} Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative [[Helen Gahagan Douglas]], announced his retirement in March 1950.{{sfn|Gellman|pp=296–297}} Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections{{sfn|Gellman|p=304}} and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing [[Korean War]] was a major issue.{{sfn|Gellman|p=310}} Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas's liberal voting record. As part of that effort, a &quot;[[United States Senate election in California, 1950#Debut of the Pink Sheet|Pink Sheet]]&quot; was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that Douglas's voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]], reputed to be a communist, and their political views must be nearly identical.{{sfn|Morris|p=581}} Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points.{{sfn|Gellman|p=335}} During the campaign, Nixon was first called &quot;Tricky Dick&quot; by his opponents for his campaign tactics.{{sfn|Gellman|p=303}} After Nixon won, Downey resigned effective November 30, 1950; this enabled the governor to appoint Nixon on December 1, giving him a seniority advantage over other senators elected in 1950, whose terms started in January 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=October 27, 1961 |title=Sheridan Downey Dead at 77 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/10/27/archives/sheridan-downey-dead-at-77-served-in-the-senate-193950-california.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |page=33 |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global [[communism]], traveling frequently and speaking out against it.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Senator}} He maintained friendly relations with [[Joseph McCarthy]], a controversial U.S. Senate colleague from [[Wisconsin]] and fellow [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=211, 311–312}} Nixon criticized President [[Harry S. Truman]]'s handling of the [[Korean War]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Senator}} He supported statehood for [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]], voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for [[India]] and [[Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Black|p=178}} He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power.{{sfn|Black|p=178}}<br /> <br /> == Vice presidency (1953–1961) ==<br /> {{see also|Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower}}<br /> {{Further|Checkers speech}}<br /> [[File:Richard Nixon Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|Nixon's official portrait as [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], {{circa|1953–1961}}]]<br /> Nixon's speech at a state Republican Party fundraiser in [[New York City]] on May 8, 1952, impressed Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]], who was an Eisenhower supporter and had organized a pro-Eisenhower delegation from New York to attend the [[1952 Republican National Convention|national convention]].{{sfn|Gellman|page=418}} In a private meeting following the speech, Dewey suggested to Nixon that he would make a suitable vice presidential candidate to run alongside Eisenhower.{{sfn|Gellman|pages=418-419}} Eisenhower later indicated to Paul H. Davis of the [[Hoover Institution]] at [[Stanford University]], an intermediary between candidates Eisenhower and [[Earl Warren]], that if he won the nomination, Nixon would be his first choice for the vice presidency, because Eisenhower believed the party needed to promote leaders who were aggressive, capable, and young.{{sfn|Gellman|page=433-434}} Eisenhower later developed a list of seven potential candidates, with Nixon's name at the top.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=262}}<br /> <br /> After Eisenhower was nominated, his key supporters met to discuss vice presidential possibilities.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=262}} Eisenhower informed the group's chairman, [[Herbert Brownell Jr.]] that he did not wish to appear to dictate to the convention by formally sponsoring a single candidate, so the group reviewed several, including [[Robert A. Taft]], [[Everett Dirksen]], and [[Alfred E. Driscoll]], all of whom they quickly rejected.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=262}} Dewey then raised Nixon's name; the group quickly concurred.{{sfn|Ambrose|pages=262-263}} Brownell checked with Eisenhower, who indicated his approval.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=263}} Brownell then called Nixon to inform him that he was Eisenhower's choice.{{sfn|Ambrose|pages=262-263}} Nixon accepted, then departed for Eisenhower's hotel room to discuss the details of the campaign and Eisenhower's plans for his vice president if the ticket was successful in the [[1952 United States presidential election|general election]].{{sfn|Ambrose|page=263}}<br /> <br /> The delegates soon assembled to formalize the selection.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=264}} Nixon asked Senator [[William Knowland]] to nominate him, and Knowland agreed.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=264}} After Senator [[John W. Bricker]], who had supported Taft for president, declined Nixon's request to second the nomination, Driscoll agreed to do so.{{sfn|Ambrose|pages=264-265}} There were no other candidates, and Nixon was nominated by acclamation.{{sfn|Ambrose|page=265}}<br /> <br /> On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke of his plans for the country, and left the negative campaigning to his [[running mate]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=222–223}} In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis when the media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses.&lt;ref&gt;John W. Malsberger, &quot;Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and the Fund Crisis of 1952,&quot; ''Historian'', 73 (Fall 2011), pp 526–47.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Kornitzer|p=191}} Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict of interest. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the [[ticket (politics)|ticket]], Nixon went on television to address the nation on September 23, 1952.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=210–217}} The address, later named the [[Checkers speech]], was heard by about 60&amp;nbsp;million Americans, which represented the largest audience ever for a television broadcast at that point.{{sfn|Thompson|p=291}} In the speech, Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret and that his donors had not received special favors. He painted himself as a patriot and man of modest means, mentioning that his wife had no mink coat; instead, he said, she wore a &quot;respectable Republican cloth coat&quot;.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=210–217}} The speech was remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back, which he described as &quot;a little cocker spaniel dog{{nbsp}}...sent all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers.&quot;{{sfn|Aitken|pp=210–217}} The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon.{{sfn|Aitken|p=218}} Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,{{sfn|Morris|p=846}} and the ticket was victorious in [[1952 United States presidential election|the November election]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=222–223}}<br /> <br /> Eisenhower granted Nixon more responsibilities during his term than any previous vice president.&lt;ref&gt;John W. Malsberger, ''The General and the Politician: Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and American Politics'' (2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon attended [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] and [[National Security Council (USA)|National Security Council]] meetings and chaired them in Eisenhower's absence. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and gave Nixon an appreciation of the region as a potential industrial center. He visited [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] and [[Hanoi]] in [[French Indochina]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=225–227}} On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the time he devoted to foreign relations.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=342}}<br /> <br /> Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency:<br /> {{blockquote|Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, &quot;the first modern vice president&quot;.{{r|Gellman-Small}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = left<br /> | width = 140<br /> | title =<br /> | image1 = LosAngelesTimes May9 1958.jpg<br /> | caption1 = &lt;small&gt;''[[Los Angeles Times]]''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | image2 = SanFranciscoChronicle May9 1958.jpg<br /> | caption2 = &lt;small&gt;''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | footer = American newspaper covers on May 9, 1958, covering student protests against Nixon at the [[National University of San Marcos]] in [[Lima]], Peru<br /> }}<br /> Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the [[1954 United States elections|1954 elections]]. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=357–358}} On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack, and his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. The [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=256–258}} According to Nixon biographer [[Stephen Ambrose]], Nixon had &quot;earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis&amp;nbsp;... he made no attempt to seize power&quot;.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=375–376}}<br /> <br /> His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration, to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run. Nixon believed this would destroy his political career. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the president in the 1956 [[New Hampshire primary]] election. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=237–241}} Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the [[1956 United States presidential election|November 1956 election]].{{sfn|Parmet|p=294}}<br /> <br /> In early 1957, Nixon undertook another foreign trip, this time to Africa. On his return, he helped shepherd the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] through Congress. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Nixon advised the President to sign the bill, which he did.{{sfn|Black|pp=349–352}} Eisenhower suffered a mild [[stroke]] in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness.{{sfn|Black|p=355}}<br /> [[File:Kitchen debate.jpg|thumb|[[Nikita Khrushchev]] and Nixon speak as the press looks on at the [[Kitchen Debate]] on July 24, 1959; ''[[What's My Line?]]'' host [[John Charles Daly]] is on the far left.]]<br /> <br /> On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of [[South America]]. In [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached [[Lima]], Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the historical campus of [[National University of San Marcos]], the oldest university in the Americas, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=465–469}} In [[Caracas]], Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and [[Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade|their limousine was attacked]] by a pipe-wielding mob.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|pp=469–479}} According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct &quot;caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect&quot;.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=463}} Reporting to the cabinet after the trip, Nixon claimed there was &quot;absolute proof that [the protestors] were directed and controlled by a central Communist conspiracy.&quot; Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] and his brother, [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[Allen Dulles]], both concurred with Nixon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism|date=1988|publisher=University of North Carolina press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4204-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o2SFNdAiB7UC&amp;pg=PA102 102]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1959, Eisenhower sent Nixon to the [[Soviet Union]] for the opening of the [[American National Exhibition]] in Moscow. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with [[Nikita Khrushchev]] when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the &quot;[[Kitchen Debate]]&quot;.{{sfn|Farrell|pp=1394–1400}}<br /> <br /> == 1960 presidential campaign ==<br /> {{main|Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign}}<br /> {{see also|1960 Republican Party presidential primaries|1960 United States presidential election}}<br /> [[File:Kennedy Nixon debate first Chicago 1960.jpg|thumb|[[John F. Kennedy]] and Nixon before their first [[1960 United States presidential debates|televised 1960 debate]]]]<br /> In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States, officially announcing on January 9, 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nixon Makes it Official |work=The Desert Sun |date=January 9, 1960}}&lt;/ref&gt; He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries{{sfn|UPI 1960 in Review}} and chose former Massachusetts senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] as his running mate.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} His Democratic opponent was [[John F. Kennedy]] and the race remained close for the duration.{{sfn|Museum of Broadcast Communications, &quot;Kennedy–Nixon Debates&quot;}} Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower–Nixon administration]] had [[missile gap|allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in quantity and quality of ballistic missiles]].{{sfn|Steel|2003-05-25}} While Kennedy faced issues about his Catholicism, Nixon remained a divisive figure to some.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Costello |first=William |title=The Facts About Nixon |publisher=Viking Adult |date=June 24, 1960}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0670018918}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg|thumb|left|1960 presidential election results]]<br /> Televised [[1960 United States presidential debates|presidential debates]] made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a [[five o'clock shadow]], in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon had won.{{sfn|Foner|p=843}} Nixon narrowly lost the election, with Kennedy winning the popular vote by only 112,827 votes (0.2&amp;nbsp;percent).{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}}<br /> <br /> There were charges of [[voter fraud]] in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy. Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world and that the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests.{{sfn|Carlson|2000-11-17}} At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, ''[[Six Crises]]'', which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}}{{sfn|Black|p=431}}<br /> <br /> ==1962 California gubernatorial campaign==<br /> {{Main|1962 California gubernatorial election}}<br /> [[File:NixonCaSticker.jpg|thumb|upright=0.55|1962 California gubernatorial campaign sticker]]<br /> <br /> Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent [[Pat Brown]] for [[governor of California]] in the [[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]] gubernatorial election.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping stone for another presidential run, some opposition from the far-right of the party, and his own lack of interest in being California's governor.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician and ensure he remained a major player in national politics.{{sfn|Black|pp=432–433}} Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}}<br /> <br /> In [[Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference|an impromptu concession speech]], the morning after the election, Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, &quot;You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference.&quot;{{sfn|Aitken|pp=304–305}} The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11, 1962, episode of [[Howard K. Smith]]'s [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] show, ''Howard K. Smith: News and Comment'', titled &quot;The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon&quot;.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=673}} Alger Hiss appeared on the program, and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to give a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air,{{sfn|Museum of Broadcast Communications, &quot;Smith, Howard K.&quot;}} and public sympathy for Nixon grew.{{sfn|Ambrose|1987|p=673}}<br /> <br /> == Wilderness years ==<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B0724-0015-001, Berlin, Besuch Richard Nixon.jpg|thumb|upright|Nixon shows his papers to an [[East Germany|East German]] officer as he crosses between the sectors of divided [[Berlin]] in July 1963]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Nasser_and_Nixon.jpg|thumb|upright|Richard and Pat Nixon meeting with Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Cairo]] in September 1963]]<br /> <br /> In 1963, the Nixon family traveled to Europe, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited.{{sfn|Black|p=446}} The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a [[Partner lawyer|senior partner]] in the leading law firm [[Mudge Rose Guthrie Alexander &amp; Ferdon|Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie &amp; Alexander]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} On the morning of November 22, 1963, Nixon was in [[Dallas]], staying at the [[Baker Hotel (Dallas)|Baker Hotel]]. He left the city via [[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]] an hour before the arrival of [[Air Force One]], and well before [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy's assassination]] that afternoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Richard Nixon and November 22, 1963 |url=https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2013/11/richard-nixon-november-22-1963/ |website=Richard Nixon Foundation |date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; When announcing his California campaign, Nixon had pledged not to run for president in 1964; even if he had not, he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy, or after his death, Lyndon Johnson.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=297, 321}}<br /> <br /> In 1964, Nixon won write-in votes [[1964 Republican Party presidential primaries|in the primaries]], and was considered a serious contender by both Gallup polls&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gallup |first=George |date=April 5, 1964 |title=42% of GOP Rank and File on Lodge Bandwagon |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-42-of-gop-rank-and-fil/156807833/ |access-date=October 9, 2024 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=32 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gallup |first=George |date=January 3, 1964 |title=Johnson Leads Nixon, 3 To 1 In Latest Presidential Poll |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-advertiser-johnson-leads/156807869/ |access-date=October 9, 2024 |work=The Montgomery Advertiser |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225072712/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-advertiser-johnson-leads/156807869/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and members of the press.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=March 12, 1964|title=Goldwater Looks to California and Oregon Primaries as Crucial to His Chances...|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/12/archives/goldwater-looks-to-california-and-oregon-primaries-as-crucial-to.html|access-date=August 15, 2021|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815124031/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/12/archives/goldwater-looks-to-california-and-oregon-primaries-as-crucial-to.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was even placed on a primary ballot as an active candidate by Oregon's secretary of state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=May 16, 1964|title=ROCKEFELLER WINS OREGON PRIMARY, UPSETTING LODGE...|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/rockefeller-wins-oregon-primary-upsetting-lodge-envoys-campaign.html|access-date=August 12, 2021|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815124033/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/rockefeller-wins-oregon-primary-upsetting-lodge-envoys-campaign.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As late as two months before the [[1964 Republican National Convention]], however, Nixon fulfilled his promise to remain out of the presidential nomination process and instead endorsed Arizona senator [[Barry Goldwater]], the eventual Republican nominee. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. Nixon felt that Goldwater was unlikely to win, but campaigned for him loyally. In the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 general election]], Goldwater lost in a landslide to Johnson and Republicans experienced heavy losses in Congress and among state governors.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=321–322}}<br /> <br /> Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the [[1966 United States elections|1966 congressional elections]] in which he campaigned for many Republicans and sought to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide. Nixon was credited with helping Republicans win major electoral gains that year.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=323–326}}<br /> <br /> In 1967, Nixon was approached by an associate at his firm in [[Leonard Garment]] about a case involving the press and perceived invasion of privacy. Garment suggested Nixon argue on behalf of the Hill family in ''[[Time, Inc. v. Hill]]'' at the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. Nixon studied strenuously in the months before the oral argument before the Court. While the final decision was in favor of Time Inc., Nixon was encouraged by the praise he received for his argument. It was the first and only case he argued in front of the Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=October 6, 1988|title=Cover-Up and Privacy in Nixon vs. ABC|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/06/opinion/l-cover-up-and-privacy-in-nixon-vs-abc-081489.html|access-date=August 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barbas |first=Samantha |date=2017 |title=Richard Nixon at the Supreme Court |url=https://www.oah.org/process/richard-nixon-supreme-court/ |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Process |publisher=[[Organization of American Historians]] |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616014921/https://www.oah.org/process/richard-nixon-supreme-court/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == 1968 presidential campaign ==<br /> {{Main|Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign}}<br /> {{See also|1968 Republican Party presidential primaries|1968 United States presidential election}}<br /> [[File:Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon 1968.jpg|thumb|left|Nixon and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] meet at the [[White House]] before Nixon's nomination in July 1968]]<br /> <br /> At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life,{{sfn|Parmet|p=502}} being embarrassed, for example, by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech.{{sfn|Morris|pp=410–411}} She still managed to be supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the [[Vietnam War]], a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960.{{sfn|Parmet|p=502}}<br /> <br /> An exceptionally tumultuous [[Partisan primary|primary election]] season began as the [[Tet Offensive]] was launched in January 1968. President Johnson [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|withdrew as a candidate]] in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. In June, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a Democratic candidate, [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|was assassinated]] just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan governor [[George W. Romney|George Romney]], though New York governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and California governor [[Ronald Reagan]] each hoped to be nominated in a [[brokered convention]]. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=503–508}} He was able to secure the nomination to the support of many Southern delegates, after he and his subordinates made concessions to [[Strom Thurmond]] and [[Harry S. Dent Sr.|Harry Dent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Perlstein |date=2008 |title=Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America |url= |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |pages=295–303 |isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; He selected Maryland governor [[Spiro Agnew]] as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing both to Northern moderates and to Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.{{sfn|Parmet|p=509}}<br /> [[File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg|thumb|Nixon campaigning for president in [[Paoli, Pennsylvania]], July 1968]]<br /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg|thumb|Results of the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]; the popular vote split between Nixon and Democrat [[Hubert Humphrey]] was less than one percentage point.]]<br /> Nixon's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], who was nominated at [[1968 Democratic National Convention|a convention]] marked [[1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity|by violent protests]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}} Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during this period of national unrest and upheaval.{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}} He appealed to what he later called the &quot;[[silent majority]]&quot; of [[socially conservative]] Americans who disliked the [[counterculture of the 1960s|hippie counterculture]] and the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-war]] demonstrators. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right.{{sfn|Morrow|1996-09-30}}<br /> <br /> Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras.{{sfn|Black|pp=513–514}} He stressed that the crime rate was too high, and attacked what he perceived as a surrender of the United States' nuclear superiority by the Democrats.{{sfn|Black|p=550}} Nixon promised &quot;[[peace with honor]]&quot; in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that &quot;new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific&quot;.{{sfn|Schulzinger|p=413}} He did not give specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a &quot;secret plan&quot;.{{sfn|Schulzinger|p=413}} His slogan of &quot;Nixon's the One&quot; proved to be effective.{{sfn|Black|pp=513–514}}<br /> <br /> Johnson's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam, or at least a cessation of bombings. On October 22, 1968, candidate Nixon received information that Johnson was preparing a so-called &quot;[[October surprise]]&quot;, abandoning three non-negotiable conditions for a bombing halt, to help elect Humphrey in the last days of the campaign.&lt;ref name=Monkey-Wrench&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2017/06/misunderstanding-a-monkey-wrench/|title=Misunderstanding a Monkey Wrench|website=Richard Nixon Foundation|access-date=November 12, 2017|date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606192751/https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2017/06/misunderstanding-a-monkey-wrench/|archive-date=June 6, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging [[Anna Chennault]], a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy.&lt;ref name=Monkey-Wrench/&gt; It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous.&lt;ref name=&quot;New-York-Times-Peter-Baker-January-2-2017&quot;&gt;Baker, Peter (January 2, 2017). &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/nixon-tried-to-spoil-johnsons-vietnam-peace-talks-in-68-notes-show.html Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show]&quot; ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307110433/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/nixon-tried-to-spoil-johnsons-vietnam-peace-talks-in-68-notes-show.html|date=March 7, 2017}}). ''The New York Times'', Politics Section. See also &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html H.R. Haldeman's Notes from Oct. 22, 1968]&quot; ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205221138/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html|date=February 5, 2017}}), ''The New York Times'', December 31, 2016, which reprints four pages of Haldeman's notes.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and [[American Independent Party]] candidate [[George Wallace]], Nixon defeated Humphrey by only 500,000 votes, a margin almost as close as in 1960, with both elections seeing a gap of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. However, Nixon earned 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, a majority.{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}}{{sfn|Black|p=558}} He became the first non-incumbent vice president to be elected president.&lt;ref name=&quot;Azari&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azari |first=Julia |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. But Most VPs Have To. |work=FiveThirtyEight |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/biden-had-to-fight-for-the-presidential-nomination-but-most-vps-have-to/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117190453/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/biden-had-to-fight-for-the-presidential-nomination-but-most-vps-have-to/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In his victory speech, Nixon pledged that his administration would try to [[Bring Us Together|bring the divided nation together]].{{sfn|Evans &amp; Novak|pp=33–34}} Nixon said: &quot;I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.&quot;{{sfn|UPI 1968 in Review}}<br /> <br /> == Presidency (1969–1974) ==<br /> {{Main|Presidency of Richard Nixon}}{{for timeline|Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency}}<br /> [[File:President-elect Nixon taking the oath of office as President of the United States - NARA - 194370.jpg|thumb|Nixon is sworn in as the 37th president by Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]]. The new first lady, Pat, holds the family Bible.]]<br /> <br /> Nixon [[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|was inaugurated]] as [[President of the United States|president]] on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Earl Warren]]. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 2:4, which reads, &quot;They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.&quot; In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that &quot;the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker&quot;{{sfn|Black|pp=567–568}}—a phrase that found a place on his gravestone.{{sfn|Frick|p=189}} He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading. We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another, until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.{{sfn|UPI 1969 in Review}}}}<br /> <br /> === Foreign policy ===<br /> {{Main|Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration}}<br /> <br /> ==== China ====<br /> {{Main|1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Nixon shakes hands with Chou En-lai.jpg<br /> | caption1 = President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] upon arriving in Beijing, 1972<br /> | image2 = Nixon and Zhou toast.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Nixon and Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon's 1972 visit to China<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China before he became president, writing in ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' a year before his election: &quot;There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation.&quot;{{sfn|Miller Center}} Among the reasons that Nixon sought to improve relations with China was in the hope of weakening the Soviet Union and decreasing China's support to the North in the Vietnam War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lampton23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |page=23 |author-link=David M. Lampton}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon ultimately used the idea of gaining leverage against the Soviet Union through relations with China to obtain the support of key conservative figures including Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-7415-7 |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Assisting him in pursuing relations with China was [[Henry Kissinger]], Nixon's [[National Security Advisor (United States)|national security advisor]] and future [[United States Secretary of State|secretary of state]]. They collaborated closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir—[[Sino-Soviet border conflict|border clashes between the two]] took place during Nixon's first year in office—Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] invited a team of American table tennis players [[Ping-pong diplomacy|to visit China and play against top Chinese players]]. Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials.{{sfn|Miller Center}} On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|p=453}} The secrecy had allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the visit.{{r|Goh-Small}}<br /> <br /> In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China after Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation.{{sfn|Black|p=778}} Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from [[Air Force One]] and were greeted by Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]]. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-secretary of state [[John Foster Dulles]] had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva.{{sfn|PBS, The Nixon Visit}} More than a hundred television journalists accompanied the president. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. It also allowed him to snub the print journalists he despised.{{sfn|PBS, The Nixon Visit}}<br /> <br /> [[File:President Richard Nixon and Mao Zedong.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|[[Mao Zedong]] and Nixon}}]]<br /> <br /> Nixon and Kissinger immediately met for an hour with CCP Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] and Premier Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues.{{sfn|Black|pp=780–782}} Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon's forthrightness, unlike the leftists and the Soviets.{{sfn|Black|pp=780–782}} He said he was suspicious of Kissinger,{{sfn|Black|pp=780–782}} though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his &quot;encounter with history&quot;.{{sfn|PBS, The Nixon Visit}} A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the [[Great Hall of the People]]. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the [[Shanghai Communiqué|joint communique]] following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|p=516}} When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders, including the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Ming tombs]], and the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]].{{sfn|PBS, The Nixon Visit}} Americans took their first glance into everyday Chinese life through the cameras that accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals.{{sfn|PBS, The Nixon Visit}}<br /> <br /> The visit ushered in a new era of [[China–United States relations|US–China relations]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}} Fearing the possibility of a US–China alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to pressure for [[détente]] with the United States.{{sfn|Dallek|p=300}} This was one component of [[triangular diplomacy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume I Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/i/21100.htm|website=2001-2009.state.gov|access-date=December 7, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185228/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/i/21100.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Vietnam War ====<br /> {{Main|Vietnam War|Vietnamization|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}}<br /> [[File:NixononCambodia.jpg|thumb|left|Nixon delivers an address to the nation about the incursion in Cambodia]]<br /> <br /> When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwc24.htm | title = Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month | access-date = June 22, 2012 | publisher = The American War Library | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131204020044/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwc24.htm | archive-date = December 4, 2013 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests. The Johnson administration had offered to suspend bombing unconditionally in exchange for negotiations, but to no avail. According to Walter Isaacson, Nixon concluded soon after taking office that the Vietnam War could not be won, and he was determined to end it quickly.{{sfn|Drew|p=65}} He sought an arrangement that would permit American forces to withdraw while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack.{{sfn|Black|p=569}}<br /> <br /> Nixon approved a secret [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese and [[Khmer Rouge]] positions in Cambodia beginning in March 1969 and code-named [[Operation Menu]], without the consent of Cambodian leader [[Norodom Sihanouk]].{{sfn|Black|p=591}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Clymer|first=Kenton|title=The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-134-34156-6|pages=14–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to their leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=281–283}} and in May 1969, he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam, provided North Vietnam did so, and suggested South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with [[Viet Cong]] participation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2047&amp;st=&amp;st1= Address to the Nation on Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043247/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2047&amp;st=&amp;st1= |date=March 4, 2016 }} May 14, 1969&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:President Richard Nixon greets a U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division Soldier.jpg|thumb|upright|Nixon visits American troops in South Vietnam, July 30, 1969]]<br /> <br /> In July 1969, Nixon visited [[South Vietnam]], where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|Vietnamese troops]], known as &quot;[[Vietnamization]]&quot;.{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}} He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,{{sfn|''Time''|1971-04-05}} but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]] passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. In March 1970, at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then-second-in-command, [[Nuon Chea]], North Vietnamese troops launched an offensive and overran much of Cambodia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Dmitry |last=Mosyakov |chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives |editor-first=Susan E. |editor-last=Cook |title=Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda |series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series |issue=1 |date=2004 |page=54ff |chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc |quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc |archive-date=March 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon announced the [[Cambodian campaign|ground invasion of Cambodia]] on April 30, 1970, against North Vietnamese bases in the east of the country,{{sfn|AP/''St. Peterburg Independent''}} and further protests erupted against perceived expansion of the conflict, which resulted in Ohio National Guardsmen killing four unarmed students at [[Kent State shootings|Kent State University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gitlin|first=Todd|title=[[The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage]]|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1987|isbn=978-0-553-37212-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/sixtiesyearsofho00gitl/page/410 410]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon's responses to protesters included [[Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial|an impromptu, early morning meeting with them]] at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] on May 9, 1970.{{r|Safire pp205–209}}{{sfn|UPI/''Beaver County Times''|1970-05-09}}{{sfn|Black|pp=675–676}} Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a &quot;[[credibility gap]]&quot; on the issue.{{sfn|''Time''|1971-04-05}} It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|bombing of Cambodia]] between 1970 and 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Owen|first1=Taylor|last2=Kiernan|first2=Ben|title=Bombs Over Cambodia|magazine=The Walrus|date=October 2006|url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf|pages=32–36|access-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf|archive-date=April 20, 2016|url-status=live}} Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons: See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan|last1=Kiernan|first1=Ben|last2=Owen|first2=Taylor|url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html|title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications|work=The Asia-Pacific Journal|date=April 26, 2015|access-date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf|archive-date=September 12, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1971, excerpts from the &quot;[[Pentagon Papers]]&quot;, which had been leaked by [[Daniel Ellsberg]], were published by ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]''. When news of the leak first appeared, Nixon was inclined to do nothing; the Papers, a history of the United States' involvement in Vietnam, mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations. He was persuaded by Kissinger that the Papers were more harmful than they appeared, and the President tried to prevent publication, but the Supreme Court [[New York Times Co. v. United States|ruled in favor of]] the newspapers.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=446–448}}<br /> <br /> As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] was phased out by 1973, and the armed forces became all-volunteer.{{sfn|Evans}} After years of fighting, the [[Paris Peace Accords]] were signed at the beginning of 1973. The agreement implemented a ceasefire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring the withdrawal of the 160,000 [[North Vietnam Army]] regulars located in the South.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|pp=53–55}} Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and [[1975 spring offensive|North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975]].{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=473}}<br /> <br /> ==== Latin American policy ====<br /> {{See also|United States intervention in Chile}}<br /> [[File:Gustavo Diaz Ordaz Richard Nixon San Diego.jpg|thumb|Nixon with Mexican president [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]] (to his right); motorcade in San Diego, California, September 1970]]<br /> <br /> Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, [[Fidel Castro]]. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, [[Charles Rebozo|Bebe Rebozo]], who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. The Soviets and Cubans became concerned, fearing Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev that ended the missile crisis. In August 1970, the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding, which he did, despite his hard line against Castro. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of [[Cienfuegos]] in October 1970. A minor confrontation ensued, the Soviets stipulated they would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles, and the final round of diplomatic notes was exchanged in November.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=379–383}}<br /> <br /> The election of Marxist candidate [[Salvador Allende]] as [[President of Chile]] in September 1970 spurred a vigorous campaign of covert opposition to him by Nixon and Kissinger.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pinochet File&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kornbluh|first=Peter|title=The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability|year=2003|publisher=The New Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56584-936-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|25}} This began by trying to convince the Chilean congress to confirm [[Jorge Alessandri]] as the winner of the election, and then messages to military officers in support of a coup.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pinochet File&quot;/&gt; Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents. It was even alleged that &quot;Nixon personally authorized&quot; $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pinochet File&quot;/&gt;{{rp|93}} Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in a violent [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|coup d'état]] on September 11, 1973; among the [[Death of Salvador Allende|dead was Allende]].{{sfn|Black|p=921}}<br /> <br /> ==== Soviet Union ====<br /> [[File:Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon talks in 1973 b.jpg|thumb|Nixon with Brezhnev during the Soviet leader's trip to the U.S., 1973]]<br /> <br /> Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972, and met with [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary of the Communist Party]]; [[Alexei Kosygin]], the [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]]; and [[Nikolai Podgorny]], the [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Chairman]] of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]], among other leading Soviet officials.{{sfn|BBC|1972-05-22}}<br /> <br /> Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev.{{sfn|BBC|1972-05-22}} Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: [[SALT I]], the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}} and the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]], which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of &quot;peaceful coexistence&quot;. A banquet was held that evening at the [[Kremlin]].{{sfn|BBC|1972-05-22}}<br /> <br /> Nixon and Kissinger planned to link arms control to détente and to the resolution of other urgent problems through what Nixon called &quot;[[Linkage (policy)|linkage]]&quot;. David Tal argues:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The linkage between strategic arms limitations and outstanding issues such as the Middle East, Berlin, and, foremost, Vietnam thus became central to Nixon's and Kissinger's policy of détente. Through the employment of linkage, they hoped to change the nature and course of U.S. foreign policy, including U.S. nuclear disarmament and arms control policy, and to separate them from those practiced by Nixon's predecessors. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of détente{{nbsp}}... His policy of linkage had, in fact, failed. It failed mainly because it was based on flawed assumptions and false premises, the foremost of which was that the Soviet Union wanted the Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement much more than the United States did.&lt;ref&gt;David Tal, {{&quot;'}}Absolutes' and 'Stages' in the Making and Application of Nixon's SALT Policy.&quot; ''Diplomatic History'' 37.5 (2013): 1090–1116, quoting pp 1091, 1092. Nixon himself later wrote, &quot;[W]e decided to link progress in such areas of Soviet concern as strategic arms limitation and increased trade with progress in areas that were important to us—Vietnam, the Mideast, and Berlin. This concept became known as linkage.&quot; {{cite book|author=Richard Nixon|title=RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyfcLYY9F0gC&amp;pg=RA1-PT388|year=1978|page=346|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3183-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, China and the Soviet Union both cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily.{{sfn|Gaddis|pp=294, 299}} Nixon later described his strategy:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. At worst, Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing. At best, if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry, Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept.{{sfn|Nixon|1985|pp=105–106}}}}<br /> <br /> In 1973, Nixon encouraged the [[Export–Import Bank of the United States|Export-Import Bank]] to finance in part a trade deal with the Soviet Union in which [[Armand Hammer]]'s [[Occidental Petroleum]] would export [[phosphate]] from Florida to the Soviet Union, and import Soviet [[ammonia]]. The deal, valued at $20 billion over 20 years, involved the construction of two major Soviet port facilities at [[Odessa]] and [[Ventspils]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Hedrick|date=June 29, 1974|title=OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html|access-date=December 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125201857/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=November 29, 1981|title=THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html|access-date=December 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217222637/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Rich|first=Spencer|date=October 4, 1979|title=Soviets Dumping Ammonia, ITC Says|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1979/10/04/soviets-dumping-ammonia-itc-says/4d53c7fa-6c89-470b-b8f0-5aced1b92513/|access-date=December 7, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a pipeline connecting four ammonia plants in the greater [[Volga]] region to the port at Odessa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich&quot;/&gt; In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking [[most favored nation]] trade status with the USSR,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=October 5, 1973|title=NIXON IN APPEAL ON SOVIET TRADE|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/05/archives/nixon-in-appeal-on-soviet-trade-urges-congress-to-include.html|access-date=December 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207062312/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/05/archives/nixon-in-appeal-on-soviet-trade-urges-congress-to-include.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was challenged by Congress in the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment|Jackson-Vanik Amendment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0|page=804}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.–Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974.{{sfn|Black|p=963}} He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] that evening.{{sfn|Black|p=963}} Nixon and Brezhnev met in [[Yalta]], where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and [[MIRV]]s. Nixon considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, but he felt he would not have time to complete it during his presidency.{{sfn|Black|p=963}} There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.{{sfn|Black|p=963}}<br /> <br /> ==== Middle Eastern policy ====<br /> {{anchor|Middle East policy}}<br /> [[File:Dan Hadani collection (990045274210205171).jpg|thumb|alt=Nixon with Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, June 1974. |Nixon with Israeli Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]], June 1974]]<br /> [[File:Nixon Sadat.jpg|thumb|Nixon with President [[Anwar Sadat]] of Egypt, June 1974]]<br /> <br /> As part of the [[Nixon Doctrine]], the U.S. avoided giving direct combat assistance to its allies and instead assisted them to defend themselves. During the Nixon administration, the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East, particularly Israel, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.{{r|Hanhimäki-Small}} The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel, an American ally in the Middle East, but the support was not unconditional. Nixon believed Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the U.S. should encourage it. The president believed that—except during the [[Suez Crisis]]—the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. The Arab-Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon's attention during his first term—for one thing, he felt that no matter what he did, American Jews would oppose his reelection.{{efn|name=Jewish vote}}<br /> <br /> On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Israel suffered heavy losses, and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 338|negotiating a truce]], Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis; when Israel gained the upper hand, Egyptian president Sadat requested a joint U.S.–USSR peacekeeping mission, which the U.S. refused. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to [[DEFCON]]3,&lt;ref name=&quot;fas-defcon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/defcon.htm|title=DEFCON DEFense CONdition|work=fas.org|access-date=June 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123557/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/defcon.htm|archive-date=June 17, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. This was the closest the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon's actions.{{sfn|Nixon|1978|pp=938–940}}<br /> <br /> Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the [[1973 oil crisis]].{{sfn|Black|pp=923–928}} The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973, but was eventually ended by the oil-producing nations as peace in the Middle East took hold.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=311}}<br /> <br /> After the war, and under Nixon's presidency, the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967. Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart [[List of Middle East peace proposals|the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations]]; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;I believe that, beyond a doubt, we are now facing the best opportunity we have had in 15 years to build a lasting peace in the Middle East. I am convinced history will hold us responsible if we let this opportunity slip by&amp;nbsp;... I now consider a permanent Middle East settlement to be the most important final goal to which we must devote ourselves.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler, Patrick (2010), p. 161&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first president to visit Israel.{{sfn|Black|pp=951–952, 959}}<br /> <br /> ==== South Asia policy ====<br /> [[File:Yahya and Nixon.jpg|thumb|Nixon with Pakistani president [[Yahya Khan]] at the White House, October 1970]]<br /> Since the 1960s, the United States has perceived Pakistan as an integral bulwark against global communism in the Cold War. Nixon was fond of Pakistani president [[Yahya Khan]] and, according to American journalist [[Gary J. Bass|Gary Bass]], &quot;Nixon liked very few people, but he did like General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan.&quot;{{Sfn|Bass|2013|p=7}}<br /> <br /> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the United States stood by Pakistan against Bengali nationalists in terms of diplomacy and military threats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jarrod Hayes |year=2012 |title=Securitization, social identity, and democratic security: Nixon, India, and the ties that bind |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241754960 |journal=International Organization |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=63–93 |doi=10.1017/S0020818311000324 |jstor=41428946 |s2cid=145504278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon urged President Khan multiple times to exercise restraint,{{Sfn|Black|2007|p=751}} fearing an Indian invasion of Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of [[Indian subcontinent|the subcontinent]] and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_19720117&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=January 17, 1972 |title=The Kissinger Tilt |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877618-2,00.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106061724/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877618-2,00.html |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=September 30, 2008 |magazine=Time |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the wake of the [[Third India–Pakistan War]], Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it while personally favoring a ceasefire.{{Sfn|Black|2007|p=753}} The United States used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. Nixon denied getting involved in the situation, saying that it was an internal matter of Pakistan, but when Pakistan's defeat seemed certain, he sent the aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''Enterprise'']] to the [[Bay of Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Paul |date=December 21, 1971 |title=Naval 'Show of Force' By Nixon Meant as Blunt Warning to India |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU0AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5099,2016461 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154916/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU0AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5099,2016461 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=November 8, 2020 |work=Bangor Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Domestic policy ===<br /> ==== Economy ====<br /> {{further|Nixon shock|1970s energy crisis}}<br /> [[File:Nixon Opening Day 1969 Two.jpg|thumb|Nixon at the [[History of the Texas Rangers (baseball)#Washington Senators: 1961–1971|Washington Senators]]' 1969 Opening Day with team owner [[Bob Short]] (arms folded) and Baseball Commissioner [[Bowie Kuhn]] (hand on mouth). Nixon's [[Aide-de-camp#United States|aide]], Major [[Jack Brennan]], sits behind them in uniform]]<br /> At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7&amp;nbsp;percent—its highest rate since the Korean War. The [[Great Society]] had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=225–226}} Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=225–226}} This was not done in Nixon's first term, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency).{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=431–432}} According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon's economic record, the new president did little to alter Johnson's policies through the first year of his presidency.{{r|Bowles-Small}}<br /> <br /> Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies, but he believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection. As part of his &quot;[[New Federalism]]&quot; philosophy, he proposed greater local autonomy in the allocation of domestic spending through grants to the states. These proposals were, for the most part, lost in the congressional budget process. However, Nixon gained political credit for advocating them.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=431–432}} In 1970, Congress had granted the president the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls throughout his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority.{{r|Bowles-Small}} With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at [[Camp David]]. Nixon's options were to limit fiscal and monetary expansionist policies that reduced unemployment or end the dollar's fixed exchange rate; Nixon's dilemma has been cited as an example of the [[Impossible trinity]] in international economics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Oatley|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ|title=International Political Economy: Sixth Edition|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-03464-7|pages=351–352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gowa|first=Joanne|title=Closing the Gold Window|date=1983|publisher=Cornell University Press|jstor=10.7591/j.ctvr7f40n|isbn=978-0-8014-1622-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=399–400}} Bowles points out,<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents&amp;nbsp;... to criticize him. His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable, since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself.{{r|Bowles-Small}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=399–400}} Nixon's decision to end the gold standard in the United States led to the collapse of the [[Bretton Woods system]]. According to Thomas Oatley, &quot;the Bretton Woods system collapsed so that Nixon might win the 1972 presidential election.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After Nixon won re-election, inflation was returning.{{sfn|Hetzel|p=92}} He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy.{{sfn|Hetzel|p=92}} The controls produced [[Economic shortage|food shortages]], as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss.{{sfn|Hetzel|p=92}} Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.{{sfn|Hetzel|p=92}}<br /> <br /> ==== Governmental initiatives and organization ====<br /> [[File:State of the Union Speech in the US Capitol - NARA - 194346 Retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|Nixon gives the 1971 [[State of the Union Address]]]]<br /> [[File:Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Official Nixon portrait by [[James Anthony Wills]], {{circa|1984}}]]<br /> Nixon advocated a &quot;[[New Federalism]]&quot;, which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them.{{sfn|Aitken|p=395}} He eliminated the Cabinet-level [[United States Post Office Department]], which in 1971 became the government-run [[United States Postal Service]].{{sfn|USPS, Periodicals postage}}<br /> <br /> Nixon was a late supporter of the [[conservation movement]]. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election, and the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his [[State of the Union speech]] in 1970. He saw that the first [[Earth Day]] in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).{{sfn|Aitken|pp=397–398}} He relied on his domestic advisor [[John Ehrlichman]], who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him &quot;out of trouble on environmental issues.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Distillations&quot;/&gt; Other initiatives supported by Nixon included the [[Clean Air Act of 1970]], the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA), and the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] which required [[environmental impact statement]]s for many federal projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distillations&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Rinde|first1=Meir|title=Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism|magazine=Distillations|date=2017|volume=3|issue=1|pages=16–29|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024821/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|archive-date=April 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Aitken|pp=397–398}} Nixon vetoed the [[Clean Water Act]] of 1972—objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon [[impoundment of appropriated funds|impounded]] the funds he deemed unjustifiable.{{sfn|Aitken|p=396}}<br /> <br /> In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate,{{Efn|name=voluntary|Voluntary for employees}} federalization of [[Medicaid]] for poor families with dependent minor children,{{sfn|NHI: CQ Almanac 1971}} and support for [[health maintenance organization]]s (HMOs).{{sfn|HMO: CQ Almanac 1973}} A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973.{{sfn|HMO: CQ Almanac 1973}} In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate{{Efn|name=voluntary}} and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and [[cost sharing]].{{sfn|NHI: CQ Almanac 1974}}<br /> <br /> Nixon was concerned about the prevalence of domestic drug use in addition to drug use among American soldiers in Vietnam. He called for a [[war on drugs]] and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|p=418}}<br /> <br /> As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for [[sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell]] research, treatment, and education in February 1971{{sfn|Office of the Federal Register|pp=179–182}} and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972.{{sfn|The American Presidency Project}}{{sfn|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|p=2}}{{Efn|See especially page 2 (after introductory material) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001, totaling $923 million for these thirty years, starting at $10 million for 1972, then about $15 million a year through 1976, about $20 million for 1977, etc.}} While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a [[war on cancer]], at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the [[National Institutes of Health]].{{sfn|Wailoo|pp=165, 170}}<br /> <br /> ==== Civil rights ====<br /> [[File:US incarceration rate timeline.gif|thumb|left|upright|Graph of increases in [[Incarceration in the United States|U.S. incarceration rate]]]]<br /> <br /> The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale [[racial integration|integration]] of public schools in the South.{{sfn|Boger|p=6}} Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites.{{sfn|Sabia}} Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Soon after his inauguration, he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force, which worked with local leaders—both white and black—to determine how to [[School integration in the United States|integrate]] local schools. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary [[George Shultz]]. Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the [[Desegregation busing in the United States|busing]] of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use.{{sfn|Parmet|pp=595–597, 603}}<br /> <br /> Some scholars, such as James Morton Turner and John Isenberg, believe that Nixon, who had advocated for civil rights in his 1960 campaign, slowed down [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregation]] as president, appealing to the racial conservatism of Southern whites, who were angered by the [[civil rights movement]]. This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979970|title=The Republican Reversal—James Morton Turner, Andrew C. Isenberg {{!}} Harvard University Press|via=www.hup.harvard.edu|date=November 12, 2018 |page=36|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97997-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108151027/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979970|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=July 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo8212972.html|title=The Partisan Sort|series=Chicago Studies in American Politics |page=24|publisher=University of Chicago Press |access-date=July 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731184243/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo8212972.html|archive-date=July 31, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the [[Philadelphia Plan]] in 1970—the first significant federal [[affirmative action]] program.{{sfn|Delaney|1970-07-20}} He also endorsed the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification.{{sfn|Frum|p=246}} He also pushed for African American civil rights and economic equity through a concept known as black capitalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism.|last=Frazier|first=Nishani|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-68226-018-0|pages=184–207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had.{{sfn|PBS, Nixon, Domestic Politics}}<br /> <br /> === Space policy ===<br /> {{further|Space policy of the United States}}<br /> [[File:President Nixon welcomes the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the U.S.S. Hornet.jpg|thumb|Nixon visiting the [[Apollo 11]] astronauts in quarantine aboard the aircraft carrier [[USS Hornet (CV-12)|USS ''Hornet'']]]]<br /> <br /> After a [[Apollo program|nearly decade-long national effort]], the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of [[Apollo 11]]. Nixon spoke with [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] during their moonwalk. He called the conversation &quot;the most historic phone call ever made from the White House&quot;.{{sfn|Parmet|p=563}}<br /> <br /> Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. NASA Administrator [[Thomas O. Paine]] drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a crewed expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Nixon rejected both proposals due to the expense.{{sfn|Handlin}} Nixon also canceled the Air Force [[Manned Orbital Laboratory]] program in 1969, because uncrewed [[spy satellite]]s were a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective.{{sfn|Hepplewhite|pp=204–205|loc=ch. 5}} NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place [[Skylab]] in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the [[Space Shuttle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT_notes&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/video-lectures/logsdn_lec_notes.pdf | title=MIT lecture notes in &quot;Aircraft Systems Engineering,&quot; fall 2005, on early Space Shuttle policy | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology | date=Fall 2005 | page=7 | access-date=August 22, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120157/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/video-lectures/logsdn_lec_notes.pdf | archive-date=August 26, 2014 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the [[Soviet space program]], culminating in the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft]] linking in space.{{sfn|Ezell|p=192|loc=ch. 6–11}}<br /> <br /> === Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation ===<br /> <br /> ==== 1972 presidential campaign ====<br /> {{main|Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign|1972 United States presidential election}}<br /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1972.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Results of the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential election]]. Nixon won 520 [[United States Electoral College|electoral college]] votes (60.7% of the popular vote) to [[George McGovern]]'s 17.]]<br /> Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of [[political realignment]]. The Democratic &quot;[[Solid South]]&quot; had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions. Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] but had alienated more moderate Southerners. Nixon's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace's candidacy. Through his first term, he pursued a [[Southern Strategy]] with policies, such as his desegregation plans, that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites, encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the [[civil rights movement]]. He nominated two Southern conservatives, [[Clement Haynsworth]] and [[G. Harrold Carswell]], to the Supreme Court, but neither was confirmed by the Senate.{{r|Mason-Small}}<br /> <br /> Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection.{{sfn|Black|p=766}} Virtually assured the Republican nomination,{{sfn|Black|p=795}} the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be [[Massachusetts]] senator [[Ted Kennedy]] (brother of [[John F. Kennedy|the late president]]), who was largely removed from contention after the July 1969 [[Chappaquiddick incident]].{{sfn|Black|p=617}} Instead, [[Maine]] senator [[Edmund Muskie]] became the front runner, with [[South Dakota]] senator [[George McGovern]] in a close second place.{{sfn|Black|p=766}}<br /> <br /> On June 10, McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination.{{sfn|Black|p=816}} The following month, Nixon was renominated at the [[1972 Republican National Convention]]. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive.{{sfn|Black|p=834}} McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending{{sfn|White|p=123}} and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as [[abortion rights]]. With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for &quot;amnesty, abortion and acid&quot;. McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, [[Missouri]] senator [[Thomas Eagleton]], dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshock treatment]] for [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].{{sfn|''Time''|1972-08-14}}{{sfn|''Time''|1970-11-20}} Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle, and was reelected on November 7, 1972, in [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|one of the largest landslide election victories in American history]]. He defeated McGovern with over 60&amp;nbsp;percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.{{sfn|Parmet|p=629}}<br /> <br /> ==== Watergate ====<br /> {{Main|Watergate scandal|Impeachment process against Richard Nixon}}<br /> [[File:Richard M. Nixon press conference - NARA - 194551.tif|thumb|Nixon takes questions at 1973 press conference]]<br /> <br /> The term ''Watergate'' has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. Those activities included &quot;dirty tricks&quot;, such as bugging the offices of political opponents, and the harassment of activist groups and political figures. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into the Democratic Party headquarters at the [[Watergate complex]] in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. ''[[The Washington Post]]'' picked up on the story; reporters [[Carl Bernstein]] and [[Bob Woodward]] relied on an informant known as &quot;[[Deep Throat (Watergate)|Deep Throat]]&quot;—later revealed to be [[W. Mark Felt|Mark Felt]], associate director at the [[FBI]]—to link the men to the Nixon administration. Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, calling news articles biased and misleading. A series of revelations made it clear that the [[Committee for the Re-Election of the President|Committee to Re-elect President Nixon]], and later the White House, were involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats. Senior aides such as [[White House Counsel]] [[John Dean]] faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing.{{sfn|Nixon Library, President}}{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', The Post Investigates}}{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', The Government Acts}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Impeach Nixon retouched.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Demonstrator demands [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]], October 1973]]<br /> [[File:Richard Nixon - &quot;I'm not a crook.&quot;.oga|thumb|right|On November 17, 1973, President Nixon held a press conference at [[Disney's Contemporary Resort#Richard Nixon's 1973 press conference|Disney's Contemporary Resort]] and famously said &quot;I'm not a crook&quot;]]<br /> In July 1973, White House aide [[Alexander Butterfield]] testified [[Perjury|under oath]] to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system and recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. [[Nixon White House tapes|These tapes]] were [[subpoena]]ed by Watergate Special Counsel [[Archibald Cox]]; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes, citing [[executive privilege]]. With the White House and Cox at loggerheads, Nixon had Cox fired in October in the &quot;[[Saturday Night Massacre]]&quot;; he was replaced by [[Leon Jaworski]]. In November, Nixon's lawyers revealed that a tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20, 1972, had an {{frac|18|1|2}}{{nbsp}}minute gap.