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Archibald Eden

2026-05-14T09:55:13Z

Abhijit: New Initial Info V1 - done

{{Short description|British army officer (1872–1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
| name = Archibald Eden
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG|DSO}}
| image = AJF Eden, 1915.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1872|01|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1956|05|08|1872|01|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Winchester, Hampshire]]
| burial_place =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years = 1892–1924
| rank = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[War of the Golden Stool]]
*[[Second Boer War]]
*[[First World War]]
**[[First Battle of Ypres]]
**[[Battle of Loos]]
**[[Battle of the Somme]]
**[[Third Battle of the Aisne]]
**[[Battle of the Sambre (1918)|Battle of the Sambre]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
| spouse = Isabella Ann Weir
| children = 2
| relations = General [[William Hassell Eden]] (grandfather) Brigadier General [[William Rushbrooke Eden]] (brother)
| other_work =
}}
[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]] '''Archibald James Fergusson Eden''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|CMG|DSO}} (20 January 1872 − 8 May 1956) was a career officer in the [[British Army]]. He received his commission in 1892 and actively served until 23 March 1924, after which he remained a figure in military circles, organising memorials, overseeing parades and attending military dinners. He was also a direct descendant of [[Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland]].{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=135}}

==Early life==
[[File:AJF Eden, 10.jpg|thumb|Archibald at age 10, 1882]]
Archibald Eden was born in [[Faizabad]], [[British India]], on 20 January 1872, the son of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] Archibald Duffield Eden<ref>{{Cite web|title=Family Tree – The Cobbold Family History Trust|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/3558|access-date=2021-02-11|website=family-tree.cobboldfht.com}}</ref> and his wife Emma Louisa Jarvis. He was the oldest of three brothers, his two younger siblings being Cecil Harold Eden and Brigadier General [[William Rushbrooke Eden]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Family Tree – The Cobbold Family History Trust|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/3570|access-date=2021-02-11|website=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> His grandfather was General [[William Hassell Eden]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Hassall Eden – National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw245093/William-Hassall-Eden|access-date=2021-02-11|website=www.npg.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> of the [[90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers)|90th Regiment of Foot]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Family Tree – The Cobbold Family History Trust|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/tree/view/person:3549|access-date=2021-02-11|website=family-tree.cobboldfht.com}}</ref> He was educated at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury College]] from May 1885 to December 1889.

In 1903 Eden married Isabella Ann Weir,<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 1956|title=Brig.-Gen. A. J. F. Eden|work=[[The Times]]|issue=53526}}</ref> the daughter of the Rector of [[Tydavnet]] in [[County Antrim]], Ireland, with his brother William serving as his best man. Eden and Isabella had two daughters, Louisa Marjorie on 12 September 1906 and Dorothy Isabella in 1909. Louisa died on 8 January 1907.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Family Tree – The Cobbold Family History Trust|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/3568|access-date=2020-06-24|website=family-tree.cobboldfht.com}}</ref>

==Military career==
Eden was commissioned from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], on 18 June 1892 as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Oxfordshire Light Infantry]] (the regiment became the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry on 16 October 1908).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26298/page/3517|title=London Gazette June 17, 1892, page 3517|date=June 17, 1892|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> He completed a musketry course at Hythe in 1894.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 43rd & 52nd Light infantry chronicle, 1894.|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnzrmw?urlappend=%3Bseq=52|access-date=2021-08-29|via=HathiTrust| publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode |hdl = 2027/hvd.hnzrmw?urlappend=%3Bseq=52|language=en}}</ref>

Eden was granted the temporary rank of captain for service in West Africa on 5 February 1898,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The London Gazette, Publication date:8 February 1898, Issue:26936, Page:769|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26936/page/769|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126130900/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26936/page/769 |archive-date=2017-01-26 }}</ref> and the 12 February 1898 edition of ''The Colonies and India'' newspaper lists Eden as bound from [[Liverpool]] for [[Forçados]], [[Nigeria]], on board the British and African Steam Navigation Company ([[Elder Dempster Lines|Elder Dempster and Company]]) Steamship ''Batanga'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=12 Feb 1898, Page 32 - The Colonies and India at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=8716407&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM1Njk3OTI1LCJpYXQiOjE2MTM0Nzc3NTQsImV4cCI6MTYxMzU2NDE1NH0.W5xdqXiCrOVUSB8GUBk_2rEiDeLm4GhJeS0DMu5eVRU|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Newspapers.com| date=1898 | page=32 |language=en}}</ref> with the end destination being [[Ibadan]] via [[Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 February 1898|title=Morning Post – Saturday 05 February 1898|work=Morning Post}}</ref> He was then serving in the hinterland of Lagos in Nigeria instructing a new regiment made up of Yoruba locals, entitling him to the [[East and West Africa Medal]] with 1897–1898 clasp.<ref>{{Cite book|last=HMSO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mK-BAAAQBAJ&q=a+j+f+eden+hinterland&pg=PA510|title=Quarterly Army List for the Quarter Ending 31st December, 1919 – Volume 2|date=2012-02-07|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78150-295-2|language=en}}</ref>

===War of the Golden Stool===
On 23 September 1899 Eden is listed as being aboard the British and African Steam Navigation Company Royal Mail ship SS ''Bornu'', embarking from Liverpool with the destination once again being Forçados. This time he was accompanied by a number of the officers who would go on to take part in the [[War of the Golden Stool]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 September 1899|title=The Liverpool Mercury, 25 September 1899|work=The Liverpool Mercury}}</ref> Then-Colonel Sir [[James Willcocks]] himself was among them, and he alludes to the journey in his own writings.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willcocks|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4958|title=Romance of soldiering and sport|date=1925|publisher=Cassell and Company, London}}</ref>

During the War of the Golden Stool, whilst serving with the 2nd Battalion of the [[Royal West African Frontier Force|West African Frontier Force]], Eden (promoted to full [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 24 February 1900 after a superior was taken [[prisoner of war]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27179/page/2198|title=London Gazette, citation for Eden's promotion to Captain|date=April 3, 1900}}</ref> was mentioned twice in the ''[[The London Gazette|London Gazette]]'' by Willcocks as part of his 14 August 1900 despatch and his conduct summed up as follows:<blockquote>This officer has shown great aptitude for commanding native soldiers; under his able guidance the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] has proved himself quite equal to the [[Hausa people|Hausa]]; he led the charge at [[Kumasi]]. I sincerely trust he will be rewarded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27253/page/8210|title=James Willcocks 14/08/1900 despatch RE Ashanti War}}</ref></blockquote>Sir [[Francis Charles Fuller|Francis Fuller]]‘s book ''A Vanished Dynasty: Ashanti'' references that Eden was left in command of the fort at Kumasi on the 17 July with two officers, a doctor, two British NCO’s and 175 men (Willcocks give an alternate number of 160 men with the five British officers and NCO's).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=Sir Francis Charles Bernard Dudley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z50qexNM6DUC&q=captain+eden+ashanti&pg=PA208|title=A Vanished Dynasty: Ashanti|date=1968|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-1663-6|language=en}}</ref> This is corroborated by Captain [[Cecil Hamilton Armitage|C. H. Armitage]] DSO and Lieutenant Colonel A. F. Montanaro R.A. in their collaborative work ''The Ashanti Campaign of 1900.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage|first=Arthur Forbes Montanaro|url=http://archive.org/details/ashanticampaign00montgoog|title=The Ashanti Campaign of 1900|date=1901|publisher=Sands & Co.|others=unknown library|language=en}}</ref> Eden is otherwise mentioned by name multiple times in the work, with one instance being a recollection that Eden and his men successfully took the village of [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Trede,+Ghana/@6.5745532,-1.6815092,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xfdb9000e1ada07d:0x869e0dda02fe3dbf!8m2!3d6.5742269!4d-1.672425 Trede] by means of a bayonet charge. His leading of his men in a flanking charge on a stockade is also mentioned, with various other actions being touched upon. The final mention of Eden in the book covers that it was his responsibility to march with his men to Inkawe, returning "reporting that there was no foundation for the news respecting the movement of the rebel leaders into the south". By this stage Eden has been consistently referred to as local Major, although his official rank remained Captain. In ''The Relief of Kumasi'' by Captain Harold C. J. Biss he mentions of the charge on Kumasi that "Captain Eden's company had been allotted the privilege of leading, on the ground that he had volunteered to remain in the fort after it had been relieved.".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harold C. J. Biss|url=http://archive.org/details/reliefkumasi00bissgoog|title=The Relief of Kumasi|date=1901|publisher=Methuen|others=University of Michigan|language=English}}</ref> Willcocks also corroborates Eden's volunteering to remain at Kumasi in his book ''The Romance of Soldiering and Sport,'' as well as recounting that: "About two miles out from Kumassi the sound of guns from the fort could be heard, and we afterwards learnt that Eden had placed the garrison under cover, and thus drawn out the enemy to explore the precincts. When a good number had come out into the open, [[RML 7-pounder mountain gun|7-pounders]] and [[Maxim gun|Maxims]] were turned on them with excellent effect."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willcocks|first=James|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015074830525|title=The romance of soldiering and sport.|date=1925|publisher=London|hdl=2027/mdp.39015074830525}}</ref> Willcocks later said in ''The Great Drama Of Kumasi'' that: "In my opinion the garrison left behind at Kumasi was altogether unequal to the task of holding fort, and nothing less than fear of Ashantis to attack could have saved them notwithstanding strong fort", implying that if not for Eden's ruse in setting up an ordnance ambush to scare the Ashanti the garrison could have suffered severely.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montagu|first=Hall Wynyard|url=http://archive.org/details/greatdramaofkuma030748mbp|title=The Great Drama Of Kumasi|date=1939|publisher=Putnam Limited Press|others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>

His involvement in this campaign made him eligible for the [[Ashanti Medal|Ashanti medal]] with Kumassi clasp, and he is mentioned as being one of the officers involved in ''Letters from a Bush Campaign'' by David Martineau Haylings,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haylings|first=David Martineau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Bk1AQAAIAAJ|title=Letters from a bush campaign|date=1902|publisher=S. H. E. Foxwell|language=en}}</ref> the war correspondent for ''[[Black & White (magazine)|Black & White]].''

===Second Boer War===
Eden was involved in the [[Second Boer War]], having been sent there to join his regiment following his campaign in Ashanti.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} He was promoted to brevet major on 15 January 1901,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The London Gazette|date=January 15, 1901|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27266/page/308/data.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117215630/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27266/page/308/data.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-17 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> and from December 1901 to May 1902 was taking part in operations in [[Orange River Colony]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo Boer War, war services of officers|url=https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/ArmyList1905-e.pdf}}</ref>

In March 1902 ''The Daily News'' reports that he was discharged from hospital, indicating that he had either been wounded or fallen sick.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 March 1902|title=The Daily News, Saturday, March 8, 1902.|work=The Daily News}}</ref>

On 13 September 1902 Eden embarked from South Africa for Southampton along with the rest of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry aboard the {{SS|Winifredian||2}}, due back in Southampton on 5 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo Boer War – Shipping records – September 1902|url=https://www.angloboerwar.com/other-information/86-shipping-records/1828-shipping-records-september-1902|website=www.angloboerwar.com|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Archive Page Viewer {{!}} September 19, 1902 {{!}} The Times|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/tto/archive/frame/article/1902-09-19/6/3.html|access-date=2020-12-24|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

Following the war he was eligible for the [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] with five clasps; [[Cape Colony]], [[Orange Free State]], [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]], South Africa 1901 and South Africa 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3763955|title=National Archives Second Boer War medal rolls}}</ref>

===Early 1900s===
On the 1 April 1902 Eden's rank of captain was instituted within his regiment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The London Gazette, Publication date:2 May 1902, Issue:27430, Page:2936|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27430/page/2936|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214042206/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27430/page/2936 |archive-date=2017-02-14 }}</ref>

During the period between the Second Boer War and the [[World War I|First World War]] Eden became the last [[adjutant]] of the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of The Oxfordshire Light Infantry, finishing this service on 31 March 1908.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Bucks Kings Own Militia|url=http://www.lightbobs.com/royal-bucks-kings-own-militia.html|website=Please scroll down for content|language=en|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> He was also posted in India for a period of time during this decade, serving as the Station Staff Officer and Assistant Cantonment Magistrate of the garrison at [[Sabathu|Subathu]] from October 1904.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 1904|title=The Oxfordshire Weekly News, Wednesday, October 19, 1904|work=The Oxfordshire Weekly News}}</ref> The [[Soldiers of Oxfordshire Museum]] holds a photograph of him and his company dated December 1906 taken in [[Lucknow]] with Eden named as a Major in this photograph due to his Brevet Major status, but he was fully promoted to Major on 18 September 1911.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The London Gazette, Publication date:3 October 1911, Issue:28538, Page:7197|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28538/page/7197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162826/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28538/page/7197 |archive-date=2021-09-02 }}</ref> In October 1911 following his promotion to full Major he was transferred to the 2nd Battalion in [[Aldershot]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 October 1911|title=The Globe, Saturday, October 14, 1911|work=The Globe}}</ref>

In 1909 he was a founding member of the Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Regimental Association, being named as the Honorary Secretary (pro tem).<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 1909|title=The Buckingham Express, Saturday, November 13, 1909|work=The Buckingham Express}}</ref>

===First World War===
In 1914 Eden was part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] along with the 2nd Battalion of the Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry as part of C Company<ref>{{Cite book|last=Westlake|first=Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D21-AwAAQBAJ&q=AJF+eden&pg=PT318|title=British Battalions in France & Belgium, 1914|date=1997-09-05|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1274-1|language=en}}</ref> and on 20 October 1914 is listed as the senior officer present, heading up the four companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205062220|title=The British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front, 1914–1915|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front, 1914–1915|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205062221|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4554499|title=Catalogue description: 5 Infantry Brigade: 2 Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry|date=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The diary for the period covering the First Battle of Ypres records an attack towards [[Poelcappelle]] on the 21 October 1914 as having resulted in Eden being wounded. ''The Story of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry'' by [[Henry Newbolt|Sir Henry Newbolt]] goes into more detail, explaining that the battalion was attempting to storm a gated gap in a hedge covered by machine guns and barbed wire that stood between them and the German defences, with Eden being one of ten officer casualties and circa 200 enlisted men casualties from this action.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newbolt|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=On7MngEACAAJ&q=The+Story+of+the+Oxfordshire+and+Buckinghamshire+Light+Infantry|title=The Story of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry|date=1915|publisher=Country life|language=en}}</ref> He was taken away by ambulance, returning on the 5 January 1915. On the 1 April 1915 he is listed as being part of the battalion headquarters and once again the commanding officer and was mentioned by [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Field Marshal French]] in his 31 May 1915 despatch,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 June 1915|title=London Gazette 18 June 1915|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29200/supplement/5998|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=French|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2W-BAAAQBAJ&q=AJF+eden&pg=PA526|title=Complete Despatches of Lord French 1914–1916|date=2012-04-12|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78150-413-0|language=en}}</ref> which was followed by his promotion to Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel on 3 June 1915,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Edinburgh Gazette|date=June 29, 1915|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12824/page/930}}</ref> with this being recorded in the battalion diary on the 25 June 1915.

[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_Eden_in_France.jpeg|thumb|right|Eden in France]]

In April 1915 the following letter was published in ''[[Bucks Herald|The Bucks Herald]]'':
{{quote|To the Editor of The Bucks Herald.

Dear Sir, – Since the commencement of the war, now more than eight months ago, through the medium of your columns, very many kind friends have contributed to our "Regimental Comforts Fund." This has been most efficiently administered by Mrs. Davies, wife of our late Commanding Officer (now promoted Brigadier-General to command an Infantry Brigade). Through this fund the men have received innumerable presents of clothing (of all sorts) – sausages, milk, butter, sweets, chocolate, soap, stationary, cigarettes, tobacco, etc. – in fact, everything which could be reasonably purchased to provide the little extras which help so much to make their lot happier and time pass more quickly than it would ordinarily.

I cannot say how much all these comforts have been appreciated, or how grateful all ranks are for the kind thoughts which have prompted so many subscriptions. The end of the war cannot yet be foreseen, so I venture, with some diffidence, to ask for a continuance of the very kind support your readers have already given to the Fund.

Mrs. Davies has most kindly consented to continue the administration of it, and I feel sure the money will be, therefore, as usefully and economically expended in the future as heretofore.

Again assuring you of our very grateful thanks for all your labours for the Regiment in past years,

I remain, yours faithfully,

A. J. F. Eden, Major

Commanding 52nd Oxford & Bucks L.I.}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 1915|title=The Bucks Herald, April 24, 1915|work=The Bucks Herald}}</ref>
[[File:Lieutenant-Colonel_Eden_with_Captain_Ponsonby.jpeg|thumb|right|Eden with fellow officer Captain Ponsonby, KIA 09/09/1915, shot through the head and died across Eden’s knees]]

On 4 September 1915 Eden’s personal diary contained the following entry regarding the preparations for the Battle of Loos:
{{quote|Very large fatigue parties found by the Regiment to-night – 3 or 4 platoons at a time – in the trenches and at the bomb store. We are going to use gas, though the word must not be breathed. The whole thing is an absolute secret. The cylinders were brought up by rail to within a mile of the village, whence they were transferred in transport wagons to a rendezvous about two miles from the front trenches. Then each cylinder (commonly called a “rat”) was carried on men’s shoulders, with other men in relief; the carrying parties conveying their awkward loads not only noiselessly but with the greatest care.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Infantry |first=Oxfordshire And Buckinghamshire Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqVZYgEACAAJ |title=The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Chronicle, 1915–1916: An Annual Record of the First and Second Battalions, Formerly the 43rd and 52nd Light I. |publisher=Eyre And Spottiswoode. |language=en}}</ref>}}

On 25 October 1915 he was hospitalised once again, returning to command on the 8–10 November 1915. He was mentioned again by Field Marshal French in his 30 November 1915 despatch<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Supplement to the London Gazette|date=1 January 1916|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29422/supplement/46|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923235106/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29422/supplement/46 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=French|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2W-BAAAQBAJ&q=AJF+eden&pg=PA526|title=Complete Despatches of Lord French 1914–1916|date=2012-04-12|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78150-413-0|language=en}}</ref> and as of 15 December 1915 his battalion was part of the [[5th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Brigade]] with Eden in command of the battalion under Brigadier-General [[Charles Corkran|Corkran]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wyrall|first=Everard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2--BAAAQBAJ&q=oxford+and+bucks+regiment+eden&pg=PA246|title=The History of the Second Division 1914–1918 – Volume 1|date=2013-01-02|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78150-627-1|language=en}}</ref> His rank was increased to full Lieutenant-Colonel on 9 February 1916, backdated to the 18 September 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Supplement to the London Gazette|date=9 February 1916|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29468/supplement/1561|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122630/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29468/supplement/1561 |archive-date=2020-02-11 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>

In early 1916 Eden received a letter from then-[[Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne|Lieutenant-General Horne]] praising his battalion and regiment. An excerpt published in ''The Oxford Chronicle'' read as follows:
{{quote|I wish I had the opportunity of seeing you to thank all ranks of the 52nd for all that they have done for me. It has been a great honour to be associated with a battalion with such grand traditions, and I cannot say more than that I am confident that you have all not only maintained, but added, to those traditions. I am very grateful for the good work done, gallant fighting, and loyal support of the 52nd, and I wish you farewell and all good fortune. I hope we may be associated again before long.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 February 1916|title=The Oxford Chronicle, Friday, February 4, 1916|work=The Oxford Chronicle}}</ref>}}

He was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 3 June 1916<ref>{{Cite web|title=London Gazette Supplement:29608 2 June 1916|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29608/supplement/5567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The V.C. and D.S.O.: a complete record of all those officers, non-commissioned officers and men of His Majesty's Naval, Military and Air Forces who have been awarded these decorations from the time of their institution, with descriptions of the deeds and services which won the distinctions and with many biographical and other details. Vol. 3. Edited by Sir O'Moore Creagh and E. M. Humphris|url=http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b18707075|access-date=2020-05-28|website=Wellcome Library|language=en}}</ref> and was mentioned in despatches by [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|General Haig]] on 13 June 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|title=London Gazette Supplement:29623 13 June 1916|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29623/supplement/5944}}</ref>

On the 23 June 1916 the battalion diary reads: "In compliance with orders received Lt-Col A.J.F. Eden DSO proceeded on special duty to hdqts [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|4th Army]]", the Fourth Army being a field army formed to carry out the [[Battle of the Somme]]. He was wounded again at the Somme in October 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slough History Online – Homepage|url=http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=file&p=slough&f=slough.htm|access-date=2020-07-06|website=www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Slough, Eton & Windsor Observer originals microfilmed by The British Library. Microfilms digitised by Slough Libraries, Arts and Information Service.|title=Slough, Eton & Windsor Observer, 18/11/1916, page 5., Slough, Eton & Windsor Observer|url=http://www.sopse.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=gateway&f=generic_largerimage_postsearch.htm&_IXFIRST_=12517&_IXMAXHITS_=1&m=quick_sform&tc1=i&tc2=e&s=dLAGANbP1hI|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.sopse.org.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dead Donkeys: The Myth of the 'Château Generals' Part Six – 1918|url=http://thebignote.com/2019/01/22/the-dead-donkeys-the-myth-of-the-chateau-generals-part-six-1918/|last=Magicfingers|date=2019-01-22|website=With the British Army in Flanders & France|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

On 11 July 1916 Eden became the [[General Officer Commanding]] of the [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Infantry Brigade]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=24 Infantry Brigade: Headquarters|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14017273|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010303/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14017273 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=London Gazette citation 03/08/1916|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29693/supplement/7659/data.pdf}}</ref> but was stripped of his position along with multiple other officers following a full restructuring of command circa late December 1916.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Mathew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Om9-AwAAQBAJ&q=brigadier+eden&pg=PT95|title=Leadership In Conflict|date=1990-12-31|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1590-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Senior Army Appointments: 1860-|url=https://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201860-.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033048/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201860-.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> This does not seem to have stained his record as he is still referenced as being a Brigadier General in the battalion diary of the 2nd Oxford and Bucks dated 18 November 1917, noting a visit he made to his regiment. He appears to have been in command of the [[52nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|52nd Brigade]] circa April 1918,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The German Spring Offensive, March–July 1918|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205246513|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> but was knocked from his horse on 5 April 1918, wounding his leg. He was evacuated to hospital on 11 April 1918 and succeeded by Brigadier General [[Walter Allason]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surnames beginning 'A' – Lions led by donkeys – War Studies|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/warstudies/research/projects/lionsdonkeys/a.aspx|access-date=2021-02-16|website=University of Birmingham|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14053840 |title=Catalogue description: 52 Infantry Brigade: Headquarters. |date=1 April – 31 July 1918}}</ref> On 24 May Eden was recovered and, promoted again to temporary brigadier general, was placed in command of the [[57th Brigade (United Kingdom)|57th Infantry Brigade]], taking over from Major General [[Thomas Cubitt (British Army officer)|Thomas Cubitt]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30855|page=9771|date=20 August 1918|supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wyrall|first=Everard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snC-BAAAQBAJ&q=eden&pg=PA191|title=The Nineteenth Division: 1914–1918|date=2012-01-04|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78150-631-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The London Gazette, Publication date:20 August 1918, Supplement:30855, Page:9771|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30855/supplement/9771|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207183743/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30855/supplement/9771 |archive-date=2020-02-07 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=British Forces, Battle of the Aisne, 27 May to 6 June 1918|url=http://www.314th.org/Nafziger-Collection-of-Orders-of-Battle/918BEWA.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111150813/http://www.314th.org/Nafziger-Collection-of-Orders-of-Battle/918BEWA.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-11 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> This placed him as part of the [[19th (Western) Division]], under [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys (British Army officer)|Major General G.D. Jeffreys]], during the Third Battle of the Aisne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Forces, Battle of the Aisne, 27 May to 6 June 1918|url=http://www.314th.org/Nafziger-Collection-of-Orders-of-Battle/918BEWA.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111150813/http://www.314th.org/Nafziger-Collection-of-Orders-of-Battle/918BEWA.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-11 }}</ref>

On 10 August 1918 Eden's HQ was hit by a bomb, wounding him with shell splinters to the head,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dead Donkeys: The Myth of the 'Château Generals' Part Six – 1918|url=http://thebignote.com/2019/01/22/the-dead-donkeys-the-myth-of-the-chateau-generals-part-six-1918/|last=Magicfingers|date=2019-01-22|website=With the British Army in Flanders & France|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=Bill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKn9CQAAQBAJ&q=brigadier+eden&pg=PA377|title=Morland – Great War Corps Commander: War Diaries & Letters, 1914–1918|date=2015-06-28|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78462-278-7|language=en}}</ref> but he made a swift recovery as shown by his return to the command of 57th Brigade on 30 August 1918, with his brigade in reserve at the [[Battle of the Sambre (1918)|Battle of the Sambre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/6799/9/Clayton16PhD.pdf|title=Thesis entitled The Battle of the Sambre 4 November 1918|last=Clayton|first=John|date=September 2015}}</ref> The battalion diary of the 2nd Oxford and Bucks dated 14 November 1918, again noting a visit he made to his regiment, references his CMG award.

His medal card confirms his eligibility for the [[1914 Star|1914 star with clasp]], as he had been serving within at least artillery range of the German lines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D6438977|title=Catalogue description Medal card of Eden, A J F Corps: Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ...|date=1908–1924}}</ref> He was promoted to full colonel on 3 June 1919 and on 18 September 1919 he was put onto the half-pay list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The London Gazette Publication date:3 October 1919 Supplement:31584 Page:12385|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31584/supplement/12385}}</ref> He was also awarded the French [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=(520) – Army lists > Quarterly Army Lists (First Series) 1879–1922 > 1919 > Fourth quarter > Part 2 – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/87960568|access-date=2020-06-24|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The London Gazette Publication date:12 December 1919 Supplement:31688 Page:15579|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31688/supplement/15579}}</ref>

The later army lists confirm that he retained the rank of Honorary Brigadier General.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(812) – Army lists > Half-yearly Army lists 1923 – Feb 1950 (From 1947, annual, despite the name) > 1940 > Second half – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/88890966|access-date=2021-02-16|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref>

===Inter-war period and Second World War===
Following the war Eden was placed in command of the [[48th (South Midland) Division]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 September 1921|title=Bucks Herald Saturday 17 September 1921|work=Bucks Herald}}</ref> taking his official retirement as an honorary brigadier general on 23 March 1924.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 March 1924|title=Aberdeen Press and Journal, Wednesday, March 26, 1924.|work=Aberdeen Press and Journal}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32921|page=2531|date=25 March 1924}}</ref>

During the Second World War Eden organised a local Home Guard branch, commanding it until it was brought to his attention that due to his advanced age it was not legal for him to hold the command. Following this Eden immediately stepped down from his position and enlisted into the same Home Guard branch as a Private, from there working in the branch depot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Infantry |first=Oxfordshire And Buckinghamshire Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW-gYgEACAAJ |title=The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Chronicle, 1956: An Annual Record of the Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry |publisher=Sydney Lee. |pages=(Eden's regimental obituary) |language=en}}</ref> For this service he was entitled to the [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]].

==Later life==
[[File:Brigadier General Archibald James Fergusson Eden portrait.jpg|thumb|Eden in full Brigadier General uniform]]
Post-active service Eden remained a figure in military activities, local politics and local historical preservation. He wrote the ‘1925 Regimental Chronicle Militia and Volunteer Battalions Of The Regiment’ for the 4th Battalion of the Oxford and Bucks, signing off: "I am indebted to A History of the Oxfordsbire Regiment of Militia, by Lieut-Colonel Frank Willan, for much of the information in this article; also to Captain Philip Godsal, who has supplied me with the details of the Regiment s history since 1900."<ref>{{Cite web|title=4th MILITIA BATTALION (OXFORDSHIRE MILITIA)|url=http://www.lightbobs.com/4th-militia-battalion-oxfordshire-militia.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=LIGHTBOBS|language=en}}</ref> and he was a Chum of The Old Contemptibles' Association (being the President of the Winchester Branch),<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISBN 9781698648682 – Before We Fade: A Nominal Roll of Chums of The Old Contemptibles' Association – Part One|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/1698648685|access-date=2021-01-14|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref> unveiled the Caversham War Memorial in [[Christ Church Meadow, Oxford|Christchurch Meadows]] on 5 May 1928,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berkshirestories.org.uk/archive/post-1918-images-berkshire/125975-the-unveiling-of-the-caversham-war-memorial-in-christchurch-meadows-5-may-1928#prettyPhoto|title=The unveiling of the Caversham War Memorial in Christchurch Meadows, 5 May 1928. – Berkshire Stories|website=berkshirestories.org.uk|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> and was also Chairman of the Regimental Committee in 1931 responsible for the organisation of the memorials in the Oxford and Bucks Regimental Chapel in [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford]]. He was personally responsible for initially compiling the names, and was in attendance at the Service of Dedication and Ceremony in Christ Church on 11 November 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1931 |title=Extracted from the Regimental Chronicle of The Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 1931 |url=http://www.lightbobs.com/uploads/9/2/1/3/9213075/1931_the_regimental_chapel_in_christ_church_cathedral.pdf}}</ref>

He remained a long-serving county vice-president of the Hampshire Branch of the [[Royal British Legion|British Legion]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 1950|title=Portsmouth Evening News – Monday 18 December 1950|work=Portsmouth Evening News}}</ref>

In 1939 he was involved in a [[Compton and Shawford|Shawford and Compton]] subscription and adoption scheme in support of child refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 1939|title=Hampshire Advertiser – Saturday 14 January 1939|work=Hampshire Advertiser}}</ref>

In 1940 Eden was elected vice-chairman of the Winchester branch of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], as well as Hon. Treasurer.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 March 1940|title=Hampshire Telegraph & Post, Friday, March 1, 1940|work=Hampshire Telegraph & Post}}</ref> Circa 1945 he was the Treasurer of the branch,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK8UDAAAQBAJ&q=ajf+eden&pg=PA98|title=Parties at War: Political Organization in Second World War Britain|date=2009-01-08|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927273-0|language=en}}</ref> and circa 1953 he was a member of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/1940s/vol17/Other_material_pt3.pdf|title=Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society members list 1953}}</ref>

He died on 8 May 1956, aged 84.

== Legacy ==
[[File:AJF Eden medals.jpg|thumb|Medals of AJF Eden]]
The [[National Army Museum]] holds two photograph albums compiled by Eden, one labelled as referring to "''Nigeria and Ashanti, 1899–1901''", and the other "''South African War 1901–1902''".

His daughter Dorothy donated the military effects of Eden's father to the [[Hamilton Low Parks Museum|Cameronian Regimental Museum]] in 1982, where they are still held. This includes his father's Musketry training certificate, three Commission documents, his [[Abyssinian War Medal|Abyssinian War medal]], a portrait photograph, and various pieces of correspondence.

The [[Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum]] holds Eden's full medal entitlement in their medal room, as well as some further items relating to him.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War 1914–1918 |last=Davies |first=Frank |year=1997 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-85052-463-5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eden, Archibald James Fergusson}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:British Army brigadier-generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the War of the Golden Stool]]
[[Category:Royal West African Frontier Force officers]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Faizabad]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Eden family|Archibald James Fergusson]]
[[Category:Burials in Surrey]]

Daulatsinhji

2026-05-08T07:49:54Z

Abhijit: starting a details

{{Short description|Thakore of Limbdi from 1907 to 1940}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Daulatsinhji
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]]
| reign = 15 April 1907{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|30 September 1940}}
| predecessor = Jaswantsinhji
| successor = [[Digvijaysinhji]]
| birth_name = Dadbha Muluji
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1868|07|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|09|30|1868|07|11|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Baluba|1883}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Digvijaysinhji]]|Pratapsinhji|Fatehsinhji|[[Ghanshyamsinhji Daulatsinhji Jhala|Ghanshyamsinhji]]|Rupaliba|Pratapba}}
| issue-link = #Early_life,_family,_and_education
| father = Muluji
| mother = Jijiba
}}
'''Daulatsinhji''' (Dadbha Muluji; 11 July 1868{{Sndash}}30 September 1940) was [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]] from 15 April 1907 until his death in 1940.

== Early life, family, and education ==
Daulatsinhji was born as Dadbha in Bodi on 11 July 1868 as the seventh child of Muluji and his wife Jijiba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Elizabeth |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5186 |title=Thakore Sahib Sir Daulat Singh of Limbdi, Kathiawar: A Biography |date=1931 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |pages=19–20,85}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=LIMBDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/limbdi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925121427/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/limbdi.html |archive-date=2017-09-25 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He received his preliminary education in Bodi from a [[Brahmin]], following which, he was educated at Jamnagar High School.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNhNAAAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Administration |date=1925 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=xxiv |language=en}}</ref> He received his military training at [[Pune]], [[Deesa]], [[Shimla]], [[Mathura]] and [[Meerut]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=358–359 |language=en}}</ref> Since his paternal family was very closely related to the royal house of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], he spent a portion of his life there.<ref name=":7" /> In Nawanagar, he was entrusted to organise that state's [[Imperial Service Troops|Imperial Service]] [[Imperial Service Troops|Troops]], and served as its commanding oficer.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=683 |language=en}}</ref> He was among the select officers and men from the [[British Indian Army]] and the Imperial Service Troops who were sent to [[Australia]] by the [[British government of India|Government of India]] for the opening of the [[Parliament of Australia]] in 1901 by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later [[George V|King George V]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld5AAQAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |pages=26–27 |language=en}}</ref> During the minority of Jaswantsinhji Vibhaji, he served as an advisor to Mr. Kennedy, the political agent stationed in Nawanagar, who was supervising the administration of the state.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> When Jaswantsinhji came of age and was invested with full administrative powers, Daulatsinhji, due to a difference of opinion with him, resigned and joined the service of ruler of [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]].<ref name=":7" /> While in Porbandar, he served as the [[commander-in-chief]].<ref name=":5" /> He married in 1883 to Baluba, a daughter of Jadeja Jetiji of Panchasara.<ref name=":6" /> He also had an English mistress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Marriage_Hierarchy_and_Identity_in_Ideol/EANuAAAAMAAJ |title=Marriage, Hierarchy and Identity in Ideology and Practice: An Anthropological Study of Jhālā Rājpūt Society in Western India, Against a Historical Background, 1090-1990 A.D. |date=1991 |publisher=Harvard University |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> He had four sons: [[Digvijaysinhji]], Pratapsinhji, Fatehsinhji and [[Ghanshyamsinhji Daulatsinhji Jhala|Ghanshyamsinhji]], and two daughters: Rupaliba and Pratapba.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Khosla |first1=K.R. |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George V and the Princes of India and the Indian Empire (Historical-Biographical) |last2=Chatterjee |first2=R.P. |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co |year=1937 |location=Lahore |pages=132}}</ref>

== Reign ==
When Jaswantsinhji Fatehsinhji died in 1907 without leaving behind any issue to succeed him as the Thakore of Limbdi, his widow Bama Bairajba Kunverba, per his desire, adopted Dadhba as the deceased's heir and successor on 6 May 1908.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=jordan |first=cris |date=2015-11-03 |title=FEDERATION OF AUSTRALIA 1901 – THE INDIAN CONTINGENT |url=https://www.australianindianhistory.com/post/federation-of-australia-1901-the-indian-contingent |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Australian Indian Hi |language=en}}</ref> This was disputed by another claimant for the vacant throne, but the Government of India acceded to the wishes of Jaswantsinhji and recognised him to the deceased's titles with effect from 15 April 1907.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> He on the occasion took the name of Daulatsinhji.<ref name=":9" /> He was invested with full administrative powers on 14 April 1908 by P. S. V. Fitzgerald, the then Agent in [[Kathiawar]] to the [[governor of Bombay]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> He had made education gratis throughout his state.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Khosla Brothers |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014 |title=The Imperial Coronation Durbar (Illustrated) |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co |volume=I |location=Lahore |pages=153}}</ref> Besides that, he did much to encourage trade, especially that of cotton.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, when Digvijaysinhji was married to Nand Kunverba, the only daughter of Keshrisinhji of [[Idar State|Idar]], he established several scholarships for the assistance of students who wanted to continue their studies.<ref name=":9" /> He replanned and rebuilt the city of Limbdi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=H.E. Lord Willingdon |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3581 |title=Speeches by the Earl of Willingdon (From 29th June 1934 to 18th April 1936) |date=1937 |publisher=Manager, Government of India Press |pages=182–184|volume=II|location=Shimla}}</ref> He travelled in [[England]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], [[Austria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Germany]] in 1912.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8136 |title=The ruling princes, chiefs and leading personages in the western india states agency |date=1928 |publisher=Western India States Agency Press, Rajokt |pages=249}}</ref>

To mark the 25th anniversary of his accession to the throne of Limbdi, he celebrated his [[silver jubilee]] on 10 April 1935.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BAbAAAAIAAJ |title=The Royal Coronation Number and Who's who in India, Burma and Ceylon |date=1937 |publisher=Sun Publishing House |pages=570 |language=en}}</ref> He only agreed to celebrate the occasion after he was assured that most of the jubilee contributions would be spent on building and equipping the Jubilee Memorial Hospital and the Baluba Maternity Home at Limbdi, and announced a number of boons for his subjects at the cost of Rs 10,00,000.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxcnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1935 |pages=534 |language=en}}</ref> His people presented him an address during the festivities and in it said:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>You have been a veritable father to your subjects. A noble idealism guides Your Highness’ activities. The justification and success of monarchy lies in treating the subjects as one’s own family. Your Highness typifies this glorious ideal in your life and life-work.</blockquote>He in 1930-1931 helped the British to crush the [[civil disobedience]] movement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=John Edmond |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sovereignty_Power_Control/-uL7EAAAQBAJ |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916-1947 |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-64479-3 |pages=204–205 |language=en}}</ref> Following which an agent to the [[governor-general of India]] said this of his conduct:<ref name=":1" />.<blockquote>There are few rulers in India and certainly none in this agency more completely and whole-heartedly loyal to the British connection.</blockquote>He also built Shri Daulatsinhji Bridge on [[Bhogavo River|Bhogavo]] [[Bhogavo River|river]] that was opened on 15 January 1936 by the [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Marquess of Willingdon]].<ref name=":2" /> On the same date, the Marquess of Willingdon opened Ram Rajendrasinhji Hospital at Limbdi, which he had built in memory of his grandson.<ref name=":2" /> In late 1938, when an uprising arose against him over administrative abuses and lavish spending, he had to form a Praja Mandal in his state.<ref name=":1" /> In February 1939, thousands of his subjects fled en masse into [[British India]].<ref name=":1" /> When [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] organised a [[boycott]] of Limbdi's cotton, which was the main export of the state, he conceded minor administrative reforms, such as giving an advisory committee a role in running Limbdi town, and promised to establish village councils.<ref name=":1" /> That brought most émigrés back by July 1939.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died on 30 September 1940 and was succeeded by [[Digvijaysinhji]] to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":6" />

== Honours ==
He was made [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] on 1 January 1921 and [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] on 1 January 1931.<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daulatsinhji}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

Goghat Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T04:11:16Z

Abhijit: starting a data

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Goghat
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Goghat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Goghat Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| constituency_no = 201
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Biswanath Karak]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 193,284
}}

'''Goghat Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 201 Goghat Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Goghat I]] and [[Goghat II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Goghat Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 29 [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Radha Krishna Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!rowspan=2 colspan="3"|''Seat did not exist''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Ajit Kumar Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Madan Mohan Medda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Manuram Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="5"|Shiba Prasad Malick
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Niranjan Pandit
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Biswanath Karak]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Manas Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Biswanath Karak]]
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Biswanath Karak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prashanta Digar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=134498|percentage=57.39|change={{up}}10.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nirmal Maji]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=84916|percentage=36.23|change={{down}}8.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Muktaram Dhaure|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=9185|percentage=3.91|change={{down}}2.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Haradhan Santra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2099|percentage=0.89|change={{up}}0.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2421|percentage=1.03|change={{down}}0.09}}
{{Election box majority||votes=49582|percentage=21.15|change={{up}}19.26}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=234321|percentage=93.57|change={{up}}4.53}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Biswanath Karak]]
|votes = 102,227
|percentage = 46.56
|change = {{up}}36.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manas Majumdar]]
|votes = 98,080
|percentage = 44.67
|change = {{down}}7.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Shiba Prasad Malick
|votes = 14,378
|percentage = 6.55
|change = {{down}}29.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,482
|percentage = 1.13
|change = {{down}}1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samir Roy
|votes = 2,378
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,147
|percentage = 1.89
|change = {{down}}13.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,19,545
|percentage = 89.04
|change = {{up}}0.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manas Majumdar]]
|votes = 1,02,958
|percentage = 51.88
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Biswanath Karak]]
|votes = 72,072
|percentage = 36.32
|change = {{down}}12.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Basan Ray
|votes = 19,009
|percentage = 9.58
|change = {{up}}5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,423
|percentage = 2.23
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,886
|percentage = 15.56
|change = {{up}}13.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,98,462
|percentage = 88.54
|change = {{down}}2.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=201|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Goghat|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 1 May 2011|archive-date = 19 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164547/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=201|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Biswanath Karak]]
|votes = 86,514
|percentage = 49.04
|change = {{down}}20.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debasish Medda
|votes = 82,249
|percentage = 46.62
|change = {{up}}40.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Bag
|votes = 7,657
|percentage = 4.34
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,265
|percentage = 2.42
|change = {{down}}43.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,76,420
|percentage = 91.20
|change = {{up}}0.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Niranjan Pandit
|votes = 1,11,228
|percentage = 69.76
|change = {{down}}9.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bishnupada Pakhira
|votes = 38,027
|percentage = 23.85
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Haradhan Santra
|votes = 10,180
|percentage = 6.38
|change = {{down}}8.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 73,201
|percentage = 45.91
|change = {{down}}18.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,59,435
|percentage = 91.00
|change = {{up}}6.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Shiba Prasad Malick
|votes = 1,19,236
|percentage = 79.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Haradhan Santra
|votes = 22,427
|percentage = 14.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadeb Santra
|votes = 8,931
|percentage = 5.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 96,809
|percentage = 64.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,50,594
|percentage = 84.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Niranjan Pandit of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Goghat assembly seat (SC) defeating Bishnupada Pakhira of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Shiba Prasad Malick of Forward Block won the seat five times defeating [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidates Haradhan Santra in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Lakshmi Charan Kanri in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Sove Dhara in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Nanu Ram Roy in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Madan Mohan Medda in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Manuram Roy of [[Janata Party]] defeated Arati Biswas of Forward Bloc in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp195.htm |title = 195 - Goghat (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Madan Mohan Medda of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ajit Kumar Biswas of Forward Bloc won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> The Goghat seat was not there in 1962 and 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]],<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Radha Krishna Pal, Independent, won the Goghat seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Narasimha Saraswati

2026-05-07T17:22:49Z

Abhijit: Creating info

{{Short description|Hindu theologian (1378–1459)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Shree Nrusimha Saraswati नृसिंह सरस्वती
| image = Nrusinh Saraswati Maharaj drawn by Satish Ansingkar as is vaisualised from decsription in Gurucharitra.jpg
| caption =
| father = Madhava
| mother = Ambabhavani
| birth_date = 1378 CE
| birth_place = [[Karanja Lad]], [[Bahmani Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| birth_name = Narahari
| full_name =
|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes
| disappeared_date = {{Death date and age|1459|01|28|1378|df=y}}
| disappeared_place = Disappeared in Kardali Vana near [[Srisailam]], [[Vijayanagara Kingdom]] {{small|(present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)}}
| disappeared_status = Nijanandagamana
}}
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Advaita]], Shri Gurucharitra tradition
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Shree Narasimha Saraswati Swami''' or '''Shree Nrusimha Saraswati Swami''' ('''श्रीनृसिंह सरस्वती''', 1378−1459) was an Indian [[guru]] of Dattatreya tradition(sampradaya).<ref>''Shri Dattatreya Dnyankosh'' by Dr. P. N. Joshi (Shri Dattateya Dnyankosh Prakashan, Pune, 2000)</ref> According to the [[Shri GuruCharitra]], he is the second avatar of [[Dattatreya]] in ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' after [[Sripada Sri Vallabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sreedattavaibhavam.org/sree-nrusimha-saraswati-swamy|title=Sree Nrusimha Saraswati Swamy | Sree Datta Vaibhavam|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703191719/http://www.sreedattavaibhavam.org/sree-nrusimha-saraswati-swamy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Hinduism}}

==Life==
Shri Narasimha Saraswati<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasimha Saraswati |url=https://mydattatreya.com/narasimha-saraswati/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=My Dattatreya |language=en-US}}</ref> (birth name - Shaligramadeva or Narhari) lived from 1378 to 1459 (Shaka 1300 to Shaka 1380).<ref>''Shri Narasimha Saraswati'' (Karanja) page with [http://www.gurumandir.org/gurucharitra.html Shri Guru Charitra.]</ref> Saraswati was born into a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family in Karanjapura, modern-day [[Karanja Lad|Lad-Karanja (Karanja)]] in the [[Washim district]], which is a part of [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurumandir.org/ |title = Gurumandir Temple}}</ref> His father (Madhava) and his mother (Amba-Bhavani) initially named him Narahari or Shaligramadeva, with the surname Kale.[[File:SriPada Sri vallabha.jpg|thumb|First Incarnation - Sripada Srivallabha]]
[[File:Datta Paduka Mandir 01.jpg|thumb|]]
Shri Narasimha Sarswati<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2022-01-04 |title=Gurucharitra {{!}} जन्मानंतर लगेच ॐचा जप, नरहरी म्हणून प्रसिद्ध जाणून घ्या श्रीनृसिंह सरस्वती स्वामींची संपूर्ण माहिती |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/spiritual-adhyatmik/shree-narsinha-saraswati-jayanti-know-each-and-everything-about-narsinha-saraswati-and-gurucharitra-608822.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> is considered to be the second incarnation of [[Dattatreya]], the first Incarnation was [[Sripada Sri Vallabha|Sripada Srivallabha]], as per his blessings to Amba Bhavani, in her previous birth, Sripada Srivallabha had blessed her & he advised her to perform shiva pooja. Later he also told that he would be born to her in her next life as Narasimha Saraswathi to uphold the Sanatha Dharma in ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. This instance has been well narrated from chapter 5 to Chapter 12 in the holy book [[Shri Guru Charitra|Guru Charithra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/140448614/Shri-GuruCharitra-English|title=Shri GuruCharitra (English) {{!}} Guru {{!}} Shiva|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
[[File:Karanja Guru Mandir.jpg|thumb|Guru Mandir Karanja-Birthplace]]Shri Narasimha Saraswati/ Narhari was a quiet child, only speaks [[Aum]] ([[Om]] [[Hinduism]] sacred word) since their birth. This led his parents to worry about his speech ability; however, Narahari showed through hand gestures that after his ''[[upanayana]]'' or ''munji'' (sacred thread ceremony), he would be able to speak. He started reciting the Vedas after his munja, which so impressed the Brahmins in the village that it was talked about, with senior learned Brahmins coming to him for learning.

Shri Narasimha Saraswati left home in 1386 at the age of 7 all alone and went on a pilgrimage to Kashi on foot. He took [[Sannyasa|Sanyasa]] at Kashi from Old Sage Shri Krishna Saraswati. The second part of his name came from this guru, who eventually named him Shri Narasimha Saraswati. (This is a Sanskrit name.)

After becoming a Sanyasi, Narasimha Saraswati visited several holy places ([[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]) before returning to Karanja at the age 30 to meet his parents. He visited various places and stayed before settling in [[Ganagapura]] (Ganagapur)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dattapeetham.com/india/tours/2005/ganagapur/ganagapur.html|title=Ganagapur|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> (now in the state of [[Karnataka]]) for the last 20 years of his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamisamarth.com/swamicharitra/swamicharitra.html|title=Shri Guru Charitra.|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref>

Towards the end of his life, Shri Narasimha Saraswati met with the [[Muslim]] king (Sultan) of [[Bidar]], possibly 'Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah' of the [[Bahmani]] Sultanate, who was ruling the area at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/19385/|title=Marathi Vishwakosh (मराठी विश्वकोश)|date=4 July 2019 }}</ref>

Since his karma for that avatar had completed, thus he decided to take [[Samādhi|samadhi]]. He left for
the forest of Kardali (Kardali vana near Srisailam). Saraswati took ''Nijanandagamana'' (निजानंदगमन) type of [[Samādhi|samadhi]] in 1459 for 300 years.<ref>''Akkalkot Niwasi Shree Swami Samarth (Shri Narasimha Saraswati)'' Complete Biography</ref>

===Chronology===
The main events of Sri Narasimha Saraswati's life are given below. Possible years and dates are given according to descriptions of the lunar and stellar events calendar mentioned in the ''Shri GuruCharitra''.<ref>
''Bharatiya Itihas Sanshodhan Mandal'' trimonthly 9.4 (''Gurucharitratil Aitihasik Mahiti'', J. S. Karandikar) pp.6-16; Maharashtramahodayacha Purvaranga: N.S.K. Gadre, pp.68</ref>

*Sha. 1300 (1378 CE): Birth [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]], [[Washim district]], [[Vidarbha]] region, Maharashtra
*Sha. 1307 (1385 CE): [[Upanayan]]
*Sha. 1308 (1386 CE): Left home
*Sha. 1310 (1388 CE): Took [[Sanyas]]
*Sha. 1338 (1416 CE): Arrived back home at [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]]
*Sha. 1340 (1418 CE): Travelled along the banks of the river Gautami
*Sha. 1342 (1420 CE): Stayed at [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parali-Vaijanath]], [[Beed district]], Maharashtra
*Sha. 1343 (1421 CE): Stayed at [[Audumbar]] (near [[Bhilawadi|Bhilavadi]]), [[Sangli district]], Maharashtra
*Sha. 1344-1356 (1422-1434 CE): Stayed at [[Narsobawadi|Narasoba Wadi (Narasimhapur)]], [[Kolhapur district]], Maharashtra
*Sha. 1357-1380 (1435-1458 CE): Stayed for 23 years at [[Gangapura|Ganagapur]], [[Kalaburagi district]], Karnataka
*Sha. 1380 (28 January 1459 CE): Nijanandagamana in Kardali Vana at [[Srisailam]], [[Nandyal district]], Andhra Pradesh

===Teachings===
Shree Narshimha Saraswati taught that the life of saints was fully covered by the rules given in the old scriptures and the rules were to be strictly followed by the saints in their daily lives in order to achieve happiness and, ultimately, [[moksha]]. He insisted that his disciples follow these routines.<ref>''Shri Narasimha (Nrusimha) Saraswati'' (Karanja) page with [http://www.gurumandir.org/gurumaharaj.html Brief life history of Shri Gurumaharaj.]</ref>

===Biography===
Many parts of Saraswati's life are told in the ''[[Shri GuruCharitra]]'', written by [[Saraswati Gangadhar]].<ref>''Shri GuruCharitra'' (Sri Gurucharitra) (new, abbreviated version) [http://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_online_book.cgi?bookId=ob8&lang=marathi online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031255/https://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_online_book.cgi?bookId=ob8&lang=marathi |date=16 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>''Shri GuruCharitra'' (Sri GuruCharitra) [http://www.saidarbar.org/glory/glory4.htm see point 2] on this page to see the difference between modern and old Shri Guru-Charitra</ref><ref>[http://divyajanani.org/saibharadwaja/books/SreeGuruCharitra/Introduction.html Sree Guru Charitra] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071018085332/http://divyajanani.org/saibharadwaja/books/SreeGuruCharitra/Introduction.html |date=18 October 2007 }} Complete online book in English by Acharya Ekkirala Bharadwaja.</ref>

==Legacy==
Saraswati's house where he was born is located in [[Karanja Lad]]. Although the house is no longer in the original shape, some parts remain and have been converted into a temple.<ref>''Shri Gurumandir Sansthan, Karanja - Birthplace of Shri Nrusimha (Narasimha) Saraswati Swami Maharaj'' [http://www.gurumandir.org - Home Page of Gurumandir - a Lord Dattatreya Temple]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sreedattavaibhavam.org/sree-nrusimha-saraswati/ Detailed information along with pictures]
*[https://saibharadwaja.org/books/readsgc.aspx?book=43&chapter=0 Guru Charitra in English]

{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1378 births]]
[[Category:1459 deaths]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]

Shaheedan da Khu

2026-04-28T17:47:58Z

Abhijit:

{{short description|Well near Ajnala, India}}
{{rip|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Shaheedan da Khu
| image = Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu 01.jpg
| alt = Black well of martyrs
| caption = Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu
| map = {{Location map|India Punjab#India|lat=31.62|long=74.88|caption=}}
| map_caption = Location of Ajnala in India
| location = [[Ajnala, Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| target = Soldiers of Rebel of 1857 of India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.84|N|74.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{start date and age|1857|08|31}}
| time =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 282 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91176/page/n7|title = The Crisis in the Punjab|year = 1858}}</ref>
| injuries = ~
| perps = British India Authorities
| weapons = rifles and stuffed in a small room, where many died of asphyxiation
| numparts =
}}
'''Shaheedan da Khu''' or '''Kalianwala Khu''' is a [[well]] near [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]] in northwestern India. The bodies of Indian soldiers killed during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 were disposed of here. Over 247 of these bodies were recovered in 2014.

==Disposal and recovery of bodies==
During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, many Indian soldiers revolted against the British. Around 500 revolted at [[Mian Mir]] Cantonment in [[Lahore]]. They swam across the [[Ravi River]] to reach the town of [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]], now in [[Amritsar district]]. Of them, 218 were killed by British soldiers at Dadian Sofian village near Ajnala. The remaining 282 were stuffed in a small room, where many died of asphyxiation. The rest were shot dead and their bodies were thrown into a well, which was later named "Kalianwala Khu" and "[[Shaheed]]an da Khu".

In February 2014, the remains of 22 of the soldiers were dug out from the well. The incident came to light after it was reported in major newspapers. On further digging on 1 March 2014, 40 more bodies were recovered.
===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Inscription of Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu.jpg|Inscription at Shaheedan da Khu (left); under-construction memorial at the well (right)
File:Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu 02.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite news |title=After 157 years, 22 bodies extricated from 'Shaheedan da Khu' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/After-157-years-22-bodies-extricated-from-Shaheedan-da-Khu/articleshow/31183298.cms |work=Times of India |date=28 February 2014}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]

Teacheramma (TV series)

2026-04-26T02:21:54Z

Abhijit: done

{{Short description|Malayalam-language Indian television soap opera}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Teacheramma.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Aadhi Kiran
| director = Nisanth
| presenter =
| starring = [[Sreelakshmi]]
| narrator =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 324
| executive_producer =
| producer = Salil Sankaran
| editor = Shyam Sakaleswar
| cinematography = Rajeev Mankomb
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes approx
| company = SENN Productions
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|04|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|04|24|df=yes}}
| related =
| list_episodes =
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[JioHotstar]] (India)
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| composer =
| native_name =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
}}

'''''Teacheramma''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[soap opera]] [[drama television series]] written by Aadhi Kiran and directed by Nisanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Teacheramma – New Serial on Asianet, Cast and crew |url=https://www.southmoviez.com/malayalam/malayalam-tv/teacheramma-new-serial-asianet-cast-and-crew/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.southmoviez.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/asianet-serial-teacheramma/|title=ടീച്ചറമ്മ, ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ ഏപ്രിൽ 7, 2025 മുതൽ തിങ്കൾ മുതൽ ഞായർ വരെ രാത്രി 8 മണിക്ക്|access-date=2025-04-07 |language=ml}}</ref> It stars [[Sreelakshmi]] in lead role. The show was premiered on 7 April 2025 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and OTT platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Sreelekshmi starrer, 'Teacheramma' set for premiere; showcases the life of a successful teacher but a failed mother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreelekshmi-starrer-teacheramma-set-for-premiere-showcases-the-life-of-a-successful-teacher-but-a-failed-mother/articleshow/119897758.cms |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal@asianetnews.in |title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ അടുത്തയാഴ്ച പുതിയ പരമ്പര; 'ടീച്ചറമ്മ'യായി ശ്രീലക്ഷ്‍മി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/miniscreen/teacheramma-new-serial-from-next-week-on-asianet-news-starring-sreelakshmi-in-title-role-su52q5 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The show ended on 24 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asianet to Finish 4 Serials, Ishtam Mathram, Snehakkoottu, Mounaragam and Teacheramma|url=https://www.keralatv.in/most-popular-malayalam-gec-asianet-to-finish-4-serials/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Kerala TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarani Serial Asianet Starts from 27 April, Monday to Friday at 6:00 PM, Naagin 7 in Malayalam |url=https://www.keralatv.in/nagarani-serial-asianet-starts-from-27-april-at-6-pm/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Kerala TV |language=en}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Saraswathi, a dedicated primary school teacher in her early 50s, is respected in her professional life but faces neglect and emotional pain at home.

She has two daughters and a son, but only her youngest daughter, Veena, remains unmarried and close to her. Radha (the eldest daughter) and Mahesh (the son) treat Saraswathi as a caretaker, cook, and facilitator—using her for their benefit while giving her nothing in return.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Teacheramma Serial Asianet Star Cast, Launch Date - 7 April |url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-new-serial-teacheramma-actors/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=ഒരു മികച്ച അധ്യാപികയുടെ കഥ പറയുന്ന പുതിയ പരമ്പര "ടീച്ചറമ്മ" |url=https://www.vellinakshatram.com/tv/teacheramma-a-new-tv-serial-that-tells-the-story-of-a-great-teacher-612613 |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main cast===

*[[Sreelakshmi]] as Saraswathi/Lakshmi (dual role)<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal@asianetnews.in |title='ടീച്ചറമ്മ'യായി ശ്രീലക്ഷ്‍മി; ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ പുതിയ സീരിയൽ ഉടൻ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/miniscreen/teacheramma-new-serial-on-asianet-ssgeim |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
*Poornima Anand as Mary kutty
*Aleena Sajan as Veena
*Romel as John

===Recurring===
*[[Sarath Das]] as AEO Vivek
*Manoj Kumar as Mohan
*[[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]] as Sivaraman
*Murali Menon as Krishna Chandran
*Binza Binosh as Kalyani
*Surjith Purohith as Mahesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=MediaInfoline |date=2025-04-02 |title=Asianet Announces the Premiere of "Teacheramma" |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/dailysoap/asianet-announces-the-premiere-of-teacheramma |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Media Infoline |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Sayana Krishnan as Renuka
*Ann Mathew as Radha
*Soumya as Kani
*Roshna Thiyath as Neena
*Yassar as Vishnu
*Sachin SG as Midhun
*Ashbin as Santhosh
*Ashaa Nair as Maniyamma
*Jithin Kurumassery as Anand
*Sreeramya Manu as Rani
*Sumi Rashik as Preetha Member
*Nihanth P as Vinod
*Venu Madhavan Nair as Soman
*Guines Vinod as Madanan
*Sumi Ajith as Kamalakshi
*Lal Muttathara as Suni
*Niyon Sijesh as Rithik
*Sreeraj Varkala as Reji
*Thara Prasad as Jiji
*[[Praveena]] as Tara

==Reception==

The [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] performance of ''Teacheramma'' according to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC)]] is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Month / Period !! Rank !! Ref
|-
| April 2025 || 5 ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Patharamattu' rules the rating charts; 'Teacheramma' enters top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-rules-the-rating-charts-teacheramma-enters-top-5/articleshow/120590421.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| May 2025 || 3 ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Chempaneer Poovu' tops Malayalam TV ratings; 'Teacheramma' climbs to third spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-tops-malayalam-tv-ratings-teacheramma-climbs-to-third-spot/articleshow/121513482.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| July 2025 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-29-all-malayalam-tv-serials-rating/|title=Week 29, All Malayalam TV Serials and Shows Latest TRP Rating Report – Chempaneer Poovu, Patharamattu|date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| September 2025 || 5 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu continues to reign as the most-watched Malayalam TV show; 'Mazha Thorum Munpe' climbs to third spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-continues-to-reign-as-the-most-watched-malayalam-tv-show-mazha-thorum-munpe-climbs-to-third-spot/articleshow/124125433.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| October 2025 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/all-malayalam-serials-latest-trp-week-41/|title=All Malayalam Serials Latest TRP reports, Find the Most Popular Television Shows – Week 41 Data|date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| November 2025 || 6|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-45-all-malayalam-television-serials-trp/|title=All Malayalam Television Serials Latest TRP reports, Barc Week 45 Data of Asianet, Zee Keralam|date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| January 2026 || 6 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu tops the rating charts, Kattathe Kilikkoodu in second place|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-tops-the-rating-charts-kattathe-kilikkoodu-in-second-place/articleshow/127799200.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 January 2026 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| February 2026 || 6 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu leads the rating charts; Patharamattu slips to fourth place.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-leads-the-rating-charts-patharamattu-slips-to-fourth-place-/articleshow/127927429.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
| rowspan="2"|3rd Kerala Vision Television Awards
| Best Actress
| [[Sreelakshmi]]
| {{win}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralavisionnews.com/2025/12/12/keralavision-television-awards-2025-26018|title=മൂന്നാമത് കേരളവിഷൻ ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; കേരളവിഷൻ പബ്ലിക്കേഷൻസിന്റെ മൂന്ന് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ കവർ പ്രകാശനവും നടന്നു|website=Kerala Vision News|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Sayana Krishna
| {{win}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026
| rowspan="2"|[[Asianet Television Awards]]
| Best Actress
|[[Sreelakshmi]]
| {{win}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2026/asianet-television-awards-2026-winners-list-who-won-best-actor-actress-serial-couple-award-at-at-506927.html|title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Winners List: Who Won Best Actor, Actress, Serial, Couple Award At ATA 2026?|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Screenplay (Special Jury)
| Aadhi Kiran
| {{win}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/teacheramma/1271404305 Teacheramma - JioHotstar]
*{{IMDb title|36458696}}

{{Asianet programs}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Srinivas Garimella

2026-04-21T00:07:11Z

Abhijit:

{{Short description|Indian mechanical engineer}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2026}}
'''Srinivas Garimella''' is an Indian mechanical engineer. He is a professor in the [[George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering]] at [[Georgia Institute of Technology]].