{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', The Government Acts}} [[Rose Mary Woods]], the President's personal secretary, claimed responsibility for the gap, saying that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape, but her story was widely mocked. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=511–512}}<br /> <br /> Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office.{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', The Government Acts}} He admitted he had made mistakes but insisted he had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973.{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', Nixon Resigns}} On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion, and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. Believing his first choice, [[John Connally]], would not be confirmed by Congress,{{sfn|Aitken|p=555}} Nixon chose [[Gerald Ford]], [[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|Minority Leader of the House of Representatives]], to replace Agnew.{{sfn|Ambrose|1989|pp=231–232, 239}} One researcher suggests Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Beckmann|first=Matthew N.|date=April 1, 2017|title=Did Nixon quit before he resigned?|journal=Research &amp; Politics|volume=4|issue=2|article-number=2053168017704800|doi=10.1177/2053168017704800|doi-access=free|issn=2053-1680}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session{{sfn|Frum|p=26}} with 400 [[Associated Press]] [[managing editor]]s, Nixon said, &quot;People have got to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got.&quot;{{sfn|Kilpatrick|1973-11-18}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nixon edited transcripts.jpg|thumb|Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes, April 29, 1974]]<br /> <br /> The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between himself and his aides. The [[U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] opened [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]] hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment.{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', Nixon Resigns}} On July 24, the Supreme Court [[United States v. Nixon|ruled unanimously]] that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|pp=394–395}}<br /> <br /> The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|.465|1974|r=1}}&amp;nbsp;million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) in back taxes in 1974.{{sfn|Samson}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman &quot;Smoking Gun&quot; Conversation June 23, 1972.wav|thumb|Nixon Oval Office meeting with H. R. Haldeman: the &quot;Smoking Gun&quot; Conversation, June 23, 1972 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160729063732/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/exhibit_01.pdf Full Transcript])]]<br /> <br /> Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. But one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as [[Watergate tapes#&quot;Smoking Gun&quot; tape|the &quot;Smoking Gun Tape&quot;]] on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|pp=414–416}} Senate Minority Leader [[Hugh Scott]], Senator [[Barry Goldwater]], and House Minority Leader [[John Jacob Rhodes]] met with Nixon soon after. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office.{{sfn|Black|p=978}}<br /> <br /> ==== Resignation ====<br /> {{Further|Richard Nixon's resignation speech}}<br /> [[File:President Richard Nixon Departing the White House on the Presidential Helicopter for the Last Time as President.jpg|thumb|Nixon leaving the [[White House]] on [[Marine One]] shortly before his resignation became effective on August 9, 1974]]<br /> [[File:Nixon resignation audio with buzz removed.ogg|thumb|President Nixon's resignation speech]]<br /> <br /> On August 8, 1974, facing a loss of political support and it being increasingly certain that he would be impeached and removed from office, Nixon [[Richard Nixon's resignation speech|addressed the nation on television]], announcing that he would resign the presidency the following day, on August 9.{{sfn|''The Washington Post'', Nixon Resigns}} His resignation speech was delivered from the [[Oval Office]] and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon said he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, [[Gerald Ford]]. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|presidency]], especially in foreign policy.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|pp=435–436}} In defending his presidency, Nixon quoted &quot;[[Citizenship in a Republic]]&quot;, a 1910 speech by [[Theodore Roosevelt]]:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, &quot;whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly&quot;.{{sfn|PBS, Resignation Speech}}}}<br /> <br /> Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only [[Roger Mudd]] of [[CBS News]] criticizing it for failing to admit wrongdoing.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=437}} [[Conrad Black]], a Nixon biographer, labeled the resignation speech &quot;a masterpiece&quot;, saying, &quot;What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president, Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office.&quot;{{sfn|Black|p=983}}<br /> <br /> == Post-presidency (1974–1994) ==<br /> === Pardon and illness ===<br /> {{further|Pardon of Richard Nixon}}<br /> [[File:President Ford announces his decision to pardon former President Richard Nixon - NARA - 7140608.jpg|thumb|President Ford announcing his decision to pardon Nixon, September 8, 1974, in the Oval Office]]<br /> <br /> Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home [[La Casa Pacifica]] in [[San Clemente, California]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}} According to his biographer, [[Jonathan Aitken]], &quot;Nixon was a soul in torment&quot; after his resignation.{{sfn|Aitken|p=529}} Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7:00&amp;nbsp;a.m. with little to do.{{sfn|Aitken|p=529}} His former press secretary, [[Ron Ziegler]], sat with him alone for hours each day.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=529–530}}<br /> <br /> Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, even though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford insisted on a statement of contrition, but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed and, on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a &quot;full, free, and absolute pardon&quot;, which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy. No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect.{{sfn|Aitken|p=532}}{{sfn|Black|p=990}}}}<br /> <br /> In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with [[phlebitis]]. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and [[John Ehrlichman]]—and ''The Washington Post'', disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the &quot;wrong foot&quot;. Judge [[John Sirica]] excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=533–534}} Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate.{{sfn|Black|pp=994, 999}} Nixon was in the hospital when the [[1974 United States elections|1974 midterm elections]] were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 49&amp;nbsp;seats in the House and four in the Senate.{{sfn|Black|p=998}}<br /> <br /> === Return to public life ===<br /> [[File:Nixon Ford Carter 1978.jpg|thumb|upright|President [[Jimmy Carter]] and ex-presidents [[Gerald Ford]] and Nixon meet at the White House before former vice president [[Hubert Humphrey]]'s funeral, 1978]]<br /> <br /> In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat,<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|So be it. We will see it through. We've had tough times before, and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now. That is perhaps what we were made for—to be able to take punishment beyond what anyone in this office has had before, particularly after leaving office. This is a test of character, and we must not fail the test.{{sfn|Aitken|p=535}}}}<br /> <br /> By early 1975, Nixon's health was improving. He maintained an office in a [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] station {{convert|300|yd}} from his home, at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day; he mainly worked on his memoirs.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=481}} He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=537, 539}} He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February, which compelled him to part with many of his staff, including Ziegler.{{sfn|Black|p=1000}} In August of that year, he met with British talk-show host and producer [[David Frost]], who paid him $600,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|.6|1975|r=1}}&amp;nbsp;million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) for [[Nixon interviews|a series of sit-down interviews]], filmed and aired in 1977.{{sfn|Black|p=1004}} They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. Nixon admitted he had &quot;let down the country&quot; and that &quot;I brought myself down. I gave them a sword, and they stuck it in. And they twisted it with relish. And, I guess, if I'd been in their position, I'd have done the same thing.&quot;{{sfn|Drew|p=138}} The interviews garnered 45–50 million viewers, becoming the most-watched program of its kind in television history.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=512}}<br /> <br /> The interviews helped improve Nixon's financial position—at one point in early 1975, he had had only $500 in the bank—as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy friends of Nixon, such as [[Charles Rebozo|Bebe Rebozo]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=539–540}} In February 1976, Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao. Nixon had wanted to return to China but chose to wait until after Ford's own visit in 1975.{{sfn|Black|p=1005}} Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan. Ford won, but was defeated by [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] governor [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[1976 United States presidential election|the general election]]. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]] to withhold its official invitation.{{sfn|Aitken|p=543}}<br /> <br /> In 1976, Nixon was [[Disbarment|disbarred]] by a New York State court for [[obstruction of justice]] in the Watergate affair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Tom |date=July 9, 1976 |title=New York Court Disbars Nixon for Watergate Acts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/09/archives/new-york-court-disbars-nixon-for-watergate-acts-nixon-disbarred-by.html |access-date=November 21, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He chose not to present any defense.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt&quot;, ''Toledo Blade'', July 9, 1976, p.1&lt;/ref&gt; In early 1978, he visited the United Kingdom; there, he was shunned by American diplomats, most ministers of the [[James Callaghan]] government, and two former prime ministers, [[Harold Macmillan]] and [[Edward Heath]]. He was welcomed, however, by the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], and former prime ministers [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Home]] and Sir [[Harold Wilson]]. Nixon addressed the [[Oxford Union]] regarding Watergate:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|[Some people] felt that, on this matter that I had not handled it properly, and they were right. I screwed it up, and I paid the price.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=L|first1=Stephen|last2=rigan|date=1978-12-01|title=Protesters Heckle Nixon at Oxford Opponents of Oxford Speech Cool Nixon's Warm Welcome|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/01/protesters-heckle-nixon-at-oxford-opponents-of-oxford-speech-cool-nixons-warm-welcome/dd7cd6d2-943d-4f86-b36e-0d45b647682e/|access-date=2022-01-03|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Reed|first=Roy|date=December 1, 1978|title=Welcome For Nixon At Oxford Is Warm|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/01/archives/welcome-for-nixon-at-oxford-is-warm-questions-friendly-though-some.html|access-date=January 3, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103134207/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/01/archives/welcome-for-nixon-at-oxford-is-warm-questions-friendly-though-some.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === Author and elder statesman ===<br /> [[File:Four Presidents pose for a portrait.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan]] meets with his three immediate predecessors, [[Gerald Ford]], [[Jimmy Carter]] and Nixon, at the White House, October 1981; the three former presidents would represent the United States at the funeral of Egyptian president [[Anwar Sadat]].]]<br /> <br /> In 1978, Nixon published his memoirs, ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'', the first of nine books he was to author in his retirement.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}} [[John A. Farrell]] deemed it one of the better presidential memoirs, candid and capturing its author's voice; he deemed its rise up the bestseller lists justified.{{sfn|Farrell|p=2852}} Nixon visited the White House in 1979, invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier [[Deng Xiaoping]]. Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon, but Deng had said he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited. Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|pp=524–525}}<br /> <br /> On August 10, 1979, the Nixons purchased a 12‐room condominium occupying the seventh floor of 817 [[Fifth Avenue]] New York City&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Bp9RAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4685%2C1596331|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=August 11, 1979|title=Nixons Buy Fifth Avenue Condo in N.Y.|access-date=June 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Bp9RAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=0W0DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4685%2C1596331|archive-date=September 10, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; after being rejected by two Manhattan [[housing cooperative|co-ops]].{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=528}} When the deposed [[Mohammed Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] died in Egypt in July 1980, Nixon defied the State Department, which intended to send no U.S. representative, by attending the funeral. Though Nixon had no official credentials, as a former president, he was seen as the American presence at its former ally's funeral.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=533}} Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in [[1980 U.S. presidential election|1980]], making television appearances portraying himself as, in biographer Stephen Ambrose's words, &quot;the senior statesman above the fray&quot;.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=534}} He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan's victory.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=540}} After 18 months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to [[Saddle River, New Jersey|Saddle River]], New Jersey.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 7, 1981 |title=The Nixons Register For Voting in Jersey (Published 1981) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/07/nyregion/the-nixons-register-for-voting-in-jersey.html |access-date=September 22, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing,{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}} traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. He joined former presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian president [[Anwar Sadat]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}} On a trip to the Middle East, Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya, which attracted significant U.S. media attention; ''The Washington Post'' ran stories on Nixon's &quot;rehabilitation&quot;.{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=545}} Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Soviet general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].{{sfn|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}} Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|a Gallup poll]] as one of the ten most admired men in the world.{{sfn|Drew|p=142}}<br /> <br /> [[File:President Bill Clinton meets with former President Richard Nixon at the White House.jpg|thumb|right|Nixon with President [[Bill Clinton]] in the residence of the White House, March 1993]]<br /> <br /> In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his ''tour d'horizon'' of the world.{{sfn|Drew|p=144}} At the time, [[Pundit|political pundit]] [[Elizabeth Drew]] wrote, &quot;Even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory, as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times.&quot;{{sfn|Drew|p=144}} ''Newsweek'' ran a story on &quot;Nixon's comeback&quot; with the headline &quot;He's back&quot;.{{sfn|Aitken|pp=561–562}}<br /> <br /> On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in [[Yorba Linda, California]] opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and [[George H. W. Bush]], as well as their wives, [[Betty Ford|Betty]], [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]], and [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]].{{sfn|Aitken|pp=565–568}} In January 1994, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the [[Center for the National Interest]]), a Washington policy [[think tank]] and conference center.{{sfn|Black|pp=1045–1046}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|date= March 9, 2011|title= Nixon Center Becomes Center for the National Interest|url= https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nixon-center-becomes-center-for-the-national-interest-117654558.html|location= Washington, D.C.|publisher= Center for the National Interest|agency= PR Newswire|access-date= September 9, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073801/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nixon-center-becomes-center-for-the-national-interest-117654558.html|archive-date= September 9, 2018|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the early 1990s, Nixon focused much of his energy and time on the end of the Cold War. In three of the last four books that he published and in dozens of articles, Nixon urged American leaders to support Russia's transition from communism to a market economy. After [[Bill Clinton]] took office as president, he sought Nixon's advice on the [[post-Soviet states]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Richard Nixon and Post-Yeltsin Russia |date=March 10, 2014 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |work=Richard Nixon Foundation |url=https://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2014/03/richard-nixon-post-yeltsin-russia/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon met Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nixon in Kremlin meetings |date=February 10, 1993 |work=UPI |access-date=December 30, 2025 |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/02/10/Nixon-in-Kremlin-meetings/9604729320400/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nixon on Gorbachev and Yeltsin |date=September 10, 2018 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |work=Richard Nixon Foundation |url=https://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2018/09/richard-nixon-gorbachev-yeltsin/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kravchuk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nixon, in Ukraine, Reflects On Fear of Russia Felt There |date=March 17, 1994 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219184007/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/17/world/nixon-in-ukraine-reflects-on-fear-of-russia-felt-there.html |archive-date=February 19, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/17/world/nixon-in-ukraine-reflects-on-fear-of-russia-felt-there.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of [[emphysema]] and [[lung cancer]]. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. Former president Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a tribute to her inside the library building.{{sfn|Black|pp=1049–1050}}<br /> <br /> == Death and funeral ==<br /> {{main|Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon}}<br /> [[File:Five presidents.jpg|thumb|Five U.S. presidents (then-incumbent president [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Jimmy Carter]], and [[Gerald Ford]]) and their wives attending Nixon's funeral, April 27, 1994]]<br /> <br /> Nixon suffered a severe [[stroke]] on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his home at [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Ridge]], New Jersey.{{sfn|Weil &amp; Randolph|1994-04-23}} A [[Thrombus|blood clot]] resulting from the [[atrial fibrillation]] he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart, [[Embolus|broken off]], and traveled to his brain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |title=THE 37TH PRESIDENT: THE LAST DAYS; Disabled, Yet Retaining Control Over His Care |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/us/the-37th-president-the-last-days-disabled-yet-retaining-control-over-his-care.html |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2016 |date=April 24, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217061301/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/us/the-37th-president-the-last-days-disabled-yet-retaining-control-over-his-care.html |archive-date=February 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was taken to [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] in [[Manhattan]], initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg.{{sfn|Weil &amp; Randolph|1994-04-23}} Damage to the brain caused swelling ([[cerebral edema]]) and Nixon slipped into a deep coma. He died at 9:08&amp;nbsp;p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. He was 81 years old.{{sfn|Weil &amp; Randolph|1994-04-23}}<br /> <br /> Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994, in [[Yorba Linda, California]]. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President [[Bill Clinton]], former secretary of state [[Henry Kissinger]], Senate Minority Leader [[Bob Dole]], California governor [[Pete Wilson]], and the Reverend [[Billy Graham]]. Also in attendance were former presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives.{{sfn|Black|pp=1051–1053}}<br /> <br /> Richard Nixon was buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a full [[state funeral]], though his body did [[lie in repose]] in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service.{{sfn|BBC|2004-06-11}} Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly, wet weather to pay their respects.{{sfn|''The Deseret News''|1994-04-27}} At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting.{{sfn|Frick|p=206}}<br /> <br /> John F. Stacks of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death,<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;An outsized energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders&amp;nbsp;... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice.{{sfn|Stacks|1994-05-02}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Tom Wicker]] of ''The New York Times'' noted that Nixon had been equalled only by [[Franklin Roosevelt]] in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote,<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not &quot;have Nixon to kick around anymore&quot;.{{sfn|Wicker|1994-04-24}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon's death, &quot;To everyone's amazement, except his, he's our beloved elder statesman.&quot;{{sfn|Sawhill|2011-02}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nixon grave 2011.jpg|thumb|The graves of Nixon and his wife Pat]]<br /> <br /> Upon Nixon's death, the news coverage mentioned Watergate and the resignation, but much of the coverage was favorable to the former president. ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' stated, &quot;History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives.&quot;{{sfn|Frick|pp=205–206}} This offended some; columnist [[Russell Baker]] complained of &quot;a group conspiracy to grant him absolution&quot;.{{sfn|Frick|pp=204–205}} Cartoonist [[Jeff Koterba]] of the ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]'' depicted History before a blank canvas, his subject Nixon, as America looks on eagerly. The artist urges his audience to sit down; the work will take some time to complete, as &quot;this portrait is a little more complicated than most&quot;.{{sfn|Frick|p=210}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]] wrote a scathing piece denouncing Nixon for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', entitled &quot;He Was a Crook&quot; (which also appeared a month later in ''[[The Atlantic]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Hunter S. |author-link=Hunter S. Thompson |title=He Was a Crook |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/07/he-was-a-crook/308699/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=July 1994 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607195033/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/07/he-was-a-crook/308699/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his article, Thompson described Nixon as &quot;a political monster straight out of [[Grendel]] and a very dangerous enemy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> {{main|List of awards and honors received by Richard Nixon}}<br /> [[File:Nixon Library and Gardens.jpg|thumb|right|[[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum|Richard Nixon's Presidential Library and Museum]] located in [[Yorba Linda, California]]]]<br /> <br /> Historian and political scientist [[James MacGregor Burns]] asked of Nixon, &quot;How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?&quot;{{sfn|Skidmore|p=495}} Evaluations [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|of his presidency]] have proven complex, contrasting his presidency's domestic and foreign policy successes with the acrimonious circumstances of his departure.{{sfn|Skidmore|p=495}} According to Ambrose, &quot;Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation.&quot;{{sfn|Ambrose|1991|p=592}} Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional career, suggests, &quot;He was remarkable among his congressional peers, a success story in a troubled era, one who steered a sensible [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] course against the excess of McCarthy.&quot;{{sfn|Gellman|p=460}} Aitken feels that &quot;Nixon, both as a man and as a statesman, has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; for his virtues. Yet even in a spirit of [[historical revisionism]], no simple verdict is possible.&quot;{{sfn|Aitken|p=577}}<br /> <br /> Nixon saw his policies on Vietnam, China, and the Soviet Union as central to his place in history.{{r|Hanhimäki-Small}} Nixon's onetime opponent [[George McGovern]] commented in 1983, &quot;President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War{{nbsp}}II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history.&quot;{{sfn|Greider|1983-10-10}} Political scientist [[Jussi Hanhimäki]] disagrees, saying that Nixon's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the [[Cold War]] policy of [[containment]] by diplomatic, rather than military, means.{{r|Hanhimäki-Small}} Historian [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] concludes that &quot;Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making, Nixon's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships both with Communist China and with the Soviet Union.&quot;{{sfn|Andrew|1995|p=384}}<br /> <br /> Nixon's stance on domestic affairs has been credited with the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. In a 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, historian Paul Charles Milazzo points to Nixon's creation of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), and to his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 [[Endangered Species Act]], stating that &quot;though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure&quot;.{{r|Milazzo-Small}} Nixon himself did not consider the environmental advances he made in office an important part of his legacy; some historians contend that his choices were driven more by political expediency than any strong [[environmentalism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Distillations&quot; /&gt; Some historians say Nixon's [[Southern Strategy]] turned the [[Southern United States]] into a Republican stronghold, while others deem economic factors more important in the change.{{r|Mason-Small}} Throughout his career, Nixon moved his party away from the control of isolationists, and as a Congressman, he was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism.{{sfn|Black|p=1053}}<br /> <br /> Historian [[Keith W. Olson]] has written that Nixon left a legacy of fundamental mistrust of government, rooted in Vietnam and Watergate.{{r|Olson-Small}} During the [[impeachment of Bill Clinton]] in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct was comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than Clinton's.{{sfn|Frick|pp=211–214}} For a time, there was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. Olson suggests that legislation in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] restored the president's power.{{r|Olson-Small}}<br /> <br /> According to his biographer [[Herbert Parmet]], &quot;Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans.&quot;{{sfn|Parmet|p=viii}}<br /> <br /> A self-described &quot;progressive conservative&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_ApAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=Nixon+progressive+conservatism+1946&amp;pg=PA50&amp;article_id=6055,4262098 |title=Ocala Star-Banner 29 Apr 1960 |access-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215041437/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F_ApAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA50&amp;dq=Nixon+progressive+conservatism+1946&amp;article_id=6055,4262098&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjjvOPQvaCLAxUvXUEAHYTrEfgQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Nixon%20progressive%20conservatism%201946&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W20iAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=Nixon+has+described+himself+as+a+positive%2C+progressive+conservative&amp;pg=PA12&amp;article_id=1005,6783890 |title=The Owosso Argus-Press 11 Jun 1960 |access-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-date=February 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216004647/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W20iAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq=Nixon+has+described+himself+as+a+positive,+progressive+conservative&amp;article_id=1005,6783890&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjtktH0vaCLAxUqYEEAHZlQDuEQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Nixon%20has%20described%20himself%20as%20a%20positive%2C%20progressive%20conservative&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nixon presided over a number of activist governmental initiatives during the course of his presidency. As one speechwriter said of Nixon, &quot;His heart was on the right, and his head was, with FDR, 'slightly left of center.{{'&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon/DGsaAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Nixon+His+heart+was+on+the+right,+and+his+head+was,+with+FDR,+%E2%80%98slightly+left+of+center&amp;pg=PA154&amp;printsec=frontcover The presidency of Richard Nixon By Melvin Small, 1999, P.154]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Commenting on Nixon's progressive conservative approach to government, one historian has argued that <br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|Nixon's progressive conservatism gave his administration's policies a distinctive cast that defied easy categorization. Nixon worked hard to find a middle ground between the hyperactivism of the growth liberals JFK and LBJ and the sort of minimalist government championed by Barry Goldwater and the Republican right. Driven by his own predilections and by the object lesson of growth liberalism's implosion, Nixon moved as president to scale back government undertakings abroad and at home while still honoring basic international and domestic commitments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFZ8ETl9q6gC&amp;dq=Nixon%E2%80%99s+progressive+conservatism+gave&amp;pg=PA104 |title=More The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America By Robert M. Collins, Robert M. Collins Professor of History University of Missouri, 2002, P.104-105 |date=April 4, 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534848-4 |access-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214145445/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/More/yFZ8ETl9q6gC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Nixon%E2%80%99s+progressive+conservatism+gave&amp;pg=PA104&amp;printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Personality and public image ==<br /> Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.{{sfn|Reeves|pp=281–283}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Elvis-nixon.jpg|thumb|left|Nixon with [[Elvis Presley]] in December 1970]]<br /> <br /> Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone.{{sfn|Drew|p=150}} Nixon biographer [[Conrad Black]] described him as being &quot;driven&quot; though also &quot;uneasy with himself in some ways&quot;.{{sfn|Black|p=574}} According to Black, Nixon<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected to the trials of [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence, he would ultimately prevail.{{sfn|Black|p=700}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Richard Nixon 1960 Campaign Button.png|thumb|left|1960 campaign button]]<br /> <br /> Nixon sometimes drank alcohol to excess, especially in 1970. He was also prescribed sleeping pills. According to [[Ray Price (speechwriter)|Ray Price]], Nixon sometimes took them in together. Nixon also took [[dilantin]], recommended by [[Jack Dreyfus]]. That medicine is usually prescribed to treat and prevent seizures, but in Nixon's case, it was for depression. His periodic overindulgences, especially during stressful times such as during [[Apollo 13]], concerned Price and others, including then-advisor Ehrlichman and long-time [[valet]] [[Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)|Manolo Sanchez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Year Nixon Fell Apart |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/john-farrell-nixon-book-excerpt-214954/ |url-status=live |website=[[Politico]] |date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607015351/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/john-farrell-nixon-book-excerpt-214954 |archive-date=June 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Author [[David Owen#Selected publications|David Owen]] deemed Nixon an [[alcoholic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David Owen: Lessons in removing politicians from public office |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/david-owen-lessons-in-removing-politicians-from-public-office-891446.html |url-status=live |website=[[The Independent]] |date=August 12, 2008 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715193824/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/david-owen-lessons-in-removing-politicians-from-public-office-891446.html |archive-date=July 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |title=A doctor writes: Politicians' pride is a medical disorder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/28/politicians-hubris-medical-condition |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 28, 2009 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715195739/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/28/politicians-hubris-medical-condition |archive-date=July 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Biographer [[Elizabeth Drew]] summarized Nixon as a &quot;smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents&quot;.{{sfn|Drew|p=151}} In his account of the Nixon presidency, author [[Richard Reeves (American writer)|Richard Reeves]] described Nixon as &quot;a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts&quot;.{{sfn|Reeves|p=12}} Nixon's presidency was doomed by his personality, Reeves argues:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;He assumed the worst in people, and he brought out the worst in them&amp;nbsp;... He clung to the idea of being &quot;tough&quot;. He thought that was what had brought him to the edge of greatness. But that was what betrayed him. He could not open himself to other men, and he could not open himself to greatness.{{sfn|Reeves|p=13}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1999, a volume of 1971 White House audio tapes was released, which contained multiple statements by Nixon deemed derogatory toward Jews.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/oct99/nixon6.htm &quot;New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195252/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/oct99/nixon6.htm |date=January 17, 2021 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', October 6, 1999. Retrieved on April 4, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; In one conversation with [[H. R. Haldeman]], Nixon said that Washington was &quot;full of Jews&quot; and that &quot;most Jews are disloyal&quot;, making exceptions for some of his top aides.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noah&quot;/&gt; He then added, &quot;But, Bob, generally speaking, you can't trust the bastards. They turn on you. Am I wrong or right?&quot;&lt;ref name=Noah&gt;[[Timothy Noah|Noah, Timothy]]. [http://www.slate.com/id/1003783 &quot;Nixon: I Am Not an Anti-Semite&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911030815/http://www.slate.com/id/1003783/ |date=September 11, 2011 }}. [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], October 7, 1999. Retrieved on July 17, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Elsewhere on the 1971 recordings, Nixon denies being antisemitic, saying, &quot;If anybody who's been in this chair ever had reason to be antisemitic, I did&amp;nbsp;... And I'm not, you know what I mean?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noah&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Even [[Bebe Rebozo]], by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. Nixon said of this,<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thing—saying, &quot;Gee, I couldn't sleep&amp;nbsp;...&quot; I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. That's just the way I am. Some people are different. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts&amp;nbsp;... [and] reveal their inner psyche—whether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Not me. No way.{{sfn|Greene}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> When Nixon was told that most Americans felt they did not know him even at the end of his career, he replied, &quot;Yeah, it's true. And it's not necessary for them to know.&quot;{{sfn|Greene}}<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> {{external media<br /> | float = right<br /> | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?24604-1/seize-moment-part-1 Part One of ''Booknotes'' interview with Nixon on ''Seize the Moment'', February 23, 1992]<br /> | video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?24737-1/seize-moment-part-2 Part Two of ''Booknotes'' interview, March 1, 1992]<br /> }}<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1960). ''[[Six Crises]]''. Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0-385-00125-0}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1978). ''[https://archive.org/details/memoirsofrichard00nixo RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon]''. Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-671-70741-5}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1980). ''The Real War''. Sidgwick &amp; Jackson Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-283-98650-5}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1982). ''Leaders''. Random House {{ISBN|978-0-446-51249-7}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1984). ''Real Peace''. Sidgwick &amp; Jackson Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-283-99076-2}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1987). ''No More Vietnams''. Arbor House Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-87795-668-6}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1988). ''1999: Victory Without War''. Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-671-62712-6}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1990). ''In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal''. Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-671-72318-7}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1992). ''Seize the Moment: America's Challenge in a One-Superpower World''. Simon &amp; Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-671-74343-7}}.<br /> * Nixon, Richard M. (1994). ''Beyond Peace''. Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-679-43323-1}}.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon]]<br /> * [[Electoral history of Richard Nixon]]<br /> * [[List of presidents of the United States]]<br /> * [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]]<br /> * [[Nixon (film)|''Nixon'']], film, 1995<br /> * [[Presidential transition of Richard Nixon]]<br /> * [[Timeline of the Watergate scandal]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist<br /> | notes =<br /> {{efn<br /> | name = Jewish vote<br /> | {{harvnb|Black|pp=583–585}}. In 1972, Nixon did more than double his percentage of the Jewish vote, from 17&amp;nbsp;percent to 35&amp;nbsp;percent. {{harvnb|Merkley|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TP4g-RhUJmcC&amp;dq=nixon%20jewish%20vote%201972&amp;pg=PA68 68]}}.<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist<br /> | colwidth = 20em<br /> | refs =<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Gellman-Small&quot;&gt;Gellman, Irwin. &quot;The Richard Nixon vice presidency: Research without the Nixon manuscripts&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=102–120}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Goh-Small&quot;&gt;Goh, Evelyn. &quot;The China card&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=425–443}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Hanhimäki-Small&quot;&gt;Hanhimäki, Jussi M. &quot;Foreign Policy Overview&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=345–361}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Bowles-Small&quot;&gt;Bowles, Nigel. &quot;Economic Policy&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=235–251}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Mason-Small&quot;&gt;Mason, Robert &quot;Political realignment&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=252–269}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Milazzo-Small&quot;&gt;Milazzo, Paul Charles. &quot;Nixon and the Environment&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=270–291}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Olson-Small&quot;&gt;Olson, Keith W. &quot;Watergate&quot; in {{harvnb|Small|pp=481–496}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Safire pp205–209&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Safire|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xahIAOPX8JwC&amp;dq=%E2%80%9CManolo%20Sanchez%2C%20his%20valet%2C%20heard%20the%20music%20and%20soon%20appeared%E2%80%9D&amp;pg=PA205 205–209]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Print sources ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> {{divcol}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Aitken<br /> | first = Jonathan<br /> | author-link = Jonathan Aitken<br /> | year = 1996<br /> | title = Nixon: A Life<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixonlife0000aitk_x2z0<br /> | publisher = Regnery Publishing<br /> | location = Washington, D.C.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-89526-720-7<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Aitken}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Ambrose<br /> | first = Stephen E.<br /> | author-link = Stephen E. Ambrose<br /> | year = 1987<br /> | title = Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962<br /> | volume = I<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr<br /> | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-671-52836-2<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Ambrose<br /> | first = Stephen E.<br /> | year = 1989<br /> | title = Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972<br /> | volume = II<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr<br /> | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-671-72506-8<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Ambrose<br /> | first = Stephen E.<br /> | year = 1991<br /> | title = Nixon: Ruin and Recovery 1973–1990<br /> | volume = III<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr<br /> | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-671-69188-2<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Andrew<br /> | first = Christopher<br /> | year = 1995<br /> | title = For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/forpresidentseye00andr<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | publisher = HarperCollins<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-06-092178-1<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Armstrong<br /> | first = William M.<br /> | year = 2017<br /> | title = Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT<br /> | publisher = Arcadia<br /> | location = Charleston<br /> | isbn = 978-1-46712-743-1<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Armstrong}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Black<br /> | first = Conrad<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | author-link = Conrad Black<br /> | title = Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full<br /> | publisher = PublicAffairs Books<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-1-58648-519-1<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Black}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Blythe<br /> | first = Will<br /> | author-link = Will Blythe<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | title = To Hate Like This is to be Happy Forever<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/tohatelikethisis00blyt<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | publisher = Harper Collins<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-06-074023-8<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Blythe}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Boger<br /> | first = John Charles<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | title = School Resegregation: Must the South Turn Back?<br /> | publisher = University of North Carolina Press<br /> | location = Chapel Hill, N.C.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-8078-5613-0<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Boger}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Dallek<br /> | first = Robert<br /> | author-link = Robert Dallek<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | title = Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixonkissingerpa00dall<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | publisher = HarperCollins<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-06-072230-2<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Dallek}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Drew<br /> | first = Elizabeth<br /> | author-link = Elizabeth Drew<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | title = Richard M. Nixon<br /> | series = The American Presidents Series<br /> | publisher = Times Books<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-8050-6963-1<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Drew}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/richardmnixon00drew<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last1 = Evans<br /> | first1 = Rowland<br /> | author-link1 = Rowland Evans<br /> | last2 = Novak<br /> | first2 = Robert<br /> | author-link2 = Robert Novak<br /> | year = 1971<br /> | title = Nixon in the White House: The Frustration of Power<br /> | publisher = Random House<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-394-46273-8<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Evans &amp; Novak}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixoninwhitehous00evan<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last1 = Ezell<br /> | first1 = Edward Clinton<br /> | author-link1 = Edward Ezell<br /> | last2 = Ezell<br /> | first2 = Linda Neuman<br /> | year = 1978<br /> | title = The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project<br /> | publisher = NASA History Office<br /> | location = Washington D.C.<br /> | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Ezell}}<br /> | access-date = January 11, 2013<br /> | archive-date = January 23, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110123000956/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=John A. |author-link=John A. Farrell |title=Richard Nixon: The Life |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-345-80496-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oupUDwAAQBAJ |edition=eBook |ref={{sfnRef|Farrell}} }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Ferris<br /> | first = Gary W.<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | title = Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of the U.S. Presidents<br /> | publisher = John F. Blair<br /> | location = Winston-Salem, N.C.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-89587-176-3<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Ferris}}<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/presidentialplac0000ferr<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Foner<br /> | first = Eric<br /> | author-link = Eric Foner<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | title = Give Me Liberty!: An American History<br /> | volume = 2<br /> | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Co<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-393-92784-9<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Foner}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Frick<br /> | first = Daniel<br /> | year = 2008<br /> | title = Reinventing Richard Nixon<br /> | publisher = University of Kansas Press<br /> | location = Lawrence, Kans.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7006-1599-5<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Frick}}<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/reinventingricha0000fric<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Frum<br /> | first = David<br /> | author-link = David Frum<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | title = How We Got Here: The '70s<br /> | publisher = Basic Books<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-465-04195-4<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Frum}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Gaddis<br /> | first = John Lewis<br /> | author-link = John Lewis Gaddis<br /> | year = 1982<br /> | title = Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy<br /> | publisher = Oxford University Press<br /> | location = Oxford<br /> | isbn = 978-0-19-503097-6<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Gaddis}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/strategiesofcon000gadd<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Gellman<br /> | first = Irwin<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | title = The Contender<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/contenderrichard00gellrich<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | publisher = The Free Press<br /> | isbn = 978-1-4165-7255-8<br /> | location = New York<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Gellman}}<br /> }}<br /> * Greenberg, David. ''Nixon's Shadow: The History of an Image'' (2003). Important study of how Nixon was perceived by the media and scholars.<br /> * Hall, Mitchell K. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the Nixon-Ford Era'' (2008) 285pp<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Hepplewhite<br /> | first = T.A.<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | title = The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle<br /> | publisher = NASA History Office<br /> | location = Washington D.C.<br /> | url = https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/sp4221.htm<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Hepplewhite}}<br /> | archive-date = April 10, 2020<br /> | access-date = July 12, 2017<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200410133154/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/sp4221.htm<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Hetzel<br /> | first = Robert L.<br /> | year = 2008<br /> | title = The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-88132-6<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Hetzel}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Ingle<br /> | first = H. Larry<br /> | year = 2015<br /> | title = Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President<br /> | publisher = University of Missouri Press<br /> | location = Columbia, Missouri<br /> | isbn = 978-0-8262-2042-4<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Ingle|}}<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nixonsfirstcover00ingl<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Kornitzer<br /> | first = Bela<br /> | year = 1960<br /> | title = The Real Nixon: An Intimate Biography<br /> | publisher = Rand McNally &amp; Company<br /> | location = New York<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1V3AAAAMAAJ<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Kornitzer}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Langguth<br /> | first = A.J.<br /> | author-link = A. J. Langguth<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | title = Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975<br /> | publisher = Simon and Schuster<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7432-1244-1<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | page = [https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3/page/524 524]<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Langguth}}<br /> }}<br /> * Malsberger, John W. ''The General and the Politician: Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and American Politics'' (2014)<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Merkley<br /> | first = Paul Charles<br /> | year = 2004<br /> | title = American Presidents, Religion, and Israel: the Heirs of Cyrus<br /> | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group<br /> | location = Westport, Conn.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-275-98340-6<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TP4g-RhUJmcC<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Merkley}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Morris<br /> | first = Roger<br /> | author-link = Roger Morris (American writer)<br /> | year = 1990<br /> | title = Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician<br /> | location = New York<br /> | publisher = Henry Holt &amp; Co<br /> | isbn = 978-0-8050-1834-9<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw8_HAAACAAJ<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Morris}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Nixon<br /> | first = Richard<br /> | year = 1978<br /> | title = RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon<br /> | publisher = Grosset &amp; Dunlap<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-448-14374-3<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/rnmemoirsofricha00nixo<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Nixon<br /> | first = Richard<br /> | year = 1985<br /> | title = No More Vietnams<br /> | publisher = Arbor House Publishing Company<br /> | location = Westminster, Md.<br /> | isbn = 978-0-87795-668-6<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/nomorevietnams00nixo<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Parmet<br /> | first = Herbert S.<br /> | year = 1990<br /> | title = Richard Nixon and His America<br /> | publisher = Little, Brown &amp; Co<br /> | location = Boston<br /> | isbn = 978-0-316-69232-8<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Parmet}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/richardnixonhisa00parm_0<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Perlstein<br /> | first = Richard<br /> | author-link = Rick Perlstein<br /> | year = 2008<br /> | title = Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America<br /> | publisher = Scribner<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7432-4302-5<br /> | title-link = Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Reeves<br /> | first = Richard<br /> | author-link = Richard Reeves (American writer)<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | title = President Nixon: Alone in the White House<br /> | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-684-80231-2<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Reeves}}<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/presidentnixonal00reev<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Safire<br /> | first = William<br /> | author-link = William Safire<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | orig-date = 1975<br /> | title = Before The Fall: An Insider View of the Pre-Watergate White House, with a 2005 Preface by the Author<br /> | publisher = Transaction Publishers<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xahIAOPX8JwC<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Safire}}<br /> | isbn = 978-1-4128-0466-0<br /> }} Originally published: Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975 (new material 2005)<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | editor-last = Small<br /> | editor-first = Melvin<br /> | year = 2011<br /> | title = A Companion to Richard M. Nixon<br /> | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell<br /> | location = Oxford<br /> | isbn = 978-1-4443-3017-5<br /> | url = https://www.questia.com/library/120083897/a-companion-to-richard-m-nixon<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Small}}<br /> | editor-link = Melvin Small<br /> | archive-date = November 4, 2020<br /> | access-date = June 17, 2015<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201104191430/https://www.questia.com/library/120083897/a-companion-to-richard-m-nixon<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}; Emphasis on historiography<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Schulzinger<br /> | first = Robert D.<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | title = A Companion to American Foreign Relations<br /> | publisher = Blackwell Publishing<br /> | location = Oxford<br /> | isbn = 978-1-4051-4986-0<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Schulzinger}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Thompson<br /> | first = John B.<br /> | author-link = John Thompson (sociologist)<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | title = Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age<br /> | publisher = Polity Press<br /> | location = Cambridge<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7456-2550-8<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PAEwuLjQm4gC<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Thompson}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Tyler<br /> | first = Patrick<br /> | author-link = Patrick Tyler<br /> | year = 2010<br /> | title = A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East—from the Cold War to the War on Terror<br /> | publisher = Macmillan<br /> | location = New York<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = White<br /> | first = Theodore H.<br /> | author-link = Theodore H. White<br /> | year = 1973<br /> | title = The Making of the President 1972<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden1972whit<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | publisher = Antheneum<br /> | location = New York<br /> | isbn = 978-0-689-10553-1<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|White}}<br /> }}<br /> {{divcol-end}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> === Nixon Library ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> {{divcol}}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = Childhood<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/childhood.php<br /> |access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Childhood}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194530/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/childhood.php<br /> |archive-date = October 21, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = A Student &amp; Sailor<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/astudentandsailor.php<br /> |access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Student &amp; Sailor}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194531/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/astudentandsailor.php<br /> |archive-date = October 21, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = The Nixon Family<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/thenixonfamily.php<br /> |access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Nixon Family}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225422/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/thenixonfamily.php<br /> |archive-date = October 21, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = The Congressman<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thecongressman.php<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Congressman}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041941/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thecongressman.php<br /> |archive-date = June 15, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = The Senator<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Senator}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130216113442/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php<br /> |archive-date = February 16, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = The Vice President<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thevicepresident.php<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Vice President}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615014220/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thevicepresident.php<br /> |archive-date = June 15, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = The President<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, President}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121120163546/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/<br /> |archive-date = November 20, 2012<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title = Post Presidency<br /> |publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> |work = The Life<br /> |url = http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/postpresidency.php<br /> |access-date = March 5, 2012<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Post Presidency}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194537/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/postpresidency.php<br /> |archive-date = October 21, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | last = Lee<br /> | first = Meghan<br /> | url = https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/textual/findingaids/findingaid_nixonfamily.pdf<br /> | date = June 22, 2004<br /> | title = Guide to the Nixon Family Collection (1909–1967)<br /> | publisher = Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Nixon Library, Family Collection Guide}}<br /> | access-date = December 23, 2019<br /> | archive-date = March 14, 2023<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230314214426/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/textual/findingaids/findingaid_nixonfamily.pdf<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> {{divcol-end}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> === Other sources ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> {{divcol}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |author-link=Gary J. Bass |year=2013 |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnNZTp3BQYC&amp;pg=PT28 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9 }}<br /> * * {{Cite book |last=Black |first=Conrad |year=2007 |title=Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58648-674-7}}<br /> * {{Cite news<br /> | title = 1972: President Nixon arrives in Moscow<br /> | publisher = BBC<br /> | date = June 11, 2004<br /> | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/22/newsid_4373000/4373149.stm<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC|1972-05-22}}<br /> | archive-date = May 15, 2020<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200515182747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/22/newsid_4373000/4373149.stm<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{Cite news<br /> | title = Reagan funeral: Schedule of events<br /> | publisher = BBC<br /> | date = June 11, 2004<br /> | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3783085.stm<br /> | access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC|2004-06-11}}<br /> | archive-date = November 1, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101195654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3783085.stm<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last = Delaney<br /> | first = Paul<br /> | date = July 20, 1970<br /> | newspaper = The New York Times<br /> | title = Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging<br /> | page = 1<br /> | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20813F7355A1B7493C2AB178CD85F448785F9<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Delaney|1970-07-20}}<br /> | archive-date = November 3, 2013<br /> | access-date = January 29, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103163801/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20813F7355A1B7493C2AB178CD85F448785F9<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | newspaper = [[The Deseret News]]<br /> | date = April 27, 1994<br /> | title = Mourners pay last respects to Nixon<br /> | page = 1<br /> | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i_RHAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=nixon%20funeral&amp;pg=6218%2C5816141<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Deseret News''|1994-04-27}}<br /> | archive-date = June 7, 2020<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200607052236/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i_RHAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=nixon%20funeral&amp;pg=6218%2C5816141<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last = Steel<br /> | first = Ronald<br /> | author-link = Ronald Steel<br /> | date = May 25, 2003<br /> | newspaper = The New York Times<br /> | title = The World: New Chapter, Old Debate; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam?<br /> | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/25/weekinreview/the-world-new-chapter-old-debate-would-kennedy-have-quit-vietnam.html<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Steel|2003-05-25}}<br /> | archive-date = November 11, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111154355/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/25/weekinreview/the-world-new-chapter-old-debate-would-kennedy-have-quit-vietnam.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last = Wicker<br /> | first = Tom<br /> | author-link = Tom Wicker<br /> | date = April 24, 1994<br /> | newspaper = The New York Times<br /> | title = From afar: An indomitable man, an incurable loneliness<br /> | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/weekinreview/from-afar-an-indomitable-man-an-incurable-loneliness.html<br /> | access-date = August 7, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Wicker|1994-04-24}}<br /> | archive-date = February 14, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120214123248/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/weekinreview/from-afar-an-indomitable-man-an-incurable-loneliness.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last = Kilpatrick<br /> | first = Carroll<br /> | date = November 18, 1973<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | title = Nixon tells editors, 'I'm not a crook'<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/111873-1.htm<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Kilpatrick|1973-11-18}}<br /> | archive-date = November 30, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131130062554/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/111873-1.htm<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | title = The Post Investigates<br /> | series = The Watergate Story<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1.html<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Washington Post'', The Post Investigates}}<br /> | archive-date = October 16, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016034442/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | title = The Government Acts<br /> | series = The Watergate Story<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part2.html<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Washington Post'', The Government Acts}}<br /> | archive-date = May 13, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104119/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part2.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | title = Nixon Resigns<br /> | series = The Watergate Story<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Washington Post'', Nixon Resigns}}<br /> | archive-date = November 25, 2016<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161125171439/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last1 = Weil<br /> | first1 = Martin<br /> | last2 = Randolph<br /> | first2 = Eleanor<br /> | date = April 23, 1994<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | page = A01<br /> | title = Richard M. Nixon, 37th President, dies<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/06/11/AR2005112200809.html<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Weil &amp; Randolph|1994-04-23}}<br /> | archive-date = February 14, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110214081520/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/06/11/AR2005112200809.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | last1 = Lardner<br /> | first1 = George Jr.<br /> | last2 = Dobbs<br /> | first2 = Michael<br /> | date = October 6, 1999<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | page = A31<br /> | title = New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/oct99/nixon6.htm<br /> | access-date = April 4, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Lardner &amp; Dobbs}}<br /> | archive-date = January 23, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110123120549/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/oct99/nixon6.htm<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> |last = Carlson<br /> |first = Peter<br /> |date = November 17, 2000<br /> |newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> |page = A01<br /> |title = Another Race to the Finish<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Carlson|2000-11-17}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | title = 8,000 Move Into Cambodia<br /> | newspaper = [[Evening Independent|St. Petersburg Independent]]<br /> | agency = AP (Saigon)<br /> | date = May 1, 1970<br /> | page = 20–A<br /> | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=utwLAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7133%2C160415<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|AP/''St. Peterburg Independent''}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite news<br /> | title = Nixon Up Early, See Protesters<br /> | agency = UPI<br /> | newspaper = Beaver County Times<br /> | date = May 9, 1970<br /> | location = Pennsylvania<br /> | page = one [presumably late edition]<br /> | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FGwyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1864%2C2379598<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|UPI/''Beaver County Times''|1970-05-09}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Greene<br /> | first = Bob<br /> | author-link = Bob Greene<br /> | date = April 8, 2002<br /> | magazine = [[Jewish World Review]]<br /> | title = What Nixon's best friend couldn't buy<br /> | url = http://www.jewishworldreview.com/bob/greene040802.asp<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Greene}}<br /> | archive-date = October 13, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121013122105/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/bob/greene040802.asp<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Greider<br /> | first = William<br /> | date = November 10, 1983<br /> | title = The McGovern factor<br /> | magazine = [[Rolling Stone]]<br /> | page = 13<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Greider|1983-10-10}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last1 = Kiernan<br /> | first1 = Ben<br /> | author-link = Ben Kiernan<br /> | last2 = Owen<br /> | first2 = Taylor<br /> | date = October 2006<br /> | title = Bombs over Cambodia<br /> | magazine = The Walrus<br /> | url = http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf<br /> | access-date = January 29, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Kiernan &amp; Owen}}<br /> | archive-date = October 24, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024203718/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Noah<br /> | first = Timothy<br /> | author-link = Timothy Noah<br /> | date = October 7, 1999<br /> | magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]<br /> | title = Nixon: I Am Not an Anti-Semite<br /> | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/1999/10/nixon_i_am_not_an_antisemite.html<br /> | access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Noah|1999-10-07}}<br /> | archive-date = May 25, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525123015/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/1999/10/nixon_i_am_not_an_antisemite.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Sawhill<br /> | first = Ray<br /> | date = February 2011<br /> | title = The Fall and Rise of an American President<br /> | magazine = [[Opera News]]<br /> | url = http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2011/2/Features/The_Fall_and_Rise_of_an_American_President.html<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Sawhill|2011-02}}<br /> | archive-date = October 17, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017214535/http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2011/2/Features/The_Fall_and_Rise_of_an_American_President.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br /> | date = April 5, 1971<br /> | title = Again, the Credibility Gap?<br /> | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876891,00.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081221212832/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876891,00.html<br /> | archive-date = December 21, 2008<br /> | access-date = July 29, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time''|1971-04-05}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br /> | date = August 14, 1972<br /> | title = Behavior: Evaluating Eagleton<br /> | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906223,00.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080102000612/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906223,00.html<br /> | archive-date = January 2, 2008<br /> | access-date = July 23, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time''|1972-08-14}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br /> | date = November 20, 1972<br /> | title = Democrats: The long journey to disaster<br /> | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712186,00.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080421063556/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712186,00.html<br /> | archive-date = April 21, 2008<br /> | access-date = July 23, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time''|1970-11-20}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Skidmore<br /> | first = Max J.<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | title = Ranking and Evaluating Presidents: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt<br /> | journal = White House Studies<br /> | volume = 1<br /> | issue = 4<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Skidmore}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Stacks<br /> | first = John F.<br /> | date = May 2, 1994<br /> | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br /> | title = Richard Nixon: Victory in Defeat<br /> | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980651,00.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110122202901/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980651,00.html<br /> | archive-date = January 22, 2011<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Stacks|1994-05-02}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite magazine<br /> | last = Morrow<br /> | first = Lance<br /> | date = September 30, 1996<br /> | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br /> | title = Naysayer to the nattering nabobs<br /> | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985217,00.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061110050539/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985217,00.html<br /> | archive-date = November 10, 2006<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Morrow|1996-09-30}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |last = Allen<br /> |first = Erika Tyler<br /> |publisher = The Museum of Broadcast Communications<br /> |title = The Kennedy–Nixon Presidential Debates, 1960<br /> |url = http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=kennedy-nixon<br /> |access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Museum of Broadcast Communications, &quot;Kennedy–Nixon Debates&quot;}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511211530/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=kennedy-nixon<br /> |archive-date = May 11, 2012<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |last = Auster<br /> |first = Albert<br /> |publisher = The Museum of Broadcast Communications<br /> |title = Smith, Howard K<br /> |url = http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=smithhoward<br /> |access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Museum of Broadcast Communications, &quot;Smith, Howard K.&quot;}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120805122035/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=smithhoward<br /> |archive-date = August 5, 2012<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |last = Evans<br /> |first = Thomas W.<br /> |year = 1993<br /> |title = The All-Volunteer Army After Twenty Years: Recruiting in the Modern Era<br /> |publisher = Sam Houston State University<br /> |url = http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/VolArm.html<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> |ref = {{sfnRef|Evans}}<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130808222147/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/VolArm.html<br /> |archive-date = August 8, 2013<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | last = Handlin<br /> | first = Daniel<br /> | date = November 28, 2005<br /> | title = Just another Apollo? Part two<br /> | work = The Space Review<br /> | url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/507/1<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Handlin}}<br /> | archive-date = May 9, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509224431/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/507/1<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title=American President: Richard Milhous Nixon (1913–1994), Foreign Affairs<br /> |publisher=Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia<br /> |url=http://millercenter.org/president/nixon/essays/biography/5<br /> |access-date=July 17, 2011<br /> |ref={{sfnRef|Miller Center}}<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811201550/http://millercenter.org/president/nixon/essays/biography/5<br /> |archive-date=August 11, 2011<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | publisher = [[National Park Service]]<br /> | title = Richard M. Nixon Birthplace<br /> | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/presidents/nixon_birthplace.html<br /> | access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|NPS, Nixon Birthplace}}<br /> | archive-date = November 7, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107115848/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/presidents/nixon_birthplace.html<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |title=Commander Richard M. Nixon, USNR<br /> |work=Naval Historical Center<br /> |publisher=United States Navy<br /> |date=August 7, 2006<br /> |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-8.htm<br /> |access-date=July 16, 2011<br /> |ref={{sfnRef|Naval Historical Center, Commander Nixon}}<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816114029/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-8.htm<br /> |archive-date=August 16, 2011<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | last = Nixon<br /> | first = Richard<br /> | date = August 8, 1974<br /> | title = President Nixon's Resignation Speech<br /> | publisher = Public Broadcasting Service<br /> | work = Character Above All<br /> | url = https://www.pbs.org/newshour/character/links/nixon_speech.html<br /> | access-date = July 15, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|PBS, Resignation Speech}}<br /> | archive-date = July 18, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133421/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/character/links/nixon_speech.html<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | title = The Nixon Visit (February 21–28, 1972)<br /> | publisher = Public Broadcasting Service<br /> | work = American Experience<br /> | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/sfeature/nixon.html<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|PBS, The Nixon Visit}}<br /> | archive-date = August 1, 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110801055511/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/sfeature/nixon.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | title = Richard M. Nixon, Domestic Politics<br /> | publisher = Public Broadcasting Service<br /> | work = American Experience<br /> | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/nixon-domestic/<br /> | access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|PBS, Nixon, Domestic Politics}}<br /> | archive-date = May 23, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523191923/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/nixon-domestic/<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | last = Sabia<br /> | first = Joseph J.<br /> | url = http://hnn.us/articles/5331.html<br /> | title = Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with ''Brown''<br /> | publisher = History News Network<br /> | date = May 31, 2004<br /> | access-date = May 11, 2012<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Sabia}}<br /> | archive-date = January 27, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127085234/http://hnn.us/articles/5331.html<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | publisher = United Press International<br /> | work = 1960 Year In Review<br /> | title = Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election<br /> | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1960/Kennedy-Wins-1960-Presidential-Election/12295509435928-8/<br /> | access-date = July 17, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|UPI 1960 in Review}}<br /> | archive-date = July 26, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726225853/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1960/Kennedy-Wins-1960-Presidential-Election/12295509435928-8/<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | publisher = United Press International<br /> | work = 1968 Year in Review<br /> | title = 1968 Presidential Election<br /> | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/1968-Presidential-Election/12303153093431-2/<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|UPI 1968 in Review}}<br /> | archive-date = July 26, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726223101/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/1968-Presidential-Election/12303153093431-2/<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | publisher = United Press International<br /> | work = 1969 Year in Review<br /> | title = Nixon Becomes President<br /> | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1969/War-Protests/12303189849225-3/<br /> | access-date = July 16, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|UPI 1969 in Review}}<br /> | archive-date = July 26, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726232712/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1969/War-Protests/12303189849225-3/<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | url = http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/periodicals-postage-history.pdf<br /> | title = Postage rates for periodicals: A narrative history<br /> | publisher = [[United States Postal Service]]<br /> | access-date = August 6, 2011<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|USPS, Periodicals postage}}<br /> | archive-date = July 30, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130730162257/http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/periodicals-postage-history.pdf<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | author = Office of the Federal Register<br /> | title = Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 1971<br /> | chapter = New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | publisher = National Archives and Records Service<br /> | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r2qRyBmB15EC&amp;pg=PA180<br /> | isbn = 978-0-16-058863-1<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of the Federal Register}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | title = Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act<br /> | date = May 16, 1972<br /> | work = The American Presidency Project<br /> | publisher = University of California, Santa Barbara<br /> | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3413<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|The American Presidency Project}}<br /> | access-date = May 23, 2012<br /> | archive-date = November 8, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131108183227/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3413<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |publisher=National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute<br /> |date=September 2002<br /> |title=Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure<br /> |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/scd30/scd30.pdf<br /> |id=02-5214<br /> |ref={{sfnRef|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131185453/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/scd30/scd30.pdf<br /> |archive-date=January 31, 2012<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Wailoo<br /> | first = Keith<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | publisher = University of North Carolina Press<br /> | title = Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/dyingincityofblu00keit<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | page = [https://archive.org/details/dyingincityofblu00keit/page/165 165]<br /> | isbn = 978-0-8078-4896-8<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Wailoo}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | year = 1972<br /> | title = Health insurance: hearings on new proposals<br /> | journal = Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus<br /> | volume = 27<br /> | location = Washington, D.C.<br /> | publisher= Congressional Quarterly<br /> | pages = 541–544<br /> | issn = 0095-6007<br /> | oclc = 1564784<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|NHI: CQ Almanac 1971}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | year = 1974<br /> | title = Limited experimental health bill enacted<br /> | journal = Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus<br /> | volume = 29 | location = Washington, D.C.<br /> | publisher= Congressional Quarterly<br /> | pages = 499–508<br /> | issn = 0095-6007<br /> | oclc = 1564784<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|HMO: CQ Almanac 1973}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | year = 1975<br /> | title = National health insurance: no action in 1974<br /> | journal = Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus<br /> | volume = 30 | location = Washington, D.C.<br /> | publisher= Congressional Quarterly<br /> | pages = 386–394<br /> | issn = 0095-6007<br /> | oclc = 1564784<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|NHI: CQ Almanac 1974}}<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/cf7c9c870b600b9585256df80075b9dd/f8723e3606cd79ec85256ff6006f82c3?OpenDocument<br /> | title = President Nixon's Troublesome Tax Returns<br /> | last = Samson<br /> | first = William<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | publisher = TaxAnalysts<br /> | access-date = December 20, 2013<br /> | ref = {{sfnRef|Samson}}<br /> | archive-date = June 24, 2012<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120624022649/http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/cf7c9c870b600b9585256df80075b9dd/f8723e3606cd79ec85256ff6006f82c3?OpenDocument<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0418/Tax-Day-2011-Why-do-presidents-release-tax-returns-Hint-I-am-not-a<br /> | title = Tax Day 2011: Why do presidents release tax returns?<br /> | last = Grier<br /> | first = Peter<br /> | year = 2011<br /> | work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]]<br /> | access-date = December 20, 2013<br /> | archive-date = December 21, 2013<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131221022325/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0418/Tax-Day-2011-Why-do-presidents-release-tax-returns-Hint-I-am-not-a<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> {{divcol-end}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Li |first=Victor |title=Nixon in New York: How Wall Street Helped Richard Nixon Win the White House |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |location=Madison, NJ |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-68393-000-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Evan |author-link=Evan Thomas |title=Being Nixon: A Man Divided |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFoDBwAAQBAJ |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8129-9536-7 |oclc=904756092}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{sister project links|Richard Nixon}}<br /> <br /> ===Official websites===<br /> * [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/richard-m-nixon/ White House biography]<br /> * [http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/ Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]<br /> * [http://nixonfoundation.org/ Richard Nixon Foundation]<br /> <br /> ===Media coverage===<br /> * {{New York Times topic}}<br /> * {{C-SPAN}}<br /> ** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151633-1/life-portrait-richard-m-nixon &quot;Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon&quot;], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', November 19, 1999<br /> <br /> ===Other===<br /> * {{CongBio|N000116}}<br /> * [http://millercenter.org/president/nixon Essays on Richard Nixon, each member of his cabinet and First Lady] from the [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]<br /> * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/nixon/index.html Richard Nixon: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress<br /> * [http://video.pbs.org/video/979746298 &quot;The Presidents: Nixon&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113083454/http://video.pbs.org/video/979746298 |date=November 13, 2015 }}, an ''[[American Experience]]'' documentary<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Richard Milhous Nixon}}<br /> * {{Librivox author |id=10724}}<br /> * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Nixon-Richard-M Richard Nixon Personal Manuscripts]<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Gutenberg author|id=1668}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title = Offices and distinctions<br /> |list1 =<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-par|us-hs}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Jerry Voorhis]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from California|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[California's 12th congressional district]]|years=1947–1950}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Patrick J. 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Eisenhower]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States| years=[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Barry Goldwater]]}}<br /> <br /> {{s-bef|before=[[William F. Knowland]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of California]]|years=[[1962 California gubernatorial election|1962]]}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Ronald Reagan]]}}<br /> <br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Barry Goldwater]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States| years=[[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]]}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Gerald Ford]]}}<br /> <br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Alben W. 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Johnson]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1969–1974}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Gerald Ford]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Richard Nixon}}<br /> {{navboxes<br /> |title = Articles related to Richard Nixon<br /> |list1 =<br /> {{Conservatism US footer}}<br /> {{US Presidents}}<br /> {{USVicePresidents}}<br /> {{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}}<br /> {{Eisenhower cabinet}}<br /> {{Republican Party (United States)}}<br /> {{USSenCA}}<br /> {{USCongRep-start|congresses= 80th–82nd [[United States Congress]] |state=[[California]]}}<br /> {{USCongRep/CA/80}}<br /> {{USCongRep/CA/81}}<br /> {{USCongRep/CA/82}}<br /> {{USCongRep-end}}<br /> {{1952 United States presidential election}}<br /> {{1956 United States presidential election}}<br /> {{1960 United States presidential election}}<br /> {{1968 United States presidential election}}<br /> {{1972 United States presidential election}}<br /> {{Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975}}<br /> {{National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners}}<br /> {{Nixon cabinet}}<br /> {{United States representatives from California 11-30}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|1960s|1970s|Biography|California|Conservatism|Politics|United States}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nixon, Richard}}<br /> [[Category:Richard Nixon| ]]<br /> [[Category:1913 births]]<br /> [[Category:1960s in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:1994 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1952 United States vice-presidential candidates]]<br /> [[Category:1956 United States vice-presidential candidates]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American memoirists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American naval officers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century United States representatives]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Quakers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century United States senators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century vice presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Antisemitism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:American anti-communists]]<br /> [[Category:American Quakers]]<br /> [[Category:California lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:California Republicans]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 1968 United States presidential election]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election]]<br /> [[Category:Cannabis law reform in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Cornell family]]<br /> [[Category:Disbarred New York (state) lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Duke University School of Law alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Eisenhower administration cabinet members]]<br /> [[Category:Fullerton Union High School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers disbarred in the Watergate scandal]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers from New York City]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from Orange County, California]]<br /> [[Category:Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal]]<br /> [[Category:Nixon family|Richard]]<br /> [[Category:People from Park Ridge, New Jersey]]<br /> [[Category:People from Saddle River, New Jersey]]<br /> [[Category:People from San Clemente, California]]<br /> [[Category:People from Whittier, California]]<br /> [[Category:People from Yorba Linda, California]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Cold War]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Laotian Civil War]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Yom Kippur War]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Los Angeles County, California]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Orange County, California]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:People pardoned by Gerald Ford]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party United States representatives from California]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party United States senators from California]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]<br /> [[Category:Republican Party vice presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:United States government officials of the Vietnam War]]<br /> [[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]<br /> [[Category:United States Navy reservists]]<br /> [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Whittier High School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Whittier Poets football players]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the House Un-American Activities Committee]]<br /> [[Category:War on drugs]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Medical_Council_Act,_1956&diff=504102 2026-03-25T19:07:47Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added a details more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox legislation<br /> | short_title = Indian Medical Council Act, 1956<br /> | legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br /> | long_title = An Act to provide for the reconstitution of the Medical Council of India, and the maintenance of a Medical Register for India and for matters connected therewith.<br /> | citation = Act No. 102 of 1956<br /> | territorial_extent = [[India]]<br /> | enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]<br /> | date_assented = 30 December 1956<br /> | repeals = Indian Medical Council Act, 1933<br /> | amended_by = {{ubl|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 1964| Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 1993|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2001|Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 2004|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2010|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2011|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2012|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2016|Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 2019}}<br /> | repealed_by = National Medical Commission Act, 2019<br /> | status = repealed<br /> }}<br /> {{Split|date=February 2026|National Medical Commission Act, 2019|discuss=Talk:Indian_Medical_Council_Act#Splitting|reason=The Repeal section is about National Medical Commission Act, 2019}}<br /> The '''Indian Medical Council Act, 1956'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-102_0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian legislation that provided for the constitution of the [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI). The Act was repealed on 25 September 2020 and the MCI was dissolved on the same date. Prior to its dissolution, the MCI regulated standards of medical education, permission to start colleges, courses or increase the number of seats, registration of doctors, standards of professional conduct of medical practitioners. The MCI was replaced by the [[National Medical Commission|Nation Medical Commission]].<br /> <br /> ==Amendments==<br /> Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was passed by [[Rajya Sabha]] on 1 August 2016 approving the applicability of the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test]] (NEET), an entrance exam for medical institutes in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Parliament gave approval to two important bills |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-exam-332779-2016-08-02 |publisher=India today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Repeal==<br /> The [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) came into force from September 25, 2020, repealing the nearly 64-year-old Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and also dissolving all its bodies such as Medical Council of India and Board of Governors in Supersession of the MCI.<br /> As a result, the much-awaited NMC will start to function effectively to bring reforms in the Indian medical education sector. The National Medical Commission Act 2019 was passed by both houses of Parliament. For the initial three-year period of the NMC, Suresh Chandra Sharma, from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], was appointed chairman, and Rakesh Kumar Vats, ex-Secretary General, Board of Governors - MCI, was appointed secretary.<br /> <br /> The NMC is structured to have 10 ex-officio members and 22 part-time members appointed by the Central government. Members must declare their assets at the time of joining and departing the office, and must declare their professional and commercial engagement or involvement to ensure transparency. It has been further provided that chairperson/member on ceasing to hold office will not accept for a period of two years any employment in any capacity in a private medical institution whose matter has been dealt with them either directly or indirectly.<br /> The NMC will frame policies and co-ordinate the activities of four autonomous boards, which includes - (i) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB),(ii) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB), (iii) Medical Assessment and Rating Board, (iv) Ethics and Medical Registration Board.<br /> According to the Central government, the NMC Act is a progressive legislation which will reduce the burden on students, ensure probity in medical education, bring down costs of medical education, simplify procedures, help to enhance the number of medical seats in India, ensure quality education, and provide wider access to people for quality healthcare.<br /> According to the government, the MCI had failed in almost all spheres and became highly ineffective.<br /> As one of the mandates of the NMC is to look at the cost of medical education, it will also provide for a common entrance examination for MBBS (NEET) along with common counselling for all medical institutions in the country. According to the health ministry, this provision will prevent seat blocking in parallel counselling processes and will eliminate the need for students to approach multiple colleges and take part in multiple counselling processes for admission. This will save students and their families from unnecessary physical and financial trauma.<br /> Under the NMC Act, the final year examination has been converted into a nationwide exit test called NEXT. This single examination will grant - i) a license to practice medicine, ii) an MBBS degree, and iii) entrance to postgraduate courses. There is a provision for common counselling for entrance to PG courses also. Students will be able to get admission to seats in all medical colleges and to institutes of national importance like AIIMS, PGI Chandigarh and JIPMER through a single counselling process. The Act does not impose any restriction on the number of attempts at NEXT examination.<br /> A singularly outstanding feature of the NMC Act is that it provides for the regulation of fees and all other charges in 50 per cent seats in private colleges as well as deemed to be universities as there was no provision to regulate fees in the Indian Medical Council Act 1956. According to the government, nearly 50 per cent of the total MBBS seats in the country are in government colleges, which have nominal fees. Of the remaining seats, 50 per cent would be regulated by NMC. This means that almost 75 per cent of total seats in the country would be available at reasonable fees.<br /> The government also informed that a provision has been made in the NMC Act to register some Community Health Providers (CHPs) who shall be modern medicine professionals with limited powers, however, they shall not be dealing with any alternative system of medicine. (ANI)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956]]<br /> [[Category:Indian legislation]]<br /> [[Category:Medical education in India]]<br /> [[Category:Medical regulation in India]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.nmc.org.in/nmc-act/ National Medical Council Official]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallavi_Chatterjee&diff=523954 2026-03-24T03:37:36Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Made new post w/ infobox!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film actress (born 1965)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Actress<br /> | name = Pallavi Chatterjee<br /> | nickname = Maku<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|10|30}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pallavi-chatterjees-birthday-plans-revealed/articleshow/71818359.cms |website=The Times of India |title=Pallavi Chatterjee's birthday plans revealed |language=en |access-date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/I-never-visit-my-father-Prosenjit/articleshow/7751973.cms |title=I never visit my father: Prosenjit |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}<br /> | parents = {{ubl|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]] (father)|Ratna Chatterjee (mother)}}<br /> | relatives = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] (brother)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/in-pics-heres-how-tolly-stars-celebrating-a-happy-raksha-bandhan/articleshow/70686954.cms |title=In Pics: Here's how Tolly stars celebrating a happy Raksha Bandhan – Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/prosenjit-chatterjees-candid-pictures-celebrating-bhai-phonta/articleshow/66554249.cms |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee's candid pictures celebrating Bhai Phonta – Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | mother = <br /> | <br /> | notable_works = ''[[Dosar]]''<br /> | years_active = 1986–present<br /> | awards = Kalakar Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |title=Kalakar Awards Winner |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=5 December 2019 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.pallavichatterjee.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pallavi Chatterjee''' (born 30 October 1965) is an Indian actress&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pallabi is a well known Bengali actress. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bengali/pallabi/articleshow/23096541.cms |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and producer who is known for her works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Film Industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee's sister robbed of Rs. 10 lakh in cyber crime |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/actor-prosenjit-chatterjees-sister-robbed-of-rs-10-lakh-in-cyber-crime |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pallavi-chatterjee-60230 |title=Pallavi Chatterjee |website=Cinestaan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707133759/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pallavi-chatterjee-60230 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2019|access-date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is best known for her role as Brinda in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[Dosar]]'' (2006).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dosar/20060512.htm |title=Rituparno gets it right with Dosar |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is the recipient of Kalakar Awards for two times.{{Need Citation|date=April 2024}}<br /> <br /> Born to actor [[Biswajit Chatterjee]], Chatterjee made her acting debut opposite Arindam Ganguly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=ঋতুপর্ণা, লাবণী, বিদীপ্তা, পল্লবী, ইন্দ্রাণী, একঝাঁক নায়িকার প্রথম হিরো ছিলেন অরিন্দমই - Arindam Ganguly was the first hero of a host of heroines, including Rituparna, Labani, Bidipta, Pallabi, Indrani. |url=https://www.thewall.in/cinema/arindam-ganguly-was-the-first-hero-of-a-host-of-heroines-including-rituparna-labani-bidipta-pallabi-indrani/tid/165141 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her first big screen venture was [[Sujit Guha]]'s ''[[Amar Prem (1989 film)|Amar Prem]]'' in 1989 that stars her brother [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] as the protagonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amar-prem-33511 |title=Amar Prem (1989) |website=Cinestaan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206114359/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amar-prem-33511 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her [[Bollywood]] debut with Vinod Talwar's ''Teri Talash Mein'' (1990).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/teri-talash-mein-2/ |title=Teri Talash Mein (1990) |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Note<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1989<br /> | ''[[Amar Prem (1989 film)|Amar Prem]]''<br /> |<br /> |Credited as Jayeeta Chatterjee<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1990<br /> | ''[[Badnaam (1990 film)|Badnaam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kalanka''<br /> |<br /> |Credited as Jayeeta Chatterjee<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Paapi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Teri Talash Mein''<br /> |<br /> |Hindi film<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |''Ananda Niketan''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ananda Niketan |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTg2NA== |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992<br /> | ''[[Apan Por]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Purushottam (1992 film)|Purushottam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1993<br /> |''Atithi Shilpi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Rajar Meye Parul''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994<br /> | ''[[Phiriye Dao]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pratyaghat''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995<br /> |''Jiban Yoddha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kencho Khunrte Keute|Kencho Khurte Keute]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1996<br /> |''Abujh Mon''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Banaphul''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Beyadap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Joy Bijoy''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Joto Kando Kathmandute''<br /> |Ranjana Bose<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Karna''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sinthir Sindoor''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |Yugant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1997<br /> |''Ajker Santan''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Matribhumi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pabitra Papi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |''Jiban Trishna''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999<br /> | ''Khelaghar''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Shudhu Ekbar Bolo''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> | ''[[Madhur Milan]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''Sharbari''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> | ''[[Ek Mutho Chabi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006<br /> | ''[[Aamra]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dosar]]''<br /> |Brinda<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> | ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013<br /> | ''[[Aborto]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Encounter (2013 film)|Encounter]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ganesh Talkies]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> | ''[[Khaad]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> | ''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> | ''Guha Manab''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2019<br /> | ''Bhul Anko''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gumnaami]]''<br /> |Lolita Bose<br /> |Cameo<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shah Jahan Regency]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shesher Golpo]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thai Curry (film)|Thai Curry]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === TV series ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |''Shubhoratri''<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1993 |title=শুভরাত্রি |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VWQzdnLW1QaEFGS256Tm1TNzBtZW5VQlFiSHdfT2NxNm1rQjZsMzVOWmNOY3c%5FZT1Tc1JBU20&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21se983bb50848f4a019f33664bbd267a75&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21169&amp;o=OneUp |journal=টেলিভিশন |language=Bn |issue=October 1993 |pages=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> | ''[[Amra 2GayTher]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> | ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1397536}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Pallavi}}<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali television actresses]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollena_%E2%80%93_Sapno_Ki_Unchi_Udann&diff=487135 2026-03-19T08:28:59Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: creating initial data with sources - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian science drama television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]<br /> | genre = [[Family drama|Family Drama]]&lt;br&gt;[[Social issue]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | director = <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]]|[[Sandeep Baswana]]|Samarthya Gupta}}<br /> | open_theme = Apollena by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 104&lt;!-- as of 16 March 2025 --&gt;&lt;!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --&gt;<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]<br /> | editor = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 20 minutes<br /> | company = [[4 Lions Films]]<br /> | network = [[Colors TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|12|03|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2025|03|16|df=yes}}<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television science drama series that premiered on [[Colors TV]] on 3 December 2024 to 16 March 2025 and streams digitally on [[JioCinema]]. Produced by [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] under [[4 Lions Films]], it starred [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]], [[Sandeep Baswana]] and Samarthya Gupta in lead roles. <br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Set in 2005 in Delhi, an Independence Day celebration is underway. Giridhar Shukla's family, including his wife Madhu and their son Neil, attend the flag hoisting ceremony. Amidst the crowd, a stranger accidentally pushes Madhu, who is pregnant. Giridhar prevents her from falling. Later, Giridhar expresses his disappointment to Madhu, noting that Neil doesn't share an interest in aircraft like other children. She tells him that he is interested in music. Giridhar reflects on his dreams for Neil and his hopes to see them fulfilled. Pallavi Sachdeva, a senior [[Scientist]] and Giridhar's boss gets an official letter. <br /> <br /> Girdhar tells his wife that Pallavi was an air force coordinator earlier. Now, she is a senior [[Scientist]] in his team. He wishes to introduce her to Pallavi. Pallavi informs Girdhar that about a research project, to develop the India's first astronaut training facility has got an fund. India's most prestigious space research organisation, SRI is funding it. Pallavi says to him if they become successful they will be able to send our astronauts in the [[space]].<br /> <br /> Madhu gets labour pains. Pallavi informs them that a VIP arrived causing the road to be blocked. She takes them to the lab and delivers the baby there. Madhu gives a birth to a baby girl in the lab.<br /> <br /> Girdhar takes his family to his native Chitrakoot, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His mom complaints that she got an chance to meet her granddaughter after three months as they are always staying in [[Delhi]].<br /> A naming ceremony function is arranged for the baby. Madhu asks Renu to choose a name for her daughter. She suggests few names but Girdhar didn't liked it. He named Apollena to his daughter.<br /> <br /> Giridhar's mom creates a scene seeing the ticket to [[Delhi]]. He informs her that it's important to go back to Delhi. She argues with him. Giridhar notices that Neil is not interested in studies as he doesn't even know 9 plantes names. Apollena answers to it. He feels proud of her. He decided to fulfill his dream through his daughter which he dreamt for Neil. Giridhar and his family leaves for [[Delhi]].<br /> <br /> Later, Giridhar brings his family to the lab, where Pallavi notices Apollena's love for space and advises Giridhar to train Apollena to send to the space.<br /> <br /> On her 6th birthday Apollena wears astronaut's custom and Giridhar encourages her. Pallavi and Giridhar are arrested by some [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officers under the charge of treason against the country. Apollena runs behind the police jeep but falls down. Giridhar is blacklisted by common people. Young Apollena vows to prove her father's innocence. Giridhar then trains Apollena in order to become an astronaut.<br /> <br /> Apollena is now grown up living in Chitrakut with her family members. Apollena got admission in a boys college at her village. Sanjay creates a fake [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] video in order to insult Apollena but fails. A mail comes to Apollena, who thinks that the mail came from IASA. A honouring ceremony <br /> was organised for Apollena. The mail later turns out to be fake. Soon, Shlok Pandey enters. Shlok and Apollena has a cute conversation. Some circumstances forces Apollena and Shlok to marry much to Giridhar's anger.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] as Apollena Shukla aka Appu (2024–2025)<br /> ** Ira Rai as Child Apollena Shukla aka Appu (2024)<br /> * Samarthya Gupta as Shlok Pandey (2025)<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Giridhar Shukla (2024–2025)<br /> * [[Eva Shirali|Eva Ahuja]] as Madhu Shukla (2024–2025)<br /> * Hritik Yadav as Neil Shukla (2024–2025)<br /> ** Hardik Mehta as Child Neil Shukla (2024)<br /> * Surabhi Tiwari as Renu Shukla Pathak (2024–2025)<br /> * Sameer Vijayan as Ramakant Pathak (2024–2025)<br /> * Garima Kaushal as Sangeeta Pathak (2024–2025)<br /> ** Kayra Mulani as Child Sangeeta Pathak (2024)<br /> * [[Kiran Bhargava]] as Damayanti (2024–2025)<br /> * Het Makwana as Bittu (2024)<br /> * [[Surbhi Chandna]] as Pallavi Sachdeva: A senior [[scientist]] (2024; 2025)<br /> * Aaradhya Tiwari as Sarangi (2025)<br /> * Sanket Choukse as Ved Pandey (2025)<br /> * [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Saraswati Pandey (2025)<br /> * [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Mahadev Pandey (2025)<br /> * Anjita Poonia as Soumya Pandey (2025)<br /> * [[Simran Rawal]] as Ira (2025)<br /> * Karan Khandelwal as Sanjay Singh (2024)<br /> * Atul Bharadwaj as Mohit (2024)<br /> * Akash Kapoor as Abhay (2024)<br /> * Bhavya Shinde as Professor Vijayan (2024)<br /> * Vibhanshu Dixit as Akshay (2024–2025)<br /> * Irina Rudakova as Anna (2025)<br /> * Aaradhya tiwari as Sarangi (2024-2025)<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Shivangi Joshi]], Niharika Chouksey and Adhik Mehta were approached for the lead role,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1 August 2024|title=Niharika Chouksey &amp; Adhik Mehta NOT CONFIRMED For Four Lions' Next On Colors TV (Exclusive)|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/niharika-chouksey-adhik-mehta-not-confirmed-for-four-lions-next-on-colors-tv-exclusive|access-date=3 December 2024|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] was finalized for the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Choudhary|first=Aanchal|date=7 October 2024|title=Aditi Sharma On Being Replaced From Apollena &amp; Being Roped In Again: 'Jo Aapka Hai Wo Aapke Paas..' (Exclusive)|url=<br /> https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/aditi-sharma-on-being-replaced-from-apollena-being-roped-in-again-jo-aapka-hai-wo-aapke-paas-exclusive|access-date=3 December 2024|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sandeep Baswana]] was cast as Giridhar Shukla, Apollena's father.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=30 November 2024|title=The Idea Is To Play Roles With Substance, It Does Not Matter If I Am Playing Father Roles: Sandeep Baswana, Who Will Be Seen In Apollena|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-intention-is-to-play-roles-with-substance-it-does-not-matter-if-i-am-playing-father-roles-sandeep-baswana-who-will-be-seen-in-apollena/articleshow/115844176.cms|access-date=3 December 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Colors TV original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Television series set in outer space]]<br /> [[Category:Television series about astronauts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivam_Dube&diff=448358 2026-03-19T08:18:27Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Article updated with latest changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1993)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Shivam Dube<br /> | image = Shivam Dube in PMO New Delhi.jpg<br /> | caption = Dube in 2024<br /> | country = India<br /> | fullname = Shivam Dube<br /> | nickname = <br /> | international = true<br /> | internationalspan = 2019–present<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|6|26|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | batting = Left-handed<br /> | bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]]<br /> | role = [[All-rounder]]<br /> | height = 1.93 m&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title='Belief' the secret behind Dube's successful transformation|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126611/belief-the-secret-behind-dubes-successful-transformation|quote=...and get the ball to rise and challenge the 6 feet 4 inch frame of Dube|work=Cricbuzz}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | year1 = 2016–present<br /> | club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br /> | year2 = 2019–2020<br /> | club3 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br /> | year3 = 2021<br /> | club4 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br /> | year4 = 2022–present<br /> <br /> | odidebutdate = 15 December<br /> | odidebutyear = 2019<br /> | odidebutagainst = West Indies<br /> | odicap = 228<br /> | lastodidate = 7 August<br /> | lastodiyear = 2024<br /> | lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka<br /> | odishirt = 25 (previously 70)<br /> <br /> | T20Idebutdate = 3 November<br /> | T20Idebutyear = 2019<br /> | T20Idebutagainst = Bangladesh<br /> | T20Icap = 82<br /> | lastT20Idate = 8 March<br /> | lastT20Iyear = 2026<br /> | lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand<br /> <br /> | T20Ishirt = 25 (previously 70)<br /> <br /> | columns = 4<br /> | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]<br /> | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]<br /> | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br /> | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br /> | matches1 = 4<br /> | matches2 = 64<br /> | matches3 = 25<br /> | matches4 = 62<br /> | runs1 = 43<br /> | runs2 = 991<br /> | runs3 = 1,541<br /> | runs4 = 1,121<br /> | bat avg1 = 10.75<br /> | bat avg2 = 30.96<br /> | bat avg3 = 44.02<br /> | bat avg4 = 35.03<br /> | 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br /> | 100s/50s2 = 0/6<br /> | 100s/50s3 = 4/9<br /> | 100s/50s4 = 1/3<br /> | top score1 = 25<br /> | top score2 = 66<br /> | top score3 = 121[[not out|*]]<br /> | top score4 = 118<br /> | deliveries1 = 107<br /> | deliveries2 = 524<br /> | deliveries3 = 2,732<br /> | deliveries4 = 2,050<br /> | wickets1 = 1<br /> | wickets2 = 31<br /> | wickets3 = 58<br /> | wickets4 = 48<br /> | bowl avg1 = 106.00<br /> | bowl avg2 = 27.54<br /> | bowl avg3 = 21.72<br /> | bowl avg4 = 38.00<br /> | fivefor1 = 0<br /> | fivefor2 = 0<br /> | fivefor3 = 3<br /> | fivefor4 = 0<br /> | tenfor1 = 0<br /> | tenfor2 = 0<br /> | tenfor3 = 0<br /> | tenfor4 = 0<br /> | best bowling1 = 1/19<br /> | best bowling2 = 3/4<br /> | best bowling3 = 7/53<br /> | best bowling4 = 4/68<br /> | catches/stumpings1 = 1/–<br /> | catches/stumpings2 = 24/–<br /> | catches/stumpings3 = 8/–<br /> | catches/stumpings4 = 18/–<br /> | date = 8 March 2026<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/714451.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> | medaltemplates = &amp;lt;!-- MENTION HOST NAMES IN TEAM SPORTS --&amp;gt;<br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2024 ICC World Twenty20|2024 West Indies &amp;amp; USA]]|}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India &amp;amp; Sri Lanka]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Hangzhou]]|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shivam Dube''' (born 25 June 1993) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Shivam Dube |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/714451.html |accessdate=30 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He plays for the [[India national cricket team|India national team]] as an [[all-rounder]], who [[Batting (cricket)|bats]] left-handed and bowls right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]]. He represents [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in domestic cricket and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Dube was a member of the Indian team that won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Shivam Dube was born on 26 June 1993 in [[Mumbai]], India. His father Rajesh Dube hails from [[Bhadohi district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and had migrated to Mumbai for work.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=क्रिकेटर शिवम के पिता ने कहा- नौकर ने थककर बॉल करने से मना किया तो बच्चों को 20-20 रु. देकर प्रैक्टिस कराई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/in-his-childhood-the-coach-had-identified-shivam-dubeys-talent-the-father-said-one-day-i-will-fulfill-your-dream-by-playing-india-126297889.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329153646/https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/in-his-childhood-the-coach-had-identified-shivam-dubeys-talent-the-father-said-one-day-i-will-fulfill-your-dream-by-playing-india-126297889.html |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Dube played school cricket for [[Hansraj Morarji Public School]] but had to stop playing at the age of 14 as he was overweight and unable to work on his fitness due to financial constraints. He returned to play at the age of 19 and was soon selected for the Mumbai Under-23s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=2019-10-25 |title=Stopped cricket at 14, returned when 19, picked for India at 26 - The Shivam Dube story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/stopped-cricket-at-14-returned-when-19-picked-for-india-at-26-the-shivam-dube-story/story-ELh5YQFjwao6W4IDnUCDJL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025133347/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/stopped-cricket-at-14-returned-when-19-picked-for-india-at-26-the-shivam-dube-story/story-ELh5YQFjwao6W4IDnUCDJL.html |archive-date=2019-10-25 |accessdate=2019-11-10 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=Ranji Trophy: Shivam Dubey goes from overweight to fit, and hit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/dubey-from-overweight-to-fit-and-hit-5467996/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005145844/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/dubey-from-overweight-to-fit-and-hit-5467996/ |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=The Shivam Dube journey - from school cricket to the Indian team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-shivam-dube-journey-from-school-cricket-to-the-indian-team-1204669 |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Domestic career==<br /> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the [[2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 18 January 2016.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;T20&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/955065.html |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Super League Group A: Baroda v Mumbai at Mumbai, Jan 18, 2016 |accessdate=30 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Mumbai in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 25 February 2017.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group C: Mumbai v Rajasthan at Chennai, Feb 26, 2017 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230815/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2016-17-1053437/mumbai-vs-rajasthan-group-c-1053745/full-scorecard |archive-date=2024-02-21 |accessdate=26 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Mumbai in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 7 December 2017.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;FC&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=4th Quarter-final, Ranji Trophy at Nagpur, Dec 7-11 2017 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118700.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925194447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2017-18-1118604/mumbai-vs-karnataka-4th-quarter-final-1118700/full-scorecard |archive-date=2023-09-25 |accessdate=2017-12-07 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the first innings, he took his maiden five-wicket haul in first-class cricket.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dubey5wkts&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Shreyas Gopal's 150 flattens Mumbai |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118700/day/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209204129/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118700/day/3/ |archive-date=2017-12-09 |accessdate=2017-12-09 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 2 November 2018, in Mumbai's match against [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], he scored his maiden century in first-class cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104876/ranji-highlights-mumbai-up-assert-dominance |title=Ranji Highlights: Mumbai, UP assert dominance; Mudhasir picks four in four balls |work=Cricbuzz |accessdate=2 November 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In his next match, against [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], he took another five-wicket haul, with seven wickets for 54 runs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-takeaways-another-jaffer-record-shami-bowls-a-few-more-than-15-overs-1946075.html |title=Ranji Takeaways: Another Jaffer Record, Shami Bowls a Few More Than 15 Overs |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |accessdate=21 November 2018|date=21 November 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 17 December 2018, in the Ranji Trophy match against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], Dube hit five [[Boundary (cricket)|sixes]] in one [[Over (cricket)|over]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=2018-12-17 |title=Dube tempts IPL teams with five sixes in an over |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25557387/shivam-dube-tempts-ipl-teams-five-sixes-over |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202551/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25557387/shivam-dube-tempts-ipl-teams-five-sixes-over |archive-date=2018-12-17 |accessdate=2018-12-17 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was the second time he had scored five sixes in an over, after doing it against [[Pravin Tambe]] in the Mumbai T20 League in March,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=2018-03-19 |title=Carnage at Wankhede as Shetty, Dubey eliminate Blasters |url=https://www.t20mumbai.com/news/carnage-at-wankhede-as-shetty-dubey-eliminate-blasters-88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210195101/https://www.t20mumbai.com/news/carnage-at-wankhede-as-shetty-dubey-eliminate-blasters-88 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |accessdate=2019-11-22 |work=T20 Mumbai}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where he was also named the player of the tournament.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=2018-03-21 |title=Heroes who made T20 Mumbai a success |url=https://www.t20mumbai.com/features/heroes-who-made-t20-mumbai-a-success-99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323190334/http://www.t20mumbai.com/features/heroes-who-made-t20-mumbai-a-success-99 |archive-date=2018-03-23 |accessdate=2019-11-22 |work=T20 Mumbai}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He was the leading wicket-taker for Mumbai in the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 2018, with 23 dismissals in eight matches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 - Mumbai: Batting and bowling averages |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=1654;type=tournament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111000103/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=1654;type=tournament |archive-date=2019-01-11 |accessdate=2019-01-10 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2018, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |accessdate=2018-12-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218230123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |archive-date=2018-12-18 |accessdate=2018-12-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In February 2021, Dube was bought by the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes|IPL auction]] ahead of the [[2021 Indian Premier League]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152 |title=IPL 2021 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 February 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He was retained by CSK for 4 crores in the [[2023 Indian Premier League]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last= |first= |date=2022-11-15 |title=CSK IPL 2023 retention: Chennai Super Kings full list of retained players, released players, purse remaining for auction |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-full-squad-ipl-2023-retention-auction-released-retained-traded-players-purse-remaining/article66140648.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204092035/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-full-squad-ipl-2023-retention-auction-released-retained-traded-players-purse-remaining/article66140648.ece |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL Auction 2023 - Chennai Super Kings {{!}} Cricbuzz.com |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/teams/58 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He scored 418 runs in 264 balls during the season, with an average strike rate of 158.33, and an average score of 38.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Shivam Dube IPL Profile |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/players/shivam-dube-ipl-p12293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201090004/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/players/shivam-dube-ipl-p12293/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=myKhel}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 {{!}} Chennai Super Kings {{!}} Shivam Dube Player Profile |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/chennai-super-kings/squad-details/5431 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His best performance of the season came against his former team RCB, when he scored 52 runs in 27 balls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Sehrawat |first=Rounaq |date=2023-04-17 |title=IPL 2023: Shivam Dube continues love affair with RCB, scores brilliant fifty in Bengaluru |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-2023-rcb-vs-csk-shivam-dube-scores-fifty-in-bengaluru-2361263-2023-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419085837/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-2023-rcb-vs-csk-shivam-dube-scores-fifty-in-bengaluru-2361263-2023-04-17 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He went on to win the season with CSK by scoring 32 runs in 21 balls in [[2023 Indian Premier League final|the final]], without losing his wicket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=GT vs CSK Cricket Scorecard, Final at Ahmedabad, May 28 - 29, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528184431/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 season of the Indian Premier League]], he was retained by CSK for 4 crore.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Rathour |first=Utkarsh |date=2024-03-21 |title=IPL 2024: Big boost for CSK as Shivam Dube gets clearance from NCA ahead of tournament opener |url=https://khelnow.com/cricket/ipl-2024-csk-shivam-dube-gets-nca-clearance |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He scored 51 runs in 23 balls against [[Gujarat Titans]] in the second match of the season. He was awarded the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] for this performance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last=Sehrawat |first=Rounaq |date=2024-03-27 |title=IPL 2024: Shivam Dube continues golden run of form, smashes fifty vs Gujarat Titans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2024-shivam-dube-fifty-csk-v-gt-2519669-2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last=Gaur |first=Akshat |date=2024-03-26 |title=Twitter reactions: Shivam Dube, bowlers lead CSK to emphatic win over GT in IPL 2024 |url=https://crickettimes.com/2024/03/twitter-reactions-shivam-dube-bowlers-lead-csk-to-emphatic-win-over-gt-in-ipl-2024/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Cricket Times |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> In October 2019, Dube was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2019–20|against Bangladesh]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27917393/virat-kohli-rested,-shivam-dube-gets-maiden-india-call-bangladesh-t20is |title=Virat Kohli rested, Shivam Dube gets maiden India call-up for Bangladesh T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=24 October 2019|date=24 October 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-shivam-dube-from-an-overweight-cricketer-to-finding-a-place-in-team-india/story-ERIs1a9NPIDZPFUEfRruCM.html |title=India vs Bangladesh: Shivam Dube - From an overweight cricketer to finding a place in Team India |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=24 October 2019|date=24 October 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He made his T20I debut for India, against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], on 3 November 2019.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187013.html |title=1st T20I (N), Bangladesh tour of India at Delhi, Nov 3 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=3 November 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He registered bowling figures of 3/30 in the third match of the series.<br /> <br /> Later the same month, Dube was named in India's T20I and [[One Day International]] (ODI) squads for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2019–20|against the West Indies]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28129445/bhuvneshwar-kumar-kuldeep-yadav-back-india-squad-t20is-odis-west-indies |title=Bhuvneshwar, Kuldeep back in India squad for T20Is, ODIs against West Indies |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=21 November 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He scored his maiden international half-century in the second T20I, off 27 balls, after coming in to bat at 3.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Trivandrum T20I: Shivam Dube impresses at No.3, hits maiden T20I fifty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/shivam-dube-maiden-half-century-india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-trivandrum-1626459-2019-12-08 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=India Today |date=8 December 2019 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He made his ODI debut for India, against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], on 15 December 2019.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187021.html |title=1st ODI, West Indies tour of India at Chennai, Dec 15 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 December 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 February 2020, in the fifth T20I match [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019–20|against New Zealand]], Dube bowled the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most runs off an over|second-most expensive over in a T20I match]], conceding 34 runs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-vs-new-zealand-shivam-dube-hit-for-34-runs-in-an-over-second-most-expensive-in-t20i-history-2483555.html |title=India vs New Zealand: Shivam Dube Hit For 34 Runs in an Over, Second Most Expensive in T20I History|work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd 2020 |accessdate=2 February 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 January 2024, in the first T20I against Afghanistan, he scored 60 runs off 40 balls and took a wicket while giving away 9 runs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last= |date=2024-01-11 |title=India vs Afghanistan, 1st T20, Highlights: India beat AFG by 6 wickets |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/india-vs-afghanistan-live-score-updates-1st-t20-cricket-match-11-jan-2024-ind-vs-afg-rohit-kohli-gill-rinku-mohali-11704964454025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209053305/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/india-vs-afghanistan-live-score-updates-1st-t20-cricket-match-11-jan-2024-ind-vs-afg-rohit-kohli-gill-rinku-mohali-11704964454025.html |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the next match, he hit an unbeaten 63 from 32 balls to help India chase down the target of 173 with more than 4 overs to spare.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Jaiswal and Dube go full-throttle as India seal series win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/afghanistan-in-india-2023-24-1389384/india-vs-afghanistan-2nd-t20i-1389397/match-report |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with Shri Shivam Dube.jpg|thumb|left|Dube meeting Narendra Modi after winning the T20 WC 2024]]<br /> <br /> In May 2024, he was named in India's squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<br /> <br /> In July 2024, he won the man of the match award in the fifth T20I against Zimbabwe for scoring 26 off 12 balls and picking 2/25 in four overs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Shivam Dube reveals why he dedicated his POTM award money to Harare Sports Club ground staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-zimbabwe/shivam-dube-reveals-why-he-dedicated-his-potm-award-money-to-harare-sports-club-ground-staff/articleshow/111838921.cms |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He made his second ODI appearance in August 2024 against Sri Lanka, and took his maiden ODI wicket while giving away 19 runs in 4 overs.<br /> <br /> In January 2025, Dube made his international comeback in the fourth T20I against [[England cricket team|England]] in Pune, where he scored 53 off 34 balls and won man of the match despite being unable to bowl after suffering concussion. In the fifth T20I, he scored 30 runs off 13 balls and picked 2/11 in two overs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title='Shivam Dube shut him up': England legend handed a brutal takedown over concussion sub controversy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shivam-dube-shut-him-up-england-legend-handed-a-brutal-takedown-over-concussion-sub-controversy-101738664941037.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=IND vs ENG: Comeback man Shivam Dube saves India in Pune with 53 off 37 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/cricket-india-vs-england-4th-t20i-shivam-dube-comeback-fifty-pune-2673061-2025-01-31 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=India Today |date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2025 while bowling against [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] in [[Asia Cup|Asia Cup 2025]], he got his best T20I bowling figures of 3/4 taking three crucial wickets in the middle overs to trigger a collapse.<br /> <br /> In the first [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] on 21 January 2026 in [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]], Dube took two wickets in consecutive deliveries in a comprehensive win for [[India national cricket team|India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Watch: Shivam Dube rattles NZ with 2 wickets on 2 balls |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-shivam-dube-rattles-nz-with-2-wickets-on-2-balls |website=KhelWire |date=21 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the second match of the series in [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]], Dube contributed an all-round performance, taking the wicket of [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] before scoring an unbeaten 36 runs off 18 deliveries. His innings was highlighted by a 100-metre six off [[Ish Sodhi]], as [[India national cricket team|India]] chased down a target of 209 in 15.2 overs to take a 2–0 lead in the five-match [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=WATCH: Shivam Dube launches 100m monster six in Raipur |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-shivam-dube-launches-100m-monster-six-in-raipur |website=KhelWire |date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the fourth match of the series, Dube scored the third fastest fifty by an Indian batter in International cricket in just 15 balls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-01-28 |title=IND vs NZ: Shivam Dube smashes third-fastest fifty by an Indian in T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shivam-dube-third-fastest-fifty-by-an-indian-t20is-stats-records-ind-vs-nz-visakhapatnam/article70562425.ece |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; India lost the match by 50 runs.<br /> <br /> In December 2025, Dube was named in India's squad for the [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament. He made crucial contributions during the course of the tournament such as scoring 66 runs off 31 deliveries before picking up 2 wickets against [[Netherlands national cricket team|The Netherlands]] on 18 February 2026 in [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]], when he was adjudged the Player of the Match and a vital innings of 43 runs off 25 deliveries against [[England National Cricket Team|England]] in the semi-finals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-netherlands-36th-match-group-a-1512754/match-report |title=Super 8, India vs Netherlands (N) at Ahmedabad, 18 Feb 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=19 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-england-2nd-semi-final-1512772/match-report |title= 2nd Semi-Final (N) at Wankhede, 05 March 2026 <br /> |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate= 19 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup final|Final]], he finished India's innings with an unbeaten 26 from just 8 deliveries, helping [[Indian national cricket team|India]] post a mammoth score of 255 against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and win their record third [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] title, being Dube's second.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/match-report |title= Final (N) at Ahmedabad, 08 March 2026 <br /> |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate= 19 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He ended the tournament with 235 runs at a [[strike rate|strike rate]] of 169.06, hitting 17 sixes in 8 innings.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/stats |title= ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026 - Statistics <br /> |work=ICC |accessdate= 19 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> On 16 July 2021, Dube married his long-time girlfriend Anjum Khan in [[Mumbai]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=India all-rounder Shivam Dube marries long-time girlfriend Anjum Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-all-rounder-shivam-dube-marries-long-time-girlfriend-anjum-khan-7408480/ |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 July 2021 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The couple had their first child, a boy named Ayaan, on 13 February 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|last=Pannu |first=Gurjant |date=2022-02-13 |title=IPL 2022: Shivam Dube bought by CSK for ₹4 crore on same day he becomes dad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/ipl-2022-shivam-dube-bought-by-csk-for-rs-4-crore-on-same-day-he-becomes-dad-101644756894220-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213132916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/ipl-2022-shivam-dube-bought-by-csk-for-rs-4-crore-on-same-day-he-becomes-dad-101644756894220-amp.html |archive-date=2022-02-13 |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Their second child, a girl named Mehwish, was born on 3 January 2025.