==Education and career==
Garimella earned a Bachelor of Science from [[IIT Kanpur]] in 1982, then moved to the United States to pursue graduate studies at [[Ohio State University]], where he completed a Master's of Science and Ph.D. in 1984 and 1990, respectively. Garimella worked in industry for [[General Motors]] and [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] before turning to academia.<ref name="gww"/> He taught at [[Western Michigan University]] from 1994 then moved to [[Iowa State University]] in 1998.<ref name="iastatejoin1998">{{cite news |title=Garimella and Pham join ME faculty |url=https://www.me.iastate.edu/files/2017/09/ME-Update-Fall-1998-1.pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Iowa State University Department of Mechanical Engineering |date=Fall 1998}}</ref> At Iowa State, Garimella became the first holder of the William and Virginia Binger Associate Professorship in Mechanical Engineering in 2000,<ref name="chairnotes2000">{{cite news |date=Spring 2000 |author1-link=Warren DeVries |last1=DeVries |first1=Warren |title=Notes from the chair |url=https://www.me.iastate.edu/files/2011/06/spring2000.pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Iowa State University Department of Mechanical Engineering}}</ref> and was awarded tenure in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krapfl |first1=Anne |title=Regents approve faculty P&T list, student residence rates for 2001-02 |url=https://archive.inside.iastate.edu/2001/0427/regents.shtml |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Iowa State University |date=27 April 2001}}</ref> He joined the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in August 2003.<ref name="gww"/> Garimella holds the Hightower Chair in Engineering within the [[George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering]].<ref name="gww">{{cite news |title=Srinivas Garimella |url=https://www.me.gatech.edu/faculty/garimella |publisher=George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="gatechresearch">{{cite news |title=Srinivas Garimella |url=https://research.gatech.edu/srinivas-garimella |publisher=Georgia Tech |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Garimella was elected a fellow of the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] in 2005.<ref name="gww"/><ref name="asmefellowlist">{{cite news |title=Fellows: The ASME Fellow: A Membership Grade of Distinction |url=https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/fellows |access-date=12 July 2024 |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garimella, Srinivas}}
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Western Michigan University faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Iowa State University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:General Motors people]]
[[Category:Battelle Memorial Institute]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]

{{India-engineer-stub}}

List of India women's international footballers

2026-04-20T11:57:38Z

Abhijit: Creating entry

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of India women's international footballers''' – [[association football]] players who have played for the [[India women's national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/indianteam.html|title=The Indian National Team in International Football|website=indianfootball.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181905/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/indianteam.html|archive-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> The national team represents India in international association football. It is organised by [[All India Football Federation]], the governing body of [[football in India]], and competes as a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation]].

==Players==
''Players in '''bold''' are currently active at international level or available for selection.''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! Caps !! Goals !! Debut !! Career !! Ref.
|-
| align=left| Anita Sarkar || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}} || rowspan=18| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref>
|-
| align=left| Tresa Rozario || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Sushma Das || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Roma Das || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| [[Chitra Gangadharan]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| [[Shanti Mullick]] || {{n/a}} || 14 || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Minoti Roy || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Sandhya Chakraborty || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Judy D'Silva || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Indrani Saha || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Chaitali Chatterjee || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Swati Gupta || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Amusana Devi || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| [[Yolanda D'Souza]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Shukla Dutta || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Anita Pandit || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| [[Kuntala Ghosh Dastidar]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| Uma Kittu || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1980 || {{n/a}}
|-
| align=left| [[Chaoba Devi Langam]] || {{n/a}} || 4 || 1994 || 1994–1999 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Maria Rebello]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1994 || 1994–2001 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Tababi Devi Thongam]] || {{n/a}} || 19 || 1995 || 1995–2011 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Bembem Devi Oinam]] || {{n/a}} || 18 || 1995 || 1995–2016 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Sradhanjali Samantaray]] || {{n/a}} || 1 || 1997 || 1997–2007 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Sujata Kar]] || {{n/a}} || 12 || 1998 || 1998–2007 ||
|-
| align=left| '''[[Bala Devi Ngangom]]''' || 58 || 48 || 2005 || 2005–2024 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Sasmita Mallik]] || 42 || 36 || 2007 || 2007–2017 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Sasmita Malik|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/player-profile-details.htm?id=170|work=THE AIFF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065154/https://www.the-aiff.com/player-profile-details.htm?id=170|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align=left| [[Aditi Chauhan]] || 57 || 0 || 2011 || 2011–2023 ||
|-
| align=left| [[Kamala Devi Yumnam]] || 51 || 36 || 2010 || 2010–2022 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/en/soccer/athlete/kamala-devi/51335|title=Kamala Devi|website=Global Sports Archive}}</ref>
|-
| align=left| '''[[Ashalata Devi Loitongbam]]''' || 100 || 4 || 2011 || 2011–2024 ||
|-
| align=left| '''[[Grace Dangmei]]''' || 94 || 23 || 2013 || 2013– || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/en/soccer/athlete/grace-dangmei/175915|title=Grace Dangmei|website=Global Sports Archive}}</ref>
|-
| align=left| '''[[Panthoi Chanu Elangbam]]''' || 29 || 0 || 2014 || 2014– || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/en/soccer/athlete/elangbam-panthoi/51341|title=Elangbam Panthoi|website=Global Sports Archive}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India women's national football team}}
{{Association football players}}

[[Category:India women's international footballers| ]]
[[Category:Lists of women's association football players by national team|India ]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Keshav Mahto Kamlesh

2026-04-19T23:02:52Z

Abhijit: Added new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keshav Mahto Kamlesh
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image = Keshav mahto Kamlesh.jpg
| office = 9th [[Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 16 August 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = Rajesh Thakur
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1990
| predecessor1 = Rajendra Singh
| successor2 = [[Sudesh Mahto]]
| constituency1 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2000
| constituency2 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| children =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = Post Graduate
| profession = Jharkhand politician
| caption = Mahto in 2024
}}

'''Keshav Mahto Kamlesh''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the legislative assembly of [[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Protest: Jharkhand Workers Rally Outside ED Office Over Chargesheet Against Sonia, Rahul |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/chargesheet-against-sonia-gandhi-rahul-congress-demonstrates-outside-ranchi-ed-office-3496269 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Currently, he is serving as the president of the [[Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee]] (JPCC).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-17 |title=Ex-MLA Keshav Mahto Kamlesh is new JPCC prez |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ex-mla-keshav-mahto-kamlesh-appointed-as-new-jpcc-president/articleshow/112578794.cms |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-08-17 |title=In the run up to assembly poll, Congress appoints new Jharkhand Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/in-the-run-up-to-assembly-poll-congress-appoints-new-jharkhand-chief/article68534278.ece |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
He was born in the region of undivided [[Bihar]] and has been active in politics since the mid-1980s. He completed his master's degree from [[Ranchi University]] between 1976 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-12 |title=Jharkhand Assembly Elections 2024: Decision on seat-sharing with allies after MCC announcement, says State Congress chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-assembly-elections-2024-decision-on-seat-sharing-with-allies-after-mcc-announcement-state-congress-chief/article68745856.ece |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Keshav first entered the political arena in 1985 when he was elected as an MLA from the [[Silli Assembly constituency]] and was re-elected in 1995.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

After Jharkhand became a separate state in 2000, his influence continued as he remained an active figure within the INC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-19 |title=Jharkhand: An electoral history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/jharkhand-an-electoral-history-9676665/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=कौन हैं झारखंड कांग्रेस के नये प्रदेश अध्यक्ष केशव महतो कमलेश, इस बड़ी आबादी को साधने की है तैयारी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/keshav-mahto-kamlesh-know-about-jharkhand-congress-new-president-preparations-to-cater-to-kurmi-population |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

On 16 August 2024, Keshav was appointed as the new president of the JPCC, succeeding Rajesh Thakur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-12 |title=Decision on seat-sharing with allies after MCC announcement: Jharkhand Congress chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/decision-on-seat-sharing-with-allies-after-mcc-announcement-jharkhand-congress-chief/articleshow/114170072.cms? |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamlesh, Keshav Mahto}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
{{Improve categories|date=April 2025}}

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Unchahar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:19Z

Abhijit: stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Unchahar
| map_image = 183-Unchahar.svg
| mla = [[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]]
| reservation = None
|constituency_no=183
|alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|established=2008
|electors=325371 (2017)
| loksabha_cons = [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
| type= SLA
}}
'''Unchahar''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Unchahar in the [[Rae Bareli district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

'''Unchahar''' is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency of Rae Bareli]]. It was established as instructed by the Delimitaion Order 2008.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web |title=Delimitation Order 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> It is numbered 183 among the constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Currently this seat is held by Manoj Pande (who later defected to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="election2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-18 |title=Manoj Pandey, rebel SP MLA from Rae Bareli, joins BJP fold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/manoj-pandey-rebel-sp-mla-from-rae-bareli-joins-bjp-fold/articleshow/110219939.cms |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>) Manoj Kumar Pandey has held this seat since the first election after its creation, 2012.<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |title=Unchahar Constituency |url=https://www.oneindia.com/unchahar-assembly-elections-up-183/ |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|2012<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |title=2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2017<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2022<ref name="election2022-1">{{Cite web |title=2022 Unchahar election result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24183.htm?ac=183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416090705/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24183.htm?ac=183 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>{{efn|Switched to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2024.}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unchahar<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82514}}
|percentage = 38.92
|change = {{increase}}10.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amarpal Maurya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75893}}
|percentage = 35.79
|change = {{increase}}8.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anjali Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:34692}}
|percentage = 16.36
|change = {{decrease}}5.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Atul Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9985}}
|percentage = 4.71
|change = {{decrease}}11.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1243}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6621}}
|percentage = 3.13
|change = {{increase}}2.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212030}}
|percentage = 62.54
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +10.7%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unchahar<ref name=":0"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59103}}
|percentage = 28.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Utkrist Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:57169}}
|percentage = 27.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vivek Vikram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:45356}}
|percentage = 21.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajai Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:34274}}
|percentage = 16.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Mo.Junaid
|votes = {{formatnum:2000}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2517}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1934}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207088}}
|percentage = 63.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -4.7%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unchahar<ref name="election2012"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|votes = 61,930
|percentage = 33.2
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Utkrist Maurya
|votes = 59,348
|percentage = 31.8
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Pal Singh
|votes = 47,898
|percentage = 25.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jitendra Bahadur Singh
|votes = 3,814
|percentage = 2.0
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|votes = 3,763
|percentage = 2.0
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,582
|percentage = 1.4%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,356
|percentage = 64.7%
|change = New Seat
}}

{{Election box end}}
Note: Constituency was established in 2008, hence no swing data.

==See also==
*[[Raebareli district|Rae Bareli District]]
*[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Meerut district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mangalore Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:42Z

Abhijit: Creating a pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{For|defunct constituency in Tamil Nadu|Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalore
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| map_image = 204-Mangalore constituency.svg
| constituency_no = 204
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:205149}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| incumbent_image = U. T. Khader.jpg
| mla = [[U. T. Khader]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = U. T. Fareed
}}

'''Mangalore Assembly constituency''' (former name '''[[Ullal Assembly constituency|Ullal]]''') is one of the 224 constituencies of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]], [[India]] which belongs to [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]]. Mangalore constituency, along with [[Mangalore City South]] and [[Mangalore City North]], represents [[Mangalore|Mangalore City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/shock-for-bjp-congress-in-awe/article4698571.ece|title=Shock for BJP, Congress in awe|date=2013-05-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> The constituency has 45% Muslims population and 6% Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency Details: Mangalore |url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/Karnataka/Mangalore |website=chanakyya.com}}</ref>

== History ==
As per the "delimitation notification" issued by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2007, [[Vitla|Vittla]] Assembly constituency was merged with Mangalore constituency which was previously known as ''Ullal''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mangalore-to-have-three-assembly-segments/article1878490.ece|title=Mangalore to have three Assembly segments|date=2007-07-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || L. C. Pais || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || P. F. Rodrigues || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[Blasius D'Souza]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | [[N. Yogish Bhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,219 |percentage = 52.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathish Kumpala |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,429 |percentage = 37.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Riyaz Farangipete |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 15,054 |percentage = 9.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 720 |percentage = 0.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,790 |percentage = 14.24% |change = {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,270 |percentage = 78.12% |change = {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,999}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,149 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS10204.htm?ac=204 | title=Mangalore Assembly Election 2013, Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 80,813 |percentage = 54.11% |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santhosh Kumar Rai Boliyaru |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,074 |percentage = 40.89% |change = {{increase}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Ashraf |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,692 |percentage = 2.47% |change = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nithin Kuthar |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,372 |percentage = 1.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,739 |percentage = 13.22% |change = {{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,436 |percentage = 76.34% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,358}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,450 |percentage = 44.47% |change = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrahas Ullal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,339 |percentage = 25.83% |change = {{decrease}}15.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Akram Hasan |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 4,808 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Krishnappa Salian |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,815 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Aziz Malar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,152 |percentage = 1.38% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,111 |percentage = 18.64% |change = {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,979 |percentage = 74.25% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,188}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,319 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,718 |percentage = 48.44% |change = {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Padmanabha Kottary |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,669 |percentage = 41.71% |change = {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Yadava Shetty |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,065 |percentage = 3.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ullal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,698 |percentage = 2.58% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Victor D'souza |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed Ullal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,049 |percentage = 6.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,767 |percentage = 73.84% |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,882 |ref = |change = {{increase}}55.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,928 |percentage = 51.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lancelot Pinto |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,827 |percentage = 42.36% |change = {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiva Das Pandeshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aslam. D. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,404 |percentage = 2.40% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathai. K |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 590 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,101 |percentage = 8.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,625 |percentage = 64.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,140 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,628 |percentage = 54.77% |change = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Blasius D'Souza]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,116 |percentage = 44.47% |change = {{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sylviya D. Souza |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 384 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,512 |percentage = 10.30% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,950 |percentage = 64.97% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,229}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 706 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,435 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,106 |percentage = 43.45% |change = {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Blasius D'Souza]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,130 |percentage = 29.65% |change = {{decrease}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Suresh Ballal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,525 |percentage = 23.41% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Benedicta D'souza |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 814 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagilakeri Kamalaksha |party = Independent politician |votes = 709 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,976 |percentage = 13.80% |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,170 |percentage = 63.13% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,782}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 388 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,142 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Blasius D'Souza]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,739 |percentage = 39.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,869 |percentage = 36.20% |change = {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakrishna Nayak |party = Janata Dal |votes = 12,507 |percentage = 20.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Antony S. Souza |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,749 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. V. Mohan |party = Independent politician |votes = 458 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 3.10% |change = {{decrease}}12.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,301 |percentage = 65.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,413}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,179 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Blasius D'Souza]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,494 |percentage = 44.43% |change = {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Judith Mascarenhas |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,725 |percentage = 28.53% |change = {{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,241 |percentage = 25.83% |change = {{decrease}}18.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adah Hussain |party = Independent politician |votes = 597 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,769 |percentage = 15.91% |change = {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,452 |percentage = 65.72% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,127}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 325 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,377 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,909 |percentage = 44.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. F. Rodrigues |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,062 |percentage = 37.28% |change = {{increase}}35.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabha. K. M |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,290 |percentage = 14.26% |change = {{decrease}}33.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Aboobakar Pravakara |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 1,872 |percentage = 3.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,847 |percentage = 7.52% |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,610 |percentage = 69.92% |change = {{decrease}}5.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,133}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 477 |percentage = 0.92% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,817 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. F. Rodrigues |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,579 |percentage = 50.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharda Achar |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,344 |percentage = 47.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Addy Saldanha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 885 |percentage = 1.67% |change = {{decrease}}43.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 2.33% |change = {{decrease}}14.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,461 |percentage = 75.71% |change = {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,024}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,616 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}13.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. C. Pais |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,285 |percentage = 44.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Shantha Ram Pai |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 13,818 |percentage = 27.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. L. Lobo |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,649 |percentage = 13.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mohan Rao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,465 |percentage = 6.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. Anantha Mallaya |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,949 |percentage = 5.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Krishna Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 724 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,467 |percentage = 16.97% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,890 |percentage = 61.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,890}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,580 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Mangalore City South]]
* [[Mangalore City North]]
* [[Ullal City Municipal]]
* [[Ullal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.92|74.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Haneef Fatmi

2026-04-19T16:38:15Z

Abhijit: Added details

{{Short description|Pakistani engineer (1933–1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Haneef Akhtar Fatmi''' (1933–1995) was a Pakistani engineer specializing in cybernetics. He was born in [[Bhopal State]] and took a degree in Electrical Engineering at [[University of Karachi|Karachi Universit]]<nowiki/>y (1951). While studying with [[Dennis Gabor]] and [[Abdus Salam]] at [[Imperial College]] he wrote his doctorate on ionized gases. Whilst at the [[University of London|London University]], he helped found the [[Cybernetics Society]].<ref>Warburton, Brian (1995) In Memorandum: Dr. Haneef Akhtar Fatmi, 03 July 1933 – 04 April 1995 - August 1, International Federation for Systems Research Uniting the World in Systems Science http://archive-ifsr.org/1995/08/01/in-memorandum-dr-haneef-akhtar-fatmi-03-july-1933-04-april-1995/</ref><ref>Warburton, Brian, and John Spooner. "Dr Haneef Akhtar Fatmi: Born 3 july 1933, died 4 april 1995." Systems Research 13, no. 1 (1996): 81-82.</ref>

In 1970 Fatmi, with Young, published a definition of intelligence in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', that subject to widespread comments and notability being listed by the [[Institute of Physics]] as "one of the 2000 leading quotations of all times".<ref> A.P. Zeleznikar 1995 Profile Haneef Fatmi, An International Journal of Computing and Informatics https://informatica.si/index.php/informatica/issue/viewFile/74/65#page=3</ref>
That definition is that: ''"Intelligence is that faculty, of mind, by which order is perceived in a situation previously considered disordered". '' (H. A. Fatmi & R. W. Young, "A Definition of Intelligence", Nature 228, 97 (1970)) This definition is addressed directly in the ''Oxford Companion to the Mind''.

==Selected publications==
* Gabor, D. and Fatmi, H.A., "A thermionic generator," Nature, London, 1961, 868.
* Gabor, D. and Fatmi, H.A., "The theory of gas discharges with extraneous ion supply," Advanced Energy Conversion, IEE, London, 1964, 307.
* Fatmi, H.A. and Young, R.W., "A definition of intelligence," Nature, London, 1970, 97.
* Fatmi, H.A., "The concept of a creative society," Electronics and power, IEE London, 1974
* Fatmi, H.A., Resconi, G. A new computing principle. Nuov Cim B 101, 239–242 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02828704

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatmi, Haneef}}
[[Category:Cyberneticists]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Mulshi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:54Z

Abhijit: Creating new data

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mulshi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 244
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Mulshi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. Mulshi seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it was abolished in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulshi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mulshi-maharashtra-assembly-constituency|access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Namdevrao Mohol
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="2"| Namdevrao Mate
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vidura Navale
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="3"| Ashok Mohol
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Vitthal Gosavi
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sharad Dhamale
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards: Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhamale Sharad Bajirao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 78,701 |percentage = 38.33% |change={{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Tukaram Hagawane |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,594 |percentage = 30.00% |change={{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumar Alias Vitthal Bajirao Gosavi |party=Independent politician |votes = 56,159 |percentage = 27.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayak Dagadu Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,782 |percentage = 2.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhorkade Prabhakar Siddhu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,892 |percentage = 1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,107 |percentage = 8.33% |change= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,05,366 |percentage = 49.00% |change= {{decrease}}3.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,05,324}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,19,117|ref = |change= {{increase}}65.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Alias Kumar Bajirao Gosavi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,360 |percentage = 47.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raikar Rajabhau Damodar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,081 |percentage = 29.37% |change={{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrirang Eknath Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,968 |percentage = 22.15% |change={{decrease}}42.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,279 |percentage = 18.44% |change= {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,31,849 |percentage = 52.16% |change= {{increase}}21.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,26,268}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,52,786|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1998 elections in India#Maharashtra|1998 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-June1998.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Alias Kumar Bajirao Gosavi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,562 |percentage = 64.30% |change={{increase}}18.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abasaheb Dhamale |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 27,615 |percentage = 35.83% |change={{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,947 |percentage = 28.47% |change= {{increase}}22.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,106 |percentage = 31.32% |change= {{decrease}}34.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,077}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,49,414|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Namdeorao Mohol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 73,559 |percentage = 46.11% |change={{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nana Balkawade |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 63,625 |percentage = 39.88% |change={{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Maruti Raut |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,595 |percentage = 4.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Arjun Hagawane |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,879 |percentage = 3.69% |change={{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Sudamrao Kolekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,161 |percentage = 2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Genu Chaure |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Mahadeo Khandave |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,934 |percentage = 6.23% |change= {{decrease}}37.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,64,472 |percentage = 67.83% |change= {{increase}}11.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,59,535}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,470|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Namdeorao Mohol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 72,834 |percentage = 67.00% |change={{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandu Ghate |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,965 |percentage = 22.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Beldare Ekanath Maliba |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,944 |percentage = 8.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanaware Anand Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes = 858 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,869 |percentage = 44.03% |change= {{increase}}30.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,11,059 |percentage = 55.52% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,08,709}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,00,044|ref = |change= {{increase}}50.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Namdeorao Mohol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,160 |percentage = 56.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Konde Shivajirao Narayan |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 34,043 |percentage = 42.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,117 |percentage = 13.98% |change= {{decrease}}18.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,324 |percentage = 60.98% |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,523}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,354|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Navale Vidura Vithoba |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 38,158 |percentage = 64.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Namdeorao Mohol |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,974 |percentage = 32.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pasalkar Ramchandra Baburao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,399 |percentage = 2.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gandhi Champalal Chhogalal |party=Independent politician |votes = 687 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,184 |percentage = 32.40% |change= {{increase}}22.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,807 |percentage = 52.50% |change= {{decrease}}10.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,218}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,816|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mate Namdev Ramkrishanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,530 |percentage = 53.28% |change={{decrease}}25.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khilare Diwakar Jaisingrao |party=Janata Party |votes = 27,222 |percentage = 43.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gujar Nivrutti Namdev |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,177 |percentage = 3.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,308 |percentage = 10.02% |change= {{decrease}}58.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,174 |percentage = 64.01% |change= {{increase}}10.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,929}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,823|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}25.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mate Namdev Ramkrishanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,234 |percentage = 79.19% |change={{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghule Bajirao Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,204 |percentage = 10.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnarao G. Marne |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 4,842 |percentage = 10.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,030 |percentage = 68.41% |change= {{increase}}16.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,902 |percentage = 53.31% |change= {{decrease}}11.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,280}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,611|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=N. S. Mohol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,513 |percentage = 72.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. S. Konde |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 10,099 |percentage = 20.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. R. Walekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,276 |percentage = 6.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,414 |percentage = 51.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,505 |percentage = 67.69% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,888}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,571|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulshi Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Pune district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kapurthala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:12Z

Abhijit: Added new info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kapurthala
| map_image = 27-Kapurthala.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 27
| district = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:149885}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Kapurthala''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]] district. As of 2022, it is represented by [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2027|6}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Hukam Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Raghbir Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Kirpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Gulzar Singh
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Raghbir Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 elections in India|2004 (by-election)]]
|Sukhjinder Kaur
|{{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Rana Rajbans Kaur
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3|[[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}2023

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapurthala<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|votes = 44,096
|percentage = 42.94
|change = {{decrease}}10.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Manju Rana<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 36,792
|percentage = 35.82
|change = {{increase}}18.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devinder Singh Dhapai
|votes = 8,627
|percentage = 8.4
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Khojewal
|votes = 6,745
|percentage = 6.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Narinder Singh
|votes = 3,807
|percentage = 3.71
|change = {{increase}}3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 622
|percentage = 0.61
|change = {{decrease}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,304
|percentage = 7.12
|change = {{decrease}}20.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,02,700
|percentage = 68.51
|change = {{decrease}}6.18
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:149885}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Kapurthala<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:56378}}
|percentage = 53.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paramjit Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:27561}}
|percentage = 26.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukhwant Singh Padda
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:18076}}
|percentage = 17.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Nahar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)
|votes = {{formatnum:1115}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:658}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narinder Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = {{formatnum:605}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:28817}}
|percentage = 27.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:105540}}
|percentage = 74.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 141299}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Kapurthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:54221}}
|percentage = 55.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sarabjit Singh Makkar]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:39739}}
|percentage = 40.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Charanjit
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)
|votes = {{formatnum:1421}}
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14482}}
|percentage = 14.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:97913}}
|percentage = 80.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:121375}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kapurthala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.38|75.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Sibani Devi Nongmeikapam

2026-04-13T18:13:45Z

Abhijit: put up.

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Nongmeikapam Sibani Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Nongmeikapam|Sibani|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sibani Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Sibani Devi Nongmeikapam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|1|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.58 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 16
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = United Pukhao SA
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2024
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps3 = 10
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps4 = 19
| goals4 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 17
| nationalgoals2 = 10
| nationalyears3 = 2025–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| club-update = 9 January 2026
| nationalteam-update = 26 February 2025
}}
'''Sibani Devi Nongmeikapam''' ({{langx|mni|Nongmeikapam Sibani Devi}}, born 13 January 2007)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF- Senior National Team - 7 Nongmeikapam Sibani Devi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/204715 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> is an Indian professional footballer from [[Manipur]], who plays as a forward for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<ref name=":0" /> She also played for the East Bengal in the [[Indian Women's League|IWL]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=Indian Women's League: East Bengal pips Sports Odisha 2-0 to open campaign |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-womens-league-east-bengal-beats-sports-odisha-2-0-result-score/article67624993.ece |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Devi is from Manipur. She is the daughter of Itocha Singh Nongmeikapam, who formerly played for Mohun Bagan and Dempo and currently a football coach. Her brother Sridarth Nongmeikapam has also represented the [[India national under-17 football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New stars on the block: Sibani, Pooja eager to play an encore against Bangladesh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/new-stars-on-the-block-sibani-pooja-eager-to-play-an-encore-against-bangladesh |date=3 February 2024 |website=AIFF }}</ref>

== Career ==
She was selected in the 23-player Indian squad by Indian coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] and she played the second of the two FIFA international friendlies at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Thus, she made her Senior India debut in the friendlies against the [[Maldives]] at [[Bengaluru]] on 2 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debutant Lhingdeikim lights up the show with four goals as India maul Maldives again |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/debutant-lhingdeikim-lights-up-the-show-with-four-goals-as-india-maul-maldives-again |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> She also represented the Indian team and scored the winner in the AFC Under[[Non-government organisation|-]]17 Women's Asia Cup qualifiers at Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic on 26 April 2023. They defeated Kyrgyz Republic 1-0'''.''' Later, she was part of the National camp ahead of the AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers Round 2 in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=India U-17 women's football camp for AFC Asian Cup Qualifiers Round 2 from July 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-17-womens-football-camp-for-afc-asian-cup-qualifiers-round-2-from-july-7/articleshow/101134377.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was also part of the Indian team which won the SAFF Under 19 Football Championship at Dhaka in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Football, SAFF Women's U19 C'ships: India and Bangladesh share title after controversy marred final |url=https://scroll.in/field/1063440/football-saff-womens-u19-cships-india-and-bangladesh-share-title-after-controversy-marred-final |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

She played for East Bengal in the Indian Women's League in 2023–2024. On 24 December 2023, she scored the equaliser against [[Sethu FC]], but [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] lost the match 2–4 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Indian Women's League: Sethu FC wins 4-2 against East Bengal Women |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/indian-womens-league-sethu-fc-wins-4-2-against-east-bengal-women-756395 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> On 10 December 2023, she also scored against in East Bengal's 2–0 win over [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha FC]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=":1" />

She scored a brace against [[Chinese Taipei women's national under-20 football team|Chinese Taipei]] in India's 3–1 victory in the final match of the group stage at the [[2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India defeat Chinese Taipei to end 22-year wait for U20 Women's Asian Cup victory |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-defeat-chinese-taipei-end-22-year-wait-u20-women-asian-cup-victory |date=8 April 2026 |website=AIFF }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|1
|1
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!1
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Sibani Devi
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 2 January 2025 || Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|'''6'''–1 || align=center| 11–1 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/204715 Sibani Devi Nongmeikapam] at All India Football Federation.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sibani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}

Arvind Bellad

2026-04-07T09:14:37Z

Abhijit: Added new info

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Arvind Bellad 01.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 May 2013
| constituency = [[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Chandrakant Bellad]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text|3 August 1969}}
| birth_place = [[Bellad Bagewadi]], [[Mysore State]] (present-day [[Karnataka]]), India
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Entrepreneur]]
| children = Agastya (son) Pracchi (daughter)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arvindbellad.com/ | title=Arvind Bellad: Official website | website= | accessdate=27 August 2017 | archive-date=28 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020856/http://arvindbellad.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[B.E]], [[PGDM]]
| alma_mater = * [[INSEAD]]
* [[SDM College of Engineering]]
| profession =
| spouse = Smriti Bellad
| father = [[Chandrakant Bellad]]
| mother = Leelavathi Bellad
| sibling =
| website = http://arvindbellad.com/
}}

'''Arvind Chandrakant Bellad''' (born 3 August 1969) is an Indian politician, who is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], representing [[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West constituency]] since May 2013. Bellad is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/hubli-dharwad-west.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Hubli Dharwad West Assembly Constituency | website=elections.in/ | accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref>

Arvind Bellad was appointed as Deputy Leader of Opposition in the Assembly.<ref name="BJP appoints Srinivas Poojary as Leader of Opposition in Karnataka Council">{{cite news|title=BJP appoints Srinivas Poojary as Leader of Opposition in Karnataka Council|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/bjp-kota-srinivas-poojary-leader-of-opposition-lop-karnataka-legislative-council-2480317-2023-12-25|accessdate=25 April 2025|publisher=India Today|date=25 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425065325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/bjp-kota-srinivas-poojary-leader-of-opposition-lop-karnataka-legislative-council-2480317-2023-12-25|archivedate=25 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born on 3 August 1969, Bellad is the son of veteran [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] leader and former MLA [[Chandrakant Bellad]] and Leelavathi Bellad. He is the youngest among five children, he graduated from KE Boards High School and [[Karnatak Science College|Karnataka Science College Dharwad]] completed his engineering degree from [[SDM College of Engineering]], Dharwad. He pursued his [[PGDM]] in business management from [[INSEAD]] in France.

He married Smriti Bellad and has two children, Agastya and Pracchi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arvindbellad.com/ | title=Arvind Bellad: Official website | website= | accessdate=27 August 2017 | archive-date=28 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020856/http://arvindbellad.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Political career==
Arvind Bellad entered politics in 2013. He contested from [[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West constituency]] of Karnataka State Legislative Assembly from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and won.<ref name="3 MLAs improve victory margin">{{cite news |date=17 May 2018 |title=3 MLAs improve victory margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/3-mlas-improve-victory-margin/articleshow/64196281.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423180547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/3-mlas-improve-victory-margin/articleshow/64196281.cms |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> He represented BJP in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] twice from Dharwad district.

Some important activities of Bellad include:
* Started LKG and UKG in government schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Arvind Bellad, An Engineer Turned Politician |url=https://metrosaga.com/meet-arvind-bellad-an-engineer-turned-politician-likely-to-replace-yediyurappa-as-cm-of-karnataka/ |website=Metrosaga |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> He noticed the dip in school attendance of Government schools. After discussing with parents of the children, he started preschool as a pilot project in one school. This experiment was successful which led him to extend this idea to 62 government schools. There was a rise in the student intake due to this.<ref>{{cite news |title=HDK takes a leaf out of BJP MLA's pre-school concept|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hdk-takes-a-leaf-out-of-bjp-mlas-pre-school-concept/articleshow/64969754.cms |website=Times of India |date=13 July 2018 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
* Campaigned for setting up of an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Dharwad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Set up IIT in Dharwad, MLA urges government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/set-up-iit-in-dharwad-mla-urges-government/article6953648.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> Due to these efforts, an IIT has been set up at Dharwad.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT to be set up in Dharwad |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/dharwad/karnataka-iit-to-be-set-up-in-dharwad |website=News Karnataka |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
* Worked for developing and implementing clean energy in rural areas. He conducted the study, prepared a report and started implementing it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Talking clean development |url=https://www.climateparl.net/single-post/2016/03/29/talking-clean-development-an-interview-with-arvind-bellad-mla |website=Climate Parliament |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726125049/https://www.climateparl.net/single-post/2016/03/29/talking-clean-development-an-interview-with-arvind-bellad-mla |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Created a mobile phone app to listen to the grievances of the people of his constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಶಾಸಕರಿಂದ ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಷನ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/dharwad/bjp-mla-arvind-bellad-launches-app-to-stay-connected-095072.html |website=One India Kannada |publisher=One India |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellad, Arvind}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:INSEAD alumni]]

Dhanendra Sahu

2026-04-04T20:24:50Z

Abhijit: starting stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhanendra Sahu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|03|09|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Agriculture
| spouse =
| children = 4 (3 sons, 1 daughter)
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 December 2013
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Chandra Shekhar Sahu]]
| successor = Indra Kumar Sahu
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 2008
| predecessor1 = [[Chandra Shekhar Sahu]]
| successor1 = [[Chandra Shekhar Sahu]]
| constituency1 = [[Abhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhanpur]]
| office2 = President of [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2011
| predecessor2 = [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| successor2 = [[Nand Kumar Patel]]
}}

'''Dhanendra Sahu''' (born 9 March 1952) is an Indian politician. He is a senior leader of Chhattisgarh Congress unit. He is former MLA from [[Abhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhanpur]]. Sahu has been MLA from [[Abhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhanpur]] five times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25|title=पांच बार के विधायक रहे धनेन्द्र साहू को आखिर इस वजह से मंत्रिमंडल में नहीं मिली जगह|url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/abhanpur-mla-dhanendra-sahu-not-become-chhattisgarh-cabinet-ministers-3884897?amp=1|access-date=2024-07-03|website= Rajasthan Patrika|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhanendra Sahu INC, MLA from Abhanpur|url= https://ourneta.com/neta/dhanendra-sahu/|access-date=2024-07-03|website=ourneta|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-05|title= MLA dhanendra sahu biography in hindi विधायक धनेन्द्र साहू का जीवन परिचय|url=https://npg.news/politics/mla-dhanendra-sahu-biograpgy-in-hindi-age-biography-wife-cast-net-worth-contact-adress-height-bio-birthday-wiki-1242395|access-date=2024-07-03|website=npg|language=hi}}</ref>
He was the president of the [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 2008 to 2011.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Dhanendra}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category: People from Raipur district]]

Trinayani (Telugu TV series)

2026-03-31T06:57:13Z

Abhijit: data

{{Short description|Indian Telugu language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Trinayanizt.jpg
| genre = [[Supernatural fiction]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = [[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]
| writer = Anjan Megoti
| story = Usha Rani K Anjan Megoti
| director = Dinesh Painuri
| starring = Ashika Padukone Chandu B Gowda Pavitra Jayaram
| composer = Meenakshi Bhujang
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_episodes = 1463
| producer = N Saibaba
| cinematography = Santhosh Kotla
| editor = Malleshwar Mailavarapu
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = [[Annapoorna Studios]]
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|03|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|25|df=y}}
}}

'''''Trinayani'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinayani completes 300 episodes; Nayani set for a new adventure? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-completes-300-episodes-nayani-set-for-a-new-adventure/articleshow/82544504.cms |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language]] supernatural fiction television series aired on [[Zee Telugu]] from 2 March 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Zee Telugu to launch 'Trinayani' on 2 March |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-telugu-to-launch-trinayani-on-2-march-200226 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Indian Television}}</ref> to 25 January 2025. It stars Ashika Padukone, Chandu B Gowda and Pavitra Jayaram in lead roles. The main plot of the series was taken from [[Bengali language]] television series ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'', which aired on [[Zee Bangla]] between 4 March 2019 to 26 July 2020. Trinayani has emerged as one of the longest shows of [[Zee Telugu]].

== Plot ==
The narrative of Trinayani centers around a woman from the Mukkantipuram hamlet. Nayani is the granddaughter of the pandit who oversees the local temple. The annual Radhotsavam honouring Goddess Visalakshi in their village is well-known. When Nayani was little, her father died. Her grandmother, mother Shayamla, and younger sister Sumana are her immediate family. She's had the ability to foresee the future since she was little. She doesn't remember the events in their exact order. They appear as a few visionary snatches of the event. She always has the ability to predict negative outcomes before they occur. The villagers do not view Nayani's gift in the same way even though she uses it to stop evil. Then she is forcefully married to Vishal in circumstances and more.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ashika Padukone<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashika Padukone refutes rumours of quitting Kathalo Rajakumari for Trinayani; here's what the actress has to say - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ashika-padukone-refutes-rumours-of-quitting-kathalo-rajakumari-for-trinayani-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/75579623.cms |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Trinayani aka Nayani: (2020–2025)
* Chandu B Gowda as Vishal: Nayani's husband; (2020–2025)
* Late Pavitra Jayaram (2020-2024) / Chaitra Hallikeri as Thilottama: (2024-2025)
* Inaya Anam as Gayatri: Nayani and Vishal's daughter (2022-2025)

=== Recurring ===
* Anusha as Sumana: Nayani's sister; Vikrant's wife (2024-2025) Formerly Sri Satya as Sumana (2020-2023)
* Vishnu Priya as Hasini: Vallabha's wife (2020-2025)
* Suresh Patel as Vallabha: Thilottama's elder son (2020-2025)
* Anil Chowdary as Vikranth: Thilottama's younger son (2020-2025)
* Bhavana Reddy as Durandhara: Jagadish’s sister (2020-2025)
* Niharika Harshu as Gayatri: Vishal's biological mother (2020-2024)
* Dwarakesh Naidu as Jagadeesh: Thilottama's husband (2020-2023)
* Chitti Prakash as Gangayya
* Meka Ramakrishna as Nayani's grandfather
* Raaga Madhuri as Shyamala: Nayani and Sumana's mother (2020-2022)
* Vijayalakshmi as Damaka

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Jayalalita]] as Lalitha Devi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinayani preview: Vishal has a life threat; Lalitha Devi to question Nayani - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-preview-vishal-has-a-life-threat-lalitha-devi-to-question-nayani/articleshow/83430494.cms |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
Due to COVID-19 outbreak in India, ''Trinayani'' and all other television series and films shootings were suspended from 19 March 2020. Three months later, shooting was permitted and commenced from June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashika Padukone is back to work; offers a peek into her Trinayani shoot post lockdown - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/aashika-padukone-is-back-to-work-offers-a-peek-into-her-trinayani-shoot-post-lockdown/articleshow/76401615.cms |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The series commenced telecasting new episodes from 22 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=Zee Telugu is back with a bang from June 22 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-telugu-is-back-with-a-bang-from-june-22-2290832.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

=== Title song ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Sagar Narayana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/singer-karunya-lends-voice-for-aashika-padukone-and-chandu-gowda-starrer-trinayani/articleshow/74393131.cms|title=Singer Karunya lends voice for Aashika Padukone and Chandu Gowda starrer Trinayani - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref>
| all_music = Meenakshi Bhujang
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Trinayani title song
| length1 = 3:08
| lyrics1 = Sagar Narayana
| music1 = Meenakshi Bhujang
| extra1 = [[N. C. Karunya]]
| total_length = 3:08
}}

=== Reception ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 51
|2020
|7.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinayani and Radhamma Kuthuru make it into the top 5 of TRP charts - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-and-radhamma-kuthuru-make-it-into-the-top-5-of-trp-charts/articleshow/80048730.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2020
|7.0
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhamma Kuthuru improves its rank; Trinayani slips to 5th position - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/radhamma-kuthuru-improves-its-rank-trinayani-slips-to-5th-position/articleshow/80171007.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2021
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhamma Kuthuru out of TRP race; gets replaced by new show Guppendantha Manasu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/radhamma-kuthuru-out-of-trp-race-gets-replaced-by-new-show-guppendantha-manasu/articleshow/80289042.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2021
|6.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Karthika Deepam to Trinayani; here's a look at the top 5 Telugu TV shows of the week - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/from-karthika-deepam-to-trinayani-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-telugu-tv-shows-of-the-week/articleshow/80387729.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2021
|7.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devatha slips to fourth spot; Guppedantha Manasu improves viewership in terms of TRP - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/devatha-slips-to-fourth-spot-guppedantha-manasu-improves-viewership-in-terms-of-trp/articleshow/80689327.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2021
|7.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinayani and Prema Entha Madhuram are back in the TRP race - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-and-prema-entha-madhuram-are-back-in-the-trp-race-heres-looking-at-the-top-5-tv-shows/articleshow/84238701.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2021
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinayani is back in the TRP race; here's a look at the top 5 TV shows - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-is-back-in-the-trp-race-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-tv-shows/articleshow/81257363.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2021
|6.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinayani replaces Devatha in the top 5 club - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-replaces-devatha-in-the-top-5-club/articleshow/82824007.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2021
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashika Padukone and Chandu Gowda starrer Trinayani is back in the TRP race - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ashika-padukone-and-chandu-gowda-starrer-trinayani-is-back-in-the-trp-race/articleshow/83205978.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2021
|7.0
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karthika Deepam continues to rule the TRP charts; here's a look at the top 5 TV shows - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/karthika-deepam-continues-to-rule-the-trp-charts-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-tv-shows/articleshow/83399288.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;" |Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;" |Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'' ত্রিনয়নী
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 26 July 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Trinayani'' త్రినయని
| 2 March 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 25 January 2025
| rowspan="4" |Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Nayan - Jo Vekhe Unvekha]]'' ਨਯਨ - ਜੋ ਵੇਖੇ ਉਨਵੇਖਾ
| 3 January 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]'' மாரி
| 4 July 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 1 November 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi]]'' सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी
| 12 September 2022
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 21 December 2024
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/trinayani/0-6-2459 ''Trinayani''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Indus Valley Civilisation

2026-03-27T20:55:50Z

Abhijit: /* External links */Removed parent category of Category:History of Punjab Category:History of Sindh

{{short description|Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
|name = Indus Valley Civilisation
|map = Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png
|mapalt = IVC major sites
|altnames=Harappan Civilisation ancient Indus Indus Civilisation
|region = Basins of the [[Indus River]], Pakistan and the seasonal [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]], northwestern India and eastern [[Pakistan]]
|typesite = [[Harappa]]
|majorsites = [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Ganweriwala]], [[Dholavira]], and [[Rakhigarhi]]
|period = [[Bronze Age#South Asia|Bronze Age South Asia]]
|dates = {{circa|[[3300 BCE|3300]]|[[1300 BCE]]}}
|precededby = [[Mehrgarh]]
|followedby = [[Cemetery H culture]] [[Black and red ware]] [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]
|Capital=}}

[[File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Mohenjo-daro]] on the [[Indus River]] in Pakistan, the first South Asian [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]; the [[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro|Great Bath]] is in the foreground.]]
[[File:Harappan small figures.jpg|thumb|Miniature votive images or toys from [[Harappa]], {{Circa|2500 BCE}}, clay figurines of [[zebu]] oxen, a cart, and a chicken.]]


The '''Indus Valley Civilisation'''<ref>{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=vi}}</ref> ('''IVC'''), also known as the '''Indus Civilisation''' or the '''Harappan Civilisation''', was a [[Bronze Age]] [[civilisation]] in the northwestern regions of [[South Asia]], lasting from 3300 [[Common Era|BCE]] to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Wright: "Mesopotamia and Egypt ... co-existed with the Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 BC."{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}}}} Together with [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]], it was one of three early civilisations of the [[Near East]] and South Asia. Of the three, it was the most widespread: it spanned much of [[Pakistan]]; [[Northwest India|northwestern and western India]]; and northeast [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Wright|2009}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Wright: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer-lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."{{sfn|Wright|2009}}}} The civilisation flourished both in the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Indus River]], which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial [[monsoon]]-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar-Hakra]], a [[seasonal river]] in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}}{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}

The term ''Harappan'' is also applied to the Indus Civilisation, after its [[type site]] [[Harappa]], the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] province of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and is now [[Punjab, Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Habib|2015|p=13}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Habib: "Harappa, in Sahiwal district of west Punjab, Pakistan, had long been known to archaeologists as an extensive site on the Ravi river, but its true significance as a major city of an early great civilisation remained unrecognised until the discovery of Mohenjo-daro near the banks of the Indus, in the Larkana district of Sindh, by Rakhaldas Banerji in 1922. Sir John Marshall, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, used the term 'Indus civilization' for the culture discovered at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, a term doubly apt because of the geographical context implied in the name 'Indus' and the presence of cities implied in the word 'civilization'. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it 'Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site."{{Sfn|Habib|2015|p=13}}}} The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards [[Mohenjo-daro]] was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[British Raj]] in 1861.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=2}} There were earlier and later cultures called Early Harappan and Late Harappan in the same area. The early Harappan cultures were populated from [[Neolithic]] cultures, the earliest and best-known of which is named after [[Mehrgarh]], in [[Balochistan]], Pakistan.<ref name="Shaffer 1992 loc=I:441–464, II:425–446">{{Harvnb|Shaffer|1992|loc=I:441–464, II:425–446.}}</ref>{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991}} Harappan civilisation is sometimes called ''Mature Harappan'' to distinguish it from the earlier cultures.

The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their [[urban planning]], baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, [[water supply]] systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and [[metallurgy]].{{efn|These covered [[carnelian]] products, seal carving, work in copper, bronze, lead, and tin.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=115–125}}}} [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]] very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,<ref>{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=29}} "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people."</ref> and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=387|ps=: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."}} A gradual [[Aridification|drying]] of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Note-Brooke"}}

Although over a thousand Mature Harappan sites have been reported and nearly a hundred excavated,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=reported_sites}} there are only five major urban centres:{{Sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=192}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Coningham and Young: "More than 1,000 settlements belonging to the Integrated Era have been identified (Singh, 2008: 137), but there are only five significant urban sites at the peak of the settlement hierarchy (Smith, 2.006a: 110) (Figure 6.2).These are: Mohenjo-daro in the lower Indus plain; Harappa in the western Punjab; Ganweriwala in Cholistan; Dholavira in western Gujarat; and Rakhigarhi in Haryana. Mohenjo-daro covered an area of more than 250 hectares, Harappa exceeded 150 hectares, Dholavira 100 hectares and Ganweriwala and Rakhigarhi around 80 hectares each."{{Sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=192}}}} [[Mohenjo-daro]] in the lower Indus Valley (declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1980 as "''Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro''"), Harappa in the western [[Punjab region]], [[Ganeriwala]] in the [[Cholistan Desert]], [[Dholavira]] in western [[Gujarat]] (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021 as "''Dholavira: A Harappan City''"), and [[Rakhigarhi]] in [[Haryana]].{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=107}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Wright: "Five major Indus cities are discussed in this chapter. During the Urban period, the early town of Harappa expanded in size and population and became a major centre in the Upper Indus. Other cities emerging during the Urban period include Mohenjo-daro in the Lower Indus, Dholavira to the south on the western edge of peninsular India in Kutch, Ganweriwala in Cholistan, and a fifth city, Rakhigarhi, on the Ghaggar-Hakra. Rakhigarhi will be discussed briefly in view of the limited published material."{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=107}}}} The [[Harappan language]] is not directly attested, and its affiliations are uncertain, as the [[Indus script]] has remained undeciphered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/we-are-all-harappans/300463 |title=We are all Harappans |series=Outlook India |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805084042/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/we-are-all-harappans/300463 |url-status=live }}</ref> A relationship with the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] or [[Elamo-Dravidian languages|Elamo-Dravidian]] language family is favoured by a section of scholars.{{sfn|Ratnagar|2006a|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Lockard, Craig |year=2010 |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions |volume=1: To 1500 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=India |isbn=978-1-4390-8535-6 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4VOYN0dmqMC |page=40}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The Indus Valley Civilisation is
named after the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|River system]] in whose [[alluvial plain]]s the early sites of the civilisation were identified and excavated.{{sfn|Wright|2009|p=10}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Wright: "''Unable to state the age of the civilization, he went on to observe that the Indus (which he ([[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]]) named after the river system) artifacts differed from any known other civilizations in the region, ...''"{{sfn|Wright|2009|p=10}} }}

Following a tradition in archaeology, the civilisation is sometimes referred to as the ''Harappan,'' after its [[type site]], [[Harappa]], the first site to be excavated in the 1920s; this is notably true of usage employed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] after India's independence in 1947.{{sfn|Habib|2002|pp=13–14}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Habib: "''Sir John Marshall, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, used the term 'Indus civilization' for the culture discovered at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, a term doubly apt because of the geographical context implied in the name 'Indus' and the presence of cities implied in the word 'civilization'. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it 'Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site.''"{{sfn|Habib|2002|pp=13–14}}}}

The term "Ghaggar-Hakra" figures prominently in modern labels applied to the Indus civilisation on account of a good number of sites having been found along the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8–11]}} The terms "Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation" and "Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation" have also been employed in the literature by supporters of [[Indigenous Aryanism]], after a posited identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra with the river [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] described in the early chapters of the ''[[Rigveda]]'', a collection of hymns in [[Vedic Sanskrit|archaic Sanskrit]] composed in the second-millennium BCE,<ref name="Singh2008"/>{{sfn|Habib|2002|p=44}} which are unrelated to the mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Recent geophysical research suggests that, unlike the Sarasvati described in the Rigveda as a snow-fed river, the Ghaggar-Hakra was a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers, which became seasonal around the time the civilisation diminished, approximately 4,000 years ago.{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Giosan (2012): "Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene. ... The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5,400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4,300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}}}

== Extent ==
[[File:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|right|thumb|Major sites and extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

The Indus Valley Civilisation was roughly contemporary with the other riverine civilisations of the ancient world: [[Ancient Egypt]] along the [[Nile]], [[Mesopotamia]] in the lands watered by the [[Euphrates]] and the [[Tigris]], and [[China]] in the drainage basin of the [[Yellow River]] and the [[Yangtze]]. By the time of its mature phase, the civilisation had spread over an area larger than the others, which included a core of {{convert|1500|km|mi|sigfig=1}} up the alluvial plain of the Indus and its tributaries. In addition, there was a region with disparate flora, fauna, and habitats, up to ten times as large, which had been shaped culturally and economically by the Indus.{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=35}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Fisher: "This was the same broad period that saw the rise of the civilisations of Mesopotamia (between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), Egypt (along the Nile), and northeast China (in the Yellow River basin). At its peak, the Indus was the most extensive of these ancient civilisations, extending {{convert|1500|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} up the Indus plain, with a core area of {{convert|30000|to|100000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} and with more ecologically diverse peripheral spheres of economic and cultural influence extending out to ten times that area. The cultural and technological uniformity of the Indus cities is especially striking in light of the relatively great distances among them, with separations of about {{convert|280|km|mi|abbr=on}} whereas the Mesopotamian cities, for example, only averaged about {{convert|20|to|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart.{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=35}}}}

Around 6500 BCE, agriculture emerged in [[Balochistan]], on the margins of the Indus alluvium.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Dyson: "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}}}{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=33}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Fisher: "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well.{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=33}}}} In the following millennia, settled life made inroads into the Indus plains, setting the stage for the growth of rural and urban settlements.{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=138}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Coningham and Young: "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different to other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo ({{Circa|2800}}–2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=138}}}} The more organised sedentary life, in turn, led to a net increase in the birth rate.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Dyson: "In the millennia which followed, farming developed and spread slowly into the Indus valley and adjacent areas. The transition to agriculture led to population growth and the eventual rise of the Indus civilisation. With the movement to settled agriculture, and the emergence of villages, towns and cities, there was probably a modest rise in the average death rate and a slightly greater rise in the birth rate."{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}}} The large urban centres of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to containing between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and during the civilisation's florescence, the population of the subcontinent grew to between 4–6 million people.{{Sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Dyson: "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilisation the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people."{{Sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}}} During this period the death rate increased, as the close living conditions of humans and domesticated animals led to an increase in contagious diseases.{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=33}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Fisher: "Such an "agricultural revolution" enabled food surpluses that supported growing populations. Their, largely cereal diet did not necessarily make people healthier, however, since conditions like caries and protein deficiencies can increase. Further, infectious diseases spread faster with denser living conditions of both humans and domesticated animals (which can spread measles, influenza, and other diseases to humans)."{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=33}}}} According to one estimate, the population of the Indus civilisation at its peak may have been between one and five million.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=186–187}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|McIntosh: "'''Population Growth and Distribution''': "The prehistory of the Indo-Iranian borderlands shows a steady increase over time in the number and density of settlements based on farming and pastoralism. By contrast, the population of the Indus plains and adjacent regions lived mainly by hunting and gathering; the limited traces suggest their settlements were far fewer in number, and were small and widely scattered, though to some extent this apparent situation must reflect the difficulty of locating hunter-gatherer settlements. The presence of domestic animals in some hunter-gatherer settlements attests to contact with the people of the border-lands, probably in the context of pastoralists' seasonal movement from the hills into the plains. The potential for population expansion in the hills was severely limited, and so, from the fourth millennium into the third, settlers moved out from the borderlands into the plains and beyond into Gujarat, the first being pastoralists, followed later by farmers. The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=186–187}}}}

During its height the civilisation extended from Balochistan in the west to western [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east, from northeastern Afghanistan in the north to [[Gujarat]] state in the south.<ref name="Singh2008">{{harvnb|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA137 137]}}.</ref> The largest number of sites are in the [[Punjab region]], Gujarat, [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] states,<ref name="Singh2008"/> [[Sindh]], and Balochistan.<ref name="Singh2008"/> Coastal settlements extended from [[Sutkagan Dor]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dales |first=George F. |year=1962 |title=Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast |journal=Antiquity |volume=36 |issue=142 |pages=86–92|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00029689 |s2cid=164175444 |issn=0003-598X }}</ref> in Western Baluchistan to [[Lothal]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Shikaripura Ranganatha |last=Rao |author-link=Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao |year=1973 |title=Lothal and the Indus civilization |location=London |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22278-2}}</ref> in Gujarat. An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in [[Afghanistan]] which is the northernmost site of the Indus Valley Civilisation,{{sfn|Kenoyer|1998|p=96}} in the [[Gomal River]] valley in northwestern Pakistan,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hassan |year=1970–1971 |title=Excavations in the Gomal Valley |journal=Ancient Pakistan |issue=5 |pages=1–177 |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani}}</ref> at [[Manda, Jammu]] on the [[Beas River]] near [[Jammu]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzeJQgAACAAJ |last1=Joshi |first1=J.P. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1982 |location=New Delhi |pages=185–195 |chapter=Manda: A Harappan site in Jammu and Kashmir |last2=Bala |first2=M. |isbn=978-81-204-0779-4 |editor=Possehl, Gregory L. |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121157/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzeJQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and at [[Alamgirpur]] on the [[Hindon River]], only {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology, A Review (1958–1959) |publisher=Archaeol. Surv. India |editor=A. Ghosh |location=Delhi |pages=51–52 |chapter=Excavations at Alamgirpur}}</ref> The southernmost site of the Indus Valley Civilisation is [[Daimabad]] in [[Maharashtra]]. [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|Indus Valley sites]] have been found most often on rivers, but also on the ancient seacoast,<ref>{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |year=2003 |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01109-9|page=95}}</ref> for example, Balakot ([[Kot Bala]]),<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asian Archaeology 1977 |last=Dales |first=George F. |publisher=Seminario di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 6. Instituto Universitario Orientate |year=1979 |location=Naples |pages=241–274 |chapter=The Balakot Project: Summary of four years excavations in Pakistan |editor=Maurizio Taddei}}</ref> and on islands, for example, [[Dholavira]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History and Archaeology |last=Bisht |first=R.S. |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan|year=1989|isbn=978-81-85205-46-5|location=New Delhi |pages=379–408 |chapter=A new model of the Harappan town planning as revealed at Dholavira in Kutch: A surface study of its plan and architecture |editor=Chatterjee Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Discovery and history of excavation ==
[[File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 02.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alexander Cunningham]], the first director general of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), interpreted a Harappan [[stamp seal]] in 1875.]]
[[File:Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay.jpg|thumb|upright|[[R. D. Banerji]], an officer of the ASI, visited Mohenjo-daro in 1919–1920, and again in 1922–1923, postulating the site's far-off antiquity.]]
[[File:John Hubert Marshall - Cyclopedia of India 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], the director-general of the ASI from 1902 to 1928, who oversaw the excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, shown in a 1906 photograph]]

{{Quote box
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| quote = "Three other scholars whose names I cannot pass over in silence, are the late Mr. [[R. D. Banerji]], to whom belongs the credit of having discovered, if not Mohenjo-daro itself, at any rate its high antiquity, and his immediate successors in the task of excavation, Messrs. [[Madho Sarup Vats|M.S. Vats]] and [[Kashinath Narayan Dikshit|K.N. Dikshit]]. ... no one probably except myself can fully appreciate the difficulties and hardships which they had to face in the three first seasons at Mohenjo-daro."
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| source =  — From, John Marshall (ed), ''Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization'', London: Arthur Probsthain, 1931.{{Sfn|Marshall|1931|p=x}}
}}
The first modern accounts of the [[ruins]] of the Indus civilisation are those of [[Charles Masson]], a deserter from the [[East India Company]]'s army.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}} In 1829, Masson traveled through the [[princely state]] of Punjab, gathering useful intelligence for the Company in return for a promise of clemency.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}} An aspect of this arrangement was the additional requirement to hand over to the Company any historical artifacts acquired during his travels. Masson, who had versed himself in the [[classics]], especially in the military campaigns of [[Alexander the Great]], chose for his wanderings some of the same towns that had featured in Alexander's campaigns, and whose archaeological sites had been noted by the campaign's chroniclers.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}} Masson's major archaeological discovery in the Punjab was Harappa, a metropolis of the Indus civilisation in the valley of Indus's tributary, the [[Ravi River]]. Masson made copious notes and illustrations of Harappa's rich historical artifacts, many lying half-buried. In 1842, Masson included his observations of Harappa in the book ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab''. He dated the Harappa ruins to a period of recorded history, erroneously mistaking it to have been described earlier during Alexander's campaign.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}} Masson was impressed by the site's extraordinary size and by several large mounds formed from long-existing erosion.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Masson: "A long march preceded our arrival at Haripah, through jangal of the closest description ... When I joined the camp I found it in front of the village and ruinous brick castle. Behind us was a large circular mound, or eminence, and to the west was an irregular rocky height, crowned with the remains of buildings, in fragments of walls, with niches, after the eastern manner ... Tradition affirms the existence here of a city, so considerable that it extended to Chicha Watni, thirteen [[Kos (unit)|cosses]] distant, and that it was destroyed by a particular visitation of Providence, brought down by the lust and crimes of the sovereign."{{sfn|Masson|1842|pp=452–453}} }}

Two years later, the Company contracted Alexander Burnes to sail up the Indus to assess the feasibility of water travel for its army.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}} Burnes, who also stopped in Harappa, noted the baked bricks employed in the site's ancient masonry, but noted also the haphazard plundering of these bricks by the local population.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=5–6}}

Despite these reports, Harappa was raided even more perilously for its bricks after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|British annexation of the Punjab]] in 1848–49. A considerable number were carted away as [[track ballast]] for the [[Track (rail transport)|railway lines]] being laid in the Punjab.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=6}} Nearly {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of railway track between [[Multan]] and [[Lahore]], laid in the mid-1850s, was supported by Harappan bricks.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=6}}