<br /> <br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=714451}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title= India squads<br /> |bg= #0077FF<br /> |fg= #FF8800<br /> |bordercolor=#FF8800<br /> |list1=<br /> {{India Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}<br /> {{India Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Chennai Super Kings squad}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dube, Shivam}}<br /> [[Category:1993 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in cricket]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naga_Wrestling_Championship&diff=549612 2026-03-16T07:57:07Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wrestling tournament in Nagaland, India}}<br /> {{Infobox Sports league<br /> | current_season =<br /> | logo = <br /> | pixels = <br /> | sport = [[Kene (Naga wrestling)|Wrestling]]<br /> | founded = 1971<br /> | founder = [[Nagaland Wrestling Association]]<br /> | teams = <br /> | country = India<br /> | headquarters = [[Kohima]], Nagaland<br /> | venue = [[Khuochiezie]], Kohima<br /> | champion = Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Naga Wrestling Championship''' is a [[Kene (Naga wrestling)|wrestling]] tournament organized by the [[Nagaland Wrestling Association]]. Initially held as an annual event, it has now been held biennially since 1974 and is the biggest sport event in [[Nagaland]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/naga-wrestling-highest-grossing-sport-nagaland|title=Naga Wrestling: The highest grossing sport in Nagaland|date=12 February 2020|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü emerged as the champion of the 29th Edition of the Naga Wrestling Championship held on 7 March 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://morungexpress.com/kezhaseluo-o-pieny-wins-30th-nwa-naga-traditional-wrestling-championship-2026|title=Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü wins 30th NWA Naga Traditional Wrestling Championship 2026|date=7 March 2026|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Champions ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#DAA520&quot; | Edition<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#DAA520&quot; | Year<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#DAA520&quot; | Winner(s) <br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#DAA520&quot; | Note<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#DAA520&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|30th<br /> |2026<br /> |Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|29th<br /> |2024<br /> |Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://morungexpress.com/kezhaseluo-o-pieny-emerges-29th-nwa-champion-2024|title=Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü emerges 29th NWA Champion 2024|date=26 March 2024|access-date=22 January 2025|website=[[The Morung Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|28th<br /> |2022<br /> |Venüzo Dawhuo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/venuzo-dawhuo-retains-naga-wrestling-meet-title/|title=Venüzo Dawhuo retains Naga Wrestling Meet title|date=1 March 2022|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126172358/https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/venuzo-dawhuo-retains-naga-wrestling-meet-title/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|27th<br /> |2020<br /> |Venüzo Dawhuo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|26th<br /> |2018<br /> |Menuosetuo Yiese<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpage.com/menuosetuo-yiese-is-26th-naga-wrestling-champion/|title=Menuosetuo Yiese is 26th Naga wrestling champion|date=16 March 2018|website=[[Nagaland Page]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|25th<br /> |2016<br /> |Vechita Khesoh<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/vechita-khesoh-is-new-nagaland-wrestling-champion/|title=Vechita Khesoh is new Nagaland Wrestling Champion|date=10 March 2016|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|24th<br /> |2014<br /> |Atoto Kere<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2015/01/14/kyo-platinum-jubilee-meet-underway/|title=KYO platinum jubilee meet underway|date=14 January 2015|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=31 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|23rd<br /> |2012<br /> |Kezhalelie Keretsü<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/naga-style-wrestling-25-tournament-journey-a-glimpse/|title=Naga style wrestling 25 tournament journey: A glimpse|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|22nd<br /> |2010<br /> |Megosier Khate<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|21st<br /> |2008<br /> |Vekhriyi Chüzho<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|20th<br /> |2006<br /> |Neibu Rio<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|19th<br /> |2004<br /> |Hüvesü Puro<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dholabhai|first=Nishit|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/wrestler-retains-trophy-two-time-winner-suho-floored/cid/766247|title=Wrestler retains trophy - Two-time winner Suho floored|date=11 March 2004|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|18th<br /> |2002<br /> |Hüvesü Puro<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|17th<br /> |2000<br /> |Phuluveyi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|16th<br /> |1998<br /> |Tsahüyo Thira<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|15th<br /> |1996<br /> |Hükhoneyi Soho<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Firoze|first=Jahansher|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-mats-big-booty-for-naga-style-grapplers/cid/766345|title=Italian mats &amp; big booty for Naga-style grapplers|date=7 March 2004|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|14th<br /> |1994<br /> |Lhüvenü Phesao<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|13th<br /> |1992<br /> |Vedeta Nienü<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|12th<br /> |1990<br /> |Potsütso Thira<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|11th<br /> |1988<br /> |Hükhoneyi Soho<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|10th<br /> |1986<br /> |Visüto Yore<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|9th<br /> |1984<br /> |Chisazo Dawhuo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|8th<br /> |1982<br /> |Chisazo Dawhuo &amp; Vinocho<br /> |''Joint Championship''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|7th<br /> |1980<br /> |Kechakietuo Pier<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|6th<br /> |1978<br /> |Vemürha Getsa<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|5th<br /> |1976<br /> |Vecühü Theluo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|4th<br /> |1974<br /> |Thepukroyi Phesao<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|3rd<br /> |1973<br /> |Lhulawhezo Punyü<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|2nd<br /> |1972<br /> |Velahü Puro<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|1st<br /> |1971<br /> | ''N/A''<br /> |''No Individual Championship''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Kene (Naga wrestling)|''Kene'' (Naga wrestling)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons|Category: Naga Wrestling Championship|Naga Wrestling Championship}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Naga Wrestling Championship}}<br /> [[Category:Naga games]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janata_Bhawan&diff=505655 2026-03-10T20:45:45Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added new entry from scratch...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Secretariat building of the Government of Assam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Janata Bhawan<br /> | native_name = জনতা ভৱন<br /> | image = Assam Legislative Assembly complex with New Assembly Hall.jpg<br /> | caption = Assam Legislative Assembly complex at Janata Bhawan<br /> | location = [[Dispur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India<br /> | pushpin_map = India Assam<br /> | pushpin_label = Janata Bhawan<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_mapsize = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.145208|N|91.792795|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | former_names = Assam Secretariat<br /> | current_tenants = [[Government of Assam]]<br /> | opened_date = 22 November 2004<br /> | owner = Government of Assam<br /> | building_type = Government secretariat<br /> | architectural_style = Modern<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Janata Bhawan''' is the secretariat complex of the [[Government of Assam]], located in [[Dispur]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The complex houses the administrative offices of the state government and serves as the principal seat of executive governance in Assam.<br /> <br /> The multi-storey complex was inaugurated on 22 November 2004 by then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. It replaced the earlier secretariat facilities that operated from temporary buildings after the capital of Assam shifted from [[Shillong]] to Dispur in 1973 following the creation of the state of [[Meghalaya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bs2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Assam Secretariat Complex renamed 'Janata Bhawan' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-secretariat-complex-renamed-janata-bhawan-117012500864_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Janata Bhawan functions as the central administrative hub of the state government, housing offices of the [[Chief Minister of Assam]], the Council of Ministers, and various government departments.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Following the reorganization of northeastern India and the creation of [[Meghalaya]] in 1972, the capital of Assam was moved from Shillong to Dispur in 1973. During the initial years, the Assam Secretariat operated from renovated tea warehouses and temporary administrative buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;bs2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 2000s, the Government of Assam initiated the construction of a modern secretariat complex to accommodate the expanding administrative structure of the state. The new complex was inaugurated on 22 November 2004 by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], who represented Assam in the [[Rajya Sabha]] at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;bs2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, the Assam government officially renamed the Assam Secretariat Complex as ''Janata Bhawan'' ({{lit}} Peoples's House) through a government notification, reflecting the idea of governance oriented toward public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Assam Secretariat renamed Janata Bhavan |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2016/12/assam-secretariat-renamed-janata-bhavan-cm-introduces-file-tracking-system/ |work=The News Mill |date=30 December 2016 |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Assam Secretariat, Dispur, August, 2008.jpg|thumb|Assam Secretariat, Dispur, August, 2008]]<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> Janata Bhawan is a multi-storey government complex designed in a modern architectural style. The building houses the offices of senior government officials, administrative departments, conference halls, and meeting rooms used for policy formulation and governance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam Secretariat (Janata Bhawan) |url=https://assam-secretariat.wheree.com/ |website=Wheree |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The secretariat complex is surrounded by landscaped gardens and open spaces. Additional facilities within the premises include recreational areas, a playground, and various service amenities for government employees and visitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Janata Bhawan playground |url=https://dispur-janata-bhawan-playground.wheree.com/ |website=Wheree |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administrative role==<br /> As the seat of the Government of Assam, Janata Bhawan accommodates the offices of the Chief Minister, cabinet ministers, and senior bureaucrats. Major administrative decisions, cabinet meetings, and policy discussions concerning the state are conducted within the complex.<br /> <br /> The secretariat also houses departments responsible for finance, home affairs, education, infrastructure, and other sectors of governance. As such, it functions as the central administrative nerve center of the state government.<br /> <br /> ==Modern developments==<br /> In recent years, the Janata Bhawan complex has undergone modernization and expansion. In 2024, the Government of Assam inaugurated a 2.5-megawatt solar power project at the secretariat, making it one of the first solar-powered government secretariats in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam's Janata Bhawan becomes India's first solar powered secretariat |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assams-janata-bhawan-makes-history-as-indias-first-solar-powered-secretariat |website=Pratidin Time |date=16 June 2024 |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Plans for further redevelopment include the construction of a modern auditorium and expanded infrastructure to support administrative activities and official events within the secretariat complex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Foundation stone laid for auditorium at Janata Bhawan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-chief-secy-lays-foundation-stone-for-rs-67cr-auditorium/articleshow/121005640.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025 |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Departments and ministries==<br /> Janata Bhawan houses the secretariat offices of numerous departments of the [[Government of Assam]]. These departments are responsible for policy formulation, administrative decision-making, and coordination of governance across the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Departments – Government of Assam |url=https://igod.gov.in/sg/AS/E003/organizations |website=Integrated Government Online Directory |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> More than fifty departments function through the Assam Secretariat complex, with offices of ministers, secretaries, and senior administrative officials located within the various blocks of Janata Bhawan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Assam Secretariat: over 50 departments function from Janata Bhawan |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-secretariat-11-offices-to-function-from-today-with-skeletal-staff-486880 |work=The Sentinel |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Major departments and ministries functioning from Janata Bhawan include:<br /> <br /> * Chief Minister's Secretariat <br /> * General Administration Department <br /> * Finance Department <br /> * Home and Political Department <br /> * Revenue and Disaster Management Department <br /> * Agriculture and Horticulture Department <br /> * Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department <br /> * Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Department <br /> * Environment and Forest Department <br /> * Fisheries Department <br /> * Cultural Affairs Department <br /> * Cooperation Department <br /> * Border Protection and Development Department <br /> * Elementary Education Department <br /> * Higher Education Department <br /> * Health and Family Welfare Department <br /> * Housing and Urban Affairs Department <br /> * Information, Public Relations, Printing and Stationery Department <br /> * Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department <br /> * Public Works Department (PWD) <br /> * Water Resources Department <br /> * Social Justice and Empowerment Department <br /> * Tourism Department <br /> * Industries, Commerce and Public Enterprises Department <br /> * Transport Department<br /> <br /> Each department is headed by a cabinet minister and administratively supervised by senior civil servants such as the Commissioner and Secretary or Principal Secretary to the Government of Assam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Information and Public Relations Department – Contact |url=https://iprd.assam.gov.in/contact-us |website=Government of Assam |access-date=8 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The departments operate through various directorates, boards, and field offices across Assam while the secretariat in Janata Bhawan serves as the central administrative headquarters for policy and governance.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Janata Bhawan is situated in Dispur, which serves as the capital of Assam and forms part of the greater urban area of [[Guwahati]]. The complex is located near the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] building, MLA hostels, and other key administrative institutions of the state.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dispur]]<br /> * [[Government of Assam]]<br /> * [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Guwahati]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Administrative headquarters in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2004]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Administrative headquarters of state governments in India]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuden_Kabimo&diff=494535 2026-03-06T17:33:28Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Nepali-language writer}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chuden Kabimo<br /> | image = Chuden_Kabimo_photo.jpg<br /> | caption = Chuden Kabimo<br /> | native_name = छुदेन काविमो<br /> | native_name_lang = ne<br /> | birth_place = [[Kalimpong District]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Writer<br /> | notable_works = ''1986'', ''[[Song of the Soil]]'', ''Urmaal''<br /> | awards = [[Madan Puraskar]] (2024), [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] (2018)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Chuden Kabimo is an Indian [[Nepali language]] writer based in [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Chuden Kabimo - Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/chuden-kabimo |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Jaipur Literature Festival |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabimo has authored three books. He is best known for his 2024 novel Urmaal and 2019 novel ''[[Faatsung]]'', originally written in Nepali and translated into English as ''[[Song of the Soil]]'' in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=जयपुर साहित्य मेलामा नेपालबाट बुद्दिसागरदेखि अमिश मुल्मीसम्म :: बसन्त पहारी :: Shilapatra शिलापत्र - खबरको स्थायी ठेगाना |url=https://shilapatra.com/detail/78960/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=shilapatra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He recently received the prestigious [[Madan Puraskar]] in 2024 for his novel Urmaal, which, like his first two books, revolves around the Gorkhaland movement.<br /> <br /> He also won the prestigious Yuva Sahitya Akademy Puraskar in 2018 for his debut book, a collection of short stories titled ''1986''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Novel from hills goes places |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/novel-from-hills-goes-places/cid/1846368 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His second book ''Faatsung'' was published in 2019 and was shortlisted for the [[Madan Puraskar]] for the same year. The English translation of the book ''Song of the Soil'', translated by Ajit Baral was also shortlisted for the [[JCB Prize]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anusua |date=2023-02-09 |title=Chuden Kabimo: 'Translated books influenced me a lot' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/interview-chuden-kabimo-author-song-of-the-soil-translated-books-influenced-me-a-lot/article66432035.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both of his first two works centered around the [[Gorkhaland movement]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=JCB Prize 2022 shortlist: Can translators be editors? |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/books/jcb-prize-2022-shortlist-can-translators-be-editors-111667030685467.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his speech on the award ceremony of [[Madan Puraskar]], most prestigious literary award in Nepal, he said, &quot;the job of literature is to preserve the human being within the human being itself&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=साहित्यको काम मान्छेभित्रको मान्छेलाई बचाइराख्नु हो | url=https://nepalnews.com/2025/10/12/the-job-of-literature-is-to-preserve-the-human-being-within-the-human-being/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable works ==<br /> <br /> * ''1986'', a short story collection<br /> * ''Song of the Soil'', novel, originally published in Nepali as ''Faatsung'' in 2019.<br /> * ''Urmaal'', novel, published in 2025<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> * '''Winner''' – [[Yuva Puraskar|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar for Nepali]] (2018) for ''1986.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |title=JCB Prize for Literature 2022: Longlisted authors and translators talk about their nominated books |url=https://scroll.in/article/1031807/jcb-prize-for-literature-2022-longlisted-authors-and-translators-talk-about-their-nominated-books |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Scroll.in |date=4 September 2022 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Nominated''' – [[Madan Puraskar]] (2018) for ''Faatsung''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=Seven books nominated for Madan Puraskar |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/69262/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=My City |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Nominated''' – [[JCB Prize]] (2022) for ''[[Song of the Soil]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singing the song of the soil |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2023/01/31/singing-the-song-of-the-soil |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Winner''' – [[Madan Puraskar]] (2024) for ''Urmaal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urmaal |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/arts/urmaal-by-chuden-kavimo-wins-madan-puraskar-for-2081-89-45.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=Nepali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Nepali literature}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabimo, Chuden}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kalimpong district]]<br /> [[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Lepcha people]]<br /> <br /> {{India-writer-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijetha_(2018_film)&diff=455766 2026-03-03T21:49:26Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2018 film directed by Rakesh Sashi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Vijetha<br /> | image = Vijetha (2018 film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Rakesh Sashii<br /> | producer = [[Sai Korrapati]]&lt;br/&gt;Rajani Korrapati<br /> | writer = Rakesh Sashii<br /> | starring = [[Kalyaan Dhev]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Murali Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]]<br /> | music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br /> | cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]<br /> | editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]<br /> | studio = [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2018|07|12|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 141 minutes<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> }}<br /> '''''Vijetha''''' ({{Translation|Winner}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action-drama|action drama]] film, starring debutant [[Kalyaan Dhev]], [[Murali Sharma]], and [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]]. Rakesh Sashii is the director, and [[Sai Korrapati]] and Rajani Korrapati are the producers. The film was released on 12 July 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:TH&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chiranjeevi-s-son-in-law-kalyaan-dhev-makes-a-confident-debut-with-vijetha-see-his-first-look/story-d8aEmbl9EGy5LFSsn3yYFM.html|title=Chiranjeevi's son-in-law Kalyaan Dhev makes a confident debut with Vijetha. See his first look|date=2018-05-26|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Vijetha Movie Review {2/5}: This could've been an engaging ride if only different choices were made|date=12 July 2018|first=Neeshita|last=Nyayapati|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/vijetha/movie-review/64958208.cms|access-date=1 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhev won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu]] at the [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA]] for his role in the film.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Ram, a careless youth, grows up oblivious to the sacrifices his father makes in order to fulfil all his desires. He falls in love with the girl living next door to him when he sees her making dosa in someone else's store to win a challenge. However, a major incident motivates him to change his ways of living and respect his father's hard work.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * [[Kalyaan Dhev]] as Ram<br /> * [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] as Chaithra <br /> * [[Murali Sharma]] as K. Sridhar Rao, Ram's father<br /> * [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as K. V. Raghunathan, A photographer <br /> * [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Mohan Prasad, K. Sridhar Rao's friend<br /> * [[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Lakshmi, Ram's mother<br /> * [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Chaithra's mother<br /> * Harshitha Chowdary as Keerthi, Ram's sister<br /> * [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]] as K. Sridhar Rao's friend<br /> * [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Company Chairman<br /> * [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Rajiv, Chairman's 1st son<br /> * Gayatri Bhargavi as Chairman's daughter-in-law<br /> * [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] as Kiran, Chairman's 2nd son<br /> * [[Surya Sreenivas]] as Chairman's third son/Ram's brother-in-law<br /> * [[Noel Sean]] as Ram's friend<br /> * [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Ram's friend<br /> * [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Company Manager<br /> * [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Chaithra's uncle<br /> * [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Sub-Inspector (SI)<br /> * Sanjay Reddy as a Businessman<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> <br /> Music was composed by [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], and released on Vel Records company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/mega-star-chiranjeevi-speech-at-vijetha-audio-launch-event/articleshow/64724611.cms|title=కళ్యాణ్‌కు ఎలాంటి ఇమేజ్ లేదు - చిరంజీవి|website=Samayam (Times of India)|date=24 June 2018|access-date=9 January 2020}}(In [[Telugu language|Telugu]])&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> <br /> | title1 =Ko Kokkoroko<br /> | length1 = 3:48 <br /> | extra1 = Lokeshwar<br /> <br /> | title2 = Minsarey Minsarey<br /> | length2 = 2:31 <br /> | extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> <br /> | title3 = Me Mummy<br /> | length3 = 3:21 <br /> | extra3 =Prudhvi Chandra<br /> <br /> | title4 = Salaam Salaam<br /> | length4 = 3:50 <br /> | extra4 = [[L. V. Revanth]]<br /> <br /> | title5 = Adugaduguna<br /> | length5 = 2:00 <br /> | extra5 =[[Kaala Bhairava]]<br /> <br /> | title6 = Aakaasaanni<br /> | length6 = 2:59 <br /> | extra6 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, &quot;While the story of Kalyaan Dhev’s character has the potential to be a relatable coming-of-age track, it fails to engage mostly due to the actor’s inability to emote. [...] A gripping, subtle, and relatable screenplay is what the film needed and lacked majorly.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;/&gt; Giving the same rating, Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, &quot;''Vijetha'' is the kind of film which is completely derailed by its shortcomings due to its stretched plot. It reminds us why we are tired of watching movies with outdated themes over and over again. Although it’s not an awful film, it’s thoroughly boring!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Vijetha' movie review: Boring, predictable and outdated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Jul/14/vijetha-movie-review-boring-predictable-and-outdated-1842925.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130014254/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/14/vijetha-movie-review-boring-predictable-and-outdated-1842925.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;‘Vijetha’ has a potentially heartwarming story lost in a middling narrative&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:TH&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Vijetha: This Kalyaan Dhev film is an overdose of drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijetha-this-kalyaan-dhev-film-is-an-overdose-of-drama/article24398190.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|8453078}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram films]]<br /> <br /> {{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saravanan_Irukka_Bayamaen&diff=533145 2026-03-03T03:15:06Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made first data w/ refs - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[S. Ezhil]]<br /> | writer = S. Ezhil&lt;br /&gt;Ezhichur Aravindan (dialogues)<br /> | producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]<br /> | starring = Udhayanidhi Stalin &lt;br /&gt; [[Regina Cassandra]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Srushti Dange]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]<br /> | cinematography = K. G. Venkatesh<br /> | editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]<br /> | music = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]<br /> | distributor = Red Giant Movies<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|05|12}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = &lt;!-- Add with a Reliable source --&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!-- Add with a Reliable source --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen''''' ({{Translation|Why fear when Saravanan is here?}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by [[S. Ezhil]], and produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]. The film stars Udhayanidhi and [[Regina Cassandra]], with [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Srushti Dange]] in supporting roles. It was released on 12 May 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=12 May 2017 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin: I try to avoid sexism in my films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/udhayanidhi-stalin-i-try-to-avoid-sexism-in-my-films-3439726.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821070403/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/udhayanidhi-stalin-i-try-to-avoid-sexism-in-my-films-3439726.html |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and became a box office failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2017 |title=Muthuramalingam to AAA: Biggest Tamil flops of 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/aaa-to-sakka-podu-podu-raja-tamil-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-1117990-2017-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231122353/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/aaa-to-sakka-podu-podu-raja-tamil-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-1117990-2017-12-28 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Saravanan is a jobless youth who roams around in a two-wheeler with his friends. Kalyanam decides to be the head of a famous political party called Dho Jindhagi. However, when a drunk photographer incorrectly takes some photos, Kalyanam is targeted by the police. With the help of Saravanan, he goes to Dubai, and it is eventually revealed that Kalyanam had to take care of camels in Dubai. After Kalyanam leaves for Dubai, Saravanan's friends overexaggerate about Saravanan to the head of Dho Jindhagi, who appoints Saravanan as head. Two years later, Saravanan's other uncle and their family come to visit. Saravanan's cousin Thenmozhi also comes and demands his house (which is now a party office) to be cleaned before she comes. It is revealed that Saravanan and Thenmozhi were schoolmates and were always fighting, until Thenmozhi left town. Saravanan does not have any other place to start the party office as he had earlier used Thenmozhi's house for that purpose and Kalyanam's wife gives their new house to him without Kalyanam's knowledge, and when he arrives, he is shocked. He takes Saravanan to be his enemy, and along with Thenmozhi, plans to take revenge. Various hilarious situations are witnessed, and meanwhile, Thenmozhi gets engaged to Veerasingam's son Rajadurai, who is somewhat immature. This hurts Saravanan, who had fallen in love with Thenmozhi. In many incidents, Thenmozhi is seen to act supportive to Saravanan though she hates him, shocking others. It is later revealed that she is possessed by the ghost of Fathima, a Muslim girl who was in love with Saravanan but had died due to an accident. Saravanan enjoys life with Thenmozhi as Fathima. But when the family learns about this, they get angry on Saravanan for cheating them. What Saravanan does to reunite with Thenmozhi by convincing his family and breaking her marriage with Rajadurai, forms the crux of the story.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] as Saravanan<br /> *[[Regina Cassandra]] as Thenmozhi<br /> *[[Srushti Dange]] as Fathima<br /> *[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Kalyanam<br /> *[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Saraswathy; Kalyanam's wife<br /> *[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekar]] as Saravanan's father<br /> *Anjali Varadharajan as Saravanan's mother<br /> *[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Veerasingam<br /> *[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Selvam, Thenmozhi's father<br /> *[[Nithya Ravindran]] as Thenmozhi's mother<br /> *[[Chaams]] as Rajadurai, Veerasingam's son<br /> *[[Yogi Babu]] as Babu, Saravanan's friend<br /> *[[Ashvin Raja]] as Saravanan's friend<br /> *[[Joe Malloori]] as Fathima's father<br /> *[[Rethika Srinivas]] as Fathima's mother<br /> *[[Manobala]] as Swamy<br /> *[[Madhan Bob]] as Curtain Sharma<br /> * Thadi Balaji as Moorthy<br /> *[[G. M. Kumar]] as Veerasingam's father-in-law<br /> *[[Saravana Subbiah]] as Police Officer<br /> *[[George Maryan]] as Police Officer<br /> * Madhan Pandian as Kalyanam's cousin<br /> *[[Mahanadi Shankar]]<br /> * Sumathi G. as Nagalakshmi<br /> *Prema Priya as Pechiammal<br /> *Kothandam as Photographer<br /> *Mohamed Kuraishi as Saravanan's friend<br /> *[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Veerasingam's henchman<br /> *Risha Jacobs as Jignashree<br /> *Lollu Uthayakumar<br /> *Sakthi<br /> *[[Anusree]] (cameo appearance)<br /> *[[Robo Shankar]] as Saudaswaran (guest appearance)<br /> *[[Ravi Mariya]] as Maudeswaran (guest appearance)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> In July 2016, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] revealed that he would produce and act in a new comedy to be directed by [[S. Ezhil]], whose previous was ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 July 2016 |title=Udhayanidhi, Ezhil to team up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Udhayanidhi-Ezhil-to-team-up/articleshow/53061189.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005070604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Udhayanidhi-Ezhil-to-team-up/articleshow/53061189.cms |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | longtype = to ''Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen''<br /> | artist = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Front Cover<br /> | released = 2017<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length =<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Sony Music India]]<br /> | producer = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]<br /> | prev_year = 2017<br /> | next_title = [[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]<br /> | next_year = 2017<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SARAVANAN IRUKKA BAYAMAEN – D.Imman Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422092142/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1215645062 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260119063112/https://music.apple.com/in/album/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1215645062 |archive-date=19 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; collaborating with Ezhil for the fourth time after ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'', ''[[Desingu Raja]]'', and ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]].'' All lyrics were written by [[Yugabharathi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=31 March 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/03/31/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622084412/https://milliblog.com/2017/03/31/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=12 May 2017 |title=Music Review: Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-saravanan-irukka-bayamaen/articleshow/58627185.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831173938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-saravanan-irukka-bayamaen/articleshow/58627185.cms |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | all_lyrics = [[Yugabharathi]]<br /> | title1 = Yembuttu Irukkuthu Aasai<br /> | extra1 = [[Sean Roldan]], [[Kalyani Nair]]<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Semma Joru<br /> | extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Maria Kavita Thomas<br /> | length2 = <br /> | title3 = Marhaba Aavona<br /> | extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Aditya Gadhvi]]<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title4 = Langu Langu<br /> | extra4 = [[Praniti]]<br /> | title5 = Lala Kadai Santhi<br /> | extra5 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br /> | length5 = <br /> | title6 = Melancholic Ride<br /> | note6 = Instrumental theme<br /> | extra6 = –<br /> | length6 = <br /> | title7 = Yembuttu Irukkuthu Aasai<br /> | note7 = Karaoke version<br /> | extra7 = –<br /> | length7 = <br /> | title8 = Marhaba Aavona<br /> | note8 = Karaoke version<br /> | extra8 = –<br /> | length8 = <br /> | title9 = Lala Kadai Santhi<br /> | note9 = Karaoke version<br /> | extra9 = –<br /> | title10 = <br /> | length10 = <br /> | title11 = <br /> | length11 = <br /> | title12 = <br /> | length12 = <br /> | title13 = <br /> | length13 = <br /> | title14 = <br /> | length14 = <br /> | title15 = <br /> | length15 = <br /> | title16 = <br /> | length16 = <br /> | title17 = <br /> | length17 = <br /> | title18 = <br /> | length18 = <br /> | title19 = <br /> | length19 = <br /> | title20 = <br /> | length20 = <br /> | total_length = <br /> | length9 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, &quot;Neither the comedy nor the horror part of the film worth is your time and money. Do yourself a favour, sit this one out&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=12 May 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen movie review: This Udhayanidhi Stalin film isn’t worth your time and money |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-movie-review-this-udhayanidhi-stalin-film-isnt-worth-your-time-and-money-4652554/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231143153/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-movie-review-this-udhayanidhi-stalin-film-isnt-worth-your-time-and-money-4652554/ |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chitradeepa Anantharam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film &quot;has all the elements of a mass entertainer - comedy, love, horror and action. But none of it works in the film. The comedy is crass, the horror makes you squirm, love is non-existent and the action is terrible&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=12 May 2017 |title=‘Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen’ review: comedy of horrors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155854/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthik Kumar of Hindustan Times wrote, &quot;Despite having a battalion of comedians at his disposal, the jokes in [Ezhil's] film just don’t work&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=12 May 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen movie review: Ezhil’s film falls flat on its face |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-movie-review-ezhil-s-film-falls-flat-on-its-face/story-p5kw1NBAYpkThtrwF4NuwN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101230227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-movie-review-ezhil-s-film-falls-flat-on-its-face/story-p5kw1NBAYpkThtrwF4NuwN.html |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chennai Vision'' wrote, &quot;The film is a comedy caper that tickles our funny bone with a wafer-thin storyline. It seems it’s time that Ezhil tries something new, as we are so used to his style of films&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 May 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen Tamil Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516185916/https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |work=Chennai Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that it is a &quot;hackneyed commercial potboiler&quot; which has &quot;lackluster writing&quot;, making it &quot;enjoyable only in parts&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=13 May 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamen movie review: Enjoyable, but only in parts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130517/saravanan-irukka-bayamen-movie-review-enjoyable-but-only-in-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415210511/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130517/saravanan-irukka-bayamen-movie-review-enjoyable-but-only-in-parts.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, &quot;Touted to be a slapstick comedy, the film tends to take an unexpected spooky route from here, because of which the wafer-thin plot becomes irritating; otherwise, the film would at least have been watchable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=12 May 2017 |title=Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen/movie-review/58646063.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513171206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen/movie-review/58646063.cms |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{S. Ezhil}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010s ghost films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 comedy horror films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by S. Ezhil]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian ghost films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Supernatural comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sooper_Se_Ooper&diff=474659 2026-03-02T10:02:15Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: small enhanced lead per sources and corrected details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sooper Se Ooper<br /> | image = Sooper Se Ooper Theatrical Poster (2013).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption =<br /> | director = Shekhar Ghosh<br /> | writer = Shekhar Ghosh<br /> | starring = [[Vir Das]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kirti Kulhari]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gulshan Grover]]&lt;br&gt;[[Deepak Dobriyal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]&lt;br&gt;Mohan Kapoor<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Sonu Nigam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bickram Ghosh]]&lt;br&gt;'''Background Score:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Ranjit Barot]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;'''Lyrics''' [[Sanjeev Tiwari]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> | cinematography = Mohana Krishna<br /> | editing =<br /> | studio = [[Reliance Entertainment]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesofindia&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;Jigsaw Pictures&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesofindia&quot;/&gt;<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|10|25|ref1=&lt;ref name=bp1&gt;{{cite web|title=Trailer of Bollywood Movie Sooper Se Ooper Released|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/trailer-of-bollywood-movie-sooper-se-ooper-released/|accessdate=27 September 2013|archive-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003103752/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/trailer-of-bollywood-movie-sooper-se-ooper-released/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Sooper Se Ooper''''' ({{translation|Above super}}) is a 2013 [[Hindi]] film written &amp; directed by Shekhar Ghosh, cinematography by Mohana Krishna under the banner of [[Reliance Entertainment]] and Jigsaw Pictures Pvt. Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesofindia&quot;/&gt; The trailer of this movie was released on 27 September and the movie on 25 October 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;bp1&quot;/&gt; The movie was a total washout.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Vir Das]] as Ranvir&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesofindia&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Gulabo &lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia2&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Gulshan Grover]] as Madho Singh Rathod&lt;ref name=&quot;screenindia&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Kukreja&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia2&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Bhairu&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia2&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Mohan Kapoor]] as Lal<br /> * Datta Sonawane<br /> * Vinod Nahardih as Tyagi Don<br /> * [[Tinnu Anand]] as Salim Bhai<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Ranvir's fortune is in dumps, and selling his ancestral land in Mumbai is the only way to survive. Kukreja, who has put everything at stake, has to get this land to stay away from the wrath of a 'bhai' and also achieve his dream of becoming a builder. For both Ranvir and Kukreja, this plot of land means everything, and they need to get it by any means necessary. But the key to the land is Ranvir's mama, Madho Singh Rathore, in Mandawa, [[Jhunjhunu]]. Since the will wasn't made in Ranvir's name, Mama has to give the NOC. Ranvir has to get his mama to Mumbai within a month, and Kukreja has to stop him from reaching Mumbai. We see the transformation of our protagonist Ranvir from a materialistic city youth to someone who is all for family and values, and antagonist Kukreja from a 'dalla' to a gangster through this journey, which has some real and funny characters as well. In the 1st half, the city goes to a village, and in the 2nd, the village comes to the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;bp1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filming==<br /> Vir Das was spotted in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] shooting for ''Sooper Se Ooper''. After shooting in [[Mandawa]], a small town near Jaipur for ten days, the cast and crew went to Jaipur to shoot at the airport. The scenes were shot in [Mandawa had actors Deepak Dobriyal &amp; Gulshan Grover along with Kirti Kulhari, Yashpal Sharma. But the airport scene shot in Jaipur only had Vir Das. Das will be seen in two different avatars in the film – one in jeans-shirt, and the other sporting a dhoti and a pagadi with moustache. While shooting in Mandawa, Das had to sit on top of the camel for most of the scenes.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kirti Kulhari will be portraying the role of a Rajasthani girl, Gulabo, the queen of Kalbeliya. She also had to sit atop camel carts. She will be seen wearing salwar-kameez and lehenga-choli in the movie.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Sooper Se Ooper'' stars Gulshan Grover as a don. Grover plays a London-based don who returns to his home town in Rajasthan where Deepak Dobriyal and Yashpal Sharma join as his accomplices. Das's love interest is Grover's daughter.&lt;ref name=&quot;screenindia&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Sooper Se Ooper<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sonu Nigam]] – [[Bickram Ghosh|Vickram Ghosh]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 15 October 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooper-se-ooper-original-motion/id726227531 |title=iTunes – Music – Sooper Se Ooper (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sonu Nigam &amp; Bickram Ghosh |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=2013-10-15 |access-date=2013-10-20 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306113349/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooper-se-ooper-original-motion/id726227531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 29:42<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = [[Sonu Nigam]] – [[Bickram Ghosh|Vickram Ghosh]]<br /> | chronology = [[Sonu Nigam]] – [[Bickram Ghosh|Vickram Ghosh]]<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title = [[Jal (film)|Jal]]<br /> | next_year = 2013<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music of the film was composed by the first time composer, singer [[Sonu Nigam]] and tabla player/percussionist [[Bickram Ghosh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avstv&quot;/&gt; The composer duo has also teamed up for two other film projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;radioandmusic&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Sonu Nigam and Bickram Ghosh] have composed six songs for the film and made a very interesting and fresh album.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 29:42<br /> | title1 = Gunn Gunn Gutarr<br /> | extra1 = Amabarish Das, Parwati Kumari<br /> | music1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]<br /> | length1 = 5:23<br /> | title2 = Behka Behka<br /> | extra2 = [[Ash King]], [[Teesha Nigam]]<br /> | music2 = <br /> | lyrics2 = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]<br /> | length2 = 5:00<br /> | title3 = Bajan De Dhol<br /> | extra3 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]<br /> | music3 = <br /> | lyrics3 = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]<br /> | length3 = 4:18<br /> | title4 = Whacky Zindabad<br /> | extra4 = Anish, Oushnik Majumdar, Nevaan Nigam, Saloni, Rohini<br /> | music4 = <br /> | lyrics4 = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]<br /> | length4 = 5:08<br /> | title5 = Intaducing Gul<br /> | extra5 = Gunjan Singh<br /> | music5 = <br /> | lyrics5 = Shabbir Ahmed, [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> | length5 = 5:33<br /> | title6 = Sapna Mera<br /> | extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> | music6 = <br /> | lyrics6 = Shabbir Ahmed<br /> | length6 = 4:20<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Timesofindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/news-interviews/31152100_1_vir-das-kirti-kulhari-crew-members<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629130148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/news-interviews/31152100_1_vir-das-kirti-kulhari-crew-members<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=29 June 2013<br /> |title=Vir Das starrer Sooper Se Ooper goes on floors<br /> |date=12 March 2012<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |accessdate=27 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news-and-interviews/31164345_1_bickram-ghosh-sonu-nigam-music<br /> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103153658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news-and-interviews/31164345_1_bickram-ghosh-sonu-nigam-music<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=3 January 2013<br /> |title=Sonu Nigam, Bickram Ghosh team up<br /> |date=14 March 2012<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |accessdate=27 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Avstv&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://news.avstv.com/2012/03/14/sonu-and-bickram-teamed-for-two-projects/<br /> |title=Sonu and Bickram teamed for two projects<br /> |date=14 March 2012<br /> |work=Avstv<br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014140049/http://news.avstv.com/2012/03/14/sonu-and-bickram-teamed-for-two-projects/<br /> |archivedate=14 October 2012<br /> |accessdate=27 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia2&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news-interviews/31270796_1_vir-das-sooper-se-ooper-jaipur<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716150406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news-interviews/31270796_1_vir-das-sooper-se-ooper-jaipur<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=16 July 2013<br /> |title=Vir Das and Deepak Dobriyal shoots in Jaipur<br /> |date=2 April 2012<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |accessdate=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia3&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-19/news-interviews/32300419_1_gulabo-shaitan-rajasthani-food<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729094229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-19/news-interviews/32300419_1_gulabo-shaitan-rajasthani-food<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=29 July 2013<br /> |title=Kirti Kulhari to play Gulabo<br /> |date=19 June 2012<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |accessdate=19 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;screenindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last=Kulkarni<br /> |first=Onkar<br /> |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vir-das-a-media-person-in-sooper-se-ooper/964959/<br /> |title=Vir Das, a media person in Sooper Se Ooper<br /> |date=22 June 2012<br /> |work=The Indian Express<br /> |accessdate=17 July 2012<br /> |archive-date=5 April 2015<br /> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150405061754/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vir-das-a-media-person-in-sooper-se-ooper/964959/<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;radioandmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/bickram-ghosh-i-enjoy-working-film-music-it-throws-new-challenges<br /> |title=Bickram Ghosh : 'I enjoy working on film music, it throws up new challenges'<br /> |date=21 September 2012<br /> |work=Radio And Music<br /> |accessdate=20 June 2013<br /> |archive-date=25 September 2012<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060706/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/bickram-ghosh-i-enjoy-working-film-music-it-throws-new-challenges<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- The following references appeared in the reflist but were not used in prior text. Please return them to the reflist in future edits once they have been correctly cited in the main article.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;fridayrelease&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.fridayrelease.com/news/bollywood/delhi-belly-star-vir-das-plays-the-lead-in-sooper-se-ooper<br /> |title=‘Delhi Belly’ star Vir Das plays the lead in ‘Sooper se ooper’<br /> |date=June 20, 2012<br /> |work=Friday Release<br /> |accessdate=June 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=3005850}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bickram Ghosh]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sonu Nigam]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tipppsy&diff=541400 2026-03-02T04:39:37Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made new page from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Deepak Tijori}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Tipppsy<br /> | image = Tipppsy poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Deepak Tijori]]<br /> | writer = Suvidha Mall&lt;br&gt;[[Deepak Tijori]]<br /> | producer = Raju Chadha<br /> | starring = [[Deepak Tijori]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kainaat Arora]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alankrita Sahai]]&lt;br&gt;Sonia Birje&lt;br&gt;Natasha Suri&lt;br&gt;Nazia Hussain<br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|05|10|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 122 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | gross = {{INR|0.08 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Tipppsy Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tipppsy/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en |date=16 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Tipppsy''''' (or '''''Tipsy''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama thriller film]] directed by [[Deepak Tijori]] and produced by Raju Chadha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Tipppsy Movie Review: Deepak Tijori's Murder Mystery Is A Rollercoaster Of Emotions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/tipppsy-movie-review-deepak-tijoris-murder-mystery-is-a-rollercoaster-of-emotions-review-109987629 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-04-26 |title=Pooja Bhatt pens a heartfelt note for Deepak Tijori for making directorial comeback with 'Tipppsy': 'My sober friend is high on life' - See post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pooja-bhatt-pens-a-heartfelt-note-for-deepak-tijori-for-making-directorial-comeback-with-tipppsy-my-sober-friend-is-high-on-life-see-post/articleshow/109602866.cms |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Pooja Bhatt gives a shout out to Sadak co-star Deepak Tijori for making directorial comeback with Tipppsy: 'My sober friend is high on life' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-gives-a-shout-out-to-deepak-tijori-for-making-tipppsy-9290801/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie stars [[Deepak Tijori]], [[Kainaat Arora]], [[Alankrita Sahai]], Sonia Birje, Nazia Hussain, Natasha Suri, in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Deepak Tijori's Tipppsy Is Disastrously Shoddy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/deepak-tijoris-tipppsy-is-disastrously-shoddy-article-110017749 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-07 |title=Natasha Suri briefs about her character in upcoming movie 'Tipppsy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/natasha-suri-briefs-about-her-character-in-upcoming-movie-tipppsy/articleshow/92722454.cms |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> Set in [[Goa]], the story is about the interconnected lives of the main characters, each dealing with their own challenges and dreams. [[Deepak Tijori]] plays a [[police officer]] who is conflicted between love and responsibility, while Alankrita Sahai's character is a determined woman battling against societal expectations. As their lives intersect, hidden secrets come to light, resulting in surprising twists and turns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Tipppsy Movie Review: Deepak Tijori's Murder Mystery Is A Rollercoaster Of Emotions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/tipppsy-movie-review-deepak-tijoris-murder-mystery-is-a-rollercoaster-of-emotions-review-109987629 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Deepak Tijori]] as Jacob, a [[Goa Police]] officer<br /> * [[Alankrita Sahai]] as Pony, tourist in [[Goa]]<br /> * [[Kainaat Arora]] as Yami, Pony's friend<br /> * Sonia Birje as Selene, Pony's friend<br /> * Natasha Suri as Tanya, Pony's friend<br /> * Nazia Hussain as Iris, Pony's friend<br /> * Danish Bhatt as Kabir<br /> * Aditya Lakhia as Dr. Gerard<br /> * Mandeep Kaur Sandhu as Jessy<br /> * Bharat Bhatia<br /> * Harjinder Singh as Sooraj<br /> * Pawan Pandey as Gardner<br /> * Mithun Rodwittiya as Martin<br /> * [[Manish Goplani]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Mahpara Kabir of [[ABP News]] rated 3/5 stars and observed, &quot;'Tipppsy' engages audiences with its gripping storyline, performances, and skilled direction. Tijori's vision, coupled with the ensemble cast's talent creates a memorable cinematic experience that lingers long after the credits roll. With its blend of drama, romance, and suspense, Tipppsy takes viewers on a rollercoaster ride of emotions, captivating them from start to finish. Tijori's directorial prowess, combined with strong performances and engaging storytelling, solidifies it as a standout film in Hindi cinema.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Mahpara |date=2024-05-10 |title=Tipppsy Review: Deepak Tijori's Directorial Blends Drama, Romance And Suspense |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/tipppsy-movie-review-deepak-tijori-directorial-film-starring-esha-gupta-daisy-shah-natasha-suri-theatrical-release-may-10-1686611 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was officially released on 10th May 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natasha Suri and Alankrita Sahai starrer 'Tipppsy' to release this May! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/natasha-suri-and-alankrita-sahai-starrer-tipppsy-to-release-this-may/articleshow/109584837.cms |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *''[[The Hangover]]''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{imdb title|10610440|Tipppsy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian buddy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian road movies]]<br /> [[Category:Films about alcoholism]]<br /> [[Category:Films about vacationing]]<br /> [[Category:Films about murder]]<br /> [[Category:Films about sexuality]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police films]]<br /> [[Category:Police detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female buddy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Goa Police]]<br /> [[Category:2020s police procedural films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about substance abuse]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oneness_Organisation&diff=522990 2026-03-01T19:24:35Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Made first data w/ refs!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}<br /> <br /> [[File:ONENESS ORGANISATION.png|thumb|Logo of Oneness Organisation|160x160px]]<br /> [[File:Project USHA.jpeg|alt=Project USHA|thumb|Project USHA]]<br /> '''Oneness Organisation''' is a [[non-profit organisation]] founded in 2008 in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-01-06 |title=Promoting 'Oneness' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, it worked to improve the quality of education in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-02-08 |title='Build on your strengths, it works wonders' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/build-on-your-strengths-it-works-wonders/article6873454.ece |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, the organisation began working on widespread issues that include medical projects, sanitation projects, youth development programs, and motivation projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-06-02 |title=City lad for national meet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/city-lad-for-national-meet/article6075833.ece |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The organisation was founded by Kundhan Karunakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-02-06 |title=It's once-in-a-lifetime chance: Karunakar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/its-onceinalifetime-chance-karunakar/article6868127.ece |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oneness Organisation is registered in Andhra Pradesh, and its operation is spread across [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Rajam, Andhra Pradesh|Rajam]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Lucknow]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://onenessorganisation.in Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-org-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Una%E2%80%93New_Delhi_Jan_Shatabdi_Express&diff=542590 2026-03-01T05:46:03Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made the stub needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{No footnotes|date=August 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = 87cefa<br /> | name = Daulatpur Chowk - New Delhi - Dehradun ''Jan Shatabdi Express''<br /> | image = 12055 Janshatabdi Express.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|14 December 2008}}<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = Daulatpur Chowk<br /> | stops = 12<br /> | end = {{rws|New Delhi}} '''(NDLS)'''<br /> | distance = {{cvt|410|km}}<br /> | journeytime = 7 hours 35 minutes (approx.)<br /> | frequency = Daily service<br /> | class = AC Chair Car, Second Class seating<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = No Pantry Car attached but available<br /> | observation = Rake Sharing with 12055/56 [[Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express]]<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = <br /> | other facilities = <br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 12058 / 12057<br /> | speed = {{cvt|130|km/h|round=5}} maximum &lt;br/&gt;{{cvt|56.23|km/h}}, including halts<br /> | map = [[File:(New Delhi - Una Himachal) Janshatabdi Express route map.png|290px|(New Delhi - Una Himachal) Janshatabdi Express route map]] {{Una–New Delhi Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}<br /> | map_state = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The Daulatpur Chowk'''- New Delhi ''Jan Shatabdi Express''''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway Division]] that runs between [[Daulatpur, Himachal Pradesh|Daulatpur Chowk]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] in India.<br /> <br /> It operates as train number 12058 from {{rws|Una Himachal||Daulatpur Chowk}} to {{rws|New Delhi}} via {{rws|Chandigarh Junction}} and Train number 12057 in the reverse direction.<br /> <br /> It serves the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]]. Initially it ran up to {{rws|Chandigarh}} and being extended to [[Nangal|Una]] Himachal in year 2008, then {{rws|Amb Andaura}} and finally to Daulatpur Chowk. As of 2024, the train operates between New Delhi and Daulatpur Chowk.<br /> <br /> ==Coaches==<br /> <br /> The 12058/57 [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una Himachal]] - [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] [[Janshatabdi Express]] presently has 4 AC Chair Car and 8 Second Class Jan Shatabdi seating coaches.<br /> <br /> As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> <br /> The 12057/58 {{rws|New Delhi}} [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] [[Janshatabdi Express]] covers the distance of {{convert|410|km}} in 7 hours 35&amp;nbsp;mins ({{cvt|54.07|km/h}}) as 12057 [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] and in 7 hours 00&amp;nbsp;mins ({{cvt|58.57|km/h}}) as 12058 [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] {{rws|New Delhi}} [[Jan Shatabdi Express]].<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is above {{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.<br /> <br /> ==Routeing==<br /> <br /> The 12057/58 {{rws|New Delhi}} [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] [[Janshatabdi Express]] runs from [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] via {{rws|Chandigarh}}, {{rws|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{rws|Panipat Junction}} to {{rws|New Delhi}}.<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is fully electrified, a {{rws|Ghaziabad}}-based [[WAP 4]] / [[WAP 5]] / [[WAP 7]] powers the train for its entire run.<br /> <br /> ==Timings==<br /> <br /> 12058 [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] {{rws|New Delhi}} [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] leaves [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] on a daily basis at 05:00&amp;nbsp;hrs IST and reaches {{rws|New Delhi}} at 12:00&amp;nbsp;hrs IST on the same day.<br /> <br /> 12057 {{rws|New Delhi}} [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] leaves {{rws|New Delhi}} on a daily basis at 14:35&amp;nbsp;hrs IST and reaches [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] at 21:20&amp;nbsp;hrs IST on the same day.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:12057 Jan Shatabdi Express.JPG|12057 Jan Shatabdi Express trainboard prior its extension to [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]<br /> File:12055 Jan Shatabdi Express - Second Jan Chair Car.jpg|12057 Jan Shatabdi Express - Second Jan Chair Car<br /> File:12055 Janshatabdi Express - AC Chair Car coach.jpg|12057 Janshatabdi Express - AC Chair Car coach<br /> File:12055 Janshatabdi Express at New Delhi.jpg|12057 Janshatabdi Express at [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date= 8 April 2014 }}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|access-date=2014-05-30|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org|title=&amp;#91;IRFCA&amp;#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|access-date=2014-05-30}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandigarhnangal-jan-shatabdi-extended-till-una--trial-run-on-dec-14/396849/|title=Chandigarh-Nangal Jan Shatabdi extended till Una; trial run on Dec 14 - Indian Express|publisher=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=3069&amp;id=0,4,268|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=nr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/11947-dense-fog-delays-arrival-of-15-trains-bound-for-chandigarh|title=Dense fog delays arrival of 15 trains bound for Chandigarh|publisher=dailypost.in|access-date=2014-05-30|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070726/http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/11947-dense-fog-delays-arrival-of-15-trains-bound-for-chandigarh|url-status=dead}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Northern India}}<br /> {{Jan Shatabdi Express}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Una-New Delhi Jan Shatabdi Express}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Una, Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihaluddin&diff=521910 2026-02-27T22:43:24Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Made basic pg nd citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1902–1974)}}<br /> '''Nihaluddin''' (1902–1974) was an Indian politician. Hailing from [[Badaun|Budaun]], he represented his home district in the U.P. Legislative Assembly from 1946-1953. During his first legislative mandate he belonged to the [[All India Muslim League]], later representing the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]].<br /> <br /> ==Youth==<br /> He was born in 1902 in [[Badaun|Budaun]].&lt;ref name=ande&gt;Narendra Deva. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;id=oqjaAAAAMAAJ Selected Works of Acharya Narendra Deva: 1948-1952]''. Radiant Publishers, 1998. p. 364&lt;/ref&gt; He attended school and later higher studies at Budaun, [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Bareilly]], [[Allahabad]] and [[Aligarh]].&lt;ref name=ande/&gt; He worked as a teacher in [[Roorkee]] and [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]].&lt;ref name=ande/&gt; He began to practice Law, having joined the Bar in 1930.&lt;ref name=ande/&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Legislator==<br /> In 1943 he left his Law practice and became involved in politics full-time, belonging to the [[All India Muslim League]].&lt;ref name=ande/&gt;&lt;ref name=gbpa/&gt; He was elected to the United Provinces Legislative Assembly from the Budaun District, East constituency in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]].&lt;ref name=ande/&gt;&lt;ref name=gbpa&gt;Govind Ballabh Pant, Bal Ram Nanda. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;id=giVuAAAAMAAJ Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant, Vol. 11]''. Oxford University Press, 1993. p. 218&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;id=VoFIYpm-edAC Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who, Vol. 36]''. Bennett, Coleman, Company, 1950. p. 428&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nihaluddin contested the Budaun North constituency in the [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], standing as a [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] candidate.&lt;ref name=eci52up&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509072429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]''&lt;/ref&gt; He won the seat, obtaining 8,364 votes (33.87%).&lt;ref name=eci52up/&gt; After the election, on March 20, 1952 Nihaluddin was put forth as the Opposition candidate for the post of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, confronting the [[Indian National Congress]] Speaker candidate [[Atmaram Govind Kher]].&lt;ref name=kher&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/uttar-pradesh-assembly-without-deputy-speaker-recalling-1957-experiment-8471733/|date=February 28, 2023|title=As UP Assembly goes on without Deputy Speaker, recalling a 1957 experiment|author=Shyamlal Yadav}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kher won the election with 366 votes against 24 votes for Nihaluddin.&lt;ref name=kher/&gt; Nihaluddin was later removed from the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, as the 1952 election in Budaun North was declared void due to improper rejection of nomination papers.&lt;ref name=mwfi&gt;Margaret Welpley Fisher, Joan Valérie Bondurant. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;id=wg82AAAAIAAJ The Indian Experience with Democratic Elections]''. University of California, 1956. p. 34&lt;/ref&gt; A by-election to fill the Budaun North seat was held in May 1953.&lt;ref name=mwfi/&gt; Nihaluddin contested the by-election as a [[Praja Socialist Party]] candidate, and finished in third place with 6,525 votes (21.89%).&lt;ref name=vol2&gt;{{Cite book |last=Election Commission India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.449149 |title=Report On The First General Election In India 1951-52 Vol II (Statistical)|page=858-859}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later years==<br /> He was linked to the Meston Islamia Inter College in Budaun, and served as the Manager of the school between 1957 and 1960.&lt;ref name=ande/&gt; Nihaluddin died in 1974.&lt;ref name=ande/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nihaluddin}}<br /> [[Category:People from Budaun]]<br /> [[Category:1902 births]]<br /> [[Category:1974 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]<br /> [[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lawyers]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyal_Khatun&diff=501654 2026-02-27T14:50:13Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added new stub w/ refs...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|17th-century princess, Maqpon Dynasty, Baltistan}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | embed = <br /> | name = Gyal Khatun&lt;br&gt;{{nobold|{{lang|bft|རྒྱལ་ཁ་ཐུན།}}}}<br /> | title = Gyalmo, Silima, Tara<br /> | more = <br /> | type = <br /> | image = Leh Palace Morning View.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Leh Palace, the royal residency of Gyal Khatun, built by her son Sengge Namgyal.<br /> | succession = <br /> | reign = <br /> | reign-type = <br /> | coronation = <br /> | cor-type = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | pre-type = <br /> | successor = <br /> | suc-type = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Skardu]] or [[Khaplu]], [[Baltistan]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = [[Nubra]], [[Ladakh]]<br /> | burial_place = <br /> | spouse = [[Jamyang Namgyal]]<br /> | spouse-type = Husband<br /> | issue = &lt;!--list children in order of birth. Use {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}} --&gt; [[Sengge Namgyal]]<br /> | full name = Silima Khatun<br /> | regnal name = <br /> | house = [[Skardu#History|House of Maqpon]] or [[Khaplu#History|House of Yabghu]] (by birth)&lt;br&gt;[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|House of Namgyal]] (by marriage)<br /> | house-type = <br /> | father = Yabgo Shey Gilazi or [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]]<br /> | mother = <br /> | religion = [[Noorbakshia Islam]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Gyal Khatun''' ({{langx|bft|རྒྱལ་ཁ་ཐུན།}},{{lit|Royal Queen}}), also known as '''Argyl Khatun''', was a [[Balti people|Balti]] princess and the chief consort of [[Jamyang Namgyal]], the ruler of [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Ladakh]] in the 17th century. In [[Balti language|Balti]] and [[Ladakhi language]] songs, she is also called '''Silima Khatun''', meaning “Untainted and Pure Queen”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFKeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Ali+Sher+Anchan&amp;pg=PA158 |title=From the Lion's Mouth |date=2019-07-05 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-78477-160-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ancestry of Gyal Khatun is disputed in the sources; while some mention her as the daughter of Balti ruler [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan|Ali Senge Anchan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jina |first1=Prem Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&amp;q=gyal+khatun&amp;pg=PA149 |title=Ladakh: The Land and the People |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=9788173870576 |pages=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; others describe the raja of [[Khaplu]], Yabgo Shey Gilazi as her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=H. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&amp;pg=PA60 |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=9788173870866 |pages=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Shridhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&amp;q=ali+sher+khan+daughter&amp;pg=PA49 |title=Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity |last2=Kaul |first2=H. N. |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=9788185182759 |pages=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&amp;q=ali%20sher%20khan%20daughter&amp;pg=PA140 |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-religious History |date=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173871245 |pages=141-142 |access-date= |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though Gyal and her daughter-in-law ''Gyal Kelsang'', who was also a Balti princess, were [[Muslims]], the Ladakhi Buddhists viewed them in high regard. They considered them same as the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] Goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]]. Gyal Khatun is also famous for starting the [[Gelug|Gelugpa order]] of Tibetan Buddhism in Ladakh by putting the [[Je Tsongkhapa]] sculpture in the Basgo Temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dollfus|first=Pascale|date=1995|title=The History of Muslims in Central Ladakh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300542|journal=The Tibet Journal|volume=20|issue=3|pages=35–58|jstor=43300542 |issn=0970-5368}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&amp;dq=Muslim+queens+of+the+himalayas&amp;pg=PA231|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|last1=Akasoy|first1=Anna|last2=Burnett|first2=Charles S. F.|last3=Yoeli-Tlalim|first3=Ronit|date=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gyal Khatun is respected in Ladakh because she supported both [[Gompa|Gompas]] and [[Mosque|Mosques]]. Her leadership brought peace between the kingdoms of Maqpon and Ladakh. Her son, [[Sengge Namgyal]], later became the greatest ruler in Ladakhi history, known as the ''“Lion King of Ladakh”''. The Balti and Ladakhi rulers saw her as a strong and [[Secularism|secular]] role model.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2obhkp0B90C&amp;dq=Sengge+Namgyal&amp;pg=PA167|title=Cultural Heritage of Ladakh Himalaya|last=Jina|first=Prem Singh|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-745-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> During his time as ruler, Jamyang Namgyal, the king of Ladakh, decided to help the Sultan of Chigtan take control of [[Skardu]], the Makpon Kingdom. But while they were crossing the mountains in winter, Namgyal's soldiers got lost in a big [[snowstorm]]. Ali Senge Anchan's skilled army attacked Namgyal's troops and trapped them because the snow blocked all the [[Mountain pass|mountain passes]] and [[Valley|valleys]]. This made Namgyal surrender.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Muslim+queens+of+the+himalayas&amp;pg=PA409|title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram|date=2014-05-08|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27180-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jamyang Namgyal was captured and put in prison in Skardu. Ali Senge Anchan then took over Ladakh and made It a part of the Makpon kingdom, and even reached into Western [[Tibet]]. According to the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles|Chronicles of Ladakh]]'', while Namgyal was in prison, he fell in love with Ali Senge's daughter, Gyal Khatun. They promised to marry each other, and Gyal Khatun became pregnant. When Ali Senge found out, he told Namgyal he could marry his daughter and go back to Ladakh with his people if he promised to be loyal to Ali Senge Anchan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, other sources describe the Yabghu raja of Khaplu, Yabgo Shey Gilazi, as her father. Accordingly, Shey Gilazi had married her daughter to Namgyal on condition that her son would be the next ruler of Ladakh and Namgyal's sons from the first wife, Queen Tsering would have no claim over the throne of Ladakh. Furthermore Gyal Khatun was to be given the status of first queen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; A daughter of Namgyal, [[Mandoq Gyalmo]] was also married to Anchan. Because of this, Jamyang's two sons, Lhawang and Stanzin had to leave [[Ladakh]] and go to Central [[Tibet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dowry and Wedding traditions ===<br /> [[File:Namgyal Palace in Stok.jpg|thumb|The Stok Palace, residency of Ladakhi kings.]]<br /> The Balti kings were known for giving big [[Dowry|dowries]] when their princesses got married. The dowry included things they could move, like [[gold]], [[silver]], [[Precious stone|precious stones]], [[Jewellery|jewelry]], expensive clothes, swords, guns, and 12 sets of kitchen cutlery. Gyal Khatun's movable dowry can be still seen at the Stok Palace Museum in Ladakh. They include the Queen’s decorated dress front and a necklace made of thirteen rows of silver beads. As part of the things they couldn't move, they also gave villages. According to local customs, a number of Muslim maids, male helpers, and a group of Balti musicians (later called Kharmon or Royal Musicians){{NoteTag|content=Later, the Muslim musicians who settled in Leh had their status elevated to 'Kharmon' or 'royal musicians'. In 'A Brief History of Muslims in Ladakh', in Recent Research on Ladakh, 4 &amp; 5, p. 190, Sheikh further reports that 'several hundred Balti Muslims are thought to have migrated from Baltistan and Purig to Shey and Chhushot during the reign of Jamyang Namgyal. Their descendants' number has now swelled to some 6,000.}} were sent to Ladakh as part of Gyal Khatun’s wedding party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0ErAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Baltistan+in+History+Khamitat|title=History of Baltistan|last=Lakhnaʼvī|first=Ḥashmatullāh K̲h̲ān̲|date=1987|publisher=Lok Virsa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Halkias|first=Georgios T.|date=2011-01-01|title=The Muslim Queens of the Himalayas: Princess Exchanges in Baltistan and Ladakh|url=https://www.academia.edu/601746|journal=Ashgate Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Balti traditions, King Jamyang might have needed to give gifts to his bride's parents. This tradition, called &quot;khamital (Balti: ཁམི་ཏལ་)&quot;, means the boy's parents send gifts to the girl's parents.{{NoteTag|content='Khamital' is a typical Balti term composed of 'kha' ('tongue') and 'mital' ('not to exceed') meaning that a seal has been fixed on the tongues of the parents of the girl (Afridi, Baltistan in History, p. 195).}} After this, the boy's parents should follow the tradition of &quot;rintho&quot; or &quot;onarin, where the boy's parents should pay for the milk the girl drank when she was a baby. Once they pay with 24 tolas of gold and 24 goats, the wedding date is set. The [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] [[Lama|Lamas]] welcomed Gyal Khatun as the Buddhist god of long life, the White [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Succession as ruler ===<br /> After King Jamyang Namgyal died, Gyal Khatun took over the government while her young son, Sengge Namgyal, grew up. She is famous for being Sengge Namgyal's mother. Sengge Namgyal was called the &quot;Lion King of Ladakh&quot;. There is a famous ballad that tells the story of Sengge Namgyal's birth, when he was held by his mother, Gyal Khatun, also known as Zi-Zi:{{NoteTag|content=Zi-zi was a title given to queens of Ladakh and Baltistan. Francke (Antiquities of Indian Tibet, p. 146) .}}<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|“Today the old king’s name shall resound through the verse, for see the lovely babe his grandson, born today. see him in the arms of his mother, this child whose name shall be famous all the world, see him in the arms of Zi-Zi, the Queen. This child whose name shall be famous in all the world”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GT Halkias|date=2015|title=The Muslim Queens of the Himalayas|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Halkias-The-Muslim-Queens-of-the-Himalayas-2011.pdf|journal=Islam and Tibet - Interaction Along the Musk Routes|pages=240|access-date=2 February 2024|via=Oxford Centre of Buddhist Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[File:Basgo Monastery Gompa Ladakh India.jpg|thumb|Basgo Monastery, built by Gyal Khatun and later completed by Sengge Namgyal.]]<br /> In Ladakh, Gyal Khatun is seen as a patron (someone who supports) of both mosques and Buddhist temples. Her son, Sengge Namgyal, kept working on the Maitreya temple that his mother, Gyal Khatun, had started. Gyal Khatun is known as the Royal supporter of Chamba Lakhang, and she also gave jewelry for Maitreya's statue in the second temple, Serzang Lakhang. To honor his mother, Sengge Namgyal made the original [[Kache]] [[mosque]] in [[Leh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; But more buildings were added to the mosque because of a partnership with the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Gyal Khatun is praised for building many small mosques in Shey, Leh, and [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]. People in Ladakh sing [[Folk music|folk songs]] about her with the title Silima Khatun, meaning &quot;The Untainted and Pure Queen,&quot; showing how much they admire her. There's a Ladakhi folk song called ''The Song of Silima Khatun'' that's all about praising the Queen:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cquote|My famous queen is like the rising sun, &lt;br&gt; The precious Silima Queen is brilliant like a vision of light. &lt;br&gt; My famous queen is like the Shining full moon &lt;br&gt; To he lee [utterance to fill the rhythm] &lt;br&gt; My precious Silima queen you are brilliant like a vision of light, &lt;br&gt; Even your royal line is god-like, brilliant like a vision of light. &lt;br&gt; Silima Khatun your royal line is the line of sugar-cane wood, &lt;br&gt; Precious Silima Queen your race may flourish like leaves. &lt;br&gt; Your name and qualities have become known all over the world. &lt;br&gt; Oh precious Silima Khatun Queen, brilliant like a vision of light.<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Polo in old skardu.jpg|thumb|[[Polo]] match in [[Skardu]].]]Gyal Khatun is also famous for starting the Gelugpa order of Tibetan Buddhism in Ladakh. She put a Tsongkhapa sculpture in the Basgo Temple, also called the Kalzand Drolma Temple.&lt;ref&gt;This is recorded in the ''[[:en:Ladakh Chronicles|Ladakh Chronicles]]'' (La-dvags-rgyal-rabs).&lt;/ref&gt; Gyal Khatun supported both Muslim and Buddhist places of worship in Ladakh. Her being in the Namgyal family brought peace between the two kingdoms. Even after King Jamyang Namgyal died, Gyal Khatun still played a big role in Ladakh's politics and religion. She supported Mahayana and Tantric Buddhism and helped build religious buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haq|first=Sama|title=Gyal Khatun: Royal Balti Patron of Buddhist Temples and Mosques in Ladakh|url=https://criticalcollective.in/ArtHistoryDetail.aspx?Eid=618|access-date=2024-02-02|website=criticalcollective.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gyal Khatun is known for bringing Balti music and instruments like [[Drum|Drums]] and Oboes to Ladakh from Baltistan. These instruments were part of her dowry and are now important in Ladakhi music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMbyunREY4C&amp;dq=Polo+in+Ladakh&amp;pg=PA82|title=Ladakh, the Wonderland: A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study|last=Kapur|first=Teg Bahadur|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-011-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also introduced [[Polo]], a traditional sport, to Ladakh from Baltistan. The Namgyal kings built private mosques in Leh and Shey for Gyal Khatun and her servants, where she kept practicing Islam until she died.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ali Senge Anchans Dream ===<br /> <br /> Gyal Khatun's life is connected to mystical and divine things, which makes her very important. In the book &quot;Antiquities of Indian Tibet,&quot; A. H. Francke talks about a special event involving Gyal Khatun's father, Ali Senge Anchan. In a dream, Ali Senge saw a lion (Sengge) coming out of the river near the castle and going into Gyal Khatun's body. According to the royal records, this dream made people believe that Gyal Khatun was a form of the Tibetan Buddhist Goddess Tara, who saves people and shows kindness. Francke translated a verse from the original manuscript as:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes|url=https://www.routledge.com/Islam-and-Tibet---Interactions-along-the-Musk-Routes/Burnett-Akasoy/p/book/9781138247048|access-date=2024-02-02|website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Cquote|“Yesterday in a dream, I saw a lion [emerging] from the river in front [of the castle]; And, jumping at Rgyal-Kha-thun, he disappeared into her body, At the same time also, That girl conceived. Now it is certain that she will give birth to a male child, Whose name ye shall call Sen-ge-rnam-gyal!”<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This special event in Gyal Khatun's life made her very respected in the region's history. Her legacy is more than just being a queen because her special connection affected events and decided what happened to her family. This influence led to her son, Sengge Namgyal, becoming the famous Lion King of Ladakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96793|title=Antiquities Of Indian Tibet Vol. 1, 2|last=Francke|first=A. H.|date=1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Le Calloc'H|first=Bernard|date=1991|title=Francisco De Azevedo's Travels in Guge and Ladakh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300397|journal=The Tibet Journal|volume=16|issue=2|pages=55–66|jstor=43300397 |issn=0970-5368}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khatun, Gyal}}<br /> [[Category:Pakistani royalty]]<br /> [[Category:History of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br /> [[Category:People from Skardu District]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Muslims]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=81st_Academy_Awards&diff=467497 2026-02-24T20:07:26Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-move}}<br /> {{oscars short description|films-year=2008}}<br /> {{featured list}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox film awards<br /> | number = 81<br /> | award = Academy Awards<br /> | image = 81st Academy Awards poster.jpg<br /> | alt = Official promoting the 81st Academy Awards in 2009.<br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | date = {{Start date|2009|02|22}}<br /> | site = [[Dolby Theatre|Kodak Theatre]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<br /> | preshow = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Jess Cagle<br /> * [[Tim Gunn]]<br /> * [[Robin Roberts (sportscaster)|Robin Roberts]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Eng |first=Joyce |title=Tim Gunn, Robin Roberts to Host ABC Oscar Pre-Show |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/news/tim-gunn-to-host-oscar-red-carpet-1118000052/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 11, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212908/http://variety.com/2009/film/news/tim-gunn-to-host-oscar-red-carpet-1118000052/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | host = [[Hugh Jackman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2008/12/13/hugh-jackman-is-tapped-to-host-oscars-telecast/ |title=Hugh Jackman is tapped to host Oscars telecast |last=Moore |first=Roger |author2=Hal Boedeker |author3=Dewyane Bevil |date=December 13, 2008 |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030132758/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2008-12-13/news/van13backstage_1_hugh-jackman-nigel-lythgoe-abdul |archive-date=October 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | producer = [[Bill Condon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Laurence Mark]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/2008-09-24-3397363266_x.htm |title=Oscars tap Mark, Condon to oversee telecast |last=Cohen |first=Sandy |date=September 24, 2008 |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101062428/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/2008-09-24-3397363266_x.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | director = [[Roger Goodman (director)|Roger Goodman]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar Producers&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2008/08.10.24.html |title=Roger Goodman Named Director for 81st Academy Awards |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=AMPAS |date=October 24, 2008 |access-date=January 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309203058/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2008/08.10.24.html |archive-date=March 9, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | best_picture = ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<br /> | most_wins = ''Slumdog Millionaire'' (8)<br /> | most_nominations = ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (13)<br /> | network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]<br /> | duration = 3 hours, 30&amp;nbsp;minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/the-81st-annual-academy-awards-from-the-couch-1200473511/ |title=Review: &quot;The 81st annual Academy Awards – From the Couch&quot; |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=February 22, 2009 |work=Variety |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |access-date=May 28, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120711/http://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/the-81st-annual-academy-awards-from-the-couch-1200473511/ |archive-date=July 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ratings = 36.94 million&lt;br /&gt;20.88% ([[Nielsen ratings]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Seidman |title=Academy Awards American Idol and The Mentalist lead broadcast viewing |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/02/24/academy-awards-american-idol-and-the-mentalist-lead-broadcast-viewing/13416 |work=TVbytheNumbers |publisher=[[Tribune Media]] |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=February 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226200309/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/02/24/academy-awards-american-idol-and-the-mentalist-lead-broadcast-viewing/13416 |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | last = 80th<br /> | next = 82nd<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''81st Academy Awards''' ceremony, presented by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS), honored the best [[2008 in film|films of 2008]] and took place on February 22, 2009, at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]], beginning at 5:30&amp;nbsp;p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] / 8:30&amp;nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented [[Academy Awards]] (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], and was produced by [[Bill Condon]] and [[Laurence Mark]] and directed by [[Roger Goodman (director)|Roger Goodman]]. [[Hugh Jackman]] hosted the show for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Vena |first=Joyce |title=Hugh Jackman Will Host The 2009 Oscars, Academy Confirms |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601239/hugh-jackman-will-host-2009-oscars-academy-confirms.jhtml |work=[[MTV]] |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]] |date=December 12, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020094212/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601239/hugh-jackman-will-host-2009-oscars-academy-confirms.jhtml |archive-date=October 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the [[Beverly Wilshire Hotel]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]] held on February 7, the [[Academy Award for Technical Achievement|Academy Awards for Technical Achievement]] were presented by host [[Jessica Biel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/jessica-biel-em.html |last=O'Neil |first=Tom |title=Jessica Biel emcees sci-tech Oscars |date=February 3, 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308074209/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/jessica-biel-em.html |archive-date=March 8, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' won eight awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Slumdog' makes history, sweeps Oscars |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |date=February 22, 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/23/oscar.night/ |access-date=June 6, 2013 |last=Leopold |first=Todd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015063253/http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/23/oscar.night/ |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-23-et-oscar23-story.html |last=Horn |first=John |title='Slumdog' strikes it rich with 8 Oscar wins |date=February 23, 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022133308/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/23/entertainment/et-oscar23 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vancheri |first=Barbara |title=Top Dog: Passage to India proves golden for Mumbai fairy tale |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/life/seen/top-dog-passage-to-india-proves-golden-for-mumbai-fairy-tale-331143/ |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |publisher=[[Block Communications]] |access-date=June 6, 2013 |date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014163048/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/life/seen/top-dog-passage-to-india-proves-golden-for-mumbai-fairy-tale-331143/ |archive-date=October 14, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other winners included ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' with three awards, ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' and ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' with two, and ''[[Departures (2008 film)|Departures]]'', ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]'', ''[[La Maison en Petits Cubes]]'', ''[[Man on Wire]]'', ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'', ''[[Smile Pinki]]'', ''[[Toyland (film)|Toyland]]'', ''[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]'', and ''[[WALL-E]]'' with one. The telecast garnered almost 37 million viewers in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==Winners and nominees==<br /> &lt;!-- Please do not add any fact or statement below unless you have a credible source verifying it. Otherwise, it will be promptly removed. --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Cast &quot;Slumdog Millionaire&quot;.JPG|thumb|left|300px|The ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' team at the 81st Academy Awards]]<br /> <br /> The nominees for the 81st Academy Awards were announced on January 22, 2009, at 5:38&amp;nbsp;p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] (13:38 [[Universal Time Coordinated|UTC]]) at the [[Samuel Goldwyn Theater]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]], by [[Sid Ganis]], president of the Academy, and the actor [[Forest Whitaker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ForestWhitaker2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090120.html |title=Forest Whitaker to Join Academy President Sid Ganis for Oscar Nominations |date=January 20, 2009 |work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123235205/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090120.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' received the most nominations with thirteen (the ninth film to garner that many nominations); ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' came in second with ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForestWhitaker2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar facts and figures&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/01/oscar-nominat-1.html |title=Oscar nominations: Fascinating facts, figures and milestones |last=O'Neil |first=Tom |date=January 22, 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233055/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/01/oscar-nominat-1.html |archive-date=October 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This would be the fifth year that all five best picture nominee were also nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Director|best director]], it would also be the last [[82nd Academy Awards|due to the academy extending the number of best picture nominees from five to ten for the following ceremonies]].<br /> <br /> The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Academy Award winners and nominees |publisher=Time Warner |work=CNN |date=February 22, 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/22/oscar.nominees.full.list/index.html |access-date=February 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224130935/http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/22/oscar.nominees.full.list/index.html |archive-date=February 24, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Slumdog Millionaire'' was the eleventh film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/2009-oscar-predictions-1003134.aspx |title=Oscars: Who Will Win and Who Will Surprise? |first=Joyce |last=Eng |date=February 20, 2009 |work=TV Guide |access-date=May 24, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525055216/http://www.tvguide.com/News/2009-Oscar-Predictions-1003134.aspx |archive-date=May 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sean Penn]] became the ninth person to win Best Lead Actor twice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/oscar-news-411.html |title=Sean Penn is the ninth actor to win two lead Oscars |last=O'Neil |first=Tom |date=February 23, 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055511/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/oscar-news-411.html |archive-date=March 8, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Best Supporting Actor winner [[Heath Ledger]] became the [[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|second performer to win a posthumous acting Oscar]]. The first actor to receive this distinction was [[Peter Finch]], who posthumously won Best Actor for ''[[Network (1976 film)|Network]]'' two months after his death in January 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heath Ledger Oscar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Reed|date=February 23, 2009|title=For Heath Ledger, a bittersweet salute|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-23-et-oscarledger23-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=Feb 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607051737/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/oscars/la-et-oscarledger23-2009feb23%2C0%2C5458027.story|archive-date=June 7, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coincidentally, both actors were the [[List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees|first native Australians to win Oscars in their respective categories]]. With its six nominations, ''[[WALL-E|WALL•E]]'' tied with 1991's ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' as the most nominated animated film in Oscar history.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscar facts and figures&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear|left}}<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> [[File:Danny Boyle Red Carpet T2 Trainspotting Berlinale 2017 02.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Danny Boyle]], Best Director winner|alt=Photo of Danny Boyle at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival.]]<br /> [[File:Superpower (2023)-60523 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Sean Penn]], Best Actor winner|alt=Photo of Sean Penn at the 2023 Berlin International Film Festival.]]<br /> [[File:KateWinslet (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Kate Winslet]], Best Actress winner|alt=Photo of Kate Winslet in 2025.]]<br /> [[File:Heath Ledger (Berlin Film Festival 2006) revised.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Heath Ledger]], Best Supporting Actor winner|alt=Photo of Heath Ledger at the 2006 Berlin International Film Festival.]]<br /> [[File:Premios Goya 2018 - Penélope Cruz.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Penélope Cruz]], Best Supporting Actress winner|alt=Photo of Penélope Cruz in the 32nd Goya Awards.]]<br /> [[File:Dustin Lance Black at the 81st Academy Awards.jpg|thumb|right|150px| [[Dustin Lance Black]], Best Original Screenplay winner|alt=Photo of Dustin Lance Black in 2009.]]<br /> [[File:Andrew Stanton cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Andrew Stanton]], Best Animated Feature winner|alt=Photo of Andrew Stanton in 2009.]]<br /> [[File:A. R. Rahman.jpg|thumb|right|155px|[[A. R. Rahman]], Best Original Score winner and Best Original Song co-winner|alt=photo of A.R. Rahman in 2015]]<br /> <br /> Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''' and indicated with a double dagger ({{double-dagger}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscars2009&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009 |title=The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners |access-date=November 20, 2011 |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=AMPAS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110111206/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009 |archive-date=November 10, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''&amp;nbsp;– [[Christian Colson]], producer'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' &amp;nbsp;– [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]], [[Frank Marshall (producer)|Frank Marshall]] and [[Ceán Chaffin]], producers<br /> ** ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]''&amp;nbsp;– [[Brian Grazer]], [[Ron Howard]] and [[Eric Fellner]], producers<br /> ** ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''&amp;nbsp;– [[Dan Jinks]] and [[Bruce Cohen]], producers<br /> ** ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]''&amp;nbsp;– [[Anthony Minghella]], [[Sydney Pollack]], [[Donna Gigliotti]] and [[Redmond Morris, 4th Baron Killanin|Redmond Morris]], producers<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Directing]]}}<br /> * '''[[Danny Boyle]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'''''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** [[David Fincher]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''<br /> ** [[Ron Howard]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]''<br /> ** [[Gus Van Sant]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''<br /> ** [[Stephen Daldry]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]''<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]}}<br /> * '''[[Sean Penn]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' as [[Harvey Milk]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** [[Richard Jenkins]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Visitor (2007 drama film)|The Visitor]]'' as Walter Vale<br /> ** [[Frank Langella]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]'' as [[Richard Nixon]]<br /> ** [[Brad Pitt]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' as Benjamin Button<br /> ** [[Mickey Rourke]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' as Randy &quot;The Ram&quot; Robinson<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]}}<br /> * '''[[Kate Winslet]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'' as Hanna Schmitz'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** [[Anne Hathaway]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Rachel Getting Married]]'' as Kym Buchman<br /> ** [[Angelina Jolie]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]'' as [[Christine Collins]]<br /> ** [[Melissa Leo]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Frozen River]]'' as Ray Eddy<br /> ** [[Meryl Streep]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' as Sister Aloysius Beauvier<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]}}<br /> * '''[[Heath Ledger]]†&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' as [[Joker (The Dark Knight)|The Joker]]'''{{double-dagger}} &lt;small&gt;([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous award]]{{ref label|Supporting Actor|A}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ** [[Josh Brolin]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' as [[Dan White]]<br /> ** [[Robert Downey Jr.]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'' as Kirk Lazarus<br /> ** [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' as Father Brendan Flynn<br /> ** [[Michael Shannon]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]'' as John Givings Jr.<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]}}<br /> * '''[[Penélope Cruz]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]'' as María Elena'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** [[Amy Adams]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' as Sister James<br /> ** [[Viola Davis]]&amp;nbsp;– ''Doubt'' as Mrs. Miller<br /> ** [[Taraji P. Henson]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' as Queenie<br /> ** [[Marisa Tomei]]&amp;nbsp;– ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' as Cassidy/Pam<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Writing (Original Screenplay)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' – [[Dustin Lance Black]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Frozen River]]'' – [[Courtney Hunt]]<br /> ** ''[[Happy-Go-Lucky (2008 film)|Happy-Go-Lucky]]'' – [[Mike Leigh]]<br /> ** ''[[In Bruges]]'' – [[Martin McDonagh]]<br /> ** ''[[WALL-E]]'' – [[Andrew Stanton]], [[Jim Reardon]] and [[Pete Docter]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[Simon Beaufoy]]; {{small|based on the novel ''[[Q &amp; A (novel)|Q &amp; A]]'' by [[Vikas Swarup]]}}'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Eric Roth]] and [[Robin Swicord]]; {{small|based on the [[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (short story)|short story]] by [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]}}<br /> ** ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' – [[John Patrick Shanley]]; {{small|based on [[Doubt: A Parable|his play]]}}<br /> ** ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]'' – [[Peter Morgan]]; {{small|based on [[Frost/Nixon (play)|his stage play]]}}<br /> ** ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'' – [[David Hare (playwright)|David Hare]]; {{small|based on the novel ''[[The Reader|Der Vorleser]]'' by [[Bernhard Schlink]]}}<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature Film]]}}<br /> * '''''[[WALL-E]]'' – [[Andrew Stanton]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]'' – [[Chris Williams (director)|Chris Williams]] and [[Byron Howard]]<br /> ** ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' – [[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] and John Stevenson<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Departures (2008 film)|Departures]]'' ([[List of Japanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Japan]]) in Japanese – [[Yōjirō Takita]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Baader Meinhof Complex]]'' ([[List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Germany]]) in German – [[Uli Edel]]<br /> ** ''[[The Class (2008 film)|The Class]]'' ([[List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|France]]) in French – [[Laurent Cantet]]<br /> ** ''[[Revanche (film)|Revanche]]'' ([[List of Austrian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Austria]]) in German – [[Götz Spielmann]]<br /> ** ''[[Waltz with Bashir]]'' ([[List of Israeli submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Israel]]) in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] – [[Ari Folman]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary (Feature)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Man on Wire]]'' – [[James Marsh (director)|James Marsh]] and [[Simon Chinn]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Betrayal – Nerakhoon]]'' – [[Ellen Kuras]] and [[Thavisouk Phrasavath]]<br /> ** ''[[Encounters at the End of the World]]'' – [[Werner Herzog]] and [[Henry Kaiser (musician)|Henry Kaiser]]<br /> ** ''[[The Garden (2008 film)|The Garden]]'' – [[Scott Hamilton Kennedy]]<br /> ** ''[[Trouble the Water]]'' – [[Carl Deal]] and [[Tia Lessin]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)|Best Documentary (Short Subject)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Smile Pinki]]'' – [[Megan Mylan]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Conscience of Nhem En]]'' – [[Steven Okazaki]]<br /> ** ''[[The Final Inch]]'' – [[Irene Taylor Brodsky]] and Tom Grant<br /> ** ''[[The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306]]'' – Adam Pertovsky and Margaret Hyde<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Film (Live Action)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Toyland (film)|Toyland]]'' (''Spielzeugland'') — [[Jochen Alexander Freydank]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''Manon on the Asphalt'' — Elizabeth Marre and Olivier Pont<br /> ** ''[[New Boy (film)|New Boy]]'' — [[Steph Green]] and Tamara Anghie<br /> ** ''On the Line'' (''Auf der Strecke'') — Reto Caffi<br /> ** ''The Pig'' (''Grisen'') — Tivi Magnusson and Dorte Høgh<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Film (Animated)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[La Maison en Petits Cubes]]'' – [[Kunio Katō]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Lavatory – Lovestory]]'' – [[Konstantin Bronzit]]<br /> ** ''[[Oktapodi]]'' – [[Emud Mokhberi]] and Thierry Marchand<br /> ** ''[[Presto (film)|Presto]]'' – [[Doug Sweetland]]<br /> ** ''[[This Way Up (film)|This Way Up]]'' – Alan Smith and Adam Foulkes<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Music (Original Score)]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[A. R. Rahman]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Alexandre Desplat]]<br /> ** ''[[Defiance (2008 film)|Defiance]]'' – [[James Newton Howard]]<br /> ** ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' – [[Danny Elfman]]<br /> ** ''[[WALL-E]]'' – [[Thomas Newman]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Music (Original Song)]]}}<br /> * '''&quot;[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]&quot; from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – Music by [[A. R. Rahman]]; lyrics by [[Gulzar]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** &quot;[[Down to Earth (Peter Gabriel song)|Down to Earth]]&quot; from ''[[WALL-E]]'' – Music by [[Peter Gabriel]] and [[Thomas Newman]]; lyrics by [[Peter Gabriel]]<br /> ** &quot;[[O Saya]]&quot; from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – Music and lyrics by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]}}<br /> * '''''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[Richard King (sound designer)|Richard King]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' – [[Christopher Boyes]] and [[Frank E. Eulner]]<br /> ** ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[Glenn Freemantle]] and [[Tom Sayers (sound editor)|Tom Sayers]]<br /> ** ''[[WALL-E]]'' – [[Ben Burtt]] and [[Matthew Wood (sound editor)|Matthew Wood]]<br /> ** ''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]'' – [[Wylie Stateman]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound Mixing]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[Resul Pookutty]], [[Richard Pryke]] and [[Ian Tapp]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Ren Klyce]], [[Michael Semanick]], [[David Parker (sound engineer)|David Parker]], and [[Mark Weingarten]]<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[Lora Hirschberg]], [[Gary A. Rizzo]] and [[Ed Novick]]<br /> ** ''[[WALL-E]]'' – [[Tom Myers (sound engineer)|Tom Myers]], [[Michael Semanick]] and [[Ben Burtt]]<br /> ** ''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]'' – [[Chris Jenkins (sound engineer)|Chris Jenkins]], [[Frank A. Montaño]] and [[Petr Forejt]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]}}<br /> * '''''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''&amp;nbsp;– Art Direction: [[Donald Graham Burt]]; Set Decoration: [[Victor J. Zolfo]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]''&amp;nbsp;– Art Direction: [[James J. Murakami]]; Set Decoration: [[Gary Fettis]]<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]''&amp;nbsp;– Art Direction: [[Nathan Crowley]]; Set Decoration: [[Peter Lando]]<br /> ** ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]''&amp;nbsp;– Art Direction: [[Michael Carlin (art director)|Michael Carlin]]; Set Decoration: [[Rebecca Alleway]]<br /> ** ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]''&amp;nbsp;– Art Direction: [[Kristi Zea]]; Set Decoration: [[Debra Schutt]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[Anthony Dod Mantle]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]'' – [[Tom Stern (cinematographer)|Tom Stern]]<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Claudio Miranda]]<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[Wally Pfister]]<br /> ** ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'' – [[Chris Menges]] and [[Roger Deakins]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]}}<br /> * '''''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Greg Cannom]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[John Caglione Jr.]] and [[Conor O'Sullivan (make-up artist)|Conor O'Sullivan]]<br /> ** ''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]'' – [[Mike Elizalde]] and [[Thomas Floutz]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]}}<br /> * '''''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]'' – [[Michael O'Connor (costume designer)|Michael O'Connor]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'' – [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Jacqueline West]]<br /> ** ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' – [[Danny Glicker]]<br /> ** ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]'' – [[Albert Wolsky]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]}}<br /> * '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' – [[Chris Dickens]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Kirk Baxter]] and [[Angus Wall]]<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[Lee Smith (film editor)|Lee Smith]]<br /> ** ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]'' – [[Mike Hill (film editor)|Mike Hill]] and [[Daniel P. Hanley]]<br /> ** ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' – [[Elliot Graham]]<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {{Award category|#F9EFAA|[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]}}<br /> * '''''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' – [[Eric Barba]], [[Steve Preeg]], [[Burt Dalton]] and [[Craig Barron]]'''{{double-dagger}}<br /> ** ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' – [[Nick Davis (visual effects supervisor)|Nick Davis]], [[Chris Corbould]], [[Tim Webber]] and [[Paul Franklin (visual effects supervisor)|Paul Franklin]]<br /> ** ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' – [[John Nelson (visual effects artist)|John Nelson]], [[Ben Snow]], [[Dan Sudick]] and [[Shane Mahan]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award===<br /> * [[Jerry Lewis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Braxton |first=Greg |title=The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: Jerry Lewis |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-23-et-oscarjerry23-story.html |access-date=June 16, 2013 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105074525/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/23/entertainment/et-oscarjerry23 |archive-date=November 5, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Films with multiple nominations and awards===<br /> {{col-begin|width=80%}}{{col-1-of-2}}<br /> The following 15 films received multiple nominations:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-right:1em;&quot;<br /> |+ Films with multiple nominations<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:55px;&quot;| Nominations<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Film<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 13<br /> | ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 10<br /> | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 8<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 6<br /> | ''[[WALL-E|WALL•E]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5<br /> | ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3<br /> | ''[[Changeling (film)|Changeling]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2<br /> | ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Frozen River]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> The following four films received multiple awards:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-right:1em;&quot;<br /> |+ Films with multiple awards<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:55px;&quot;| Awards<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Film<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 8<br /> | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 3<br /> | ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Presenters and performers ==<br /> The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Finke |first=Nikki |title=Live-Snarking 2009 Academy Awards: Oscars Slumming, Show Stumbling |url=https://deadline.com/2009/02/live-snarking-the-2009-academy-awards-8559/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 22, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002043735/http://www.deadline.com/2009/02/live-snarking-the-2009-academy-awards/ |archive-date=October 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/oscars/7903204.stm<br /> |title=Surprises expected at Oscar gala<br /> |first=Neil<br /> |last=Smith<br /> |work=[[BBC News]]<br /> |publisher=[[BBC]]<br /> |date=February 21, 2009<br /> |access-date=February 22, 2009<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224090047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/oscars/7903204.stm<br /> |archive-date=February 24, 2009<br /> |url-status=live<br /> |df=mdy<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=LAT022609&gt;{{cite web|last=Rose |first=Adam |title=Trojan's cementing reputation as Hollywood's band |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/02/usc-hollywood.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 4, 2009 |date=February 26, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000028/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/02/usc-hollywood.html |archive-date=March 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Presenters===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name(s) !! Role<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Gina|Tuttle}} || Announcer for the 81st annual Academy Awards<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Goldie Hawn]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anjelica Huston]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Eva Marie Saint]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tilda Swinton]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Tina|Fey}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Steve Martin]] || Presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] and [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Jennifer|Aniston}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Jack Black]] || Introducers of the Animation 2008 montage and presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature Film]] and [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Daniel|Craig}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sarah Jessica Parker]] || Presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]], [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] and [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Robert|Pattinson}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Amanda Seyfried]] || Introducers of the Romance 2008 montage<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Natalie|Portman}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ben Stiller]] || Presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Jessica|Biel}} || Presenter of the segment of the [[Academy Award for Technical Achievement|Academy Awards for Technical Achievement]] and the [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|James|Franco}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Seth Rogen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Janusz Kamiński]] || Presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Alan|Arkin}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Cuba Gooding Jr.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Joel Grey]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kevin Kline]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Christopher Walken]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Bill|Maher}} || Presenter of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]] and [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)|Best Documentary Short Subject]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Will|Smith}} || Presenter of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]], [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound Mixing]], [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]] and [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Eddie|Murphy}} || Presenter of the [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Zac|Efron}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Alicia Keys]] || Presenters of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] and introducers of the special song and dance number performing the Best Original Song nominees<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Liam|Neeson}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Freida Pinto]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Queen|Latifah}} || Presenter of the ''[[List of Latin phrases: I#in memoriam|In Memoriam]]'' tribute<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Reese|Witherspoon}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Halle|Berry}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Marion Cotillard]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nicole Kidman]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sophia Loren]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shirley MacLaine]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Adrien|Brody}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Michael Douglas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Robert De Niro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anthony Hopkins]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ben Kingsley]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Steven|Spielberg}} || Presenter of the Best Picture segment and the award for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Performers===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name(s) !! Role !! Performed<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Michael|Giacchino}} || Musical Arranger || Orchestral<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Hugh|Jackman}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Anne Hathaway]] || Performers || Opening Number<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Hugh|Jackman|nolink=1}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Beyoncé Knowles]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Zac Efron]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vanessa Hudgens]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Amanda Seyfried]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dominic Cooper]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Spirit of Troy]]|| Performers ||<br /> &quot;[[Top Hat, White Tie and Tails]]&quot; from ''[[Top Hat]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Singin' in the Rain (song)|Singin' in the Rain]]&quot; from ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Big Spender]]&quot; from ''[[Sweet Charity (film)|Sweet Charity]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Maria (1956 song)|Maria]]&quot; from ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[You're The One That I Want]]&quot; from ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Maria (1959 song)|Maria]]&quot; from ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[All That Jazz (song)|All That Jazz]]&quot; from ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Lady Marmalade]]&quot; from ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[One Night Only (song)|One Night Only]]&quot; from ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Hairspray (2007 soundtrack)|You Can't Stop The Beat]]&quot; from ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[I Don't Know How To Love Him (song)|I Don't Know How To Love Him]]&quot; from ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (film)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[At Last]]&quot; from ''[[Orchestra Wives]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year (soundtrack)|Last Chance]]&quot; from ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Mamma Mia (ABBA song)|Mamma Mia]]&quot; from ''[[Mamma Mia! (2008 film)|Mamma Mia!]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Don't Cry For Me Argentina]]&quot; from ''[[Evita (1996 film)|Evita]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Over the Rainbow]]&quot; from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;[[Somewhere (song)|Somewhere]]&quot; from ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]] || Performer || &quot;[[O Saya]]&quot; from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|John|Legend}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Soweto Gospel Choir]] || Performers || &quot;[[Down to Earth (Peter Gabriel song)|Down to Earth]]&quot; from ''[[WALL-E]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tanvi Shah]] || Performers || &quot;[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]&quot; from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Queen|Latifah}} || Performer || &quot;[[I'll Be Seeing You (song)|I'll Be Seeing You]]&quot; during the annual ''[[List of Latin phrases: I#in memoriam|In Memoriam]]'' tribute<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ceremony information==<br /> [[File:HughJackmanApr09b.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of Hugh Jackman at the X-Men Origins: Wolverine premiere in 2009|[[Hugh Jackman]] hosted the 81st Academy Awards.]]<br /> <br /> Due to the declining viewership of the recent Academy Awards ceremonies, AMPAS had contracted an entirely new production team in an attempt to revive interest surrounding both the awards and festivities. In September 2008, the Academy selected producers [[Bill Condon]] and [[Laurence Mark]] to co-produce the telecast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/oscars/env-et-oscarproducer25-2008sep25,0,6564123.story |title=Laurence Mark, Bill Condon to produce Oscars |date=September 24, 2008 |first=Susan |last=King |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106042527/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/oscars/env-et-oscarproducer25-2008sep25%2C0%2C6564123.story |archive-date=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly three months later, actor [[Hugh Jackman]], who had previously emceed three consecutive [[Tony Awards]] ceremonies between [[57th Tony Awards|2003]] and [[59th Tony Awards|2005]], was chosen as host of the 2009 gala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hugh-jackman-to-host-oscars/ |title=Hugh Jackman To Host Oscars |date=December 12, 2008 |work=[[CBS News]] |publisher=[[CBS Corporation]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201321/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hugh-jackman-to-host-oscars/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackman expressed his anticipation of the awards in the few days preceding, and had commented that he was thrilled with preparations for the ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars/hugh-jackman-hosting-oscars-night-celebration/story?id=6895832 |title=Hugh Jackman on Hosting Oscars: 'A Night of Celebration' |last=Escherich |first=Katie |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=February 20, 2009 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031141311/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars/hugh-jackman-hosting-oscars-night-celebration/story?id=6895832 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2009/01/28/hugh-jackman-oscars-sexiest-host/ |title=Hugh Jackman: Oscars' Sexiest Host? |date=January 28, 2009 |first=Miisy |last=Schwartz |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=Time Warner |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102051357/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20254914%2C00.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable changes were introduced in the production of the telecast. In an attempt to build suspense and curiosity leading up to the awards, Condon and Mark announced that they would not reveal any of the presenters or performers who would participate in the Oscarcast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-19-the-oscar-11_N.htm |title=The Oscar 11: Team aims to revive awards' telecast |first=Anthony |last=Breznican |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett Company |date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222071707/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-19-the-oscar-11_N.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another unique feature of the ceremony was that the orchestra performed onstage instead of being relegated to a [[Orchestra pit|pit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I'm with the band! Oscars stage design revealed |url=http://www.today.com/id/29299773/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/im-band-oscars-stage-design-revealed/ |work=NBC News |publisher=NBCUniversal |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031142219/http://www.today.com/id/29299773/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/im-band-oscars-stage-design-revealed/ |archive-date=October 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a break from previous presentations, five previous Oscar-winning performers presented each of the acting categories as opposed to only one or two.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-23-oscar-telecast-comparison_N.htm |title=Oscar showtime: This year vs. others |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett Company |date=February 23, 2009 |last=Clark |first=Mike |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031142501/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-23-oscar-telecast-comparison_N.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the Academy announced that for the first time since Oscar began broadcasting on television, film studios would be able to televise advertisements promoting their upcoming films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/film-ads-to-run-during-oscar-telecast-1117993650/ |title=Film ads to run during Oscar telecast |first=Timothy M. |last=Gray |author2=Cynthia Littleton |date=October 8, 2008 |work=Variety |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |access-date=February 22, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210204023/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117993650.html?categoryId=13&amp;cs=1&amp;nid=2854 |archive-date=December 10, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, a montage of upcoming 2009 films was shown over the ceremony's closing credits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.moviefone.com/2009/02/23/2009-academy-awards-best-and-worst-recap/ |title=2009 Academy Awards Best and Worst Recap |date=February 23, 2009 |first=Erik |last=Davis |work=[[Moviefone]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |access-date=June 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031143132/http://news.moviefone.com/2009/02/23/2009-academy-awards-best-and-worst-recap/ |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony. [[Chris Harrison]] hosted &quot;Road to the Oscars&quot;, a weekly behind-the-scenes video blog on the Oscar ceremony website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.tvweek.com/in-depth/2009/02/oscarcom-announces-web-shows/|title=Oscar.com Announces Web Shows|first=Vlada|last=Gelman|work=[[TelevisionWeek]]|publisher=[[Crain Communications]]|date=February 18, 2009|access-date=February 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212010657/http://www.tvweek.com/in-depth/2009/02/oscarcom-announces-web-shows/|archive-date=February 12, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David Rockwell]] designed a new set and stage design for the ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Patricia Leigh |title=The Little Gold Man in a New Blue World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/movies/awardsseason/15brow.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 12, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717122826/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/movies/awardsseason/15brow.html |archive-date=July 17, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Film historian and author [[Robert Osborne]] greeted guests entering the festivities at the [[Hollywood and Highland Center]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Robert Osborne to Greet Celebrities on Oscar's Red Carpet |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090217.html |work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |publisher=AMPAS |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 17, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601022601/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090217.html |archive-date=June 1, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Film director [[Judd Apatow]] filmed a comedy montage which featured [[Seth Rogen]] and [[James Franco]] reprising their roles from ''[[Pineapple Express (film)|Pineapple Express]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/News/2009-Oscar-Moments-1003234.aspx |title=Top Oscar Moments: Tears for a Joker, Million-Dollar Babies and More |first=Joyce |last=Eng |date=February 23, 2009 |work=TV Guide |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041941/http://www.tvguide.com/News/2009-Oscar-Moments-1003234.aspx |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Director [[Baz Luhrmann]] produced a song and dance number saluting movie musicals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7905056.stm |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |title=Jackman on song at his first Oscars |access-date=June 5, 2013 |work=BBC News |date=February 23, 2009 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930232650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7905056.stm |archive-date=September 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Peter Gabriel]], who was originally scheduled to perform his [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|nominated song]] &quot;[[Down to Earth (Peter Gabriel song)|Down to Earth]]&quot; from ''WALL-E'' during the live broadcast, declined to perform after learning that he would be allowed to sing only 65&amp;nbsp;seconds of the song during the ceremony's Best Original Song nominee performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-12-gabriel-oscars_N.htm |title=Peter Gabriel won't perform at Oscars |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett Company |date=February 13, 2009 |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031145445/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-12-gabriel-oscars_N.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabriel still attended the ceremony but singer [[John Legend]], backed by the [[Soweto Gospel Choir]], performed the song in place of Gabriel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Donahue |first=Ann |title='Slumdog Millionaire' Sweeps Music Oscars |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/269365/slumdog-millionaire-sweeps-music-oscars |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630040500/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/269365/slumdog-millionaire-sweeps-music-oscars |archive-date=June 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office performance of nominated films===<br /> Continuing a trend in recent years, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/the-81st-annual-academy-awards-from-the-couch-1200473511/ |title=How the Oscars Became the Emmys |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=February 12, 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Warner |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120711/http://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/the-81st-annual-academy-awards-from-the-couch-1200473511/ |archive-date=July 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Cieply |first=Michael |title=Academy Expands Best-Picture Pool to 10 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/movies/25oscars.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=June 24, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717165526/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/movies/25oscars.html |archive-date=July 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, one of the nominees for Best Picture had grossed over $100&amp;nbsp;million before the nominations were announced (compared with none from the previous year).&lt;ref name=&quot;Benjamin Button Oscar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Eller |first=Claudia |title='Benjamin Button's' Oscar nominations may not pay off for Paramount |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-23-fi-button23-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022225726/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/23/business/fi-button23 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $188&amp;nbsp;million with an average gross of $37.7&amp;nbsp;million per film.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeoscars81&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?yr=2008&amp;view=fulldetail&amp;p=.htm |title=2008 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510052939/http://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?yr=2008&amp;view=fulldetail&amp;p=.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'' was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $104.4&amp;nbsp;million in domestic box office receipts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benjamin Button Oscar&quot; /&gt; The film was followed by ''Slumdog Millionaire'' ($44.7&amp;nbsp;million), ''Milk'' ($20.7&amp;nbsp;million), ''Frost/Nixon'' ($8.8&amp;nbsp;million), and finally ''The Reader'' ($8.3&amp;nbsp;million).&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeoscars81&quot; /&gt; Among the rest of the top 50 releases of 2008 in U.S. box office before the nominations, 33 nominations went to nine films on the list. Only ''The Dark Knight'' (1st), ''WALL-E'' (5th), ''Kung Fu Panda'' (6th), ''Bolt'' (19th), ''Tropic Thunder'' (20th), and ''The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'' (21st) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, Best Picture or Animated Feature.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficemojooscars&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?view=allmovies&amp;yr=2008&amp;sort=rank&amp;order=ASC&amp;p=.htm |title=2008 Oscar nominations and wins by movie |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=June 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125130243/http://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?view=allmovies&amp;yr=2008&amp;p=.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The other top-50 box office hits that earned nominations were ''Iron Man'' (2nd), ''Wanted'' (16th), and ''Hellboy II: The Golden Army'' (41st).&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficemojooscars&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Faked winners leak===<br /> Shortly after the voting polls were closed for the awards, a purported list of winners was posted online. The list, which bore a purported signature from Academy president [[Sid Ganis]], stated that [[Mickey Rourke]] won for Best Actor, [[Kate Winslet]] won for Best Actress, [[Amy Adams]] won for Best Supporting Actress, [[Heath Ledger]] won for Best Supporting Actor, and ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' won for Best Picture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/leaked-list-of-oscar-winners-2009-2/ |title=Leaked List Of Oscar Winners Is Fake |last=Carlson |first=Nicholas |work=Business Insiser |date=February 21, 2009 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424031705/http://www.businessinsider.com/leaked-list-of-oscar-winners-2009-2 |archive-date=April 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; AMPAS spokeswoman Leslie Unger later revealed that the list was &quot;a complete fraud&quot;, and that [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] had just begun to count the ballots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b100779_leaked_oscar-winner_list_complete_fraud.html |title=Leaked Oscar-Winner List Is a &quot;Complete Fraud&quot; |work=[[E!]] |publisher=NBCUniversal |first=Natalie |last=Finn |date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223125415/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b100779_leaked_oscar-winner_list_complete_fraud.html |archive-date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Critical reviews===<br /> The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television critic Robert Bianco of ''[[USA Today]]'' gave Jackman an average review but extolled producers Condon and Mark saying that the broadcast felt &quot;faster and more intimate without sacrificing Hollywood glamour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-23-oscar-telecast_n.htm |title=For this Oscar show, intimacy, glamour share the stage |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett Company |last=Bianco |first=Robert |date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102032409/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2009-02-23-oscar-telecast_n.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' columnist Julian Sancton gave high marks for Jackman's hosting performance stating &quot;After several years of glamour-deflating wisecracks from blasé hosts like [[Jon Stewart]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]], and [[Steve Martin]], the new producers hired an M.C. who was willing to break a sweat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2009/02/book-hugh-jackman-for-the-next-ten-years-oscars |title=Book Hugh Jackman For the Next Ten Years, Oscars |first=Julian |last=Sancton |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]] |date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715072225/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2009/02/book-hugh-jackman-for-the-next-ten-years-oscars |archive-date=July 15, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] lauded Jackman's performance noting that he &quot;would be a charmer as host, and he was.&quot; Of the show itself, Ebert added, &quot;It was the best Oscar show I've ever seen, and I've seen plenty.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/02/the_oscars_are_outsourced.html |title=The Oscars are Outsourced |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |publisher=[[Sun Times Media Group]] |date=February 23, 2009 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |access-date=February 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225061202/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/02/the_oscars_are_outsourced.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other media outlets were more critical of the show. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' columnist Mary McNamara thought Jackman's performance &quot;obliterated all memory&quot; of [[David Letterman]]'s hosting the ceremony in 1995, which was widely panned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-23-et-oscarreview23-story.html |title=The Oscars show itself was puttin' on the fritz |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 23, 2009 |first=Mary |last=McNamara |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121171209/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/23/entertainment/et-oscarreview23 |archive-date=January 21, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' television critic [[James Poniewozik]] wrote that Jackman was &quot;charming and game and I bet he absolutely killed in the room. But he didn't really project beyond the room, nor did he much seem to be trying to.