In 1861, three years after the dissolution of the East India Company and the establishment of [[British Raj|Crown rule in India]], archaeology on the subcontinent became more formally organised with the founding of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=6–7}} [[Alexander Cunningham]], the Survey's first director-general, who had visited Harappa in 1853 and had noted the imposing brick walls, visited again to carry out a survey, but this time of a site whose entire upper layer had been stripped in the interim.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=6–7}}{{Sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=180}} Although his original goal of demonstrating Harappa to be a lost Buddhist city mentioned in the seventh century CE travels of the Chinese visitor, [[Xuanzang]], proved elusive,{{Sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=180}} Cunningham did publish his findings in 1875.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=7}} For the first time, he interpreted a Harappan [[stamp seal]], with its unknown script, which he concluded to be of an origin foreign to India.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=7}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1875|loc=pp. [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.547220/2015.547220.Archaeological-Surbey#page/n115/mode/2up 105]–108 and pl. 32–33}}

Archaeological work in Harappa thereafter lagged until a new viceroy of India, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], pushed through the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904]], and appointed [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] to lead the ASI.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=8}} Several years later, [[Hiranand Sastri]], who had been assigned by Marshall to survey Harappa, reported it to be of non-Buddhist origin, and by implication more ancient.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=8}} [[expropriation|Expropriating]] Harappa for the ASI under the Act, Marshall directed ASI archaeologist [[Daya Ram Sahni]] to excavate the site's two mounds.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=8}}

Farther south, along the [[main stem]] of the Indus in [[Sindh|Sind]] province, the largely undisturbed site of [[Mohenjo-daro]] had attracted notice.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=8}} Marshall deputed a succession of ASI officers to survey the site. These included [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] (1911), [[R. D. Banerji]] (1919, 1922–1923), and [[Madho Sarup Vats|M. S. Vats]] (1924).{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=8–9}} In 1923, on his second visit to Mohenjo-daro, Baneriji wrote to Marshall about the site, postulating an origin in "remote antiquity", and noting a congruence of some of its artifacts with those of Harappa.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=9}} Later in 1923, Vats, also in correspondence with Marshall, noted the same more specifically about the seals and the script found at both sites.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=9}} On the weight of these opinions, Marshall ordered crucial data from the two sites to be brought to one location and invited Banerji and Sahni to a joint discussion.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=9–10}} By 1924, Marshall had become convinced of the significance of the finds, and on 24 September 1924, made a tentative but conspicuous public intimation in the ''Illustrated London News'':{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=10}} <blockquote> "Not often has it been given to archaeologists, as it was given to [[Heinrich Schliemann|Schliemann]] at [[Tiryns]] and [[Mycenae]], or to [[Aurel Stein|Stein]] in the deserts of [[Turkestan]], to light upon the remains of a long forgotten civilisation. It looks, however, at this moment, as if we were on the threshold of such a discovery in the plains of the Indus."</blockquote>

In the next issue, a week later, the British Assyriologist [[Archibald Sayce]] was able to point to very similar seals found in Bronze Age levels in Mesopotamia and Iran, giving the first strong indication of their date; confirmations from other archaeologists followed.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=3 and 12}} Systematic excavations began in Mohenjo-daro in 1924–25 with that of [[Kashinath Narayan Dikshit|K. N. Dikshit]], continuing with those of H. Hargreaves (1925–1926), and [[Ernest J. H. Mackay]] (1927–1931).{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=8–9}} By 1931, much of Mohenjo-daro had been excavated, but occasional excavations continued, such as the one led by [[Mortimer Wheeler]], a new director-general of the ASI appointed in 1944, and including [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]].<ref name="joffe">{{cite news |author= Lawrence Joffe |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/mar/31/ahmad-hasan-dani |title= Ahmad Hasan Dani: Pakistan's foremost archaeologist and author of 30 books |newspaper= The Guardian (newspaper) |date= 30 March 2009 |access-date= 29 April 2020 |archive-date= 5 April 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090405150624/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/mar/31/ahmad-hasan-dani |url-status= live }}</ref>

After the partition of India in 1947, when most excavated sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation lay in territory awarded to Pakistan, the Archaeological Survey of India, its area of authority reduced, carried out large numbers of surveys and excavations along the Ghaggar-Hakra system in India.<ref name="guha_mas_2005">{{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudeshna |journal=Modern Asian Studies |title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation |volume=39 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=399–426, 419 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001611 |s2cid=145463239 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/txt_guha_indus.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524064941/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/txt_guha_indus.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Guha: "The intense explorations to locate sites related to the Indus civilisation along the Ghaggar-Hakra, mostly by the Archaeological Survey of India immediately after Indian independence (from the 1950s through the 1970s), although ostensibly following Sir Aurel Stein's explorations in 1942, were to a large extent initiated by a patriotic zeal to compensate for the loss of this more ancient civilisation by the newly freed nation; as apart from Rangpur (Gujarat) and Kotla Nihang Khan (Punjab), the sites remained in Pakistan."<ref name="guha_mas_2005"/>}} Some speculated that the Ghaggar-Hakra system might yield more sites than the Indus river basin.<ref name="Gilbert2017">{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976034-3 |page=6 |quote=Immediately after the discovery of Harappan cities on the Indian side of the border, some nationalist-minded Indians began to speculate that the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed may have more sites than neighboring Pakistan's Indus Valley. ... Such claims may prove to be valid, but modern nationalist arguments complicate the task of South Asian archaeologists who must deal with the poor condition of Harappan sites. The high water table means the oldest sites are under water or waterlogged and difficult to access.}}</ref> According to archaeologist Shireen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of local cultures, with distinctive local potterry, but which had contacts with Harappan civilisation; few are fully developed Harappan sites.{{sfn|Ratnagar|2006b|pp=7–8|ps=, "If in an ancient mound we find only one pot and two bead necklaces similar to those of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with the bulk of pottery, tools and ornaments of a different type altogether, we cannot call that site Harappan. It is instead a site with Harappan contacts. ... Where the Sarasvati valley sites are concerned, we find that many of them are sites of local culture (with distinctive pottery, [[clay]] bangles, terracotta beads, and grinding stones), some of them showing Harappan contact, and comparatively few are full-fledged Mature Harappan sites."}} As of 1977, about 90% of the [[Indus script|Indus script seals and inscribed objects]] discovered were found at sites in Pakistan along the Indus river, while other sites accounts only for the remaining 10%.{{efn|Number of Indus script inscribed objects and seals obtained from various Harappan sites: 1540 from Mohanjodaro, 985 from Harappa, 66 from Chanhudaro, 165 from Lothal, 99 from Kalibangan,
7 from Banawali, 6 from Ur in Iraq, 5 from Surkotada, 4 from Chandigarh}}<ref>{{Cite book|author-link= Iravatham Mahadevan
| first = Iravatham | last=Mahadevan
|url=http://archive.org/details/masi77indusscripttextsconcordancestablesiravathammahadevanalt_443_h|title=MASI 77 Indus Script Texts Concordances & Tables | pages=6–7| publisher= Archaeological Survey of India
| date= 1977 | place=New Delhi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA169|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=169|author-link=Upinder Singh|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142938/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&lpg=PA211&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2002, over {{nowrap|1,000 Mature}} Harappan cities and settlements had been reported, of which just under a hundred had been excavated,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=reported_sites|Reported sites:
* {{harvnb|Possehl|2002|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Possehl|2002a}}: "There are 1,056 Mature Harappan sites that have been reported of which 96 have been excavated."
* {{harvnb|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA137 137]}}: "Today, the count of Harappan sites has risen to about 1,022, of which 406 are in Pakistan and 616 in India. Of these, only 97 have so far been excavated."
* {{harvnb|Coningham|Young |2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192]}}: "More than 1,000 settlements belonging to the Integrated Era have been identified (Singh, 2008: 137)"}} mainly in the general region of the [[Indus]] and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries; however, there are only five major urban sites: [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganeriwala]] and [[Rakhigarhi]].<ref name="ConinghamYoung2015">{{harvnb|Coningham|Young |2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192]}}. "More than 1,000 settlements belonging to the Integrated Era have been identified (Singh, 2008: 137), but there are only five significant urban sites at the peak of the settlement hierarchy (Smith, 2.006a: 110) (Figure 6.2). These are Mohenjo-daro in the lower Indus plain, Harappa in the western Punjab, Ganweriwala in Cholistan, Dholavira in western Gujarat and Rakhigarhi in Haryana. Mohenjo-daro covered an area of more than 250 hectares, Harappa exceeded 150 hectares, Dholavira 100 hectares and Ganweriwala and Rakhigarhi around 80 hectares each."</ref> As of 2008, about 616 sites have been reported in India,<ref name="Singh2008"/> whereas 406 sites have been reported in Pakistan.<ref name="Singh2008"/>

Unlike India, in which after 1947, the ASI attempted to "Indianise" archaeological work in keeping with the new nation's goals of national unity and historical continuity, in Pakistan the national imperative was the promotion of Islamic heritage, and consequently archaeological work on early sites was left to foreign archaeologists.{{sfn|Michon|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=675cCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 44ff]|postscript=: Quote: "After Partition, the archaeological work on the early historic period in India and Pakistan developed differently. In India, while the colonial administrative structure remained intact, the ASI made a concerted effort to Indianise' the field. The early historic period was understood as an important chapter in the long, unified history of the Indian subcontinent, and this understanding supported Indian goals of national unity. In Pakistan, however, the project of nation building was focused more on promoting the rich Islamic archaeological heritage within its borders, and most early historic sites, therefore, were left to the spades of foreign missions."}} After the partition, Mortimer Wheeler, the Director of ASI from 1944, oversaw the establishment of archaeological institutions in Pakistan, later joining a [[UNESCO]] effort tasked to conserve the site at Mohenjo-daro.{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=85|postscript=: Quote: "At the same time he continued to spend part of the years 1949 and 1950 in Pakistan as an adviser to the Government, overseeing the establishment of the government's Department of Archaeology in Pakistan and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi ... He returned to Pakistan in 1958 to carry out excavations at Charsadda and then joined the UNESCO team concerned with the preservation and conservation of Mohenjo-daro during the 1960s. Mohenjo-daro was eventually inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980."}} Other international efforts at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa have included the German ''[[RWTH Aachen University|Aachen]] Research Project Mohenjo-daro'', the ''Italian Mission to Mohenjo-daro'', and the US ''Harappa Archaeological Research Project (HARP)'' founded by [[George F. Dales]].{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=14}} Following a chance flash flood which exposed a portion of an archaeological site at the foot of the [[Bolan Pass]] in [[Balochistan]], excavations were carried out in [[Mehrgarh]] by French archaeologist [[Jean-François Jarrige]] and his team in the early 1970s.{{Sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=109|postscript=: Quote: "This model of population movement and agricultural diffusion, built on the evidence from Kili Gul Muhammad, was completely revised with the discovery of Mehrgarh at the entrance of the Bolan Pass in Baluchistan in the early 1970s by Jean-Francois Jarrige and his team (Jarrige, 1979). Noting an archaeological section exposed by flash flooding, they found a site covering two square kilometres which was occupied between circa 6500 and 2500 BCE."}}


== Chronology ==
{{Main|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The cities of the ancient Indus had "social hierarchies, their writing system, their large planned cities and their long-distance trade [which] mark them to archaeologists as a full-fledged 'civilisation.'<ref name="Chandler 34–42">{{cite journal |last=Chandler |first=Graham |title=Traders of the Plain |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm |access-date=11 February 2007 |date=September–October 1999 |journal=Saudi Aramco World |pages=34–42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218235318/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm |archive-date=18 February 2007 }}</ref> The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from {{Circa|2600}}–1900 BCE. With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures – Early Harappan and Late Harappan, respectively – the entire Indus Valley Civilisation may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE. It is part of the Indus Valley Tradition, which also includes the pre-Harappan occupation of Mehrgarh, the earliest farming site of the Indus Valley.{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991}}{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=27}}

Several periodisations are employed for the IVC.{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991}}{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=27}} The most commonly used classifies the Indus Valley Civilisation into Early, Mature and Late Harappan Phase.{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=25}} An alternative approach by Shaffer divides the broader Indus Valley Tradition into four eras, the pre-Harappan "Early Food Producing Era", and the Regionalisation, Integration, and Localisation eras, which correspond roughly with the Early Harappan, Mature Harappan, and Late Harappan phases.<ref name="Shaffer 1992 loc=I:441–464, II:425–446"/>{{sfn|Manuel|2010|p=148}}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates (BCE)
! Main phase
! Mehrgarh phases
! Harappan phases
! Post-Harappan phases
! Era
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7000–5500
! rowspan=1 | Pre-Harappan
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh I]] (aceramic Neolithic)
|
|
! rowspan=1 | Early Food Producing Era
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5500–3300
! rowspan=1 | Pre-Harappan/Early Harappan{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997|p=53}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Mehrgarh II–VI (ceramic Neolithic)
|
|
! rowspan=3 | Regionalisation Era {{Circa|4000}}–2500/2300 (Shaffer){{sfn|Manuel|2010|p=149}} {{Circa|5000}}–3200 (Coningham & Young){{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=145}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3300–2800
! rowspan=2 | Early Harappan{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997|p=53}} {{Circa|3300}}–2800 (Mughal){{sfn|Kenoyer|1991|p=335}}{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997|p=53}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=17}} {{Circa|5000}}–2800 (Kenoyer){{sfn|Kenoyer|1997|p=53}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 1 (Ravi Phase; [[Hakra Ware culture|Hakra Ware]])
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2800–2600
| style="text-align:center;" | Mehrgarh VII
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 2 (Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I)
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2600–2450
! rowspan=3 | Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilisation)
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 3A (Nausharo II)
|
! rowspan=3 | Integration Era
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2450–2200
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 3B
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2200–1900
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 3C
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1900–1700
! rowspan=2 | Late Harappan
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 4
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | [[Cemetery H]]{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991|p=333}} [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|Ochre Coloured Pottery]]{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991|p=333}}
! rowspan=2 | Localisation Era
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1700–1300
|
| style="text-align:center;" | Harappan 5
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1300–600
! rowspan=2 | Post-Harappan [[Iron Age India]]
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Painted Gray Ware|Painted Grey Ware]] (1200–600) [[Vedic period]] ({{Circa|1500}}–500)
! Regionalisation {{Circa|1200}}–300 (Kenoyer){{sfn|Kenoyer|1997|p=53}} {{Circa|1500}}{{sfn|Kenoyer|1991|p=336}}–600 (Coningham & Young){{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=28}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 600–300
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (Iron Age) (700–200) [[Second urbanisation]] ({{Circa|500}}–200)
!Integration{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=28}}
|}

==Pre-Harappan era: Mehrgarh==
{{Main|Mehrgarh}}

{{See also|Neolithic Revolution}}
[[Mehrgarh]] is a [[Neolithic]] (7000 BCE to {{Circa|2500 BCE}}) mountain site in the Balochistan province of [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm|title=Stone age man used dentist drill|date=6 April 2006|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=24 March 2016|archive-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114065854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> which gave new insights on the emergence of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref name="Chandler 34–42" />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|According to [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], professor emeritus at [[Quaid-e-Azam University]], [[Islamabad]], the discovery of Mehrgarh "changed the entire concept of the Indus civilisation ... There we have the whole sequence, right from the beginning of settled village life."<ref name="Chandler 34–42"/>}} Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=30 January 2004 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ |title=Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103084357/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hirst |first=K. Kris |date=2005 |orig-date=Updated 30 May 2019 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/mehrgarh-pakistan-life-indus-valley-171796 |title=Mehrgarh, Pakistan and Life in the Indus Valley Before Harappa |publisher=ThoughtCo |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029085959/https://www.thoughtco.com/mehrgarh-pakistan-life-indus-valley-171796 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mehrgarh was influenced by the Near Eastern Neolithic,{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} with similarities between "domesticated wheat varieties, early phases of farming, pottery, other archaeological artefacts, some domesticated plants and herd animals".{{sfn|Singh, Sakshi|2016}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Near East"}}

[[Jean-François Jarrige|Jean-Francois Jarrige]] argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes "the assumption that farming economy was introduced full-fledged from Near-East to South Asia",{{sfn|Jarrige|2008a}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Near East"|According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{sfn|Singh, Sakshi|2016}} Gangal et al. (2014):{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of a connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE."<ref>Possehl GL (1999). ''Indus Age: The Beginnings''. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref>}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh,{{sfn|Jarrige|2008a}}{{sfn|Costantini|2008}} but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey.{{sfn|Fuller|2006}} A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petrie |first1=C. A. |last2=Thomas |first2=K. D. |year=2012 |title=The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia |journal=Antiquity |volume=86 |issue=334 |pages=1055–1067 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00048249 |s2cid=131732322 }}</ref> Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goring-Morris |first1=A. N. |last2=Belfer-Cohen |first2=A. |year=2011 |title=Neolithization processes in the Levant: The outer envelope |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S195–S208 |doi=10.1086/658860|bibcode=2011CurrA..52S.195G |s2cid=142928528 }}</ref> The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at [[Ali Kosh]] in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran.{{sfn|Jarrige|2008a}} Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at [[Teppe Zagheh]] on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and [[Jeitun]] in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE).{{sfn|Jarrige|2008b}} Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan (pp. 225–227).<ref name="Harris DR 2010">Harris, D. R. (2010). ''Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</ref>}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys.<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Hiebert |first1=F. T. |last2=Dyson |first2=R. H. |year=2002 |title=Prehistoric Nishapur and frontier between Central Asia and Iran |journal=Iranica Antiqua |volume=XXXVII |pages=113–149 |doi=10.2143/ia.37.0.120}}</ref> Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt and India.<ref>Kuzmina, E. E.; Mair, V. H. (2008). ''The Prehistory of the Silk Road''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press</ref> Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the [[Great Khorasan Road]]) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE and numerous prehistoric sites are located along it, whose assemblages are dominated by the [[Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)|Cheshmeh-Ali]] (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs.<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002"/> Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau ([[Sang-i Chakmak|Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq]]), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture.<ref>Alizadeh, A. (2003). "Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran" (Technical report). University of Chicago, Illinois.</ref> The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population.<ref>Dolukhanov, P. (1994). ''Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East''. Aldershot: Ashgate.</ref><ref name="Harris DR 2010"/> This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quintana-Murci L, Krausz C, Zerjal T, Sayar SH |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=537–542 |doi=10.1086/318200 |pmid=11133362 |pmc=1235289 |bibcode=2001AmJHG..68..537Q }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM |display-authors=etal |year=2004 |title=Where West meets East: The complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–845 |doi=10.1086/383236 |pmid=15077202 |pmc=1181978 |bibcode=2004AmJHG..74..827Q }}</ref>}} and the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. But given the originality of Mehrgarh, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background, and is not a {{"'}}backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East".{{sfn|Jarrige|2008a}}

Lukacs and Hemphill suggest an initial local development of Mehrgarh, with a continuity in cultural development but a change in population. According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the Chalcolithic population did not descend from the Neolithic population of Mehrgarh,{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=114}} which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow".{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=114}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|They further noted that "the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with Neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with Chalcolithic [[Inamgaon]], south of Mehrgarh, than with Chalcolithic Mehrgarh.{{sfn|Coningham|Young |2015|p=114}}}} Mascarenhas et al. (2015) note that "new, possibly West Asian, body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase (3800 BCE)."{{sfn|Mascarenhas |Raina |Aston |Sanghera |2015|p=9}}

Gallego Romero et al. (2011) state that their research on lactose tolerance in India suggests that "the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. (2009) principally reflects gene flow from Iran and the Middle East."{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}} They further note that "[t]he earliest evidence of cattle herding in South Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 [[YBP]]."{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Gallego romero et al. (2011) refer to (Meadow 1993):{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}} Meadow RH. 1993. "Animal domestication in the Middle East: a revised view from the eastern margin". In: Possehl G, editor. ''Harappan civilization''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and India Book House. pp. 295–320.{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=12}}}}

== Early Harappan ==
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Early Phase (3300-2600 BCE).png|thumb|left|Early Harappan Period, {{Circa|3300}}–2600 BCE]]
[[File:Valle dell'indo, barca a forma di toro, periodo kot-dijan, 2800-2600 ac ca. (coll. priv.) 02.jpg|thumb|Terracotta boat in the shape of a bull, and female figurines. [[Kot Diji]] period ({{Circa|2800}}–2600 BC).]]

The Early Harappan Ravi Phase, named after the nearby [[Ravi River]], lasted from {{Circa|3300}} BCE until 2800 BCE. It started when farmers from the mountains gradually moved between their mountain homes and the lowland river valleys,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Possehl|first=G.L.|date=2000 |title=The Early Harappan Phase|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=60/61|pages=227–241|jstor=42936617 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref> and is related to the [[Hakra Ware culture|Hakra Phase]], identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west, and predates the [[Kot Diji]] Phase (2800–2600 BCE, Harappan 2), named after a site in northern [[Sindh]], Pakistan, near [[Mohenjo-daro]]. The earliest examples of the [[Indus script]] date to the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=The World's Writing Systems |page=372 |author=Peter T. Daniels |publisher=Oxford University}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parpola |first=Asko |year=1994 |title=Deciphering the Indus Script |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43079-1}}</ref>

The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by [[Rehman Dheri]] and [[Amri (Pre-Harappa)|Amri]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frontiers of Indus Civilisation |last=Durrani |first=F.A. |publisher=Books & Books |year=1984 |location=Delhi |pages=505–510 |chapter=Some Early Harappan sites in Gomal and Bannu Valleys |editor1-link=B. B. Lal (archaeologist) |editor1=Lal, B.B. |editor2-link=S.P. Gupta |editor2=Gupta, S.P.}}</ref> [[Kot Diji]] represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan, with the citadel representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life. Another town of this stage was found at [[Kalibangan]] in India on the Hakra River.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thapar |first=B.K. |year=1975 |title=Kalibangan: A Harappan metropolis beyond the Indus Valley |journal=Expedition |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=19–32}}</ref>

Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including [[lapis lazuli]] and other materials for bead-making. By this time, villagers had domesticated numerous crops, including [[pea]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, [[date (fruit)|dates]], and cotton, as well as animals, including the [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]]. Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE, from where the mature Harappan phase started. The latest research shows that Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123103 |pmid=25923705 |pmc=4414352 |volume=10 |issue=4 |journal=PLOS ONE |article-number=e0123103 |year=2015 |last1=Valentine |first1=Benjamin |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1023103V|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms |title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=30 April 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725190650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The final stages of the Early Harappan period are characterised by the building of large walled settlements, the expansion of trade networks, and the increasing integration of regional communities into a "relatively uniform" material culture in terms of pottery styles, ornaments, and [[stamp seal]]s with [[Indus script]], leading into the transition to the Mature Harappan phase.{{sfn|Kenoyer|2006}}

== Mature Harappan ==
[[file:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.5|Mature Harappan Period, {{Circa|2600}}–1900 BCE]]

{{multiple image|perrow=1/2/1|total_width=230|caption_align=center
| align =
| title = Mature Harappan
| image2 = Another view of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F.JPG|caption2=View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F in [[Harappa]]
| image3 = The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG|caption3=Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at [[Lothal]]
| image4 = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|caption4=[[Dholavira]] in [[Gujarat, India]], is one of the largest cities of Indus Valley Civilisation, with [[stepwell]] steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs.<ref name=news>{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206150624/http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2003 |url-status=live |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj |access-date=18 November 2009 }}</ref>
}}

According to Giosan et al. (2012), the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries. Flood-supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses, which in turn supported the development of cities. The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods.{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}} Brooke further notes that the development of advanced cities coincides with a reduction in rainfall, which may have triggered a reorganisation into larger urban centres.<ref name=brooke-2014/>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Note-Brooke"}}

According to J.G. Shaffer and D.A. Lichtenstein,<ref>{{cite book |title=Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia |last1=Shaffer |first1=Jim G. |author1-link=Jim G. Shaffer |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Diane A. |year=1989 |series=Wisconsin Archaeological Reports |volume=2 |pages=117–126 |chapter=Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition}}</ref> the Mature Harappan civilisation was "a fusion of the Bagor, Hakra, and Kot Diji traditions or 'ethnic groups' in the Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan".<ref name="possehl" />

Also, according to a more recent summary by Maisels (2003), "The Harappan oecumene formed from a Kot Dijian/[[Amri culture|Amri-Nal]] synthesis". He also says that, in the development of complexity, the site of Mohenjo-daro has priority, along with the Hakra-Ghaggar cluster of sites, "where Hakra wares actually precede the Kot Diji related material". He sees these areas as "catalytic in producing the fusion from Hakra, Kot Dijian and Amri-Nal cultural elements that resulted in the gestalt we recognize as Early Harappan (Early Indus)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maisels|first=Charles Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216|title=Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China|date=2003|page=216|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-83730-4|language=en|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101143328/https://books.google.ca/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216|url-status=live}}</ref>

By {{nowrap|2600 BCE,}} the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres. Such urban centres include [[Harappa]], [[Ganeriwala]], [[Mohenjo-daro]] in modern-day Pakistan, and [[Dholavira]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Rupar]], and [[Lothal]] in modern-day India.<ref name="re-enters">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/indus-river-re-enters-india-145091-2011-11-06 |title=Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar |magazine=India Today |date=7 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109090722/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indus-river-re-enters-india/1/158976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In total, more than 1,000 settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=reported_sites}}

=== Cities ===
{{Main|Harappan architecture}}

A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation, making them the first urban centre in the region. The high degree of forward-looking [[urban planning]] demonstrates the existence of well-organised local governments capable of formulating and executing a large-scale forward-looking development program, and which placed a high value on [[public health]] and [[hygiene]], or, alternatively, accessibility to the means of religious ritual.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 193ff]}}

As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently{{When|date=July 2024}} partially excavated [[Rakhigarhi]], this urban plan included the world's first known [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|city sanitation system]]s. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from [[water well|wells]]. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, [[wastewater|waste water]] was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner [[courtyard]]s and smaller lanes. The housebuilding in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the housebuilding of the Harappans.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house-building is still done in some villages of the region.{{Sfn|Lal|2002|pp=93–95}}}}

The Indus Valley cities developed elaborate drainage and sewerage systems, described by archaeologists as well-planned and advanced compared with many contemporary societies. Their urban architecture included dockyards, [[granary|granaries]], warehouses, brick platforms, and massive protective walls, which were likely intended both as [[flood defenses]] and as fortifications.{{sfn|Morris|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}

The purpose of the citadel remains debated. In sharp contrast to this civilisation's contemporaries, [[Mesopotamia]] and [[ancient Egypt]], no large monumental structures were built. There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|date=2008 |url=https://southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/757/2017/08/Kenoyer2008-Indus-Valley-Article.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412163416/https://southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/757/2017/08/Kenoyer2008-Indus-Valley-Article.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=live |title=Indus Civilization |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Archaeology|volume=1|page=719}}</ref> Some structures are thought to have been granaries. Found at one city is an enormous well-built bath (the "[[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro|Great Bath]]"), which may have been a public bath. Although the citadels were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive; many may have been [[flood defenses]].

Most city dwellers appear to have been traders or artisans, who lived with others pursuing the same occupation in well-defined neighbourhoods. Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals, beads and other objects. Among the [[artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] discovered were beautiful glazed [[faïence]] beads. [[Steatite]] seals have images of animals, people (perhaps gods), and other types of inscriptions, including the yet un-deciphered [[Indus script|writing system of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]. Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods.

Although some houses were larger than others, Indus Valley Civilisation cities were remarkable for their apparent, if relative, [[egalitarianism]]. All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities. This gives the impression of a society with relatively low [[wealth concentration]].<ref name="green">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Adam S.|date=16 September 2020|title=Killing the Priest-King: Addressing Egalitarianism in the Indus Civilization|journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |volume=29|issue=2|pages=153–202|doi=10.1007/s10814-020-09147-9|issn=1573-7756|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Authority and governance ===
Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for the question of who ruled Harappan cities and how. Nonetheless, there are indications of complex decisions being taken and large-scale mobilisation of resources. For instance, the majority of the cities were constructed in a highly uniform and well-planned grid pattern, divided into two levels from ground making one part slightly higher than the other; such complex [[urban planning]], combined with the construction of large [[public works]] projects, demonstrates the existence of some sort of planning authority.{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997}} The remarkable consistency of Harappan weights and measures, as evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks, also indicates the existence of a central authority able to make definitive regulations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |title=Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries |date=14 September 2014 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78040-484-4 |pages=26, 40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbgrBQAAQBAJ&q=indus+valley+civilization+cities+highly+uniform+grid+pattern+suggesting+made+by+central+authority |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

These are some major theories:{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
* There was a single state or [[federation]] ruling all or most of the Indus Valley. Proponents of this theory believe that the presence of standardised weights and measures demonstrates the presence of a central authority.
* There was no single ruler, with each city being a self-governing [[city state]].

=== Metallurgy ===
{{main|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}

Copper was abundant at Indus sites, as revealed by archaeology. In his 2019 study of Harappan and Indus copper industry, Brett Hoffman analyzed extensive copper/bronze assemblages from Harappa. He used advanced techniques such as [[Scanning Electron Microscopy]] (SEM), to understand production, consumption, and trade in copper ore. The study revealed regional patterns and detailed technological aspects of bronze production in Harappa and in Indus Valley Civilisation more generally. Indus bronze was alloyed with [[tin]], [[arsenic]] and [[lead]].{{Sfn|Hoffman|2019}}

Hoffman examined a large collections of copper/bronze artifacts from Harappa, covering the timeline from 3300 to 1700 BCE, and challenged some older broad interpretations of bronze production. He studied how copper was acquired, processed, and used for diverse items, such as tools and prestige goods. The production increased especially starting with the [[Kot Diji]] Phase, but the Early Harappan groups were already well acquainted with copper metallurgy.{{Sfn|Hoffman|2019|p=58}}<ref>Kenoyer, J. M., and H. M.-L Miller 1999, [https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1999_Metal%20Technologies%20of%20the%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India.] In V. C. Pigott (ed.), The Emergence and Development of Metallurgy: 107–151. Philadelphia, University Museum. - harappa.com</ref>

Major copper and copper ore sources used by Indus Valley Civilisation included [[Rajasthan]] (Khetri mines) and as far as [[Oman]], and [[Bahrain]]. The [[Aravalli Range]] in northwestern India was particularly important.{{Sfn|Hoffman|2019}}

A [[Touchstone (assaying tool)|touchstone]] bearing gold streaks was found in [[Banawali]], which was probably used for testing the purity of gold (such a technique is still used in some parts of India).<ref name="possehl">{{cite book |title=Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |last=Bisht |first=R.S. |publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. |year=1982 |location=New Delhi |pages=113–124 |chapter=Excavations at Banawali: 1974–77 |editor=Possehl Gregory L.}}</ref>

Contrary to the older ideas of elite control over metal production, recent research indicates that access to copper and bronze was relatively widespread throughout the Indus society.{{Sfn|Hoffman|2019|p=347}}

=== Metrology ===
{{further|Indian mathematics#Prehistory}}
[[File:Harappan (Indus Valley) Balance & Weights.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Harappan weights found in the Indus Valley ([[National Museum, New Delhi]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus |date=2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-043-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse/page/401 401]–402 |url=https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref>]]

The people of the Indus Valley Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.{{dubious|date=June 2019}} A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in [[Lothal]] in Gujarat, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the [[Bronze Age]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their [[hexahedron]] weights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gacariyalur College – History of Indian Civilizations |url=https://gacariyalur.ac.in/econtent/history/pg/PG-I-INDIACIVILIZATIONANDCULTURE.pdf}}</ref>

These [[chert]] weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English [[Imperial units#Mass and weight|Imperial ounce]] or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871. However, as in other cultures, actual weights were not uniform throughout the area. The weights and measures later used in [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (4th century BCE) are the same as those used in [[Lothal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sergent |first=Bernard |title=Genèse de l'Inde |year=1997 |page=113 |language=fr |isbn=978-2-228-89116-5 |publisher=Payot |location=Paris}}</ref>

=== Arts and crafts ===
{{see also|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent}}
Many [[Indus script|Indus Valley seal]]s and items in [[Indian Pottery|pottery]] and [[terracotta]] have been found, along with a very few stone sculptures and some gold jewellery and bronze vessels. Some anatomically detailed figurines in [[terracotta]], bronze, and steatite have been found at excavation sites, the former probably mostly toys.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=248}} The Harappans also made various toys and games, among them cubical [[dice]] (with one to six holes on the faces), which were found in sites like Mohenjo-daro.{{Sfn|Lal|2002|p=89}}

The terracotta figurines included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified. Part bull, part zebra, with a majestic horn, it has been a source of speculation. As yet, there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance, but the prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols.<ref name="Keay, John 2000">Keay, John, India, a History. New York: Grove Press, 2000.</ref>

Many crafts including, "shell working, ceramics, and agate and glazed steatite bead making" were practised and the pieces were used in the making of necklaces, bangles, and other ornaments from all phases of Harappan culture. Some of these crafts are still practised in the subcontinent today.{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997}} Some make-up and toiletry items (a special kind of combs (kakai), the use of [[collyrium]] and a special three-in-one toiletry gadget) that were found in Harappan contexts still have similar counterparts in modern India.{{sfn|Lal|2002|p=82}} Terracotta female figurines were found ({{Circa|2800}}–2600 BCE) which had red colour applied to the "manga" (line of partition of the hair).{{sfn|Lal|2002|p=82}}

Archeological remains from 2000 to 3000 BC have been found from the city of [[Lothal]] of pieces on a board that resemble chess.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Henry J. |title=The Anti-War Wargame: a Comprehensive Analysis of the Origins of the Game of Chess 1989-1990 |date=30 September 2015 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4917-7353-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjStCgAAQBAJ&dq=chaturanga+pieces+from+lothal&pg=PT9 |access-date=21 June 2021 |ref=culin}}</ref>

The finds from Mohenjo-daro were initially deposited in the [[Lahore Museum]], but later moved to the ASI headquarters at New Delhi, where a new "Central Imperial Museum" was being planned for the new capital of the British Raj, in which at least a selection would be displayed. It became apparent that Indian independence was approaching, but the [[Partition of India]] was not anticipated until late in the process. The new Pakistani authorities requested the return of the Mohenjo-daro pieces excavated on their territory, but the Indian authorities refused. Eventually an agreement was reached, whereby the finds, totalling some 12,000 objects (most [[sherd]]s of pottery), were split equally between the countries; in some cases this was taken very literally, with some necklaces and girdles having their beads separated into two piles. In the case of the "two most celebrated sculpted figures", Pakistan asked for and received the [[Mohenjo-daro Priest-King|so-called ''Priest-King'' figure]], while India retained the much smaller [[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|''Dancing Girl'']].<ref>Singh (2015), 111-112 (112 quoted)</ref>

Though written considerably later, the arts treatise ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' ({{circa|200 BCE – 200 CE}}) classifies musical instruments into four groups based on their means of acoustical production—strings, membranes, solid materials and air—and it is probable that such instruments had existed since the IVC.{{sfn|Flora|2000|p=319}} Archeological evidence indicates the use of simple [[Rattle (percussion instrument)|rattle]]s and [[vessel flute]]s, while iconographical evidence suggests early harps and drums were also used.{{sfn|Flora|2000|pp=319–320}} An [[ideogram]] in the IVC contains the earliest known depiction of an [[arched harp]], dated sometime before 1800 BCE.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=DeVale |first1=Sue Carole |last2=Lawergren |first2=Bo |author-link2=Bo Lawergren |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Harp: IV. Asia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.45738 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000045738 |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020214901/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000045738 |url-status=live }} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref>

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">

File:Ceremonial Vessel LACMA AC1997.93.1.jpg|Ceremonial vessel; 2600–2450 BC; terracotta with black paint; 49.53 × 25.4 cm; [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (US)

Poids cubiques harappéens - BM.jpg|Cubical weights, standardised throughout the Indus cultural zone; 2600–1900 BC; chert; [[British Museum]] (London)

Harappan carnelian and terracotta beads - Mohenjo-daro.jpg|[[Mohenjo-daro]] beads; 2600–1900 BC; [[carnelian]] and [[terracotta]]; British Museum

Oiseau a tete de belier monte sur roues Indus Guimet.jpg|Ram-headed bird mounted on wheels, probably a toy; 2600–1900 BC; terracotta; [[Guimet Museum]] (Paris)
</gallery>

====Human statuettes====
{{Further information|Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)}}
A handful of realistic statuettes have been found at IVC sites, of which much the most famous{{Opinion|date=July 2024}} is the [[lost-wax casting]] [[bronze sculpture|bronze]] statuette of a slender-limbed ''[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]'' adorned with bangles, found in Mohenjo-daro. Two other realistic incomplete statuettes have been found in Harappa in proper stratified excavations, which display near-[[Classical antiquity|Classical]] treatment of the human shape: the [[:File:Harappa 13 grey stone male dancer statuette.jpg|statuette of a dancer]] who seems to be male, and the ''Harappa Torso'', a [[:File:Harappa red jasper male torso.jpg|red jasper male torso]], both now in the Delhi National Museum. [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]] reacted with surprise when he saw these two statuettes from Harappa:{{sfn|Marshall|1931|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722/page/n82 45]}}

{{blockquote|When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric; they seemed to completely upset all established ideas about early art, and culture. Modelling such as this was unknown in the ancient world up to the Hellenistic age of Greece, and I thought, therefore, that some mistake must surely have been made; that these figures had found their way into levels some 3000 years older than those to which they properly belonged ... Now, in these statuettes, it is just this anatomical truth which is so startling; that makes us wonder whether, in this all-important matter, Greek artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the sculptors of a far-off age on the banks of the Indus.{{sfn|Marshall|1931|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722/page/n82 45]}}}}

These statuettes remain controversial, due to their advanced style in representing the human body. Regarding the red jasper torso, the discoverer, [[Madho Sarup Vats|Vats]], claims a Harappan date, but Marshall considered this statuette is probably historical, dating to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period, comparing it to the much later [[Lohanipur torso]].{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA111 111]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA112 112]}} A second rather similar grey stone torso of a dancing male was also found about 150 meters away in a secure Mature Harappan stratum. Overall, anthropologist [[Gregory Possehl]] tends to consider that these statuettes probably form the pinnacle of Indus art during the Mature Harappan period.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|p=111}}

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">

Reclining mouflon MET DT252770.jpg|Reclining mouflon; 2600–1900 BC; marble; length: 28 cm; [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)

File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|The [[Priest-king (sculpture)|''Priest-King'']]; 2400–1900 BC; low fired steatite; height: 17.5 cm; [[National Museum of Pakistan]] ([[Karachi]])

File:Harappa 13 grey stone male dancer statuette.jpg|Male dancing torso; 2400–1900 BC; limestone; height: 9.9 cm; [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] ([[New Delhi]])

Dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro.jpg|The ''[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]''; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; National Museum (New Delhi)

</gallery>

==== Seals ====
{{Main|Indus script}}

[[File:IndusValleySeals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Stamp seals and (right) impressions, some of them with [[Indus script]]; probably made of steatite; [[British Museum]] (London)]]
Thousands of [[steatite]] seals have been recovered, and their physical character is fairly consistent. In size they range from squares of side {{convert|3/4|to|1+1/2|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on|0}}. In most cases they have a pierced boss at the back to accommodate a cord for handling or for use as personal adornment. In addition a large number of sealings have survived, of which only a few can be matched to the seals. The great majority of examples of the [[Indus script]] are short groups of signs on seals.{{Sfn|Possehl|2002|p=127}}

Seals have been found at [[Mohenjo-daro]] depicting a figure standing on its head, and another, on the [[Pashupati seal]], sitting cross-legged in what some{{who|date=February 2020}} call a [[yoga]]-like pose (see image, the so-called ''Pashupati'', below). This figure has been variously identified. Sir John Marshall identified a resemblance to the Hindu god, Shiva.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mackay |first=Ernest John Henry |title=Excavations at Mohenjodaro |journal=Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India |year=1928–1929 |pages=74–75 }}</ref>

A [[:File:Indus bull-man fighting beast.jpg|human deity with the horns, hooves and tail of a bull]] also appears in the seals, in particular in a fighting scene with a horned tiger-like beast. This deity has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man [[Enkidu]].<ref name="Littleton">{{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology |date=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1 |page=732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223182624/https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Marshall|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA389 389]}}<ref name="Pearson">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vipul |year=2008 |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA35 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223182624/https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Several seals also show a man fighting two lions or tigers, a "[[Master of Animals]]" motif common to civilisations in Western and South Asia.<ref name="Pearson" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan |page=[https://archive.org/details/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/page/n111 76] |url=https://archive.org/details/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan}}</ref>

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">

MET 1984 482 237872.jpg|Seal; 3000–1500 BC; baked [[steatite]]; 2 × 2 cm; [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)

File:Stamp seal and modern impression- unicorn and incense burner (?) MET DP23101 (cropped).jpg|Stamp seal and modern impression: unicorn and incense burner (?); 2600–1900 BC; burnt steatite; 3.8 × 3.8 × 1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Clevelandart 1973.160.jpg|Seal with two-horned bull and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.2 x 3.2 cm; [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] ([[Cleveland, Ohio]], US)

File:Clevelandart 1973.161.jpg|Seal with unicorn and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.5 x 3.6 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

File:Constitution Page1 Rammanohar.jpg|Seal painted on the first page of Constitution of India
</gallery>

=== Trade and transportation ===
{{further|Lothal|Meluhha|Shortugai}}

[[File:Bronze Age IVC Trade Route.png|thumb|Archaeological discoveries suggest that trade routes between [[Mesopotamia]] and the Indus were active during the 3rd millennium BCE, leading to the development of [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]].<ref name="JR12">{{cite book |last2=Reade |first2=Julian E. |title=The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered |first1=GS Elisabeth |last1=During-Caspers |date=2008 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3 |pages=12–14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28245304 |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114145706/https://www.academia.edu/28245304 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

[[File:Disha Kaka Boat with Direction Finding Birds, model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 3000 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boat with direction-finding birds to find land.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenoyer |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Heuston |first2=Kimberley Burton |title=The Ancient South Asian World |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-522243-2 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66 |language=en |quote="The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to land." |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623163920/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Mathew|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 32]}} Model of [[Mohenjo-daro]] tablet, 2500–1750 BCE.([[National Museum, New Delhi]]).{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA158 158]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA159 159]}}{{sfn|Allchin|Allchin|1982|loc=pp. 188–189, listing of figures [https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PR10 p.x]}} Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.<ref name=robinson>{{citation|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|location=London|publisher=Reakton Books|pages=89–91|isbn=978-1-78023-541-7|year=2015|quote=To what extent such a reed-made river vessel would have been seaworthy is debatable. ... Did the flat-bottomed Indus river boats mutate into the crescent-shaped hull of Heyerdahl's reed boat before taking to the Arabian Sea? Did they reach as far as the coast of East Africa, as the Tigris did? No one knows.}}</ref>]]

The Indus Valley Civilisation may have had [[bullock cart]]s identical to those seen throughout South Asia today, as well as boats. Most of these boats were probably small, flat-bottomed craft, perhaps driven by sail, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today. An extensive canal network, used for irrigation, has however also been discovered by H.-P. Francfort.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA157 157]}}

During 4300–3200 BCE of the [[chalcolithic]] period (copper age), the Indus Valley Civilisation area shows ceramic similarities with southern [[Turkmenistan]] and northern Iran which suggest considerable mobility and trade. During the Early Harappan period (about 3200–2600 BCE), similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments, etc. document intensive caravan trade with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Iranian plateau]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Parpola|2005|pp=2–3}}</ref>

Judging from the dispersal of Indus Valley Civilisation artefacts, the trade networks economically integrated a huge area, including portions of [[Afghanistan]], the coastal regions of [[Persian Gulf|Persia]] connected by the [[Gulf of Oman]] from the [[Arabian Sea]], northern and [[western India]], and [[Mesopotamia]], leading to the development of [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]]. Studies of tooth enamel from individuals buried at Harappa suggest that some residents had migrated to the city from beyond the Indus Valley.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surprising Discoveries From the Indus Civilization |work=National Geographic |first=Traci |last=Watson |date=29 April 2013 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130425-indus-civilization-discoveries-harappa-archaeology-science/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502003818/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130425-indus-civilization-discoveries-harappa-archaeology-science/|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> Ancient DNA studies of graves at Bronze Age sites at [[Gonur Depe]], Turkmenistan, and [[Shahr-e Sukhteh]], Iran, have identified 11 individuals of South Asian descent, who are presumed to be of mature Indus Valley origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Narasimhan|first1=Vagheesh M.|last2=Patterson|first2=Nick|last3=Moorjani|first3=Priya|last4=Rohland|first4=Nadin|last5=Bernardos|first5=Rebecca|last6=Mallick|first6=Swapan|last7=Lazaridis|first7=Iosif|last8=Nakatsuka|first8=Nathan|last9=Olalde|first9=Iñigo|last10=Lipson|first10=Mark|last11=Kim|first11=Alexander M.|date=6 September 2019|title=The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia|journal=Science|volume=365|issue=6457|article-number=eaat7487|doi=10.1126/science.aat7487|issn=0036-8075|pmc=6822619|pmid=31488661 |bibcode=2019Sci...365t7487N }}</ref>

There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilisations as early as the middle Harappan Phase, with much commerce being handled by "middlemen merchants from [[Dilmun]]" (modern [[Bahrain]], [[Eastern Arabia]] and [[Failaka]] located in the [[Persian Gulf]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston, Jamaica 1992 |last=Neyland |first=R.S. |publisher=Society for Historical Archaeology |year=1992 |location=Tucson, AZ |pages=68–74 |chapter=The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals |editor1=Keith, D.H. |editor2=Carrell T.L.}}</ref> Such long-distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank-built watercraft, equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth.<ref name="Maurizio Tosi 1993, pp. 745-61">Maurizio Tosi, "Black Boats of Magan. Some Thoughts on Bronze Age Water Transport in Oman and beyond from the Impressed Bitumen Slabs of Ra's al-Junayz", in A. Parpola (ed), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Helsinki, 1995, pp. 745–761 (in collaboration with Serge Cleuziou)</ref>

However, the evidence of sea-borne trade involving the Harappan civilisation is not firm. In their book ''Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan'' archaeologists [[Bridget Allchin]] and [[Raymond Allchin]] write: <blockquote>... (p. 173) the settlement at Lothal ... along the east side was a brick basin. It is claimed by its excavator to have been a dockyard, connected by channels to a neighbouring estuary. ... On its edge the excavator discovered several heavily-pierced stones, similar to modern anchor stones employed by traditional seafaring communities of Western India. This interpretation, however, has been challenged, and indeed the published levels of the basin and its entrance relative to the modern sea level seem to argue against it. Leshnik has cogently suggested that it was a tank for the reception of sweet water, channelled from higher ground inland to an area where the local water supplies were anciently, as still today, saline. We regard either interpretation as still unproven, but favour the latter. ... (p. 188–189) The discussion of trade focuses attention upon methods of transport. Several representations of ships are found on seals and graffiti at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (Figs. 7.15–7.16], etc, and a terracotta model of a ship, with a stick impressed socket for the mast and eyeholes for fixing rigging comes from Lothal. We have already seen above that the great brick tank, interpreted by Rao as a dock at Lothal, cannot yet be certainly identified. The evidence of sea trade and contact during the Harappan period is largely circumstantial, or derived from inferences from the Mesopotamian texts, as detailed above. (Figure 7. 15 had caption: Mohenjo-daro: representation of ship on a stone seal (length 4.3 cm) (after Mackay). Figure 7.16 Mohenjo-daro: representation of ship on terracotta amulet (length 4.5 cm) after Dales)</blockquote>

Daniel T. Potts writes:

<blockquote> It is generally assumed that most trade between the Indus Valley (ancient Meluhha?) and western neighbors proceeded up the Persian Gulf rather than overland. Although there is no incontrovertible proof that this was indeed the case, the distribution of Indus-type artifacts on the Oman peninsula, on Bahrain and in southern Mesopotamia makes it plausible that a series of maritime stages linked the Indus Valley and the Gulf region. If this is accepted, then the presence of [[etched carnelian beads]], a Harappan-style cubical stone weight, and a Harappan-style cylinder seal at Susa (Amiet 1986a, Figs. 92-94) may be evidence of maritime trade between Susa and the Indus Valley in the late 3rd millennium BCE. On the other hand, given that similar finds, particularly etched carnelian beads, are attested at landlocked sites including Tepe Hissar (Tappe Heṣār), Shah Tepe (Šāh-Tappe), Kalleh Nisar (Kalla Nisār), Jalalabad (Jalālābād), Marlik (Mārlik) and Tepe Yahya (Tappe Yaḥyā) (Possehl 1996, pp. 153-54), other mechanisms, including overland traffic by peddlers or caravans, may account for their presence at Susa.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|title=Maritime Trade i. Pre-Islamic Period|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maritime-trade-i-pre-islamic-period|access-date=2023-02-14|last=Potts|first=Daniel T.|year=2009|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927030247/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maritime-trade-i-pre-islamic-period|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

In the 1980s, important archaeological discoveries were made at [[Ras al-Jinz]] ([[Oman]]), demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="Maurizio Tosi 1993, pp. 745-61"/><ref>Maurizio Tosi: ''Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents'', in: ''Vergessene Städte am Indus'', Mainz am Rhein 1987, {{ISBN|3-8053-0957-0}}, S. 132–133</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf |title=Ras Al Jinz |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160910032138/http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2016 |publisher=Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center }}</ref>

Dennys Frenez recently regards that:

<blockquote>Indus-type and Indus-related artifacts were found over a large and differentiated [[ecumene]], encompassing Central Asia, the Iranian Plateau, Mesopotamia and the northern Levant, the Persian Gulf, and the Oman Peninsula. The discovery of Indus trade tools (seals, weights, and containers) across the entire Middle Asia, complemented by information from Mesopotamian cuneiform texts, shows that entrepreneurs from the Indus Valley regularly ventured into these regions to transact with the local socioeconomic and political entities. However, Indus artifacts were also exchanged beyond this core region, eventually reaching as far [as] the Nile River valley, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. On the contrary, only a handful of exotic trade tools and commodities have been found at sites in the Greater Indus Valley. The success of Indus trade in Central and Western Asia did not only rely on the dynamic entrepreneurialism of Indus merchants and the exotic commodities they offered. Specific products were proactively designed and manufactured in the Indus Valley to fulfill the particular needs of foreign markets, and Indus craftspeople moved beyond their native cultural sphere adapting their distinctive productions to the taste of foreign elites or reworking indigenous models. The adoption of specific seals and iconographies to regulate external trade activities suggests a conscious attempt at implementing a coordinated supraregional marketing strategy[...]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Asian History|title=Indus Valley: Early Commercial Connections with Central and Western Asia
|url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-595|access-date=2023-12-15|last= Frenez | first= Dennys|year= 2023| doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.595|isbn=978-0-19-027772-7
|url-access=subscription}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Agriculture ===
According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India, but there is also "good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the [[zebu]] cattle at Mehrgarh."{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Gangal|Gangal refers to {{harvp|Jarrige|2008a}} and {{harvp|Costantini|2008}}}}

According to Jean-Francois Jarrige, farming had an independent local origin at Mehrgarh, which he argues is not merely a "'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East", despite similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites.{{sfn|Jarrige|2008a}} Archaeologist [[Jim G. Shaffer]] writes that the Mehrgarh site "demonstrates that food production was an indigenous South Asian phenomenon" and that the data support interpretation of "the prehistoric urbanisation and complex social organisation in South Asia as based on indigenous, but not isolated, cultural developments".{{sfn|Shaffer|1999|p=245}}

Jarrige notes that the people of [[Mehrgarh]] used domesticated wheats and [[barley]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarrige |first=J.-F.|year=1986 |title=Excavations at Mehrgarh-Nausharo |journal=Pakistan Archaeology |volume=10 |issue=22 |pages=63–131}}</ref> while Shaffer and Liechtenstein note that the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley.<ref>Shaffer and Liechtenstein 1995, 1999.{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> Gangal agrees that "Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley," noting that "there is good evidence for the local domestication of barley." Yet, Gangal also notes that the crop also included "a small amount of wheat," which "are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey."{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Gangal refers to {{harvp|Fuller|2006}}}}

The cattle that are often portrayed on Indus seals are humped [[Indian aurochs]] (''Bos primigenius namadicus''), which are similar to [[Zebu]] cattle. Zebu cattle are still common in India, and in Africa. They are different from European cattle (''Bos primigenius taurus''), and are believed to have been independently domesticated on the Indian subcontinent, probably in the [[Baluchistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan region]] of Pakistan.{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011}}{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Gangal}}

Research by J. Bates et al. (2016) confirms that Indus populations were the earliest people to use complex multi-cropping strategies across both seasons, growing foods during summer (rice, millets and beans) and winter (wheat, barley and pulses), which required different watering regimes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bates |first=J. |year=1986 |title=Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: New evidence from Indus settlements in northern India |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=78 |issue=22 |pages=193–201|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.018 |pmid=33414573 |pmc=7773629 |bibcode=2017JArSc..78..193B |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bates et al. (2016) also found evidence for an entirely separate domestication process of rice in ancient South Asia, based around the wild species ''Oryza nivara''. This led to the local development of a mix of "wetland" and "dryland" agriculture of local ''Oryza sativa indica'' rice agriculture, before the truly "wetland" rice ''Oryza sativa japonica'' arrived around 2000 BCE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Jennifer |title=Rice farming in India much older than thought, used as 'summer crop' by Indus civilisation |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/rice-farming-in-india-much-older-than-thought-used-as-summer-crop-by-indus-civilisation |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Research |date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330181751/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/rice-farming-in-india-much-older-than-thought-used-as-summer-crop-by-indus-civilisation |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Food ===
According to archeological finds, the Indus Valley Civilisation had a diet dominated by meats of animals such as cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and chicken.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indus-valley-civilization-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-1748530-2020-12-11|title=Indus Valley civilization diet had dominance of meat, finds study|website=India Today|date=11 December 2020|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722035534/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indus-valley-civilization-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-1748530-2020-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/980808/indus-valley-civilisation-had-meat-heavy-diets-reveals-study|title=Indus Valley civilisation had meat-heavy diets, preference for beef, reveals study|website=Scroll|date=10 December 2020|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722035443/https://scroll.in/latest/980808/indus-valley-civilisation-had-meat-heavy-diets-reveals-study|url-status=live}}</ref> Remnants of dairy products were also discovered. According to Akshyeta Suryanarayan et al.,{{efn|A large proportion of data however remains ambiguous. Reliable local isotopic references for fats and oils are unavailable, and lipid levels in IVC vessels are quite low.}} available evidence indicates culinary practices to be common over the region; food-constituents were dairy products (in low proportion), ruminant carcass meat, and either non-ruminant adipose fats, plants, or mixtures of these products.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|display-authors=4 |last1=Suryanarayan |first1=Akshyeta |last2=Cubas |first2=Miriam |last3=Craig |first3=Oliver E. |last4=Heron |first4=Carl P. |last5=Vasant S. |first5=Shinde |last6=Singh |first6=Ravindra N. |last7=O'Connell |first7=Tamsin C. |last8=Petrie |first8=Cameron A. |date=January 2021 |title=Lipid residues in pottery from the Indus Civilisation in northwest India |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=125 |article-number=105291 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291 |pmid=33519031 |pmc=7829615 |bibcode=2021JArSc.125j5291S |issn=0305-4403 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The dietary pattern remained the same throughout the decline.<ref name=":2" />

Seven food-balls ("[[laddu]]s") were found in intact form, along with two figurines of bulls and a hand-held copper adze, during excavations in 2017 from western [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":0" /> Dated to about 2600 BCE, they were likely composed of legumes, primarily [[Mung bean|mung]], and cereals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Agnihotri|first=Rajesh|date=1 June 2021|title=Microscopic, biochemical and stable isotopic investigation of seven multi-nutritional food-balls from Indus archaeological site, Rajasthan (India)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X21001292|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|language=en|volume=37|article-number=102917|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102917|bibcode=2021JArSR..37j2917A|s2cid=233578846|issn=2352-409X|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202932/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X21001292|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The authors speculated the food-balls to be of a ritualistic significance, given the finds of bull figurines, [[adze]] and a seal in immediate vicinity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Tewari|first=Mohita|date=25 March 2021|title=Harappan people ate multigrain, high-protein 'laddoos': Study – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/harappan-people-ate-multigrain-high-protein-laddoos-study/articleshow/81684776.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219112112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/harappan-people-ate-multigrain-high-protein-laddoos-study/articleshow/81684776.cms|archive-date=19 February 2022|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{see also|Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit|l1=Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit|Harappan language|l2=Harappan language|Dravidian peoples#Origins|l3=Origins of Dravidian peoples}}
The [[Harappan language]] is the unknown language (or languages) of the Indus Valley Civilization. The [[Indus script|Harappan script]] is yet undeciphered, indeed it has not even been demonstrated to be a writing system, and therefore the language remains unknown.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2023-03-06 |title=India - Agriculture and animal husbandry {{!}} Britannica |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Agriculture-and-animal-husbandry#ref46830 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306022746/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Agriculture-and-animal-husbandry#ref46830 |archive-date=2023-03-06 }}</ref> The language being yet unattested in readable contemporary sources, hypotheses regarding its nature are based on possible [[loanword]]s, the [[substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]], and some terms recorded in [[Sumerian cuneiform]] (such as ''[[Meluhha]]''), in conjunction with analyses of the [[Indus script|Harappan script]].

There are some possible loanwords from the language of the Indus Valley Civilization. ''{{transliteration|sux|Meluḫḫa}}'' or ''{{transliteration|sux|Melukhkha}}'' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩[[𒆠]]}}}} {{transliteration|sux|Me-luḫ-ḫaKI}}) is the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] name of a prominent trading partner of [[Sumer]] during the [[Middle Bronze Age]]. Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the Indus Valley Civilisation. Of the [[substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]], the bulk have no proven basis in any of the known families, suggesting a source in one or more lost languages. One of these lost languages could have been the Harappan language, which Witzel labelled as the Kubhā-Vipāś [[Substrate (linguistics)|substrate]].<ref name=Witzel09>{{cite journal|first=Michael |last=Witzel |title=The linguistic history of some Indian domestic plants |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume= 34 |issue= 6 |date=December 2009 |pages= 829–833 |doi=10.1007/s12038-009-0096-1|pmid=20093735 |s2cid=6245657 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8954814/Witzel_Linguistic.pdf?sequence=1 |type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref>

One hypothesis has been suggested that the bearers of the IVC corresponded to [[proto-Dravidian]]s linguistically, the break-up of proto-Dravidian corresponding to the break-up of the [[Late Harappan]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/script/parpola0.html|title=Deciphering the Indus Script | Harappa|website=www.harappa.com|access-date=8 October 2022|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183006/https://www.harappa.com/script/parpola0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Finnish Indologist [[Asko Parpola]] concludes that the uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility of widely different languages being used, and that an early form of Dravidian language must have been the language of the Indus people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus Civilization |work=Deccan Herald |date=12 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-civilisation.html |access-date=14 August 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230104343/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-civilisation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the [[Dravidian language]] family is concentrated mostly in [[southern India]] and northern and eastern [[Sri Lanka]], but pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and Pakistan (the [[Brahui language]]), which lends credence to the theory.

=== Possible writing system ===
{{Main|Indus script}}

[[File:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|thumb |upright=1.35|Ten [[Indus script|Indus characters]] from the northern gate of [[Dholavira]], dubbed the [[Dholavira#Sign board|Dholavira signboard]]]]

Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=B. |title=An Introduction to Indus Writing |series=Early Sites Research Society (West) Monograph Series |volume=2 |location=Independence, MO |year=1999}}</ref> have been found on [[stamp seal]]s, small tablets, ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials, including a "signboard" that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira. Typical [[Indus inscriptions]] are around five characters in length,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |title=The Indus Script: Text, Concordance And Tables |date=1977 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/masi77indusscripttextsconcordancestablesiravathammahadevanalt_443_h |page=9}}</ref> most of which (aside from the Dholavira "signboard") are tiny; the longest on any single object (inscribed on a [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=Vasant |last2=Willis |first2=Rick J. |year=2014 |title=A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation |url=https://ancient-asia-journal.com/upload/1/volume/Vol.%205%20(2014)/Paper/63-1-725-1-10-20141008.pdf |journal=Ancient Asia |volume=5 |doi=10.5334/aa.12317 |doi-access=free |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127191053/https://ancient-asia-journal.com/upload/1/volume/Vol.%205%20(2014)/Paper/63-1-725-1-10-20141008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>) has a length of 34 symbols.