&quot; He also noted that while there were some entertaining moments, &quot;the broadcast overall had problems of pacing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2009/02/23/the-morning-after-oscars-old-song-and-dance/ |title=The Morning After: Oscar's Old Song and Dance |magazine=Time |publisher=Time Warner |date=February 23, 2009 |first=James |last=Poniewozik |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224725/http://entertainment.time.com/2009/02/23/the-morning-after-oscars-old-song-and-dance/ |archive-date=November 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maureen Ryan of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' remarked, &quot;The whole thing was driven by a manic desire to bring some old-school glamor to the proceedings.&quot; She added that the long introductions praising the acting nominees slowed down the proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/02/23/new-format-host-are-unable-to-rescue-a-plodding-telecast/ |title=New format, host are unable to rescue a plodding telecast |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=Tribune Publishing |date=February 23, 2009 |first=Maureen |last=Ryan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102193652/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-02-23/entertainment/0902220466_1_montage-oscar-producers-oscar-broadcast |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ratings and reception===<br /> The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 36.94 million people over its length, which was a 13% increase from the record lows of the [[80th Academy Awards|previous year's ceremony]].&lt;ref name=zaprabcatings&gt;{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Seidman |title=Top ABC Primetime Shows week of February 16–22, 2009 |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/02/24/top-abc-primetime-shows-week-of-february-16-22-2009/13418/ |work=TVbytheNumbers |publisher=Zap2it |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025100528/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/02/24/top-abc-primetime-shows-week-of-february-16-22-2009/13418/ |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tvlineoscar&gt;{{cite news|first=Josef |last=Adelian |title=Oscar TV Ratings: Beter, But Not Good |url=http://www.tvweek.com/in-depth/2009/02/oscar-tv-ratings-better-but-no/ |work=[[TVLine]] |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203053/http://www.tvweek.com/in-depth/2009/02/oscar-tv-ratings-better-but-no/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated, 68.48 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also drew higher [[Nielsen ratings]] compared to the previous ceremony, with 20.88% of households watching over a 32.44 share.&lt;ref name=zapratings&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/02/23/81st-academy-awards-averages-363-million-up-42-million-from-last-year/13316/ |title=81st Academy Awards averages 36.3 million up 4.2 million from last year |publisher=Zap2it |date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131755/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/02/23/81st-academy-awards-averages-363-million-up-42-million-from-last-year/13316/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the program scored a 12.43 rating over a 30.61 share among the 18–49 demographic, which was a 13 percent increase.&lt;ref name=zapratings /&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2009, the ceremony presentation received ten nominations at the [[61st Primetime Emmy Awards|61st Primetime Emmys]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Primetime Emmy Award Database |url=http://www.emmys.com/shows/81st-annual-academy-awards |work=[[Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=ATAS |access-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606212711/http://www.emmys.com/shows/81st-annual-academy-awards |archive-date=June 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two months later, the ceremony won four awards including Outstanding Choreography ([[Rob Ashford]]), [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics|Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics]] (Hugh Jackman Opening Number: [[William Ross (composer)|William Ross]], John Kimbrough, [[Dan Harmon]], [[Rob Schrab]], [[Ben Schwartz]]), Outstanding Short Form Picture Editing, (Best Motion Picture Montage: [[Kyle Cooper]], Hal Honigsberg), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Or Music Series Or Special.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/145090/complete-list-of-winners-from-the-2009-emmy-awards |title=Complete List of Winners From the 2009 Emmy Awards |date=September 13, 2009 |work=[[E!]] |publisher=NBCUniversal |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103113637/http://www.eonline.com/news/145090/complete-list-of-winners-from-the-2009-emmy-awards |archive-date=November 3, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/emmy-awards-tv-news-justin-timberlake-oscars-hugh-jackman-story.html |last=O'Neil |first=Tom |title=Who's really surprised? Oscars upstage Justin Timberlake at the Emmys |date=September 21, 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106042853/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/emmy-awards-tv-news-justin-timberlake-oscars-hugh-jackman-story.html |archive-date=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==''In Memoriam''==<br /> {{Main|List of 81st Academy Awards In Memoriam tribute honorees}}<br /> The annual ''In Memoriam'' tribute was presented by actress [[Queen Latifah]]. She performed the song &quot;[[I'll Be Seeing You (song)|I'll Be Seeing You]]&quot; during the segment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/99171/the-queen-will-reign-on-oscar-night |title=The Queen Will Reign on Oscar Night |date=February 9, 2009 |first=Marc |last=Malkin |work=E! |publisher=NBCUniversal |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102193517/http://www.eonline.com/news/99171/the-queen-will-reign-on-oscar-night |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/442566/and-oscar-goes |title=And the Oscar goes to... |date=February 24, 2009 |first=Ricky |last=Lo |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=June 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103203601/http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/442566/and-oscar-goes |archive-date=November 3, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{div col}}<br /> * [[Cyd Charisse]] – Actress<br /> * [[Bernie Mac]] – Actor, comedian<br /> * Bud Stone – Executive<br /> * [[Ollie Johnston]] – Animator<br /> * [[Van Johnson]] – Actor<br /> * J. Paul Huntsman – Sound actor<br /> * [[Michael Crichton]] – Writer, director<br /> * [[Nina Foch]] – Actress<br /> * [[Pat Hingle]] – Actor<br /> * [[Harold Pinter]] – Writer<br /> * [[Charles H. Joffe]] – Producer<br /> * [[Kon Ichikawa]] – Director<br /> * [[Charles H. Schneer]] – Producer<br /> * [[Abby Mann]] – Screenwriter<br /> * [[Roy Scheider]] – Actor<br /> * [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]] – Director of photography<br /> * [[Robert Mulligan]] – Director<br /> * [[Evelyn Keyes]] – Actress<br /> * [[Richard Widmark]] – Actor<br /> * [[Claude Berri]] – Director<br /> * [[Maila Nurmi]] – Actress<br /> * [[Isaac Hayes]] – Musician, actor<br /> * [[Leonard Rosenman]] – Composer<br /> * [[Ricardo Montalbán]] – Actor<br /> * [[Manny Farber]] – Film critic<br /> * [[Robert DoQui]] – Actor<br /> * [[Jules Dassin]] – Director<br /> * [[Paul Scofield]] – Actor<br /> * [[John Michael Hayes]] – Screenwriter<br /> * [[Warren Cowan]] – Publicist<br /> * Joseph M. Caracciolo – Producer<br /> * [[Stan Winston]] – Special effects<br /> * [[Ned Tanen]] – Executive producer<br /> * [[James Whitmore]] – Actor<br /> * [[Charlton Heston]] – Actor<br /> * [[Anthony Minghella]] – Director, producer<br /> * [[Sydney Pollack]] – Director, producer<br /> * [[Paul Newman]] – Actor<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[15th Screen Actors Guild Awards]]<br /> * [[29th Golden Raspberry Awards]]<br /> * [[51st Grammy Awards]]<br /> * [[61st Primetime Emmy Awards]]<br /> * [[62nd British Academy Film Awards]]<br /> * [[63rd Tony Awards]]<br /> * [[66th Golden Globe Awards]]<br /> * [[List of submissions to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> :'''A'''{{note|Supporting Actor}}:Following talks with his family in Australia, the Academy determined that Ledger's daughter, Matilda Rose Ledger, would own the award. However, due to Matilda's age, she did not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pond |first=Steve |title=If Ledger Wins, Oscar Goes To Daughter |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/if-ledger-wins-oscar-goes-to-daughter/ |work=CBS News |publisher=CBS Corporation |access-date=June 7, 2013 |date=February 18, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201171400/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/if-ledger-wins-oscar-goes-to-daughter/ |archive-date=February 1, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Until that time, her mother, actress [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]], owned the statuette in trust for Matilda;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/100747/why-can-t-li-l-matilda-have-heath-s-potential-oscar |title=Why Can't Li'l Matilda Have Heath's (Potential) Oscar? |date=February 19, 2009 |first=Leslie |last=Gornstein |work=E! |publisher=NBCUniversal |access-date=June 7, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103124010/http://www.eonline.com/news/100747/why-can-t-li-l-matilda-have-heath-s-potential-oscar |archive-date=November 3, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it was held at the [[Western Australian Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/heath-ledgers-dad-reveals-he-867605/ |title=Heath Ledger's Dad Reveals Where He Keeps the 'Dark Knight' Oscar |last=Bulbeck |first=Pip |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=February 24, 2016 |accessdate=July 31, 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724090143/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/heath-ledgers-dad-reveals-he-867605/ |archivedate=July 24, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ledger's family attended the ceremony and his parents and sister accepted the award on stage on his behalf.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heath Ledger Oscar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> ;Official websites<br /> * [http://www.oscar.com/ Academy Awards official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014303/http://www.oscar.com/ |date=March 4, 2009 }}<br /> * [http://www.oscar.com/ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences official website]<br /> * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014303/http://www.oscar.com/ |date=March 4, 2009 |title=Official Site}}<br /> * {{YouTube|user=oscars|The Oscars}} (run by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]])<br /> <br /> ;News resources<br /> * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2009/oscars_2009/ The Oscars, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162817/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2009/oscars_2009/ |date=November 1, 2013 }} [[BBC News]]<br /> * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2009/academy.awards/index.html CNN Awards Spotlight: Academy Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101123511/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2009/academy.awards/index.html |date=November 1, 2013 }}<br /> * [http://theenvelope.latimes.com/ The Envelope.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430225109/http://www.theenvelope.latimes.com/ |date=April 30, 2011 }} with contributions by Paul Sheehan<br /> * [http://wsws.org/articles/2009/jan2009/acad-j23.shtml Behind the times: the nominees for the 81st Annual Academy Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129072658/http://wsws.org/articles/2009/jan2009/acad-j23.shtml |date=January 29, 2009 }} [[World Socialist Web Site]] Arts Review<br /> <br /> ;Analysis<br /> * [http://www.filmsite.org/aa08.html 2008 Academy Awards Winners and History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818230849/http://www.filmsite.org/aa08.html |date=August 18, 2013 }} Filmsite<br /> * [https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_Awards_USA/2009 Academy Awards, USA: 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125103644/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_Awards_USA/2009 |date=January 25, 2009 }} [[Internet Movie Database]]<br /> <br /> ;Other resources<br /> * {{IMDb title|1219288|The 81st Annual Academy Awards}}<br /> <br /> {{Academy Awards}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Academy Awards, 81}}<br /> [[Category:Academy Awards ceremonies]]<br /> [[Category:2008 film awards]]<br /> [[Category:2009 in Los Angeles]]<br /> [[Category:2009 in American cinema]]<br /> [[Category:2009 awards in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:February 2009 in the United States]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ringba-Roba_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=530516 2026-02-24T03:43:46Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Made some post initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Ringba-Roba Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | iucn_ref = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|9|39|N|93|53|00|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coords_ref = <br /> | established = 22 October 2015<br /> | area_km2 = 49.2<br /> | elevation = <br /> | nearest_city = [[Seppa]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ringba-Roba Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[East Kameng district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/arunachal_pradesh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|49.2|km2}} and was declared as a protected area on 22 October 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://arunachaltourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/widlife.pdf|title=Wildlife of Arunachal Pradesh|work=[[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The protected area consists of a mixture of [[tropical forests|tropical]], [[temperate forest|temperate]] and [[Mountain|alpine]] forests. Fauna found in the sanctuary include [[Bengal tiger]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[clouded leopard]], [[spotted deer]], [[Indian civet]], [[wild boar]], [[capped langur]], and [[antelopes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Protected Areas of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:East Kameng district]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 2015]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pench_National_Park&diff=467877 2026-02-24T03:01:01Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: cleaned up lead for consistency and cleaned formatting per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National park in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Pench National Park<br /> | iucn_category = II<br /> | alt_name = Indira Priyadarshini National Park<br /> | image = Pench Safari.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Landscape in Pench National Park<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 9<br /> | location = {{ubl|[[Seoni District]] and [[Chhindwara district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India}}<br /> | nearest_city = [[Seoni]]<br /> | map = India Madhya Pradesh#India Maharashtra#India<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | area = {{cvt|292.85|km2}}&lt;ref name=Kasambe/&gt;<br /> | governing_body = State Forest Department<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21|40|17.76|N|79|18|11.88|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}<br /> | established = {{ubl|1977 as wildlife sanctuary |1983 as national park}}<br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year = <br /> | website = [https://www.penchnationalpark.in/ penchnationalpark.in]<br /> | visitation_ref = <br /> | relief = y<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pench National Park''' is a [[national park]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It was created in 1983 with an area of {{cvt|292.85|km2}} in the [[Seoni district|Seoni]] and [[Chhindwara district]]s. Since 1992, it forms the core area of [[Pench Tiger Reserve]].&lt;ref name=Kasambe&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Kasambe, R. |author2=Wadatkar, J. |author3=Wagh, J. |author4=Dudhe, N. |author5=Khan, N. |year=2016 |title=Bird Survey in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=27–29 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raju-Kasambe/publication/313648659}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography==<br /> Pench National Park encompasses {{cvt|299|km2}} in the [[Seoni district]] and [[Chhindwara district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=Kasambe/&gt; The [[Pench River]] and numerous small streams flow through the national park, which forms the core area of [[Pench Tiger Reserve]]. The temperature in this region varies from {{cvt|-2|C}} in winter to {{cvt|49.5|C}} in summer, and mean yearly rainfall is {{cvt|1400|mm}}.&lt;ref name=Biswas2002&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Biswas, S. |author2=Sankar, K. |year=2002 |title=Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=411–420 |doi=10.1017/s0952836902000456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its elevation ranges from {{cvt|425|to|620|m}}.{{cn|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Vegetation ==<br /> The forest in the park consists of [[dry deciduous forest]]s, and the tree includes [[Tectona grandis|teak]] mixed with other species like [[Terminalia tomentosa|saja]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium|bijiayasal]], [[Lagerstroemia parviflora|lendia]], [[Haldina cordifolia|haldu]], [[Anogeissus latifolia|dhaora]], [[Boswellia serrata|salai]], [[Emblica officinalis|amla]], [[Cassia fistula|amaltas]], [[madhuca longifolia|mahua]], and [[Sterculia urens|white kulu]]. The ground is covered with a maze of [[grasses]], plants, bushes, and saplings. [[Bamboo]] is also found at places.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewIndianExpress2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2024/Jul/13/crouching-tiger-at-hidden-rukhad|title=Crouching tiger at hidden Rukhad|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2024|access-date=9 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Wildlife ==<br /> Pench National Park is home to diverse flora and fauna, which includes over 40 species of mammals, 13 species of reptiles, and more than 210 bird species.&lt;ref name=&quot;TimesofIndia2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=6 reasons why Pench National Park is such a hit among wildlife lovers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/6-reasons-why-pench-national-park-is-such-a-hit-among-wildlife-lovers/photostory/116995643.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|date=6 January 2025|access-date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It hosts snake species such as [[cobras]], [[pythons]], and the [[Indian krait]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessInsider2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/travel/article/apart-from-the-big-cat-the-pench-tiger-reserve-in-madhya-pradesh-flaunts-a-variety-of-fabulous-residents/articleshow/81374258.cms|title=Apart from the big cat, the Pench Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh flaunts a variety of fabulous residents|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=7 March 2021|access-date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mammals===<br /> [[File:Leopard at Pench.jpg|thumb|A leopard in Pench forest]]<br /> [[File:Karmazari Pench National Park 1.jpg|thumb|A tiger in Pench National Park]]<br /> Mammal species in Pench National Park include [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[golden jackal]], [[dhole]], [[sloth bear]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[northern red muntjac]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[gaur]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[wild boar]], [[common langur]], [[Rhesus monkey]], [[Indian hare]] and [[Indian porcupine]].&lt;ref name=Biswas2002/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Birds===<br /> [[File:Indian grey hornbill at Pench national park (April, 2024) 13.jpg|thumb|[[Indian grey hornbill]] in the tree]]<br /> Pench National Park harbours more than 210 bird species including several [[bird migration|migratory]] ones. Some of them are [[Indian peafowl]], [[junglefowl]], [[Indian vulture]], [[crow pheasant]], [[crimson-breasted barbet]], [[red-vented bulbul]], [[racket-tailed drongo]], [[Crested serpent eagle]], [[Nisaetus cirrhatus]], [[Indian roller]], [[magpie robin]], [[lesser whistling teal]], [[northern pintail]], [[shoveller]], [[egret]]s and [[heron]]s, [[minivet]], [[Oriolus|oriole]], [[wagtail]], [[munia]], [[myna]], [[waterfowl]] and [[common kingfisher]].&lt;ref name=Kasambe/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Inditales2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Birds of Pench |url=https://www.inditales.com/birds-of-pench-national-park-photography/ |work=Inditales |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> Pench National Park is one of many places that may have inspired [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/The-Jungle-Book-5-best-tours-to-Kiplings-India/|title=The Jungle Book: 5 best tours to Rudyard Kipling's India|last=Andres|first=T. |work=The Telegraph|date=2016|access-date=11 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The national park served as a filming location for the BBC documentary series [[Tiger: Spy in the Jungle]], narrated by [[David Attenborough]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Sharanya Hrishikesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60020410|title=Collarwali: Remembering India's 'super mum' tigress |publisher=BBC News|date=18 January 2022|access-date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{National Parks of India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]<br /> [[Category:National parks in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Seoni district]]<br /> [[Category:Chhindwara district]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1965]]<br /> [[Category:Jabalpur]]<br /> [[Category:1965 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinnauri_language&diff=448928 2026-02-24T01:52:40Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Updated and refined page content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on Himachal Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{For|the Indo-Aryan Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri language}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Kinnauri<br /> | nativename = 𑚊𑚝𑚦𑚤𑚮𑚎𑚨𑚶𑚊𑚛, Kanawaringskad, ཀནབརིངསྐད<br /> | region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | image = [[File:Kinnauri.jpg|150px]]<br /> | speakers = all Kinnauri varieties: {{sigfig|83,561|2}};<br /> Kinnauri proper: about 45,000<br /> | date = 2011 census&amp;lt;!--census for all Kinnauri lects--&amp;gt;<br /> | ref = &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp;amp; Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--census for all Kinnauri lects--&amp;gt;<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?<br /> | fam3 = [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]<br /> | fam4 = Kanauri<br /> | dia1 = [[Sunam language|Sunam]]<br /> | lc1 = kfk<br /> | ld1 = Kinnauri proper<br /> | lc2 = cik<br /> | ld2 = [[Chitkuli Kinnauri]]<br /> | lc3 = ssk<br /> | ld3 = [[Sunam language|Sunam]] (Thebor){{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> | lc4 = jna<br /> | ld4 = [[Jangshung language|Jangshung]] (Thebor)<br /> | lc5 = scu<br /> | ld5 = [[Shumcho language|Shumcho]] (Thebor)<br /> | glotto = kinn1250<br /> | glottorefname = Kinnauric<br /> | ELP2 = 4337<br /> | ELPname2 = Jangshung<br /> | notice = IPA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kinnauri''' is the most widely used language in [[Kinnaur]]. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as '''Kunawaree''' (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), '''Kanauri''' (Konow 1905), '''Kanawari''' (Bailey 1909) and '''Kunawari''' (Grierson 1909).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is the language of the upper castes in lower Kinnaur.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] [[dialect cluster]] centered on the [[Kinnaur district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> [[Kaike language|Kaike]], once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]. [[Bhoti Kinnauri language|Bhoti Kinnauri]] and [[Tukpa language|Tukpa]] (locally called Chhoyuli) are [[Bodish languages|Bodish]] ([[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahauli–Spiti]]).<br /> <br /> ==Linguistic varieties and geographical distribution==<br /> [[File:A signboard in Kinnauri Language.jpg|thumb|A signboard in Kinnauri Language]]<br /> <br /> Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties, with Kinnauri being the major language. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages.<br /> <br /> '''''[[Kinnauri]]''''' is spoken in the villages from Badhal [[Rampur Bushahr]] to Sangla and north along [[Sutlej|Satluj river]] to Morang. Mainly the Kinnauri-speaking area is located in lower parts of [[Kinnaur district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The estimated population of Kinnauri speaking people is 45,000.<br /> <br /> '''''[[Chitkuli Kinnauri]]''''' is spoken by a thousand people in the [[Baspa River|Baspa river]] area of the [[Sangla Valley|Sangla valley]] in Nichar subdivision, [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Chitkul and Rakchham villages).<br /> <br /> [[Jangshung language|'''''Jangshung''''']] is spoken in Morang [[tehsil]], [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Jangi, [[Lippa, Kinnaur|Lippa]], and Asrang villages). These villages have a population of nearly 2600.<br /> <br /> '''''[[Shumcho language|Sumcho]]''''' is spoken in Poo [[tehsil]], [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages) by a population of 2500.<br /> <br /> '''''[[Bhoti Kinnauri]]''''' is spoken in Poo division of upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]. The language shows slight phonemic variations in the valley. Main varieties are spoken in Poo Hangrang and Nako villages. It is a generic [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] language spoken by nearly 7000 people.<br /> <br /> [[Tukpa language|'''''Chhoyuli''''']] is a [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]] language spoken in Nesang and Kunnu Charan villages of Poo division in upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]. It has a population of around 700. The language is considered a variety of Bhoti Kinnauri but is shows enough characteristics to stand as an independent language.<br /> <br /> [[Sunam language|'''''Sunnami''''']] language is spoken in Sunnam village of Poo division in upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]. It has a population of about 700.<br /> <br /> [[Pahari Kinnauri language|'''''Pahari Kinnauri''''']] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language of [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] spoken mainly by the scheduled caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.<br /> <br /> In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> This description is of the Pangi dialect of Kinnauri.<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]<br /> ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br /> ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> | {{IPA link|m}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|ɲ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=3| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|b}}<br /> | {{IPA link|d}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɖ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|ɡ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[voicelessness|voiceless]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}}<br /> |{{IPA link|t}}<br /> |{{IPA link|ʈ}}<br /> | <br /> |{{IPA link|k}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<br /> | <br /> |{{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=3| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|dz}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|dʒ}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[voicelessness|voiceless]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|ts}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|tʃ}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|tsʰ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|s}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|ʃ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|h}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|r}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|l}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|j}}<br /> | {{IPA link|w}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ''Note on palatals'': {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are post-alveolar. {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]].<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> Kinnauri has six pairs of long/short vowels:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> ! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ![[Central vowel|Central]]<br /> ![[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ![[close vowel|Close]]<br /> | {{IPA link|i}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɨ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|u}}<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br /> | {{IPA link|e}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|o}}<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> ! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|a}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Syllables===<br /> <br /> {{IPA|/h/}}, [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [[obstruent]]s (i.e. {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}), and [[Glide consonant|glides]] (i.e. {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}) do not occur in syllable [[Syllable coda|codas]].<br /> <br /> All consonants may occur in [[Syllable onset|onsets]] and word-medially.<br /> <br /> Kinnauri has the following types of [[syllable]]s:<br /> <br /> * {{Transliteration|kfk|italic=no|(C)V(C)(C)(C)}}<br /> * {{Transliteration|kfk|italic=no|CCV(C)}}<br /> * {{Transliteration|kfk|italic=no|CCCVC}}<br /> <br /> ==Grammar==<br /> Word order in Kinnari is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]], it is a [[Post-position|postpositional]] language, it shows agreement in person number features, adjective precedes head in the noun <br /> phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows <br /> the main verb, anaphor follows the antecedent and main clause precedes the subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have <br /> preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Typological Characteristics of Kinnauri.” Interdisciplinary Journal of LinguisticC, KU Srinagar, India 5 (2012): 329–48.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Script ==<br /> The language does not have a script. It is an oral language<br /> <br /> ==Language vitality==<br /> <br /> Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Kanashi language]] of [[Malana, Himachal Pradesh]], mutually intelligible with Kinnauri<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book |editor-last=Nagano |editor-first=Yasuhiko |editor-last2=LaPolla |editor-first2=Randy J. |year=2001 |title=New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages |series=Bon studies |volume=3 |location=Osaka |publisher=National Museum of Ethnology}}<br /> * Negi, Harvinder Kumar. (2023). Language use, prestige and vitality of languages in kinnaur (https://www.academia.edu/105610420/LANGUAGE_USE_PRESTIGE_AND_VITALITY_OF_LANGUAGES_IN_KINNAUR). International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.<br /> * Negi, Harvinder Kumar. (2021). Languages of kannaura tribe (https://www.academia.edu/50932512/Languages_of_kannaura_tribe). Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, .<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Negi |first=Harvinder |year=2012 |title=A Sociolinguistic profile of the Kinnaura tribe |journal=Nepalese Linguistics |volume=27 |pages=101–105 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_27.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008113625/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_27.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br /> *{{cite encyclopedia<br /> | last = Nishi 西<br /> | first = Yoshio 義郎<br /> | author-link = Yoshio Nishi<br /> | editor1-first = 孝 Takashi <br /> | editor1-last = 亀井 Kamei<br /> | editor2-first = 六郎 Rokurō<br /> | editor2-last = 河野 Kōno<br /> | editor3-first = 栄一 Eichi<br /> | editor3-last = 千野 Chino<br /> | encyclopedia = 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics<br /> | title = カナウル語<br /> | trans-title = Kanauru language<br /> | language = Japanese<br /> | year = 1993a<br /> | publisher = 三省堂 Sanseido Press <br /> | volume = 5<br /> | location = Tokyo <br /> | isbn = 4385152144<br /> | pages = 75b–86b<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Perumalsamy |first=P |year=2022 |chapter=Kinnauri language |title=Linguistic Survey of India |volume=Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India |location=New Delhi |pages=935–1028 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45246}}<br /> * {{cite book |surname=Takahashi |given=Yoshiharu |chapter=A descriptive study of Kinnauri (Pangi dialect): A preliminary report |pages=97–119 |doi=10.15021/00002143 |doi-access=free |editor1-given=Yasuhiko |editor1-surname=Nagano |editor2-given=Randy J. |editor2-surname=LaPolla |title=New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages |journal=国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports |location=Osaka |publisher=National Museum of Ethnology |year=2001 |volume=19 |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=pages_view_main&amp;amp;active_action=repository_view_main_item_snippet&amp;amp;index_id=210&amp;amp;pn=1&amp;amp;count=20&amp;amp;order=17&amp;amp;lang=japanese&amp;amp;page_id=13&amp;amp;block_id=21<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Takahashi |first=Yoshiharu |year=2007 |chapter=On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) |editor-first=Roland |editor-last=Bielmeier |editor-first2=Felix |editor-last2=Haller |title=Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond |pages=341–354 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=Yoshiharu |year=2009 |title=On the Verbal Affixes in West Himalayan |editor-first=Yasuhiko |editor-last=Nagano |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies |volume=75: Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics |pages=21–49 |doi=10.15021/00002556 |issn=0387-6004}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=Yoshiharu |year=2012 |title=On a Middle Voice Suffix in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) Yoshiharu |editor-first=Wataru |editor-last=Nakamura |editor-first2=Ritsuko |editor-last2=Kikusawa |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies |volume=77 |issue=77 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.15021/00002533}}<br /> <br /> {{Bodic languages}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnauri Language}}<br /> [[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Kinnaur district]]<br /> [[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br /> [[Category:West Himalayish languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._M._Nandakumar&diff=483778 2026-02-22T15:08:14Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = A.M. Nandakumar<br /> | image = Profilepic64.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Aranthangi, Pudukottai District<br /> | occupation = Film director, screen writer<br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = 1997 — present<br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> | alma_mater = [[VSS Govt. Arts College]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''A. M. Nandakumar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director and screenwriter who has worked on Tamil language films. His first was the 2003 action drama film, ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'', starring [[Vijaykanth]] and [[Kiran Rathod]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> After working as an assistant director for several years to [[P. Vasu]], [[Manivannan]] and [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekar]], Nandakumar successfully pitched the story of ''Kodiesvaran'' to the producer [[K. T. Kunjumon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;&gt;Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/PWg-VfsRVgE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200308224926/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWg-VfsRVgE&amp;app=desktop Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWg-VfsRVgE |title=டூப்பும் மனுஷன்தான.. அவனுக்கு குடும்பம் இல்லயா? கோபப்பட்ட கேப்டன் - Thennavan Director Nandakumar |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; After initially considering either [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] or [[Ajith Kumar]] for the lead role, the team chose the producer's son, Eby Kunjumon. Production started in 1997 with Eby appearing with [[Simran Bagga|Simran]] and the Hindi actress [[Karisma Kapoor]] making a guest appearance in an [[item number]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Madras calling|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/13ss.htm|date=13 October 1998|website=Rediff|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's music album and trailer were released in early 1999, but Kunjumon's financial troubles meant that the film failed to have a theatrical release. If released, the film would have been among the highest budgeted films of the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://readtiger.com/https/www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |title=Movies: On the floors |website=Rediff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711020809/https://readtiger.com/https/www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |archive-date=2020-07-11}}&lt;br&gt;- {{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm|title=Gossip from the southern film industry|website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the film became stuck, Nandakumar worked on a Japanese film titled ''Nattu Odoru! Ninja Densetsu'', starring [[Neha Dhupia]], that was shot in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417201908/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm|archive-date=17 April 2001|title=Dinakaran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nandakumar worked on another script titled ''Aasan''. He approached [[Vijayakanth]] to work on the film, but it became clear that the script had been already pitched to the actor as ''Ramana'' by [[AR Murugadoss]]. Following the confusion, Vijayakanth apologetically called Nandakumar to make another film with him titled ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot; /&gt; The film opened to mixed reviews, with a critic from ''The Hindu'' noting, &quot;''Thennavan'' would have been a tailor made story for Vijayakanth but for the flawed script, clichéd dialogue and unappealing caricatures. Somewhere down the line everyone from the director (M. Nandakumaran) and the hero seem to have lost interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/thennavan/article28573907.ece|title=Thennavan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 August 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nandakumar announced ''[[Jambhavan]]'' (2006) in December 2005 and began production shortly after a launch event held in Tirupathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/10-12-05e/tamil-movies-news-prashanth.html|title=Prashanth's Jambavan will be launched in Tirupathi|website=Behind Woods |access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prashanth]] was signed to play the lead role, while [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] and [[Meghna Naidu]] were signed to portray the film's lead heroines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/15-12-05/prasanth.html|title=Prashanth's Jambavan has high glamour index|website=Behind Woods|access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team began filming with a 30-day schedule in [[Tenkasi]] in southern Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/my-kind-of-place-prasanth/article3190958.ece|title=My kind of place – Prasanth|date=2006-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-06 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The making of the film was disrupted in January 2006, when the actress Nila briefly walked out of the film after falling out with the producers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9398.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154153/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9398.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Jambavan |work=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;br&gt;- {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nila-pulls-a-surprise-tamil-news-20733|title=Nila pulls a surprise |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film opened in September 2006 and received predominantly negative reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/box-office-flurry-of-films-this-weekend-kannada-news-25014|title=Box Office - Flurry of films this weekend |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''Sify'' noted, &quot;This film is a slapdash enterprise that will make you groan,&quot; adding &quot;It caters strictly to B and C class audiences and leaves you cold.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jambavan-review-tamil-14290589.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310001434/http://www.sify.com/movies/jambavan-review-tamil-14290589.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-10|title=Review listing (1970)|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another reviewer noted the similarity to ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995) adding &quot;the quality of these remakes has ranged from entertaining to outright bad and Prashanth's ''Jaambavan'' unfortunately comes in at the lower end of that scale&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaambavaan: A movie review by Balaji Balasubramaniam |website=Reocities |url=http://www.reocities.com/bbreviews/2006/jaambavaan.html |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065351/http://www.reocities.com/bbreviews/2006/jaambavaan.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Indiaglitz'' also noted the similarity adding that &quot;director Nandakumar has taken cue from a few 'mass films', but just has not managed to cobble them with any sense of purpose&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/8034.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626181109/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/8034.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2006|title=Cinema News|work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=2018-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Nandakumar made ''[[Kalkandu]]'' and the film gained media attention before release, owing to the lead actor Gajesh's debut. He was the son of the actor-dancer [[Anand Babu]] and grandson of the comedian [[Nagesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gajesh-will-recreate-nagesh-s-magic-on-screen-director-news-others-ohvlunidggbgh.html|title=Gajesh will recreate Nagesh's magic on screen: Director|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171946/http://www.sify.com/movies/gajesh-will-recreate-nagesh-s-magic-on-screen-director-news-others-ohvlunidggbgh.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the appearance of late actor Nagesh's animation in ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' (2014), Nandakumar insisted on having a sequence in his film, where all three generations of the family appear in one scene through computer imagery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nagesh-to-dance-in-grandsons-film/article6443164.ece|title=Nagesh to dance in grandson's film?|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 September 2014 |access-date=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot mainly in Tamil Nadu, in places such as Tiruchi and Kanyakumari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/my-grandfather-was-a-huge-inspiration/article6233801.ece|title='My grandfather was a huge inspiration'|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 July 2014|access-date=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It had a limited release in October 2014, owing to the presence of bigger budget films at the box office, and opened to mixed reviews with a critics noting it &quot;gets stuck towards average&quot;.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Another reviewer noted that the film had a dated feel and called it &quot;excruciatingly long&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/reviews/kalkandu-review/|title=Kalkandu Review: Not So Sweet|first=Deepika|last=Ramesh|date=1 November 2014|website=Silver Screen |access-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235339/http://silverscreen.in/reviews/kalkandu-review/|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandakumar later worked on a project titled ''K7 - Kesavan'' with debutant Sakthivel, though the film failed to have a theatrical release.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> !Language<br /> !Production House<br /> !Cast<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]''<br /> |Tamil<br /> |Captain Cine Creations<br /> |[[Vijayakanth]]<br /> [[Kiran Rathod]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''[[Jambhavan]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |ESK Frames<br /> Rajalakshmi Kalaikudam<br /> |[[Prashanth]]<br /> [[Meera Chopra|Nila]]<br /> [[Meghna Naidu]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Kalkandu]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |Rajarathinam Films<br /> |Gajesh<br /> [[Dimple Chopade]]<br /> [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]]||<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Title<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Functioned as<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Production House<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Channel<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Language<br /> |-<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Project Head<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''[[Maya (2018 TV series)|Maya]]''||{{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | Avni Telemedia<br /> | Sun TV<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Lakshmi Stores]]'' ||{{no}}||{{yes}}<br /> | Avni Telemedia<br /> | Sun TV<br /> | Tamil &amp; Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jyothi]]'' ||{{no}}||{{yes}}<br /> | Avni Telemedia<br /> | Sun TV<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Moondru Mudichu (Tamil TV series)|''Moondru Mudichu'']]||{{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | A R Film World<br /> | Sun TV<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nandakumar, A. M.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education&diff=473638 2026-02-10T06:45:23Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: quick enhanced article for consistency and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian statutory body}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox organisation<br /> | name = All India Council for Technical Education<br /> | image = All India Council for Technical Education logo.png<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | abbreviation = '''AICTE'''<br /> | leader_title = Chairman<br /> | leader_name = [[Yogesh Singh]] ''{{small|(additional charge)}}''&lt;ref name=team&gt;{{cite web|title=Leadership Team|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/about-us/leadership-team|website=www.aicte-india.org|access-date=8 September 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11}}<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]]<br /> | budget = {{INRConvert|420|c}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2022–23 est.)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kalita|first=Bishal|date=Feb 1, 2022|title=Higher Education Budget For Next Financial Year At Rs 40,828 Cr; 6.46% More Than 2021-22|work=[[NDTV]] 3:14pm IST|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/higher-education-budget-for-next-financial-year-at-rs-40-828-cr-6-46-per-cent-more-than-2021-22|access-date=Feb 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Kanpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Vadodara]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Gurugram]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aicte-india.org/office.htm Regional Offices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119043200/http://www.aicte-india.org/office.htm |date=19 January 2010 }} AICTE website.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | main_organ = Council<br /> | affiliations = [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.aicte-india.org}}<br /> | remarks = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Front AICTE Head Office Delhi Jan26 A7C 07986-7 PanoPg.jpg|thumb|350px|AICTE Headquarters, New Delhi]]<br /> The '''All India Council for Technical Education''' ('''AICTE''') is a statutory national-level council for technical education, under the [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp Technical Education Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005200745/http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp |date=5 October 2011 }} [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]&lt;/ref&gt; Established in November 1945 first as an advisory body, which was given statutory status by an Act of Parliament in 1987, the AICTE is responsible for proper planning and coordinated development of the graduate and postgraduate education in [[Vocational education|technical education]] and [[Business education|management education]] system in [[India]].<br /> <br /> It is assisted by 10 Statutory Boards of Studies, namely, UG Studies in Eng. &amp; Tech., PG and Research in Eng. and Tech., Management Studies, Vocational Education, Technical Education, Pharmaceutical Education, Architecture, Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Information Technology, Town and Country Planning. The AICTE has its new headquarters building in Delhi on the Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj, [[New Delhi]], 110067, which has the offices of the chairman, vice-chairman and member secretary. The AICTE has regional offices at Kanpur, Chandigarh, Gurugram, Mumbai, Bhopal, Vadodara, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp National Level Councils] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201175923/http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp |date=1 February 2010 }} Tech Ed., [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In its 25 April 2013 judgment, the [[Supreme Court of India]] said &quot;as per provisions of the AICTE Act and [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|University Grants Commission (UGC) Act]], the council has no authority which empowers it to issue or enforce any sanctions on colleges affiliated with the universities as its role is to provide only guidance and recommendations.&quot; Subsequently, the AICTE was getting approval from the Supreme Court to regulate technical colleges on a year to year basis till January 2016, when AICTE got blanket approval for publishing the Approval Process Handbook and approve technical colleges including management for the session 2016-17 and in all future sessions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = AICTE to appeal Supreme Court order stating its role as 'advisory' | date = 30 April 2013 | publisher = PTI | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/AICTE-to-appeal-Supreme-Court-order-stating-its-role-as-advisory/articleshow/19797766.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130504113620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/news/38929467_1_mba-and-mca-courses-colleges-universities | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 May 2013 | work = The Times of India | access-date = 11 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Objectives==<br /> <br /> According to the ''All India Council for Technical Education, 1987'', the AICTE is vested with statutory authority for planning, formulation and maintenance of norms and standards, quality assurance through [[school accreditation]], funding in priority areas, monitoring and evaluation, maintaining parity of certification and awards and ensuring coordinated and integrated development and management of technical education in the country.&lt;ref name=act&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Council for Technical Education, 1987 |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/aicteact.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=7 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Act itself:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|To provide for establishment of an All India council for Technical Education with a view to the proper planning and co-ordinated development of the technical education system throughout the country, the promotion of qualitative improvement of such education in relation to planned quantitative growth and the regulation and proper maintenance of norms and standards in the technical education system and for matters connected therewith.}}<br /> <br /> ==AICTE bureaus==<br /> The AICTE is composed of the e-Governance, Approval, Planning and Coordination, Academic, University, Administration, Finance, and Research, Institutional and Faculty Development Bureaus. There are 10 additional Board Studies dealing with technician, vocational, undergraduate engineering, postgraduate engineering and research, architecture, town and country planning, pharmacy, management, applied arts and crafts, hotel management and catering technology education. For each bureau, adviser is the bureau head who is assisted by technical officers and other supporting staff. The multidiscipline technical officer and staff of the Council are on deputation (the tenure staff uses their addresses ending in aicteindia.co.in) or on contract from government departments, University Grants Commission, academic institutions, etc.<br /> <br /> ==Increase in approved institutions==<br /> '''Growth of Technical Institutions in the Country&lt;ref name=&quot;AICTE Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Council for Technical Education - Approval Process Handbook (2013 – 2014) |url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/Approval_Process_Handbook_091012.pdf |publisher=AICTE}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Engineering !! Management !! MCA !! Pharmacy !! Architecture !! HMCT !! Total<br /> |-<br /> | 2006–07 || 1511 || 1132 || 1003 || 665 || 116 || 64 || 4491<br /> |-<br /> | 2007–08 || 1668 || 1149 || 1017 || 854 || 116 || 81 || 4885<br /> |-<br /> | 2008–09 || 2388 || 1523 || 1095 || 1021 || 116 || 87 || 6230<br /> |-<br /> | 2009–10 || 2972 || 1940 || 1169 || 1081 || 106 || 93 || 7361<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–11 || 3222 || 2262 || 1198 || 1114 || 108 || 100 || 8004<br /> |-<br /> | 2011–12 || 3393 || 2385 || 1228 || 1137 || 116 || 102 || 8361<br /> |-<br /> | 2012–13 || 3495 || 2450 || 1241 || 1145 || 126 || 105 || 8562<br /> |-<br /> | 2013–14 || 3384 || 2450 || 1241 || 1031 || 105 || 81 || 8562<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–15 || 3392 || 2450 || 1241 || 1025 || 114 || 77 || 8562<br /> |-<br /> | 2015–16 || 3364 || 2450 || 1241 || 1027 || 117 || 77 || 8562<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–17 || 3288 || 2450 || 1241 || 1034 || 115 || 74 || 8562 |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Growth of Seats in different Programs in Technical Institutions&lt;ref name=&quot;AICTE Report&quot;/&gt;'''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Engineering !! Management !! MCA !! Pharmacy !! Architecture !! HMCT !! Total<br /> |-<br /> | 2005–06 || 499697 || – || – || 32708 || 4379 || 4435|| 541219<br /> |-<br /> | 2006–07 || 550986 || 94704 || 56805 || 39517 || 4543 || 4242 || 750797<br /> |-<br /> | 2007–08 || 653290 || 121867 || 70513 || 52334 || 4543 || 5275 || 907822<br /> |-<br /> | 2008–09 || 841018 || 149555 || 73995 || 64211 || 4543 || 5794 || 1139116<br /> |-<br /> | 2009–10 || 1071896 || 179561 || 78293 || 68537 || 4133 || 6387 || 1408807<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–11 || 1314594 || 277811 || 87216 || 98746 || 4991 || 7393 || 1790751<br /> |-<br /> | 2011–12 || 1485894 || 352571 || 92216 || 102746 || 5491 || 7693 || 2046611<br /> |-<br /> | 2012–13 || 1761976 || 385008 || 100700 || 121652 || 5996 || 8401 || 2236743<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reforms ==<br /> In 2016, three important initiatives were taken up by AICTE. First one was a responsibility given by [[Ministry of Education (India)|MHRD]](former name of MOE)[https://www.education.gov.in/] to evolve a national MOOCs platform [[SWAYAM]].[https://swayam.gov.in/] Second one is that of launching a Smart India Hackathon-2017 challenging the young bright talented students of technical colleges to solve the 598 problems of 29 different Government departments. Third one is that of launching of an AICTE's Student Start up Policy by Hon. President on 16 Nov, during visitors conference from rashtrapati Bhavan. In 2009, the Union Minister of Education formally communicated his intentions of closing down AICTE and related body, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://igovernment.in/site/UGC-AICTE-to-be-scrapped-Sibal/ |title=UGC, AICTE to be scrapped: Sibal |publisher=iGovernment.in |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009152552/http://igovernment.in/site/UGC-AICTE-to-be-scrapped-Sibal |archive-date=9 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This later led to reforms in the way the AICTE approves institutes, and to establishing the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) as an independent body.&lt;ref name=bs-accredit&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/aicte-to-revamp-its-approval-system-next-week/382076/ |title=AICTE to revamp its approval system next week |work=Business Standard |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=29 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 June 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the AICTE along with the University Grants Commission would be scrapped and replaced by a new body called ''Higher Education Empowerment Regulation Agency (HEERA)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Modi's HEERA likely to replace UGC, AICTE soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ugc-aicte-to-be-history-soon-govt-to-bring-new-higher-education-regulator/story-Z6ydwR5JWVAn649EgTsl1N.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 June 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The intent was to simplify the excessive regulations that exist due to both these bodies. According to the draft of law backed on the ideas of [[NITI Aayog]] and the Prime Minister Office, the [[National Council for Teacher Education]] was also planned to be subsumed by HEERA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why Modi government is replacing UGC with a new higher education regulator |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/why-modi-government-is-replacing-ugc-with-a-new-higher-education-regulator/articleshow/64787346.cms |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == AICTE Pragati Scholarship 2025 ==<br /> <br /> The '''AICTE Pragati Scholarship'''[https://www.aicte.gov.in/schemes/students-development-schemes/Pragati/General-Instructions] is a government initiative aimed at providing financial assistance to meritorious girl students pursuing technical education in India. The scheme is managed by the '''All India Council for Technical Education''' ('''AICTE''') and is part of the Government of India's efforts to promote higher education among women. <br /> <br /> == Eligibility ==<br /> The scholarship is open to girl students who have secured admission in AICTE-approved institutions. Applicants must belong to families with an annual income below the prescribed limit. <br /> <br /> == Benefits ==<br /> Selected candidates receive tuition fee support, contingency allowance, and other financial assistance for the entire course duration. <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal| Education}}<br /> * [[Regional accreditation]]<br /> * [[Education in India]]<br /> * [[DOEACC]]<br /> * [[Science and technology in India]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute of Technology]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=AICTE Pragati Scholarship 2025 Apply Online |url=https://saarvjanik.com/aicte-pragati-scholarship-2025-apply-online/ |website=Saarvjanik |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.aicte-india.org}}<br /> <br /> {{Higher education in India}}<br /> {{Open Education in India}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:All India Council For Technical Education}}<br /> [[Category:All India Council for Technical Education| ]]<br /> [[Category:School accreditors]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:College accreditors in India]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Department of Higher Education (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:1945 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Management education in India]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archdiocese_of_Delhi&diff=487335 2026-01-26T06:44:35Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: creating initial page needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Latin Catholic archdiocese in Delhi and Haryana, India}}<br /> {{no footnotes|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox diocese<br /> | jurisdiction = Archdiocese<br /> | name = Delhi<br /> | latin = Archidioecesis Delhiensis<br /> | local = दिल्ली के सूबा<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> &lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | territory = [[New Delhi]]<br /> | province = Delhi<br /> | metropolitan = <br /> | archdeaconries = <br /> | deaneries = <br /> | subdivisions = <br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;<br /> &lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 15,420 <br /> | population = 26,469,385<br /> | population_as_of = 2013 <br /> | catholics = 112,348<br /> | catholics_percent = 0.4 <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | parishes = 84<br /> | churches = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;<br /> | congregations = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;<br /> | schools = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;<br /> | members = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;<br /> &lt;!---- Information ----&gt;<br /> | denomination = [[Catholic Church]]<br /> | sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]<br /> | rite = [[Roman Rite]]<br /> | established = {{start date and age|13 April 1937}}<br /> | cathedral = [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]]<br /> | cocathedral = <br /> | patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]<br /> | patron_title = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;<br /> | priests = 259<br /> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}}<br /> | bishop_title = Archbishop<br /> | metro_archbishop = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]<br /> | suffragans = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;<br /> | auxiliary_bishops =[[Deepak Valerian Tauro]] <br /> | emeritus_bishops = [[Vincent Concessao]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!---- Map ----&gt;<br /> | map = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi in India.jpg<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> &lt;!---- Website ----&gt;<br /> | website = [http://www.archdiocesedelhi.org/ Website of the Archdiocese]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> |headquarters=}}<br /> The Latin Catholic '''Archdiocese of Delhi''' ({{langx|la|Delhien(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] Metropolitan [[archdiocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in northern India.<br /> <br /> Its [[cathedral]] archiepiscopal see is [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart]] Cathedral, in the national capital city of [[New Delhi]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> * 13 September 1910: Established as ''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Simla'', on territory split off from the Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese Diocese of Lahore|Diocese of Lahore]]<br /> * 13 April 1937: Renamed as ''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Delhi and Simla''<br /> * 4 June 1959: Renamed as ''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Delhi'', having lost territory to establish as suffragan the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh|Diocese of Simla]]<br /> [[Pope John Paul II]] made two [[List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II|papal visits]], in February 1986 and November 1999.<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {{As of|2014}}, the diocese served 115,300 Catholics (0.4% of the total population of 26,810,000) in {{convert|15420|km2}}, with 60 parishes and 4 missions. Personnel consisted of 301 priests (130 diocesan, 171 religious), 1,006 religious (391 brothers, 615 sisters) and 25 seminarians.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Ordinaries==<br /> (all [[Latin Church]])<br /> <br /> ;Metropolitan [[Archbishop]]s of Simla<br /> * Archbishop Anselm Edward John Kenealy, [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFMCap]] (21 December 1910 – 13 January 1936 ''see below'')<br /> **[[Apostolic Administrator]] Archbishop [[Anselm Edward John Kenealy]], OOFMCap (''see above'' 13 January 1936 – 13 April 1937), when retired as [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Ratiaria]] (13 January 1936 – death 8 December 1943)<br /> <br /> ;Metropolitan Archbishops of Delhi and Simla <br /> * [[Silvestro Patrizio Mulligan]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFMCap]] (13 April 1937 – death 16 August 1950), Titular Archbishop emeritus of Cyrrhus (1950.08.16 – 1950.10.23)<br /> **[[Apostolic Administrator]] Father John Burke (1950 – 12 April 1951) (later Bishop)<br /> * Joseph Alexander Fernandes (12 April 1951 – 4 June 1959)<br /> <br /> ;Metropolitan Archbishops of Delhi <br /> * [[Joseph Alexander Fernandes]] (4 June 1959 – 16 September 1967)<br /> * [[Angelo Innocent Fernandes]] (16 September 1967 – 19 November 1990)<br /> * [[Alan Basil de Lastic]] (19 November 1990 – 20 June 2000)<br /> * [[Vincent Michael Conçessao]] (7 September 2000 – 30 November 2012)<br /> ** [[Auxiliary Bishop]]: Franco Mulakkal (17 January 2009 – 13 June 2013)<br /> * [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]] (30 November 2012 – ...)<br /> <br /> == Ecclesiastical province ==<br /> Delhi's [[ecclesiastical province]] comprises the Metropolitan's own archdiocese and the following [[suffragan]] dioceses:<br /> * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar]] <br /> * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar]]<br /> * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh]]<br /> <br /> == Sources and external links ==<br /> * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/delh0.htm GCatholic.org]<br /> * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddelh.html Catholic Hierarchy]<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120414043436/http://archdiocesedelhi.com/ Archdiocese website]}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br /> <br /> {{coord|28.6285|N|77.2067|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi, Roman Catholic Archdiocese}}<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br /> [[Category:Christian organizations established in 1910|Religious organizations established in 1910]]<br /> [[Category:Christianity in Delhi|Christianity in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br /> [[Category:1910 establishments in India]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi:_The_Years_That_Changed_the_World,_1914%E2%80%931948&diff=499750 2026-01-24T12:29:47Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2018 book by Ramachandra Guha}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2021}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948<br /> | author = [[Ramachandra Guha]]<br /> | language = English<br /> | country = India<br /> | genre = Biography<br /> | published = 11 September 2018<br /> | isbn = 978-0-307-47479-7<br /> | publisher = Penguin Allen Lane<br /> | image = Gandhi— The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948''''' is a non-fiction book by Indian historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] (born 1958), published by [[Penguin Random House]] in September 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chandhoke|first=Neera|date=2018-10-13|title=Gandhi — The Years that Changed the World 1914–1948 review: A man and his mission|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/gandhi-the-years-that-changed-the-world-1914-1948-review-a-man-and-his-mission/article25205011.ece|access-date=2021-08-18|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Take a trip down history with books|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/take-a-trip-down-history-with-books/cid/1826449|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tunzelmann|first=Alex von|date=2018-10-10|title=A New Biography Presents Gandhi, Warts and All|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/books/review/ramachandra-guha-gandhi.html|access-date=2021-08-18|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most extensive biographies on the sole icon of the [[Indian independence movement]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], it has garnered wide recognition and accolades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hall|first=Tarquin|title=Review: Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World 1914–1948 by Ramachandra Guha — a vivid, absorbing biography|newspaper=The Times|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/review-gandhi-the-years-that-changed-the-world-1914-1948-by-ramachandra-guha-a-vivid-absorbing-biography-bskc222tk|access-date=2021-08-18|issn=0140-0460}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-21|title=&quot;My Life Is My Message&quot;: Ramachandra Guha's &quot;Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948&quot;|first=Yugank|last=Goyal|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/my-life-is-my-message-ramachandra-guhas-gandhi-the-years-that-changed-the-world-1914-1948/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-07|title=Book review: Ramachandra Guha's 'Gandhi: The Years That Changed The World'|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-ramachandra-guhas-gandhi-the-years-that-changed-the-world/1340185/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Financial Express|first=Ashutosh|last=Bhardwaj|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book runs in excess of 1100 pages.<br /> <br /> Spanning the years from 1914 to 1948, the biography covers Gandhi's return to India from [[South Africa]] and his transformation into a mass leader of India's freedom movement. Guha meticulously chronicles Gandhi's leadership in campaigns such as the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]], the [[Salt March]], and the [[Quit India Movement]], offering insight into his philosophy of [[satyagraha]] and nonviolence. The book also delves into his conflicts with contemporaries like [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], portraying Gandhi as a deeply principled yet complex figure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World' Review|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gandhi-the-years-that-changed-the-world-review-the-prophet-as-politician-1541119753|access-date=2024-05-06|website=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A distinguishing feature of the book is its rigorous use of archival material, including newly uncovered letters, memoirs, and official documents. Guha’s scholarship benefits from years of research across archives in India, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. This foundation allows the book to challenge several myths surrounding Gandhi, particularly those propagated by his critics or simplistically hagiographic portrayals. His personal life, including his controversial experiments in celibacy and his strained relationships with his sons, is examined with care and context.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948|publisher=Penguin Allen Lane|year=2018|isbn=978-0-307-47479-7|pages=58–65}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The biography is considered a sequel to Guha’s earlier work, ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' (2013), which focused on Gandhi’s formative years in London and South Africa. Together, the two volumes form what many scholars regard as the most comprehensive account of Gandhi’s life to date. Guha's writing blends narrative history with political analysis, positioning the book as both a scholarly reference and a literary achievement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramachandra Guha's Gandhi biography: Two-part epic on a Mahatma|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45761787|access-date=2024-05-06|website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beyond the narrative, ''Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World'' explores Gandhi’s enduring legacy, both within India and globally. Guha examines how Gandhi’s influence extended to figures like [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Nelson Mandela]], and [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]. The biography ends with Gandhi’s assassination in 1948, framing it as not just a national tragedy but a pivotal moment in world history. The book’s epilogue reflects on the contested nature of Gandhi’s memory in contemporary Indian politics.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * ''[[Gandhi Before India]]''<br /> * [[Indian independence movement]]<br /> * [[Ramachandra Guha]]<br /> * [[Mahatma Gandhi bibliography]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> [[Category:Allen Lane (imprint) books]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biographies]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruttani&diff=537808 2026-01-15T23:18:10Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made some location initial version - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruttani<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Thiruttani Temple Rajagopuram.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = [[Gopuram]] of the temple <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu <br /> | map_caption = Subramaniya Swamy Temple, [[Tiruttani]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13|10|18.6|N|79|36|13.57|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Thiruvallur]]<br /> | location = [[Tiruttani]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = [[Murugan]]<br /> | festivals = <br /> | architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity= <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = {{URL|www.tiruttanitemple.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Subramaniya Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located on a hillock in [[Tiruttani]], [[Tiruvallur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is dedicated to [[Murugan]], and is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan|six abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadaiveedu''). As per [[Hindu mythology]], Murugan came to Tiruttani after killing [[Surapadman]] to subside his anger. He also married [[Valli]] at the location. In the temple, Murugan is seen holding a vajra vel (thunderbolt) instead of his normal weapon (vel), and has an elephant mount ([[vahana]]) instead of his usual peacock mount. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious &amp; Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=244|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mythology ==<br /> Hindu Texts ''[[Kanda Puranam]]'' and ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' recount a war fought by Murugan against the [[asura]]s. As Murugan was born to save the devas from the tyranny of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s and engaged in conflict with the asuras.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Works of Kalidasa:Kumarasambhava |year=1901 |last=Kalidasa |author-link=Kalidasa |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821045435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clothey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Fred W. |last=Clothey |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC |year=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |pages=55, 121-}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murugan killed [[Tarakasura]] and Simhamukha and faced off with [[Surapadman]] in the final battle in [[Tiruchendur]]. Murugan threw his vel, and killed Surapadman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Civaraman&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Kandha Puranam |first=Akila |last=Civaraman |isbn=978-8-179-50397-3 |publisher=Giri Trading |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142627/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |url-status=live |p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Handelman&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |last=Handelman |first=Don |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-004-25739-9 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ |p=31–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the battle, Murugan came to [[Tiruttani]] to cool himself.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=765|title=Subramaniya Swamy Temple|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiruttani was derived from &quot;Seruttani&quot; in [[Tamil language]], with &quot;seru&quot; meaning anger, and &quot;thani&quot; meaning sating.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/temples/2020/11/24070610/2103773/Murugan-arupadai-veedu.vpf|title=Arupadaiveedu|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=1 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the war with the asuras, Indra also gifted [[Airavata]], his white elephant, to Murugan for saving the Devas. However, the prosperity of [[devaloka]] began to wane as Airavata left. Indra prayed to Murugan to help with the same, and subsequently, the elephant turned towards east, facing the devaloka and restoring its prosperity.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As per [[Hindu mythology]], [[Deivanai]] and [[Valli]] were forms of Amudavalli and Sundarvalli, daughters of [[Vishnu]], and aspired to marry Murugan.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC |title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine |year=2000 |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=978-0-892-81807-5 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deivanai was brought up by [[Indra]], the king of devas, and was married to Murugan at [[Thiruparankundram]], after he killed Surapadman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |author-link=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;pg=PA251 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=251}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Valli]] was brought up by Nambirajan, a tribal chief, after he found a baby amongst the plants. Murugan took the form of a hunter, to entice Valli, and later married her at Tiruttani.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C |first=M. K. V. |last=Narayan |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-596-82117-0 |publisher=Fultus Corporation |page=149}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> Tiruttani is one of the ''[[Arupadaiveedu]]'' (six abodes), a set of Hindu temples dedicated to Murugan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&amp;q=swamimalai&amp;pg=PA839|last1=Cush|first1=Denise |last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine |last3=York|first3=Michael |publisher=Psychology Press|page=839|year=2008|isbn=978-0-700-71267-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=James G.|last= Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Volume Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&amp;q=swamimalai&amp;pg=PA680|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-823-93180-4|pages=643–}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is mentioned in the [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' by [[Nakkeerar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; [[Arunagirinathar]] was a Tamil poet who lived in the 14 century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=V.K. |last=Subramanian |title= 101 Mystics of India |year=2007 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-17017-471-4|page=109}}&lt;/ref&gt; He composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan, the most notable being ''[[Tiruppukal]]'', and included hymns about the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&amp;pg=PA190|year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|pages=191–203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&amp;q=tiruvempavai&amp;pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7| page= 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a statue of Arunagirinathar, in a seated form, in the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The temple is atop on a hillock named Thanigai hill. There are 365 steps which represent the days of a normal calendar year. Kalhara Theertham, a water body supposedly created by Indra, is located atop the hill. The temple has a nine-tiered main [[gopuram]] and four precincts (praharas). The [[vimana]] above the [[garbagriha]] (sanctum) has six petals.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] is located in forefront, and is known as &quot;Abath Sahaya Vinayaka&quot;, meaning protector from evil.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Murugan is represented in a standing pose with his left hand on his hip. He is seen holding a vajra vel (thunderbolt) in his right hand, instead of his usual weapon (vel). There is a scar on the chest, a remnant from his war with the asuras. There is an elephant mount ([[vahana]]) instead of his usual peacock mount. The elephant signifies Airavata, which was gifted to Murugan by Indra, and faces east, in a direction away from the main sanctum.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; This iconography is maintained only in two places, Swamimalai and [[Tiruttani Murugan Temple|Tiruttani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Tamil traditions on Subramanya – Murugan|last=Zvelebil|edition=1st|first=Kamil V.|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Chennai|page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple has separate shrines for Deivanai and Valli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are separate shrines for [[Durga]], and [[Bhairava]]. Bhairava is represented holding four dogs, which represent the four [[Vedas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Practices and festivals ==<br /> [[File:Thiruthani_Murugan_Temple.jpg|thumb|The main temple atop the hill]]<br /> <br /> As Murugan came to Tiruttani to sate his anger after killing the asuras, the god is said to free one of anger and other evils. While [[Surasamharam]], a festival to commemorate the killing of Surapadman, is widely celebrated across Murugan temples, it is not celebrated here. On the Surasamharam day, Murugan is showered with flowers, in a gesture to sate his anger.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; Like other Murugan temples, the worship practises include [[tonsuring]] in the temple, and offering of [[Panchamrita|panchamirtham]] (a mixture of five ingredients) and milk. Carrying milk pots and [[Kavadi]] are other common forms of worship. A special [[sandalwood]] paste is applied on the deity during specific days. The paste is said to have medicinal benefits, and is later given as a [[prasadam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Thiruthani_Murugan_Temple_town_view.jpg|thumb|left|Sarvana pond at the foothill]]<br /> <br /> There are few festivals and practices unique to the temple. A three-day festival is celebrated, beginning on the day when the [[Krittika]] [[nakshatra]] falls in the month of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]]. Murugan is taken on a procession from the Sarvana pond in the foothills to atop the hill, and devotees carry kavadis decorated with flowers, as Indra was believed to have worshiped Murugan in this manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; In the month of [[Margazhi]], Murugan is ritually bathed before his wedding to Valli. He is bathed in hot water, as it is believed that the cold water might cause inconvenience to the young Murugan during winter.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt; The steps leading to the temple are washed, and [[turmeric]] is applied on them on the [[New year's eve]], and a special [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is performed at 12 a.m. on the [[New year]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The occasion of Murugan's wedding with Deivanai is celebrated during the month of [[Chithirai]]. The annual Brahmotsvam and Murugan's wedding with Valli, is celebrated during the month of [[Masi (month)|Masi]]. During the multi-day Brahmotsavam festival, Murugan is carried on various mounts on different days. He appears on [[tiger]] mount on the sixth day, signifying the disguise of the hunter he took to entice Valli. He appears on an [[elephant]] mount the next day, signifying his appearance during the marriage to Deivanai. On the final day of the festival, Murugan appears with Valli, and Deivanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;DM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Murugan temples}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]<br /> [[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamai_No._1&diff=505453 2026-01-13T18:56:15Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added some entry more to come...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Jamai No 1.png<br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Drama<br /> * Family<br /> }}<br /> | based_on = <br /> | screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Prateek Sharma]]<br /> * Parth Shah<br /> }}<br /> | director = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Amar Varpe<br /> * Yogesh Pundir<br /> }}<br /> | starring = <br /> {{Plainlist|<br /> * Simaran Kaur<br /> * [[Abhishek Malik]]<br /> * [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] <br /> * [[Papiya Sengupta]]<br /> * [[Ashu Sharma]]<br /> * [[Gaurav Wadhwa]]<br /> * [[Nishigandha Wad]]<br /> }}<br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = <br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 251<br /> | executive_producer = Jaya Chandode<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Prateek Sharma]]<br /> * Parth Shah<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = Amit singh<br /> <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 20-25 minutes<br /> | company = Studio LSD Private Limited<br /> | network = [[Zee TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|12|9|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2025|8|31|df=y}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Jamai No. 1''''' (transl. Son in-law Number 1) is an Indian television series which aired from 9 December 2024 to 31 August 2025 on [[Zee TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 September 2025|title=Telly Tattle: Abhishek Malik reacts to Jamai No 1 going off-air<br /> |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-abhishek-malik-on-jamai-no-1-going-off-air-23593068|access-date=28 September 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was produced by Studio LSD Private Limited and it starred Simaran Kaur and [[Abhishek Malik]] in the lead roles.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Simaran Kaur as Riddhi Paranjape ([[née]] Chotwani): Kanchan's adoptive daughter; Pratham's elder sister; Neel's wife<br /> * [[Abhishek Malik]] as Neel Paranjape; Son of Gangadhar and Sumati; Manjiri's brother; Riddhi's husband<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Saili Deshpande; Neel's childhood friend and one-sided obsessive lover; Riddhi's arch rival;<br /> * [[Papiya Sengupta]] as Kanchan Chotwani: Adoptive Mother of Riddhi and Pratham; Neel's rival;<br /> * Sandeep Kapoor / [[Ashu Sharma]] as Pramod Shrivastav<br /> * [[Gaurav Wadhwa]] as Vicky<br /> * [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Uma Dikshit Srivastav<br /> * Ray Parihar as Pratham Chotwani: Kanchan's adoptive son; Riddhi's younger brother; Manjiri's husband;<br /> * Shruti Ghopal as Sumati Paranjape; Gangadhar's wife; Mother of Neel and Manjiri;<br /> * Lokit Phulwani as Lokit<br /> * Aarti Bhagat as Manjiri Paranjape Chotwani; Daughter of Gangadhar and Sumati; Neel's younger sister; Pratham's lover turned wife;<br /> * Saniya Nagdev as Kamlesh<br /> * Dushyant Vora as Gangadhar Paranjape; Sumati's husband; Father of Neel and Manjiri;<br /> * Sahil Arora as Shashank<br /> * Abhinav Gautam as Prakash<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> This series is a sequel to ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'', but the title was changed to ''Jamai No. 1''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Choudhary|first=Aanchal|date=14 November 2024|title=Abhishek Malik Steps In Shoes Of Ravi Dubey For Jamai Raja 2: Reports<br /> |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/abhishek-malik-steps-in-shoes-of-ravi-dubey-for-jamai-raja-2-reports|access-date=28 September 2025|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Abhishek Malik]] was confirmed to portrayed male lead, Neel Paranjape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=23 December 2024|title=Abhishek Malik Talks About His Role In Jamai No. 1: ‘Positive, Lovable And Grounded’<br /> |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/abhishek-malik-talks-about-his-role-in-jamai-no-1-positive-lovable-and-grounded-aa-9165994.html|access-date=28 September 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simaran Kaur also confirmed to play female lead, Riddhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Dharam|date=5 January 2025|title=Simaran Kaur, who is currently playing Riddhi Chotwani in Jamai No. 1 on Zee TV, talks about her journey<br /> |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/simaran-kaur-who-is-currently-playing-riddhi-chotwani-in-jamai-no-1-on-zee-tv-talks-about-her-journey/|access-date=28 September 2025|work=[[Tribune India]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2025, [[Papiya Sengupta]] join the series as Kanchan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Dharam|date=8 March 2025|title=Papia Sengupta talks about her role in Jamai No. 1<br /> |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/papia-sengupta-talks-about-her-role-in-jamai-no-1/|access-date=28 September 2025|work=[[Tribune India]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|35528914}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020s Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Indian television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Zee TV original programming]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khargone_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=509622 2026-01-12T17:22:48Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: added new stub from scratch...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Khargone<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Khargone.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Khargone Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mp = [[Gajendra Patel]]<br /> |assembly_cons = [[Maheshwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshwar]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Kasrawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasrawad]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Khargone (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Bhagwanpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagwanpura]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sendhawa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sendhawa]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Rajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajpur]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Pansemal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pansemal]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Barwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwani]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |electors= {{formatnum:1821019}}<br /> | preceded_by = [[Subhash Patel]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Khargone Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|hi|खरगौन लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र}}) is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1962. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]] and covers the entire [[Barwani district]] and part of [[Khargone district]].<br /> <br /> ==Vidhan Sabha segments==<br /> Presently, Khargone Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Vidhan Sabha segments:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |183<br /> |[[Maheshwar Assembly constituency|Maheshwar]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Khargone district|Khargone]]<br /> |[[Rajkumar Mev]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |184<br /> |[[Kasrawad Assembly constituency|Kasrawad]]<br /> |[[Sachin Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Sachin Yadav]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |185<br /> |[[Khargone Assembly constituency|Khargone]]<br /> |Balkrishn Patidar<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |186<br /> |[[Bhagwanpura Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpura]] (ST)<br /> |[[Kedar Chidabhai Dawar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |187<br /> |[[Sendhawa Assembly constituency|Sendhawa]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Barwani district|Barwani]]<br /> |[[Montu Solanki]]<br /> |-<br /> |188<br /> |[[Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] (ST)<br /> |[[Bala Bachchan]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |189<br /> |[[Pansemal Assembly constituency|Pansemal]] (ST)<br /> |Shyam Barde<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |190<br /> |[[Barwani Assembly constituency|Barwani]] (ST)<br /> |Rajan Mandloi<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |[[Ramchandra Bade]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |[[Shashi Bhushan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[Ramchandra Bade]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Rameshwar Patidar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Subhash Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Rameshwar Patidar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Tarachand Patel]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Krishna Murari Moghe]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |2007^<br /> |[[Arun Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Makhansingh Solanki]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Subhash Patel]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Gajendra Patel]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]] <br /> |}<br /> ^ by poll<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Khargone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Khargone Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/khargone-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 27 - KHARGONE (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1227.htm |website=ECI}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Gajendra Patel]]<br /> |party= Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes= 819863<br /> |percentage= 52.6<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Porlal Kharte<br /> |party= Indian National Congress <br /> |votes= 6,84,845<br /> |percentage= 43.93<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 18,257<br /> |percentage = 1.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,35,018<br /> |percentage =<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =<br /> |percentage =76.03<br /> |change ={{decrease}}1.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Khargone]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gajendra Patel|Gajendra Umrao Singh Patel]]|votes=7,73,550|percentage=54.19|change=+2.56}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Govind Mujalda|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,71,040|percentage=40.00|change=−5.79}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Comrade Jyoti Sukhlal Gore|party=Communist Party of India|votes=20,673|percentage=1.45|change=−0.82}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amit Kumar Balke|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=18,573|percentage=1.30|change=+0.58}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Shantilal Aasharam Sahite<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 10,265<br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = +0.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sevanti Dinesh Bhabar<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 9,753<br /> |percentage = 0.68<br /> |change = +0.68<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Jani Karan<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 5,330<br /> |percentage = 0.37<br /> |change = +0.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 18,423<br /> |percentage = 1.29<br /> |change = −0.64<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,02,510|percentage=14.18|change=−8.36}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=14,28,002|percentage=77.85|change=+10.18}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Khargone]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Subhash Patel]]|votes=6,49,354|percentage=56.75|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramesh Patel (politician)|Ramesh Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,91,475|percentage=34.21|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kailash Awasya|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=31,222|percentage=2.73|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Comrade Jyoti Gore|party=Communist Party of India|votes=25,930|percentage=2.27|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naharsingh Richhuji Barde|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,266|percentage=0.72|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Gaffar Noor Mo.<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 8,553<br /> |percentage = 0.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Gangaram Pratap Gawle<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 8,544<br /> |percentage = 0.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 22,141<br /> |percentage = 1.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,57,879|percentage=22.54|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=11,44,259|percentage=67.67|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Khargone]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Makhansingh Solanki]] |votes=3,51,296 |percentage=46.19|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bala Bachchan]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,17,121 |percentage=41.70|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhai Kiransingh Badole (Kiresh) |party=Communist Party of India|votes=31,905|percentage=4.19|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory||votes=34,175 |percentage=4.49|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,60,555|percentage=60.18|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Khargone district]]<br /> * [[Barwani district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|22.02|74.91|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khargone (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Khargone district]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajanan_Jog&diff=499630 2026-01-11T21:43:22Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer (1952–2023)}}<br /> '''Gajanan Jog''' (1952 – 21 April 2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;GomantakObit&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCJsbFmbMqA |title=Konkani writer Gajanan Jog passes away {{!}} Gomantak Tv |date=2023-04-22 |last=Dainik Gomantak TV |access-date=2026-01-02 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian writer recognized for his contributions to contemporary [[Konkani literature]]. He won the 2011 [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-08-16 |title=Five win children's literature awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-win-childrens-literature-awards/article2363242.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 2017 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Khand Ani Her Katha'', a collection of Konkani short stories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jog, Talpankar selected for Sahitya Awards |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/jog-talpankar-selected-for-sahitya-awards/39453.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jog was born in Sakhorde and died in [[Taleigão]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GomantakObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He was married to translator [[Sunetra Jog]], who won the 2024 Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize in Konkani.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Mruga |last=Vartak |title=केवळ भाषांतर नाही तर भावानुवाद! - सुनेत्रा जोग |trans-title=Not just a translation, but a translation of emotions! - Sunetra Jog |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/3/16/Talk-WIth-Sunetra-Jog.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Maharashtra Tarun Bharat |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{India-writer-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jog, Gajanan}}<br /> [[Category:1952 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Ramayanamu&diff=537081 2026-01-11T09:29:42Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: made the details needs work - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian book}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Sri Ramayanamu<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | author = [[Katta Varadaraju]]<br /> | published = 1950-53<br /> | publisher = [[Government Oriental Manuscripts Library]], [[Madras]]<br /> | illustrator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | series = <br /> | subject = [[Valmiki Ramayana]]<br /> | genre = <br /> | media_type = Print <br /> | pages = <br /> | isbn = <br /> | oclc = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sri Ramayanamu''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: శ్రీ రామాయణము) is the magnum opus work by Katta Varadaraju in Telugu based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]]. This Ramayana presented to the Telugu public for the first time is a unique production of Dwipada [[Kavya]], which belongs to [[Desi]] or indigenous literary compositions.<br /> <br /> ==The author==<br /> The author Katta Varadaraju is a 16th-century poet and also a ruler after the Vijayanagara period. He is already known to the literary world through the publication of his Prabandha ''Srirangamāhātmyam'' in 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Katta Varadaraju |editor1-last=Chelikani Latcharao |title=Srirangamahatmyamu |date=1921 |publisher=Amudritandhra Granthamala |location=Chitrada |url=https://archive.org/details/srirangamahatyam023623mbp/mode/2up |access-date=10 January 2021 |language=Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a [[Kshatriya]] of the solar race and a descendant of the famous [[Karikala Chola]],&lt;ref&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |editor1-last= M. Kulasekhara Rao |title=A History of Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=For copies, M. Indira Devi |year=1988 |volume= |page=258 |quote=Katta Varadaraju, the writer of one of the Ramayanas in Telugu, was not a king himself, but belonged to an illustrious royal family of famous Kari Kala Chola, who constructed an anicut across river Kaveri, besides ruling vast empire of Chola. Because of the Kaveri anicut, this family was called Katta ( dam ) thereafter. Varada raju's forefathers were related to the family of Vijayanagar kings. Historians feel, according to the available sources, that this poet lived in the seventeenth century A.D around 1660.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpAOAAAAYAAJ}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor1-last= Challa Radhakrishna Sarma |title=Ramblings in Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala |year=1978 |volume= |page=14 |quote=Katta Varadaraju who is said to have lived during 1600-1650 has written a Ramayana in dvipada metre . In the introduction , he said that he acquired his surname ' Katta ' as he was born in the family of Karikala Chola who constructed banks ( katta ) on Kaveri .|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3vAAAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A to Devo |author2= |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |volume=1 |page=69 |quote=Katta Varadaraja Ramayana : Varadaraja is a ' solar ' kshatriya of Cuddapah region.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqERAQAAMAAJ}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; who constructed the anicut (Kattu in Telugu) on the river Kaveri, from which his house or family name Katta is derived. He is the son of Haridasaraju and his grandfather was Rangappa Raju, an ally of [[Rama Deva Raya|Ramadevarayulu]] of the [[Aravidu dynasty]]. The latter ruled at [[Chandragiri]] from 1614 to 1632 and is a cousin of our Varadaraju. An inscription states that Varadarāja's father was living in 1637 A.D. and hence it can be said that Varadaraju was living in about 1650 A.D. The last Telugu poet whom Varadaraju mentions is [[Allasani Peddana]], the poet laureate in the time of Krishna Devaraya (1509–30). Varadaraju is a staunch vaishnavite and a disciple of one Etirājācharya. He is a sincere devotee of God Sri Venkateswara of Tirupati,<br /> <br /> His other available works are ''Srirangamāhātmyamu'' and ''Paramabhāgavatacharitra''. The former work is a translation of Satādhyāyi from [[Garuda Purana]] describing the greatness of the shrine at [[Srirangam]]. It is in ten cantos and written in classical prabandha style. The latter work is also a Prabantha in 8 cantoes and deals with the lives of the 14 devotees (Parama Bhakthas, i.e. Prahlada, Nārada, Parašara, Pundarika, Vyasa, Ambarisa, Śuka, Saunaka, Bhisma, Dalbhya, Rukmangada, Arjuna, Vaśīstha, and Vibhāşana). Unfortunately the whole work is not available.<br /> <br /> ==Publication==<br /> The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras published this work in four volumes. The first volume consists of [[Balakanda]] and Ayodhya Kandas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Katta Varadaraju |editor1-last=N. Venkata Rao |title=Sri Ramayanamu (Bala and Ayodhya Kandas) |date=1950 |publisher=Government Oriental Manuscripts Library |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.329382/mode/2up |access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; second volume consists of Aranya and Kishkindha Kandas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Katta Varadaraju |editor1-last=N. Venkata Rao |title=Sri Ramayanamu (Aranya and Kishkindha Kandas) |date=1952 |publisher=Government Oriental Manuscripts Library |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.371617 |access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; third volume consists of [[Sundara Kanda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Katta Varadaraju |editor1-last=N. Venkata Rao |title=Sri Ramayanamu (Sundara Kanda) |date=1952 |publisher=Government Oriental Manuscripts Library |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.373297/mode/2up |access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth volume consists of Yuddha kanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Katta Varadaraju |editor1-last=N. Venkata Rao |title=Sri Ramayanamu (Yuddha Kanda) |date=1953 |publisher=Government Oriental Manuscripts Library |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/SriRamayanamuYuddakandaKattaVaradaraju1953616P2030020024696/mode/2up |access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The only manuscript copy of this work is preserved in the [[Thanjavur Maharaja Serfojis Sarawswathi Mahal Library]]. This great work is published by the authorities of the Tanjore Palace Library under the patronage of the Madras Government. All the volumes are critically edited with detailed introduction written by [[Nidudavolu Venkatarao|N. Venkata Rao]], senior lecturer and Head of the Telugu department, Madras University.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Kadiyana Venkataramana has done critical analysis of Sri Ramayanamu of Katta Varadaraju in 1986, as a part of thesis work under the guidance of K. J. Krishna Murthy. It was published by [[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupati with a title ''Katta Varadarajakavi Dwipada Ramayanamu – Oka Pariseelana'' in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kadiyala Venkataramana |title=Katta Varadaraaja Kavi Dwipada Ramayanamu - Oka Pariseelana |date=1998 |publisher=Sri Venkateswara University |location=Tirupati |url=https://archive.org/details/KattaVaradaraajaKaviDweepadaOkhaPariseelana/mode/2up |access-date=10 January 2021 |language=Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ramayana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language literature]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rai-Sankli&diff=466347 2026-01-09T19:33:38Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|{{No footnotes|date=January 2017}}{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> <br /> {{Princely states topics}}<br /> '''Rai-Sankli''' is a village and former petty [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula in [[Gujarat]], western India.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Sixth Class [[princely state]] in [[Jhalawar prant]] was ruled by (rare) [[Kunbi]] Chieftains. It also comprised a second village.<br /> <br /> In 1901 it has a population of 427, yielding a state revenue of 6,579 Rupees (1903–4, nearly all from land), paying a 938 Rupees tribute to the British and the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]].<br /> <br /> ==Rulers==<br /> <br /> The rulers of Rai-Sankli were titled 'Amin Shree'. The rulers belonged to chavda clan of Mansa state Trikamji Chavda son of King Raolji Rajsinhji Chavda Married to daughter of Ruler of Rai-Sankli and later became successor of Rai-Sankli and accepted as Kunbi. Rai-Sankli rulers also ruled Hasan Nagar estate.<br /> <br /> ===Amin Shreejis===<br /> <br /> *1905 – 1945 Trikamji Rajsinhji (b. 1880 – d. 1945)<br /> *1945 – 1988 Tryambakchandraji Trikamji (b. 1912 – d. 1988)<br /> *1988 – 2012 Jagdish Chandra ji Tryambakchanraji (b. 1935 – d. 2012) <br /> *2012 – Present RaniSaheba YoginaDeviji Jagdish Chandra ji (b. 1968 – present) <br /> *Current heir apparent is Kumari shri RichaKumariji<br /> <br /> The Rulers of Princely State of Rai-Sankli and  Hasan Nagar estate were the first to join the union of India. They faced trouble from British rulers for being freedom supporter and secular.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif Imperial Gazetteer on dsal.uchicago.edu - Kathiawar]<br /> <br /> {{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> {{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=475358 2025-12-29T05:12:43Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Hapur<br /> | map_image = 59-Hapur.svg<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Hapur district]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 59<br /> | mla = Vijay Pal<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2017<br /> | electors = 296,679 (2012)<br /> }}<br /> '''Hapur''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Hapur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the &quot;DPACO (1956)&quot; (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;DPACO (1956)&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=24 October 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the &quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot; was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 59.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 24 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Member list&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] (1957–1962), this constituency was represented by two [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] simultaneously.&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from Assembly constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hapur.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The constituency is reserved for candidates from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from Assembly constituency&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wards / Areas==<br /> Extent of Hapur Assembly constituency is PCs Hapur, Sadikpur, Kharkhari, Bhatiyana, Chamri, Harsinghpur, Gondi, Asaura, Peernagar Soodna, Tatarpur, Dadayara, Doyami, Sirodhan, Hafizpur Ubarpur, Baroda Sihani, Dahana, Malakpur of Hapur KC, PCs Hirdaypur, Simrauli, Meerpur Kalan, Kathikhera, Sikanderpur Kakori, Ayadnagar Janoob, Hosdarpur Garhi, Lukhrara, Bachhlota, Nali Husainpur, Chhapkauli of Babugarh KC, Babugarh NP &amp; Hapur MB of Hapur Tehsil.&lt;ref name=&quot; Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 01 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Veer Sen || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Indian National Congress]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1957 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 02 || Lutf Ali Khan || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1957 Election Results &quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Prem Sunder || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||&lt;ref name=&quot; 1962 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || D. D. Sain || [[Republic Party Of India]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1967 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Lakshman Swaroop || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1969 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bhoop Singh Kain || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1974 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Banarsi Das || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1977 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bhoop Singh Kain || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1980 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Gajraj Singh]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1985 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1989 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Vijendra Kumar || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1991 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Gajraj Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1993 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jay Prakash || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1996 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dharam Pal || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2002 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2007 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Gajraj Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2012 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=24 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vijay Pal || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent|| || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hapur&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijay pal Aadti again elected from BJP&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Pal&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijay pal Aadti again elected from BJP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Satpal |title=Vijay pal Aadti again elected from BJP for UP elections 2022 {{!}} |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur-city-mla-vijaypal-aadti-will-be-bjp-candidate-from-hapur-assembly-seat-22383542.html |date=15 January 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:97862}}<br /> |percentage = 39.69<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> |candidate = Gajraj Singh &lt;ref name=&quot;SP-RLD announces first 29 candidates list&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Satpal |title=SP-RLD announces first 29 candidates for UP elections 2022 {{!}} Check complete list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/13/sp-rld-alliance-announces-first-list-of-29-candidates-for-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2406496.html |date=13 January 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:90828}}<br /> |percentage = 36.84<br /> |change = {{increase}}34.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Manish Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:50751}}<br /> |percentage = 20.58<br /> |change = {{decrease}}5.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Bhavna<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3195}}<br /> |percentage = 1.3<br /> |change = {{decrease}}29.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:930}}<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7034}}<br /> |percentage = 2.85<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.89<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:246567}}<br /> |percentage = 66.91<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Hapur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Pal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:84532}}<br /> |percentage = 37.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Gajraj Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:69526}}<br /> |percentage = 31.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Shripal Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:58806}}<br /> |percentage = 26.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> |candidate = Anju Urf Muskaan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5317}}<br /> |percentage = 2.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:944}}<br /> |percentage = 0.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:15006}}<br /> |percentage = 6.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:222655}}<br /> |percentage = 64.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Ghaziabad district, India]]<br /> *[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> *[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hapur]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1956]]<br /> [[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hapur district]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=BOSM&diff=488740 2025-12-14T16:50:07Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Annual sports festival of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani campus}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more footnotes needed|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Advert|date=April 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox recurring event<br /> | name = BITS Open Sports Meet (BOSM)<br /> | logo = <br /> | frequency = Annual<br /> | venue = [[BITS Pilani]], Pilani campus<br /> | location = [[Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br /> | years_active = 1986–present<br /> | dates = September<br /> | status = Active<br /> | genre = Sports Festival<br /> | founder_name = <br /> | attendance = 150 colleges<br /> | organized = Committee of Students for Sports Activities (CoSSAc), BITS Pilani<br /> | website = http://www.bitsbosm.org/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''BITS Open Sports Meet''' (BOSM) is the annual sports festival of [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/campuslife/body_studentfest.html |title=BITS, Pilani - the Official Home Page |access-date=2014-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804120047/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/campuslife/body_studentfest.html |archive-date=2014-08-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;test2&quot;&gt;url=http://www.knowafest.com/2011/09/bosm-2011-bits-pilani-sports-festival.html&lt;/ref&gt; This sports meet, usually held around mid-September is a prominent showcase of sporting talents from around the country.<br /> <br /> The largest student managed Sports fests of the country, BOSM is aimed to provide a platform to colleges from all over India to exhibit their true potential, promoting healthy competition.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> BOSM was started back in 1986 when it was a one-day event with the organization done by the institute itself. After a few years, it was set up as a student-run non-profit organization. It is now a four-day festival encompassing everything about sports and witnessing a footfall of over 10,000 students. It is also the only college festival in the country to have an official mascot, Baxter. Several notable personalities have graced the opening ceremony of BOSM, some of whom are : [[Dinesh Mongia]], [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]],&lt;ref name=&quot;test3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euiIWPAWrAU|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saba Karim]], [[Akhil Kumar]] and [[Krishna Poonia]] among others.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> === Sports events ===<br /> {{Clarify|reason=what does * and - mean. change to Yes and No?|date=October 2018}}<br /> <br /> The major sports events held during the fest are: <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Sport !! Boys !! Girls<br /> |-<br /> | Athletics || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Badminton || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Basketball || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Bodybuilding || • || -<br /> |-<br /> | Carrom || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Chess || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Cricket || • || -<br /> |-<br /> | Football || • || -<br /> |-<br /> | Frisbee || * || *<br /> |-<br /> | Hockey || • || -<br /> |-<br /> | Volleyball || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Squash || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Swimming || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Table Tennis || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Tennis || • || •<br /> |-<br /> | Taekwondo || • || -<br /> |-<br /> | Power lifting || • || -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Informal Events ===<br /> BOSM not only brings sporting events but also comes up with events like prof shows, exhibitions, talks, and more. Some of them are: <br /> * Pre-BOSM quizzes and talks<br /> * N2O - Comedy Night<br /> * EDM Night<br /> * Ignition - Gaming Tournament<br /> * Aberration - Photography Competition<br /> * Human Foosball<br /> * Anti-Chess<br /> * Street football<br /> * Angry Birds<br /> * Pac-man<br /> * Laser tag<br /> * Paintball<br /> * Box Cricket<br /> * Tug-Of-War<br /> * Crac-O-Dial<br /> <br /> == Organization and Departments Involved ==<br /> BOSM is mainly organized by the Committee of Students for Sports Activities(CoSSAc), a body of eight members which is the fest committee under Sports Union, BITS Pilani. It consists of four delegates from Sports Union viz. the Sports Secretary, three Joint Sports Secretaries who are responsible for coordinating with all stakeholders of BOSM and responsible for all finances, and heads from the following four departments:<br /> * Dept. of Controls <br /> * Dept. of Sponsorship and Marketing <br /> * Dept. of Publications and Correspondence <br /> * Dept. of Reception and Accommodation <br /> who are responsible for works specified for their departments. <br /> In addition to the departments listed above, several clubs and minor departments and campus press are involved in the running of the fest. These include Press Clubs, Dept. of Informalz, Firewallz, Photography Club, Creative Activities Club, Gaming Club, Department of Sports Publicity and Design (DSPD) among others.<br /> <br /> Among these, the DSPD is responsible for covering all the sporting events that occur during BOSM, and keep the public updated about the result of past matches and the schedule of the upcoming ones through social media handles. They also use these handles to generate publicity for the fest as well.<br /> <br /> == Social Cause ==<br /> BOSM is the only sports festival of the country to have a Social Connect. <br /> The major events are:<br /> # Junoon&lt;ref name=&quot;test4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nss-bits-pilani.org/junoon.html |title=Junoon |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929145127/http://www.nss-bits-pilani.org/junoon.html |archive-date=2014-09-29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;test5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.coolage.in/2012/08/30/junoon-the-voice-of-the-unheard |title=Junoon : The Voice of the Unheard - CoolAge |access-date=2014-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404061250/http://www.coolage.in/2012/08/30/junoon-the-voice-of-the-unheard/ |archive-date=2013-04-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; - The major event in this category, Junoon is a Sports cum social event, organized by the Sports Union, BITS Pilani in association with NSS BITS Pilani, for specially abled children. It boasts of over a hundred participants from almost a dozen Non-Government Organisations (like Umang, Greenpeace, Nirmaan, Muskaan, [[Goonj (NGO)|Goonj]], Amla Birla Kendra) who battle it out across events ranging from basketball, cricket, football, tennis to cultural competitions. Junoon 2012, the first edition of Junoon was covered by Hindustan Times, New Delhi. <br /> # BOSM marathon- A ‘run for a cause’ marathon, initiated with the aim to raise awareness about various social issues like women's safety and anti-smoking. <br /> # YODH- A ‘sports day’ for unprivileged children of the nearby district. <br /> # Play for a cause- Goodies are given to the needy which translates from the on-field achievements of players. <br /> # Cleanliness and Tree Plantation Drive<br /> <br /> == Sponsors and Past Associates ==<br /> BOSM every year witnesses top brands from various sectors being associated with it. A few notable partners include [[Buddh International Circuit]](BIC), [[Pepsi]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Nokia]], John Players, [[Nestlé|Nestle]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Vodafone]], [[Panasonic]] and the likes. The media sector has seen several names like The Week, [[Channel V]], [[NDTV]] etc.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{official website|https://www.bitsbosm.org/}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Festivals in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Sport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:College festivals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealdah&diff=457773 2025-12-04T13:32:45Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: minor added formatting for accuracy and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Other uses|Sealdah (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> &lt;!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Basic info ----------------&gt;| name = Sealdah &lt;!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --&gt;<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) &lt;!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--&gt;<br /> | total_type = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;<br /> | motto = &lt;!-- images and maps -----------&gt;<br /> | image_skyline = Sealdah Railway Station latest image.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | image_caption = [[Sealdah Railway Station]]<br /> | image_flag = <br /> | flag_size = <br /> | image_seal = <br /> | seal_size = <br /> | image_shield = <br /> | shield_size = <br /> | image_blank_emblem = <br /> | blank_emblem_type = <br /> | blank_emblem_size = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | mapsize = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map1 = <br /> | mapsize1 = <br /> | map_caption1 = <br /> | image_dot_map = <br /> | dot_mapsize = <br /> | dot_map_caption = <br /> | dot_x = <br /> | dot_y = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kolkata<br /> | pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata<br /> | pushpin_mapsize = &lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = City<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] <br /> | subdivision_type5 = <br /> | subdivision_name5 = <br /> | subdivision_type6 = <br /> | subdivision_name6 = &lt;!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --&gt;<br /> | seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards<br /> | parts_style = &lt;!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)<br /> Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--&gt;<br /> | parts = [[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|36]], [[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]], [[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|49]], [[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|50]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]]&lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;<br /> | p1 = <br /> | p2 = &lt;!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--&gt; <br /> &lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;| government_footnotes = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;<br /> | established_date = &lt;!-- Area ---------------------&gt;<br /> | area_magnitude = <br /> | unit_pref = Imperial&lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;<br /> | area_land_km2 = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;<br /> | area_water_km2 = <br /> | area_total_sq_mi = <br /> | area_land_sq_mi = <br /> | area_water_sq_mi = <br /> | area_water_percent = &lt;!-- Elevation --------------------------&gt;<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = &lt;!--From Google Earth--&gt;<br /> | elevation_max_m = <br /> | elevation_max_ft = <br /> | elevation_min_m = <br /> | elevation_min_ft = &lt;!-- Population -----------------------&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page<br /> | population_density_km2 = &lt;!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --&gt;<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = &lt;!-- General information ---------------&gt;<br /> | timezone = IST<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | timezone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | coor_type = &lt;!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --&gt;<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.566235|N|88.368611|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br /> &lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;| postal_code_type = PIN&lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 700009, 700014<br /> | area_code = +91 33<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Beleghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beleghata]], [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]], [[Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowranghee]] and [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sealdah''' is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Central Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Jackals (''sheal'' in Bengali) howled around Sealdah. Antiquarians identify it as Shrigaldwipa (Jackal Island). Nearby [[Beliaghata]] was a port in the Salt Lakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;&gt;Nair, P. Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 12-19j, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Sealdah was one of them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Sealdah was described in 1757 as a &quot;narrow causeway, several feet above the level of the country, leading from the east&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cotton1907P9-10&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Cotton |first=H. E. A. |author-link=H. E. A. Cotton |title=Calcutta, Old and New: A Historical &amp; Descriptive Handbook to the City |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttaoldandn00cottgoog |year=1907 |location=Calcutta |publisher=W. Newman &amp; Co. |page= 222 |access-date=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1756, when Siraj-ud-daulah attacked the English at Calcutta, a major part of his troops and artillery crossed the [[Maratha Ditch]] in Sealdah.&lt;ref&gt;Sinha, Pradip, ''Siraj’s Calcutta 1756-57'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; There was hard fighting here with 39 English soldiers and 18 Indian sepoys killed on the spot. The English dragged their guns through the rice fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Baithakkana was a ''resting place'', where merchants formed and dispersed their caravans, sheltered by an old [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan tree]] (called a [[Ficus religiosa|peepul tree]] by [[H. E. A. Cotton|Cotton]]). [[Job Charnock]] is said to have chosen the site of Kolkata for a city, in consequence of the pleasure he found in sitting and smoking under the shade of a large tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cotton1907P9-10&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> A present-day road stretching from [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]] to [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] is called Baithakkhana Road,&lt;ref&gt;Map no. 31, Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata, D.R.Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata – 700073&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the market along the road at the southern ([[Bowbazar]]/ [[B.B. Ganguly Street]]) end is called Baithakkhana Bazar.<br /> <br /> The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now [[AJC Bose Road &amp; APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt; The eighty-foot-wide Harrison Road (now MG Road), was built in from 1889 to 1892.&lt;ref&gt;Chatterjee, Monideep, &quot;Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future&quot;, &quot;Calcutta, The Living City&quot; Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 141, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first list of ''thanas'' (police stations) in Calcutta was made in 1765 and Muchipara was not there in the list. Muchipara, named after ''muchis'' (cobblers and leather workers), possibly shot in to prominence in the early 19th century. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Muchipara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Eastern Bengal Railway|East Bengal Railway]] opened its track from Calcutta to [[Kushtia]] in 1862. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. [[Sealdah railway station]] had a proper station building in 1869.&lt;ref&gt;Chaudhuri, Sukanta, The Railway Comes to Calcutta, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 259.&lt;/ref&gt; The present [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to [[Goalundo Ghat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2008-03-16 | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher = railindia | access-date = 2012-02-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map &lt;!--There are only two essential parameters: --&gt;<br /> | coord = {{coord|22.566235|88.368611}} &lt;!--lat and long coordinates for middle of the map --&gt;<br /> | zoom = 15 &lt;!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.--&gt;<br /> | label = Sealdah<br /> | mark-coord = {{coord|22.566235|88.368611}}<br /> | label-pos = right<br /> | float = left<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Police district===<br /> Muchipara police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Central division]] of [[Kolkata Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;police&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&amp;Division=C|title = Kolkata Police |work = Central Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Sealdah Commercial Complex - 1 Beliaghata Main Road - Kolkata 2015-08-11 1968.JPG|thumb|Sealdah Commercial Complex ([[Big Bazaar]]), Parikshit Roy Lane]]<br /> Sealdah market, along with [[Hatibagan#Daily markets|Hatibagan]], [[Maniktala#Daily markets|Maniktala]], [[Tollygunge#Daily markets|Lake Market]] and [[Ballygunge#Gariahat Market|Gariahat]] markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. Very similar to village weekly ''hats'', Kolkata's markets thrive in a sprawling and makeshift environment.&lt;ref&gt;Bandopadhyay, Raghab, ''Calcutta’s Markets'', in ''Calcutta, The Living City'' Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 118, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sealdah market is an agglomeration of various markets in the area. There is the Sealdah Area market spread for about a kilometre along both sides of [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] from Purabi to Chhabighar cinema halls selling mainly vegetables and fruits. Sealdah Dimer Bazar, in Hayat Khan Lane and Panchu Khansama Lane, is an egg ''arat''. Baitakkhna Market, spread across 2 acres at 15/16 Baithakkhana Road, sells vegetable, fruits, betel leaf, flower, fish, meat, egg, grocery etc. New Baithakkhana Market (also known as Chhagalkata Fish Market), spread across 5 acres at 155–158, [[B.B. Ganguly Street]], is a fish market. Kolay Market, located near [[Sealdah Station]], is the largest wholesale market in Kolkata, handling vegetables and other daily needs. It is open 24/7 and has not closed down even during strikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/the-human-forklifts-of-kolkata/ |title = The Human Forklifts of Kolkata |first= Sugato|last= Mukherjee | publisher= The Diplomat, 6 February 2018| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bow Bazar market, stretching from Sealdah crossing to [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]] crossing, is virtually an extension of Sealdah market zone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| title = Primary Hats/ Markets of District| work = Markets in Brief - Kolkata| publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board| access-date = 5 April 2018| archive-date = 2 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051015/http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Baithakkhana is one of the largest paper markets in India. However, the letterpress business, once the largest printing process in the country and the pride of Bengal, has lost out to more modern systems. Some 10–15 letterpress printers are still there in Baithakkhana, struggling hard to retain a foothold in the tough competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/letterpress-the-pride-of-bengal-fading-into-oblivion/|title = Ltterpress – the pride of Bengal fading into oblivion | publisher= Beacon Kolkata| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; MG Road, from Sealdah to College Street, is a big market for wedding and visiting cards.<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> [[Sealdah railway station]] handles in all around 20 lakh (2 million) passengers daily. A bulk of those using the station, around 12 lakhs, commute daily for work in 917 local trains. The [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|East-West Metro line]] connects to a [[Sealdah metro station|station]] at Sealdah and around 5 lakh passengers are likely to use the Metro station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170523/jsp/calcutta/story_153035.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025426/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170523/jsp/calcutta/story_153035.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 5 April 2018|title = Sealdah traffic fine-tuning|first= Kaushik|last=Basu | publisher= The Telegraph, 23 May 2017 | access-date = 4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sealdah-cant-take-more-commuters/articleshow/63196112.cms |title = Sealdah can't take more commuters | publisher= The Times of India, 7 March 2018| access-date = 4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 19th century Kolkata was a city of [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquins]] and horse-drawn carriages. The [[tram]]way was the first attempt at mass transport. The first horse-driven tramcar rolled out on 24 February 1873, running between Armenian Ghat and Sealdah via [[Bowbazar]], as well as [[B.B.D. Bagh|Dalhousie Square]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Tramways|title= Calcutta Tramways |last=Basu |first=Raj Sekhar |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|access-date = 6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Electric tramcars were introduced in Kolkata in 1902. Tram lines were laid along Harrison Road (now [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]]) in 1903 and up [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] in 1910. Now Sealdah and [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] are served by [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tram]] route no. 18 (via [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]]-Surya Sen Street-[[AJC Bose Road &amp; APC Road|APC Road]]).&lt;ref&gt;Nair, P.Thankappan, ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], page 235, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Surya Sen Street - Kolkata 2015-02-07 2115.JPG|thumb|left|Surya Sen Street, Sealdah]]<br /> Sealdah is the junction of [[AJC Bose Road &amp; APC Road]] with [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] via Sealdah Hump Flyover (Vidyapati Setu). Parikshit Roy Lane (Beliaghata Main Road) also starts from here. Surya Sen Street connects [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] with [[AJC Bose Road &amp; APC Road|APC Road]], avoiding Sealdah Flyover. A large number of private and governmental public buses ply along these roads.&lt;ref&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sealdah station as seen from Vidyapati Setu (formerly Sealdah Hump Flyover), Kolkata, West Bengal 1.jpg|thumb|Sealdah Railway Station as seen from Vidyapati Setu]]<br /> Sealdah Hump Flyover (Vidyapati Setu), constructed in the late 1970s, will have a ramp from the flyover to the station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/154332244/3-Railway-Project| title = About Sealdah Station | publisher = SCRIBD | access-date = 27 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/city-set-to-get-six-flyovers-in-three-years/articleshow/60704947.cms | title = Kolkata to get six flyovers in three years | publisher = The Times of India, 16 September 2017| access-date = 27 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tram-tracks were removed and tram-service closed over Sealdah Flyover since 2019 due to excessive load on the bridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sealdah Flyover Repair|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sealdah-bridge-to-get-rid-of-age-old-tram-lines-and-heavy-vehicles/articleshow/71056749.cms#referrer=https://www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> * [[Surendranath College]], is an undergraduate college. Founded in 1884, it was initially named Ripon College after [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]], [[Viceroy of India]]. In 1948–49, it was renamed after [[Surendranath Banerjee|Sir Surendranath Banerjee]], who started it and was associated with this institution for many years. In 1885, it started the department of law, which became an independent college, Ripon Law College, in 1911. It opened an evening section in 1947 and a women's section in 1948, and both became independent colleges. Affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], it offers honours courses in English, Bengali, political science, history, philosophy, Sanskrit, psychology, sociology, journalism &amp; mass communication, physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, botany, zoology, physiology, microbiology, geography, psychology and financial accounting, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.&lt;ref name=&quot;surendranath&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.surendranathcollege.org/|title = Surendranath College| publisher= SC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SNC/Surendranath_College.shtml |title = Surendranath College, Kolkata | publisher=College Admission | access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Surendranath Law College]], initially started in 1885 as law department of Ripon College, it later became Ripon Law College and was renamed in 1948-49 after [[Surendranath Banerjee|Sir Surendranath Banerjee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;surendranath&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://snlawcollege.ac.in/ |title = Surndranath Law College | publisher= SNLC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Surendranath Evening College]], initially started in 1947 as evening section of Ripon College, it was separately affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1961. It is also affiliated with [[Netaji Subhas Open University]] for certain subjects. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Hindi, Urdu, history, education, electronic science, physics, mathematics, accountancy and finance, and general courses in arts, science and commerce. It also offers courses in library science and a vocational course in electronic equipment maintenance. It has arrangements for certain post-graduate courses. It caters to the demands of under privileged sections of society in the area and also the working people seeking to enhance their educational qualifications.&lt;ref name=&quot;surendranath&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.surendranatheveningcollege.com/ |title = Surendranath Evening College | publisher= SNEC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SNEC/Surendranath_Evening_College.shtml|title = Surendranath Evening College | publisher= College Admission| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Surendranath College for Women]] was initially started in 1948 as part of Surendranath College. It initially catered to the needs of refugees from East Pakistan but later widened its base. Affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, history, geography, philosophy, political science, education, journalism &amp; mass communication, economics and mathematics, and general courses. It offers a course in Communicative English.&lt;ref name=&quot;surendranath&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.sncwcal.ac.in/|title = Surendranath College for Women | publisher= SNCW| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bangabasi College]] was founded in 1887 by Acharya Girish Chandra Bose. With the large-scale influx of refugees from East Pakistan, Bangabasi College added morning and evening sections in 1947, both of which later emerged as separate colleges. A college for teaching commerce was started the same year in a separate building. In 1979, Bangabasi College became co-educational with the addition of another commerce section. Affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], it offers honours courses in English, Bengali, Sanskrit, political science, history, philosophy, sociology, geography, economics, psychology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, anthropology, botany, zoology, B.Com. (Hons) and general courses in arts, science and commerce. It offers a post-graduate course in zoology.&lt;ref name=&quot;bangabasi&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.bangabasi.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=46&amp;Itemid=0| title = Bangabasi College| publisher = BC| access-date = 5 April 2018| archive-date = 5 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180405153603/http://www.bangabasi.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=46&amp;Itemid=0| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bangabasi Morning College]] was initially started as part of Bangabasi College in 1947. It is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Hindi, history, political science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, zoology, botany, anthropology and accounting and finance, and general courses in arts, science and commerce. It has arrangements for teaching Urdu as a general subject. It offers post-graduate courses under the Directorate of Distance Education of [[Vidyasagar University]] in Bengali, English, history, environmental science, applied mathematics, chemistry and M. Com.&lt;ref name=&quot;bangabasi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.bangabasimorning.edu.in/ |title = Bangabasi Morning College | publisher= BMC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bangabasi Evening College]] was initially started as part of Bangabasi College in 1947. It is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Hindi, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, chemistry, mathematics, anthropology, economics, physiology, botany and accountancy. It offers M.Sc. in mathematics as a regular course of the University of Calcutta.&lt;ref name=&quot;bangabasi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.bangabasievening.edu.in/|title = Bangabasi Evening College | publisher= BEC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College]], was started initially as a part of Bangabasi College in 1947. It was renamed Bangabasi College of Commerce and affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1964, and in 2004 was further renamed Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College. It offers courses in B.Com. (general and honours), Bengali and English honours and B.A. (general).