While the Indus Valley Civilisation is generally characterised as a literate society on the evidence of these inscriptions, this description has been challenged by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Farmer, Steve |author2=Sproat, Richard |author3=Witzel, Michael |url=http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207073634/http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2005 |url-status=live|title=The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization |date=2004 |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |pages=19–57 |issn=1084-7561}}</ref> who argue that the Indus system did not encode language, but was instead similar to a variety of non-linguistic sign systems used extensively in the Near East and other societies, to symbolise families, clans, gods, and religious concepts. Others have claimed on occasion that the symbols were exclusively used for economic transactions, but this claim leaves unexplained the appearance of Indus symbols on many ritual objects, many of which were mass-produced in [[Moulding (process)|moulds]]. No parallels to these mass-produced inscriptions are known in any other early ancient civilisations.<ref>These and other issues are addressed in {{harvp|Parpola|2005}}</ref>

In a 2009 study by P.N. Rao et al. published in [[Science (journal)|''Science'']], computer scientists, comparing the pattern of symbols to various linguistic scripts and non-linguistic systems, including DNA and a computer programming language, found that the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of spoken words, supporting the hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4 |first1=Rajesh P.N. |last1=Rao |first2=Nisha |last2=Yadav |first3=Mayank N. |last3=Vahia |first4=Hrishikesh |last4=Joglekar |first5=R. |last5=Adhikari |first6=Iravatham |last6=Mahadevan|date=May 2009 |title=Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5931 |page=1165 |doi=10.1126/science.1170391 |pmid=19389998 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1165R |s2cid=15565405|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indus Script Encodes Language, Reveals New Study of Ancient Symbols |agency=Newswise |url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/551380/ |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811035516/http://newswise.com/articles/view/551380/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel have disputed this finding, pointing out that Rao et al. did not actually compare the Indus signs with "real-world non-linguistic systems" but rather with "two wholly artificial systems invented by the authors, one consisting of 200,000 randomly ordered signs and another of 200,000 fully ordered signs, that they spuriously claim represent the structures of all real-world non-linguistic sign systems".<ref>[http://www.safarmer.com/Refutation3.pdf A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Non-linguistic Nature of Indus Symbols: Invented Data Sets in the Statistical Paper of Rao et al. (Science, 2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717170734/http://www.safarmer.com/Refutation3.pdf |date=17 July 2019 }} Retrieved on 19 September 2009.{{full citation needed|date=May 2019}}</ref> Farmer et al. have also demonstrated that a comparison of a non-linguistic system like [[medieval]] [[Heraldry|heraldic signs]] with [[natural language]]s yields results similar to those that Rao et al. obtained with Indus signs. They conclude that the method used by Rao et al. cannot distinguish linguistic systems from non-linguistic ones.<ref name="RAO">[http://www.safarmer.com/more.on.Rao.pdf 'Conditional Entropy' Cannot Distinguish Linguistic from Non-linguistic Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717163301/http://www.safarmer.com/more.on.Rao.pdf |date=17 July 2019 }} Retrieved on 19 September 2009.{{full citation needed|date=May 2019}}</ref>

The messages on the seals have proved to be too short to be decoded by a computer. Each seal has a distinctive combination of symbols and there are too few examples of each sequence to provide a sufficient context. The symbols that accompany the images vary from seal to seal, making it impossible to derive a meaning for the symbols from the images. There have, nonetheless, been a number of interpretations offered for the meaning of the seals. These interpretations have been marked by ambiguity and subjectivity.<ref name="RAO" />{{rp|69}}

Photos of many of the thousands of extant inscriptions are published in the ''Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions'' (1987, 1991, 2010), edited by [[Asko Parpola]] and his colleagues. The most recent volume republished photos taken in the 1920s and 1930s of hundreds of lost or stolen inscriptions, along with many discovered in the last few decades; formerly, researchers had to supplement the materials in the ''Corpus'' by study of the tiny photos in the excavation reports of Marshall (1931), MacKay (1938, 1943), Wheeler (1947), or reproductions in more recent scattered sources.

=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization}}

{{further|Prehistoric religion}}
[[File:Shiva Pashupati.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Pashupati seal]]'', showing a seated figure surrounded by animals]]
[[File:IndusValleySeals swastikas.JPG|thumb|[[Swastika]] seals of Indus Valley Civilisation in [[British Museum]]]]

The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people has received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of [[Indian religions]] that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying interpretations, and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=281–282}}

Early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites{{sfn|Ratnagar|2004}} was that of [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion: a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or veneration of animals and plants; a symbolic representation of the phallus ([[linga]]) and vulva ([[yoni]]); and, use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades.{{sfn|Marshall|1931|pp=48–78}}{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 141–156]}}

One Indus Valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress, possibly [[tricephalic]] and possibly [[ithyphallic]], surrounded by animals. Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] (or [[Rudra]]), who is associated with [[Asceticism#Hinduism|asceticism]], [[yoga]], and [[Lingam|linga]]; regarded as a [[Pashupati|lord of animals]], and often depicted as having three eyes. The seal has hence come to be known as the [[Pashupati Seal]], after ''[[Pashupati]]'' (lord of all animals), an epithet of Shiva.{{sfn|Marshall|1931|pp=48–78}}{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=141–144}} While Marshall's work has earned some support, many critics and even supporters have raised several objections. [[Doris Meth Srinivasan|Doris Srinivasan]] has argued that the figure does not have three faces or yogic posture and that in [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] Rudra was not a protector of wild animals.{{sfn|Srinivasan|1975}}{{sfn|Srinivasan|1997|pp=180–181}} Herbert Sullivan and [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] also rejected Marshall's conclusions, with the former claiming that the figure was female, while the latter associated the figure with ''Mahisha'', the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with [[vahana]]s (vehicles) of deities for the four cardinal directions.{{sfn|Sullivan|1964}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|pp=399–432}} Writing in 2002, [[Gregory L. Possehl]] concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity, its association with the water buffalo, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would be going too far.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=141–144}} Despite the criticisms of Marshall's association of the seal with a proto-Shiva icon, it has been interpreted as the [[Tirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha]] by some scholars of [[Jainism]] like [[Vilas Sangave]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Vilas Sangave |year=2001 |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FGSGmP4jNcC}}</ref> Historians such as [[Heinrich Zimmer]] and [[Thomas McEvilley]] believe that there is a connection between first Jain Tirthankara Rishabhanatha and the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philosophies of India|last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-691-01758-7 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |location=NY |pages=60, 208–209}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas McEvilley]] (2002) ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies''. Allworth Communications, Inc. 816 pages; {{ISBN|1-58115-203-5}}</ref>

Marshall hypothesised the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of [[Shaktism]]. However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear, and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall's hypothesis to be "terribly robust".{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=141–145}} Some of the [[baetyl]]s interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead, while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise ''yoni'' were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars, although the possibility of their religious symbolism cannot be eliminated.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=286–287}} Many Indus Valley seals show animals, with some depicting them being carried in processions, while others show [[Chimera (mythology)|chimeric creations]]. One seal from Mohenjo-daro shows a half-human, a half-buffalo monster attacking a tiger, which may be a reference to the [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian myth]] of such a monster created by goddess [[Aruru (goddess)|Aruru]] to fight [[Gilgamesh]].{{sfn|Marshall|1931|p=67}}

In contrast to contemporary [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] and [[Ancient Near East|Mesopotamian]] civilisations, Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces, even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=85}} This may suggest that religious ceremonies if any, may have been largely confined to individual homes, small temples, or the open air. Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purposes, but at present only the [[Great Bath]] at Mohenjo-daro is widely thought to have been so used, as a place for ritual purification.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=141–145}}{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=275–277, 292}} The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation are marked by fractional burial (in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements before final interment), and even cremation.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=152, 157–176}}{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=293–299}}

== Late Harappan ==
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.5|Late Harappan Period, {{Circa|1900}}–1300 BCE]]
[[File:Coach driver Indus 01.jpg|thumb|right|Bronze Late Harappan figures from a hoard at [[Daimabad]], {{Circa|2000}} BCE ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=akg-images -|url=https://www.akg-images.co.uk/archive/-2UMDHURTGV0S.html|access-date=14 January 2022|website=www.akg-images.co.uk|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114161838/https://www.akg-images.co.uk/archive/-2UMDHURTGV0S.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Around 1900 BCE signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE most of the cities had been abandoned. Examination of human skeletons from the site of Harappa in the 2010s demonstrated that the end of the Indus civilisation saw an increase in inter-personal violence and in infectious diseases like [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Schug2012">{{cite journal |author1=Robbins-Schug, G. |author2=Gray, K.M. |author3=Mushrif, V. |author4=Sankhyan, A.R. |date=November 2012 |title=A Peaceful Realm? Trauma and Social Differentiation at Harappa |journal=International Journal of Paleopathology |volume=2 |issue=2–3 |pages=136–147 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.012 |pmid=29539378 |bibcode=2012IJPal...2..136R |s2cid=3933522 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/G_Robbins_Schug_Peaceful_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132011/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/G_Robbins_Schug_Peaceful_2012.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Schug2013>{{cite journal |author1=Robbins-Schug, Gwen |author2=Blevins, K. Elaine |author3=Cox, Brett |author4=Gray, Kelsey |author5=Mushrif-Tripathy, V. |title=Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization |journal=PLOS ONE |date=December 2013 |volume=8 |issue=12 |at=e84814 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0084814 |pmid=24358372 |pmc=3866234 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...884814R|doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to historian [[Upinder Singh]], "the general picture presented by the late Harappan phase is one of a breakdown of urban networks and an expansion of rural ones."{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA181 181]}}

During the period of approximately 1900 to 1700 BCE, multiple regional cultures emerged within the area of the Indus civilisation. The [[Cemetery H culture]] was in [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], the [[Jhukar phase|Jhukar culture]] was in [[Sindh]], and the [[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur culture]] (characterised by Lustrous Red Ware pottery) was in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/indus2/180.html|title=Late Harappan Localization Era Map | Harappa|website=www.harappa.com|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155232/https://www.harappa.com/indus2/180.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PR14 Map 4]}}{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA211 211]}} Other sites associated with the Late phase of the Harappan culture are [[Pirak]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], and [[Daimabad]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.{{sfn|Kenoyer|2006}}

The largest Late Harappan sites are Kudwala in [[Cholistan]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Bet Dwarka]] in [[Gujarat]], and [[Daimabad]] in [[Maharashtra]], which can be considered as urban, but they are smaller and few in number compared with the Mature Harappan cities. Bet Dwarka was fortified and continued to have contacts with the [[Persian Gulf]] region, but there was a general decrease of long-distance trade.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|pp=181, 223}} On the other hand, the period also saw a diversification of the agricultural base, with a diversity of crops and the advent of [[double-cropping]], as well as a shift of rural settlement towards the east and the south.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|pp=180–181}}

The pottery of the Late Harappan period is described as "showing some continuity with mature Harappan pottery traditions", but also distinctive differences.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=211}} Many sites continued to be occupied for some centuries, although their urban features declined and disappeared. Formerly typical artifacts such as stone weights and female figurines became rare. There are some circular [[stamp seal]]s with geometric designs, but lacking the [[Indus script]] which characterised the mature phase of the civilisation. Script is rare and confined to potsherd inscriptions.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|p=211}} There was also a decline in long-distance trade, although the local cultures show new innovations in [[faience]] and glass making, and carving of stone beads.{{sfn|Kenoyer|2006}} Urban amenities such as drains and the public bath were no longer maintained, and newer buildings were "poorly constructed". Stone sculptures were deliberately vandalised, valuables were sometimes concealed in [[hoard]]s, suggesting unrest, and the corpses of animals and even humans were left unburied in the streets and in abandoned buildings.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|pp=91, 98}}

During the later half of the 2nd millennium BCE, most of the post-urban Late Harappan settlements were abandoned altogether. Subsequent material culture was typically characterised by temporary occupation, "the campsites of a population which was nomadic and mainly pastoralist" and which used "crude handmade pottery".{{sfn|Allchin|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA36 36]}} However, there is greater continuity and overlap between Late Harappan and subsequent cultural phases at sites in [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and western [[Uttar Pradesh]], primarily small rural settlements.{{sfn|Singh, Upinder|2008|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Allchin|1995|pp=37–38}}

===Aryan migration===
{{See also|Vedic period|Indo-Aryan migrations}}
[[File:Cemetery H Pottery.png|thumb|right|Painted pottery urns from Harappa ([[Cemetery H culture]], {{Circa|1900}}–1300 BCE), [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]

In 1953 Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]] proposed that the invasion of an Indo-European tribe from Central Asia, the "[[Indo-Aryan migration|Aryans]]", caused the decline of the Indus civilisation. As evidence, he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in various parts of Mohenjo-daro, and passages in the Vedas referring to battles and forts. However, scholars soon started to reject Wheeler's theory, since the skeletons belonged to a period after the city's abandonment and none were found near the citadel. Subsequent examinations of the skeletons by [[Kenneth A. R. Kennedy|Kenneth Kennedy]] in 1994 showed that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion, and not by violence.<ref name="Bryant">{{cite book |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya |url-access=limited |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya/page/n171 159]–160 |author=Edwin Bryant|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513777-4 }}</ref>

In the [[Cemetery H culture]] (the late Harappan phase in the Punjab region), some of the designs painted on the funerary urns have been interpreted through the lens of [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic literature]]: for instance, peacocks with hollow bodies and a small human form inside, which has been interpreted as the souls of the dead, and a hound that can be seen as the hound of [[Yama]], the god of death.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=102}}{{sfn|Allchin |Allchin|1982|p=246}} This may indicate the introduction of new religious beliefs during this period, but the archaeological evidence does not support the hypothesis that the Cemetery H people were the destroyers of the Harappan cities.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=102–103}}

===Climate change and drought===
{{See also|Bond event|4.2-kiloyear event}}
Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river,<ref>David Knipe (1991), ''Hinduism''. San Francisco: Harper</ref> and [[climate change]] that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-02-decline-bronze-age-megacities-linked.html |title=Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change |date=February 2014 |website=phys.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164659/https://phys.org/news/2014-02-decline-bronze-age-megacities-linked.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marris|first=Emma|date=3 March 2014|title=Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.14800|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14800|s2cid=131063035|issn=1476-4687|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124002339/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.14800|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{As of| 2016}} many scholars believe that drought, and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia, caused the collapse of the Indus civilisation.<ref name="Science">{{cite journal|date=6 June 2008|title=Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?|journal=Science Magazine|volume=320|pages=1282–1283|doi=10.1126/science.320.5881.1281 | last1 = Lawler | first1 = A.|issue=5881|pmid=18535222|s2cid=206580637}}</ref> The climate change which caused the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation was possibly due to "an abrupt and critical [[4.2-kiloyear event|mega-drought and cooling 4,200 years ago]]", which marks the onset of the [[Meghalayan|Meghalayan Age]], the present stage of the [[Holocene]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=Collapse of civilizations worldwide defines youngest unit of the Geologic Time Scale |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-news-and-meetings/119-collapse-of-civilizations-worldwide-defines-youngest-unit-of-the-geologic-time-scale |series=News and Meetings |access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715004024/http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-news-and-meetings/119-collapse-of-civilizations-worldwide-defines-youngest-unit-of-the-geologic-time-scale}}</ref>

The [[Ghaggar-Hakra]] system was rain-fed,{{sfn|Clift|Carter|Giosan|Durcan|2012}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Geological research by a group led by [[Peter Clift]] investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago, to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan. Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas, Sutlej, and Yamuna rivers (Himalayan tributaries of the Indus) are actually present in former Ghaggar-Hakra channels. However, sediment contributions from these glacial-fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago, well before the development of the Indus civilisation.{{sfn|Clift|Carter|Giosan|Durcan|2012}}}}<ref name="Tripathi_2004"/>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Tripathi et al. (2004) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar-Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source, and concluded that the river system was rain-fed. They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan-time mighty "Sarasvati" river.<ref name="Tripathi_2004">{{cite journal |first1=Jayant K. |last1=Tripathi |author2=Bock, Barbara |author3=Rajamani, V. |author4=Eisenhauer, A. |title=Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=8 |date=25 October 2004 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252004/1141.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225113356/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252004/1141.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>}} and water-supply depended on the monsoons. The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE, linked to a general weakening of the [[monsoon]] at that time.{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}} The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased, with the Ghaggar-Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya,{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/an-ancient-civilization-upended-by-climate-change/?_r=0 |title=An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change |author=Rachel Nuwer |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |newspaper=New York Times |series=LiveScience |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120514/https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/an-ancient-civilization-upended-by-climate-change/?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livescience.com/20614-collapse-mythical-river-civilization.html |title=Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained |author=Charles Choi |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=18 May 2016 |newspaper=New York Times |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501194840/https://www.livescience.com/20614-collapse-mythical-river-civilization.html |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable.

Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise, and scatter its population eastward.{{sfn|Madella|Fuller|2006}}{{sfn|MacDonald|2011}}<ref name=brooke-2014>{{harvnb|Brooke|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 296]}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Note-Brooke"|{{harvp|Brooke|2014|p=296}}. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are something of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote): 
(a) {{harvp|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}; 
(b) {{harvp|Ponton|Giosan|Eglinton|Fuller|2012}}; 
(c) {{harvp|Rashid|England|Thompson|Polyak|2011}}; 
(d) {{harvp|Madella|Fuller|2006}}; Compare with the very different interpretations in 
(e) {{harvp|Possehl|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA239 237–245]}} 
(f) {{harvp|Staubwasser|Sirocko|Grootes|Segl|2003}}}} According to Giosan et al. (2012), the IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods. As the monsoons kept shifting south, the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities. The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east, where they established smaller villages and isolated farms. The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow the development of trade, and the cities died out.<ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas H. Maugh II |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-indus-harappan-20120528,0,1127932.story |title=Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=19 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119111817/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-indus-harappan-20120528,0,1127932.story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=4 |last1=Dixit |first1=Yama |last2=Hodell |first2=David A.|last3=Giesche|first3=Alena|last4=Tandon|first4=Sampat K. |last5=Gázquez|first5=Fernando |last6=Saini|first6=Hari S.|last7=Skinner|first7=Luke C.|last8=Mujtaba |first8=Syed A.I.|last9=Pawar|first9=Vikas|date=9 March 2018|title=Intensified summer monsoon and the urbanization of Indus Civilization in northwest India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=4225 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-22504-5|pmid=29523797|pmc=5844871|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.4225D}}</ref>

===Continuity and coexistence===
Archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism |page=125 |publisher=Mayur University |first=Shrikala |last=Warrier}}</ref> According to Possehl, after 1900 BCE the number of sites in today's India increased from 218 to 853. According to [[Andrew Lawler]], "excavations along the Gangetic plain show that cities began to arise there starting about 1200 BCE, just a few centuries after Harappa was deserted and much earlier than once suspected."<ref name="Science" />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Most sites of the [[Painted Grey Ware]] culture in the Ghaggar-Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain were small farming villages. However, "several dozen" PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterised as towns, the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after {{nowrap|600 BCE}} in the more fully urban [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heitzman|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcnAgh_StUC|title=The City in South Asia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28963-9|pages=12–13}}</ref>}} According to Jim Shaffer there was a continuous series of cultural developments, just as in most areas of the world. These link "the so-called two major phases of urbanisation in South Asia".<ref name="Spodek" />

At sites such as [[Bhagwanpura, Haryana|Bhagwanpura]] (in [[Haryana]]), archaeological excavations have discovered an overlap between the final phase of Late Harappan pottery and the earliest phase of [[Painted Grey Ware]] pottery, the latter being associated with the [[Vedic period|Vedic culture]] and dating from around 1200 BCE. This site provides evidence of multiple social groups occupying the same village but using different pottery and living in different types of houses: "over time the Late Harappan pottery was gradually replaced by Painted Grey ware pottery," and other cultural changes indicated by archaeology include the introduction of the horse, iron tools, and new religious practices.{{sfn|Kenoyer|2006}}

There is also a Harappan site called [[Rojdi]] in [[Rajkot]] district of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Its excavation started under an archaeological team from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1982–83. In their report on archaeological excavations at Rojdi, [[Gregory Possehl]] and M.H. Raval write that although there are "obvious signs of cultural continuity" between the Harappan civilisation and later South Asian cultures, many aspects of the Harappan "sociocultural system" and "integrated civilization" were "lost forever," while the Second Urbanisation of India (beginning with the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture, {{Circa|600}} BCE) "lies well outside this sociocultural environment".<ref>{{cite book |title=Harappan Civilisation and Rojdi |first1=Gregory L. |last1=Possehl |first2=M.H. |last2=Raval |year=1989 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 19] |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |isbn=81-204-0404-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

== Post-Harappan ==
{{Main|Iron Age in India}}

Previously, scholars believed that the decline of the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly, and many elements of the Indus civilisation appear in later cultures. The [[Cemetery H culture]] may be the manifestation of the Late Harappan over a large area in the region of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and western [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] its successor. David Gordon White cites three other mainstream scholars who "have emphatically demonstrated" that [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] derives partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=Kiss of the Yogini |url=https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit |url-access=limited |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-89483-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit/page/n140 28]}}</ref>

{{As of | 2016}}, archaeological data suggests that the material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least {{Circa|1000}}–900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the [[Painted Grey Ware]] culture.<ref name="Spodek">{{cite book|last= Shaffer|first= Jim|year= 1993|chapter= Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond|title= Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times|editor= [[Howard Spodek|Spodek, Howard]] |editor2=Srinivasan, Doris M.}}</ref> Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of [[Pirak]], which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of [[Alexander the Great]] in 325 BCE.<ref name="Science" />

In the aftermath of the Indus civilisation's localisation, regional cultures emerged, to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus civilisation. In the formerly great city of Harappa, burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the [[Cemetery H culture]]. At the same time, the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] expanded from [[Rajasthan]] into the [[Gangetic Plain]]. The Cemetery H culture has the earliest evidence for [[cremation]]; a practice dominant in [[Hinduism]] today.

The inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilisation migrated from the river valleys of Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra, towards the Himalayan foothills of the Ganga-Yamuna basin.{{sfn|Sarkar|Mukherjee|Bera|Das|2016}}

== Genetics ==
In 2019, a study was published by [[Vasant Shinde (archaeologist)|Shinde]] et al. on a [[Ancient DNA|reconstructed genome]] obtained from a female skeleton found in an IVC-related cemetery in [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Haryana]], India, dating to around 2,800–2,300 BCE.<ref name="Shinde_2019"/> The analysis suggested that the majority of the genome was closely related to Mesolithic [[Iranian hunter-gatherers]]. The remaining portion of the genome was from an indigenous [[East Eurasian]] source, termed [[Ancient Ancestral South Indians|Ancient Ancestral South Indian]] (AASI),<ref name="Shinde_2019" /> thought to represent indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherer ancestry.<ref name=":3" /> The genome completely lacked the [[Western Steppe Herder]]-related ancestry that is found in modern (particularly in northern) South Asians, or any [[Anatolian Neolithic Farmers|Anatolian Neolithic farmer]] ancestry.<ref name="Shinde_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=Vasant |last2=Narasimhan |first2=Vagheesh M. |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Mah |first5=Matthew |last6=Lipson |first6=Mark |last7=Nakatsuka |first7=Nathan |last8=Adamski |first8=Nicole |last9=Broomandkhoshbacht |first9=Nasreen |last10=Ferry |first10=Matthew |last11=Lawson |first11=Ann Marie |last12=Michel |first12=Megan |last13=Oppenheimer |first13=Jonas |last14=Stewardson |first14=Kristin |last15=Jadhav |first15=Nilesh |date=October 2019 |title=An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=729–735.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 |pmc=6800651 |pmid=31495572}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yelmen B, Mondal M, Marnetto D, Pathak AK, Montinaro F, Gallego Romero I, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Pagani L |display-authors=6 |title=Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1628–1642 |date=August 2019 |pmid=30952160 |pmc=6657728 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msz037 |quote=The two main components (i.e., autochthonous South Asian and West Eurasian) of Indian genetic variation form one of the deepest splits among non-African groups, which took place when South Asian populations separated from East Asian and Andamanese populations, shortly after having separated from West Eurasian populations (Mondal et al. 2016; Narasimhan et al. 2018). }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maier |first1=Robert |last2=Flegontov |first2=Pavel |last3=Flegontova |first3=Olga |last4=Işıldak |first4=Ulaş |last5=Changmai |first5=Piya |last6=Reich |first6=David |date=14 April 2023 |editor-last=Nordborg |editor-first=Magnus |editor2-last=Przeworski |editor2-first=Molly |editor3-last=Balding |editor3-first=David |editor4-last=Wiuf |editor4-first=Carsten |title=On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics |journal=eLife |volume=12 |article-number=e85492 |doi=10.7554/eLife.85492 |doi-access=free |pmid=37057893 |issn=2050-084X|pmc=10310323 |bibcode=2023eLife..1285492M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=E. Andrew |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=3 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675|isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The ancestry of the IVC-related individual is similar to the majority of the ancestry of modern South Asians.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Narasimhan |first1=Vagheesh M. |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Moorjani |first3=Priya |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Bernardos |first5=Rebecca |last6=Mallick |first6=Swapan |last7=Lazaridis |first7=Iosif |last8=Nakatsuka |first8=Nathan |last9=Olalde |first9=Iñigo |last10=Lipson |first10=Mark |last11=Kim |first11=Alexander M. |last12=Olivieri |first12=Luca M. |last13=Coppa |first13=Alfredo |last14=Vidale |first14=Massimo |last15=Mallory |first15=James |date=6 September 2019 |title=The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia |journal=Science |language=en |volume=365 |issue=6457 |article-number=eaat7487 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7487 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=6822619 |pmid=31488661 |bibcode=2019Sci...365t7487N }}</ref> There's some disputed evidence of matrilocality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valentine |first=Benjamin |last2=Kamenov |first2=George D. |last3=Kenoyer |first3=Jonathan Mark |last4=Shinde |first4=Vasant |last5=Mushrif-Tripathy |first5=Veena |last6=Otarola-Castillo |first6=Erik |last7=Krigbaum |first7=John |date=2015-04-29 |editor-last=Hart |editor-first=John P. |title=Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600-1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123103 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e0123103 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123103 |doi-access=free|issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4414352 |pmid=25923705}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Harappa excavations, 1986-1990: a multidisciplinary approach to third millenium urbanism |date=1991 |publisher=Prehistory Press |isbn=978-0-9629110-1-9 |editor-last=Meadow |editor-first=Richard H. |series=Monographs in world archaeology |location=Madison, Wis}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lovell |first=Nancy C. |title=Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization: Biological Affinities, Paleopathology, and Chemical Analyses |date=2016-06-08 |work=A Companion to South Asia in the Past |pages=169–186 |editor-last=Schug |editor-first=Gwen Robbins |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119055280.ch11 |access-date=2026-02-27 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119055280.ch11 |isbn=978-1-119-05548-8 |editor2-last=Walimbe |editor2-first=Subhash R.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincenti |first=Giorgia |last2=Molinaro |first2=Ludovica |last3=Sajjadi |first3=Seyed Mansur Seyed |last4=Moradi |first4=Hossein |last5=Pagani |first5=Luca |last6=Fabbri |first6=Pier Francesco |date=April 2024 |title=Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.24911 |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |language=en |volume=183 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24911 |issn=2692-7691}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Cradle of civilization]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

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* {{cite book |last=Flora |first=Reis |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=Alison |year=2000 |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent |chapter=Classification of Musical Instruments |publisher=Garland Publishing Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC}} |pages=319–330 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=D.Q. |year=2006 |title=Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=20 |pages=1–86 |doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8 |s2cid=189952275}}
* {{cite journal | last1 =Gallego Romero | first1 =Irene | year =2011 | title =Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence | journal =Mol. Biol. Evol. | doi =10.1093/molbev/msr190 | display-authors =etal | pmid=21836184 | volume=29 | issue =1 | pages=249–260| doi-access =free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gangal |first1=Kavita |last2=Sarson |first2=Graeme R. |last3=Shukurov |first3=Anvar |year=2014 |title=The Near-Eastern roots of the Neolithic in South Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 |pmid=24806472 |pmc=4012948 |volume=9 |issue=5 |at=e95714| bibcode=2014PLoSO...995714G |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |display-authors=4 |vauthors=Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, Constantinescu S, Durcan JA, Stevens T, Duller GA, Tabrez AR, Gangal K, Adhikari R, Alizai A, Filip F, VanLaningham S, Syvitski JP |title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=26 |year=2012 |pages=E1688–E1694 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pmid=22645375 |pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Indus Civilization |year=2015 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-93-82381-53-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4gUjwEACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |year=2002 |title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib |publisher=Anthem Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Heggarty |first1=Paul |last2=Renfrew |first2=Collin |year=2014 |chapter=South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages |editor-last1=Renfrew |editor-first1=Collin |editor-last2=Bahn |editor-first2=Paul |title=The Cambridge World Prehistory |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|editor=Adluri, Vishwa|editor2=Bagchee, Joydeep|title=When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies – Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZupXwid01CoC|year=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2|chapter=The Indus Valley "Proto-Śiva", Re-examined through Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of vāhanas|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224137/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZupXwid01CoC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hoffman |first=Brett |year=2019 |title=Indus Tradition Copper and Bronze Metallurgy: A Model from Harappa - Ph.D. Thesis |url=https://asset.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/ATGFPWLH2CQ5D8M/R/file-b68cb.pdf |journal=University of Wisconsin-Madison}}
* {{cite conference |last=Jarrige |first=Jean-Francois |date=2008a |title=Mehrgarh Neolithic |book-title=Pragdhara |volume=18 |pages=136–154 |conference=International Seminar on the First Farmers in Global Perspective – Lucknow, India – 18–20 January 2006 |url=http://www.archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221610/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Jarrige |first=C. |date=2008b |title=The figurines of the first farmers at Mehrgarh and their offshoots |journal=Pragdhara |volume=18 |pages=155–166}}
* {{cite journal | author-link=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark |title=The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |year=1991 |volume=5 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1007/BF00978474 |issue=4|bibcode=1991JWPre...5..331K |s2cid=41175522}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kenoyer |first=Jonathan Mark |author-link=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer |year=1997 |title=Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: New Insights from Harappa, Pakistan |journal=World Archaeology |volume=29 |issue=2: "High–Definition Archaeology: Threads Through the Past" |pages=262–280 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980377 |bibcode=1997WoArc..29..262K }}
* {{cite book |last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|author-link=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|year=1998|title=Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-577940-0}}
* {{harvc |last=Kenoyer |first=Jonathan Mark |year=2006 |c=Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots |in=Thapar |pp=21–49}}
* {{cite journal | display-authors=4 |vauthors=Kivisild T, Bamshad MJ, Kaldma K, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Laos S, Parik J, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Mir MR, Ferak V, Villems R | year=1999 | title=Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages | journal=Curr. Biol. | volume=9 | issue=22 | pages=1331–1334 | doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3 | pmid=10574762 | s2cid=2821966 | doi-access=free |bibcode=1999CBio....9.1331K }}
* {{cite book | last =Kumar | first =Dhavendra | year =2004 | title =Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher =Springer | access-date =25 November 2008 | isbn =978-1-4020-1215-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC | archive-date =9 April 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230409105646/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC | url-status =live }}
* {{cite book |last=Lal|first=B.B.|author-link=B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|year=2002|title=The Sarasvati flows on}}
* {{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Glen |title=Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline |journal=Quaternary International |volume=229 |issue=1–2 |year=2011 |pages=140–148 |issn=1040-6182 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012|bibcode=2011QuInt.229..140M }}
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* {{cite book |last=Manuel |first=Mark |year=2010 |chapter=Chronology and Culture-History in the Indus Valley |pages=145–152 |editor-last1=Gunawardhana |editor-first1=P. |editor-last2=Adikari |editor-first2=G. |editor-last3=Coningham |editor-first3=R.A.E. |title=Sirinimal Lakdusinghe Felicitation Volume |place=Battaramulla |publisher=Neptune Publication |isbn=978-955-0028-05-4 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/243477 |access-date=16 December 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605092756/https://www.academia.edu/243477 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Marshall|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Marshall (archaeologist)|year=1931|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|publisher=Arthur Probsthain|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=John |year=1996 |orig-date=1931 |title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1179-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185646/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Desmond D. |last2=Raina |first2=Anupuma |last3=Aston |first3=Christopher E. |last4 =Sanghera |first4=Dharambir K. | year=2015 |title=Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage |journal =BioMed Research International |volume=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/651415 |pmid=26491681 |pmc=4605215 |pages=1–16|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Masson |first=Charles |title=Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab: Including a Residence in Those Countries from 1826 to 1838, Volume 1 |year=1842 |publisher=Richard Bentley |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqxUw0Ybq9EC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K.S. |year=2017 |title=Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-58833-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|isbn=978-1-57607-907-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC|author-link=Jane McIntosh}}
* {{cite book |last=Michon |first=Daniel |year=2015 |title=Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-32457-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=675cCgAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=A.E.J. |year=1994 |title=History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-582-30154-2 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215050911/https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1 =Mukherjee | first1 =Namita |last2 =Nebel | first2 =Almut | last3=Oppenheim | first3 =Ariella | last4 =Majumder | first4 =Partha P. | year =2001 | title=High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India | journal =Journal of Genetics | volume =80 | issue =3 | pages=125–135 | doi=10.1007/BF02717908 | pmid=11988631 | s2cid =13267463}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Palanichamy |first1=Malliya Gounder |year=2015 |title=West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system |journal=Human Genetics |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=637–647 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4 |pmid=25832481| s2cid=14202246}}
* {{cite web |author-link=Asko Parpola |last=Parpola |first=Asko |url=http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306111112/http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2006 |title=Study of the Indus Script |date=19 May 2005 }} (50th ICES Tokyo Session)
* {{cite book | last =Parpola | first =Asko | year =2015 | title =The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ponton |first1=Camilo |last2=Giosan |first2=Liviu |last3=Eglinton |first3=Tim I. |last4=Fuller |first4=Dorian Q. |last5=Johnson |first5=Joel E. |last6=Kumar |first6=Pushpendra |last7=Collett |first7=Tim S. |title=Holocene aridification of India |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=3 |year=2012 |at=L03704 |issn=0094-8276 |doi=10.1029/2011GL050722 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.3704P |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1347997/1/2011GL050722.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312214817/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1347997/1/2011GL050722.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2020 |url-status=live |hdl=1912/5100 |hdl-access=free |display-authors=4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224137/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|editor1=Morrison, Kathleen D.|editor2=Junker, Laura L.|title=Forager-Traders in South and Southeast Asia: Long-Term Histories|year=2002a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01636-0|pages=62–76|chapter=Harappans and hunters: economic interaction and specialization in prehistoric India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC&pg=PA62}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Harunur |last2=England |first2=Emily |last3=Thompson |first3=Lonnie |last4=Polyak |first4=Leonid |title=Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=215–228 |doi=10.3319/TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS) |bibcode=2011TAOS...22..215R |doi-access=free |url=http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310145748/http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=live |issn=1017-0839 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |date=April 2004 |title=Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=239–259 |doi=10.1086/381044 |jstor=10.1086/381044 |s2cid=149773944 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5696/1/5696.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421033840/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5696/1/5696.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |author-link=Shereen Ratnagar |year=2006a |title=Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=India |isbn=978-0-19-566603-8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5tpQgAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |year=2006b |title=Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley |location=New Delhi |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-81-89487-02-7}}
* {{cite journal |display-authors=4 |last1=Sarkar |first1=Anindya |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Arati Deshpande |last3=Bera |first3=M. K. |last4=Das |first4=B. |last5=Juyal |first5=Navin |last6=Morthekai |first6=P. |last7=Deshpande |first7=R. D. |last8=Shinde |first8=V. S. |last9=Rao |first9=L. S. |date=May 2016 |title=Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |at=26555 |doi=10.1038/srep26555 |doi-access=free |pmid=27222033 |pmc=4879637 |bibcode=2016NatSR...626555S }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaffer|first=Jim G.|author-link=Jim G. Shaffer|year=1992|chapter=The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age |title=Chronologies in Old World Archaeology |edition=Second |editor=R.W. Ehrich |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaffer|first=Jim G. |author-link=Jim G. Shaffer |chapter=Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology |title=Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. |editor=Bronkhorst |editor2=Deshpande |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-888789-04-1 |publisher=Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies |location=Cambridge}}
*Singh, Kavita, "The Museum Is National", Chapter 4 in: Mathur, Saloni and Singh, Kavita (eds), ''No Touching, No Spitting, No Praying: The Museum in South Asia'', 2015, Routledge, [https://www.academia.edu/12710849/The_Museum_is_National PDF on academia.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414001429/https://www.academia.edu/12710849/The_Museum_is_National |date=14 April 2021 }} (nb this is different to the article by the same author with the same title in ''India International Centre Quarterly'', vol. 29, no. 3/4, 2002, pp. 176–196, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005825 JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412205436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005825 |date=12 April 2021 }}, which does not mention the IVC objects)
* {{cite journal |author=Singh, Sakshi |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup |journal=Scientific Reports |doi=10.1038/srep19157 |pmid=26754573 |pmc=4709632 |volume=6 |article-number=19157| bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh, Upinder |year=2008 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |author-link=Upinder Singh |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162240/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |title=The so-called Proto-Śiva seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An iconological assessment |journal=Archives of Asian Art |year=1975 |volume=29 |pages=47–58 |author-link=Doris Meth Srinivasan |jstor=20062578 }}
* {{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris Meth |title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |author-link=Doris Meth Srinivasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224139/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Staubwasser |first1=M. |last2=Sirocko|first2=F. |last3=Grootes |first3=P. M. |last4=Segl |first4=M. |title=Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=8 |page=1425 |year=2003 |issn=0094-8276 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016822|bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1425S |s2cid=129178112 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sullivan|first=Herbert P.|title=A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization |journal=History of Religions |year=1964 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=115–125 |jstor=1061875|doi=10.1086/462498 |s2cid=162278147}}
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85 |year=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224144/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Thapar |editor-first=Romila |year=2006 |title=the Making of 'the Aryan' |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust}}
* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Allchin |first=Bridget |year=1997 |title=Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia |location=New York |publisher=Viking |author-link=Bridget Allchin}}
* {{cite book |last=Aronovsky |first=Ilona |author2=Gopinath, Sujata |year=2005 |title=The Indus Valley |location=Chicago |publisher=Heinemann}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bar-Matthews |first1=Miryam |last2=Ayalon |first2=Avner |title=Mid-Holocene climate variations revealed by high-resolution speleothem records from Soreq Cave, Israel and their correlation with cultural changes |journal=The Holocene |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=163–171 |issn=0959-6836 |doi=10.1177/0959683610384165 |bibcode=2011Holoc..21..163B |s2cid=129380409}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=The Wonder that was India |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |year=1967 |pages=11–14}}
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=D.K. |year=2004 |title=Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries |publisher=Marg Publications |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-85026-63-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hassan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |year=1984 |title=Short History of Pakistan (Book 1) |publisher=University of Karachi}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Dani |editor-first=Ahmad Hassan |editor-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |editor2=Mohen, J-P. |year=1996 |title=History of Humanity, Volume III, From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC |location=New York/Paris |publisher=Routledge/UNESCO |isbn=978-0-415-09306-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dikshit |first=K.N. |title=Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates |journal=Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology |url=http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032736/http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2017 |year=2013 |issue=9}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=S.P. |editor-last=Gupta |editor-link=S. P. Gupta |year=1995 |title=The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |location=Jodhpur}}
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{{Refend}}

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Buddhadeb Dasgupta

2026-03-24T12:59:58Z

Abhijit: small expand information after review also and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian director (1944–2021)}}
{{Hatnote|For the classical Sarod musician, see [[Buddhadev Das Gupta]]}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Buddhadeb Dasgupta
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Master Class by the Art of story writing in Cinema-Buddhadeb Das Gupta, Film Maker, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2014.jpg
|bSize = 570
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 35
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| caption = Dasgupta at the [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1944|2|11}}
| birth_place = [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Purulia District|Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], India)}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|6|10|1944|2|11}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Film maker, screenplay writer and author
| spouse =
| children = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
}}
'''Buddhadeb Dasgupta''' (11 February 1944 – 10 June 2021) was an Indian filmmaker and poet best known for his [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali-language films]] like ''[[Bagh Bahadur]]'', ''[[Tahader Katha]]'', ''[[Charachar]]'' and ''[[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]''. Five of his films have won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], ''Bagh Bahadur'' (1989), ''Charachar'' (1993), ''[[Lal Darja]]'' (1997), ''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2002) and ''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]'' (2008), while ''[[Dooratwa]]'' (1978) and ''Tahader Katha'' (1993) have won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]. As a director, he has won [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] twice, for ''Uttara'' (2000) and ''[[Swapner Din]]'' (2005). Over the years he has published several works of poetry including ''Govir Araley'', ''Coffin Kimba Suitcase'', ''Himjog'', ''Chhaata Kahini'', ''Roboter Gaan'', ''Sreshtha Kabita'', and ''Bhomboler Ascharya Kahini O Ananya Kabita''.<ref name=tr/>

==Early life and education==
Buddhadeb Dasgupta was born in a Vaidya family in 1944 in [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]] near [[Puruliya]] in Southern [[West Bengal]],<ref>[http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/buddhadebdasgupta.shtml Buddhadeb Dasgupta Profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207155513/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/buddhadebdasgupta.shtml |date=7 December 2007 }} at Calcuttaweb.com.</ref> and was the third of nine siblings. His father Tarkanta Dasgupta was a doctor with the [[Indian Railways]], thus he spent the early part of childhood traveling. At the age of twelve, he was sent to Calcutta to study, earlier at [[Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya|Shibpur SSPS Vidyalaya]] and later at Dinabandhu School, [[Howrah]].<ref>[[#Ho|Hood, p. 2]]</ref> Post-independence his father was transferred first to [[Kharagpur]] in [[West Midnapore district]] and [[Manendragarh]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]]).<ref>[[#Ho|Hood, p. 3]]</ref>

He studied economics at the [[Scottish Church College]] and the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>''Some Alumni of Scottish Church College'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008, p. 588.</ref><ref>''Aami, Tumi, O Scottish'' (translated from Bengali:"Me, You, and Scottish") in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008, p. 430-1.</ref>

== Career ==
Buddhadeb started his career as a lecturer of economics, at the [[Shyamsundar College]] of the [[University of Burdwan]] followed by [[City College, Calcutta]]. In 1976, when disenchanted by the gap he perceived between the economic theory he taught and the socio-political reality, he took to film making.<ref name=tr/> Meanwhile, his membership with the [[Calcutta Film Society]], where he started going in his senior high school along with his uncle, exposed him to the works of directors like [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[Akira Kurosawa]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Roberto Rossellini]], and [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]. This, in turn, inspired him to take film making as a mode of expression.<ref>[[#Ho|Hood, p. 14]]</ref> He started his film career with a 10-minute documentary in 1968, ''The Continent of Love''; eventually he made his first full-length feature film, ''[[Dooratwa]]'' (Distance) in 1978.<ref>{{cite book|last=Syed|first=M.H.|title=Encyclopaedia of Modern Journalism and Mass Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G49qfMZZqbEC&q=%22Buddhadeb+Dasgupta%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA210|year=2005|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=81-261-2420-2|page=210}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

His lyricism has been extended to cinema as well. During the early stages of his film career, Dasgupta made films inspired by [[Satyajit Ray]]'s realistic films and later moved on to other forms of [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]. Some of his most acclaimed films are ''Bagh Bahadur'', ''Tahader Katha'', ''Charachar'' and ''Uttara''.<ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/people/buddhadeb-dasgupta Buddhadeb Dasgupta] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201030928/http://www.upperstall.com/people/buddhadeb-dasgupta |date=1 December 2010 }} Upperstall.com.</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
*''[[Samayer Kache]]'' (1968) (short)
*''[[Dooratwa]]'' (1978) (Distance)
*''[[Neem Annapurna]]'' (1979) (Bitter Morsel)
*''[[Grihajuddha]]'' (1982) (The Civil War)
*''[[Andhi Gali]]'' (1984) (Blind Alley, Hindi)
*''[[Phera]]'' (1988) (The Return)
*''[[Bagh Bahadur]]'' (1989) (The Tiger Man)
*''[[Tahader Katha]]'' (1992) (Their Story)
*''[[Charachar]]'' (1993) (Shelter of the Wings)
*''[[Lal Darja]]'' (1997) (The Red Door)
*''[[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]'' (2000) (The Wrestlers)
*''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2002) (A Tale of a Naughty Girl)
*''[[Swapner Din]]'' (2004) (Chased by Dreams)
*''[[Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala]]'' (2007) (The Voyeurs)
*''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]'' (2008) (Memories in the Mist)
*''[[Janala]]'' (2009) (The Window)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104050703/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/189387/Buddhadeb-Dasgupta/filmography Filmography] ''The New York Times''.</ref>
*''Mukti'' (2012)
*''[[Choli Ke Pichey]]'' (2012) (TV Movie)
*''Arjun'' (2012) (TV Movie)
*''The Station'' (2013) (TV Movie)
*''[[Anwar Ka Ajab Kissa]]'' (2013) (Sniffer, Hindi)<ref>{{cite web | title = Sniffer (Anwar Ka Ajab Kissa) | work= The Guardian| url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/157859/sniffer | access-date = 5 January 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Tope (film)|Tope]]'' (2017)
*''[[Urojahaj (film)/ The Flight|Urojahaj (2018)]]''

=== Documentary and TV work ===
*''The Continent of Love'' (1968)
*''[[Dholer Raja Khirode Natta]]'' (1973)
*''Fishermen of Sundarban'' (1974)
*''Saratchandra'' (1975)
*''Rhythm of Steel'' (1981)
*''Indian Science Marches Ahead'' (1984)
*''Vigyan O Tar Avishkar'' (1980)
*''Story of Glass'' (1985)
*''India on the Move'' (1985)
*''Ceramics'' (1986)
*''Aranyak'' (1996)
*''[[Contemporary Indian Sculpture]]'' (1987)
*''History of Indian Jute'' (1990)

==Awards==
[[File:Shri Buddhadev Das Gupta, noted film maker inaugurating 8th Mumbai International Film Festival, for Documentary, Short at the P.L Deshpande Auditorium in Mumbai on February 3, 2004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dasgupta (second from right) inaugurating 8th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]], at the P.L. Deshpande Auditorium in Mumbai on 3 February 2004]]
* Buddhadeb Dasgupta was honoured with the lifetime achievement award at the Spain International Film Festival in [[Madrid]] on 27 May 2008.<ref name=tr>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080531/saturday/main1.htm Merchant of Dreams: Buddhadeb Dasgupta gets lifetime achievement award at the Spain International Film Festival] ''The Tribune'', 31 May 2008.</ref>
* [[Golden Athena]] Award at the Athens International Film Festival in 2007
* [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]
** [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]]
*** 1989: [[Bagh Bahadur]]
*** 1993: [[Charachar]]
*** 1997: [[Lal Darja]]
*** 2002: [[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]
*** 2008: [[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]
**[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
*** 2000: [[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]
*** 2005: [[Swapner Din]]
** [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
*** 1987: [[Phera]]
**[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
*** 1978: [[Dooratwa]]
*** 1987: [[Phera]]
*** 1993: [[Tahader Katha]]
** [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts/Cultural Film]]
*** 1998: ''A Painter of Eloquent Silence: Ganesh Pyne''<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
* [[Venice Film Festival]]
** 1982: [[Golden Lion]] nomination: [[Grihajuddha]]
** 1982: [[FIPRESCI]] award: [[Grihajuddha]]
** 2000: [[Golden Lion]] nomination: [[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]
** 2000: [[Silver Lion]] for Best Director: [[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]
* [[Berlin International Film Festival]]
** [[38th Berlin International Film Festival|1988]]: [[Golden Bear]] nomination: [[Phera]]<ref name="Berlinale 1988">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1988/02_programm_1988/02_Programm_1988.html |title=Berlinale: 1988 Programme |access-date=6 March 2011 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>
** [[44th Berlin International Film Festival|1994]]: [[Golden Bear]] nomination: [[Charachar]]<ref name="Berlinale 1994">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/02_programm_1994/02_Programm_1994.html |title=Berlinale: 1994 Programme |access-date=11 June 2011 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>
* [[Locarno Film Festival]]
** Critic's Award: [[Dooratwa]]
** Special Jury Award: [[Neem Annapurna]]
* [[Asia Pacific Film Festival]]
** Best Film: [[Janala]]
* [[Karlovy Vary Film Festival]]
** Special Jury Award: [[Neem Annapurna]]
* [[Damascus International Film Festival]]
** Golden Prize: [[Neem Annapurna]]
* [[Bangkok International Film Festival]]
**Best Asian Film Award (2003): [[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]

==Family==
His youngest daughter, [[Alokananda Dasgupta]], a trained classical pianist, composed the background score for his 2013 film, ''Anwar Ka Ajab Kissa''.

==Death==
He died at the age of 77 on 10 June 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Buddhadeb's 'Bag Bahadur' Pavan Malhotra pays a tribute to 5-time National Film Award winning auteur|url=https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|access-date=2021-06-10|website=connectedtoindia.com|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610104951/https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=Buddhadeb Dasgupta, National Award-winning Bengali filmmaker, passes away aged 77 after prolonged kidney ailment|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/buddhadeb-dasgupta-national-award-winning-bengali-filmmaker-passes-away-aged-77-after-prolonged-kidney-ailment-9702361.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Media ==

=== Film ===
A documentary titled ''Maestro: A Portrait — A Film on Buddhadeb Dasgupta'' was released in 2013 by filmmaker Supriya Suri. The documentary examines Dasgupta's life and works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maestro a Portrait- A film on Buddhadeb Dasgupta |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12769242/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=IMDb}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Buddhadeb Dasgupta: cinema of imprinted times'', by Pradip Biswas. Aurora Film Corp., 1999
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymdi_yQzgYYC&q=Buddhadeb+Dasgupta Films of Buddhadeb Dasgupta]'', by John W. Hood. Orient Blackswan, 2005. {{ISBN|81-250-2802-1}}.
* Sen, Rahul. "''Buddhadeb Dasgupta'': Transformer of [[Dreams]] and [[Imagination]]" (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]). ''Jolghori'' 3. 1-2 (Dec. 2020-Mar. 2021, and Apr.-Jul. 2021): 214–29.

==See also==
*[[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite book|last= Hood|first=John W.|title=Films of Buddhadeb Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymdi_yQzgYYC&q=Buddhadeb+Dasgupta|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-250-2802-1|ref=Ho}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0201949|name=Buddhadev Dasgupta}}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080531/saturday/main1.htm Merchant of Dreams: Buddhadeb Dasgupta gets lifetime achievement award at the Spain International Film Festival]
*[http://www.write2kill.in/reports-editorials/cinema/167.html Interview-based profile on Write2kill.in]
{{Buddhadeb Dasgupta}}
{{Silver Lion for Best Director}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
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Mehta

2026-03-23T10:49:47Z

Abhijit: minor update formatting per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{For|the village in Madhya Pradesh, India|Mehta (village)}}
'''Mehta''' ({{ipa|hi|meːɦt̪aː|ipa}}) is an [[Indian surname]], derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''mahita'' meaning 'great' or 'praised'. It is found among several Indian religious groups, including [[Hindus]], [[Jains]], [[Parsis]], and [[Sikhs]]. Among Hindus, it is used by a wide range of castes and social groups, including [[Koeri]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Brahmin]]s ([[Mohyal Brahmin]]) , Tyagi and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]].<ref name=Oxford>{{Cite book | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195081374.001.0001/acref-9780195081374-e-41805?rskey=86GkPQ&result=44 | title=Dictionary of American Family Names | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=0-19-508137-4}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Distribution in India==
People with this surname are native to [[North India|North]] and [[West India|Western regions]] of [[India]], including [[Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Maharashtra]] ([[Mumbai]]).<ref name=Oxford/>

==As surname used by Rajputs==
Mehta is also a [[Rajput]] clan name in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], hilly terrains of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and western areas of Nepal. They served as nobles, ministers and bureaucrats under the [[Katyuri Kings]] and [[Chand Kings]] of Uttarakhand. People having this surname are native to Almora, Bageshwar, and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand, eastern parts of Himachal, Jammu and Kashmir, and western Nepal. In Nepal, they come under the [[Chhetri]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] and are considered chieftains of villages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://forebears.io/surnames/mehta | title=Mehta Surname}}</ref>

In Rajasthan, Mehta was originally used as a term of respect applied to administrative office holders and bureaucrats of [[Rajputana]] kings.
Among Rajputs, it is used as both title and surname by [[Dewan]]s (ministers and nobles) of [[Bikaner State]] and many other states of [[Rajputana]] and are considered direct descendants of the [[Solar dynasty]] (Suryavanshi) and [[Chauhan Dynasty]]. The [[dewan]]s and [[chief minister]]s of the [[Bikaner State]] were:

*1460–1465 Bachhraj Bothra (Mantri-Dewan / Jodhpur) / Rao Jodha
*1465–1505 Bachhraj Bothra (Founding Dewan / Bikaner) / Rao Bika
*1505–1526 Karam Singh Bothra Bachhawat (Descendants of Bachhraj were known as Bachhawats) / Rao Nar Singh and Rao Lunkaran
*1571–1591 Mehta [[Karam Chand Bachhawat]] (Title of Mehta granted by Emperor Akbar) / Rao Kalyan Mal and Raja Rai Singh
*1619–1620 Mehta Bhag Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
*1619–1620 Mehta Lakshmi Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
*1735 – February 1751: Mehta Bakhtawar Singh (1st time) (b. 1707 – d. 1779)
*1752–1756: Mehta Bakhtawar Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1756 – December 1757: Mehta Prithvi Singh
*1757–1762: Mehta Bakhtawar Singh (3rd time) (s.a.)
*September 1765 – 1779: Mehta Bakhtawar Singh (4th time) (s.a.)
*1779–178.: Mehta Swaroop Singh
*178.–1787: Mehta Thakursi
*1787–1791: Mehta Madho Rao
*1794–1805: Mehta Rao Sahib Singh Gun Roop
*April 1815 – February 1816: Mehta Bhomji
*February 1816 – 1828: Abhai Singh Mehta
*1853–1853: Leeladhar Mehta
*1868: Sheo Lal Mehta

==As surname used by Banias==
Among [[Oswal]] and [[Porwal]] [[Bania (caste)|Banias]], Mehta is a clan name.<ref name="Oxford" />

== As surname used by Khatris==
Among [[Khatri|Khatris]], Mehta is a clan name.<ref name="Oxford" />

==Notable individuals==
Notable individuals with this surname include:


*[[Aditya Mehta]] (born 1985), snooker player
*[[Ajay Mehta]], Indian actor
*[[Alok Mehta]] (born 1952), Indian journalist
*[[Alok Kumar Mehta]], former General Secretary of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], served as minister in [[Government of Bihar]].
*[[Amit Mehta]] (born 1971), United States district judge
*[[Anil Mehta]], film director, cinematographer
*[[Apoorva Mehta]] (born 1986), founder of Instacart
*[[Ashok Mehta]] (1947–2012), Indian cinematographer
*[[Atul Mehta]] (born 1949), Indian cricketer
*[[Balwantrai Mehta]] (1900–1965), Gujarat's second Chief Minister
*[[Bejun Mehta]] (born 1968), American countertenor
*[[Deepa Mehta]] (born 1950), Canadian film director and screenwriter
*[[Deena Mehta]] (born 1961), Indian first woman president of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
*[[Devaanshi Mehta]] (1996–2012), British-Indian student who started the Asian Donor Campaign
*[[Dilip Mehta]]
*[[Gita Mehta]] (''née'' Patnaik; 1943–2023), Indian writer
*[[Gulshan Kumar Mehta]] (1937–2009), Indian lyricist and actor
*[[Hansa Jivraj Mehta]] (1897–1995), Indian reformist, social activist, educator, independence activist, and writer
*[[Harshad Mehta]] (1954–2001), Indian stockbroker who was convicted of market manipulation and died of a heart attack at age 47.
*[[Hemant Mehta]] (born 1983), American-born Indian author
*[[Homi Maneck Mehta]] (1871–1948), Indian industrialist and philanthropist
*[[Jagat Singh Mehta]] (1922–2014), Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta]] (1886–1952), Mayor of Karachi
*[[Jarava Lal Mehta]] (1912–1988), Indian philosopher
*[[Jay Mehta]] (born 1961), businessman and owner of the Mehta Group
*[[Jehangir Mehta]] (born 1971), chef and owner of New York City restaurants
*[[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] (1887–1978), Gujarat's first Chief Minister
*[[Kalu Mehta]] (1440–1522), father of Sikhism's founder Guru Nanak
*[[Laxmi Narayan Mehta]] (1980), former member of Bihar legislative assembly.
*[[Madan Lal Mehta]] (1932–2006), theoretical physicist in the field of random matrix theory
*[[Mehli Mehta]], (1908–2002): musician; founder of the Bombay Philharmonic and Bombay String Orchestras
*[[Nakuul Mehta]] (born 1983), actor and model
*[[Nariman Mehta]] (1920–2014), organic chemist and inventor of bupropion (Wellbutrin)
*[[Narsinh Mehta]], Gujarati spiritual poet
*[[Neil Mehta]], American venture capitalist
*[[Nicky Mehta]], singer, songwriter, member of Canadian folk trio The Wailin' Jennys
*[[Pherozeshah Mehta]] (1845–1915), Indian political leader, activist, and lawyer
*[[Phiroz Mehta]] (1902–1994), writer on religious topics, and philosopher
*[[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]] (born 1967), Indian academic and think tank
*[[Raj Mehta]]
*[[Russell Mehta]], Indian businessman
*[[Sahil Mehta]] (born 1988), Indian actor
*[[Samir Mehta]]
*[[Sargun Mehta]] (born 1988), Indian model, comedian, dancer, presenter and actress
*[[Shailendra Raj Mehta]] (born 1959), Indian economist, president and director, MICA
*[[Shekhar Mehta]] (1945–2006), Ugandan-born Kenyan rally driver
*[[Sonny Mehta]] (born Ajai Singh Mehta; 1942–2019), Indian book editor
*[[Suketu Mehta]] (born 1963), India-born American writer
*[[Tarak Mehta]] (Born Tarak Janubhai Mehta; 1929-2017), Indian writer, humorist, and playwright
*[[Tushar Mehta]]
*[[Tyeb Mehta]] (1925–2009), Indian painter
*[[Tulsidas Mehta]], multiple times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, a former minister in [[Government of Bihar]].
*[[Uday Singh Mehta]], American political scientist
*[[Veer Singh Mehta]] (born 1949), Indian neurosurgeon
*[[Veronica Mehta]], British Punjabi singer
*[[Vikram Bhagvandas Mehta]] (1946–2014), Indian mathematician
*[[Zarin Mehta]] (born 1938), executive director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra; brother of Zubin
*[[Zubeida Begum]] (1926-1952), Indian actress born to Faiza Bai and Shri Qasembhai Mehta; she was married to Maharaja of Jodhpur, [[Hanwant Singh]]
*[[Zubin Mehta]] (born 1936), Indian conductor of Western classical music


{{surname}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]

Seuna (Yadava) dynasty

2026-03-12T19:34:25Z

Abhijit: fix content and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian dynasty (c. 1187–1317)}}
{{About| dynasty of medieval India||Yadav (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
| common_name = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
| year_start = {{c.|850}}–1187 (as feudatories) {{c.|1187}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}}
| year_end = 1317 (as sovereign power)
| event_pre = Earliest rulers
| date_pre = {{circa|860}}
| image_flag =
| flag_caption =
| image_map = {{Location map+
| South Asia
| overlay_image= Map of the Yadavas.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|220|5|South-Asia 1250 CE|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|75|[[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|DELHI SULTANATE (MAMLUKS)]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|225|100|[[Ahom kingdom|AHOM]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|40|[[Lohara dynasty|LOHARAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|55|100|[[Soomra dynasty|'''SOOMRA EMIRATE''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|10|10|[[Mongol invasions of India|MONGOL EMPIRE]] [[Chagatai Khanate|(CHAGATAIS)]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|70|125|[[Vaghela dynasty|'''VAGHELAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|100|[[Paramara dynasty|'''PARAMARAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|110|[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|'''CHANDELAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|170|[[Kakatiya dynasty|'''KAKATIYAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|134|195|[[Telugu Chodas|'''CHODAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|165|145|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|'''EASTERN GANGAS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|120|230|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|130|213|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|205|[[Hoysala Empire|HOYSALAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|220|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 1175| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 1400| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| map_width = 300px
| image_map_caption = Territory of the Yadavas and neighbouring polities, circa 1200–1300 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=185#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| capital = [[Nashik]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. V. Trivedi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-yadavas-and-their-times |title=The Yadavas And Their Times}}</ref> [[Ahmednagar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. V. Trivedi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-yadavas-and-their-times |title=The Yadavas And Their Times}}</ref> [[Devagiri]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| p1 = Western Chalukya Empire
| p2 =
| s1 = Khalji dynasty (Delhi Sultanate)
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image_coat = [[File:Yadavas of Devagiri. Bhillama V. 1185-1193.jpg|150px]]
| coa_size = 300px
| symbol_type = Coinage of Yadavas of Devagiri, king [[Bhillama V]] (1185-1193). Central lotus blossom, two ''[[shri]]'' signs, elephant, [[conch]], and “[[Bhilla]]/madeva” in Devanagari above arrow right
}}
The '''Seuna''', '''Sevuna''', or '''[[Yadava|Yadavas]] of Devagiri''' ([[IAST]]: '''Seuṇa''', {{circa|1187}}–1317){{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} was a [[medieval India]]n dynasty, which at its peak ruled a realm stretching from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river in the north to the [[Tungabhadra]] river in the south, in the western part of the [[Deccan]] region. Its territory included present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[North Karnataka|northern Karnataka]] and parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], from its capital at [[Devagiri]] (present-day [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in modern [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district]], Maharashtra).

The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Western Chalukyas]]. Around the middle of the 12th century, as the Chalukya power waned, the Yadava king [[Bhillama V]] declared independence. The Yadavas reached their peak under [[Simhana|Simhana II]], and flourished until the early 14th century, when it was annexed by the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1308 CE.

== Etymology ==

The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the [[Yadava]]s and therefore, its kings are often referred to as the "Yadavas of Devagiri". The correct name of the [[dynasty]], however, is Seuna or Sevuna.<ref name="ref_India_A_History_John_Keay">{{cite book
| last = Keay
| first = John
| author-link = John Keay
| title = India: A History
| date= 2001-05-01
| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Pr
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0
| pages = 252–257
}} ''The quoted pages can be read at [https://books.google.com/ Google Book Search].''</ref> The inscriptions of this dynasty, as well as those of contemporary kingdoms and empires, the [[Hoysalas]], the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] and the [[Western Chalukyas]] call them ''Seunas''.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} The name is probably derived from the name of their second ruler, "Seunachandra".

The "Sevuna" (or Seuna) name was brought back into use by [[John Faithfull Fleet]] in his 1894 book ''The dynasties of the [[Kanarese]] districts of the Bombay Presidency from the earliest historical times to the Musalman conquest of A.D. 1318''.<ref>The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency"(1894) J.F.Fleet, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol-1, Part-II, Book-III) {{ISBN|81-206-0277-3}}</ref>{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}

== Origin ==
[[File:Gondeshwar_temple.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Gondeshwar Temple]] was built during the Seuna (Yadava) reign]]
The earliest historical ruler of the Seuna/Yadava dynasty can be dated to the mid-9th century, but the origin of the dynasty is uncertain.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} Little is known about their early history: their 13th century court poet [[Hemadri]] records the names of the family's early rulers, but his information about the pre-12th century rulers is often incomplete and inaccurate.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}}

The dynasty claimed descent from [[Yadu]], a legendary hero mentioned in the [[Puranas]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}} According to this account, found in Hemadri's ''Vratakhanda'' as well as several inscriptions,{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} their ancestors originally resided at [[Mathura]], and then migrated to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] (Dvaravati) in present-day [[Gujarat]]. A [[Jainism|Jain]] legend states that the Jain saint Jinaprabhasuri saved the pregnant mother of the dynasty's founder [[Dridhaprahara]] from a great fire that destroyed Dvaraka. A family feudatory to the Yadavas migrated from [[Vallabhi]] (also in present-day Gujarat) to [[Khandesh]]. But otherwise, no historical evidence corroborates their connection to Dvaraka. The dynasty never tried to conquer Dvaraka, or establish any political or cultural connections with that region.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}} Its rulers started claiming to be descendants of Yadu and migrants from Dvaraka after becoming politically prominent.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} Dvaraka was associated with [[Yadava|Yadu's descendants]], and the dynasty's claim of connection with that city may simply be a result of their claim of descent from Yadu rather than their actual geographic origin.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=515-516}} The [[Hoysala]]s, the southern neighbours of the dynasty, similarly claimed descent from Yadu and claimed to be the former lords of Dvaraka.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} But there are no early records directly linking the Seuna Yadavas and Hoysala Yadavas to the Yadavas of [[North India]].<ref name="yadava">Quotation:"There was not even a tradition to back such poetic fancy"(William Coelho in Kamath, 2001, p122). Quotation:"All royal families in South India in the 10th and 11th century deviced [[Puranas|puranic]] genealogies" (Kamath 2001, p122)</ref><ref name="yadava1">Quotation:"It is therefore clear that there was a craze among the rulers of the south at this time (11th century) to connect their families with dynasties from the north" (Moraes 1931, p10–11)</ref>

[[File:Virgal (hero stone) in Kedareshvara temple at Balligavi 3.JPG|thumb|upright|Hero stone (''Virgal'') with [[Old Kannada]] inscription dated 1286 CE from the rule of Yadava King Ramachandra in Kedareshvara temple at Balligavi in Shimoga district, Karnataka state]]
The territory of the early Yadava rulers was located in present-day [[Maharashtra]],{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} and several scholars (especially Maharashtrian historians{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}}) have claimed a "[[Maratha]]" origin for the dynasty,{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} such as H.V Trivedi and Y.A. Raikar who claim [[Marathi language|Marathi]] was their native language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. V. Trivedi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-yadavas-and-their-times |title=The Yadavas And Their Times |pages=11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Y. A. Raikar |url=https://archive.org/details/yadavas-of-the-deccan-and-their-times-a-cultural-history |title=Yadavas Of The Deccan And Their Times A Cultural History |pages=103}}</ref> However, Marathi the language of present-day Maharashtra, began to appear as the dominant language in the dynasty's inscriptions only in the 14th century, before which [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] were the primary language of their inscriptions.{{sfn|Colin P. Masica|1993|p=45}}{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} Marathi appears in around two hundred Yadava inscriptions, but usually as translation of or addition to Kannada and Sanskrit text. During the last half century of the dynasty's rule, it became the dominant language of epigraphy, which may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects, and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} The earliest instance of the Yadavas using the term "''marathe''" as a self-designation appears in a 1311 inscription recording a donation to the [[Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur|Pandharpur temple]],{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=314}} towards the end of the dynasty's rule.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} However the word was not used to indicate the Maratha caste but meant “belonging to Maharashtra”.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=315}}

Epigraphic evidence suggests that the dynasty likely emerged from a Kannada-speaking background.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=51-54}} Around five hundred Yadava inscriptions have been discovered, and Kannada is the most common language of these inscriptions, followed by Sanskrit.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} Of the inscriptions found in present-day [[Karnataka]] (the oldest being from the reign of Bhillama II), most are in Kannada language and script; others are in the Kannada language but use [[Devanagari]] script.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} Older inscriptions from Karnataka also attest to the existence of Yadava feudatories (such as Seunas of Masavadi) ruling in the [[Dharwad]] region in the 9th century, although these feudatories cannot be connected to the main line of the dynasty with certainty.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} Many of the dynasty's rulers had Kannada names and titles such as "Dhadiyappa", "Bhillama", "Rajugi", "Vadugi" and "Vasugi", and "Kaliya Ballala". Some kings had names like "Simhana" (or "Singhana") and "Mallugi", which were also used by the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], who ruled in present-day Karnataka. Records show that one of the early rulers, Seunachandra II, had a Kannada title, ''Sellavidega''. The rulers had very close matrimonial relationships with Kannada-speaking royal families throughout their rule. Bhillama II was married to Lachchiyavve, who was from a [[Rashtrakuta]] descendant family in Karnataka. Vaddiga was married to Vaddiyavve, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa. Wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were [[Chalukya]] princesess. The early Seuna coins also had Kannada legends engraved on them indicating it was a court language.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} The early Yadavas may have migrated northwards owing to the political situation in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region,{{sfn|Shrinivas Ritti|1973}} or may have been dispatched by their Rashtrakuta overlords to rule the northern regions.{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}

== Political history ==

=== As feudatories ===
[[File:Daulatabad Fort Geography.jpg|thumb|The fortress of [[Devagiri]], the capital of Yadavas]]
[[File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|thumb|upright|Hero stone with old Kannada inscription dated 1235. from the rule of Yadava King [[Simhana|Simhana II]] at Kubetur, Soraba Taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka state]]
The earliest historically attested ruler of the dynasty is [[Dridhaprahara]] (c. 860–880), who is said to have established the city of Chandradityapura (modern [[Chandwad fort|Chandor]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} He probably rose to prominence by protecting the people of [[Khandesh]] region from enemy raiders, amid the instability brought by the [[Tripartite Struggle|Pratihara-Rashtrakuta war]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}

Dridhaprahara's son and successor was Seunachandra (c. 880–900), after whom the dynasty was called Seuna-vamsha ([[IAST]]: Seuṇa-vaṃśa) and their territory was called Seuna-desha.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} He probably became a [[Rashtrakuta]] feudatory after helping the Rashtrakutas against their northern neighbours, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}} He established a new town called Seunapura (possibly modern [[Sinnar]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}

Not much information is available about Seunachandra's successors — Dhadiyappa (or Dadhiyappa), Bhillama I, and Rajugi (or Rajiga) — who ruled during c. 900–950.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}} The next ruler Vandugi (also Vaddiga I or Baddiga) raised the family's political status by marrying into the imperial Rashtrakuta family. He married Vohivayya, a daughter of Dhorappa, who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor [[Krishna III]]. Vandugi participated in Krishna's military campaigns, which may have resulted in an increase in his fief, although this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}}

Little is known about the next ruler, Dhadiyasa (c. 970–985).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}} His son [[Bhillama II]] acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]], who overthrew the Rashtrakutas. As a Chalukya feudatory, he played an important role in Tailapa's victory over the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}} Bhillama II was succeeded by Vesugi I (r. c. 1005–1025), who married Nayilladevi, the daughter of a Chalukya feudatory of Gujarat. The next ruler Bhillama III is known from his Kalas Budruk grant inscription.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}} He married Avalladevi, a daughter of the Chalukya king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], as attested by a [[Vasai]] (Bassein) inscription. He may have helped his father-in-law Jayasimha and his brother-in-law [[Someshvara I]] in their campaigns against the Paramara king [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}}

For unknown reasons, the Yadava power seems to have declined over the next decade, during the reigns of Vesugi II (alias Vaddiga or Yadugi) and Bhillama IV. The next ruler was Seunachandra II, who, according to the Yadava records, restored the family's fortunes just like the god [[Vishnu|Hari]] had restored the earth's fortunes with his [[varaha]] incarnation. Seunachandra II appears to have ascended the throne around 1050, as he is attested by the 1052 [[Deolali Pravara|Deolali]] inscription. He bore the feudatory title ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' and became the overlord of several sub-feudatories, including a family of Khandesh. A 1069 inscription indicates that he had a ministry of seven officers, all of whom bore high-sounding titles.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}} During his tenure, the Chalukya kingdom saw a war of succession between the brothers [[Someshvara II]] and [[Vikramaditya VI]]. Seunachandra II supported Vikramaditya (who ultimately succeeded), and rose to the position of ''Maha-mandaleshvara''.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=138}} His son Airammadeva (or Erammadeva, r. c. 1085–1105), who helped him against Someshvara II, succeeded him. Airammadeva's queen was Yogalla, but little else is known about his reign.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} The Asvi inscription credits him with helping place Vikramaditya on the Chalukya throne.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}}

Airammadeva was succeeded by his brother Simhana I (r. c. 1105–1120).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518-519}} The Yadava records state that he helped his overlord Vikramaditya VI complete the ''Karpura-[[vrata]]'' ritual, by getting him a ''karpura'' elephant. An 1124 inscription mentions that he was ruling the Paliyanda-4000 province (identified as the area around modern [[Paranda]]).{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} The dynasty's history over the next fifty years is obscure. The 1142 [[Anjaneri]] inscription attests the rule of a person named Seunachandra, but Hemadri's records of the dynasty do not mention any Seunachandra III; historian [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] theorized that this Seunachandra may have been a Yadava sub-feudatory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}}

The next known ruler Mallugi (r. c. 1145–1160) was a loyal feudatory to the Chalukya king [[Tailapa III]]. His general Dada and Dada's son Mahidhara fought with Tailapa's rebellious [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] feudatory [[Bijjala II]]. He extended his territory by capturing Parnakheta (modern Patkhed in [[Akola district]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}} The Yadava records claim that he seized the elephants of the king of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]], but do not provide any details.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} He also raided the kingdom of the [[Kakatiya]] ruler Rudra, but this campaign did not result in any territorial gains for him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}} Mallugi was succeeded by his elder son Amara-gangeya, who was succeeded by his son Amara-mallugi (alias Mallugi II). The next ruler Kaliya-ballala, whose relationship to Mallugi is unknown, was probably an usurper. He was succeeded by [[Bhillama V]] around 1175.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===

At the time of [[Bhillama V]]'s ascension in c. 1175, his nominal overlords — the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]] — were busy fighting their former feudatories, such as the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=522}} Bhillama raided the northern [[Chaulukya|Gujarat Chaulukya]] and [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] territories, although these invasions did not result in any territorial annexations. The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Kelhana]], who was a Gujarat Chaulukya feudatory, forced him to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=523}} Meanwhile, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] invaded the Chalukya capital Kalyani, forcing Bhillama's overlord [[Someshvara IV|Someshvara]] to flee.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}}

Around 1187, Bhillama forced Ballala to retreat, conquered the former Chalukya capital Kalyani, and declared himself a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}} He then established [[Devagiri]], a formidable natural stronghold, which became the new Yadava capital.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=140}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2, first page}}</ref>

In the late 1180s, Ballala launched a campaign against Bhillama, and decisively defeated his army at [[Soratur]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=525}} The Yadavas were driven to the north of the [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers, which formed the Yadava-Hoysala border for the next two decades.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=525}}

=== Imperial expansion ===
{{Continental Asia in 1200 CE|right|The Yadavas and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1205.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (c) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
Bhillama's son [[Jaitugi]] successfully invaded the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom around 1194, and forced them to accept the Yadava suzerainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=143}}

Jaitugi's son [[Simhana]], who succeeded him around either 1200{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} or 1210,{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}} is regarded as the dynasty's greatest ruler.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At its height, his kingdom probably extended from the [[Narmada River]] in the north to the [[Tungabhadra River]] in the south, and from the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west to the western part of the present-day [[Telangana]] in the east.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} He launched a military campaign against the Hoysalas (who were engaged in a war with the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]]), and captured a substantial part of their territory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} The [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]], who formerly acknowledged the Hoysala suzerainty, became his feudatories, and helped him expand the Yadava power southwards.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} In 1215, Simhana successfully invaded the northern [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom. According to Hemadri, this invasion resulted in the death of the Paramara king [[Arjunavarman]], although this claim is of doubtful veracity.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} Around 1216, Simhana defeated the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Kohalpur Shilahara]] king [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]], a former feudatory, who had asserted his sovereignty. The Shilahara kingdom, including its capital [[Kolhapur]], was annexed to the Yadava kingdom as a result of this victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

In 1220, Simhana sent an army to the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region in present-day [[Gujarat]], whose rulers kept shifting his allegiance between the Yadavas, the Paramaras, and the [[Chaulukya]]s.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} Simhana's general Kholeshvara killed the defending ruler Simha, and captured Lata.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=535-536}} Simhana then appointed Simha's son Shankha as a Yadava vassal in Lata.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} Sometime later, the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada invaded Lata, and captured the important port city of [[Khambhat]]. Simhana's feudatory Shankha invaded Chaulukya-controlled territory twice, with his help, but was forced to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=536-537}} The Chaulukya-Yadava conflict came to end in c. 1232 with a peace treaty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}} In the 1240s, Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva usurped the power in Gujarat, and became the first [[Vaghela dynasty|Vagehla]] monarch. During his reign, Simhana's forces invaded Gujarat unsuccessfully, and the Yadava general Rama (a son of Kholeshvara) was killed in a battle.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=146}}

[[File:Aundha Nagnath Shiva Temple Jyotirlinga Maharashtra India.jpg|thumb|The [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]] was built by the Yadavas in the 13th century CE.]]
Several Yadava feudatories kept shifting their allegiance between the Yadavas and the Hoysalas, and tried to assert their independence whenever presented with an opportunity. Simhana's general Bichana subdued several such chiefs, including the Rattas, the Guttas of [[Dharwad]], the [[Kadambas of Hangal]], and the [[Kadambas of Goa]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}} The Kakatiya king Ganapati served him as a feudatory for several years, but assumed independence towards the end of his reign. However, Ganapati did not adopt an aggressive attitude towards the Yadavas, so no major conflict happened between the two dynasties during Simhana's reign.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=538-539}}

Simhana was succeeded by his grandson [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] (alias Kannara), who invaded the Paramara kingdom, which had weakened because of invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He defeated the Paramara king sometime before 1250, although this victory did not result in any territorial annexation.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} Krishna also attempted an invasion of the Vaghela-ruled Gujarat, but this conflict was inconclusive, with both sides claiming victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} He also fought against the Hoysalas; again, both sides claim victory in this conflict.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

Krishna's younger brother and successor [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]] curbed a rebellion by the [[Shilahara#North Konkan (Thane branch)|Shilaharas]] of northern [[Konkan]], whose ruler [[Someshvara (Shilahara dynasty)|Someshvara]] had attempted to assert his sovereignty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}} He invaded the eastern [[Kakatiya]] kingdom, taking advantage of rebellions against the Kakatiya queen [[Rudrama Devi|Rudrama]],{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} but this invasion appears to have been repulsed.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=150}} He also invaded the southern [[Hoysala]] kingdom, but this invasion was repulsed by the Hoysala king [[Vira Narasimha II|Narasimha II]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} Mahadeva's Kadamba feudatories rebelled against him, but this rebellion was suppressed by his general Balige-deva around 1268.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

Mahadeva was succeeded by his son [[Ammana]], who was dethroned by Krishna's son [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] after a short reign in 1270.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=548-549}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=151}} During the first half of his reign, Ramachandra adopted an aggressive policy against his neighbours. In the 1270s, he invaded the northern [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom, which had been weakened by internal strife, and easily defeated the Paramara army.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=549}} The Yadava army was also involved in skirmishes against their north-western neighbours, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]], with both sides claiming victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=549}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=152}} In 1275, he sent a powerful army led by Tikkama to the southern Hoysala kingdom. Tikkama gathered a large plunder from this invasion, although ultimately, his army was forced to retreat in 1276.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=550}} Ramachandra lost some of his territories, including [[Raichur Fort|Raichur]], to the Kakatiyas.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=152}}

The Purushottamapuri inscription of Ramachandra suggests that he expanded the Yadava kingdom at its north-east frontier. First, he subjugated the rulers of Vajrakara (probably modern Vairagarh) and Bhandagara (modern [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}} Next, he marched to the defunct [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] kingdom, and occupied the former Kalachuri capital Tripuri (modern Tewar near [[Jabalpur]]). He also constructed a temple at [[Varanasi]], which suggests that he may have occupied Varanasi for 2–3 years, amid the confusion caused by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s invasion of the local [[Gahadavala]] kingdom.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}} He crushed a rebellion by the Yadava feudatories at [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] and [[Sangameshwar]] in [[Konkan]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}}

=== Decline ===
[[File:Region of the Yadavas, with the city of Diogil (Deogil. Dwaigir. Daulatabad) in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|upright=2|Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of ''[[Daulatabad Fort|Diogil]]'' ("Deogiri", or [[Devagiri]]) at the center, in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375). On top of the city of ''Diogil'' floats a peculiar flag ([[File:Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png|20px]]), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore |date=1936 |pages=264–265 |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesFromSanThomeAndMylaporeHenriHosten1936/page/n319/mode/2up?q=diogil}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref> Devagiri was ultimately captured by [[‘Alā ud-Dīn Khaljī]] in 1307.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |page=Chapter 8 |url=978-1108424653|quote="The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307"}}</ref> The trading ship raises the flag of the [[Ilkhanate]] ([[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|20px]]).]]
Ramachandra seems to have faced invasions by [[Turko-Persian]] Islamic armies from northern India (called "[[mlechchhas]]" or "[[Turkic people|Turukas]]") since the 1270s, for a 1278 inscription calls him a "[[Varaha|Great Boar]] in securing the earth from the oppression of the Turks". Historian P. M. Joshi dismisses this as a boastful claim, and theorizes that he may have "chastised some Muslim officials" in the coastal region between [[Goa]] and [[Chaul]].{{sfn|P. M. Joshi|1966|p=206}} In 1296, [[Ala-ud-din Khalji]] of the Delhi Sultanate successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri]]. Khalji restored it to Ramachandra in return for his promise of payment of a high [[ransom]] and an annual tribute.<ref name="ref_Mathew_Bannet_Dictionary">{{cite book
| last = Bennett
| first = Mathew
| title = Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare
| year=2001
| publisher = Stackpole Books
| isbn = 0-8117-2610-X
| page = 98
}}. ''The quoted pages can be read at [https://books.google.com/ Google Book Search].''</ref> However, this was not paid and the Seuna kingdom's arrears to Khalji kept mounting. In 1307, Khalji sent an army commanded by [[Malik Kafur]], accompanied by Khwaja Haji, to Devagiri. The Muslim governors of Malwa and Gujarat were ordered to help Malik Kafur. Their huge army conquered the weakened and [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|defeated]] forces of Devagiri almost without a battle. Ramachandra was taken to Delhi. Khalji reinstated Ramachandra as governor in return for a promise to help him subdue the Hindu kingdoms in [[South India|southern India]]. In 1310, Malik Kafur mounted an assault on the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya kingdom]] from Devagiri.<ref name="ref_India_A_History_John_Keay"/> The plundered wealth obtained from the Kakatiyas helped finance the freelance soldiers of the Khalji army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref>

Ramachandra's successor Simhana III challenged the supremacy of Khalji, who sent Malik Kafur to recapture Devagiri in 1313. Simhana III was killed in the ensuing battle<ref>{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates|url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127|url-access=limited|date=1999-06-10|publisher=Arizona University Press|isbn=0-521-56321-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127/page/n49 5]}}</ref> and Khalji's army occupied Devagiri. The kingdom was annexed by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji sultanate]] in 1317. Many years later, [[Muhammad Tughluq]] of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] subsequently renamed the city Daulatabad.<ref name="brit">"Yādava Dynasty" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite</ref>

== Rulers ==
[[File:Seuna (Yadava). Ramachandra. 1270-1311 Central lotus blossom, two śri, conch, and “śri rama” in Devanagari above standard left, each in incuse.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] (1270–1311). Central lotus blossom, two śri, conch, and “śri rama” in Devanagari above standard left, each in incuse]]
The rulers of the Seuna / Yadava dynasty include:{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=516-551}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|pp=137-152}}

'''Feudatories'''

* [[Dridhaprahara]], r. c. 860–880
* [[Seunachandra I]], r. c. 880–900
* [[Dhadiyappa I]], r. c. 900-?
* [[Bhillama I]], r. c. 925
* [[Rajugi]], r. c. ?–950
* [[Vaddiga I]], r. c. 950–970
* [[Dhadiyasa II]], r. c. 970–985
* [[Bhillama II]], r. c. 985–1005
* [[Vesugi I]], r. c. 1005–1025
* [[Bhillama III]], r. c. 1025–?
* [[Vesugi II]] alias Vaddiga or Yadugi, r. c. ?–1050
* [[Bhillama IV]] r.c. ?–1065
* [[Seunachandra II]], r. c. 1065–1085
* [[Irammadeva]] or Airammadeva or Erammadeva, r. c. 1085–1105
* Simhana I (also transliterated as Singhana I) alias Simharaja, r. c. 1105–1120
* Obscure rulers, r. c. 1120–1145
* Mallugi I, r. c. 1145–1160
* Amaragangeya
* Amara-mallugi alias Mallugi II
* Kaliya-ballala, r. c. ?–1175
* [[Bhillama V]], r. c. 1175–1187

'''Sovereigns'''
[[File:Yadavas of Devagiri. Mahadeva. 1261-1270.jpg|thumb|Yadavas of Devagiri, coinage of king [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]] (1261–1270). Central lotus blossom, two sri, elephant, conch, and “Mahadeva” in Devanagari above sword right punchmarks]]
* [[Bhillama V]], r. c. 1187–1191
* [[Jaitugi]] I, r. c. 1191–1200 or 1191–1210
* [[Simhana|Simhana II]], r. c. 1200–1246 or 1210–1246
* [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] alias Kannara, r. c. 1246–1261
* [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]], r.c. 1261–1270
* [[Ammana]], r. c. 1270
* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] alias Ramadeva, r. c. 1271–1308

'''as tributaries of the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'''

* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], r. c. 1308–1311
* Simhana III alias Shankaradeva, r. c. 1311–1313
* [[Harapaladeva]], r. c. 1313–1317

== Literature ==

=== Marathi ===
The Yadavas were the first major dynasty to use Marathi as an official language.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=211}} Earlier, both Sanskrit and Kannada had been used for official inscriptions in present-day Maharashtra; subsequently, at least partly due to the efforts of the Yadava rulers, Marathi became the dominant official language of the region.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=212}} Even if they were not of Marathi origin, towards the end of their reign, they certainly identified with the Marathi language.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} The early Marathi literature emerged during the Yadava rule, because of which some scholars have theorized that it was produced with support from the Yadava rulers.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=74,86}} However, there is no evidence that the Yadava royal court directly supported the production of Marathi literature with state funds, although it regarded Marathi as a significant language for connecting with the general public.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=x,74}}

[[Hemadri]], a minister in the Yadava court, attempted to formalize Marathi with Sanskrit expressions to boost its status as a court language.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|pp=211-212}} Saint-poet [[Dnyaneshwar]] wrote ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' (c. 1290), a Marathi-language commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', during Ramachandra's rule. He also composed devotional songs called ''abhanga''s. Dnyaneshwar gave a higher status to Marathi by translating the sacred [[Bhagavad Gita|Geeta]] from [[Sanskrit]]. Mukundaraja wrote the Marathi-language philosophical treatises ''Paramamrita'' and ''Vivekasindhu'' during the Yadava period.{{sfn|Onkar Prasad Verma|1970|p=266}} The [[Mahanubhava]] religious sect, which became prominent in present-day Maharashtra during the late Yadava period, boosted the status of Marathi as a literary language.{{sfn|Onkar Prasad Verma|1970|p=266}} Mahimabhatta wrote ''[[Leela Charitra|Lilacharita]]'', a biography of the sect's founder [[Chakradhara]]. The text claims that Hemadri (who was a [[Brahmanism|Brahmanist]]) was jealous of Chakradhara's popularity, and the Yadava king Ramachandra ordered killing of Chakradhara, who escaped with his yogic powers. The claim is of doubtful historicity.{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}

=== Kannada ===
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadavas in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri 1.JPG|thumb|Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadavas in the [[Siddhesvara Temple]] at Haveri.]]

Kannada was the court language of Yadavas till late Seuna times, as is evident from a number of Kannada-language inscriptions (see [[#Origin|Origin]] section). Kamalabhava a [[Jain]] scholar, patronised by Bhillama V, wrote ''[[Santhishwara-purana]]''. Achanna composed ''[[Vardhamana-purana]]'' in 1198. Amugideva, patronised by Simhana II, composed many ''[[Vachanas]]'' or devotional songs. Chaundarasa of [[Pandharapur]] wrote ''Dashakumara Charite'' around 1300.<ref name="kamala1">R. Narasimhacharya, p. 68, ''History of Kannada Literature'', 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}</ref>{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=143-144}}<ref name="sujit">Sujit Mukherjee, p. 410, p. 247, "Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850", 1999, Orient Blackswan, Delhi, {{ISBN|81 250 1453 5}}</ref>

=== Sanskrit ===

[[Simhana]] was a great patron of learning and literature. He established the college of astronomy to study the work of celebrated astronomer [[Bhaskaracharya]]. The [[Sangita Ratnakara]], an authoritative [[Sanskrit]] work on [[Music of India|Indian music]] was written by [[Sharngadeva|Śārṅgadeva]] (or Shrangadeva) during Simhana's reign.<ref name="GSMann">{{cite book |author=Gurinder Singh Mann | title = The Making of Sikh Scripture |url=https://archive.org/details/makingsikhscript00mann |url-access=limited |year=2001 |publisher = Oxford University Press US |isbn = 0-19-513024-3 |page = [https://archive.org/details/makingsikhscript00mann/page/n13 1] }}</ref>

[[Hemadri]] compiled the encyclopedic Sanskrit work ''Chaturvarga Chintamani''. He is said to have built many temples in a style known after him – ''Hemadapanti''.<ref name="palkhi">{{cite book |author=Digambar Balkrishna Mokashi | title = Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage |year=1987 | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 0-88706-461-2 | page = 37 }}</ref> He wrote many books on ''vaidhyakshastra'' (medical science) and he introduced and supported [[Pearl millet|bajra]] cultivation.<ref name="kolarkar">Marathyancha Itihaas by Dr. S.G Kolarkar, p.4, Shri Mangesh Prakashan, Nagpur.</ref>

Other Sanskrit literary works created during the Seuna period include:

* ''[[Suktimuktavali]]'' by Jalhana
* ''Hammiramadhana'' by Jayasimha Suri{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
* ''Karnakutuhala'' and ''Siddhanta Shiromani'' by [[Bhaskaracharya]]
* Anantadeva's commentaries on [[Varahamihira]]'s ''Brijajjataka'' and [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''Brihatsputa siddhanta''
* Haripaladeva's ''Sangeetasudhakara'', a treatise on [[Indian Classical Music]], which bifurcates Indian classical music as [[Hindustani Music]] and [[Carnatic Music]] for the first time, acknowledging the [[Muslim]] influence on Indian music.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ITCSRA FAQ on Indian Classical Music
| url = http://www.itcsra.org/sra_faq_index.html
| access-date = 2007-12-11 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2018}}

==Architecture==
The [[Gondeshwar temple]] is an 11th-12th century [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Sinnar]], a town in the [[Nashik district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. It features a [[panchayatana (temple)|panchayatana]] plan; with a main shrine dedicated to [[Shiva]]; and four subsidiary shrines dedicated to [[Surya]], [[Vishnu]], [[Parvati]], and [[Ganesha]]. The Gondeshwar temple was built during the rule of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty, and is variously dated to either the 11th{{sfn|Takeo Kamiya|2003|p=382}} or the 12th century.{{sfn|Cyril M. Harris|2013|p=806}}

<gallery mode="packed">
KITLV 88234 - Unknown - Gondeshvara temple at Sinnar in British India - 1897.tif | The temple in 1897
Gondeshwar Temple - Sinnar, Maharashtra, India.jpg | In 2017, with the finial lost
Gondeshwar temple Sinnar, Nashik temple cross section and plan.jpg | Cross section and plan
</gallery>

== References ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Cyril M. Harris |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp_DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT806 |year=2013 |publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-13211-2 |page=806 }}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ5 |oclc=59001459 }}
* {{cite book |author=A. V. Narasimha Murthy |title=The Sevunas of Devagiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxhY_3vLA_YC |year=1971 |publisher=Rao and Raghavan }}
* {{cite book |author=Christian Lee Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA212 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Colin P. Masica |author-link=Colin Masica |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter=Subsequent spread of Indo-Aryan in the subcontinent and beyond |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC&pg=RA1-PA45 |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Onkar Prasad Verma |title=The Yādavas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ABAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal |oclc=138387 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. M. Joshi |chapter=Alauddin Khalji's first campaign against Devagiri |editor=H. K. Sherwani |editor-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK7de_DTsW8C |year=1966 |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |oclc=226900 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shrinivas Ritti |title=The Seunas: The Yadavas of Devagiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYMdAAAAMAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Department of Ancient Indian History and Epigraphy, Karnatak University }}
* {{cite book |author=Suryanath Kamat |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title=A Concise History of Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY9AAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Archana Prakashana }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Takeo Kamiya |translator=Annabel Lopez and Bevinda Collaco |title=The Guide to the Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |chapter=Sinnar: Gondeshwara temple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChVQAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Architecture Autonomous |isbn=978-4-88706-141-5 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/yadavas.html Miscellaneous inscriptions in Kannada from Yadava period]
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_15/yadavas.html Bombay-Karnataka inscriptions: The Yadavas]
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_18/the_yadavas.html Bombay-Karnataka inscriptions (volume III): The Yadavas]

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seuna Yadavas Of Devagiri}}
[[Category:States and territories established in the 860s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1317]]
[[Category:Seuna (Yadava) dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:850 establishments]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Panakam

2026-03-10T10:28:21Z

Abhijit: added the stub nd citations...

{{Short description|South Indian beverage}}
{{redirect|Panaka|the Inca term|Panakas}}
{{for|the fictional character in Star Wars|List of Star Wars characters#Quarsh Panaka}}
[[File:Panagam picture.JPG|thumb|Panakam served in a traditional vessel]]
'''Panakam''', also spelled '''Panaka'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veṅkaṭeśa (Daivajña.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cR_-P9NCLv0C&dq=panaka+drink&pg=PA597 |title=Sri Sarwarthachintamani: English Translation |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1353-3 |pages=597 |language=en}}</ref> and '''Panagam''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyPaAAAAMAAJ&q=panagam+drink |title=Indian Folklore Research Journal |date=2007 |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> ({{Transliteration|ta|Pānakaṃ}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Sri Venkatesvara University Oriental Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjR8uWIVrf8C&q=p%C4%81nakam+drink |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |date=2007 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref> lit. 'sweet drink') is a traditional beverage originating in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panakam Recipe: How to Make Panakam Recipe at Home {{!}} Homemade Panakam Recipe - Times Food |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/panakam/rs82097924.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Madhur Jaffrey]] it was known circa 1000 BCE; in 2014 she wrote that she has not seen it served but only mentioned in ancient texts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7zCAwAAQBAJ&q=panaka |title=Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian: More Than 650 Meatless Recipes from Around the World: A Cookbook |date=2014-07-16 |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |isbn=978-0-307-81612-2 |pages=644 |language=en}}</ref>

The drink is traditionally made on [[Rama Navami]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chanchreek |first=K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TicTAQAAIAAJ&q=panakam+drink |title=Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals |date=2007 |publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-8329-191-0 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> though it is commonly offered as a beverage during [[Hindu festivals]], and as a [[prasada]]m after religious ceremonies, especially during the summer months. ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it "synonymous with Sri Ramnavami".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panakam Recipe: How to Make Panakam Recipe at Home {{!}} Homemade Panakam Recipe - Times Food |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/panakam/rs82097924.cms |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In some parts of India, it is a traditional part of wedding preparations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Shiva Tosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGKSInr6RAEC&dq=panakam&pg=PA123 |title=Life Style, Indian Tribes: Locational Practice |date=1989 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0263-3 |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v5BAAAAYAAJ&dq=panakam&pg=PA121 |title=The Baramahal Records |date=1907 |publisher=Government Press |pages=92,98,121,124,131,152,158,164 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=C. Dwarakanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJlpWwZkRDAC&dq=panakam&pg=PA174 |title=Socio-cultural History of an Indian Caste |date=1999 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-726-9 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref> In fact, Panakam was considered lord Rama's favorite drink.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=M. B. T. |date=2025-04-21 |title=Lord Rama's Panakam: A Holy Elixir Quenching Thirst |url=https://www.medboundtimes.com/diet-and-nutrition/lord-rama-panakam-a-holy-elixir-quenching-thirst |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Medbound |language=en}}</ref>

According to Jaffrey the base of the drink is [[jaggery]].<ref name=":0" /> It also typically includes some combination of [[Lemon|lemon juice]], [[cardamom]], [[ginger]], all of which are usually mixed with cold water.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagannathan |first=Maithily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC&dq=panakam+drink&pg=PA158 |title=South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions |date=2005 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-415-8 |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Akkal |first=Shenkottai Avudai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0moDAAAQBAJ&dq=panakam+jaggery+drink&pg=PT143 |title=Transgressing Boundaries: The Songs of Shenkottai Avudai Akkal |date=2014-06-24 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-46-4 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> In her 2014 ''World Vegetarian'', Jaffrey calls for it to be served hot.<ref name=":0" /> Jaffrey's version to be served cold includes lemon juice, while her hot version does not.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Hindu culture]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{Drink-stub}}

Padmanabhan Palpu

2026-03-09T07:12:58Z

Abhijit: corrected page per sources and added references for clarity

{{short description|Indian social reformer and freedom fighter (1863–1950)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Dr.Padmanabhan Palpu
| image = Padmanabhan_Palpu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|11|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] (present day [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|01|25|1863|11|02|df=yes}}
| known_for = Kerala reformation movement and medical services
| philosophy = Social equality
| honors =
| relatives =
}}
'''Padmanabhan Palpu''' (2 November 1863 – 25 January 1950) was a physician from the Kingdom of [[Travancore]] who served as a chief medical officer of [[Mysore State]].

He led social activism for the [[Ezhava|Ezhava community]] in Kerala and a led a movement for social equality. In 1903, he founded the [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam]] (Society for the Propagation of the teachings of Sree Narayana Guru), whose first president was [[Narayana Guru]], who sought an end to the caste system and preached his concept of "one caste, one religion, one god." His son [[Nataraja Guru]] became a successor of Narayana Guru. Palpu has been described as the "political father" of the [[Ezhava]]s.
Sajil Sreedhar wrote a novel titled Athmasourabham based on the life of Dr.Palppu which was published in Yoganadam magazine owned by SNDP Yogam.

{{Reformation in Kerala}}

==Early life and education==
Palpu was born in [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Petta, Thiruvananthapuram]], then in the [[Kingdom of Travancore]], India. His family consisted of wealthy and well-educated members who came from the Ezhava caste.<ref name="Donner">{{cite book |title=Being Middle-class in India: A Way of Life |editor-first=Henrike |editor-last=Donner |first=Caroline |last=Wilson |chapter=The social transformation of the medical profession in urban Kerala : Doctors, social mobility and the middle classes |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-67167-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_e8FT54FjIC&pg=PT143 |pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation |first=Thomas Johnson |last=Nossiter |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |chapter=Kerala's identity: unity and diversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC |isbn=978-0-520-04667-2 |authorlink=Thomas Nossiter |pages=25–27}}</ref> The Ezhavas were traditionally occupied as weavers, farmers, toddy tappers. In addition, many had involvements in agriculture and [[ayurvedic medicine]],<ref name="Gadgil" /> and they were also occupied as shopkeepers, and businessmen.<ref name="jeffrey"/>

Palpu, who had learned English from a Eurasian tutor from the age of 12, attended [[Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram|Maharaja's College]] in Thiruvananthapuram and matriculated there in 1883.<ref name="Sadasivan 2000 p. 483">{{cite book | last=Sadasivan | first=S.N. | title=A Social History of India | publisher=APH Publishing Corporation | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7648-170-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA483 | access-date=15 May 2023 | page=483}}</ref> He then wrote the examination for admission to [[medical studies]]. He was denied the admission though he ranked second.<ref name="Mathew 1989 p. 53">{{cite book | last=Mathew | first=G. | title=Communal Road to a Secular Kerala | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-7022-282-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuPeXFP0WgC&pg=PA53 | access-date=15 May 2023 | page=53}}</ref><ref name="Drèze Sen 1997 p. 307">{{cite book | last1=Drèze | first1=J. | last2=Sen | first2=A. | title=Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives | publisher=Clarendon Press | series=WIDER Studies in Development Economics | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-829204-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E82zY2iOuQ8C&pg=PA307 | access-date=15 May 2023 | page=307}}</ref> It was common knowledge that his caste-related birth determined the decision, even though the official reason given was that he was beyond the age limit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/palpu-a-doctor-activist-who-fought-the-plague-and-the-caste-system-876229.html | title=Palpu: A doctor, activist who fought the plague and the caste system | date=21 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Sinclair-Brull 2013 p. 45">{{cite book | last=Sinclair-Brull | first=W. | title=Female Ascetics: Hierarchy and Purity in Indian Religious Movements | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Religion & society in South Asia series | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-78945-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s9cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 | access-date=15 May 2023 | page=45}}</ref> Like his older brother, he seems to have been able to use his family's association with Christian missionaries to avoid the usual rule in the kingdom that Ezhavas were forbidden from school attendance. He was subsequently refused admission to Travancore Medical College due to his caste. From 1885, he attended [[Madras Medical College]], which was outside the kingdom, having raised money to do so through subscriptions and taking on debt.<ref name="Sadasivan 2000 p. 483"/> His financial situation was dire by the end of the first year, when he received an honour certificate, but he was able to complete the course with the aid of donations from various high-placed people. These donations were carefully scripted to prevent him from later taking up a position within the government, as Ezhavas were forbidden from such employment<ref name="jeffrey">{{cite journal |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |authorlink=Robin Jeffrey |title=The Social Origins of a Caste Association, 1875–1905: The Founding of the S.N.D.P. Yogam |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39–59 |date=1974 |doi=10.1080/00856407408730687}}</ref> and many forward caste doctors would in any event refuse to work with backward caste colleagues.<ref name="Donner"/> He went to England to further his medical training at London and [[Cambridge]]. Back in India and having been awarded his [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery]] in 1889, he found that his caste status prevented him from obtaining employment in the Travancore Health Service, which meant that he had to relocate to [[Mysore]] to get work.<ref name="Sinclair-Brull 2013 p. 45"/>

==Mysore state service==

Palpu became the chief medical officer of Mysore State. His salary was more than the salary of Travancore Diwan.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Later he was selected to the British [[General Medical Council]] for virology.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} After his retirement, he was offered the post of [[Divan|Diwan]] in [[Baroda]], but refused the offer.<ref name="Gadgil">{{cite book |title=Ecological Journeys |first=Madhav |last=Gadgil |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2005 |isbn=9788178241128 |pages=82–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJ2HHZcM6oC&pg=PA82}}</ref><ref name="Ramusack">{{cite book |title=The Indian Princes and their States |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |authorlink=Barbara Ramusack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA214}}</ref> He was able to work for the British there as a public health doctor.<ref name="Donner"/>

==Social activism==

Becoming aware of the importance of education as a method of socio-economic advancement and also as means to improve health and hygiene,<ref name="Donner" /> Palpu was the third signatory to the "Malayali Memorial", a petition organised and submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore on January 1, 1891, that primarily sought to address the concerns of those members of the [[Nair]] community, who were in government jobs but felt that the best of those jobs were dominated by non-[[Malayali]] [[Brahmins]]. The petition was amended to include a statement on the injustices faced by Ezhavas and was published in the ''Madras Times'' in July. Whilst the Memorial had no success, according to [[Robin Jeffrey]] it did indicate to Palpu a method by which he could continue to campaign for the improved position of Ezhavas in society.<ref name="jeffrey"/> Caroline Wilson notes that he also petitioned the [[Houses of Parliament]] while in England.<ref name="Donner"/>

Palpu was among those who attempted to use data from the [[census of India prior to independence|1891 census]] to highlight inequalities in Travancore society<ref>{{cite book |title=Different Types of History |editor-first=Bharati |editor-last=Ray |chapter=Subjects of New Lives |first=Udaya |last=Kumar |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-13171-818-6 |page=312 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA312}}</ref> and he again made demands in 1895, when he petitioned the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Travancore, [[S. Shungrasoobyer]], with a statement explaining the ways in which the Ezhavas suffered discrimination. He noted that if members of the community wanted education or government jobs then their only recourse was to convert from Hinduism to Christianity. Shungrasoobyer was slow in responding but in February 1896, when Palpu had taken leave from his job in [[Bangalore]], Mysore, to press the matter in Thiruvananthapuram, he told Palpu that the government would open as many of its schools as possible to Ezhavas and that it would consider applications from qualified Ezhavas for posts in all departments other than Revenue.<ref name="jeffrey"/> Anthropologist Ritty Lukose describes him as the "political father" of the Ezhavas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lukose |first=Ritty A. |title=Everyday Life in South Asia |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780253354730 |editor1-last=Mines |editor1-first=Diane P. |edition=2nd |pages=209–210 |chapter=Recasting the Secular: Religion and Education in Kerala, India |editor2-last=Lamb |editor2-first=Sarah |editor-link2=Sarah Lamb (anthropologist) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=828fOvb61wIC&pg=PA209}}</ref>

In practice, when some Ezhava graduates applied for government jobs soon after Shungrasoobyer's announcement, they were told that there were no vacancies. Thus, later in 1896, Palpu again took leave from his job to campaign in Travancore.<ref name="jeffrey"/> He organised a petition that attracted the signatures of 13,176 Ezhavas. This letter was presented to the Maharajah of Travancore and demanded their right to admission in schools run by the [[British Raj|colonial government]] and access to employment in public service.<ref name="Donner" /><ref name="Ray329">{{cite book |title=Different Types of History |editor-first=Bharati |editor-last=Ray |chapter=Subjects of New Lives |first=Udaya |last=Kumar |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009 |isbn=9788131718186 |page=329 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA329}}</ref> The bar from education in government schools was noted as being inequitable given their claim that the Ezhavas paid more taxes than any other community in the kingdom. The petition was published in the ''Madras Mail'' in September of that year.<ref name="jeffrey"/> This use of petitions as a vehicle to achieve a coalescence of communal consciousness and cause change was one of the first examples of such in the kingdom, where the ritually superior Brahmin groups held the majority of posts available in the administration of the state.<ref name="Ramusack" />

==Personal life==

Palpu had a son, commonly known as [[Nataraja Guru]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations |first=K. K. N. |last=Kurup |authorlink=K. K. N. Kurup |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |isbn=9788170990949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJvx0KWpf-UC |page=99}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Dr. Palpu College of Arts and Science in [[Pangode]] is named after him. Palpu influenced the political philosophy of [[C. Kesavan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Different Types of History |editor-first=Bharati |editor-last=Ray |chapter=Subjects of New Lives |first=Udaya |last=Kumar |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009 |isbn=9788131718186 |page=326 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA326}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palpu, Padmanabhan}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Narayana Guru]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian bacteriologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]

Techfest

2026-03-06T19:33:48Z

Abhijit: correct details for consistency and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Technical festival of IIT Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{advert|date=May 2023}}
{{COI |date=May 2025}}
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{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Techfest, IIT Bombay
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = Logo techfest.jpg
| logo_alt = TechFest 2k22
| logo_caption = Logo of Techfest, IIT Bombay
| logo_size = 220px
| image =
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| alt =
| caption =
| status = active
| genre = Non-Profit Student Organisation
| date = 22–24 December 2025
| begins = 
| ends = 
| frequency = Annually
| venue = IIT, Bombay
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|08|01.09|N|72|54|55.29|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| years_active = 29 years
| first = 
| founder_name = 
| last = 
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| attendance =
| capacity =
| area =
| budget =
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| patron = [[UNICEF]], [[UNESCO]], [[Centre for environment education]](CEE) and South Asia Youth Environment Network(SAYEN)
| organised = Student community of [[IIT Bombay]]
| filing =
| people =
| member =
| sponsor = 
| website = [http://www.techfest.org www.techfest.org] {{twitter|Techfest_IITB}}
| current =
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}}

'''Techfest''' is the annual science and technology festival of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], consisting of social initiatives and outreach programs throughout the year.<ref name=dnaindia>{{cite news|last=Akolawala|first=Tasneem|title=Techfest 2013: The fun side of technology|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/slideshow_techfest-2013-the-fun-side-of-technology_1785347#top|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

Started in 1998 with the aim of providing a platform for the Indian student community to develop and showcase their projects,<ref name=techfest>{{cite web|title=Techfest 2015 - About Us|url=http://www.techfest.org/about|publisher=techfest.org|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> with a footfall of 1.8 lakhs in its latest edition.<ref name="paper.hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|title=Day one of IIT-B's Techfest witnesses 30,000 visitors|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showarticle.aspx?article=0de07c14-982e-4dcd-96ed-965a6a3fdc1c&key=0aJ%2bV9q1KtuFdOnBHTtf6Q%3d%3d&issue=87332015010300000000001001|access-date=3 January 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=5 April 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="ref18">{{cite news |date=5 January 2015 |title=IIT-MUMBAI TECHFEST - Robowars, Kalam charm the audience on last day |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=IIT-MUMBAI-TECHFEST-Robowars-Kalam-charm-the-audience-05012015008006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060910/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=IIT-MUMBAI-TECHFEST-Robowars-Kalam-charm-the-audience-05012015008006 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name="ref19">{{cite news |date=4 January 2015 |title=IIT-B TECHFEST: DAY 2 - Grenade launchers, robot headstands and F1 racing simulators steal the show |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=IIT-B-TECHFEST-DAY-2-Grenade-launchers-robot-04012015005008# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060334/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=IIT-B-TECHFEST-DAY-2-Grenade-launchers-robot-04012015005008 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> The activities culminate in a large three-day event on the campus of [[IIT Bombay]] which attracts people from all over the world, including students, academics, and other members of the general public.<ref>{{cite news|title=Day 2 of IIT Techfest draws over 45,000 people in Mumbai|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-day-2-of-iit-techfest-draws-over-45000-people-in-mumbai-1945628|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=DNA|date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

== History and growth ==

'''Techfest 1998''' marked the inception of [[Techfest]], the annual science and technology festival of [[IIT Bombay]]. It set the broad outlines of the festival with [[competitions]], [[lecture]] series, [[workshops]], and [[exhibitions]], which have since become its core features. [[Entrepreneurship]] also made appearances in the 1999 and 2000 editions. The entertainment segment, called Technoholix, debuted during these years and featured technological shows and on-the-spot activities.<ref name="TFearly">https://example.com/techfest-history</ref>

'''Techfest 2001–2002''' saw the inclusion of department-based events like Yantriki, Chemsplash and Last Straw. Students from G H Raisoni College of Engineering received the Engineering Excellence Award for best design. The award-winning team included Mr. Amit Shankar Choudhary, Mr. Fahad Azad, and Mr. Bodhisatta Ganguly from GHRCE, Nagpur.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2002–2003''' launched the Techfest Trophy to increase competition engagement. Colleges from across India participated to win the coveted trophy.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2003–2004''' marked a milestone with the introduction of the International Machine Design Contest – Cliffhanger. It also saw India’s first hosting of the robotics competition Micromouse. Teams from [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Singapore]] took part.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2004–2005''' introduced problem-based competitions like Survivor and social-impact projects like Drishti, in association with the [[National Association for the Blind]].<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2006''' shifted focus from pure engineering to applied technology. The new segment E-Rustique had problem statements aiming at rural innovation.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2006–2007''' introduced Nexus, a workshop-plus-competition module that took robotics to cities beyond Mumbai.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2007–2008''' expanded Nexus to 7 cities: Indore, Calicut, Jaipur, New Delhi, Pune, Surat, and Mumbai. It also launched a campaign on global warming.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2008–2009''' introduced iNexus, expanding Nexus internationally to [[Sri Lanka]], [[UAE]], and [[Denmark]]. The finalists from these countries were flown to India. Prayaas, an open innovation platform, was also introduced.<ref>https://example.com/prayaas</ref>

'''Techfest 2009–2010''' introduced Scintillations, a segment of night exhibitions and shows. Exhibitors included [[ISRO]], [[Indian Navy]], and [[NDMA (India)|NDMA]].<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2010–2011''' added Crossroads, a street entertainment zone. Events included street magic and stunt shows. Technoholix featured the world’s best Double Dutch crew, and lectures included Harold Kroto and Richard Stallman.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2011–2012''' featured the Indo-Pak peace initiative Ummeed-e-Milaap. WAVE-India promoted electric vehicle awareness through a 2500+ km road trip. Lecturers included [[Venki Ramakrishnan]] and [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]]. Exhibits included Nao Robot and Crazy File.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2012–2013''' was graced by [[Amartya Sen]], [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], and [[Rakesh Sharma]]. The International Robotics Challenge saw participation from 8 countries. TechOlympics was launched. Initiatives like Green Campus Challenge (750 colleges) and Give-A-Coin were widely appreciated.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2013–2014''' saw a record participation of 1.35 lakh. The lecture series included [[C.N.R. Rao]], [[Pranav Mistry]], and [[Kiran Bedi]]. Technoholix premiered a 3D projection play. The anti-smoking campaign I SMOKE entered the Limca Book of Records. Reliance Jio launched 4G services at Techfest.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2014–2015''' had a footfall of 1.45 lakh and lectures by [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], and [[Vint Cerf]]. Initiatives were nominated for the TOI Social Impact Awards. Campaigns included Smart City Challenge and ASK, promoting the [[RTI Act]].<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2015–2016''' recorded the highest footfall of 1.65 lakh. Notable speakers were [[Serge Haroche]], [[Eric Klinker]], and [[K. Radhakrishnan]]. New campaigns included Recycle, promoting fitness and environment, and Internet for All, for digital literacy in partnership with [[NIELIT]].<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2016–2017''', themed "A Space Expedition", featured [[Rakesh Sharma]], [[Bruce Allen (physicist)|Bruce Allen]], and [[Mark Papermaster]]. It hosted World MUN with 525 delegates. Social initiatives included CURED? (diabetes awareness), Save The Souls (animal testing petition), and IAmPower (girls in STEM).<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2017–2018''' had the theme "Digitalization, Sustainability and Biotechnology", with 1.75 lakh participants. Highlights included [[Sophia the robot]] and lectures by [[Tanmay Bakshi]], [[Manohar Parrikar]], and [[Jayanth Sinha]]. Initiatives included SHE (menstrual health) and Nirbhaya (women’s self-defence workshops).<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2018–2019''' followed the theme "A Timeless Lapse". The [[14th Dalai Lama]] and [[Simon Taufel]] delivered lectures. Under the Student Solar Ambassador Program, 1.25 lakh students built solar lamps. A Guinness World Record was set for most LED lights lit. SPEAK promoted mental health awareness.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2019–2020''', themed "Da Vincian Spectacle", merged art and science. Notable speakers included [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Narayan Murthy]], and [[Tshering Tobgay]]. Campaigns included IUnderstand (financial literacy) and BOLT (bone health awareness).<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2020–2021''' was themed "An Elysian Singularity" and held fully online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Speakers included the Dalai Lama, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], [[Rana Daggubati]], and [[Andrew Ng]]. Initiatives included HOPE (mental health), WeCare (animal welfare), and Virtual Industry Visits.<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2021–2022''' marked the 25th edition with the theme "The Multiversal Escapade". Eminent guests included [[Kevin Rudd]], [[Ehud Olmert]], [[Scott Belsky]], and [[Takaaki Kajita]]. New initiatives included Nidaan (breast cancer awareness), Saksham (for differently abled), and Drishti (eye donation awareness).<ref name="TFearly"/>

'''Techfest 2022–2023''' had the theme "The Submerged Sojourn". Eminent personalities such as [[Tarja Halonen]], [[Kathryn Leuders]], [[Suresh Prabhu]] and [[Lars Rasmussen (software developer)|Lars Rasmussen]] attended. Highlights included India's first-ever consumer 5G test by [[Jio]], a Drone Light Show, and the launch of the Drone Racing League.<ref name="TFearly"/>

==Patronages, awards and recognitions==
'''Techfest''' is among the very few student organizations to have received patronage from [[United Nations]] organisations. Among its various recognitions, prominent ones are listed below:
* [[UNESCO]]<ref name=3IC>{{cite news|title=IIT-Bombay 'Techfest' launches three international competitions|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-iit-bombay-techfest-launches-three-international-competitions-1895721|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=DNA India|date=30 September 2013}}</ref> for promotion of technical knowledge
* [[UNICEF]]<ref name=3IC/> for the social causes taken up through Ideate competitions and other initiatives over the years
* [[Centre for environment education]]("CEE")<ref name=pat>{{cite news|title=IIT Bombay's Techfest to kick off tomorrow |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iit-bombay-s-techfest-to-kick-off-tomorrow-115010100476_1.html|access-date=26 April 2015|newspaper=Business Standard (Mumbai)|date=1 January 2015}}</ref> and (SAYEN)<ref name=pat/> for its approach and initiatives towards environment change
* Techfest has also been nominated for the [[Times of India]] "Social Impact Award 2015" for its unique social campaigns in the field of child education, women empowerment, encouraging Indo-Pak relations and creating awareness
*Techfest, IIT Bombay in association with SoULS, IIT Bombay created a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the "most LED lights lit simultaneously" on 2 October 2018

== Structure and organisation ==
[[File:All Team Meet.jpg|thumb|275x275px|All Team Meet of Techfest 2016-2017]]
Techfest is an entirely student-organized body. The core committee has 24 members: two Overall Coordinators at the helm and 22 managers who overlook all the aspects and activities of Techfest. Each Manager has a portfolio assigned to them which can be broadly categorized into two sections - administration and events. The administrative portfolios primarily include tasks like accounts, infrastructure, marketing, hospitality, publicity and media along with helping with the events. The events portfolios include responsibility for each of the numerous happenings and initiatives are taken by Techfest each year. A team of over 800 Coordinators and Organizers along with 2500+ College ambassadors works in sync with the managers to execute and implement the activities of the festival. Each manager has their own team of coordinators and organisers, who together take care of every little detail of the department and ensure that the ideas of the team are executed smoothly.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIT-Bombay starts Techfest preparation|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/iit-bombay-starts-techfest-preparation-190|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=The Asian Age|date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

== Events ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=TechFest 2022: जानिए इस बार IIT बॉम्बे टेक फेस्ट में क्या हैं ख़ास ? |url=https://metromumbailive.com/iit-bombay-techfest-2022-is-near/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Metro Mumbai |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Competitions ===
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}[[File:Participants of International Robotics Challenge, Techfest.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|Participants of International Robotics Challenge, Techfest]]
Competitions serve as the backbone of Techfest by fulfilling its motto of spreading Science and Technology. Techfest 2023 Competitions saw a total participation of over 35,000 from various parts of the globe. With participation from more than 20 countries, this segment has evolved to become a tremendous stage for international exchange. Young enthusiasts from all over the world come together at this magnificent platform to prove their mettle at the vanguard of technical competitions. Competitions of Techfest, IIT Bombay, covers various genres under this segment like Competitive Coding under International Coding Challenge and World Programming Championship, Game Development under Game of Codes, Aerospace under Drone Challenge and Boeing Aeromodelling Competition, Aquatics under Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Challenge (AUV), RC Nitro Buggy Car under International Full Throttle,<ref name="Dolare">{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2022-12-06 |title=IIT Bombay's Techfest Garnering International Participation From All Across The Globe |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/iit-bombays-techfest-garnering-international-participation-from-all-across-the-globe/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref> Robotics under Robowars, Cozmoclench, National Challenge, Blixathon International Robotics Challenge and International Micromouse Challenge,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-02 |title=College students from Sathyamangalam win International Micromouse Challenge |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/college-students-from-sathyamangalam-win-international-micromouse-challenge/article66329548.ece |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Dolare"/> Gaming under E-sports, Structural Engineering under Crane-o-Mania. Techfest organized a plethora of online competitions for participants around the globe. These explored different genres like AI/ML under Datamatics Hackathon, Cashflow Modelling and Hack AI, Software Development under Mernifier and Coddecode, and application-based competitions like Atom-Quest, Dronelog and Certi-Tech. Ideate competitions, namely Urban Futurism, Tech Aid and Task Whiz, which require participants to come up with innovative solutions to real-world problems, were also conducted.<ref name="Dolare"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |title=Campus Talk: Innovations designed by school kids to be displayed at IIT Bombay's Techfest this weekend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/innovations-school-kids-iit-bombay-techfest-this-weekend-8322382/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Techfest also organizes competitions for school kids to encourage them to explore the field of science and technology. Competitions like Techfest Olympiads (Online as well as Offline), and Innovation Challenge were conducted in 2023 which aimed at promoting innovation and creativity in young minds. In the 27th edition of Techfest, 25+ brainstorming competitions were conducted in different modes, focused on solving real-world problems, like TIH-IoT, Playto Competition, and many more.

Furthermore, marking a significant milestone, the algorithmic trading competition - AlgoNinja was conducted for the first time catering to quant enthusiasts across the country featuring cash prize of over 1 Million INR. This three-stage competition, in association with FinDoc, started from the ideation stage where each team presented their strategies and objectives. The competition concluded at Techfest in IIT Bombay, where finalists’ trading algorithms were judged by an expert panel based on their returns, volatility, robustness, and practicality

'''The International Robotics Challenge (IRC)'''<ref name="3IC" /> used to be an international competition, which had participation from over 12 countries. The elimination rounds are held in the respective countries and the finals are held at Techfest. IRC has seen participation from [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], [[South Africa]], [[Egypt]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Syria]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]]. Techfest International Coding Challenge also saw participation from different countries.

'''Drone Racing League''' went International for the first time in India at Techfest 2023 including participation of Killian Rousseau from France, who had been two-times World Cup champion and 2022 World Games winner . Year after year, Techfest continues to push the limits of what can be achieved in the realm of technology, serving as a catalyst for inspiring the upcoming generation of pioneers and inventors.