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://agcbosecollege.org/|title = Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College |publisher= AGCBC| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Loreto Day School at Sealdah, is an English-medium girls only school. It is one of the six [[Loreto Schools, Kolkata|Loreto schools]] in Kolkata. Affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]], it has arrangements for teaching from Nursery to Class XII. Established in 1857, it has a ‘free’ block, built in 1932, for the economically deprived local population, inside the gate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.loretosealdah.org/|title = Loreto Day School, Sealdah, Kolkata | publisher= Loreto Sealdah | access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Schools/Schools_By_State/West_Bengal/Loreto_Day_School_Sealdah.shtml|title = Loreto Day School, Sealdah | publisher= schools at collegeadmission.in| access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mitra_Institution_Main_-_60B_Surya_Sen_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-01-01_1786.JPG|thumb|right|Mitra Institution (Main)]]<br /> * [[Mitra Institution (Main)]] at Baithakkhana is a Bengali-medium higher secondary boys only school established in 1888. Affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]], it has arrangement for teaching from class VI to XII.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.mitramain.com/home.html | title = Mitra Institution (Main) | publisher = MIM | access-date = 11 April 2018 | archive-date = 1 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401110209/http://www.mitramain.com/home.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/mitra-institution-main/19170104028|title = Mitra Institution (Main) School| publisher= ICBSE| access-date = 11 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> [[File:Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College &amp; Hospital 3.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital]] (Old Campus)]]<br /> * [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]] at Sealdah is one of the five [[Health care in Kolkata|government medical colleges and hospitals]] in Kolkata. The medical college is affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and offers both undergraduate and post graduate courses. The hospital has 1,890 beds.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrs&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MedicalCollegesInIndia/West_Bengal/NRSMedicalCollege/NRSMedicalCollege.shtml |title = Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital| publisher= College Admission| access-date = 4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;health&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf| title = Health Statistics -&gt; Hospital| work = District:Kolkata| publisher = Government of West Bengal| access-date = 4 April 2018| archive-date = 14 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1789, there was an asylum for dying destitutes picked from the streets. It was called Police or Pauper Hospital. In 1874, Sealdah Medical School was set up here. In 1884, it became Campbell Medical School. Indians could be hospitalised here, because the first hospital started in Kolkata in 1709, which evolved as Presidency General Hospital, was strictly for Europeans. In 1948, it became Campbell Medical College, and in 1950 was renamed after [[Nilratan Sircar|Sir Nilratan Sircar]], eminent doctor and swadeshi entrepreneur.&lt;ref&gt;Nair, Thankappan, Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, page 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nrs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.nrsmc.edu.in/|title = Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital | publisher= NRSMC| access-date = 4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * B.R. Singh Hospital, set up as a small health unit in 1934, has grown to be one of the best-equipped railway hospitals in the country. It is named after Baba Ramrick Singh, first Indian Railway Agent and the then acting GM of East Bengal Railway. It has 461 beds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaheartbeat.com/hospital/profile/37821/B-R-Singh-Hospital-Eastern-Railway-Kolkata.html|title = B.R.Singh Hospital | publisher= indiaheartbeat.com| access-date = 4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;health&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital]] at Sealdah is the oldest dental college in India. It was founded in 1920 by [[Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)|Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed]], the pioneer in dentistry in the country. It was financed by starting the New York Soda Fountain in Kolkata. It was affiliated with the state medical facility in 1936, and then with the University of Calcutta in 1949. In the same year, Dr. Ahmed donated his college to the Government of West Bengal. Currently affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and recognised by the [[Dental Council of India]], it offers 5-year BDS, 3-year MDS and various specialised courses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.careerindia.com/colleges/radc-calcutta-west-bengal-cp18985/ |title = Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College | publisher= CAREERINDIA | access-date = 5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbida.org/rahmed.html | title = IDA - West Bengal History (Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed | publisher = Indian Dental Association – West Bengal State Branch | access-date = 5 April 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101941/http://wbida.org/rahmed.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:ESI Hospital - Sealdah - 301-3A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road - Kolkata 2015-02-07 2078.jpg|thumb|right|Sealdah ESI Hospital]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Kolkata/North Kolkata}} <br /> {{external media<br /> | float=right<br /> | video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nk1BwK6xHPg Variety of fish at Sealdah]<br /> | video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu7Z_GiwR18 Kolay Market at Sealdah]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayachandra&diff=544439 2025-10-04T01:51:09Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|King of Antaravedi from 1155 to 1169}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Vijayachandra<br /> | title = Ashva-pati&lt;br/&gt;Nara-pati&lt;br/&gt;Gaja-pati&lt;br/&gt;Rajatrayadhipati<br /> | succession = King of [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab|Antaravedi]]<br /> | reign = c. 1155–1169<br /> | predecessor = [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]]<br /> | successor = [[Jayachandra]]<br /> | death_date = 1169<br /> | issue = Jayachandra&lt;br&gt;Valuka Rai<br /> | spouse = Sundri<br /> | house-type = Dynasty<br /> | house = [[Gahadavala]]<br /> | father = Govindachandra<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vijaya-chandra''' ({{IAST3|Vijayacandra}}; died 1169) was an Indian king from the [[Gahadavala]] dynasty, ruling from 1155 to 1169. He ruled the Antarvedi country in the [[Ganga|Gangetic]] plains, which includes a major part of the present-day eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], including [[Varanasi]]. He probably also ruled some parts of western [[Bihar]] through his feudatories. He is believed to have repulsed a [[Ghaznavid]] invasion.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> <br /> Vijayachandra was a son of [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]], the most powerful king of the dynasty. He is also known as Vijayapala or Malladeva.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=271}} The last extant inscription of Govindachandra is dated 1154. The earliest extant inscription of Vijayachandra is dated 1168. His last inscription is from 1169, while the first inscription of his successor [[Jayachandra]] is from 1170 CE. As Govindachandra had already ruled for 40 years by 1154, it can be assumed that his reign ended shortly after 1154. Vijayachandra must have ascended the throne around 1155, and ruled for approximately 15 years.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=90-91}}<br /> <br /> Besides Vijayachandra, Govindachandra had at least two other sons: Asphota-chandra and Rajya-pala. Asphotachandra bore the title ''Yuvaraja'' ([[heir apparent]]), as attested by an 1134 CE inscription. Rajyapala bore the title ''Maharajaputra'' (prince), as attested by the 1143 CE Gagaha inscription and the 1146 CE [[Varanasi]] inscription. It is not known why Vijayachandra ascended the throne when Asphotachandra was the ''yuvaraja''. It is possible that the other two princes died during Govindachandra's lifetime, or that Vijayachandra defeated them in a war of succession, but there is no concrete evidence for either of these hypotheses.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=88-89}}<br /> <br /> The absence of any Gahadavala inscription between 1154 and 1169 is rather unusual for the dynasty. It may have been a result of the troubled times brought about by external invasions, or a war of succession among Govindachandra's sons.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=91}}<br /> <br /> Vijayachandra inherited his father's regnal titles ''Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati'' and ''Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati''.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=102}}<br /> <br /> == Military career ==<br /> <br /> &lt;mapframe text=&quot;Find-spots of inscriptions from Vijayachandra's reign, including those issued by possible feudatories (gray) in western Bihar&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; zoom=&quot;6&quot; longitude=&quot;83.54&quot; latitude=&quot;25.17&quot;&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot;,<br /> &quot;features&quot;: [<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;monument&quot;, &quot;marker-color&quot;: &quot;000080&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Kamauli&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [83.0669, 25.3478] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;monument&quot;, &quot;marker-color&quot;: &quot;808080&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Tutrahi waterfall&quot;, &quot;comment&quot;: &quot;TODO: Need exact coordinates, the current coords are for Tilouthu near Tutrahi&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [84.0599, 24.8297] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;monument&quot;, &quot;marker-color&quot;: &quot;808080&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Tara Chandi&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [84.0475, 24.9214] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;monument&quot;, &quot;marker-color&quot;: &quot;808080&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Phulwaria&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [83.8376, 24.9821] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;monument&quot;, &quot;marker-color&quot;: &quot;000080&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur]]&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [82.6711, 25.7699] }<br /> }<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> &lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1169 CE Tara Chandi rock inscription, found near [[Sasaram]], was issued by one ''Mahanayaka'' Pratapadhavala of Japila. It denounces an earlier fake grant of Kalahandi and Vadapila villages issued by Vijayachandra's officer Deu after taking a bribe.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=98}}{{sfn|P.B. Udgaonkar|1986|pp=109-110}} Historian Roma Niyogi theorized that Pratapadhavala was a feudatory of Vijayachandra. According to her, since there is no record of this region being a part of Govindachandra's kingdom, Vijayachandra may have captured it.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=98-99}}<br /> <br /> === Ghaznavids ===<br /> <br /> The Gahadavala inscriptions praise Vijayachandra using vague, conventional terms.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}} According to them, the king swept away the world's suffering with tears from the eyes of Hammira's wife. &quot;Hammira&quot; (the Sanskritized form of [[Emir|Amir]]) refers to a Muslim general, possibly a subordinate of a [[Ghaznavid]] ruler. The Ghaznavid ruler could have been either Khusrau Shah or [[Khusrau Malik]]. The Ghaznavids had permanently lost [[Ghazna]] by their time, and were operating out of [[Lahore]]. Their attempts to expand eastwards may have brought them into conflicts with the Gahadavalas. The earliest extant inscription to mention this victory is from 1168, so the battle definitely took place before this year. The [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja IV]] had captured [[Delhi]] by 1164, and is believed to have expelled the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people, that is, Ghaznavids). Therefore, the battle can probably be dated before 1164.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92-93}}<br /> <br /> While fighting with the Ghaznavids, Vijayachandra may have ignored his western frontiers. This later resulted in a [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] invasion led by [[Lakshmana Sena]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=94-97}}<br /> <br /> === Description in ''Prithviraj Raso'' ===<br /> <br /> The historically unreliable ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' claims that Vijayachandra defeated [[Anangpal Tomar|Anangapala]] of [[Delhi]]. There is a possibility that Vijayachandra fought with Anangapala, the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] ruler of Delhi.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}} However, there is no other authentic evidence to corroborate this claim. By 1164, Delhi had been captured by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja IV]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=97}}<br /> <br /> The text further claims that he defeated the Bhola-Bhima of Pattanapura, that is, [[Bhima II]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]. However, Bhima II of the [[Chaulukya]] dynasty ascended the throne only in 1177, after Vijayachandra's death. Therefore, this claim is not accurate.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}}<br /> <br /> The text also claims that Vijayachandra defeated Mukunda-deva, the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavanshi]] king of [[Kataka (city)|Kataka]]. Mukunda was forced to conclude peace by marrying his daughter to prince Jayachandra; [[Samyukta]] was the issue of this marriage. This claim is also wrong, as the Somavanshi dynasty did not have any king named Mukunda-deva. Moreover, the Somavanshis had already been displaced by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] before Vijayachandra's ascension.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}}<br /> <br /> == Inscriptions ==<br /> <br /> The following inscriptions from Vijayachandra's reign have been discovered:{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=255-260}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Date of issue (CE)<br /> ! Place of discovery<br /> ! Issued at<br /> ! Issued by<br /> ! Purpose<br /> |-<br /> | 19 April 1158<br /> | [[Rohtas district]]: Tutrahi waterfall (near Tilouthu)<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Pratapadhavala (probably a feudatory)<br /> | Unknown<br /> |-<br /> | 16 June 1168<br /> | [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli<br /> | Varanasi: Near Adikeshava Temple<br /> | Jayachandra (prince)<br /> | Village grant<br /> |-<br /> | 1168-1169<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Vashishtha [[Ghat]]ta on Yamuna<br /> | Jayachandra (prince)<br /> | Village grant<br /> |-<br /> | 1169<br /> | [[Rohtas district]]: Phulwaria<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Pratapadhavala (probably a feudatory)<br /> | Road construction<br /> |-<br /> | Undated<br /> | [[Rohtas district]]: Phulwaria<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Pratapadhavala (probably a feudatory)<br /> | Records a pilgrimage to Tutrahi waterfall<br /> |-<br /> | 16 April 1169<br /> | [[Rohtas district]]: Tara Chandi<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Pratapadhavala (probably a feudatory)<br /> | Denouncement of a fake grant<br /> |-<br /> | 19 March 1169<br /> | [[Jaunpur district]]: [[Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur|Lal Darwaza mosque]]<br /> | Unknown<br /> | Bhattaraka Bhabi-bhushana<br /> | Unknown<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Cultural activities ==<br /> <br /> Vijayachandra patronized scholars and poets, including [[Sriharsha|Shriharsha]], who composed a now-lost work called ''Shri-Vijaya-Prashasti''. This text may have been a eulogistic biography of Vijayachandra. An inscription of Jayachandra states that reputed poets used to sing about his father's magnificence, which might be a reference to such eulogistic works.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=99}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> * {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=P.B. Udgaonkar |title=Political Institutions &amp; Administration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&amp;pg=PA109 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-2087-6 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}<br /> <br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> <br /> {{Gahadavala dynasty}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Gahadavala kings]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Times&diff=498125 2025-09-13T11:52:09Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Economic Times''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> * ''[[Hong Kong Economic Times]]'' (est. 1988), a Chinese-language financial newspaper<br /> * ''[[The Economic Times]]'' (est. 1961), an Indian English-language financial newspaper<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangarmau_Assembly_constituency&diff=489569 2025-08-08T04:13:13Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: creating the stub first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bangarmau<br /> | map_image = 162-Bangarmau.svg<br /> | mla = [[Shrikant Katiyar]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | electors = 3,57,452<br /> | constituency_no = 162<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bangarmau''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bangarmau in the [[Unnao district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency has numbered 162 among 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> This seat belonged to candidate [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]] who won in the last Assembly election for the 4th time of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Badaloo Khan by a margin of 28,237 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bangarmau.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Vidhan Sabha ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bangarmau Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bangarmau.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Sewa Ram<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Shivgopal Tiwari<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Gopi Nath Dixit<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> |Raghvendra Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Jagdish Prasad Trivedi<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gopi Nath Dixit<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |Ashok Kumar Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |Gopi Nath Dixit<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Ashok Kumar Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ram Shankar Pal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |Badlu Khan<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |2020^<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Shrikant Katiyar]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bangarmau&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Shrikant Katiyar]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:90980}}<br /> |percentage = 44.7<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Dr. Munna<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:75187}}<br /> |percentage = 36.94<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.58<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ram kishore Pal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:25543}}<br /> |percentage = 12.55<br /> |change = {{decrease}}9.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Arti Bajpai<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5285}}<br /> |percentage = 2.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1267}}<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:15793}}<br /> |percentage = 7.76<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:203527}}<br /> |percentage = 56.94<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.86<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2020===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=By Polls, 2020: Bangermau}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Shrikant Katiyar]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 71,381<br /> |percentage = 40.98<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.81<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Arti Bajpai<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 39,983<br /> |percentage = 22.96<br /> |change = {{increase}}22.96<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Suresh Kumar Pal<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = 35,322<br /> |percentage = 20.28<br /> |change = {{decrease}}12.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Mahesh Prasad<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 19,062<br /> |percentage = 10.94<br /> |change = {{decrease}}11.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Rest of the candidates<br /> |votes = 6,985<br /> |percentage = 4.04<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,438<br /> |percentage = 0.83<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 31,398<br /> |percentage = 18.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,74,228<br /> |percentage = 50.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bangarmau&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:87657}}<br /> |percentage = 43.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Badaloo khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:59330}}<br /> |percentage = 29.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Mohd Irshad Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:44730}}<br /> |percentage = 22.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1873}}<br /> |percentage = 0.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:28327}}<br /> |percentage = 14.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:202064}}<br /> |percentage = 59.8<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|26.89|80.21|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Unnao district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Monte_Cassino_order_of_battle_January_1944&diff=469218 2025-07-06T19:33:38Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: brief added references for clarity and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Italy}}<br /> '''The Battle of Monte Cassino order of battle for January 1944''', is a listing of the significant formations involved in the fighting on the [[Winter Line]] in January 1944, during the period generally known as the [[Battle of Monte Cassino|First Battle of Monte Cassino]].<br /> <br /> ==Allied armies in Italy==<br /> {{main|Allied Armies in Italy}}<br /> C-in-C: [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''[[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]]'''&lt;br&gt;<br /> Chief of Staff: [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|Sir John Harding]]<br /> <br /> ===US Fifth Army===<br /> {{main|US Fifth Army}}<br /> [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] '''[[Mark W. Clark]]'''<br /> <br /> ====British X Corps (left)====<br /> {{main|X Corps (United Kingdom)}}<br /> Lieutenant-General '''Sir [[Richard McCreery]]'''<br /> <br /> : [[File:5th UK Infantry Division.svg|20px]] [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|'''British 5th Infantry Division''']]<br /> : Major-General [[Gerald Bucknall]] to 22 January, then<br /> : Major-General [[Philip Gregson-Ellis|P. G. S. Gregson-Ellis]]&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 607.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :: [[13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|13th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier L. M. Campbell)<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]]<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Wiltshire Regiment]]<br /> :: [[15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|15th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier E. O. Martin until 22 January then Brigadier [[John Yeldham Whitfield]]&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 607n&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> ::: 1st Battalion, [[Green Howards]]<br /> ::: 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]]<br /> ::: 1st Battalion, [[York and Lancaster Regiment]]<br /> :: [[17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|17th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier [[Alfred Dudley Ward|Dudley Ward]])<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Scots Fusiliers]]<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Northamptonshire Regiment]]<br /> ::: 6th Battalion, [[Seaforth Highlanders]]<br /> :: [[22nd Guards Brigade|201st Guards Brigade]] (under command) (Brigadier R. B. R. Colvin)<br /> ::: 6th Battalion, [[Grenadier Guards]]<br /> ::: 3rd Battalion, [[Coldstream Guards]]<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Scots Guards]]<br /> :: Divisional troops<br /> ::: [[91st (4th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[92nd (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[98th (Surrey &amp; Sussex Yeomanry Queen Mary's) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[156th (Lanarkshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[102nd (Pembroke Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[52nd (6th London) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 18th Light Anti-aircraft Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[57th (Wessex) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery|215th (Gosport &amp; Fareham) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 5th Reconnaissance Regiment<br /> ::: [[50th Royal Tank Regiment]] (One squadron attached from Corps troops)<br /> ::: 7th Battalion, [[Cheshire Regiment]] (Machine gun)<br /> ::: 245th, 252nd and 38th Field companies, [[Royal Engineers]]<br /> ::: 254th Field Park Company, RE<br /> ::: 18th Bridge Platoon, RE<br /> <br /> : [[File:46 inf div -vector.svg|20px]] [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|'''British 46th Infantry Division''']]<br /> : Major-General [[John Hawkesworth (British Army officer)|John Hawkesworth]]<br /> :: [[128th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|128th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier [[Manley Angell James]])<br /> ::: 2nd Battalion, [[Hampshire Regiment]]<br /> ::: 1/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment<br /> ::: 5th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment<br /> :: [[138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade|138th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier G. P. Harding)<br /> ::: 6th Battalion, [[Lincolnshire Regiment]]<br /> ::: 2/4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry<br /> ::: 6th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment<br /> :: [[139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade|139th Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier R. E. H. Stott)<br /> ::: 2/5th Battalion, [[Leicestershire Regiment]]<br /> ::: 5th Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters]]<br /> ::: 16th Battalion, [[Durham Light Infantry]]<br /> :: Divisional troops<br /> ::: [[70th (West Riding) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 71st (West Riding) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery<br /> ::: 172nd Field Regiment, Royal Artillery<br /> ::: 5th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery<br /> ::: [[58th (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 215th Heavy Anti-aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery<br /> ::: 46th Reconnaissance Regiment<br /> ::: [[List of Royal Northumberland Fusiliers battalions in World War II#2|2nd Battalion]], [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]] (Machine gun)<br /> ::: 270th, 271st and 272nd Field companies, [[Royal Engineers]]<br /> ::: 273rd Field Park Company, RE<br /> ::: 201st Bridge Platoon, RE<br /> ::: [[40th Royal Tank Regiment]] (attached from Corps troops&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 278n.&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> <br /> : [[File:British 56th (1st London) Division insignia.png|20px]] [[56th (London) Division|'''British 56th Infantry Division''']]<br /> : Major-General [[Gerald Templer]]<br /> :: [[167th (1st London) Brigade|167th (London) Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier C. E. A. Firth until 29 January then Brigadier J. Scott-Elliott&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony608&quot;&gt;Molony, p. 608n.&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> ::: 8th Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers]]<br /> ::: 9th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers<br /> ::: 7th Battalion, [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]<br /> :: [[168th (2nd London) Brigade|168th (London) Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier K. C. Davidson)<br /> ::: 10th Battalion, [[Royal Berkshire Regiment]]<br /> ::: 1st Battalion, [[London Scottish (regiment)|London Scottish]]<br /> ::: 1st Battalion, [[London Irish Rifles]]<br /> :: [[169th (3rd London) Brigade|169th (London) Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier [[Lewis Lyne|L. O. Lyne]])<br /> ::: 2/5th Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]]<br /> ::: 2/6th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)<br /> ::: 2/7th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)<br /> :: Divisional troops<br /> ::: [[64th (7th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[65th (8th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[142nd (Royal Devon Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[51st (Midland) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[67th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery<br /> ::: [[57th (Wessex) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery|214th (Southsea) Heavy Anti-aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: 44th Reconnaissance Regiment<br /> ::: 6th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment (Machine gun)<br /> ::: 220th and 221st Field Companies, Royal Engineers<br /> ::: [[501st (London) Field Company, Royal Engineers]]<br /> ::: 563rd Field Park Company, RE<br /> ::: [[40th Royal Tank Regiment]] (One squadron attached from Corps troops&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony608&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> : '''Corps troops'''<br /> :: [[23rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 23rd Armoured Brigade]] (Brigadier [[Robert Arkwright]])<br /> ::: 40th Royal Tank Regiment (less detachments)<br /> ::: 50th Royal Tank Regiment (less detachments)<br /> ::: [[Queen's Westminsters|11th Battalion]], [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<br /> :: [[2nd Special Service Brigade]] (Brigadier T. B. L. Churchill)<br /> ::: [[No. 9 Commando]]<br /> ::: [[No. 10 (Inter Allied) Commando]]<br /> ::: [[No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando]]<br /> ::: [[No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando]] (less detachments)&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony608&quot;/&gt;<br /> :: [[2nd Army Group Royal Artillery]] (under command)&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony608&quot;/&gt;<br /> ::: [[78th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[69th (Caernarvon &amp; Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[74th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[140th (5th London) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[56th Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ::: [[146th (Pembroke &amp; Cardiganshire) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> <br /> ====US II Corps (centre)====<br /> {{main|II Corps (United States)}}<br /> Major-General [[Geoffrey Keyes]]<br /> <br /> : [[File:United States Army 1st Armored Division CSIB.svg|20px]] [[1st Armored Division (United States)|'''US 1st Armored Division''']]<br /> : Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]]<br /> :: ''Armor''<br /> ::: 1st Armored Regiment<br /> ::: 13th Armored Regiment<br /> :: ''Infantry''<br /> ::: 6th Armored Infantry Regiment<br /> :: ''Artillery''<br /> ::: 27th, 68th and 91st Armored Field Artillery Battalions<br /> :: ''Divisional troops''<br /> ::: [[16th Engineer Battalion (United States)|16th Engineer Battalion]]<br /> ::: 81st Reconnaissance Squadron<br /> ::: [[601st Tank Destroyer Battalion]] (Self Propelled) (Attached)<br /> <br /> : [[File:34th 'Red Bull' Infantry Division SSI.svg|20px]] [[34th Infantry Division (United States)|'''US 34th Infantry Division''']]<br /> : Major General [[Charles W. Ryder]])<br /> :: ''Infantry''<br /> ::: [[133rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|133rd Infantry Regiment]]<br /> ::: [[135th Infantry Regiment (United States)|135th Infantry Regiment]]<br /> ::: [[168th Infantry Regiment (United States)|168th Infantry Regiment]]<br /> :: ''Artillery''<br /> ::: 125th, 151st and 175th Field Artillery Battalions ([[M101 howitzer|105mm]])<br /> ::: 185th Field Artillery Battalion ([[M114 155 mm howitzer|155mm]])<br /> :: ''Divisional troops''<br /> ::: 109th Engineer Battalion<br /> <br /> : [[File:36th Infantry Division CSIB.svg|20px]] [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|'''US 36th Infantry Division''']]<br /> : Major General [[Fred L. Walker]]<br /> :: ''Infantry''<br /> ::: [[141st Infantry Regiment (United States)|141st Infantry Regiment]]<br /> ::: [[142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|142nd Infantry Regiment]]<br /> ::: [[143rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|143rd Infantry Regiment]]<br /> :::: [[Congressional Medal of Honor|CMoH]] recipient: Sgt. [[Thomas E. McCall]]<br /> :: ''Artillery''<br /> ::: 131st, 132nd and 133rd ([[M101 howitzer|105&amp;nbsp;mm]]) Artillery Battalions<br /> ::: 155th ([[M114 155 mm howitzer|155&amp;nbsp;mm]]) Artillery Battalion<br /> :: ''Divisional troops''<br /> ::: 111th Engineer Battalion<br /> <br /> : [[File:1st Special Service Force SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[1st Special Service Force]]''' (Brigadier-General [[Robert T. Frederick]])<br /> :: 3 Regiments of two battalions. Each battalion two companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony513&quot;&gt;Molony, p. 513.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :: 1 battery airborne artillery&lt;ref name=&quot;Molony513&quot;/&gt;<br /> : {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Italy}} '''[[Italian Co-belligerent Army#I Motorized Grouping|I Motorized Grouping]]''' (Brigadier-General [[Vincenzo Dapino]])<br /> :: 67th Infantry Regiment&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 519.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :: 51st Bersaglieri Battalion<br /> :: 11th Artillery Regiment<br /> :: 5th Anti-tank Regiment<br /> :: One engineer battalion<br /> <br /> ====French Expeditionary Corps (right)====<br /> {{main|French Expeditionary Corps (1943-1944)}}<br /> General '''[[Alphonse Juin]]'''<br /> : [[File:Insigne de la 3° DIA.JPG|20px]] '''[[3rd Algerian Infantry Division]]'''<br /> : Major-General [[Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert]]<br /> :: 3rd Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 4th Tunisian Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 7th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 4th [[Tabor (Morocco)|Group of Tabors]] (3 tabors)<br /> :: ''Divisional troops''<br /> ::: 67th African Artillery Regiment<br /> ::: 83rd Engineer Battalion<br /> ::: 3rd Algerian [[Spahis]] Reconnaissance Regiment<br /> : [[File:Insigne 2° DIM.jpg|20px]] '''[[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]]'''<br /> : Brigadier-General André M. Dody<br /> :: 4th Moroccan Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 5th Moroccan Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 8th Moroccan Tirailleurs Regiment (3 battalions)<br /> :: 3rd Group of Tabors (3 tabors)<br /> :: ''Divisional troops''<br /> ::: 63rd African Artillery Regiment<br /> ::: 87th Engineer Battalion<br /> ::: 3rd Moroccan Spahis Reconnaissance Regiment<br /> <br /> ====Fifth Army reserve====<br /> : [[File:45thIBCTSSI.png|20px]] [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|'''US 45th Infantry &quot;Thunderbird&quot; Division''']]<br /> : Major General ''''[[William W. Eagles]]'''<br /> :: The 45th was sent to [Salerno] under Major General Troy H. Middleton. Major General William Eagles assumed command of the 45th in November 1943, and led the 45th in the fighting into the mountains north of Cassino, until 9 January 1944 until being sent to a rest area. They were sent to land at Anzio on 22 January 1944.<br /> <br /> ==[[Army Group C|German Army Group C]]==<br /> '''Commander:'''<br /> : [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] [[Albert Kesselring]]<br /> <br /> ===[[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Tenth Army]]===<br /> : '''Commander:''' General (''Generaloberst'') [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]<br /> <br /> ====XIV Panzer Corps====<br /> : Lieutenant-General (''General der Panzertruppe'') [[Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin]]<br /> :: [[File:5th Mountain Division logo.svg|20px]] '''[[German 5th Mountain Division|5th Mountain Division]]''' (until 17 January&lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis551&quot;&gt;Ellis, p. 551.&lt;/ref&gt;) (Lieutenant General (''General der Gebirgstruppe'') [[Julius Ringel]])<br /> ::: 85th Mountain Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 100th Mountain Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 95th Reconnaissance battalion<br /> :::: 95th Mountain Artillery battalion<br /> :::: 95th Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 95th Mountain Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[File:33rd Infanterie-Division logo 1.jpg|25px]] [[33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''15th Panzer Grenadier Division''']] (Major General (''Generalleutnant'') [[Eberhard Rodt]])<br /> ::: 104th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 115th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 129th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 115th Armoured Reconnaissance battalion<br /> :::: 115th Panzer battalion<br /> :::: 33rd Artillery battalion<br /> :::: 33rd Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 115th Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''44th Reichsgrenadier Division''']] (Major General (''Generalleutnant'') [[Friedrich Franek]])<br /> ::: 131st Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 132nd Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 134th Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 44th Fusilier battalion<br /> :::: 96th Artillery Regiment<br /> :::: 46th Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 96th Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[File:94th Infanterie Division Logo 1.svg|20px]] [[94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''94th Infantry Division''']] (Major General (''Generalleutnant'') [[Bernhard Steinmetz]])<br /> ::: 267th Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 274th Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 276th Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 94th Fusilier battalion<br /> :::: 194th Artillery Regiment<br /> :::: 194th Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 94th Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[File:Balkenkreuz.svg|20px]] [[71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''71st Infantry Division''']] (from 17 January)&lt;ref&gt;Ellis p. 550.&lt;/ref&gt; (Major General (''Generalleutnant'') [[Wilhelm Raapke]])<br /> ::: 191st Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 194th Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 211st Infantry Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 171st Fusilier battalion<br /> :::: 171st Artillery Regiment<br /> :::: 171st Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 171st Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[File:3.Infanterie-Division.jpg|20px]] [[3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''3rd Panzergrenadier Division''']] (relieved 5th Mountain Division on 17 January&lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis551&quot;/&gt;) (Lieutenant General (''General der Panzertruppen'') [[Fritz-Hubert Gräser]])<br /> ::: 8th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> <br /> ===Army reserve===<br /> :: [[File:FPD HG Symbol.svg|20px]] [[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|'''Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1''']]<br /> <br /> ====[[I Parachute Corps (Germany)|German I Parachute Corps]]====<br /> : Under Kesselring's direct command)&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 586.&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Both divisions were released to XIV Panzer Corps on 18 January&lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis551&quot;/&gt;|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}<br /> : Lieutenant-General [[Alfred Schlemm]]<br /> :: [[File:29th Infanterie Division Logo.svg|25px]] [[29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''29th Panzergrenadier Division''']]<br /> ::: 15th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 71st Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 129th Armoured Reconnaissance battalion<br /> :::: 129th Panzer battalion<br /> :::: 29th Artillery Regiment<br /> :::: 29th Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 29th Engineer battalion<br /> :: [[File:90th leichte Afrika Division Logo 2.svg|20px]] [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|'''90th Panzergrenadier Division''']]<br /> ::: 155th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment<br /> :::: 3 battalions<br /> ::: Divisional troops<br /> :::: 190th Armoured Reconnaissance battalion<br /> :::: 190th Panzer battalion<br /> :::: 190th Artillery Regiment<br /> :::: 90th Anti-tank battalion<br /> :::: 90th Engineer battalion<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> ; Footnotes<br /> {{Reflist|group=Note}}<br /> ; Citations<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{cite book|first=John| last=Ellis| title=Cassino, The Hollow Victory: The Battle for Rome, January-June 1944| location=London| publisher=Arum Press| year=2003| orig-date=1984| isbn=1-85410-916-2 }}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://www.unithistories.com/default.asp |title=World War II unit histories and officers |accessdate=2010-10-30 |last=Houterman |first=Hans |author2=Koppes, Jeroen |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626104300/http://www.unithistories.com/default.asp |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{cite book| first=H. F.| last=Joslen| title=Orders of battle : Second World War, 1939-1945| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press| location=Uckfield| year=2003| orig-date=1st Pub. [[HMSO]] 1960| isbn=1-84342-474-6}}<br /> * {{cite book|first3=Major-General H.L.| last3=Davies| last2=with Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last1=Molony| first1=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Gleave| first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=Sir James| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| orig-date=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1973| isbn=1-84574-069-6| name-list-style=amp}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/OOBDefault.aspx |title=Orders of Battle.com |accessdate=2010-10-30 |last= |first= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717145740/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/OOBDefault.aspx |archivedate=17 July 2007 |df=dmy }}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=30 |title=Axis History Factbook: German army order of battle |accessdate=2010-10-30 |last=Wendell |first=Marcus |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029135233/http://axishistory.com/index.php?id=30 |archivedate=29 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:World War II orders of battle|Monte Cassino]]<br /> [[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]<br /> [[Category:Battle of Monte Cassino]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saakshyam_(soundtrack)&diff=531507 2025-05-09T18:17:25Z

<p>Abhinavsinghshiva: Made new stub first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox album <br /> | name = Saakshyam<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br /> | cover = Saakshyam album cover.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Album cover<br /> | released = 7 July 2018<br /> | recorded = 2017{{ndash}}2018<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio = * Sound Works Studio, [[Hyderabad]]<br /> * [[Shadab Rayeen|New Edge Studios]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 42:59<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Junglee Music]]<br /> | producer = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]<br /> | prev_year = 2018<br /> | next_title = [[Kabir Singh (soundtrack)|Kabir Singh]]<br /> | next_year = 2012<br /> | misc = <br /> {{Singles<br /> | name = Saakshyam<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Soundarya Lahari<br /> | single1date = 4 May 2018<br /> | single2 = Design Your Destiny<br /> | single2date = 13 May 2018<br /> | single3 = Panchabhoothalu<br /> | single3date = 7 July 2018<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saakshyam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] for the 2018 Telugu-language [[fantasy]] [[action film]] [[Saakshyam|of the same name]] starring [[Bellamkonda]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] in lead roles, directed by [[Sriwass]]. The album consists of eight songs with. Lyrics were penned by [[Ananta Sriram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-02/Sakshyam-audio-launch-on-July-7/394345|title='Sakshyam' audio launch on July 7|first=The Hans|last=India|date=July 2, 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702004237/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-02/Sakshyam-audio-launch-on-July-7/394345|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtrack album was released by [[Junglee Music]] on 7 July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/saakshyam-july27th.html|title=Saakshyam Audio, Trailer Gets Good Response, Release on July 27th - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821205919/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/saakshyam-july27th.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release coincided with a promotional event held at the [[Shilpakala Vedika]], [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sakshyam-gets-its-audio-launch-date-locked.html|title=Sakshyam gets its audio launch date locked|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019175835/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sakshyam-gets-its-audio-launch-date-locked.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The album received positive reviews from critics, praising Harshavardhan Rameshwar's composition, and lyrics. The track &quot;Panchabhoothalu&quot; (also known as &quot;Shivam Shivam&quot;) was highly praised.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-20/Saakshyam-audio-evokes-tremendous-response/399768|title='Saakshyam' audio evokes tremendous response|first=The Hans|last=India|date=July 20, 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2022-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114609/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-20/Saakshyam-audio-evokes-tremendous-response/399768|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tracks topped the charts and [[FM station]]s.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In May 2017, [[Devi Sri Prasad]] was reportedly approached to compose music for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220517/new-beginnings.html|title=New beginnings|first=Pranita|last=Jonnalagedda|date=May 22, 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509023941/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220517/new-beginnings.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later it was reported that Shakthikanth Karthick would compose the music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/saakshyams-intriguing-motion-poster-raises-curiosity.html|title=Saakshyam's intriguing motion poster raises curiosity &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509025956/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/saakshyams-intriguing-motion-poster-raises-curiosity.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] was confirmed to compose the songs and score for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-team-holds-annadanam-at-blind-school-in-nalgonda/articleshow/65224180.cms|title='Saakshyam' team holds annadanam at blind school in Nalgonda|newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 1, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108003035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-team-holds-annadanam-at-blind-school-in-nalgonda/articleshow/65224180.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/telugu-action-fantasy-thriller-saakshyam-to-be-backed-by-eros-2126962.html|title=Telugu action fantasy thriller Saakshyam to be backed by Eros|website=Zee News|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2023-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205140237/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/telugu-action-fantasy-thriller-saakshyam-to-be-backed-by-eros-2126962.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sreenivas revealed &quot;Harshawardhan has worked on this one for a year without taking up any other project. He dedicated himself to it completely.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyams-audio-launch-was-a-starry-affair/articleshow/64904822.cms|title=Saakshyam's audio launch was a starry affair|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 8, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyams-audio-launch-was-a-starry-affair/articleshow/64904822.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ananta Sriram]], who also played a prominent role in the film was signed to write lyrics for the tracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/saakshyam-gets-surprise-ananta-sriram/|title=Saakshyam gets surprise from Ananta Sriram|first=Tollywood|last=Desk|date=July 9, 2018|website=Tollywood|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=April 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419182444/https://www.tollywood.net/saakshyam-gets-surprise-ananta-sriram/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He earlier collaborated with Sriwass for ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' (2010), ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' (2014) and ''[[Loukyam]]'' (2014). The film also marked his second collaboration with Sreenivas after ''[[Speedunnodu]]'' (2016). The music rights were bagged by [[Junglee Music]] of [[Times Music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/saakshyam-junglee-music-acquires-the-music-rights-of-the-much-awaited-telugu-film/articleshow/65038612.cms|title='Saakshyam': Junglee Music acquires the music rights of the much-awaited Telugu film|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 18, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408192410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/saakshyam-junglee-music-acquires-the-music-rights-of-the-much-awaited-telugu-film/articleshow/65038612.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an interview, the producer [[Abhishek Pictures|Abhishek Nama]] said &quot;No song is unnecessary. The story demanded the 13-minute-long song rendered by SPB, Jesudas, Kailash Kher, Hariharan and Bombay Jayashree. It's about the five elements.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saakshyam-is-a-content-driven-film-abhishek-nama-hollywood-news-217835|title='Saakshyam' is a content-driven film: Abhishek Nama - Hollywood News|date=July 23, 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024448/https://www.indiaglitz.com/saakshyam-is-a-content-driven-film-abhishek-nama-hollywood-news-217835|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> The track &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot; was sung by [[Haricharan]], [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]] and Harshavardhan Rameshwar himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/3626/saakshyam/jukebox/10393|title=Listen to 'Jukebox' from 'saakshyam' telugu|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092013/https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/3626/saakshyam/jukebox/10393|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Ishq Karle&quot; was recorded by [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]], Janani and Yadhu Krishnan. The song &quot;Soundarya Lahari&quot; was sung by [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]] and Aarthi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/saakshyam-first-lyrical-song-soundarya-lahari-released/articleshow/64033171.cms|title=సౌందర్య లహరి.. 'సాక్ష్యం'కి ఈ ఒక్క మెలోడి చాలు!|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091617/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/saakshyam-first-lyrical-song-soundarya-lahari-released/articleshow/64033171.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The track &quot;Dung Dung Dung Dung&quot; was [[Padmalatha]], [[M. M. Manasi]] and [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]. The team roped in [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Bombay Jayashri]] to sing the 12-minute ([[Pancha Bhuta|Panchamahabhuta]]) song titled &quot;Shivam Shivam&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/five-esteemed-singers-roped-in-for-a-single-song-in-bellamkonda-srinivas-and-pooja-hegde-starrer-saakshyam/articleshow/64380836.cms|title=Five esteemed singers roped in for a song in Bellamkonda Srinivas and Pooja Hegde starrer 'Saakshyam'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=May 30, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525174458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/five-esteemed-singers-roped-in-for-a-single-song-in-bellamkonda-srinivas-and-pooja-hegde-starrer-saakshyam/articleshow/64380836.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song was based on five [[classical elements]]{{ndash}} [[Earth (classical element)|Earth]], [[Water (classical element)|Water]], [[Air (classical element)|Air]], [[Fire (classical element)|Fire]] and [[Aether (classical element)|Aether]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/unique-musical-treat-in-saakshyam.html|title=Unique musical treat in Saakshyam &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=May 30, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509023943/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/unique-musical-treat-in-saakshyam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The next track &quot;Cheliya Choode&quot; was recorded by [[Madhu Priya]] along with Harshavardhan Rameshwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/3626/saakshyam/cheliya-choode/10387|title=Listen to '&quot;Cheliya Choode&quot;' from 'saakshyam' telugu|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092040/https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/3626/saakshyam/cheliya-choode/10387|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[K. J. Yesudas]] provided his voice for the song &quot;Bhava Maaya&quot;. The track &quot;Thatra Gandhavathi Pruthvi&quot; was sung by [[Bombay Jayashri]]. [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] recorded &quot;Om Agnirwa Apa&quot;. The song was sung by &quot;Sapdha Gunakam&quot; [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]. [[Kailash Kher]] provided his voice for the final track &quot;Gange Jayamu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/3626/saakshyam/songs|title=Saakshyam Telugu Movie - Music|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091627/https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/3626/saakshyam/songs|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marketing and release ==<br /> On 3 May 2018, makers announced that the first single would release on the next day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-the-first-single-from-the-film-to-be-out-on-may-4/articleshow/64017263.cms|title='Saakshyam': The first single from the film to be out on May 4|newspaper=The Times of India |date=May 3, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-the-first-single-from-the-film-to-be-out-on-may-4/articleshow/64017263.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |author=ABHISHEK PICTURES |user=AbhishekPicture |number=991961943685632001 |title=First single #SoundaryaLahari from #Saakshyam will be out on May 4th. Ft @BSaiSreenivas @hegdepooja.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first single titled &quot;Soundarya Lahari&quot; was released on 4 May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/saakshyam-first-song-soundarya-lahari-is-a-love-ballad-featuring-bellamkonda-sreenivas-and-pooja-hegde/articleshow/64029619.cms|title='Saakshyam' first song: 'Soundarya Lahari' is a love ballad featuring Bellamkonda Sreenivas and Pooja Hegde|newspaper=The Times of India |date=May 4, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/saakshyam-first-song-soundarya-lahari-is-a-love-ballad-featuring-bellamkonda-sreenivas-and-pooja-hegde/articleshow/64029619.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/tn/612172/telugu.html|title='సాక్ష్యం' మూవీ నుంచి ఫస్టు సింగిల్ రిలీజ్|date=May 4, 2018|website=ap7am.com|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091624/https://www.ap7am.com/tn/612172/telugu.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 May 2019, makers announced that the second single would release soon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |author=𝐕𝐚𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐤𝐚𝐫 |user=AbhishekPicture |number=995671419445891073 |title=The second single &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot; from #Saakshyam coming your way.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the second single &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot; was released on 13 May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |author=ISparkmedia |user=Isparkmediaaa |number=994836931572830210 |title=Sakshyam Second Single #Designyourdestiny Release date| #saakshyam}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With both the released singles receiving good response, the makers decided to release other songs along with the album.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/saakshyam-audio-launch-on-july-7th/articleshow/64795364.cms|title='సాక్ష్యం' ఆడియో విడుదల తేదీ ఖరారు!|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091626/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/saakshyam-audio-launch-on-july-7th/articleshow/64795364.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saakshyam-audio-launch-to-be-a-grand-affair-malayalam-news-216482|title='Saakshyam' audio launch to be a grand affair - Malayalam News|date=June 29, 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091706/https://www.indiaglitz.com/saakshyam-audio-launch-to-be-a-grand-affair-malayalam-news-216482|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, it was reported that audio will release in a promotional event in early 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-audio-launch-release-date-revealed/articleshow/64867177.cms|title='Saakshyam' audio launch release date revealed|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 5, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106114047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-audio-launch-release-date-revealed/articleshow/64867177.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-12603-|title=Saakshyam Audio Release Date Announced|website=suryaa|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092707/https://cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-12603-|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The third single titled &quot;Panchabhoothalu&quot; was released on 7 July 2018 at 9:30 am in [[Red FM 93.5]], by Bellamkonda Sreenivas, Pooja Hegde, Sriwass and Anantha Sriram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-12842-saakshyam-theme-song-to-be-out-tomorrow.html|title=Saakshyam theme song to be out tomorrow|website=suryaa|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092658/https://www.cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-12842-saakshyam-theme-song-to-be-out-tomorrow.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The audio launch event was held on 7 July 2012, evening at [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Hyderabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-saakshyam.html|title=Saakshyam music launch - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509025001/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-saakshyam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lyrical video of &quot;Shivam Shivam&quot; was released on 20 July 2018 on [[YouTube]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-shivam-shivam-lyrical-video-from-the-film-to-release-on-july-20/articleshow/65067499.cms|title='Saakshyam': 'Shivam Shivam' lyrical video from the film to release on July 20|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 20, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-shivam-shivam-lyrical-video-from-the-film-to-release-on-july-20/articleshow/65067499.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music videos ==<br /> Videos were Choreographed by dance choreographers [[Shobi Paulraj]], Raghu and Bhanu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/64752/saakshyam-cast-crew.aspx|title=Saakshyam (2018) &amp;#124; Cast &amp; Crew &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; Galleries &amp;#124; Movie Posters &amp;#124; Watch Saakshyam Movie Online|website=Ragalahari|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024539/https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/64752/saakshyam-cast-crew.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The full video of the first single &quot;Soundarya Lahari&quot; was released on 25 February 2019. Music video featuring Sreenivas and Hegde was shot on a busy street at [[New York City]] in late-April 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sakshyam-in-song-shoot-mode.html|title=Saakshyam in song shoot mode &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=April 22, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024452/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sakshyam-in-song-shoot-mode.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-dance-in-saakshyam-in-15-minutes-1217711-2018-04-22|title=Whoa! Pooja Hegde perfects a dance sequence in just 15 minutes|date=April 22, 2018|website=India Today|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422151543/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-dance-in-saakshyam-in-15-minutes-1217711-2018-04-22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video song of &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot; (also known as &quot;Wake Up Boys&quot;) was released on 8 March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/saakshyam-song-wake-up-boys/videoshow/68315669.cms|title=Saakshyam &amp;#124; Song - Wake Up Boys &amp;#124; Telugu Video Songs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2020-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304001417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/saakshyam-song-wake-up-boys/videoshow/68315669.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video song was shot in December 2017 at [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/update-on-bellamkonda-sais-saakshyam.html|title=Update on Bellamkonda Sai's Saakshyam &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=December 17, 2017|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509025955/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/update-on-bellamkonda-sais-saakshyam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;You are literally flying 20 feet high in the air [on [[flyboard]]], trying to balance yourself on the water. It hurts very bad when you fall, but it was so much fun. I like to do all he stunts myself, because it makes them more believable. I also did [[sandboard]]ing, [[jet ski]]ing and even did stunts on a [[BMX bike|BMX cycle]] for my opening sequence&quot;, Sreenivas on production of music video of the song &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-unveiled-a-side-of-me-that-i-didnt-know-existed-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas/articleshow/65150964.cms|title=Saakshyam unveiled a side of me that I didn't know existed: Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 27, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509030959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-unveiled-a-side-of-me-that-i-didnt-know-existed-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas/articleshow/65150964.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The music video of &quot;Ishq Karle&quot; was shot in [[Grand Canyon]] in mid-April 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sai-pooja-hegde-shoot-saakshyam-in-exotic-us-locales.html|title=Sai, Pooja Hegde shoot Saakshyam in exotic US locales &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=April 9, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024449/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sai-pooja-hegde-shoot-saakshyam-in-exotic-us-locales.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100418/saakshyam-will-be-a-visual-feast.html|title=Saakshyam will be a visual feast'|first=D. C.|last=Correspondent|date=April 10, 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024453/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100418/saakshyam-will-be-a-visual-feast.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hegde said &quot;It was my first visit to Grand Canyon in USA, and it was quite a surreal feeling to shoot there&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-on-playing-spiritual-leader-in-saakshyam-ive-always-focused-on-character-than-my-look-4831761.html|title=Pooja Hegde on playing spiritual leader in Saakshyam: I've always focused on character than my look|date=July 27, 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=January 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129215922/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-on-playing-spiritual-leader-in-saakshyam-ive-always-focused-on-character-than-my-look-4831761.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The jukebox of full video songs were released on 10 May 2019 on YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMyghLDdVsA|title=Saakshyam Video Jukebox &amp;#124; Saakshyam &amp;#124; Bellamkonda Srinivas, Pooja Hegde|date=9 May 2019 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509064141/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMyghLDdVsA|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed =<br /> | headline =Track-List<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Anantha Sriram]]<br /> | total_length = 42:59<br /> | title1 = Design Your Destiny<br /> | extra1 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], [[Haricharan]], [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]]<br /> | length1 = 4:53<br /> | title2 = Ishq Karle<br /> | extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]], Yadhu Krishnan, Janani<br /> | length2 = 3:44<br /> | title3 = Soundarya Lahari<br /> | extra3 = [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]], Aarthi<br /> | length3 = 4:18<br /> | title4 = Dung Dung Dung Dung<br /> | extra4 = [[Padmalatha]], [[M. M. Manasi]] and [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]<br /> | length4 = 4:07<br /> | title5 = Shivam Shivam<br /> | extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]<br /> | length5 = 12:18<br /> | title6 = Cheliya Choode<br /> | extra6 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], [[Madhu Priya]]<br /> | length6 = 3:25<br /> | title7 = Bhava Maaya<br /> | extra7 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> | length7 = 2:23<br /> | title8 = Thatra Gandhavathi Pruthvi<br /> | extra8 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]<br /> | length8 = 2:15<br /> | title9 = Om Agnirwa Apa<br /> | extra9 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> | length9 = 2:17<br /> | title10 = Sapdha Gunakam<br /> | extra10 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> | length10 = 1:12<br /> | title11 = Gange Jayamu<br /> | extra11 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br /> | length11 = 2:08<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Reviewing the track &quot;Design Your Destiny&quot;, ''IndiaGlitz'' critic wrote &quot;It's fit to be a hero's introduction song and music director Harshavardhan Rameshwar selects the right mix of voices.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/song-review-design-your-destiny-saakshyam-telugu-news-213736|title=Song Review: Design Your Destiny ('Saakshyam') - Telugu News|date=May 14, 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092700/https://www.indiaglitz.com/song-review-design-your-destiny-saakshyam-telugu-news-213736|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vyas of ''[[The Hans India]]'' noted &quot;Harshavardhan Rameshwar's music is decent whereas the lyrics by Ananth Sriram are awesome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-27/Saakshyam-Movie-Review-Rating-2755/401551|title=Saakshyam Movie Review &amp; Rating {2.75/5}|date=July 27, 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote &quot;Music scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar is good and background music is also good&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/saakshyam.html|title=Saakshyam review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivasa, Pooja Hegde|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043230/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/saakshyam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hemanth Kumar CR of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote &quot;Harshavardhan Rameshwar’s background score &quot;works quite well&quot;&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saakshyam-movie-review-sai-sreenivas-pooja-hegde-starrer-has-grand-ideas-that-get-lost-along-the-way-4836381.html|title=Saakshyam movie review: Sai Sreenivas, Pooja Hegde starrer has grand ideas that get lost along the way|date=July 27, 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=December 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203233753/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saakshyam-movie-review-sai-sreenivas-pooja-hegde-starrer-has-grand-ideas-that-get-lost-along-the-way-4836381.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; VikramGuru of ''Chitramala'' wrote Harshavardhan Rameshwar &quot;has given some catchy tunes and delivered a winning album for his debut. Soundarya Lahari and Shivam Shivam are our picks. He again mesmerised and has shown his talent in scoring hitting background score.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitramala.in/saakshyam-review-270495.html|title=Saakshyam Review|date=July 27, 2018|website=Chitramala|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=September 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926125926/https://www.chitramala.in/saakshyam-review-270495.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' opined &quot;Music is by Harshwardhan Rameshwar and most songs have a “mass” touch.&quot; His background score is good.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290718/saakshyam-movie-review-return-of-the-nri-to-kill.html|title=Saakshyam movie review: Return of the NRI, to kill|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=July 29, 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=August 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828045708/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290718/saakshyam-movie-review-return-of-the-nri-to-kill.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekhar H Hooli of ''[[International Business Times]]'' wrote Harshwardhan Rameshwar's background score is decent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/saakshyam-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-776198|title=Sakshyam review: Sriwass' script, Sreenivas' acting, rich production values wow audience|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|date=July 27, 2018|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812133024/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/saakshyam-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-776198|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> The songs were trending on all [[FM station]]s and charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-the-film-to-release-on-july-27-as-per-schedule/articleshow/65118121.cms|title='Saakshyam': The film to release on July 27 as per schedule|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 24, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saakshyam-the-film-to-release-on-july-27-as-per-schedule/articleshow/65118121.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track &quot;Panchabhoothalu&quot; (also known as &quot;Shivam Shivam&quot;) was the highlight of the album and was highly praised.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/young-lyricists-crucial-cameo-in-saakshyam.html|title=Young lyricist's crucial cameo in Saakshyam &amp;#124; Latest Telugu cinema news &amp;#124; Movie reviews &amp;#124; OTT Updates, OTT|date=July 8, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2024|archive-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610080535/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/young-lyricists-crucial-cameo-in-saakshyam.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the success of the film's soundtrack album, [[Times Music]] COO Mandar Thakur stated &quot;''Saakshyam'' features great music which is garnering an amazing response! Kudos to director Sriwass and music director Harshavardhan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/180718-junglee-music-acquires-the-music|title=Junglee Music acquires the music rights of 'Saakshyam'|website=www.radioandmusic.com|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530143859/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/180718-junglee-music-acquires-the-music|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> [[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:Fantasy film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Adventure film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Action film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]</div>

Abhinavsinghshiva