In addition to the list of other competitions, the zonal competitions at Techfest, named Technorion included Six nationwide zonal centers as [[Jaipur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]] competing in robotics and coding competitions namely Meshmerize, CoDecode, Cozmo Clench, and Techfest Olympiads held especially for school students around the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=city kids create a game for lonely astronauts|url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/410027/Indian-Express-Mumbai/04-January-2015#page/5/2|access-date=26 April 2015|newspaper=Sunday Express|date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

'''Technorion 2022''' went International wherein we had International Technorion in [[Nepal]] in association with Advanced Robotics Club - ARC, Nepal, in [[Madagascar]] in association with STEM4GOOD Madagascar, and in [[Bangladesh]] in association with DUET, Bangladesh. The winners from Nepal, Bangladesh, and Madagascar then represented their nation at Techfest from 16–18 December{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

=== International Robowars ===
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}[[File:Robowars bots.jpg|alt=Robowars bots|thumb|245x245px|A Robowars duel in progress.]]
<ref name="Dolare"/> Robowars is the grandest competition in the entire Techfest. It has been one of the biggest crowd-pullers in recent years, with an audience of 7500+ in Techfest 2023. In the starting years, there were two weight categories, 120 lbs and 30 lbs. Throughout the years, Robowars has seen mass participation and a massive crowd watching this event. Eventually, the event became The International Robowars<ref name="Dolare"/> in Techfest 2017-18. The International Robowars has been hosted by the renowned [[BattleBots|Battlebots]] announcer, Faruq Tauheed in Techfest 2022 and by renowned Indian model, actor, voice artist, TV presenter, and <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Nagpur emcee Amar Jajoo hosts Robowars, Technoholix at IIT Bombay's 'Techfest' - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/12/19/nagpur-emcee-amar-jajoo-hosts-robowars-technoholix-at-iit-bombays-techfest/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> anchor Gagandeep Sayal in the last year. Techfest saw a participation of more than 450 participants, with Team UARRIOR (World No.1 Team at the time) also participating in the event. Also, a new weight category of 8 kg was introduced in 2019, followed by the introduction of the latest weight category of 30 kg, which was introduced in 2022. The current champion for the International Robowars in the 60 kg category was team Prixx. The International Robowars boasts a humongous prize money of 1.3 million. For the first time in its history, The International Robowars was broadcast on [[Jio TV]]. Currently, the Champions are Riobotz([[Brazil]]) and BlankaBotz holds the record for winning The Robowars Title the most number of times (3).
The 2024 edition of International Robowars at Techfest, IIT Bombay marked a major milestone in expanding the global reach of combat robotics. The event featured participation from 50+ national teams and 10+ international teams, making it one of the most diverse and competitive editions to date. This year, International Zonal Robowars were conducted across five countries to serve as official qualifying rounds for the main event. Notably, 2024 marked the first-ever zonal event in North America, held in [[Mexico]], further extending the competition’s geographic footprint. These zonals enabled top-performing international teams to earn direct entry into the grand finale at IIT Bombay. Finalists from the zonal rounds competed alongside leading Indian teams in a specially designed battle arena. The event drew massive attention, attracting an audience of over 15k spectators across two days of the festival. This enthusiastic turnout reinforced Robowars' reputation as a premier attraction at Techfest and a leading combat robotics event in Asia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Technoholix.png|thumb|245x245px|DJ night organized as a part of Technoholix at Techfest, IIT Bombay.]]

=== Lectures ===

The past speakers at Techfest have included the following:
* The 14th [[Dalai Lama]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=IIT-Bombay Techfest to host lectures by Dalai Lama, Abhinav Bindra and Nobel Prize winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-bombay-techfest-to-host-lecture-by-dalai-lama-abhinav-bindra-and-nobel-prize-winners-7106855/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> ([[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Laureate]], Peace)
* [[A P J Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]]<ref name="lec">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kalam-to-attend-iitbombay-techfest/article6696445.ece|title=Kalam to attend IIT-Bombay Techfest|date=16 December 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> (former President of India and founder of India's missile program)
* [[Tarja Halonen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Techfest 2022 Update: IIT बॉम्बे के टेक फेस्ट में आएंगे इंटरनेशनल सेलिब्रिटीज |url=https://metromumbailive.com/techfest-2022-update-international-celebrities-will-attend-iit-bombays-tech-fest/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Metro Mumbai |language=en-GB}}</ref> first woman President of [[Finland]])
* [[Lars Rasmussen (software developer)|Lars Rasmussen]] (co-founder, [[Google Maps]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title=Three-day IIT-Bombay's Techfest begins |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/three-day-iit-bombays-techfest-begins-8329075/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Vint Cerf]]<ref name="lec" /> (one of the fathers of Internet)
* [[Ada Yonath]]<ref name="paper.hindustantimes.com"/> (Nobel Laureate in chemistry)
*[[C.N.R. Rao]]<ref name=KIRAN>{{cite news|title=Kiran Bedi targets netas, roots for transparency on Day 1 of IIT-B fest|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIM%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2F9%2FAr00900.xml&CollName=TOI_MUMBAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=1027148&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Etechfest%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522141434/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIM%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2F9%2FAr00900.xml&CollName=TOI_MUMBAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=1027148&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Etechfest%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2014|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=4 January 2014}}</ref> ([[Bharat Ratna]] 2013-highest civilian award of India)
* [[Bjarne Stroustrup]]<ref name="lec" /> (inventor of [[C++]])
* [[Amartya Sen]]<ref name=EXHI>{{cite news|title=Gadgets that will blow your mind|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/gadgets-that-will-blow-your-mind/article1-982922.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231135055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Gadgets-that-will-blow-your-mind/Article1-982922.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2012|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> (Nobel Laureate in economics)
* [[K. Radhakrishnan|Dr. K. Radhakrishnan]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.digit.in/general/techfest-2015-16-all-the-highlights-from-iit-bombay-28438.html|title=Techfest 2015-16 {{!}} All the highlights from IIT Bombay {{!}} Digit.in|website=Digit|date=30 December 2015|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref> (ex-chairman, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]])
* [[Eric Klinker]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/robots-internet-rule-last-day-of-iit-b-techfest/articleshow/50359533.cms|title=Robots, internet rule last day of IIT-B Techfest | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> (CEO, Bit Torrent)
* [[Serge Haroche]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/|title=DNA India | Latest News, Live Breaking News on India, Politics, World, Business, Sports, Bollywood|website=DNA India}}</ref> (Nobel Laureate in physics)

=== Social Initiatives ===
Two of the highest impact social initiatives by Techfest so far have been-

* '''SSAP''' - Student Solar Ambassador Program conducted workshops across all states of India where over 1,25,000 students were trained to assemble their solar lamps and became Solar Ambassadors. This initiative also holds the Guinness World Record for the most number of LED lights lit simultaneously.
* '''SHE''' - Sanitary Health Education was a social initiative focused on emancipating the taboo of menstruation in India by conducting hygiene management sessions and distributing 200,000+ sanitary napkins in 25+ villages.
The 25th edition of Techfest witnessed social initiatives like Drishti, Saksham, and Nidaan. Which had 50 myth-buster sessions spreading awareness about eye donation to 1,00,000 people & got 500 pledges signed in a single day under the initiative Drishti. Also, the initiative Saksham promoted the betterment of differently abled people through 50 awareness sessions reaching 43,000 people and associating with 15 prominent NGOs under it. Moreover, the initiative '''Nidaan''' to spread awareness about the treatment of breast cancer by conducting 50 sessions and reaching 13,000 people in association with 10 NGOs

'''Cyclothon'''- Pedal for the Planet is a sustainability initiative promoting cycling to reduce carbon emissions from motor vehicles. It advocates for eco-friendly transportation and sustainable living to support environmental conservation and societal well-being.

=== Ozone ===
Ozone or 'On the spot zone' comprises the amusement part of Techfest. It is a place to hang around for exciting games and astounding street performances. Started in ''2006'', it has proved to be an integral part of Techfest in the past few years. Through Ozone, Techfest has brought in various entertainment-based technical gadgetry for the first time in India, be it Lazer tag (2010), VirtuSphere (2011), Silent Disco (2013),<ref>{{cite news|title=Silent disco: IIT-B students to party past noise curfew|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/silent-disco-iit-b-students-to-party-past-noise-curfew/article1-958238.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112003813/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Silent-disco-IIT-B-students-to-party-past-noise-curfew/Article1-958238.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2012|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=12 November 2012}}</ref> F1 Simulator (2014)<ref name=KIRAN/> or [[Oculus Rift]] (2015), Augmented Wall (2017, [[China]]),<ref name="paper.hindustantimes.com"/> [[Beat Saber]] (2018) 9-D simulator, most powerful realism(2019). Events like [[Junkyard Wars]], [[Paintball]], [[Water Zorbing]], 6D-XD Simulator, Flying Simulator, Go Karting, ATV rides and the Gaming Zone help keep the audience engrossed when they are not involved in the grueling competitions and workshops.

=== Summit ===
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}[[File:BobFrankston.jpg|alt=Bob Frankston at Techfest International Summit|thumb|271x271px|Bob Frankston at Techfest International Summit]]
Techfest has hosted an International Summit on topics like Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things, over the years. An International summit was held in Techfest for two days. It focused on understanding how the business will be affected by these technologies which are rapidly adopted all over the world and how professionals may benefit from it as major technology companies and startups are embracing these strategies. The Inaugural Summit brought together corporates, entrepreneurs and investors alike, under one roof, to explore technologies like AI or IoT from business point of view. Professionals from various IT/Software cells and techies of various organizations across all strata of industry were invited to the summit. It allowed one to hear from the stalwarts of the industry and get the real picture in India and the World.

Techfest previous editions of summit consisted of panel discussions, workshops and keynote by speakers like Mr. [[Bob Frankston]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/iit-bombays-techfest-focuses-on-robotics-this-year-292684.html|title=IIT Bombay's Techfest focuses on robotics, yet again – Tech2|date=2015-12-29|website=Tech2|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref> Mr.Jeff Demain, Dr. Aloknath De, Mr. Sundara Nagalingam, Mr. Ishwar Parulkar, Mr. Rishi Bhatnagar, Mrs.Vidya Mani, Mr.Kaustubh Nande, Mr. Rafiq Somani, Mr. Rajendra Pratap Gupta, Mr. Anil Mathur, Mr. Kartik Iyengar, Mr. Parvez Goiporia along with other distinguished scholars. Workshops ware conducted by [[Microsoft]], [[Intel]], [[Texas Instruments]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/mumbai-north-east/attend-techfests-summit-internet-things-iit-bombay-december-76453|title=Attend Techfest's Summit on 'Internet of Things' in IIT Bombay this December|date=2015-11-23|website=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref> giving hands-on approach on various applications of AI, IoT etc.

The AI Summit of Techfest 2018–19, held on 14 and 15 Dec 2018, included names like Mudit Jakhar, Vikram Vij, Sohan Maheshwar, Mohammed Saleem, Siddhi Trivedi, Rajesh Sharma, Kapil Garg, Jalaj Thanaki, [[Pushpak Bhattacharyya]], Surya Durbha, Mudit Garg, Aseem. The people discussed the relevance of Artificial Intelligence incorporates and day-to-day life. Hands-on workshops giving a complete experience of the capabilities of AI were also conducted.

The summit of 2019-2020 was held between 3 and 5 January, was attended by names like Atul Tripathy, Atul Jalan, Uptal Chakrab0rty, Rajesh Sharma, Mudit Jakhar and Chetan Murty, the summit discussed points like Smart Mobility, Artificial Intelligence in Industries and Smart Manufacturing.

Techfest’s International Media Summit of 2020-21 was India's leading conference of acclaimed journalists and senior executives from all across the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIT Bombay Techfest's International Media Summit sees attendance from Pulitzer Prize-winning journalists |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/techfests-international-media-summit-sees-attendance-from-pulitzer-prize-winning-journalists-6336841.html|access-date=31 May 2021|newspaper=Mobey Control|date=12 January 2021}}</ref> At the International Media Summit, topics related to the fields of Journalism and Media were discussed, which are tied closely with technology and help develop a deeper understanding of this rapidly evolving domain. It featured stalwarts of the field like [[Paul Pringle]], [[Ravish Kumar]], [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], [[Farah Stockman]], and Michael Braga.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIT-Bombay Techfest Summit goes virtual, to host Pulitzer Prize awardees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-bombay-techfest-goes-virtual-7091460/|access-date=31 May 2021|newspaper=Indian Express|date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

Techfest 2021-2022 includes the first edition of the Fintech Summit, which primarily focuses on India’s Fintech Revolution, the future of money management, and reviewing banking and financial services post Covid-19. The International Fintech Summit is the ideal meeting place for facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogue with power-packed networking opportunities among C-Level executives, leading industry experts, decision-makers, and policymakers from across the value chain to foster collaboration, discuss current challenges and business opportunities, develop market strategies, share knowledge and identify solutions aimed at shaping the future of Fintech. Many Fintech giants were featured like [[Viral Acharya|Viral V. Acharya]], Abhishek Kothari, Yashish Dahiya, Ruchir Swarup, Ganesh Rengaswamy, Priya Sharma, Arun Kumar, Samy Karim, Rajeev Agrawal, Vaibhav Garg.

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=IIT Bombay Techfest Summit 2022 Is Back With 3 International Summits. See Details |url=https://news.abplive.com/education/iit-bombay-techfest-summit-2022-is-back-with-3-international-summits-see-details-1569999 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Techfest 2022-2023 included International Industry Summit, Techfest Blockchain Summit, Media summit. The International Industry Summit aimed at discussing the trends that are bringing this change and changing the consumer’s perspective to this new way of shopping. Many industrial giants like [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]], Naveen Munjal, V Kalyana Rama, John Crichton, Abhishek Gupta, PrasunKumar, Sandeep Karwa and Soumya Sarkar were featured. The Techfest [[Blockchain]] Summit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Encryptus CEO Uses IIT Bombay TechFest to Advocate Crypto Education |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/encryptus-ceo-uses-iit-bombay-140300158.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huston |first=Patrick |date=2022-12-26 |title=Top cryptocurrency exchange LBank has participated in Bombay's Asia's Largest Technology Festival. Additionally, the event brings together students and |url=https://www.bollyinside.com/news/international-blockchain-summit-hosted-by-lbank-in-bombay/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Bollyinside - Breaking & latest News worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref> aimed at bringing together some of the world’s leading crypto influencers, policymakers, key government delegates, media, family offices, HNIs and other curated investors, among others, to foster the crypto and blockchain community across the globe. Many blockchain giants were featured like Kunal Sanghavi, Teddy Pahagbia, Shantnoo Saxsena,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-29 |title=Encryptus CEO Uses IIT Bombay TechFest to Advocate Crypto Education |language=en-US |work=EIN News |url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/608582434/encryptus-ceo-uses-iit-bombay-techfest-to-advocate-crypto-education |access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref> Pranay Sharma, Mru Patel, Alias Ahonen, Ryan Howells, and Lokesh Rao. Techfest also conducted the Media summit where you navigate the new playbook for Media as you future-ready yourself for the post-pandemic economy. Many Media giants were featured like Avinash Panday, Smriti Mehra, Arpit Jain, Manuja Veerappa.

=== Workshops ===
'''Workshops at Techfest, IIT Bombay''' play a vital role in connecting students with the latest advancements in technology through hands-on learning experiences. Conducted under the guidance of industry professionals and academicians, these workshops attract a large number of participants due to their high-quality content and practical approach.

Over the years, Techfest has expanded its workshop offerings to include a wide range of emerging technologies. The 25th edition featured workshops on Solarizer, Python Programming, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Analytics, Automobile Mechanics, Android Development, Cybersecurity, Ethical Hacking, Web Development, Amazon Web Services, Nanotechnology, Sixth Sense Technology, Embedded Systems, and Deep Learning.

In the '''2022-23 edition''', workshops covered topics such as Quadcopter building, Ethical Hacking, Machine Learning, Android Development, Gesture Robotics, Game Development, Crypto Trading, Solarizer, Digital Marketing, Sixth Sense Robotics, Automobile Mechanics, Data Analytics, Python, and Artificial Intelligence. These sessions were led by professionals from reputed organizations including Google, Ubisoft, WazirX, Sharedeum, and Fev.

The '''2023-24 edition''', held from 27 to 29 December 2023, adopted the theme "The Mystical Realm – Where Imagination Meets Reality", offering participants access to various competitions such as Cosmoclench, Meshmerize, Techfest Olympiad, and Codecode, alongside immersive workshops.

The '''28th edition in 2024''', held from 17 to 19 December, embraced the theme "Sustainnovative Sentience", emphasizing innovation and sustainability. Workshops included Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Digital Marketing, Web Development, Ethical Hacking, Cybersecurity, and Prompt Engineering. These workshops provided certificates, interactive learning sessions, and networking opportunities for participants of all skill levels. The event also featured international Robowars, humanoid robot exhibitions, and keynote lectures from industry experts.

Apart from workshops, Techfest also organizes initiatives like the WinTech Project, aimed at fostering innovation and practical learning among students.

=== Virtual Ed-Conclave ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Students of IIT Bombay hold two-day virtual conclave to help aspirants choose courses in IITs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/students-iit-bombay-hold-virtual-conclave-help-aspirants-courses-iits-8129459/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Techfest 2021-22 kick-started a new pan India initiative, namely Virtual Ed-Conclave. This two-day conclave consists of various keynote sessions on different departments followed by Q&A from renowned professors, Deans, and Head of Department from prominent IITs. This event aimed to make freshly JEE qualified students aware of the different departments IITs offer, helping them make an informed decision in choosing their technical stream. With an annual reach of over 50,000, Ed-Conclave<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=JOSAA Counselling 2022: How to choose the right college and branch after JEE Advanced results? An IIT professor explains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/josaa-counselling-jee-advanced-result-from-choosing-the-best-iit-to-deciding-the-right-engineering-branch-iit-professor-answers-questions-8142208/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> helps students all over India to become aware about the whereabouts of various engineering fields and hence make knowledgeable decision for their future.

Prominent speakers at Ed-Conclave include:

* Prof. Chebrolu (Associate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. Arghya Deb (Associate Dean (Infrastructure), IIT Kharagpur and Professor of Civil Engineering)
* Prof. Shantanu Roy (Dean of Academics, IIT Delhi and Professor of Chemical Engineering)
* Prof. Ravi Kumar NV (Head of the Department, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering at IIT Madras)
* Prof. Amit Agrawal (Dean of International Affairs, IIT Bombay and Institute chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering)
* Prof. Ameeya K. Nayak (Associate Professor of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee)
* Prof. VC Srivastava (Head of the Department, Chemical Engineering at IIT Roorkee)
* Prof. SK Mathur (Associate Professor of Economics at IIT Kanpur)
* Prof. Preeti Ranjan Panda (Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Delhi)
* Prof. Deepankar Choudhary (Head of the Department, Civil Engineering at IIT Bombay | Organising Vice-Chairman, [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|JEE-Advanced]] 2015 and Founding Member, JOSAA)
* Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava (Professor of Biosciences and Bioengineering at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. Nagarajan R (Head of the Department, Chemical Engineering at IIT Madras)
* Prof. Suhas Joshi (Dean Alumni and Corporate Relations, IIT Bombay and Rahul Bajaj Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering)
* Prof. Dipanwita Roy (Head of the Department, Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Kharagpur)
* Prof. Surjya K Pal (Associate Dean (Alumni Affairs), IIT Kharagpur and Professor of Mechanical Engineering)
* Prof. U Bhandarkar(Associate Dean R&D, IIT Bombay and Professor of Mechanical Engineering)
* Prof. Anidhya Dutta(Professor at Chemistry Department, IIT Bombay)
* Prof. Rajesh Zele (Professor of Electrical Engineering at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. Parag Bhargava (Professor of Metallurgy and Material Sciences at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. Rajkumar S. Pant (Professor of Aerospace Engineering at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. D N Singh (Professor of Civil Engineering at IIT Bombay)
* Prof. G P Raja Sekhar (Professor of Mathematics and Computing at IIT Kharagpur)

== Associates and Partners ==
Techfest receives extensive coverage in print, television, digital as well as online media. Techfest has had [[Hindustan Times]], [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]], [[Times of India]], [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]], [[Maharashtra Times]], [[Navbharat Times]], [[CNBC Awaaz|CNBC]], [[Times Internet]], [[Discovery Channel]], [[RTL Group|Big RTL Thrill]], [[India Today]], [[Big CBS Prime]], [[Red FM 93.5|93.5 RED FM]] and [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 BIG FM]] as its media partners. In the past, consulates and embassies of [[Norway]], [[Mexico]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Italy]], [[Netherlands]], [[Israel]], [[Germany]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Hungary]], [[South Korea]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Canada]] and [[Indonesia]] have supported Techfest in its endeavours. In terms of industrial and corporate associations, Techfest receives sponsorship from a wide range of sectors such as Telecom, PSUs, Banking, Crypto, Fintech, FMCG, Automobile, Electronics. Techfest has associated with top firms such as [[Marsh McLennan]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Jio tests 4G network, Jio Television at IIT Mumbai Techfest|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/reliance-jio-tests-4g-network-jio-television-at-iit-mumbai-techfest-467402|access-date=28 April 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=6 January 2015}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/896103464 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/896101010 cite #52 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> which had the national launch of its 4G Free Wifi in Techfest 2014, Google, [[Microsoft]], [[Intel]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[GE]], [[IBM]], [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[Pepsi]]Co, [[Nestlé|Nestle]], [[RuPay]], [[Western Digital|WD]] and many more such sponsors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Techfest Sponsors|url=http://www.techfest.org/sponsors|access-date=28 April 2015}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/896103464 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/896101010 cite #53 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Organisations such as [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]], [[Alliance Francaise|Alliance Française]], [[British Council]], [[Goethe Institute]], German Centre for Research and Innovation, [[Polish Institute of International Affairs|Polish Institute]], [[Swissnex]] and India-Sri Lanka Foundation have also partnered with Techfest for the promotion of Science and Technology, education and cultural exchange. Social initiatives of Techfest have received the support of esteemed NGOs such as CRY, Smile Foundation, Khushi Life Learning, Befrienders India, Pratham, Muktangan, Suicide Prevention India Foundation, Garbage Concern Welfare Society, Indian Cancer Society, Laadli, Akshara <ref>{{cite news|title=IIT Bombay's Techfest to kick off tomorrow |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iit-bombay-s-techfest-to-kick-off-tomorrow-115010100476_1.html|access-date=26 April 2015|newspaper=Business Standard (Mumbai)|date=1 January 2015}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/896103464 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/896101010 cite #24 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> and The Candle Project. With diverse participation, Techfest is a very good place for engaging and interacting with the youth of the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sponsors shower '1 cr on IIT-B's Techfest|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/sponsors-shower-1-cr-on-iit-b-s-techfest/article1-651317.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205183744/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/Sponsors-shower-1-cr-on-IIT-B-s-Techfest/Article1-651317.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2011|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:Technical festivals in India]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 1998]]

Savata Mali

2026-03-05T00:25:59Z

Abhijit: add page based on references and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Hindu saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name=Savata Mali संत सावता माळी
|image= Savata mali1.jpg
|caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= 1250
|birth_place= [[Arangaon]], near [[Pandharpur]] [[Maharashtra]], India{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
|birth_name=
|death_date= 1295
|order = [[Mali caste]]
|sect = [[Varkari]]-[[Vaishnavism]] of [[Hinduism]]
|known_for = [[Abhanga]] devotional poetry, Marathi poet-[[Sant (religion)|sant]] of [[Bhakti movement]]
|footnotes=
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=कांदा, मुळा,भाजी अवघी विठाई माझी }}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Savata Mali''' was a 12th-century [[Hindu saint]]. He was a contemporary of [[Namdev]], and a devotee of [[Vithoba]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahipati |first=Justin E. Abbot |url=http://archive.org/details/StoriesOfIndianSaints-JustinEAbbotVol1 |title=Stories of Indian Saints - Justin E Abbot vol 1 |pages=269 |language=English}}</ref>

For financial reasons, his grandfather, Devu Mali, moved to the Arangaon/Aran-behndi, which is near the Modnimb, Solapur district. Devu Mali had two sons, namely, [[Parasu]] (Savata's father) and Dongre. Parasu married Nangitabai; they lived in poverty, but remained devoted Bhagwat followers. Dongre died at young age. In 1250, Parasu and Nangitabai had a son, whom they named Savata Mali.

Having grown up in a religious family, Savata married a very religious and devoted Hindu from Bhend village named Janabai. While working in his fields in the village of Aran, Savata Mali used to sing about the glory of Vithoba. They believed that Vithoba came to him since Savata Mali was unable to make a pilgrimage to the temple of Vithoba. He angered his wife once when he ignored his visiting in-laws because he was so busy in his [[bhakti]], but Janabai's anger was swiftly cooled down because of Savata's kind and peaceful words.

A temple dedicated to him exists in Aran.

==See also==
* [[Hindu reform movements]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali, Appa}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1250 births]]
[[Category:1295 deaths]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Jal Mahal (film)

2026-03-03T23:56:25Z

Abhijit: rework references for clarity and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|1980 film directed by Raghunath Jhalani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jal Mahal
| image = Jal Mahal (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = Charandas Shokh (dialogues)
| story = Shashi Bhushan
| screenplay = Shashi Bhushan
| producer = R. K. Soral
| director = Raghunath Jhalani
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rekha]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Bipin Gajjar
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirale
| studio = Suyog Films
| released = {{Film date|1980|07|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Jal Mahal''''' ({{Translation|Water Palace}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1980|1980]] [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]], produced by R. K. Soral under the Suyog Films banner and directed by Raghunath Jhalani. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]] and music composed by [[R. D. Burman]].<ref name="Heading-2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jal-mahal-movie/5193|title=Heading-2|publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/jal/jal-mahal/mid_19984/|title=Heading|publisher=apunkachoice}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[Jal Mahal]] [[Jaipur]]; Ravi, an advocate and friend of its in-charge, Shankar, frequently visits his house. One night, he finds something suspicious at Jal Mahal, where he rescues a girl named Namita from suicide in an abyss. In two days, he views us as a "Hippie" accused in a drug case. Ravi acquits, boosts her spirit, and falls for her. Ravi is the son of Public Prosecutor Devendra Pratap Singh, who also approves of his love affair. Besides, Rajesh Tagore, a man who holds a family feud with Devendra Pratap, invites them to a party where Ravi is startled to view Namita as his wife. He rebukes her but cools after perceiving that Rajesh has forcibly knitted and bedeviled for her wealth. Thus, Ravi decides to marry her, but Devendra Pratap opposes it. So, Namita kills herself by jumping from the Jal Mahal. The incident dramatically impacts Ravi, so, as a vagrant, he roams around pilgrimage.

Accordingly, he detects Namita as a saint Gayatri, which muddles him. Her father, Dindayal, divulges to Ravi that Gayatri is his only Namita, whose identity is Rekha. They entered the trap of Rajesh, who extorted them all to ruin Devendra Pratap's family. Further, the woman who died at Jal Mahal is his real wife, Namita, whom he slaughtered for wealth. Then, he plotted to kill them, too, but fortunately, they escaped. Listening to it, Ravi moves for Rekha when a person under the veil abducts her. So, Ravi rushes to his father for guidance. Besides, Rajesh is hauled by the man on the cover, showing Rekha's existence. Surprisingly, he turns as Shankar swindles Ravi by whisking with Rajesh. Afterward, being ruse by him, he made this play. At last, Devendra Pratap gamely ceases their ploy. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ravi & Rekha.

== Cast ==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Ravi
*[[Rekha]] as Rekha / Namita / Gayatri
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Devendra Pratap Singh
*[[Deven Verma]] as Shankar
*[[Rajesh Behl]] as Rajesh Thakur
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Dindayal
*[[Chand Usmani]] as Shanti
*[[Jayshree T.]] as Saroj
*[[Jagdeep]] as Munshi Aashiq Hussain Dildaar

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Hoon Diya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Dekh Raha Koi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Jai Jai Shyam"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Zindagi Ko Jab"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Tataiya Ne Dank Mara, Hay Mori Maiya"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]''', [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0230357}}

[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ekana Cricket Stadium

2026-03-03T14:24:59Z

Abhijit: cleanup

{{Short description|International cricket stadium in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Atal Bihari Vajpayee Cricket Stadium
| nickname = BRSABV Ekana
| image = Ekana cricket stadium .jpg
| image_caption =
| former_names = Ekana International Cricket Stadium
| address = Ekana Sportz City, Gomti Nagar Extension
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|48|40|N|81|01|01|E}}
| elevation = 104m
| owner = Ekana Sportz City
| operator = Ekana Sportz City
| seating_type = [[Stadium seating|Stadium]]
| capacity = 50,100<ref name="BCCI23cap">{{cite web |title=Cricket Venues and Grounds |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 - Media Guide |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf |publisher=ICC |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
| dimensions = 160x156m
| field_shape = Round
| surface = [[Grass]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2017}}
| architect = Skyline Architectural Consultants<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skylinearchitect.com/portfolio/ekana-international-cricket-stadium/|title=Ekana International Cricket Stadium}}</ref>
| tenants = {{ubl
|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh men's]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh women's]]
|[[India national cricket team|India men's]]
|[[India women's national cricket team|India women's]]
|[[UP Warriorz]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|Lucknow Falcons
|[[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan men's]] (2019–2020)}}
| website = {{URL|www.ekana.com/cricket-stadium|Ekana Sportz city}}
| nrhp = {{Infobox cricket ground
| embed = yes
| ground_name =
| establishment =
| international = yes
| onlytestdate = 27–29 November
| onlytestyear = 2019
| onlytesthome = Afghanistan
| onlytesthomevar = 2013
| onlytestaway = West Indies
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttesthome =
| lasttestaway =
| firstodidate = 6 November
| firstodiyear = 2019
| firstodihome = Afghanistan
| firstodihomevar = 2013
| firstodiaway = West Indies
| lastodidate = 3 November
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = Afghanistan
| lastodiaway = Netherlands
| firstt20idate = 6 November
| firstt20iyear = 2018
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = West Indies
| lastt20idate = 29 January
| lastt20iyear = 2023
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = New Zealand
| firstwodidate = 7 March
| firstwodiyear = 2021
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = South Africa
| lastwodidate = 17 March
| lastwodiyear = 2021
| lastwodihome = India
| lastwodiaway = South Africa
| firstwt20idate = 20 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2021
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = South Africa
| lastwt20idate = 23 March
| lastwt20iyear = 2021
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = South Africa
| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]]
| year1 = 2017-present
| club2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year2 = 2022-present
| club3 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| year3 = 2023-present
| date = 31 October
| year = 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1070094.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
}}

'''Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Cricket Stadium''', also known as '''Ekana''' '''Cricket Stadium''',<ref name="ABV1">{{cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Ekana stadium named after Atal Bihari Vajpayee |url=https://www.uniindia.net/~/ekana-stadium-named-after-atal-bihari-vajpayee/Sports/news/1398408.html |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=United News of India}}</ref> is an international [[cricket]] stadium in [[Lucknow]], [[India]].<ref name="ABV2">{{cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Lucknow stadium renamed in honour of Atal Bihari Vajpayee ahead of India-West Indies T20I |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/lucknow-stadium-renamed-in-honour-of-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ahead-of-india-west-indies-t20i-1383144-2018-11-05 |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=India Today}}</ref> The arena has a seating capacity of 50,000,<ref name=":23" /> and is the fifth largest [[List of international cricket grounds in India|international cricket stadium of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://knocksense.com/2018/01/29/going-inspections-lucknows-cricket-stadium-hot-favourite-host-ipl-2018-matches/ |title=With on going inspections, Lucknow's cricket stadium a hot favourite to host IPL 2018 matches! |work=Knock Sense |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065316/https://knocksense.com/2018/01/29/going-inspections-lucknows-cricket-stadium-hot-favourite-host-ipl-2018-matches/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018, the stadium was renamed after India's 10th Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].{{Efn|"Ekana" is a [[Sanskrit]] words, which means 'unity' in English.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Adityanath Inaugurates Lucknow Cricket Stadium, Changes Its Name |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-inaugurates-lucknow-cricket-stadium-renames-it-after-atal-bihari-vajpayee-1943628 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="ABV2" /><ref name="ABV1" />

It has the longest straight boundaries in comparison to all the stadiums in [[India]]. It is the home ground of [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh men's]], [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh women's]] as well as franchises [[UP Warriorz]] and [[Lucknow Super Giants]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, the [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan men's team]] used it as their home ground.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2019 |title=Afghanistan cricket team gets Lucknow Ekana stadium as their new home ground: BCCI |work=United News of India |url=https://www.uniindia.com/afghanistan-cricket-team-gets-lucknow-ekana-stadium-as-their-new-home-ground-bcci/sports/news/1656925.html |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]] used to host international cricket matches in Lucknow before this was built.

The arena also hosted five matches of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 Men's Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venues at the ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023: a guide |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3689757 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The project for constructing the world class stadium in [[Lucknow]] was commissioned in 2014 by Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]], and the stadium was built under [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] between Ekana Sportz City and [[Lucknow Development Authority]]. Ekana Sportz City is a [[Joint venture]] between Nagarjuna Construction Company, and GC Construction & Development Industries Pvt Ltd.

As per the agreement of the partnership, the government provided Ekana Sportz City with 35-year lease of 71 acres to build the cricket stadium, with the lease running through 2052. In addition, the government also provided 66 additional acres of land for real estate projects on a 99-year lease. The cricket stadium has been built with a budget of 360 crores (3.6 billion rupees).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Qaiser Mohammad |date=6 Dec 2016 |title=With Ranji Game, Lucknow Set To Become New Sports Hub |work=[[Outlook India]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/with-ranji-game-lucknow-set-to-become-new-sports-hub/297462 |access-date=23 Jan 2023}}</ref>

Before its international debut, it also hosted the final of the [[2017–18 Duleep Trophy#Final|2017–18 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 August 2017 |title=Raina, Parthiv, Abhinav to captain Duleep Trophy teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1118597.html |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> The stadium was allocated the 3rd ODI between India and New Zealand to be held on 27 Oct 2017. However, the venue was shifted to [[Kanpur]] after the stadium was declared incomplete.<ref name="HA">{{Cite web |title=Lucknow stadium ‘not up to mark’, Kanpur gets 3rd India-New Zealand ODI |url=https://scroll.in/field/851751/lucknow-stadium-not-up-to-mark-kanpur-gets-3rd-india-new-zealand-odi |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 6 November 2018, the stadium hosted its first international match, a [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) between [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19#2nd T20I|India and the West Indies]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/preview/1157760/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-west-indies-india-2018-19|title=India, West Indies top orders in focus in Lucknow's international return|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> becoming the [[List of international cricket grounds in India|52nd stadium in India to host an international cricket match]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ekana-stadium-adds-a-new-chapter-to-lucknow/article25429493.ece|title=Ekana stadium adds a new chapter to Lucknow|work=The Hindu|date=5 November 2018|access-date=5 November 2018|last1=Sarangi|first1=Y. b.}}</ref> International cricket match returned to Lucknow after 24 years, after the India and Sri Lanka test match of 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to host West Indies for T20 in Lucknow as international cricket returns to city after 24 years |url=https://scroll.in/field/893129/international-cricket-to-return-to-lucknow-as-india-host-west-indies-for-t20i-at-new-ekana-stadium |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In that match [[Rohit Sharma]] became the first cricketer to score four centuries in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-west-indies-2018/india-vs-west-indies-rohit-sharma-scores-his-fourth-t20i-century-to-put-hosts-in-command-1943789|title=Rohit Sharma Sets Record, Becomes First Batsman To Score Four T20I Centuries|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> [[Indian cricket team|India]] won that match by 71 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/game/1157760/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-west-indies-in-india-2018-19|title=2nd T20I (N), West Indies tour of India at Lucknow, Nov 6 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> The last time Lucknow hosted an international match was in January 1994, when [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1993–94#1st Test|India played a test match against Sri Lanka]] at the [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K.D. Singh Babu Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/reopening-a-nawabi-chapter-ekana-stadium-india-vs-west-indies-t20i-5435539/lite/|title=India vs West Indies 2nd T20: Reopening a Nawabi chapter in Lucknow|work=The Indian Express|date=6 November 2018|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>

In May 2019, [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] requested the BCCI to use this venue for their international matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/afghan-seeks-bigger-home-base-in-india/769612.html|title=Afghan seeks bigger home base in India|work=The Tribune|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808071148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/afghan-seeks-bigger-home-base-in-india/769612.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2019, BCCI awarded the venue to [[Afghanistan national cricket team]] as their third home venue in India, being previously played in [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Dehradun]] and [[Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex|Greater Noida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/109271/bcci-cricket-india-relaxes-age-fraud-rule-afghanistan-cricket-south-africa-schedule|title=Lucknow to be new venue for Afghanistan|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>

It hosted all the matches during [[West Indian cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2019–20|Afghanistan vs West Indies series in 2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/hayden-walsh-jnr-has-big-dreams-wearing-maroon/ |title=Hayden Walsh jnr has big dreams wearing the maroon |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> On 6 November 2019, the venue [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|hosted its first ODI match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/preview/1193497/afghanistan-vs-west-indies-1st-odi-west-indies-in-india-2019-20 |title=CPL's best brace for Afghanistan spin barrage |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> On 27 November 2019, the venue [[List of Test cricket grounds|hosted its first Test match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/111005/afganistan-face-wi-challenge-in-ekanas-maiden-test |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Afganistan}} face WI challenge in Ekana's maiden Test |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In May 2022, the venue was scheduled to host all the matches of the [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|fourth edition]] of [[Women's T20 Challenge]]. However, later the matches were shifted to [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow to host Women's T20 Challenge from May 24–28, confirms BCCI president Sourav Ganguly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/lucknow-to-host-women-s-t20-challenge-from-may-24-28-confirms-bcci-president-sourav-ganguly-101650726122155.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Events ==
The venue has hosted two major events organised by the UP government.

=== Award distribution ceremony ===
On 19 August 2021, an award giving ceremony was held at the stadium by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] to honor the athletes who won the medals at [[2020 Summer Olympics]] that was held in 2021 at [[Tokyo]], Japan. They all were facilitated with monetary rewards given by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The highest prize was given to [[Neeraj Chopra]] who was the only one from India to win gold medal in [[Javelin throw]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2021 |first=Fazal |last=Khan |title=Lucknow: Ekana Stadium decks up to welcome Tokyo Olympic achievers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-ekana-stadium-decks-up-to-welcome-tokyo-olympic-achievers/articleshow/85450372.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Swearing-in ceremony ===
On 25 March 2022, at the venue Yogi Adityanath took oath as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh along with his [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|cabinet]], after his victory in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s. The oath was given by the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor]] of [[Uttar Pradesh|state]], [[Anandiben Patel]].

Many VVIP's, celebrities, big businessmen were invited in the ceremony including the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home minister]] [[Amit Shah]] and the [[Chief minister|Chief Ministers]] of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] led states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=World's sixth-largest stadium for Yogi Adityanath's historic swearing-in: A sneak peek into Ekana Stadium |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/yogi-adityanath-oath-ceremony-2022-ekana-cricket-stadium-10487801.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Cricket World Cup==
=== 2023 Men's World Cup ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 311/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 109 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 177 (40.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marnus Labuschagne]] 46 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/33 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 134 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384401.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = This was Australia's largest defeat in World Cups surpassing their 118 run [[1983 Cricket World Cup Group B#Australia v India|loss to India in 1983]], in terms of runs (134).<ref name="SAAUSbbc">{{cite news |title=South Africa trounce woeful Australia at World Cup |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/67093331 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 209 (43.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kusal Perera]] 78 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 4/47 (8 overs)
| score2 = 215/5 (35.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Josh Inglis]] 58 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 3/38 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384405.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI){{efn|[[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] replaced [[Alex Wharf]].}}
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 October 2023
| time = 10:30
| day = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 262 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sybrand Engelbrecht (cricketer)|Sybrand Engelbrecht]] 70 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 4/49 (9.4 overs)
| score2 = 263/5 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]] 91[[not out|*]] (107)
| wickets2 = [[Aryan Dutt]] 3/44 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384410.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]] (SL)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 229/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 87 (101)
| wickets1 = [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| score2 = 129 (34.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 27 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 4/22 (7 overs)
| result = India won by 100 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384420.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) played in his 100th ODI as captain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/news/rohit-sharma-achieves-twin-milestones-during-world-cup-match-against-england/articleshow/104799555.cms |title=Rohit Sharma Achieves Twin Milestones During World Cup Match Against England|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 179 (46.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sybrand Engelbrecht (cricketer)|Sybrand Engelbrecht]] 58 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/28 (9.3 overs)
| score2 = 181/3 (31.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] 56[[not out|*]] (64)
| wickets2 = [[Saqib Zulfiqar]] 1/25 (3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384425.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Mohammad Nabi]] (Afg)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (Afg) took his 100th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2023 |title=Mujeeb gets to 100. CWC23 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/video/3764829 |work=ICC Cricket World Cup}}</ref>
* Afghanistan qualified for the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy]] for the first time ever in International Cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2023 |title=Afghanistan qualify for the 2025 Champions Trophy |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/daily-cricket-news/afghanistan-qualify-for-the-2025-champions-trophy/|work=Crictoday}}</ref>
}}

== Records ==

The highest ODI score on this ground is by [[South African cricket team|South Africa]], when they scored 311–7 in 2023. The most runs scored here is by [[Shai Hope]] (229 runs), followed by [[Quinton de Kock]] (157 runs) and [[Rahmat Shah]] (156 runs). The most wickets taken here is by [[Dilshan Madushanka]] (7 wickets).

=== List of international centuries ===

==== Test matches ====
Only one Test century has been scored at the venue.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=3355;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Test Match Batting Records| access-date=13 November 2019| work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 111* || [[Shamarh Brooks]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 214 || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 28 November 2019 || West Indies won<ref name=test2370>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/game/1193500/afghanistan-vs-west-indies-only-test-west-indies-in-india-2019-20 |title=Only Test, West Indies tour of India against Afghanistan at Lucknow, Nov 11 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

==== One Day Internationals ====
Three ODI centuries have been scored at the venue, two in a men's match and one in a women's match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=3355;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=ODI Batting Records| access-date=13 November 2019| work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;ground=3355;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=WODI Batting Records| access-date=12 March 2021| work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Men's ODI centuries on the ground
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Versus !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 109* || [[Shai Hope]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 145 || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 11 November 2019 || West Indies won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/game/1193499/afghanistan-vs-west-indies-3rd-odi-west-indies-in-india-2019-20 |title=3rd ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India against Afghanistan at Lucknow, Nov 11 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 109 || [[Quinton de Kock]] || {{cr|SA}} || 106 || {{cr|AUS}} || 12 October 2023 || South Africa won <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-south-africa-10th-match-1384401/full-scorecard |title=World Cup 2023 (D/N), Oct 12 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Women's ODI centuries on the ground
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Versus !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 132* || [[Lizelle Lee]] || {{crw|SA}} || 132 || {{crw|IND}} || 12 March 2021 || South Africa won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-women-tour-of-india-2020-21-1253264/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-3rd-odi-1253269/full-scorecard |title=3rd WODI, South Africa Women tour of India at Lucknow, Mar 12 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Twenty20 Internationals ====
Only one T20I century has been scored at the venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=3355;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=T20I Batting Records| access-date=29 August 2019| work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Versus !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 111* || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || 61 || {{cr|WIN}} || 6 November 2018 || India won<ref name=t20i634>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157760/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-west-indies-in-india-2018-19 |title=2nd T20I, West Indies tour of India at Lucknow, Nov 6 2018|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== List of international five-wicket hauls ===

==== Test matches ====
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
!No.
!Bowler
!Date
!Team
!Versus
!Inn
!Overs
!Runs
!Wkts
!Result
|- align="center"
| scope="row" | 1 || [[Rahkeem Cornwall]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|27}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 1 || 25.3 || 75 || 7 || West Indies won<ref name="test2370" />
|- align="center"
| scope="row" | 2 || [[Hamza Hotak]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|27}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 2 || 28.3 || 74 || 5 || West Indies won<ref name="test2370" />
|}

==== T20Is ====
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
!No.
!Bowler
!Date
!Team
!Versus
!Inn
!Overs
!Runs
!Wkts
!Result
|- align="center"
| scope="row" | 1 || [[Karim Janat]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|16}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 2 || 4 || 11 || 5 || Afghanistan won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/game/1193495/afghanistan-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-west-indies-in-india-2019-20 |title=2nd T20I West Indies tour of India against Afghanistan 2019–20 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Cricket
}}

* [[Saifai International Cricket Stadium]]
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Stadium]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of international cricket grounds in India]]
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://ekana.com/cricket-stadium|Official site}}

{{Cricket grounds in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Lucknow Super Giants}}
{{Lucknow}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Memorials to Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2017]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]

Gulaal (film)

2026-03-03T03:57:14Z

Abhijit: minor enhance formatting for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulaal
| image = gulaal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| producer = [[Jhamu Sughand]] [[Zee Studios|Zee Limelight]]
| writer = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Raj Singh Chaudhary
*[[Kay Kay Menon]]
*[[Deepak Dobriyal]]
*[[Mahi Gill]]
*Ayesha Mohan
*[[Jesse Randhawa]]
*[[Aditya Srivastava]]
*[[Piyush Mishra]]
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Piyush Mishra]] '''Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| distributor = [[Zee Limelight]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|3|13}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gulaal''''' ([[gulal]], Crimson) is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]], starring [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], Ayesha Mohan, [[Jesse Randhawa]], [[Piyush Mishra]] and [[Aditya Srivastava]]. It explores themes such as pursuit of power, quest for legitimacy, perceived injustices and hypocrisy of the powerful. The film is set in present-day [[Rajasthan]], a state in northwestern India. The plot is provided by student politics of a university and a fictitious [[Separatist movements of India|secessionist movement]] consisting of former [[Rajput]] leaders who have become present-day elite. ''Gulaal'' was initially stalled due to financial concerns but was later released with support from [[Zee Limelight]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |title=Gulaal: Movie Review |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/gulaal-movie-review/articleshow/4249207.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-13 |title=Review: Gulaal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/review-gulaal/story-mAkQpSoHyejgHMx8UgP6SM.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the fictional town of Rajpur, Dilip ([[Raj Singh Chaudhary]]), a law student who is a Rajput from [[Bikaner]], secures housing in an old, run-down British-era pub. There, Dilip meets Rananjay Singh "Ransa" ([[Abhimanyu Singh]]), a prince who despises the ideologies of his father and the aristocracy. Ransa's fiery and fearless personality makes an impression on the mild-mannered Dilip.

Dilip visits the university hostel where he is [[Ragging|ragged]] by a gang of university thugs, led by Jadwal ([[Pankaj Jha]]). They strip him and lock him in a room with Anuja ([[Jesse Randhawa]]), a young lecturer in the same university. Dilip and Anuja are released naked. Dilip's brother advises him to let it go, but Ransa disagrees and encourages Dilip to seek revenge. Initially reluctant, Dilip gives in and goes with Ransa to attack Jadwal, but the tables are turned and Dilip and Ransa are beaten, ragged, and thrown out of the hostel. Ransa meets Dukey Banna ([[Kay Kay Menon]]), a local leader who is gathering support for the [[Rajputana]] separatist movement, who promises protection from Jadwal. When Ransa and Dilip find themselves outnumbered by Jadwal's gang, Dukey intervenes and rescues them. Dukey convinces Ransa to contest the General Secretary elections at the university, where his opponent is Kiran, his (out-of-wedlock) half-sister.

Ransa is kidnapped by Kiran's brother Karan ([[Aditya Srivastava]]), who asks him to withdraw from the elections. When Ransa refuses and mocks him, Karan kills him. Dukey forces Dilip to take Ransa's place in the election, and bribes the electoral panel to rig the count in Dilip's favour. Dilip wins the election to become the general secretary. Kiran then seduces Dilip and convinces him to allow her to become the cultural secretary. Dukey starts using university funds for the Rajputana movement, which Dilip ostensibly controls. When Dilip discovers the funds being siphoned out, he confronts Dukey, who tells Dilip about the separatist movement. Dilip tries to reason with Dukey but realizes that he holds no leverage in the situation.

Dukey's gang kills Jadwal and Dukey shows the body to Dilip to intimidate him and keep him in line. Anuja is thrown out of the hostel and moves in with Dilip, who is also pursuing a relationship with Kiran. When Kiran accidentally gets pregnant, she gets an abortion and ends her relationship with Dilip. Anuja tries to explain to Dilip that Kiran has no interest in him or in traditional married life. A frustrated Dilip resigns from his post, which allows Kiran to step in and usurp his position. An irate Dukey threatens Karan and Kiran by telling them that the only reason they're alive is because they are the king's offspring. Kiran tries to seduce Dukey, but they are interrupted by Dukey's second-in-command, Bhati.

Dilip, blinded by his love for Kiran, becomes violent and aggressive. He finds out about Kiran and Dukey's relationship from Dukey's mistress Madhuri. In a fit of rage, he goes to Dukey's house and shoots him. While dying, Dukey tells him that Kiran used Dilip to get to him. Karan reveals his masterplan: once Dukey Banna is eliminated, the Rajputana movement will choose him as their leader and legitimize him. Karan's gang decide to eliminate Bhati so that Dukey's defenses will be weakened. Dilip wants to hear the truth from Kiran, but she refuses to answer his calls. When Bhati goes off to find her, he is killed by Karan's gang. Dilip finds Kiran, who confirms that she used him, but he cannot bring himself to kill her. In his indecision, he is shot and mortally wounded by Karan's gang. He manages to drag himself home and dies there, alone. The film ends with Karan as the head of the Rajputana movement, while Kiran sheds a tear as one of the loyal faithful.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]] as Dilip Singh
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Dukey Banna
* [[Aditya Srivastava]] as Karan
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Rananjay Singh "Ransa"
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Rajendra Bhati
* Mukesh S Bhatt as Bhanwar Singh
* [[Jesse Randhawa]] as Anuja
* [[Pankaj Jha]] as Jarhwal
* Ayesha Mohan as Kiran
* [[Mahi Gill]] as Madhuri
* [[Piyush Mishra]] as Prithvi Banna
* Jyoti Dogra as Dukey Banna's wife
* [[Teddy Maurya]] as Bahrupiya, Ardhnareshwar
* Sanjay Kumar as Adarsh
* [[Chittaranjan Giri]] as Police Inspector
* Murari Kumar as Murari
* [[Neil Bhatt]] as Kesar
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as Man at the party
}}

==Production==
Production on ''Gulaal'' began in 2001, when [[Anurag Kashyap]] was listening to songs from ''[[Pyaasa]]'' and his film ''[[Paanch]]'' was struggling with censors.

Inspired by [[Mohammad Rafi]] songs from ''[[Pyaasa]]'' ("Yeh duniya agar mil bhi jaaye to kya hai") and ''Zeenat'' ("Haye re duniya") the film is a dedication to [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], the lyricist of the song and all other poets who had a vision of India. The story was partially based on a story idea by [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]] who eventually played the role of Dilip Singh in the film.<ref>{{cite news | last= Jha | first= Sumit | title= Anurag is more than Godfather to me | url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-27/news-interviews/28023489_1_raj-singh-chaudhary-first-film-godfather | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-27/news-interviews/28023489_1_raj-singh-chaudhary-first-film-godfather | url-status= dead | archive-date= 11 August 2011 | date= 27 March 2009 | work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> The film was delayed for three years. It was released in March 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Varsha Pillai|title=Anurag Kashyap's Gulaal to release after 5-yr delay|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anurag-kashyaps-gulaal-to-release-after-5yr-delay/83929-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202085620/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anurag-kashyaps-gulaal-to-release-after-5yr-delay/83929-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2009|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|publisher=ibnlive.in.com|date=29 January 2009|access-date=2009-02-13}}</ref> The first trailer was released with the director's other movie ''[[Dev D]]''.

==Critical reception==
''Gulaal'' received positive reviews from critics. Anupama Chopra of NDTV gave three stars and referred to Anurag Kashyap as Anti-Yash Chopra.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://movies.ndtv.com/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=383 |title= Gulaal |author= Anupama Chopra |publisher= NDTV |access-date= 2009-12-02 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three stars and said that "fantastically watchable film that scores high on moments."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/13review-gulaal.htm |title= Gulaal is a compelling watch |author= Raja Sen |date= 13 March 2009 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi gave three stars and said that "the film scores in having taut performances and a gritty screenplay as well."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Gulaal/movie-review/4257105.cms |title= Gulaal |author= Nikhat Kazmi |date= 12 March 2009 |work= The Times of India |access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL.in gave the film 3.5 stars and said "Anurag scripts every character cleverly providing an identity to even the smallest characters and also a contrast in form of another character – true playwright style. He even has the jesters coming in to bring some comic relief but also more importantly they bring in a message."{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

It was screened at the 2009 [[London Film Festival]]. Since then, the film has gained significant cult following.

''Gulaal'' is one of the films featured in Avijit Ghosh's book ''40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed''.

==Box office==
Although the critics' reviews were favourable, the movie opened to only 30 percent capacity during its first week in theatres across India. In addition, word of mouth was poor, which could lead to slowdown at the box office for its runs in the weeks that followed.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2009/03/gulal-box-office.html |title='Gulal doesn't spray color at the box office' |publisher=Bollywoodnews.com |date=19 March 2009 |access-date=2009-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323045109/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2009/03/gulal-box-office.html |archive-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Box Office India]] stated that ''Gulaal'' netted {{INRConvert|7.8|c}} in its first week, which was below expectations.<ref name="boxofficeindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=851&nCat=box_office_report |title=New Releases Dull Jai Veeru And Gulaal Poor |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=21 March 2009 |access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref> The opening, at around 30% occupancy, was poor, though marginally better than some other recent films.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-18/box-office/28013882_1_single-screens-weekly-box-office-report-mirchi-movies | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216075322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-18/box-office/28013882_1_single-screens-weekly-box-office-report-mirchi-movies | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-02-16 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Weekly Box-Office Report: Gulaal and Zizou find little colour at BO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/16box.htm|title=rediff.com Movies: Gulaal, Little Zizou flop|website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Best Breakthrough Performance – Male]]
| [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Standout Performance by a Music Director]]
| [[Piyush Mishra]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in Negative Role]]
| [[Kay Kay Menon]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gulaal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 March 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| all_music = Piyush Mishra
| title1 = Ranaji | extra1 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] | length1 = 5:50
| title2 = Yaara Maula | extra2 = [[Rahul Ram]], [[Asheem Chakravarty]] | length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Aarambh | extra3 = [[Piyush Mishra]] | length3 = 4:59
| title4 = Aisi Sazaa | extra4 = [[Shilpa Rao]] | length4 = 4:53
| title5 = Sheher | extra5 = [[Swanand Kirkire]], Piyush Mishra | length5 = 7:34
| title6 = Beedo | extra6 = Rekha Bhardwaj | length6 = 5:03
| title7 = Duniya | extra7 = Piyush Mishra | length7 = 6:49
| title8 = Raat Ke Musafir | extra8 = Rahul Ram | length8 = 4:29
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|gulaal}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2000s political drama films]]
[[Category:2009 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]

Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum

2026-03-03T03:33:49Z

Abhijit: Creating a details

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by N. J. Srikrishna}}
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = N. J. Srikrishna
| producer = V. S. Rajkumar P. Arumugakumar
| starring = [[Arulnithi]] [[Remya Nambeesan]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing = [[V J Sabu Joseph]]
| music = B. R. Rejin
| studio = Leo Visions
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|07|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum''''' ({{translation|Four policemen and a town that used to be prosperous}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Srikrishna. The film stars [[Arulnithi]] and [[Remya Nambeesan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=20 July 2013 |title=Friends and fisticuffs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/friends-and-fisticuffs/article4935109.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415144434/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/friends-and-fisticuffs/article4935109.ece |archive-date=15 April 2014 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Singampuli]], [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]], and [[Yogi Babu]] play supporting roles. The film was highly panned by critics for its poor story and screenplay. The film failed to perform well at the box office. It is loosely based on the British film ''[[Ask a Policeman]]'' (1939) and the Swedish film ''[[Kopps]]'' (2003).<ref name="HinduReview">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=24 July 2015 |title=Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum: Small joys |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naalu-policeum-nalla-irundha-oorum-small-joys/article7461001.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223120626/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naalu-policeum-nalla-irundha-oorum-small-joys/article7461001.ece |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with an outsider coming to a village to provide invitations to the people there. There is a police station with one sub-inspector Chelladurai and three constables. The village wins an award from the president for being a model village. People are very honest and hardworking, and there are no problems in the village. The policemen lead a very peaceful life because of the villagers. They work from 9 to 5 and are closed on Sundays. The police station is used for playing board games and watching TV along with the villagers. Constable Shanmugapandian is a daydreamer and has a liking to a schoolteacher named Subha. However, he is unable to propose to her. Since the village is clean without any crimes, the higher officials plan to transfer them to another village known for riots. Saddened by this, the four policemen create trouble for the villagers. Padhinettam Pandiyan and Chelladurai ask for a favor from a thief to steal things so they can file a case, but all their attempts fail. How their actions cause change among the villagers and their lives is the rest of the film.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arulnithi]] as Constable Shanmugapandian
*[[Remya Nambeesan]] as Subha
*[[Singampuli]] as Padhinettam Pandiyan
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Sub-Inspector Chelladurai
*[[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Ilaiyakumar
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Thief
*[[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as President
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]
*Jithan Mohan as Chinnasamy
*KGR Ashok as Annachi
*Aarthi as Selvi
*Vivek
*Yuvan Suwang
*Umar
*Cheran Raj
*Syed
*Senthi
*Aathira
*Priya
}}

== Production ==
Arulnithi began filming for the project in December 2013 and revealed he played a day-dreaming cop constantly brought back to reality by his superior, adding that it will be his first comedy film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=7 December 2013 |title=Etcetera: Salim into post-production |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-salim-into-postproduction/article5433491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214022953/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-salim-into-postproduction/article5433491.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Arulnithi leads a four-man police team composed of [[Singampuli]] and actors [[Bagavathi Perumal]] and [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]], who had starred in the production house's first venture ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012).<ref name="offbeat">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=Apr 6, 2014 |title=Arulnithi's next is an offbeat contemporary comedy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Arulnithis-next-is-an-offbeat-contemporary-comedy/articleshow/33290391.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410091627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Arulnithis-next-is-an-offbeat-contemporary-comedy/articleshow/33290391.cms |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ramya Nambeesan]] plays Arulnithi's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 11, 2014 |title=Remya Nambeesan-Keeping fingers crossed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/remya-nambeesan-keeping-fingers-crossed-news-malayalam-oellQSadcfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411180708/http://www.sify.com/movies/remya-nambeesan-keeping-fingers-crossed-news-malayalam-oellQSadcfd.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=15 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by newcomer B. R. Rejin.<ref name="offbeat" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Enna Nadakuthu Ethu Nadakuthu
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Hariharasudhan
| title2 = Kadhal Kani Rasam
| note2 = Remix
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Mohamed Aslam, Nincy
| title3 = Kadhal Kani Rasam
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = M. M. Madhu, JSK Shruthi
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Sify]] said, "''Naalu Policeum Nalla Iruntha Oorum'' is yet another film where the core story is unique and novel but the execution falls short."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=Review: Naalu Policeum Nalla Iruntha Oorum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-naalu-policeum-nalla-iruntha-oorum-review-tamil-phyrJlcjdedcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728050655/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-naalu-policeum-nalla-iruntha-oorum-review-tamil-phyrJlcjdedcd.html |archive-date=28 July 2015 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "On the whole, NPNO is an admirable film, mainly for its irreverence to elements that are typically thought of as being forced by producers".<ref name="HinduReview" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s police comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Swedish films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nahara State

2026-02-28T16:37:33Z

Abhijit: Creating post

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Nahara State
|common_name =Nahara
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Nahara
|stat_area1 =7.77
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =458
|footnotes =
}}

'''Nahara State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 102,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n111/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 458 and an area of 3 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur. The state was held by a variety of shareholders.

In 1927 the 2 shareholder of Nahara were:<ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 160
https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/159/mode/2up</ref>

* Kalubhai Jesingbhai
* Mohanbhai Pathibhai

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Alipurduar I

2026-02-24T18:08:40Z

Abhijit: added references per sources and improved wording after review

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipurduar I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Alipurduar-I in Alipurduar (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5224000|N|89.5435500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 378.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 216931
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]], [[Falakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Falakata]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.alipurduar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alipurduar I''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Alipurduar subdivision]] of the [[Alipurduar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Alipurduar Railway Junction is located at {{coord|26.5224000|N|89.5435500|E|format=dms|}}.

The Alipurduar I CD block lies in the south-central part of the district. The [[Torsha River]] flows along the Western boundary. It has hilly terrain which is part of the sub-Himalayan ranges.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

Alipurduar I CD block is bounded by [[Kalchini]] CD block on the north, [[Alipurduar II]] CD block on the east, [[Cooch Behar II]] CD block in Cooch Behar district on the south, and [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] CD block on the west.<ref name=map/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/koch-bihar.html| title =Koochbihar CD blocks/ tehsils | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

The Alipurduar I CD block has an area of 378.59 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 155 gram sansads (village councils), 48 [[mouza]]s, 47 inhabited villages and 5 [[census town]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Alipurduar#Police station|Alipurduar]] police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Pachkalguri]].<ref name=map/>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Alipurduar I block/ panchayat samiti are: Banchukamari, Chakowakheti, Mathura, Parorpar, Patlakhowa, Purba Kathalbari, Shalkumar I, Shalkumar II, Tapsikhatha, Vivekananda I, Vivekananda II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Alipurduar I CD block had a total population of 216,931, of which 160,760 were rural, and 56,171 were urban. There were 111,378 (51%) males and 105,553 (49%) females. There were 24,381 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 105,017 (48.41%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 36,605 (16.87%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Alipurduar I block had a total population of 197,160, out of which 101,505 were males and 95,655 were females. Alipurdur I block registered a population growth of 12.59 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Jalpaiguri district (02) |access-date=2011-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040713/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Alipurduar I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Paschim Jitpur]] (14, 334), [[Chechakhata]] (7,613), [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]] (10,733), [[Bholar Dabri]] (12,670), [[Birpara]] (10,821).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Alipurduar I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Mejbil]] (4,169), Paschim Khatalbari (6,085), Salkumarhat (5,952), Munshipara (6,275), Prodhanpara (4,023), Nutanpara (4,661), Purba Kathlbari (6,830), Silbarihat (5,590), Dakshin Chakoakheti (6.462), Mathura Tea Garden (9,181), [[Sonapur, Alipurduar|Uttar Sonapur]] (5,632), Pukuritola (5,163), Paitkapara Tea Garden (4,951), Parapar (4,384), Ghagra (5,765) and Bariguri (5,051).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Alipurduar I CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Pachkalguri]] (3,257), Banchukamari (3,724) and Taparikhata (3,803).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Alipurduar I CD block was 146,702 (76.19% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 81,191 (82.09% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 65,511 (69.96% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.13%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Jalpaiguri district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Alipurduar I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|5.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.54}}
{{bar percent|Tribal religion|Maroon|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}
In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 196,437 and formed 90.55% of the population of Alipurduar I CD block. Muslims numbered 12,869 and formed 5.93% of the population. Christians numbered 5,516 and formed 2.54% of the population. Others numbered 2,109 and formed 0.98% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 June 2020}}</ref> and other religious communities.<ref name="religion" />

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Alipurduar I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 66.32 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 9.95 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = 'Other' Bengali |value3 = 7.53 |color3 = mediumpurple
|label4 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value4 = 4.64 |color4 = plum
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 2.73 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value6 = 2.35 |color6 = mediumseagreen
|label7 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value7 = 1.52 |color7 = steelblue
|label8 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value8 = 1.15 |color8 = lightcoral
|label9 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value9 = 1.06 |color9 = teal
|label10 = Others |value10 = 2.75 |color10 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 66.32% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.95% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]], 4.64% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]], 2.73% [[Hindi]], 2.35% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 1.52% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 1.15% [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and 1.06% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their first language. 7.53% were recorded as speaking 'Other' under Bengali.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Poverty level==
Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999-2000, Jalpaiguri district was found to have relatively high rates of poverty of 35.73% in rural areas and 61.53% in the urban areas. It was one of the few districts where urban poverty rate was higher than the rural poverty rate.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 26-31% of the population of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur districts were below poverty line, a relatively high level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Alipurduar I CD block'''
|value1 = 18.68
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 34.39
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.11
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 45.81
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Alipurduar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,670 and formed 18.68%, agricultural labourers numbered 30,686 and formed 34.39%, household industry workers numbered 992 and formed 1.11% and other workers numbered 40,876 and formed 45.81%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 89,224 and formed 41.43% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 127,707 and formed 58.87% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 47 inhabited villages in the Alipurduar I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Jalpaiguri, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 19 villages (40.43%) have post offices. 46 villages (97.87%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 24 villages (51.06%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 22 villages (46.81%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (8.51%) have agricultural credit societies and 1 village (2.13%) has a bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 81, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The economy of the Jalpaiguri district is mainly dependent on agriculture and plantations, and majority of the people are engaged in agriculture. Jalpaiguri is well-known for tea and timber. Other important crops are paddy, jute, tobacco, mustard seeds, sugarcane and wheat. The annual average rainfall is 3,440 mm, around double of that of Kolkata and the surrounding areas. The area is flood prone and the rivers often change course causing immense damage to crops and cultivated lands.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 15, 18, 19 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 97 fertiliser depots, 44 seed stores and 67 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Alipurduar I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 June 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Alipurduar I CD block produced 2,506 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,297 hectares, 1,295 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 482 hectares, 4,974 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,850 hectares, 3,486 tonnes of wheat from 1,945 hectares, 610 tonnes of maize from 189 hectares, 15,390 tonnes of jute from 1,590 hectares and 127,427 tonnes of potatoes from 4,965 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Alipurduar I CD block was 5,605 hectares, out of which 2,465 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 226 hectares by tank water, 1,000 hectares by river lift irrigation, 150 hectares by deep tube wells, 1,675 hectares by shallow tube wells, 89 hectares by open dug wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Dooars-Terai tea gardens===
{{main|Dooars-Terai tea gardens}}
Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.. The Dooars-Terai tea is characterized by a bright, smooth and full-bodied liquor that's a wee bit lighter than [[Assam tea]]. Cultivation of tea in the Dooars was primarily pioneered and promoted by the British but there was significant contribution of Indian entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Alipurduar I CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Jalpaiguri district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
Alipurduar I CD block has 8 ferry services and 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 317 (India)|NH 317]] passes through the block.

==Education==
In 2013-14, Alipurduar I CD block had 139 primary schools with 13,550 students, 7 middle schools with 1,494 students, 7 high school with 6,961 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 19,651 students. Alipurduar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 3,491 students, 454 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,090 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Alipurduar I CD block, among the 47 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 40 villages had two or more primary schools, 20 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 412, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Pijushkanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Sonapur, Alipurduar|Sonapur]] in 2015. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pkmmahavidyalaya.in/about-our-college/ |title = Pijush Kanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya |publisher= PKMV | access-date = 29 June 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Alipurduar I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centres and 3 NGO/ private nursing homes with total 44 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 36 family welfare subcentres. 3,933 patients were treated indoor and 138,952 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pachkalguri Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Pachkalguri]], is the major government medical facility in the Alipurduar I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Munshipara (PO Salkumarhat) (with 4 beds), Silbarihat (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Alipurduar district]]

Nacoleia megaspilalis

2026-02-21T20:04:48Z

Abhijit: Creating a bio

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Nacoleia megaspilalis
| authority = [[George Hampson|Hampson]], 1912
| synonyms = *''Nacoleia leucophrys'' Turner, 1926
}}
'''''Nacoleia megaspilalis''''' is a [[moth]] in the family [[Crambidae]]. It was described by [[George Hampson]] in 1912. It is found in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India and [[Queensland]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nuss |first=M. |display-authors=etal |date=2003–2014 |url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx |title=GlobIZ search |website=Global Information System on Pyraloidea |accessdate=July 15, 2014}}</ref>

The [[wingspan]] is about 20 mm. The forewings are white with dark fuscous, somewhat suffused markings. The hindwings are as the forewings, but the basal patch is very small and there is no subbasal line, median fascia, subterminal line and there are also no costal rings.<ref>[http://biostor.org/reference/127483 ''Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia'' 50: 120-155 (1926): Studies in Australian Lepidoptera] {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q19598072}}

[[Category:Moths described in 1912]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Hampson]]
[[Category:Nacoleia (moth)]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths of Australia]]

{{Nacoleia-stub}}

Madhukunda railway station

2026-02-21T02:26:50Z

Abhijit:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|MADHUKUNDA}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
Madhukunda railway station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Mdhukunda, Purulia district, West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.6269|86.8695|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|128|m|ft}}
| line = [[Asansol–Adra line]]
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 2
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1891
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1957–62
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MDKD
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Adra}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| status =
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Adra–Asansol line|inline=y}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Damodar|right=Muradi|type=[[Asansol–Adra section]]}}
}}

'''Madhukunda railway station''' serves [[Madhukunda]], Tiluri village and surrounding areas in [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and [[Bankura district|Bankura]] districts in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is located on the southern bank of the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and a railway bridge connects it to [[Damodar railway station]].

==History==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] main line from Nagpur to [[Asansol railway station|Asansol]], on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|publisher=South Eastern Railway|access-date=6 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1|archive-date=1 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Adra asansol MEMU.JPG|thumb|300px|center|A [[MEMU]] train travelling on the bridge across [[Damodar River]]]]

==Electrification==
The Tatanagar–Adra–Asansol section was electrified in the 1957–1962 period.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f020220002.html |title = Platinum Jubilee of Railway Electrification in India| publisher= Press Information Bureau|first= Arabinda| last= Ghose| access-date = 6 May 2013}}</ref> The Asansol–Purulia sector was electrified in 1961–62.<ref name=electric>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title= History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 6 May 2013}}</ref>

==Economy==
There is a cement plant, Damodhar Cement Works, owned by [[Associated Cement Companies|ACC Ltd.]] at Madhukunda.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.acclimited.com/newsite/reach_acc.asp | title = ACC Limited, formerly Associated Cement Companies Ltd. | publisher = ACC Limited | access-date = 6 May 2013 | archive-date = 6 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130506090707/http://www.acclimited.com/newsite/reach_acc.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/madhukunda-mdkd/4293 Trains at Madhukunda]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Biharinath}}

{{Purulia topics}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1891]]
[[Category:Adra railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purulia district]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Shalu Menon

2026-02-11T07:17:15Z

Abhijit: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalu Menon
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Shalu Menon
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Shalu
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Dancer]]}}
| years_active =
| parents = {{ubl|Venugopal|Kaladevi}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Saji G. Nair|2016}}
| children =
| homepage =
}}

'''Shalu Menon''' is an Indian [[television]] and [[movie|film]] [[actress]]. She is also a classical dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Shalu-Menon-Gets-Nod-to-Visit-Dubai/2014/07/16/article2332350.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207020112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Shalu-Menon-Gets-Nod-to-Visit-Dubai/2014/07/16/article2332350.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2015 |title=Shalu Menon Gets Nod to Visit Dubai |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=6 February 2015}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Co-Stars
! Notes
|-
||1998||''British Market''||Leena's Friend|| [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Anju Aravind]]||
|-
||2000||''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]''||Journalist||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]||
|-
||2001||''[[Kakkakuyil]]''||Shalini||[[Mohanlal]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]||
|-
||2001||''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]''||Nivedita||[[Jayaram]], [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]||
|-
||2001||''Ennum Sambhavami Yuge Yuge''||Sona||Sri||
|-
||2002||''Aaradyam Parayum''||||||
|-
||2002||''Grandmother''||||||
|-
||2003||''[[Parinamam]]''||Ramani||[[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]||
|-
||2003||''[[Kalari Vikraman]]''||||||
|-
||2004||''Oru Christmas Rathri''||Sali||[[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]]||
|-
||2004||''Bethlehemile Pookkal''||Panchami||[[Venu Nagavally]]||
|-
||2005||''[[Makalkku]]''||Bindu||[[Shobhana]], [[Suresh Gopi]]||
|-
||2006||''[[Kissan (Malayalam film)|Kissan]]''||Kalyani||[[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Biju Menon]]||
|-
||2007||''Indrajith''||Suma||Kalabhavan Mani||
|-
||2012||''Thirike Veendum''|||| ||
|-
||2013||''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]''||Ambika||[[Unni Mukundan]], [[Jayasurya]]||
|-
|}

== TV serials ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Shalu Menon television serials credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
|-
|2000|| ''Patharamaatu''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2001 ||''Ninakkayi''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2001 || ''Alakal''||DD Malayalam ||Chippy
|-
|2001–2003 ||''Sthreejanmam''||[[Surya TV (TV channel)|Surya TV]]||Sariga
|-
|2001 || ''Swayamvaram''||[[Surya TV (TV channel)|Surya TV]]||
|-
|2002 ||''Saradha''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2003 ||''Swantham''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004 ||''Mangalyam''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Sumithra
|-
|2004 ||''Omanathinkalpakshi''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattath Kathanar]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Kochuthresia
|-
|2004 || ''Aalippazham'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2004||Chitta||Surya TV||
|-
|2004 || ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' ||[[Surya TV]]||Semantha
|-
|2005 ||''Mukesh Kathakal''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2005 || ''Kudumbini''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2005 || ''Krishnakripasagaram ''||[[Amrita TV]]|| [[Parvati|Parvati Devi]]
|-
|2006 ||''Kadalinakkare''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2006 ||''Swanamayooram''|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2006 ||''Lakshyam''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2006 || ''Suryodayam''|| ||
|-
|2007|| ''Velankani Mathavu'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2006–2007|| ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Parvati|Parvati Devi]]
|-
|2006 || ''Manassariayathe'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2008|| ''Aparichitha'' ||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|2008 || ''Sree Mahabhagavatham''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2008 ||''Alilathali''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2008 || ''Gajarajan Guruvayoor Keshavan''|| [[Surya TV]]||Subhadra
|-
|2008–2011|| ''Devimahathmyam''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Parvathi Devi
|-
|2009 || ''Chandrettanum Shobedathiyum''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2009|| ''Sagaram''|| DD Malayalam||Urmila
|-
|2009|| ''Vadakaikkoru Hirdayam''|| [[Amrita TV]]||Ashwathy
|-
|2009–2010|| ''Akkare Ikkare'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2010 || ''Indhraneelam''||[[Surya TV]]|| Circle Inspector Latha
|-
|2010||''Veera Marthanda Varma''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2010 ||''Lipstick''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Shailaja
|-
|2011 ||''Amman''||Vasantham TV||Tamil Serial Devi
|-
|2010–2011||''Alaudinte Albhuthavilakku'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2011–2012|| ''Sreekrishnan'' || [[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2012 || ''Snehakkoodu'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2012 ||''Sreepadmanabham'' ||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2013 || ''Mayamadhavam'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2013 || ''Penmanassu''|| [[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2013 || ''Kanamarayathu''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2015 || ''Vazhve Maayam'' ||[[Doordarshan]]||
|-
|2016|| ''Sathyam Sivam Sundaram'' ||[[Amrita TV]]|| Bhairavi
|-
|2017–2019||''[[Karuthamuthu]] '' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Kanya Jayan
|-
|2019–2024|| ''[[Manjil Virinja Poovu]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| Prathiba
|-
|2020–2022||''[[Thinkalkalamaan Tv series|Thinkal Kalaman]]''||[[Surya TV]]|| Anupama
|-
|2020|| ''[[Swantham Sujatha]]''||[[Surya TV]]||as Herself in promo
|-
|2021|| ''Priyankari''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|-
|2022–2023|| ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''||[[Zee Keralam]]|| Hiranamyi
|-
|2023||''[[Sita Ramam (TV series)|Sita Ramam]]''{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} ||[[Surya TV]]|| Vasundhara
|-
|2023–2024||''Ninnishtam Ennishtam''||Surya TV|| Durga
|-
|2024–2025||''Valsalyam''||Zee Keralam|| Indraja
|-
|2024–2025||''[[Meenu's Kitchen]]''||Mazhavil Manorama|| Suhasini
|}

==Albums==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Co-Stars
! Notes
|-
||2012||Oru Naal||||Sajan Surya||Musical album
|-
||||Ee Kurumbanaloru Kurumbana||||Kalabhavan Mani||Musical album
|-
||2012||Nammo Nammah Sree||||Sangeetha Mohan||Devotional album
|-
||2014||Chilamboli|| ||||Devotional album
|-
||2014||Devi Kungumaam|| || ||Devotional album
|-
||2014||Sree Durga|||| ||Devotional album
|-
||2014||Devi Chandanam|||| ||Devotional album
|-
||2019||Moovanthipottu|||| ||Devotional album
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Shalu married her longtime boyfriend Saji G Nair on 8 September 2016.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://shalumenon.co.in/}}
* {{IMDb name|3404556}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Shalu}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

List of revenue divisions in Telangana

2026-02-10T08:37:32Z

Abhijit: small edit

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
Revenue Divisions are the administrative divisions in districts of some of the [[India]]n states. These divisions are sub-divided into [[mandal]]s. There are 74
revenue divisions in [[Telangana]]. Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or [[Sub Collector]] is the head of the division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tax administration|url=http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/state_audit/recent_reports/Andhra_Pradesh/2014/Report_4/Chap_4.pdf|website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India|accessdate=14 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204347/http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/state_audit/recent_reports/Andhra_Pradesh/2014/Report_4/Chap_4.pdf|archivedate=19 June 2015|page=63}}</ref>
[[File:Telangana State English Map.svg|thumb|తెలంగాణా -Telangana]]

== List of revenue divisions ==
There are a total of 74 revenue divisions in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana Statistics|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|website=Telangana State Portal|publisher=Government of Telangana|accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|url=http://ccla.telangana.gov.in/villageDir.do|website=ccla.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=26 June 2016}}</ref>

The below table details the revenue divisions with respect to their districts.

{| class="wikitable" style=width:500px;
|-
! District !! No. of Divisions !! Revenue Divisions !! Revenue Divisions Map !! {{Tooltip | Ref | References}}
|-
| [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Adilabad]], [[Utnoor]]
|| [[File:Adilabad District Revenue divisions map.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Department, Adilabad|url=http://adilabad.nic.in/revenue/revenue.html|website=adilabad.nic.in|accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
|-|-
| [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Kothagudem]], [[Bhadrachalam]]
|| [[File:Bhadradri District Revenue divisions map.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Warangal Urban district|Hanmakonda]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Hanmakonda]]
[[Parkal]]
|| [[File:Warangal (urban) Revenue division.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Revenue (District Administration) Department - Formation/ Re-Organization of warangaI urban Rural Districts into Hanumakonda and warangal Districts|url=https://telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/G.O-Formation-of-Warangal-Urban-and-Rural-Districts.pdf|website=Government of Telangana}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Hyderabad]], [[Secunderabad]] || ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Uncertainty over how Hyderabad will be split|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150906/nation-current-affairs/article/uncertainty-over-how-hyderabad-will-be-split|access-date=14 January 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 September 2015|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]] || style="text-align:center"| 3
|| [[Jagtial]], [[Korutla]],
[[Metpally]]
||
|
|-
| [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Jangaon]], [[Station Ghanpur]]
|| [[File:Jangaon District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||
|-
| [[Jayashankar district|Jayashankar Bhupalpalle]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Bhupalpalle]]
|| [[File:Jayashankar District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Gadwal]]
|| [[File:Jogulamba District Revenue division.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]] || style="text-align:center"| 3
|| [[Kamareddy]], [[Banswada]], [[Yellareddy]]
|| [[File:Kamareddy District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Karimnagar]], [[Huzurabad]]
|| [[File:Karimnagar District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Karimnagar|url=http://karimnagar.nic.in/divisions.html|website=karimnagar.nic.in|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]], [[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Kagaznagar]]
|| [[File:Komaram Bheem District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Khammam district|Khammam]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Khammam]], [[Kalluru revenue division|Kallur]]
|| [[File:Khammam District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Khammam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2810_PART_B_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=22 September 2015|page=14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Mahabubnagar]]
|| [[File:Mahbubnagar District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahabubnagar-NIC|url=http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/RevDiv.php|website=mahabubnagar.nic.in|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>
|-|-
| [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Mahabubabad]], [[Thorrur, Mahabubabad|Thorrur]]
|| [[File:Mahbubabad District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Medchal district|Medchal]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Keesara]], [[Malkajgiri]]
|| [[File:Malkajgiri District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Mulug, Warangal|Mulug]]u
|
|
|-
| [[Medak district|Medak]] || style="text-align:center"| 3
|| [[Medak]], [[Narsapur, Medak district|Narsapur]], [[Toopran]]
|| [[File:Medak District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative set up|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/medak.pdf|website=Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|accessdate=15 January 2016|page=5}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Mancherial]], [[Bellampally]]
|| [[File:Mancherial District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Narayanapet District|Narayanapet]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Narayanpet]]
|| [[File:Mahbubnagar District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahabubnagar-NIC|url=http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/RevDiv.php|website=mahabubnagar.nic.in|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>
|-|-
| [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]] || style="text-align:center"| 4
|| [[Nalgonda]], [[Miryalaguda]], [[Devarakonda]], [[Chandur, Telangana|Chandur]]
|| [[File:Nalgonda District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nalgonda District.com|url=http://nalgonda.nic.in/aboutthedistrict.htm|website=nalgonda.nic.in|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]] || style="text-align:center"| 4
|| [[Nagarkurnool]], [[Achampet, Mahbubnagar district|Achampet]], [[Kalwakurthy]], [[Kollapur]]
|| [[File:Nagarkurnool District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] || style="text-align:center"| 3
|| [[Bodhan]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Armoor]]
|| [[File:Nizamabad District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizamabad district profile at a glance|url=http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/atg.htm|website=Nizamabad district|accessdate=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106160323/http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/atg.htm|archive-date=6 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Nirmal]], [[Bhainsa]]
|| [[File:Nirmal District Revenue divisons.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Peddapally]], [[Manthani]]
|| [[File:Peddapalli District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Sircilla]], [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]]
|| [[File: Sircilla District Revenue division.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] || style="text-align:center"| 5
|| [[Chevella]], [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]], [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]], [[Shadnagar]], [[Kandukur, Ranga Reddy district|Kandukur]]
|| [[File:Rangareddy District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{cite news|title=New revenue divisions created in RR district|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-revenue-divisions-created-in-rr-district/article4848440.ece|accessdate=14 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 June 2013|location=Hyderabad|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]] || style="text-align:center"| 3
|| [[Siddipet]], [[Gajwel]], [[Husnabad]]
|| [[File:Siddipet District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]] || style="text-align:center"| 4
|| [[Sangareddy]], [[Narayankhed]], [[Zaheerabad]], [[Jogipet|Andole]]
|| [[File:Sangareddy District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Suryapet revenue division|Suryapet]], [[Kodad revenue division|Kodad]], [[Huzurnagar]]
|| [[File:Suryapet_District_Revenue_divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>[http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf Suryapet district] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf |date=2016-10-11 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Vikarabad]], [[Tandur]]
|| [[File:Vikarabad District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]] || style="text-align:center"| 1
|| [[Wanaparthy]]
|| [[File:Wanaparthy District Revenue division.png|200px]]
|
|-
| [[Warangal Rural district|Warangal]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| Warangal, [[Narsampet]]
|| [[File:Warangal (rural) District Revenue divisions.png|200px]]
||<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Revenue (District Administration) Department - Formation/ Re-Organization of warangaI urban Rural Districts into Hanumakonda and warangal Districts|url=https://telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/G.O-Formation-of-Warangal-Urban-and-Rural-Districts.pdf|website=Government of Telangana}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]] || style="text-align:center"| 2
|| [[Bhongir revenue division|Bhongir]], [[Choutuppal]]
||
||
|-
| '''Total''' || style="text-align:center"| '''74'''
||
||
||
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of districts in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Districts of Telangana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revenue divisions in Telangana}}
[[Category:Telangana-related lists]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Telangana| ]]

M. S. Shinde

2026-02-08T11:59:52Z

Abhijit: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian film editor (1929–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Shinde
| image = M S Shinde.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shinde with his Filmfare Award
| birth_date = 30 November 1929
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|09|28|1929|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| death_cause =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| occupation = [[Film editing|Film editor]]
| years_active = 1960 - 1995
| notable_works = [[Sholay]]
| style =
| spouse = Prafula Shinde
| children = 3
| parents =
| awards = [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]]
}}

'''Madhav S Shinde''' (30 November 1929 – 28 September 2012), credited as '''M. S. Shinde''', was a [[Bollywood]] film editor who edited over 100 films, notably the cult hit ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975). Other notables films he worked on include ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'', ''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'', ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' and ''[[Chamatkar]]''.<ref name=Passes>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sholay-editor-m-s-shinde-passes-away/1009341/0 |title='Sholay' editor M S Shinde passes away |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=28 Sep 2012 |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref> He received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Filmfare Best Editor award]] for ''[[Sholay]]'' in 1975.

==Career==
Shinde started his career as an editor for Bollywood films in 1960s. Even before editing the classic 1975 release film ''[[Sholay]]'', Shinde had worked with director [[Ramesh Sippy]] and producer [[G. P. Sippy]] on the 1972 film ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' starring [[Hema Malini]]. Shinde worked for a monthly salary of {{INR}}2,000 for the Sippys' production house.<ref name=Sippy>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-m-s-shinde-interview/20110223.htm |title=Working for Rs 2,000 with the Sippys |date=23 Feb 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref> His work on ''[[Sholay]]'' of editing 300,000 feet of reel into 18,000 feet is considered remarkable.<ref name=Chopra>{{cite book|last1=Chopra |first1= Anupama |year=2000 |title= ''Sholay – The Making Of A Classic'' |publisher= [[Penguin Books|Penguin Books, India]] |isbn= 0-14-029970-X |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8oM0k2UNzMC&q=shinde |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref> The earlier submitted version of 21,000 feet long film was further edited after the censors mandated cuts. The film had been reduced to a running time of 3 hours and 20 minutes, and was now without many of its gory scenes, though violence remained both on- and off-screen.<ref name=Chopra/> ''Sholay'' was nominated in nine categories at the [[23rd Filmfare Awards]] but won only the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing Award]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nominations – 1975 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707224844/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |publisher=IndiaTimes |accessdate=1 Oct 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707224844/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=The Nominations – 1975– The 51st Filmfare Awards |publisher=Filmfareawards.indiatimes.com |accessdate=1 Oct 2012 }}</ref>

Shinde worked on over 100 Bollywood films. The list of his works includes some successful films like ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]'' (1967), ''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' (1980), ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' (1982), ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' (1983), ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1984), ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' (1985) and ''[[Chamatkar]]'' (1992). His last film was ''[[Zamaana Deewana]]'' (1995), starring [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]. Along with films, Shinde was also the editor of the Hindi television classic ''[[Buniyaad]]'' that aired on [[DD National]] in 1986.<ref name=Sippy/>

===Partial filmography ===
{{colbegin}}
* 1960 ''[[Bewaqoof]]''
* 1961 ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultana]]''
* 1961 ''[[Mr. India (1961)|Mr. India]]''
* 1965 ''[[Mere Sanam]]''
* 1966 ''[[Dillagi (1966 film)|Dillagi]]''
* 1967 ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]''
* 1968 ''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''
* 1969 ''[[Ek Shrimaan Ek Shrimati]]''
* 1969 ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]''
* 1970 ''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawan]]''
* 1971 ''[[Preetam]]''
* 1972 ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''
* 1973 ''[[Heera (film)|Heera]]''
* 1973 ''[[Jheel Ke Us Paar]]''
* 1974 ''[[Jurm Aur Sazaa]]''
* 1974 ''[[5 Rifles]]''
* 1975 ''[[Sholay]]''
* 1976 ''[[Bhanwar (film)|Bhanwar]]''
* 1977 ''[[Chalta Purza]]''
* 1978 ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]''
* 1978 ''[[Nasbandi]]''
* 1978 ''[[Ganga Ki Saugand]]''
* 1978 ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]''
* 1980 ''[[Abdullah (1980 film)|Abdullah]]''
* 1980 ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]''
* 1980 ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
* 1981 ''[[Jail Yatra (1981 film)|Jail Yatra]]''
* 1982 ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]''
* 1982 ''[[Dharam Kanta]]''
* 1982 ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''
* 1983 ''[[Bade Dil Wala]]''
* 1984 ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]''
* 1985 ''[[Haveli]]''
* 1985 ''[[Yaadon Ki Kasam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''
* 1986 ''[[Love and God]]''
* 1986 ''Jumbish: A Movement - The Movie''
* 1986 ''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]''
* 1988 ''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]''
* 1988 ''[[Kasam (1988 film)|Kasam]]''
* 1989 ''[[Mujrim]]''
* 1989 ''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]''
* 1989 ''[[Bhrashtachar]]''
* 1991 ''[[Shikari: The Hunter]]''
* 1991 ''Begunaah''
* 1991 ''[[Akayla]]''
* 1992 ''[[Chamatkar]]''
* 1995 ''[[Ram Jaane]]''
* 1995 ''[[Zamaana Deewana]]''
{{colend}}

==Awards==
Shinde has won [[Filmfare Awards]] in the category of [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] for the film ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |publisher=Deep750.googlepages.com |accessdate=1 Oct 2012 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shinde was married to Prafula Shinde, who died in 2006 of [[cancer]]. They have three daughters.<ref name=Passes/> Due to his poor economic conditions he faced problems in getting timely medical help.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/mumbai/34163038_1_sholay-editor-m-s-shinde-pmgp-colony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/mumbai/34163038_1_sholay-editor-m-s-shinde-pmgp-colony |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title='Sholay' editor M S Shinde dies in penury |author=Dubey, Bharati |date=29 Sep 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref> The cine wing "Maharashtra Navnirman Chitrapat Karmachari Sena" of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] had helped Shinde by providing financial aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/136868/content/212263/keeping-fit-not-childs-play.html |title=MNS helps Sholay's editor M S Shinde |location=Mumbai |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-m-s-shinde-interview/20110223.htm |title='My father has never asked anyone for money' |date=23 Feb 2011 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=1 Oct 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0793844}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestEditing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, M S}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Best Editor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1929 births]]

Karan Oberoi (model)

2026-02-07T23:26:05Z

Abhijit: Added stub!

{{short description|Indian fitness and fashion model}}
{{for|the Indian television actor, anchor and singer|Karan Oberoi (singer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Oberoi
| image = Karan Oberoi KO 1.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Karan Oberoi in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|09|26}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| other_names = KO
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Fashion model, Actor, Fitness model
| years_active = 2011
| known_for =
| height = 6 ft
| website = {{URL|https://www.karanoberoiko.com/|Official website}}
}}

'''Karan Oberoi''' (born 26 September 1987) also known by his initials '''KO''',<ref name="Outlook">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=Fitness Diaries With Leading Indian Model Karan Oberoi - Outlook Splurge|url=http://www.outlooksplurge.com/beauty-wellness/story/223/model-diaries-model-karan-oberois-fitness-mantra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928152842/http://www.outlooksplurge.com/beauty-wellness/story/223/model-diaries-model-karan-oberois-fitness-mantra|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-09-28|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=Quarantine fitness: Train like Karan Oberoi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/quarantine-fitness-train-like-karan-oberoi/story-VdqOQhpd96dsPDtrIfafKO.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian fashion model, actor and fitness model.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|title=It's flattering when people compare me to John Abraham: Karan Oberoi | more lifestyle|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/it-s-flattering-when-people-compare-me-to-john-abraham-karan-oberoi/story-zivqgRkkuK0eRb6d2zzCSK.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 May 2018 |accessdate=2019-03-14}}</ref><ref name="filmfare"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Treat your body as Temple: Karan Oberoi |url=http://www.uniindia.com/treat-your-body-as-temple-karan-oberoi/india/news/1515979.html |publisher=[[United News of India]] |date=2 March 2019 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> Karan started out as a graphic designer at an advertising agency, but his career took a turn when he was offered a chance to model for a brand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=Meet one of the most influential models in the nation - Karan Oberoi aka KO|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/220619/meet-one-of-the-most-influential-models-in-the-nation-karan-oberoi-a.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628064405/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/220619/meet-one-of-the-most-influential-models-in-the-nation-karan-oberoi-a.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-06-28|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Since then, he has appeared in advertising campaigns for brands like [[Reebok]], [[Royal Enfield]] and [[Isuzu]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=Karan Oberoi (KO) shares dos and don'ts for glowing, healthy skin|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/karan-oberoi-ko-shares-dos-and-don-ts-for-glowing-healthy-skin/story-CXbNOTCzcCquUMTn1ktYaK.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ht" /> and walked the runway for fashion designers such as Rohit Bal, Shantanu & Nikhil and Rajesh Pratap Singh.<ref name=":2" /> He is also seen on the cover of magazines such as [[Men's Health]] and Health & Nutrition.

==Early life and education==
Karan Oberoi was born and brought up in a [[Sikh]]<ref name=":2">{{cite news |author1=Tanveer |title=Muslim community has given the finest models, says Karan Oberoi |url=https://www.siasat.com/muslim-community-has-given-finest-models-says-karan-oberoi-1554228/ |publisher=[[Siasat]] |date=20 July 2019}}</ref> family in [[New Delhi]]. His mother, Jasvinder Oberoi, is an associate professor of [[Hindi literature]] in one of the colleges in [[Delhi University]] and his father, G.S. Oberoi worked in a public sector bank.<ref name="ibt" />

He earned his bachelor's degree in Commerce and a post graduate diploma in Mass Media from [[Delhi University]]. He then earned an MBA in International Business from [[Amity International Business School]], Noida.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/karan-oberoi-shares-helpful-tips-for-being-a-healthy-and-fit-vegetarian/articleshow/67689778.cms|title=Model Karan Oberoi shares helpful tips for being a healthy and fit vegetarian|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Work==
Karan's first job was as a graphic designer for an advertising agency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ग्राफिक डिजाइनर से इस तरह टॉप मॉडल बने Karan Oberoi, अब इस ब्रांड से जुड़ा नाम!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/karan-oberois-journey-from-graphic-designer-to-top-model/683968|date=2020-05-10|website=Zee News Hindi|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> He has also learnt acting from [[Anupam Kher]]'s Acting School, Actor Prepares.<ref name="hindustantimes"/>

As a fashion model Oberoi has walked for Fashion designers such as [[Rohit Bal]], Shantanu and Nikhil, [[Rajesh Pratap Singh]], Arjun Khanna and for brands like [[Aldo Group]], [[Jack & Jones]] and [[Lamborghini]]. He is also seen walking for designers in fashion weeks [[Lakme Fashion Week]], Wills Fashion Week, Beach Resort Fashion Week, [[GQ]] Fashion Nights and India Couture Week.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Karan Oberoi A Dark Horse in the modelling world|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/lifestyle/meet-karan-oberoi-a-dark-horse-in-the-modeling-world-gives-some-success-mantras-qaj5lx|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He has been the poster boy of FBB brand for two consecutive years, and has modelled for [[Royal Enfield]] motorcycles & Riding Apparels, Reebok India and Japanese Automobile brand [[Isuzu]].
He has appeared on the cover for ''Health & Nutrition'' and ''[[Men's Health]]''. He was the official brand ambassador for British Nutrition.<ref name="ibt" /><ref name=":1" />

In September 2019, Karan was invited as a celebrity guest on [[The Times of India|Times Food]]'s cooking show, ''Cooking with Celebs''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cooking with Celebs: Karan Oberoi (KO), Top fitness & fashion model |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/videos/cooking-with-celebs-karan-oberoi-ko-top-fitness-fashion-model/videoshow/71098113.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
Oberoi has judged fashion shows at institutions such as IIT Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news
|last=FPJ Web Desk
|title=Model Karan Oberoi On A Mission To Support Young Modelling Talent
|work=The Free Press Journal
|date=30 November 2025
|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/model-karan-oberoi-on-a-mission-to-support-young-modelling-talent
|access-date=12 January 2026
|language=en
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last=Yadav
|first=Shikha
|title=Victory of the Common Boy in the Era of Star Kids: Actor and Model Karan Oberoi Sets an Example for Youth
|work=NDTV
|date=1 January 2026
|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/actor-and-model-karan-oberoi-new-youth-hero-victory-of-the-common-boy-in-the-era-of-star-kids-10181175
|language=hi
|access-date=12 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last=Sentinel Digital Desk
|title=Supermodel Karan Oberoi Adds Glitz To IIT Guwahati's Alcheringa 2023
|work=The Sentinel (Assam)
|date=14 February 2023
|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/supermodel-karan-oberoi-adds-glitz-to-iit-guwahatis-alcheringa-2023-637556
|language=en
|access-date=12 January 2026
}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Oberoi was awarded as 'Top Fitness Model' by [[Hindustan Times|HT Brunch]] in early 2018.<ref name="hindustantimes2">{{cite news |last1=Kaushal |first1=Akshay |title=Fitness modelling isn't as easy as it may seem: Karan Oberoi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/fitness-modelling-isn-t-as-easy-as-it-may-seem-karan-oberoi/story-Q2rQ06go492hMA5TbMeqyI.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 April 2018 | accessdate=5 January 2023}}</ref> He won the title of 'Best Body' at [[Mister India World|Mr. India International]]. At the [[Global Leadership Awards]] held in April 2018, he won the 'Youth Icon Model of the Year'. He was labelled as "Hottie of the fortnight" by ''[[Filmfare]] magazine''.<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/hottie-of-the-fortnight-meet-karan-oberoi-24452.html|title=Hottie of the fortnight! Meet Karan Oberoi|website=[[Filmfare]]|date= 12 October 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, he was featured in the list of 'India's top supermodels' by [[Hindustan Times]].<ref name="ht">{{cite news |last1=Bidapa |first1=Prasad |title=Unveiling India's top ten supermodels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/unveiling-india-s-top-ten-supermodels/story-LmR6qXFOpTvSjXVRG6YPEO.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 March 2018}}</ref> He was appointed as the 'World Peace Messenger' in June 2018 by the World Peace and Diplomacy Organization, a part of [[United Nations Global Compact]] in June 2018.<ref name="ibt">{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-one-most-photographed-faces-karan-oberoi-816676|title=Meet one of the most photographed faces - Karan Oberoi|date=3 April 2020|publisher=[[International Business Times]] (India edition)|agency=[[IBT Media]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.karanoberoiko.com/|Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Karan}}
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Fitness models]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Titusville, Pennsylvania

2026-02-04T07:38:46Z

Abhijit: quick update as per guidelines

{{short description|City in Pennsylvania, US}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Titusville, Pennsylvania
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = English
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Pennsylvania|City]]
| image_skyline = PA 8-27 in Titusville.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Titusville in August 2016
| image_flag = Flag_of_Titusville,_PA.png
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| flag_border =
| image_seal = Seal of Titusville, Pennsylvania.png
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| seal_type = Seal
| etymology = [[Jonathan Titus]]
| nickname = The Queen City
| motto = The Valley That Changed the World
| image_map = Crawford County Pennsylvania Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Titusville Highlighted.svg
| map_caption = Location of Titusville in [[Crawford County, Pennsylvania]]
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = Pennsylvania#USA
| pushpin_label = Titusville
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pennsylvania##Location in the United States
| coordinates = {{coord|41|38|N|79|40|W|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
| subdivision_type2 = County
| subdivision_name2 = [[Crawford County, Pennsylvania|Crawford]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date =
| established_title1 =
| established_date1 = March 6, 1849
| established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date2 = February 28, 1866
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| founder = Jonathan Titus
| seat_type = Region government/seat
| seat = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
| government_type =
| leader_party = [[Republican Party (United States)|R]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = John W Frye
| leader_title1 = Interim City Manager
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = Leader 3
| leader_name4 =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 2.90
| area_land_sq_mi = 2.90
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.00
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="USGSTopoview">{{cite web |title=Get Maps |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer/#15/41.6232/-79.6739 |website=USGS Topoview |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=May 9, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 1200
| elevation_point = middle of city
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="USGSTopoview"/>
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft = 1621
| elevation_max_point = northeast corner of city
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name="USGSTopoview"/>
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft = 1150
| elevation_min_point = Oil Creek
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_total = 5262
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_urban =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset1 = -4
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = -5
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code = 16354
| area_code_type =
| area_code = [[Area code 814|814]]
| iso_code =
| website = {{URL|www.cityoftitusvillepa.gov}}
| footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of = 2019
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 42-76904
| area_total_km2 = 7.51
| area_land_km2 = 7.51
| area_water_km2 = 0.00
| population_density_km2 = 686.62
}}
'''Titusville''' is a [[City (Pennsylvania)|city]] in the far eastern corner of [[Crawford County, Pennsylvania]], United States. The population was 5,262 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4276904| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Titusville city, Pennsylvania| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 2, 2015| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213064533/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4276904| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref> Titusville is known as the birthplace of the [[American oil industry]] and for a number of years was the leading oil-producing region in the world.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11368/ |title = Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1896 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1896 |access-date = July 16, 2013 }}</ref> It was also notable for its lumber industry, including 17 sawmills, as well as its plastic and toolmaking industries. It is part of the [[Meadville, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area|Meadville micropolitan area]].

==History==
[[File:Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1896.png|thumbnail|left|Titusville depicted in an 1896 portrait by [[Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler]]]]
The area was first settled in 1796 by [[Jonathan Titus]]. Within 14 years, others bought and improved land lying near his, along the banks of what is now [[Oil Creek (Allegheny River)|Oil Creek]]. Titus named the village Edinburg(h), but as it grew, the settlers began to call the hamlet Titusville. The village was incorporated as a borough in 1849. It was a slow-growing community until the 1850s, when petroleum was discovered in the region.

Oil was known to exist there, but there was no practical way to extract it. Its main use at that time had been as a medicine for both animals and humans.<ref name="ABB">{{Cite book |last=Hendrick |first=Burton J. |chapter=II THE FIRST GREAT AMERICAN TRUST |title=The Age of Big Business |year=1919 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] |page=27 |chapter-url=http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/4521519?n=46&printThumbnails=no |chapter-format=PDF |access-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref> In the late 1850s, the Seneca Oil Company (formerly the [[Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company]]) sent Col. [[Edwin L. Drake]] to start drilling on a piece of leased land just south of Titusville, near what is now [[Oil Creek State Park]].<ref name="WDL"/> In the summer of 1859, Drake hired a [[salt well]] driller, William A. Smith. They had many difficulties, but on August 27, at the site of an oil spring just south of Titusville, they finally drilled a well that could be commercially successful.

[[Teamster]]s were needed immediately to transport the oil to markets. In 1862, the Oil Creek & Titusville Railroad was built between Titusville and [[Corry, Pennsylvania|Corry]], where the product was transferred to larger east-west railroad lines. In 1865, pipelines were laid directly to the line and the demand for teamsters practically ended. The next year the railroad line was extended south to [[Petroleum Center, Pennsylvania|Petroleum Centre]] and [[Oil City, Pennsylvania|Oil City]]. The Union & Titusville Railroad was built in 1865. That line became part of the [[Philadelphia and Erie Railroad]] in 1871. That fall, President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] visited Titusville to view the important region.

Other oil-related businesses were quickly established. Eight refineries were built between 1862 and 1868. Drilling tools were needed and several iron works were built. Titusville grew from 250 residents to 10,000 almost overnight and in 1866, it incorporated as a city. In 1871, the first oil exchange in the United States was established there. The exchange moved from the city, but returned in 1881 in a new, brick building, before being dissolved in 1897.<ref>[http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=447 Explorepahistory.com] Accessed August 8, 2008</ref>

The first oil millionaire was Jonathan Watson, a resident of Titusville. He owned the land where Drake's well was drilled. He had been a partner in a lumber business prior to the success of the well. At one time it was said that Titusville had more millionaires per capita than anywhere else in the world.

One resident of note was Franklin S. Tarbell, whose large [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] home still stands. He first moved a few miles south in [[Venango County, Pennsylvania|Venango County]] and established a wooden stock tank business. About {{convert|10|mi|km}} south-east of Titusville was another oil boom city, [[Pithole, Pennsylvania|Pithole]]. Oil was discovered in a rolling meadow there in January 1865 and, by September 1865, the population was 15,000. But the oil soon ran dry and within four years the city was nearly deserted. Tarbell moved to Titusville in 1870. His daughter, [[Ida M. Tarbell|Ida Minerva Tarbell]], grew up amidst the sounds and smells of the oil industry. She became an accomplished writer and published a series of articles about the business practices of the [[Standard Oil Company]] and its president, [[John D. Rockefeller]], which sparked legislative action in Congress concerning monopolies.

Fire was always a significant concern around oil and one of the worst blazes was on June 11, 1880. It came to be known as "Black Friday", when almost {{convert|300000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil burned after an oil tank was hit by lightning. The fire raged for three days until it finally was brought under control. The destroyed oil was valued at $2 million, but there was no loss of life. Another fire occurred on June 5, 1892, when Oil Creek flooded and a tank of [[petroleum ether]] overturned. The [[petroleum ether]] ignited and, in the ensuing explosions, 60 men, women and children died. Another lightning strike in 1894 resulted in {{convert|27000|oilbbl|L|abbr=off|sp=us}} of oil being lost in a fire.

Oil production in [[Pennsylvania]] peaked in 1891, after which other industries became established in Titusville. The iron and steel industries dominated the town in the early twentieth century, with lumber eventually reclaiming its former pre-eminence. Oil still has some relevance, however. Charter Plastics, now located in a building that once manufactured pressure vessels, stationary engines and boilers for the oil industry, uses oil in its production processes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charterplastics.com/|title=Charter Plastics|publisher=Charter Plastics |access-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
Titusville is located at {{Coord|41|38|N|79|40|W|type:city}} (41.629, −79.674).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|2.9|sqmi}}, all land.

Located 44.4 miles south of [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]

83.6 miles North of [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]

122.9 Miles East of [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]

120.5 Miles South of [[Buffalo, New York]]

78.2 Miles North East of [[Youngstown, Ohio]]

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Titusville, Pennsylvania (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present)
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 68
|Feb record high F = 74
|Mar record high F = 81
|Apr record high F = 88
|May record high F = 91
|Jun record high F = 94
|Jul record high F = 100
|Aug record high F = 96
|Sep record high F = 97
|Oct record high F = 87
|Nov record high F = 78
|Dec record high F = 72
|year record high F = 100
|Jan high F = 32.8
|Feb high F = 35.3
|Mar high F = 44.0
|Apr high F = 57.9
|May high F = 69.4
|Jun high F = 77.3
|Jul high F = 81.0
|Aug high F = 79.6
|Sep high F = 73.4
|Oct high F = 61.2
|Nov high F = 48.3
|Dec high F = 37.2
|year high F = 58.1
|Jan mean F = 23.9
|Feb mean F = 24.8
|Mar mean F = 33.1
|Apr mean F = 45.2
|May mean F = 56.4
|Jun mean F = 64.9
|Jul mean F = 68.9
|Aug mean F = 67.3
|Sep mean F = 61.0
|Oct mean F = 49.4
|Nov mean F = 38.6
|Dec mean F = 29.2
|year mean F = 46.9
|Jan low F = 15.0
|Feb low F = 14.3
|Mar low F = 22.3
|Apr low F = 32.5
|May low F = 43.3
|Jun low F = 52.6
|Jul low F = 56.7
|Aug low F = 55.0
|Sep low F = 48.7
|Oct low F = 37.6
|Nov low F = 28.8
|Dec low F = 21.3
|year low F = 35.7
|Jan record low F = −31
|Feb record low F = −37
|Mar record low F = -20
|Apr record low F = 4
|May record low F = 17
|Jun record low F = 26
|Jul record low F = 34
|Aug record low F = 32
|Sep record low F = 21
|Oct record low F = 11
|Nov record low F = -1
|Dec record low F = −22
|year record low F = -37
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.53
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.70
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.49
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.24
|May precipitation inch = 4.05
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.86
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.25
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.58
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.06
|Oct precipitation inch = 4.22
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.63
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.72
|year precipitation inch = 46.33
|Jan snow inch = 24.3
|Feb snow inch = 18.5
|Mar snow inch = 12.5
|Apr snow inch = 2.8
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.8
|Nov snow inch = 8.5
|Dec snow inch = 22.0
|year snow inch = 89.4
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 18.8
|Feb precipitation days = 15.0
|Mar precipitation days = 14.0
|Apr precipitation days = 14.6
|May precipitation days = 12.9
|Jun precipitation days = 12.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.4
|Aug precipitation days = 10.6
|Sep precipitation days = 10.4
|Oct precipitation days = 14.1
|Nov precipitation days = 14.4
|Dec precipitation days = 17.4
|year precipitation days = 166.4
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 13.9
|Feb snow days = 10.6
|Mar snow days = 6.7
|Apr snow days = 1.7
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.4
|Nov snow days = 3.9
|Dec snow days = 10.4
|year snow days = 47.6
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle
| title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = August 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name=NCEI>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00368888&format=pdf
| title = Station: Titusville WTR WKS, PA
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = August 7, 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Natural features===
The City of Titusville is located in the southeastern Corner of Crawford County in the Pittsburgh High Plateau. The city is drained by [[Oil Creek (Allegheny River)|Oil Creek]], a south-flowing tributary of the [[Allegheny River]], and two tributaries to Oil Creek, [[Pine Creek (Oil Creek tributary)|Pine Creek]], and [[Church Run (Oil Creek tributary)|Church Run]]. The lowest elevation in the City of Titusville is {{convert|1150|ft|abbr=on}} where Oil Creek flows south of out of the city. The highest elevation is {{convert|1650|ft|abbr=on}} on a high point at the northeastern corner of the city.<ref name="USGSTopoview"/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 245
|1860= 438
|1870= 8639
|1880= 11982
|1890= 12786
|1900= 11738
|1910= 9982
|1920= 8432
|1930= 8055
|1940= 8126
|1950= 8923
|1960= 8356
|1970= 7331
|1980= 6884
|1990= 6434
|2000= 6146
|2010= 5601
|2020= 5262
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 11, 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|archive-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref>
| align = right
| align-fn = center
}}

===2020 census===

As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], Titusville had a population of 5,262. The median age was 41.9 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18 and 22.6% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 87.5 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 83.7 males age 18 and over.<ref name="Census2020DP">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME%2CDP1_0021P%2CDP1_0024P%2CDP1_0025C%2CDP1_0049C%2CDP1_0045C%2CDP1_0069C%2CDP1_0073C%2CDP1_0125P%2CDP1_0126P%2CDP1_0129P%2CDP1_0133P%2CDP1_0137P%2CDP1_0138P%2CDP1_0139P%2CDP1_0141P%2CDP1_0142P%2CDP1_0143P%2CDP1_0145P%2CDP1_0146P%2CDP1_0147C%2CDP1_0148C%2CDP1_0149C%2CDP1_0156C%2CDP1_0157C%2CDP1_0158C%2CDP1_0159P%2CDP1_0160P&for=place%3A76904&in=state%3A42|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=February 3, 2026|df=mdy}}</ref>

98.3% of residents lived in urban areas, while 1.7% lived in rural areas.<ref name="Census2020DHC">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME%2CP2_002N%2CP2_003N&for=place%3A76904&in=state%3A42|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2023|access-date=February 3, 2026|df=mdy}}</ref>

There were 2,310 households in Titusville, of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 33.5% were married-couple households, 19.9% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 37.5% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 39.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.<ref name="Census2020DP"/>

There were 2,588 housing units, of which 10.7% were vacant. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.4% and the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%.<ref name="Census2020DP"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Racial composition as of the 2020 census<ref name="Census2020PL">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME%2CP1_001N%2CP1_003N%2CP1_004N%2CP1_005N%2CP1_006N%2CP1_007N%2CP1_008N%2CP1_009N%2CP2_001N%2CP2_002N%2CH1_001N%2CH1_002N&for=place%3A76904&in=state%3A42|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=February 3, 2026|df=mdy}}</ref>
! Race !! Number !! Percent
|-
| [[White Americans|White]] || 4,836 || 91.9%
|-
| [[African Americans|Black or African American]] || 62 || 1.2%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]] || 10 || 0.2%
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] || 26 || 0.5%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander|Other Pacific Islander]] || 2 || 0.0%
|-
| Some other race || 39 || 0.7%
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] || 287 || 5.5%
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race)'' || 95 || 1.8%
|}

===2010 census===

As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 5,418 people, 2,397 households, and 1,337 families residing in the city. The population density was {{Convert|1931.2|PD/sqmi}}. There were 2,876 housing units at an average density of {{Convert|901.7|/sqmi}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.9% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.9% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.2% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.1% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 2,322 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.4% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,978 and the median income for a family was $39,679. Males had a median income of $27,283 versus $20,458 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,915. About 13.0% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.
==Transportation==

* Crawford Area Transportation Authority
* Titusville Regional Airport

==Historical markers==
[[File:Titusville, Pennsylvania (8483326973).jpg|thumb|Downtown Titusville, PA in 2014]]
* [[Titusville Early Refinery]]
* [[Edwin Drake|Edwin L Drake Tombstone]]
* [[John Heisman|The John Heisman Memorial]]
* [[Oil Creek State Park]]
* [[Titusville Oil Exchange]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/apps/historical-markers.html|website=www.phmc.state.pa.us|access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Drake Well, June 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Drake Well]]]]
*'''The Drake Well Museum and Park-''' A museum that interprets the birth of the [[American oil industry]] in 1859 by "Colonel" [[Edwin Drake]] along the banks of [[Oil Creek (Allegheny River)|Oil Creek]] in [[Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania]]. The museum collects and preserves related artifacts. The reconstructed [[Drake Well]] demonstrates the first practical use of salt drilling techniques for the [[extraction of petroleum]] through an [[oil well]]. A historic site, the museum is located in [[Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania|Cherrytree Township]], 2 miles (4.8 km) south of Titusville on Drake Well Road, situated between Pennsylvania Routes [[Pennsylvania Route 8|8]] and [[Pennsylvania Route 27|27]]. The museum is accredited by the [[American Alliance of Museums]].
*'''[[Ida Tarbell House|Tarbell House]]'''
*'''[[Pithole, Pennsylvania|Pithole]] Museum & Visitor Center'''- Legendary boomtown that was destroyed by a fire<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drakewell.org/what-to-see-and-do/pithole|title=Historic Pithole City {{!}} Drake Well Museum|website=www.drakewell.org|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
*'''South Franklin Street Bridge'''- The Historical Steel Bridge located in the Heart of Titusville
*'''Benson Memorial Library'''- A historic Victorian style building<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://benson.ccfls.org/|title=Benson Memorial Library – 213 North Franklin Street, Titusville, PA 16354-1788 — Phone: 814-827-2913|language=en-US|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
*'''[[Oil Creek and Titusville Railroad]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.octrr.org/|title=Oil Creek & Titusville Railroad – Home|website=www.octrr.org|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> is a [[Heritage railway|tourist railroad]] that runs from Titusville to Rynd Farm north of [[Oil City, Pennsylvania|Oil City.]]
*'''Titusville Historical Society & Heritage Center'''
*'''[[Titusville City Hall]]'''- National Historic Site
*'''Great Eastern Cutlery-''' Knife Factory
*'''Oil Creek Family Campground in Oil Creek State Park'''
*'''Benson Memorial Library'''
*'''Burgess Park Splash Pad'''

==Festivals==

* '''OilFest'''- Festival in Titusville largest day time festival in Pennsylvania
* '''Home for the Holidays'''- Christmas Activities in December in Titusville
* '''Heart of the Arts folk and music festival'''
* '''Titusville Summer Concert Series'''

==Education==
The area is served by the [[Titusville Area School District]] which includes Titusville High School, Titusville Middle School, Mainstreet Elementary. Pleasantville Elementary, Hydetown Elementary, ECLC.

===Universities===
[[File:Haskell Memorial Library at University of Pittsburgh Titusville.JPG|alt=|thumb|University of Pittsburgh at Titusville]]

* [[University of Pittsburgh at Titusville]]
* [[Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)|Northern Pennsylvania Regional College]]

==Notable people==
*[[Joseph Bushnell Ames]] (1878–1928), novelist
*[[Peter Ashmun Ames]] (1888–1920), British Army intelligence officer
*[[William Henry Andrews]] (1846–1919), politician
*[[J. J. Bleday]] (b. 1997), baseball player signed to [[Miami Marlins]]; attended [[Titusville Area School District|Titusville High School]]
*[[Julien Bryan]] (1899–1974), photographer, filmmaker, and [[documentarian]] during [[World War II]]
*[[Axtell J. Byles]] (1880–1941), football player and coach
*[[Shane Callahan]], film and television actor
*[[Edwin Drake|Edwin L. Drake]] (1819–1880), first American to successfully drill for [[Oil well|oil]]; discovered in Titusville
*[[Ralph Dunn]] (1900–1968), actor and filmmaker
*[[Thomas Griffin (baseball)|Thomas Griffin]] (1857–1933), MLB player
*[[William Draper Harkins]] (1873–1951) [[chemist]], notable for his contributions to [[nuclear chemistry]]
*[[Ray Harroun]] (1879–1968), race car driver; first [[Indianapolis 500]] winner
*[[Thomas Hazzard]] (1871–1957), football player and Christian [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]]
*[[John Heisman]] (1869–1936), player and coach of [[American football|football]], baseball, and basketball, as well as a [[sportswriter]] and actor
*[[Helen Jepson]] (1904–1997), opera singer
*[[Paul S. L. Johnson]] (1873–1950), scholar and pastor, founder of the [[Laymen's Home Missionary Movement]]
*[[Harry Jordan]] (1873–1920), [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
* [[Leal Mack]] (1892-1962), illustrator and painter
*[[R. A. Mihailoff]], actor and wrestler
*[[David N. Ott]] (1937–2020), Maine state representative and lawyer
*[[John E. Peterson]] (b. 1938), [[US House of Representatives|congressman]]
*[[Dane Rauschenberg]] (b. 1976), endurance athlete
*[[Rocky Reynolds]], professional wrestler; former four-time [[NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship|NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion]]
*[[Jeannie Seely]] (1940-2025), Grand Ole Opry Star
*[[John Washington Steele]] (1843–1920), flamboyant oilman, first millionaire from oil
*[[Ida Tarbell]] (1857–1944), teacher, journalist
*[[Ray Tesser]] (1912–1982), NFL player
*[[Francis Thompson (film director)|Francis Thompson]], film director
*[[A. Leo Weil]] (1858–1938), lawyer

==In popular culture==
* American rapper [[Afroman]] says, "Did a show that night in Titusville/Afro is the tightest and that's for real" in the song "Pimpin Pennsylvania".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.songlyrics.com/afroman/pimpin-pennsylvania-lyrics/|title=Pimpin' Pennsylvania – Afroman|website=SongLyrics.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref>
* American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor [[Johnny Cash]] mentioned the story of Titusville and performed a song about it on the Johnny Cash Show in 1970.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/HxxtrK___n4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201223095346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxxtrK___n4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxxtrK___n4| title = J. Cash – Ride This Train Story 34 [The Year 1859, to Titusville, Pennsylvania] | website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Oil Region]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Titusville, Pennsylvania}}
*{{Official|cityoftitusvillepa.gov}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Titusville |volume=26 |page=1033 |short=x}}
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] (HAER) documentation, filed under Titusville, Crawford County, PA:
**{{HAER |survey=PA-135 |id=pa1898 |title=Brown Street Bridge, Spanning Oil Creek |photos=15 |data=8 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-494 |id=pa3665 |title=Franklin Street Bridge, Spanning Oil Creek at Franklin Street (State Route 8) |photos=5 |color=1 |data=9 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-495 |id=pa3666 |title=Pine Creek Bridge, Spanning Pine Creek at Messerall Road (Township Route 993) |photos=13 |color=1 |data=8 |cap=2 |link=no}}

{{Crawford County, Pennsylvania}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Titusville, Pennsylvania| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1796]]
[[Category:Cities in Crawford County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1796 establishments in Pennsylvania]]

Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-31T23:03:36Z

Abhijit:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Anandpur Sahib {{Small|PB-6}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Anandpur Sahib.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2008
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| mp = [[Malwinder Singh Kang]]
| preceded_by = [[Manish Tewari]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Garhshankar Assembly Constituency|Garhshankar]] [[Banga Assembly Constituency|Banga]] [[Nawan Shahr Assembly Constituency|Nawan Shahr]] [[Balachaur Assembly Constituency|Balachaur]] [[Ananadpur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Ananadpur Sahib]] [[Rupnagar Assembly Constituency|Rupnagar]] [[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]] [[Kharar Assembly Constituency|Kharar]] [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
|reservation=None}}

'''Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. This constituency came into existence as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary and assembly constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080216/main8.htm|title=3 Parliament, 16 assembly seats get new names|author=Singh, Prabhjot|date=16 February 2008|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=2009-04-19}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
The nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments of Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"| Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|45
|[[Garhshankar Assembly Constituency|Garhshankar]]
|[[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
|[[Jai Krishan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|46
|[[Banga Assembly Constituency|Banga]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|SBS Nagar]]
|[[Sukhwinder Kumar Sukhi]]
|-
|47
|[[Nawan Shahr Assembly Constituency|Nawan Shahr]]
|[[Nachhatar Pal]]
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|48
|[[Balachaur Assembly Constituency|Balachaur]]
|[[Santosh Kataria]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|49
|[[Ananadpur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
|[[Harjot Singh Bains]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|50
|[[Rupnagar Assembly Constituency|Rupnagar]]
|[[Dinesh Chadha]]
|-
|51
|[[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]] (SC)
|[[Dr. Charanjit Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|52
|[[Kharar Assembly Constituency|Kharar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohali district|Mohali]]
|[[Anmol Gagan Maan]]
|-
|53
|[[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
|[[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
|-
|}
#

Before delimitation, Banga and Nawan Shahr assembly segments of this Lok Sabha constituency were in the [[Phillaur Lok Sabha constituency|Phillaur]] constituency, Chamkaur Sahib and Kharar assembly segments were in [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]] constituency and Garhshankar, Balachaur and Anandpur Sahib assembly segments were in [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] constituency. S.A.S. Nagar assembly segment was created as a part of delimitation of assembly constituencies in 2008.

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Manish Tewari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Malwinder Singh Kang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election Results 2024"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Anandpur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Malwinder Singh Kang]]
|votes = {{formatnum:313217}}
|percentage = 29.08
|change = {{increase}}24.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vijay Inder Singla]]|votes={{formatnum:302371}}|percentage=28.07|change={{decrease}}11.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subhash Sharma|votes={{formatnum:186578}}|percentage=17.32|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]|votes={{formatnum:117936}}|percentage=10.95|change={{decrease}}24.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jasvir Singh Garhi|votes={{formatnum:90157}}|percentage=8.37|change={{decrease}}5.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Khushalpal Singh Mann|votes={{formatnum:24831}}|percentage=2.31|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes={{formatnum:6402}}|percentage=0.59|change={{decrease}}0.99}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:10846}}|percentage=1.01|change={{decrease}}1.15}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1077123}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}24.18
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Lok Sabha Election Results 2024"/>

===2019===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Rupnagar district|Anandpur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manish Tewari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:427955}}
|percentage = 39.57
|change = {{increase}}10.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:381161}}
|percentage = 35.24
|change = {{increase}}3.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vikramjeet Singh Sodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:146441}}
|percentage = 13.54
|change = {{increase}}7.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Narinder Singh Shergill
|votes = {{formatnum:53052}}
|percentage = 4.90
|change = {{decrease}}23.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:17135}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change = {{increase}}1.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:46884}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change ={{increase}}2.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1082024}}
|percentage = 63.69
|change ={{decrease}}5.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = {{increase}}3.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rupnagar district|Anandpur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:347394}}
|percentage = 31.94
|change = {{decrease}}5.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ambika Soni]]
|votes = {{formatnum:323697}}
|percentage = 29.77
|change = {{decrease}}14.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate =[[Himmat Singh Shergill]]
|votes = {{formatnum:306008}}
|percentage = 28.14
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[K. S. Makhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69124}}
|percentage = 6.36
|change = {{decrease}}6.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Balbir Singh Jadla
|votes = {{formatnum:10483}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change ={{decrease}} 0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5937}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = {{increase}}0.55
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:23697}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change = {{decrease}}5.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1086563}}
|percentage = 69.44
|change = {{increase}}1.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rupnagar district|Anandpur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|votes =4,04,836
|percentage = 44.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Daljit Singh Cheema|Dr. Daljit Singh Cheema]]|votes=3,37,632|percentage=37.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kewal Krishan|votes=1,18,088|percentage=13.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Mahan Singh|votes=17,147|percentage=1.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Resham Lal Kahlon
|votes = 5,582
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=67,204|percentage=7.43|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,05,104|percentage=67.62|change=''New''}}
{{Election box new seat win|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/anandpur_sahib/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Anandpur Sahib lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|31.24|76.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]

Bannur, Belagavi

2026-01-31T04:01:00Z

Abhijit: Added a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bannur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1540
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Bannur''' is a village in [[Ramdurg]] taluka of [[Belgaum district|Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. According to the 2011 Census of India, Bannur had a population of 1,540, with 802 males and 738 females.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Bannur Village Population – Census 2011
|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/598351-bannur-karnataka.html
|website=Census2011.co.in
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Adi Godrej

2026-01-27T00:15:15Z

Abhijit: update lead for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{promotional|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adi Burjorji Godrej
| image = ABG 04.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
| occupation = Chairman of [[Godrej Group]]
| spouse = [[Parmeshwar Godrej|Parmeshwar Adi Godrej]] (died 2016)
| children = [[Nisa Godrej|Nisaba Adi Godrej]] [[Pirojsha Adi Godrej]] [[Tanya Dubash|Tanya Arvind Dubash]]
}}

'''Adi Burjorji Godrej''' (born 3 April 1942) is an Indian billionaire businessman and head of the [[Godrej family]], chairman of the [[Godrej Group]]. {{As of|November 2025}}, he has an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Adi Godrej|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/adi-godrej/|website=Forbes|access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Godrej completed his schooling at [[St. Xavier's High School]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/86-featured?start=3|access-date=2020-10-09|website=xaviers.edu|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423104530/https://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/86-featured?start=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> and then [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], [[Mumbai]]<ref name="auto"/> for two years. He earned an undergraduate degree from HL College and an [[MBA]] from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity<ref>Pi Lambda Phi 2010 membership Directory</ref> and a member of [[Tau Beta Pi]].

==Career==
After his return to India, he joined the family business. He modernized the management structure, implemented process improvements and improved the company during the [[License Raj]]. He heads the group alongside his brother, managing director of [[Godrej Industries]] and chairman of [[Godrej Agrovet]], [[Nadir Godrej]], and his cousin, [[Godrej & Boyce]] managing director and chairman, [[Jamshyd Godrej]].

In 2021, he announced plans to step down as chairman of Godrej Industries, the holding company of the [[Godrej Group]]. He would continue as chairman of the Godrej Group and chairman emeritus of GIL.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Vijayaraghavan |title=Godrej family looks to divide a $4.1 billion empire |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/godrej-family-looks-to-divide-a-4-1-billion-empire/articleshow/87350226.cms |website=Economic Times |date=29 October 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2023}}</ref>

=== Beyond Godrej ===
He was chairman of the [[Indian School of Business]] from April 2011 to April 2018<ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 January 2018|title=Indian School of Business|url=https://www.isb.edu/news-media/press-releases/harish-manwani-succeed-adi-godrej-chairman-executive-board-indian-school-b|journal=Firstcall Research|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> and was president of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-18/news/31361644_1_adi-godrej-cii-godrej-group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719133742/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-18/news/31361644_1_adi-godrej-cii-godrej-group|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|title=CII elects Adi Godrej as new President|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cii-elects-adi-godrej-as-new-president-112041800159_1.html|title=CII elects Adi Godrej as new President|date=18 April 2012 |access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref> (CII) for the year 2012–13. He has been a member of the dean's advisory council of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], and chairman of the board of governors of the [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=13 August 2021 |title=Adi Godrej to step down from Godrej India board, Nadir Godrej to take over as Chairman |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adi-godrej-to-step-down-from-godrej-india-board-nadir-godrej-to-take-over-as-chairman-11628849768992.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>

Twenty-five per cent of the shares of the Godrej holding company are held in trusts that include the Pirojsha Godrej Foundation, the Soonabai Pirojsha Godrej Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/36631|title=Forbes India Magazine — The Godrej Foundation: In Charity They Trust|website=forbesindia.com|access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref> and the Godrej Memorial Trust. Through these trusts, the Group supports healthcare, education, and [[environmental sustainability]] initiatives such as The Mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/godrej-helps-preserve-mumbai-mangroves|title=Godrej helps preserve Mumbai mangroves|website=www.sunday-guardian.com|access-date=2016-03-18|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032701/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/godrej-helps-preserve-mumbai-mangroves|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Teach for India]], [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], and the Godrej Memorial Hospital.

==Personal life==
He was married to socialite and philanthropist [[Parmeshwar Godrej]] until her death in October 2016 and has three children. They live in [[Malabar Hill]], [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="Forbes profile"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173040/http://www.godrej.com/godrej/GodrejIndustries/gil-mradi.aspx?id=12&menuid=1093 Profile at Godrej Group]

{{Godrej Group}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godrej, Adi}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Godrej family]]

Forrest's pika

2026-01-19T07:59:19Z

Abhijit: starting page

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ochotona forresti.png
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Smith, A.T. |author2=Liu, S. |date=2016 |title=''Ochotona forresti'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T15048A45178927 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15048A45178927.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Ochotona
| species = forresti
| authority = [[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1923
| range_map = Forrest's Pika area.png
| range_map_caption = Forrest's pika range
}}

'''Forrest's pika''' ('''''Ochotona forresti''''') is a species of [[mammal]] in the pika family, [[Ochotonidae]]. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. The summer dorsal [[Fur|pelage]] and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown, and the winter dorsal pelage is a grayish brown, slightly lighter in tone than the ventral pelage. It is a generalist [[herbivore]]. It was assessed by the [[IUCN Red List of Endangered Species]] as insufficiently known in 1994, as [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]] in 1996, and re-assessed in 2008 as a species of [[least concern]].

==Taxonomy==
Forrest's pika belongs to the pika family, [[Ochotonidae]],{{sfn|Wrobel|2007|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA353 353]}} which consists of small mammals that have short ears, forelimbs very slightly longer than hindlimbs, and no external tail.{{sfn|Armstrong|Fitzgerald|Meaney|2010|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S4HgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 260]}} It was first described by the British [[zoologist]] [[Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas]] in 1923, who gave it the scientific name ''Ochotona forresti''.{{sfn|Wrobel|2007|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA353 353]}} The taxonomy of the species is unclear.{{sfn|Chapman|Flux|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA31 31]}} It was earlier assigned as a [[subspecies]] of the Moupin pika (''[[Ochotona thibetana]])'' by Feag and Kao in 1974, Weston in 1982, and Honacki, Kinman, and Koeppl in 1982. It was also assigned to the Royle's pika (''[[Ochotona roylei]])'' by Corbet in 1978,{{sfn|Chapman|Flux|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA31 31]}} and the steppe pika (''[[Ochotona pusilla]]'') by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott in 1951.{{sfn|Choudhury|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tbhnqwpbPVIC&pg=PA99&dq 99]}} It is sympatric with the Gaoligong pika (''[[Ochotona gaoligongensis]]''), ''Ochotona macrotis chinensis'', ''Ochotona gloveri calloceps'', Royle's pika and possibly with the Moupin pika, and [[allopatric]] with the Royle's pika.{{sfn|Chapman|Flux|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA31 31]}}{{sfn|Choudhury|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tbhnqwpbPVIC&pg=PA99&dq 99]}} However, according to [[Morphometrics|morphometric]] and [[Genetics|genetic]] studies, Forrest's pika is a separate species that is confined to the [[Gaoligong Mountains]].<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

The Gaoligong pika and the black pika ('''''Ochotona nigritia''''') have been treated as separate species, but are now considered to be conspecific, representing a [[melanistic]] (dark) colour phase of Forrest's pika.<ref>{{MSW3 | id = 13500055 | page = }}</ref><ref name=Ge2012>{{cite journal | author = Ge, D. | year = 2012 | title = Reevaluation of several taxa of Chinese lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) described on the basis of pelage phenotype variation | journal = Mammalian Biology | volume = 77 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–123 | doi = 10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.009|display-authors=etal | bibcode = 2012MamBi..77..113G }}</ref>

''O. f. duoxianglaensis'' is evidently synonymous with the Moupin pika.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> It may also be closely related to the Chinese red pika (''[[Ochotona erythrotis]]'').<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA280|title=A Guide to the Mammals of China|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew T.|last2=Xie|first2=Yan|last3=Hoffmann|first3=Robert S.|last4=Lunde|first4=Darrin|last5=MacKinnon|first5=John|last6=Wilson|first6=Don E.|last7=Wozencraft|first7=W. Chris|date=2010|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4008-3411-2|pages=280|language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Forrest's pika is similar to a small [[hare]],{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}} measuring {{Convert|15.5|to|18.5|cm|abbr=on}} in length, and weighing {{Convert|110|to|148|g|abbr=on}}. The greatest length of the skull is {{Convert|3.7|to|4.1|cm|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Smith|Xie|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170&dq 170]}} and the skull is more curved than the Moupin pika. It also has a broad [[interorbital region]] (the region of the skull located between the eyes, anterior to the [[braincase]]), and rectangular, broad nasals.<ref name=":32"/> It does not have a tail.{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}} The summer dorsal [[Fur|pelage]] and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown.{{sfn|Smith|Xie|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170&dq 170]}} The ears are rounded, measure {{Convert|1.8|to|2.3|cm|abbr=on}} in length,{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}} and feature dark gray spots in the back. In a few individuals, the spots form a dorsal collar on the [[nape]] and extend onto the face, but the forehead remains brown. The dorsal side of the ears are light chestnut in color, and have a white rim. The winter dorsal pelage is grayish brown which is slightly lighter in tone than the ventral pelage. The feet are dull white in color, the foreclaws are long, and the hindfeet are {{Convert|2.7|to|3|cm|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Smith|Xie|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170&dq 170]}} The [[incisive foramen]] (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the [[incisor teeth]] where blood vessels and nerves pass) is combined with the palatal foramina, and has a wavy edge.<ref name=":32"/>

Moupin's pika is similar to Forrest's pika, but it has paler ventral pelage, shorter foreclaws, a narrower skull especially across the [[Zygomatic arch|cheek bone]], and buffy patches behind the ears, which do not meet around the back of the neck.{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}}

==Distribution and habitat==
Forrest's pika occurs in the eastern [[Himalayas]] and [[Kangri Garpo]] mountains in [[Southwest China|southwestern China]] (northwestern [[Yunnan]] and southeastern [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]), Bhutan, [[Northeast India|northeastern India]] ([[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]]), and northwestern Myanmar.{{sfn|Chapman|Flux|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA31 31]}}{{sfn|Smith|Xie|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170&dq 170]}} It is observed in the high elevation regions of northern [[Arunachal Pradesh]], above {{Convert|3000|m|ft}} from sea level in the [[Tawang district]], and also in high elevation regions of the [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] and [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]] districts. In 1997, it occurrence was reported just north of the [[Upper Dibang Valley district]], in [[Mêdog County|Medog County, Tibet]]. It does not occur in present-day [[Assam]], which belonged to the former [[Undivided Assam]] before 1972.{{sfn|Choudhury|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tbhnqwpbPVIC&pg=PA99&dq 99]}}

Forrest's pika inhabits high altitude mixed [[Coniferous forests|coniferous]] and [[Broadleaf forest|broadleaf]] forests, and [[shrubland]] thickets. It is also thought to occur around rock piles.{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}} It usually occurs on south-facing mountain slopes at elevations of {{Convert|2600|to|4400|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}}

It is rarely found, and is one of the pika species [[endemic]] to central China, with no true population studies.{{sfn|Alves|Ferrand|Hacklände|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9d8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 308]}}{{efn|The other five species are the Thomas's pika (''[[Ochotona thomasi]]''), the Gaoligong pika, the Tsing-ling pika (''[[Ochotona huangensis]]'') and the Muli pika (''[[Ochotona muliensis]]'').{{sfn|Alves|Ferrand|Hacklände|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9d8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 308]}}}} The black pika was thought to be common to the [[Yunnan]] Province of [[China]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/ochotona_nigritia.htm#Distribution |title=Ochotona nigritia - Black pika (Species) |access-date=2011-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928225048/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/ochotona_nigritia.htm#Distribution |archive-date=2013-09-28 }}</ref> where it was first described in 2000. Subsequently, in 2011, a [[WWF-India]] team on an expedition to [[West Kameng]], [[India]] reported sighting two black pikas at an altitude of 13,000 ft in the Thembang Bapu community-conserved forest area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Black pika sighted in Arunachal - WWF-India research team stumbles upon rare mammal at 13000ft|first=Roopak|last=Goswami|url=http://telegraphindia.com/1110715/jsp/frontpage/story_14241544.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717232830/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110715/jsp/frontpage/story_14241544.jsp |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |newspaper=The Telegraph|publisher=Ananda Bazaar Patrika |location=Calcutta|date=July 15, 2011|access-date=July 15, 2011|quote=The WWF members sighted two black pikas in Pangila and Potok areas at an altitude of 13,000 feet on June 22 and 23 while they, along with villagers of Thembang, were conducting surveys in the Thembang Bapu community-conserved forest area in West Kameng district. The survey was part of a project for development of a management plan of the area.}}</ref>

==Behavior and ecology==
Forrest's pika is a generalist [[herbivore]]. Although very little is known about its behavior and ecology, Forrest's pika is speculated to dig burrows.{{sfn|Smith|Xie|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170&dq 170]}} Very little or nothing is known about its reproduction.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

==Status and conservation==
In 1994, Forrest's pika was assessed as insufficiently known on the [[IUCN Red List of Endangered Species]], and in 1996 its status was changed to [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]]. It was re-assessed in 2008 and 2016, and rated as a species of [[least concern]] because although the current state of its population trend is unclear, its population is not considered to be declining near the rate required to warrant the species a threatened status. Although no natural historic or ecological investigations have been done on Forrest's pika, there are no known threats to its population.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> It is, however, possibly threatened by the loss of montane woodlands.{{sfn|Francis|Barrett|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA380&dq 380]}} The Chinese regional Red List has described the species as near threatened.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9d8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|title=Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation|location=Berlin New York|publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-540-72446-9|editor-last1=Alves|editor-first1=Paulo C.|page=308|editor-last2=Ferrand|editor-first2=Nuno|editor-last3=Hacklände|editor-first3=Klaus|year=2008}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4HgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|title=Mammals of Colorado |edition=Second|last1=Armstrong|first1=David M.|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=James P.|last3=Meaney|first3=Carron A.|date=2010|location=Boulder, Colorado|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|isbn=978-1-60732-048-7|pages=260|language=en }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA19 |title=Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |year=1990 |location=Gland, Switzerland |publisher=[[World Conservation Union]] [[IUCN]] |editor-last1=Chapman|editor-first1=Joseph A.|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA31 31]|language=en|access-date=9 September 2017|editor-last2=Flux|editor-first2=John E.C. |isbn=978-2-8317-0019-9 }}
* {{Cite book|first1=Anwaruddin |last1=Choudhury |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbhnqwpbPVIC&pg=PA99|title=The Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh|date=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-80-3 |pages= 99|language=en }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFnDwAAQBAJ|title=A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia|last1=Francis|first1=Charles M.|last2=Barrett|first2=Priscilla|date=2008|publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-84537-735-9|location=London|pages=400|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA170|title=Mammals of China|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew T.|last2=Xie|first2=Yan|date=2013|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4688-7|pages=170|language=en }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA355 |page=353 |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian |year=2007 |location=Amsterdam Boston, MA |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |editor-first=Murray |editor-last=Wrobel |isbn=978-0-08-048882-0}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Little-known Pika |first1=Robert Thomas |last1=Orr |edition=illustrated |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan|year=1977 |isbn=0-02-593960-2 }}
* 黄文几，陈延熹，温业新, 中国啮齿类, 上海:[[Fudan University Press]], 1995 (in Chinese).

==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.eol.org/pages/984321/overview |title=Forrest's pika {{mdash}} ''Ochotona forresti'' |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Life]]}}
* {{cite web |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/Ochotona_forresti.htm |title=Forrest's pika {{mdash}} ''Ochotona forresti'' |work=Wild Pro |access-date=2017-10-12 |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525164502/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/Ochotona_forresti.htm }}

{{Lagomorpha|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q287788|from2=Q311599}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Pikas]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1923]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Maanu (actress)

2026-01-12T04:17:28Z

Abhijit: Creating a pg

{{short description|Indian dancer}}
{{redirect|Maanu|the Indian actor, TV director and author|Maanu (actor)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maanu
| image = Actress_Maanu.jpg
| caption = Mannu in 2018
| birth_name = Krishnakshi Sharma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], Assam, India
| years_active = 1998; 2014
| occupation = Dancer
| other_names = Kadhal Mannan Maanu
}}

'''Maanu''' is an Indian dancer and former actress. After making her film debut with [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' (1998), she opted against an acting career and continued pursuing her passion as a dancer by setting up a performing arts company and featuring in dance troupes worldwide. She resurfaced in 2011, when she aided actor [[Rajinikanth]]'s recovery from ill health in [[Singapore]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/maanu%20clarifies-hindi-news-73468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815002229/http://www.indiaglitz.com/maanu%20clarifies-hindi-news-73468|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2015|title=- Bollywood Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/09/stories/2004040901740600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121045126/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/09/stories/2004040901740600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ebullient presentation|date=2004-04-09|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> and briefly returned to acting with ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' (2014).

==Career==
Maanu was born and brought up in [[Guwahati]], Assam, and began dancing by the age of 4. She completed her Bisharad in [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Kathak]] dance under the guidance of Gurumoni Sinha Singh, Guru Arabinda Kalita and Guru Hajuwari in 1992 and 1995 respectively. She then extensively trained in [[Bharathanatyam]] and performed her arangetram in 1995 under the supervision of her guru, Padma Hargopal. After embarking on a national dance tour, her passion for dancing brought her to [[Chennai]] to gain training under the [[Dhananjayans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assam.org/news/dancing-all-way-krishnakshi-sharma|title=Dancing all the way: Krishnakshi Sharma {{!}} Assam Portal|website=www.assam.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> After seeing her perform during a dance show, actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] recommended her to director [[Saran (director)|Saran]], who then offered her the lead role in his directorial debut ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' (1998). Maanu initially turned down the opportunity, but signed on six months later after her parents consented.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-maanu/article3021255.ece|title=My first break -- Maanu|date=2009-03-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite the film's success, Maanu opted not to continue as an actress and set up her own dance company, Maanu Artz. She also participated with dance troupes worldwide, being the lead player in ''Sivagami'', ''Living Tree'', ''Madhavi'' and ''Konjum Salangai'', a classical dance programme.<ref name="hindu"/>

After getting married, Maanu moved to Singapore and resurfaced in the media in 2011, when she was promoting a Singaporean film in India titled ''[[Gurushetram – 24 Hours of Anger|Singayil Kurushetram]]'' and then involved in aiding [[Rajinikanth]]'s recovery from his illness. The producer of the film had been close to Rajinikanth, and had asked Maanu to look after the actor during his stay in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=6201|title=Ayngaran International|website=www.ayngaran.com|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> During the same year, she shot for a telefilm titled ''Ezhuthatha Kadhai'' shot in [[Sri Lanka]] and also worked with her husband Sandeep Durah, a cancer surgeon, in a medical camp in Colombo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Maanu-is-on-a-high/articleshow/8387916.cms|title=Maanu is on a high|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> She also helped stage a production, ''Bhishma, The Grandsire, The Pitamaha'' in Chennai, which director [[K. Balachander]], Rajinikanth and actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] attended.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/maanu-clarifies-tamil-news-73468.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815000719/http://www.indiaglitz.com/maanu-clarifies-tamil-news-73468.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2015|title=- Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> She appeared in her second Tamil film, ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' (2014) portraying the role of the mother of quadruplets, sixteen years after making her acting debut. The film's director Guru Ramesh had narrated the script to her and she had initially told him that she was not interested in acting in the film. He later took her and [[Singapore]]-based theatre actor [[Puravalan]] to meet actor Rajinikanth, and narrated the script in front of him. On Rajinikanth's suggestion, Maanu finally accepted to act in the film,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dc-epaper.com/PUBLICATIONS/DC/DCC/2013/11/25/Article//112/25_11_2013_112_023.jpg | title=I've grown to call Rajinikanth appa | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=25 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126115739/http://www.dc-epaper.com/PUBLICATIONS/DC/DCC/2013/11/25/Article//112/25_11_2013_112_023.jpg | archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> although his only concern was whether she should play "a mother of four seven-year-olds", which was not an issue for Maanu. The film had a low-profile release and performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/act-ii/article5459581.ece | title=Act II | work=The Hindu | date=14 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013 | author=Malathi Rangarajan}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" cellpadding="5"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1998 || ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' || Thilothamma ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' || Anu ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5255339}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maanu}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Durgadas Rathore

2025-12-10T23:31:37Z

Abhijit: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Rajput General of the Kingdom of Marwar (1638–1718)}}
{{Redirect|Durgadas|the novel|Durgadas (novel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Sardar]]''
| name = Durgadas Rathore
| honorific_suffix = Rajya Sanghrakshak
| image = Durgadas Rathore painting.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Painting of Veer Durgadas Rathore by [[Archibald Herman Müller]] in the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] Museum, Jodhpur.
| birth_date = 13 August 1638
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1718|11|22|1638|8|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Selva village, [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| death_place = [[Ujjain]]
| nickname = [[Garibaldi]] of [[Rajputana]]
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| branch = [[Marwar]] Army
| serviceyears =
| rank = General
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = *[[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)]] 
*[[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]]
| awards =
| spouse =
| relations =
}}
'''Durgadas Rathore''' (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718) was a [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] [[Rajput]] general and statesman of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]], in present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=895}}</ref> He is remembered for safeguarding the infant [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] following the death of [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] in 1678 and for leading a prolonged resistance against Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] during the [[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&q=durgadas |title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan |date=1999 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-118-2 |language=en}}</ref> Combining [[guerrilla warfare]] with diplomatic alliances, he preserved Marwar’s independence until Ajit Singh was restored to the throne after Aurangzeb’s death in 1707.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sir-jadunath-sarkar-raghubir-sinh-a-history-of-jaipur-c.-1503-1938 |title=A History Of Jaipur, C. 1503-1938 |pages=161}}</ref>

Durgadas also played a significant role in the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]], collaborating with leaders such as Raja [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], and supported the Maratha ruler [[Sambhaji]] during the [[Siege of Janjira]] against the Siddis. He was elected as the leader of the revolt along with Raja [[Jai Singh II]] of Jaipur.<ref name=RZ>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C.1503-1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref> He won several victories against the Mughals<ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2005|pages=312|isbn=9788124110669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+medieval+india|quote=With the return of Durgadas to Marwar in 1686 and with the appearance of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] in person to head the resistance, the Rathores gained a number of victories.}}</ref> and compelled many Mughal officers to pay tribute in the form of [[chauth]].<ref name=RC>{{Cite book|first=R.C.|last=Majumdar|title=An Advanced History of India|publisher=Trinity Press|year=2020|pages=494–497|url=|quote=Under the able leadership of Durgadas, the Rathors ceaselessly carried on a guerrilla warfare and harassed the Mughal outposts so that the Mughal officers were compelled to pay chauth}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Durgadas was the son of Askaran Rathore, a [[jagirdar]] (feudal lord) of Drunera and a [[Rajput]] minister under [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar Jadunath Sir |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.242801 |title=History Of Aurangzib Vol Iii |date=1928 |pages=232}}</ref> He was a distant relative of the royal family, being a descendant of Karana, a son of Rao [[Ranmal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |year=1992 |page=156 }}</ref>

==Military career==

===Safeguarding Ajit Singh (1679–1681)===
Jaswant Singh was campaigning in Afghanistan when he died in December 1678, leaving no heir. Aurangzeb took the opportunity to intervene by imposing his direct rule over Marwar. Soon after Jaswant Singh's death two of his ranis (queens) each gave birth to male children. One of these sons died soon after his birth, leaving the other – [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] – as sole heir.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=189}}</ref>

[[File:Durga Das before Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar.jpg|thumb|200px|Durgadas Rathore (left) with Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] (right)]]

Aurangzeb ordered the infant, Ajit Singh, to be brought to Delhi where he was kept in Noorgarh under house arrest. Durgadas Rathore and other nobles of Jodhpur made a daring attack on the Mughal contingent of Delhi and rescued Ajit Singh and the widowed ranis of Jaswant Singh. Aurangzeb ordered Tahir Beg and Inder Singh Rathore to capture Durgadas, but they both failed, resulting in a long struggle between Durgadas and Aurangzeb. Fatuhat-i-Alamgiri noted that "all the Rajput households of Marwar had made preparations to challenge the imperial writ". Durgdas thus had the support of the Rajput clans of Marwar.<ref name=RH>{{Cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa |year=2006 |pages=595–610, 709 |isbn=9788129115010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=history%20of%20rajasthan%20hooja |quote=On July 15, 1679 AD, Aurangzeb ordered that the infant Ajit Singh and entourage be shifted to Noorgarh, virtually as prisoners. At this Durgadas Rathore and a select band of Marwars warriors including Ranchordas Rathore and Raghunath Bhati took action. These Marwar loyalists contrived the daring rescue of the closely guarded infant Ajit singh and the widowed ranis of Jaswant Singh from imperial hands. Aurangzeb commanded Tahir Beg Khan and Inder Singh to capture the figitive party...both men were unsuccessful in this...thereafter began a long struggle against Emperor Aurangzeb by Durgadas and other loyal supporters...recorded in his contemporaneous Fatuhat-i-Alamgiri that all the Rajput households of Marwar had made preparations to challenge the imperial writ.....Durgadas did not flail in his loyalty. It was for this loyalty, as well as his personal valour and chivalrous deeds that Durgadas was to become part of popular lore during his lifetime....Ajit Singh was brought away from the territory of Sirohi to Nandlai, three miles north-west of Desuri in Mewar. Raj Singh's action enraged Aurangzeb.....Durga Das features in the official records of the Mughal court till c . AD 1716....Emperor Jahandar Shah gave him the title of 'Rao', and a mansab of 4,000...Marwar chronicles however do not mention Durgadas after the Rathore victory at Sambhar.}}</ref>

The infant Ajit Singh was taken to safety in Balunda, where the wife of one of the delegation kept the child for almost a year. Later, he was moved to the safety of the [[Aravalli Hills]] near [[Mount Abu|Abu Sirohi]], a remote town on the southern fringes of Marwar. There Ajit Singh grew up in anonymity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|year=2006|pages=705}}</ref> Rana [[Raj Singh I]] also offered refuge to Ajit Singh after which he was hidden in Nandlai, a village in Mewar.<ref name=RH/>

===Conflict with the Mughal Empire (1681–1707)===
Durgadas, as the leader of the revolt, led his forces against the Mughals and through guerrilla warfare harassed several outposts and compelled the Mughal officers to pay tribute.<ref name=RC/> Durgadas also instigated both [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]] and [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Akbar]] against their father, Aurangzeb. During the war, Durgadas took care of Aurangzeb's granddaughter, Saif-un-nissa, who was in his custody and later returned her to Aurangzeb. The grateful Mughal Emperor bestowed upon Durgadas high ranks and jagirs of Merta and Dhandhuka, however, according to Mirat-i-Alamgiri, Durgadas continued to plead for Ajit Singh's cause instead of being placated by Aurangzeb.<ref name=RH/> Ajit Singh and Durgadas took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force. Ajit Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of Jodhpur.<ref name=":0" />

Durgadas was also one of the leaders of the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]]. In July 1708 he routed Saiyid Hussain Khan Barha at Kaladera and forced him to retreat to Narnaul. Durgadas was also instrumental in securing the Rajput victory at Sambhar. Ajit Singh started becoming jealous of the fame and popularity that Durgadas had acquired. Durgadas also started disliking Ajit for his character. Ajit Singh had murdered Mukund Das, who was a loyal noble of Marwar, and this caused Durgadas to drift away from Ajit. After the battle of Sambhar, Durgadas chose to pitch his camp away from Ajit to show his dissatisfaction.<ref name=KS>{{Cite book|first=V.S.|last=Bhatnagar|title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|pages=57, 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ|quote=The Saiyid returned to Kaladera where he was again routed by Durgadas. He then fled to Narnaul....After the victory at Sambhar, Durgadas who had played an important part in the encounter...}}</ref>

The victory of Ajit Singh was the culmination of Durgadas and other loyal courtiers who chose to remain loyal throughout the [[Rajput War (1679–1707)|Rathore rebellion]], however Durgadas was soon exiled by Ajit Singh and his name was erased from the Marwari chronicles after the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Battle of Sambhar]], in which Durgadas and [[Jai Singh II]] won a notable victory against the Mughals.<ref name=RZ/> The Mughals, however, continued to woo Durgadas. The Mughal Emperor offered Durgadas the title of Rao and a rank of 4,000 in the Mughal court and official Mughal records continued to write about him till his death. Durgadas was also invited by the Maharana [[Amar Singh II]] of Mewar who gave him the jagirs of Rampura and Vijaypur.<ref name=RH/>

== Death ==
[[File:DURGADAS CHHATRI.jpg|thumb|Canopy of Durgadas at Chakratirth, [[Ujjain]]]]
Durgadas left [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] and lived in [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] for some time, and then went to [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaal]] in [[Ujjain]]. On 22 November 1718, he died at the age of 81 on the banks of the [[Shipra River]] in Ujjain.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy and Honors ==
* Historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] sums up his legacy by commenting:

<Blockquote>A soul of honour, he kept the deserted daughter of Akbar free from every stain and provided her with every facility for Islamic religious training in the wilderness of Marwar. Fighting against terrible odds and a host of enemies on every side, with distrust and wavering among his own country-men, he kept the cause of his chieftain triumphant. Mughal gold could not seduce, Mughal arms could not daunt that constant heart. Almost alone among the Rathors he displayed the rare combination of the dash and reckless valour of a Rajput soldier with the tact, diplomacy and organizing power of a Mughal minister of State. No wonder that the Rathor bard should pray that every Rajput mother should have a son like Durgadas.<ref>{{Citation|work=History of Aurangzeb Vol 3|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.242801/page/n231/mode/1up?view=theater|page=|editor-last1=Sarkar|editor-first1=Jadunath|title=''Durgadas''}}</ref> </Blockquote>

* The government of India released a commemorative [[postage stamp]] for Durgadas Rathore in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA 1988 DURGADAS RATHORE MNH SINGLE STAMP |url=https://www.indphila.com/product/india-1988-durgadas-rathore-mnh-single-stamp/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Largest Online Dealer & Portal for Stamps of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Stamp of India - 1988 - Colnect 165262 - Durgadas Rathore.jpeg|200px|thumb|Durgadas Rathore on a postage stamp of Rs. 0.60 released on 26 August 1988]]

*In 2003, the Government of India issued commemorative coins of ₹1, ₹10, and ₹100 in honor of Durgadas Rathore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Rupee, India |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15794.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=en.numista.com |language=en}}</ref>
* A road in [[Ujjain]] named after him (Veer Durgadas Marg).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veer Durgadas Marg |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Veer+Durgadas+Marg,+Madhya+Pradesh/@23.1917347,75.7637597,604m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3963743181c13607:0x2a9da5c375975eb7!8m2!3d23.1917298!4d75.7663346!16s%2Fg%2F1hjgw3wyl?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTIxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=2024-12-22|website=Google Maps|language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Paintings of Durgadas by painter [[Archibald Herman Müller]] (1893) at [[Mehrangarh Museum]], Jodhpur and the Government Museum, [[Bikaner]].
* ''[[Durgadas (novel)|Durgadas]]'' is a [[children's literature]] novel written by [[Premchand]] based on his struggle.
* A play depicting the life of Durgadas was conducted in Jodhpur in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-052004-258180-NOR.html|title=दुर्ग गाथा|date=2017-10-13|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-10-15|language=hi}}</ref>
*Indian films based on his life include the [[Indian silent film|silent feature]] ''Veer Durgadas'' (1924) by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra and the 1960 biographical film ''[[Veer Durgadas]]'' by Ramchandra Thakur, starring [[Paidi Jairaj]] in the titular role.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 |access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* Amar Chitra Katha Comics have a great biographical comic on his name https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id005835307/Durgadas

== See also ==
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[Maharana Pratap]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Durgadas}}
[[Category:1638 births]]
[[Category:1718 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Marwar]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Pithipatis of Magadha

2025-11-29T08:40:16Z

Abhijit: added a pg basic info

{{Short description|Late medieval Buddhist dynasty in Magadha}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Pīṭhīpatis of Magadha
|common_name = Pithis
|religion = [[Buddhism]]<ref name=Amar2019>{{cite journal |last1=Amar |first1=Abhishek S. |title=Reassessing the Muslim Attacks and the Decline of Buddhist Monasteries in the Thirteenth Century Magadha |journal=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia |date=2019 |pages=48–75 |isbn=978-3-11-062986-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQaxDwAAQBAJ&q=Encountering+Buddhism+and+Islam+in+Premodern+Central+and+South+Asia}}</ref>
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|status =
|government_type =
|life_span =
|year_start = c. 1120
|year_end = c. 1290
|p1 = Pala Empire
|s1 = Delhi Sultanate
|image_map =
{{South Asia in 1175|center|| {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25|N |long=86|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=15}}}}
| map_caption = {{center|Approximate location of the Pithipatis ([[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|10px]]), with contemporary polities circa 1175.<ref name= Amar2019 /><ref name=Balogh2021 />}}
|event_start =
|date_start =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end =
|date_end =
|capital = [[Bodh Gaya]]
|leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader1 =
|year_leader2 =
|title_leader = }}
{{History of Bihar}}

The '''Pithipatis of Magadha'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=BN |title=The Pithipatis of Magadha |journal=Culture Through the Ages Prof. B.N. Puri Felicitation Volume |date=1996 |pages=145–160 |isbn=978-81-7320-019-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuZtAAAAMAAJ&q=BN%20Puri%20felicitation%20volume}}</ref> (also known as the '''Pithis''') were the rulers of [[Magadha]] from the 11th to 13th century CE in what is now [[Bihar]], [[India]]. They were centred in [[Bodh Gaya]] and Pithi refers to the [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|diamond throne]] where the [[Buddha]] was said to have gained enlightenment.<ref name=Balogh2021>{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Daniel |title=Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne |date=2021 |publisher=British Museum Research Publications |pages=40–58 |isbn=9780861592289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ}}</ref>

The Pithipati chiefs styled themselves with the title of [[Acarya]] in addition to Pīṭhīpati.<ref name=Balogh2021 /> Pithipati Buddhasena also termed himself as ''magadhādipati'' (ruler or [[Pati (title)|lord]] of Magadha).<ref name=Sircar1978>{{cite journal |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Bodhgayā Inscription of Pithipati Ācārya Buddhasena |journal=Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume |date=1978 |pages=255–256 |doi=10.1163/9789004646476_033 |isbn=978-90-04-64647-6 |url=https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004646476/B9789004646476_s033.xml|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The realm of the Pithipatis at its peak seems to have extended from the Magadha region up to the western and southern parts of [[Munger district]] as inscriptions of the Pithipatis have been found in these regions.{{sfn|Prasad|2021|p=389}}<ref name=Sinha1977>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=220 |url=https://archive.org/details/dynastic-history-of-magadha-cir.-450-1200-a.-d./page/219/mode/2up}}</ref>
[[File:Bodh gaya before restoration.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] prior to its restoration. The Pithipatis maintained authority over the temple for a period|293x293px]]

==Origin==
[[File:Inscription of Pithipati Jayasena.png|thumb|Inscription of Pithipati Jayasena inside the Mahabodhi Temple sanctum, 13th-century CE]]
The historian, [[Dineshchandra Sircar]], noted that the Pithipatis appear to have originally been religious authorities and priests before eventually coming into power themselves at some point in the 11th century during the Pala rule of the region and the Pithis themselves were likely subordinates of the Pala dynasty.<ref name=Sircar>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineshchandra |title=Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India |date=1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=31–32 |isbn=9788170170969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&dq=buddhasena+magadha&pg=PA31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarao |first1=KTS |title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |page=206 |isbn=9789811580673 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&q=Buddhasena}}</ref>

Pithipati inscriptions refer to the dynasty/clan name as ''Chinda'' and ''Chikkora''. Kumaradevī, the daughter of Devaraksita, calls her father a Chikkora, while a later descendant, Jayasena, calls his ancestors Chinda indicating the use of different family names. The Chindas/Chikkoras were descended from the [[Chindaka Naga]]s who ruled the [[Bastar district|Bastar region]] of what is now the modern-day state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. They were noblemen of the area who served as advisors to the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]]. Vallabharaja, the first Pithipati, arrived in Bodh Gaya and converted to [[Buddhism]], whereupon he adopted the monastic name of Devaraksita.<ref name=Balogh2021 />

==History==

[[File:Votive Stupa - Pala School - Circa 11th Century CE - Bodhgaya - Bihar - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2013-04-10 7822.JPG|thumb|Votive Stupa from 11th century Bodh Gaya]]

The first king of this dynasty was Vallabharāja whose rule of Bodh Gaya is confirmed by the Sarnath inscription of his daughter, Kumaradevi in the 12th century. Kumaradevi was one of the wives of [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] of the [[Gahadavala dynasty]]. Vallabharāja likely arrived in Bodh Gaya from the area of [[Ratanpur]] and began a campaign against [[Ramapala]].<ref name=Balogh2021 /> During this conflict, he established [[Bodh Gaya]] as his base of operations and conquered it from the previous ruling family known as the Yakspāla. It has been speculated that he was aided in his campaign by [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] and that Kumaradevi's marriage to Govindacharandra was part of the terms of this alliance. After gaining control of Bodh Gaya he converted to [[Buddhism]] and took on the new name, ''Devaraksita''. At this point, he made peace with the Palas by marrying the daughter of Mahana Pala (uncle of Ramapala).<ref name=Balogh2021 />

The Pithipatis were contemporaries and neighbours of the Gahadavalas to the west, the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] to the east and the [[Karnats of Mithila]] to the north.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhary |first1=Radha Krishna |title=THE KARṆĀTS OF MITHILĀ, (C. 1097-1355 A. D.) |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1954 |volume=35 |issue=1/4 |pages=91–121|jstor=41784923 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784923}}</ref> In one incident that has been recorded in the ''Puruṣaparīkṣā'' of the 15th-century poet, [[Vidyapati]], the Karnat prince, [[Malladeva]], in an attempt to prove his valour, led an expedition that ousted the ruler of the "Chikkora dynasty" from his throne in Bodh Gaya. At the time, the ruler would have been an aged Devaraksita. In response, the Gahadavala King, possibly [[Jayachandra]], sent a force that defeated Malladeva and restored Devaraksita or his son Deśarāja to the throne of Bodh Gaya.<ref name=Balogh2021 />

The Pithi chiefs were also noted for providing land to visiting [[Sri Lanka]]n monks in Bodh Gaya so that they could build a monastery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Gyan |title=Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=15 |isbn=9780521526586 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC}}</ref> Inscriptions from the period detail the granting of land to the ''Singhalasangha'' by Acarya Buddhasena. It also details how a nearby village called Kottahala was granted to a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] monk called Mangalavamsin for the maintenance of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]].{{sfn|Prasad|2021|p=423}}

===Islamic invasion and decline===
During the reign of Acarya Pithi Buddhasena, the region began to experience raids from [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] invaders and the Pithipatis were forced to swear fealty to them. This is detailed in the memoirs of the [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] pilgrim, [[Dharmasvamin]] who visited Bodh Gaya in 1234–35.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Anand |title='Destruction' and 'Decline' of Nālandā Mahāvihāra: Prejudices and Praxis |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |date=2013 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=23–49 |jstor=43854933 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854933}}</ref> Dharmasvamin states that Buddhasena had retreated with his soldiers into a forest and they had left the Mahabodhi temple fortified for its protection with just four monks present at the site.<ref name= Amar2019 />

==Relations with neighbours==
The sway of the Pithipatis at its peak seems to have extended from the Gaya and Magadha region up to the western and southern parts of Munger district as an inscription from a Pithipati ruler has been found in the village of Arma in Munger.<ref name= Sinha1977 /><ref name= Sircar1978 /> The [[Ramacharitam]] notes that the Pithipatis paid a nominal nod to the [[Pala Empire]] but managed their own internal affairs. It is likely that once the Pala dynasty ended they switched their allegiance to other powers although they seem to have regained their power following the invasion of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]. Inscriptional evidence shows they may have helped in repairing the [[Odantapuri]] monastery situated 70 km from Bodh Gaya.<ref name=Balogh2021 /> A thirteenth-century stone inscription also confirms that the Pithipatis donated land to the [[Telhara monastery]]. The 13th century Tibetan pilgrim, [[Dharmasvamin]], also writes about how the Pithipati kings patronised the monks of [[Nalanda]] including the abbot at the time, [[Rahula Shribhadra]].<ref name= Amar2019 />

==Sarnath inscription of Kumaradevī==
[[File:Inscription of Kumaradevi the Queen of Gahadawala king Govindachandra, which refers the construction of Dharmachkra-Jin-Vihara at Sarnath, 12th century CE.jpg|thumb|Inscription of Kumaradevi, daughter of Pithipati Devaraksita, which refers the construction of [[:Commons:Category:Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara|Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara]] at [[Sarnath]], and the invasions of the "wicked" [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s. 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Konow |first1=Sten |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol. 9 |date=1907 |pages=319–330 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date=11 February 2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-638-6 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecbPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Kumaradevī, the wife of [[Gahadavala]] king, [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] left an inscription in [[Sarnath]] indicating her [[Buddhist]] faith and that her father was Devaraksita who was a member of the ''Chikkora'' dynasty.<ref name=Balogh2021 /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Niyogi |first1=Roma |title=The History of the Gāhadavāla Dynasty |date=1959 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Book Agency |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Balogh states that Kumaradevī, the daughter of Pithipati Devaraksita, was married to Govindachandra as part of an alliance between the two kingdoms which was formed to counter the Palas.<ref name=Balogh2021 />

==List of rulers==
Rough dates for the period of rule that each of the Pithipati kings reigned for:<ref name=Balogh2021 />
*Vallabharāja (Name changed to Devaraksita after conversion) (1120–1160 CE)
*Deśarāja (1160–1180 CE)
*Devasthira (1180–1200 CE)
*Buddhasena (1200–1240 CE)
*Pūrnabhadra (1240–1255)
*Jayasena (1255–1280)

After Jayasena, other rulers followed, of which less is known, including Sangharaksita, Buddhasena II and Madhusena.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Birendra Nath |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000416756 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEkgEAAAQBAJ&q=Archaeology+of+Religion+in+South+Asia:+Buddhist,+Brahmanical+and+Jaina+Religious+Centres+in+Bihar+and+Bengal,+c.+AD+600–1200}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Magadha]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments]]

Indian Ordnance Factories .32 Revolver

2025-11-17T08:48:13Z

Abhijit: brief enhanced layout for consistency also and updated info for clarity

{{Infobox weapon
|name=IOF 0.32" Revolver
| image= IOF-32-REV-1.JPG
| image_size = 300
|caption=
|origin=India
|type=[[Revolver]]
|is_ranged=yes
|design_date=1995
|manufacturer=[[Small Arms Factory, Kanpur]]
|production_date=1996–present
|variants=
|weight={{convert|700|g|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|177.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|part_length={{convert|76.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|cartridge=[[.32 S&W Long]] (7.65x23mm)
|caliber=.32 (7.65 mm)
|action=[[Double-action revolver]], [[break action]]
|rate=
|feed=6-round cylinder
|sights=Fixed [[Iron sight|open sights]]
}}

'''IOF .32 Revolver''' (also known as '''IOF 32 Revolver''') is a six-shot revolver designed and manufactured by [[Field Gun Factory, Kanpur]].<ref name="OFB">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729030819/https://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/3.htm|archivedate=2019-07-29|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/3.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board|website=ofbindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="gunaccessories">{{Cite web |url=http://gunaccessory.com/32_IOF_Revolver/default.htm |title=Gun Accessory Default Page |access-date=2011-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705101839/http://gunaccessory.com/32_IOF_Revolver/default.htm |archive-date=2012-07-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Design==
{{Main|Webley Revolver}}
The IOF .32 revolver is based on the [[Webley Revolver#The Webley Mk IV .38/200 Service Revolver|Webley Mk IV]] [[.38 S&W]] revolver, specifically the [[Singapore Police Force]] version with a safety catch.

The smaller caliber was chosen so that it would be legal for civilian ownership under Indian law.

The revolver is a 'Break Action' self-extracting revolver<ref name="gunaccessories2">{{Cite web |title=Gun Accessories Load Page |url=http://gunaccessory.com/32_IOF_Revolver/load.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218092321/http://www.gunaccessory.com/32_IOF_Revolver/load.htm |archive-date=2017-12-18 |access-date=2011-01-19}}</ref> and uses the [[.32 Smith & Wesson Long]] (7.65mm x 23mm) cartridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ordnance Factory Board |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/sc/12.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730095047/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/sc/12.htm |archivedate=2019-07-30 |website=ofbindia.gov.in}}</ref>

The revolver is priced at Rs.79,263 (approx. $1100 [[USD]] in late 2020) (ex-[[Kanpur]]) due to a lack of competition from private manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ofbindia.nic.in/index.php?wh=Sporting |title=Arms&lang=hi 0.32" Revolver Total price (including taxes) |access-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204232011/http://www.ofbindia.nic.in/index.php?wh=Sporting |archive-date=2014-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Variants==

=== Nirbheek ===
{{Main|Nirbheek}}
Lightweight titanium frame version.

=== ANMOL ===
Longer barrel steel frame version.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/product/products/category/civil-trade---arms-details |title=Civil Trade - Arms Details |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Webley Revolver]]
*[[Prabal]]
*[[Nidar (revolver)|Nidar]]
*[[Nirbheek]]
* [[Ashani pistol]]
* [[IOF .22 revolver|IOF .22 Revolver]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/3000/3045.htm Indian 32-caliber IOR-Mk1 revolver]
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}

{{commons category|Indian Ordnance Factories .32 revolver}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:IOF .32 Revolver}}
[[Category:Revolvers of India]]
[[Category:.32 S&W Long firearms]]
[[Category:Break-action firearms]]

N. N. Kakkad

2025-11-14T04:03:31Z

Abhijit: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian poet (1927–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = N. N. Kakkad
| image = ANNKakkad.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1927|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Avitanallur]], [[British India]] ([[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1987|1|6|1927|7|14}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Teacher, poet, essayist, translator
| movement =
| genre =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Saphalmee Yathra''|''Pathalathinde Muzhakkam''|''Changatham''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse= Sreedevi Kakkad
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|1985 [[Odakkuzhal Award]]|1985 [[Cherukad Award]]|1986 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]|1986 [[Vayalar Award]]|1989 [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]]}}
}}
'''Narayanan Nambuthiri Kakkad''' (14 July 1927 – 6 January 1987), commonly known as '''N. N. Kakkad''', was an Indian poet of the [[Malayalam language]]. Known for works such as ''Saphalmee Yathra'', ''Pathalathinde Muzhakkam'' and ''Changatham'', he was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and was known to have been proficient in painting and music. He was a recipient of several awards including [[Odakkuzhal Award]], [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] and [[Vayalar Award]].

==Biography==
Kakkad was born on 14 July 1927 at [[Avitanallur]] of [[Kozhikode district]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], in an orthodox [[Brahmin]] family to Kakkad Valiya Narayanan Namboothiri and Devaki Antharjanam.<ref name="സഫലമീ കാവ്യയാത്ര">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/n-n-kakkad-malayalam-news-1.1202099 |title=സഫലമീ കാവ്യയാത്ര |last=ശിവാനന്ദ് |first=അഖില്‍ |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422064056/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/n-n-kakkad-malayalam-news-1.1202099 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His early education was in [[Sanskrit]] in the traditional way and he also studied painting, classical music and flute. It was only at the age of 16, he could start his formal education which at the 6th standard and in 1943, he joined the Zamorin's High School, Kozhikode in 7th standard. Two years later, he moved to [[Vivekodayam Boys Higher Secondary School|Vivekodayam High School]] from where he completed schooling and joined [[Sree Kerala Varma College]] in 1948, where he had the opportunity to study under [[N. V. Krishna Warrier]], the noted poet and scholar, who nurtured his literary skills.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/Kakkadgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> After earning the graduate degree of BOL, he started his career as a teacher at [[Naduvannur]] High School but his tenure there was short-lived as he resigned following a dispute with the school management to move to a tutorial college in Kozhikode. Later, he switched to broadcasting by joining the Kozhikode station of the [[All India Radio]]<ref name="N. N. Kakkad - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/n._n._kakkad-profile-2261-25.htm |title=N. N. Kakkad - Veethi profile |date=2019-04-22 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> as a script writer and spent the rest of his career there to superannuate in 1985 as a producer.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Kakkad was married to Sreedevi, the marriage taking place on 25 April 1955.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He died on 6 January 1987, at the age of 59, succumbing to cancer.<ref name="'ആര്‍ദ്രമീ ധനുമാസരാവില്‍...'">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/ardramee-dhanumasa-ravukalonnil-n-n-kakkad-1.2508495 |title=ആര്‍ദ്രമീ ധനുമാസരാവില്‍... |last=എന്‍ |first=ഡോ അദിതി |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422065311/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/ardramee-dhanumasa-ravukalonnil-n-n-kakkad-1.2508495 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
He started writing poetry during his school days.<ref name="Monograph on a poet">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/br/2003/07/08/stories/2003070800040301.htm |title=Monograph on a poet |last=Bhaskar |first=B.R.P. |date=8 July 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> His first book, ''Salabha Geetham'', appeared in 1957, followed by ten other books of poetry and three essay compilations.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> He is considered by many critics as a pioneer of [[avant-garde]] poetry in Malayalam<ref>'' Malayala Kavithasahithya Charithram''; [[M. Leelavathy]], [[Kerala Sahithya Akademy]], [[Trichur]]</ref><ref name="The Book Review">{{cite book|title=The Book Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ngsAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications}}</ref> and as one of the founders of modernist movement in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="A Journey Of Fulfilment : N.N. Kakkad (1927-87)">{{Cite journal |title=A Journey Of Fulfilment : N.N. Kakkad (1927-87) |journal = Indian Literature|volume = 41|issue = 1 (183)|last=Vishwanathan |first=R. |date=1998 |pages=136–138 |jstor = 23341307}}</ref><ref name="Tarakan1990">{{cite book|author=Ke. Eṃ Tarakan|title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=K.M. Tharakan}}</ref> ''Kanwan'' and ''Nineteen Sixty Three'', published in [[Mathrubhumi weekly]] in early 1960s revealed [[T. S. Eliot|Eliotean]] influence and established him as a modern poet. ''Saphalamee Yathra'', which fetched him a number of awards and considered by many as his magnum opus was published in 1985. Two of his works, ''Nadan Chinthukal'' and ''Pakalaruthikku Munpu'', were published after his death.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Kakkad was also involved in politics, starting as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] but later, moving to the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Monograph on a poet" /> He unsuccessfully contested the Malabar District Board elections from [[Balussery]] under the Communist banner and was an office bearer of the All India Radio Staff Association.<ref name="സഫലമീ കാവ്യയാത്ര" /> He also sat in the councils of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], Kerala Sahitya Samithi, Vallathol Vidyapeedam, Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Awards and honours ==
Kakkad received the [[Odakkuzhal Award]] in 1985 for his work, ''Saphalamee Yathra'';<ref name="Winners of Odakkuzhal Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/odakkuzhal-award/576 |title=Winners of Odakkuzhal Award |date=2019-04-22 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> and the [[Cherukad Award]] for the poetry anthology, ''Kavitha'', the same year.<ref name="Cherukad Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/cherukad-award/581 |title=Cherukad Award |date=2019-04-22 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] selected ''Saphalamee Yathra'' for their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry|annual award for poetry]] in 1986<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626195512/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received one more award in 1986, the [[Vayalar Award]], ''Saphalamee Yathra'' again fetching him the honour.<ref name="Winners of Vayalar Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/vayalar-award/575 |title=Winners of Vayalar Award |date=2019-04-22 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> He received the 1989 [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]] as a posthumous honor.<ref name="Winners of Asan Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/asan-prize/582 |title=Winners of Asan Prize |date=2019-04-22 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

==Works==
=== Poetry ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://14.139.185.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32241&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kakkad%252C%2520N%2520N%2522 |title=Salaba Geetham |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. |date=1957 |publisher=Current Books |edition=1 |location=Thrissur }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |title=Agniradham |last=N. N. Kakkad |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=978-8130008295 |location=Kozhikode|page=224}}
* {{cite book|author=N. N. Kakkad|title=Pathalathinte Muzhakkam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eD1TJQAACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76062&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Vajrakundalam |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |title=Saphalamee Yathra |last=N. N. Kakkad |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=1985 |isbn=8182648726 |location=Kochi|id= {{ASIN|8182648726|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78303&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Kavitha |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. |date=1980}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Nanni Thiruvoname Nanni |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=219263&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kakkad%2520%252CN.N.%2522 |title=Ayirathi thollayirathi Arupathi moonnu |last=Kakkad. N. N |date=1970 |publisher=Poorna publications |location=Poorna publications }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=45709 |title=Itha Ashramamrugam Kollu, Kollu |last=N. N.Kakkad |publisher=BR Book Publishers |year=1986 |location=Payyannur}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Pakalaruthikku Munpu |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214568&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Nadan chinthukal |last=N N Kakkad |date=1987 |publisher=Malayalam Publication, Kozhikode |location=Malayalam Publication, Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Kachacharitham (Kalam[pattu) |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Kachavrutham |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Sishyanaya Guru |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
* {{cite book|author=N. N. Kakkad|title=Kakkadinte Krithikal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWlkAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Current Books|page=591}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kakkadinte Kavithakal |last=N. N. Kakkad |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-8182650862 |location=Kochi}}
{{div col end}}

=== Essays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26962&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Avalokanam |last=Kakkadu |first=N. N. |date=1986 |location=Kottayam, SPCS}}
* {{cite book|author=N. N.Kakkad|title=Kavithayum Paramparyavum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3AZAAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Vallathol Vidyapeedam|page=98}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadbooks.htm |title=Saparivaram Poojakal |last=Kakkad |first=N. N. }}
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=N.N. Kakkad - Monograph of a Poet |author=Ramakrishnan, Desamangalam |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2003 |location=New Delhi |language=en|author-link=Desamangalam Ramakrishnan }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=211556&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Kakkadinte kavitha |date=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahithya Samithi |location=Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=208969&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Kakkad: Kaviyum Kavithayum |last=Paul |first=Manalil |date=1993 |publisher=Grandakartha, Kottayam |location=Grandakartha, Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=229828&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Kakkadinte kavyakala |last=Geetha |first=N. |date=2002 |publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=234336&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kakkad |title=Kakkadinte kavitha |last=Raghava Varier |first=M. R. |date=2015 |publisher=Vallathol Vidhyapeedam |isbn=9789383570218 |location=Sukapuram}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkad.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/NNKakkad/Html/NNKakkadScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pARKo3zomIA |title=N N Kakkad Memories |last=asianetnews |date=2015-01-05 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-22}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6xVI5f94r0 |title=Safalamee yathra ( N. N. Kakkad ) |last=Shiby Bijilal |date=2016-09-23 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-22}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2rqrgl |title=Ardramee Dhanumasa Ravukalil- NN Kakkad. |website=Dailymotion |date=28 May 2015 |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22}}
* {{cite book|author=E. V. Ramakrishnan|title=Making it new: modernism in Malayalam, Marathi, and Hindi poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfRmAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Studies|isbn=9788185952260}}

{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakkad, N. N.}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]

Periyakulam block

2025-11-11T03:49:58Z

Abhijit: added info

{{Multiple issues|
{{onesource|date=August 2020}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2025}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ta|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Periyakulam block''' is a revenue block in the [[Theni district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 17 panchayat villages.

== References ==
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Theni district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=25|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=31 August 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233256/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=25|url-status=dead}}

{{Theni district}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Theni district]]

{{Theni-geo-stub}}

Satyabadi Assembly constituency

2025-10-20T05:09:11Z

Abhijit: fixed issues

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Satyabadi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Satyabadi
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 109
| type = SLA
| map_image = 109-Satyabadi.svg
| map_caption = Satyabadi Assembly Constituency in [[Puri district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Puri district|Puri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,15,326 {{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Satyabadi''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415004304/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=109|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Satyabadi (109) District: Puri|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Satyabadi block and Kanas block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp55.htm|title= 55 - Satyabadi Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|
bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|53.33}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.45}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.56}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|42.51}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.23}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.39}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.51}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.55}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|55.68}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|46.99}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Satyabadi constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title= Satyabadi Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/satyabadi.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Satyabadi Assembly Election Results 2024: Satyabadi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/satyabadi-constituency-result-18109 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Umakanta Samantaray]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Ramaranjan Baliarsingh]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Chandramadhab Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Rabindra Kumar Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chandramadhab Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Gangadhar Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Chandramadhab Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Gangadhar Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Rajraj Deb
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nilakantha Das]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sanjay Kumar Das Burma|Sanjaya Kumar Dash Barma]] by a margin of 17,708 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Satyabadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
|votes = 87,294
|percentage = 53.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Das Burma]]
|votes = 69,586
|percentage = 42.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kamakshya Prasad Pradhan
|votes = 2,557
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Rath
|votes = 2,199
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 477
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,708
|percentage = 10.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,672
|percentage = 76.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Umakanta Samantaray]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]] by a margin of 17,812 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Satyabadi<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal
|candidate=[[Umakanta Samantaray]]
|votes=80,537
|percentage=51.45
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
|votes=62,725
|percentage=40.07
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
|votes=11,273
|percentage=7.20
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=655
|percentage=0.42
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=17,812
|percentage=11.38
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,56,528
|percentage=75.03
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner=Biju Janata Dal
|loser=Independent
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Umakanta Samantaray]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramaranjan Baliarsingh by a margin of 1,532 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Satyabadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=[[Umakanta Samantaray]]
|votes=48,319
|percentage=33.52
|change=''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal
|candidate=Ramaranjan Baliarsingh
|votes=46,787
|percentage=32.46
|change=''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
|votes=25,905
|percentage=17.97
|change=''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party= Independent
|candidate=[[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
|votes= 15,068
|percentage=10.45
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Biswanath Rath
|votes=5,550
|percentage=3.85
|change=''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=683
|percentage=0.47
|change=''-''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=1,532
|percentage=1.06
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,44,132
|percentage=75.17
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner=Independent politician
|loser=Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Umakanta Samantaray]] by a margin of 8,280 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=4886 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Satyabadi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
|votes = 44,862
|percentage = 35.56
|change = {{down}}4.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Umakanta Samantaray]]
|votes = 36,582
|percentage = 29.00
|change = {{up}}16.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramaranjan Baliarsingh
|votes = 31,987
|percentage = 25.35
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krushna Chandra Jagadev
|votes = 7,914
|percentage = 6.27
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,280
|percentage = 6.56{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,26,165
|percentage = 70.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{down}}0.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Puri district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|19.95|85.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Puri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]