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Indian Institute of Management Guwahati

2026-05-08T16:44:51Z

Abesh Purkait: made a stub

{{Short description|Management school in India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Guwahati
| native_name = Bhāratīya Prabaṃdha Saṃsthāna Guwahati {{small|([[Hindi]] - [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]])}}
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| image_name =
| caption =
| other_name = IIMG or IIM Guwahati
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Public university|Public]], [[business school]] ([[Institute of National Importance|INI]])
| established = {{Start date and age|August 2025}}
| accreditation =
| affiliation = [[List of autonomous higher education institutes in India|Autonomous]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| chairperson =
| director =
| dean =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| address =
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| postalcode =
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| campus_size =
| language = English
| colours =
| nickname =
| logo = https://www.iimg.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/IIM-Guwahati-Green1.png
| logo_upright =
| website = {{URL|https://www.iimg.ac.in/}}
| coordinates =
| mottolang =
}}
The '''Indian Institute of Management Guwahati''' ('''IIM Guwahati''' or '''IIM-G''') is a public business school located in [[Guwahati|Guwahati, Assam]], India. Established in 2025 through the Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill, 2025,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-19 |title=Lok Sabha passes bill to set up Indian Institute of Management in Guwahati |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-indian-institute-of-management-in-guwahati/articleshow/123385579.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> it is the 22nd institution to be added under the Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill, 2025, granting it the status of an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institution of National Importance]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=IIM Guwahati to start academic session this year: Dharmendra Pradhan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iim-guwahati-to-start-academic-session-this-year-dharmendra-pradhan-101755689498058.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-21 |title=After LS, RS passes bill to set up new IIM in Guwahati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/after-ls-rs-passes-bill-to-set-up-new-iim-in-guwahati/articleshow/123416643.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:IIM-Guwahati-Green1.png|thumb]]
The establishment of IIM Guwahati is part of a broader initiative to enhance educational infrastructure in the north-eastern region of India.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2025-08-20 |title=Parliament clears Bill to establish Assam's first IIM in Guwahati |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/parliament-clears-bill-to-establish-assams-first-iim-in-guwahati/articleshow/123411725.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approved the bill to set up the institute, marking it as the second IIM in the Northeast after [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]], which was established in 2007.<ref name=":0" /> The central government has committed an investment of ₹555 crore over five years (2025–2030) for the development of the institution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Bill to set up IIM Guwahati introduced in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bill-to-set-up-iim-guwahati-introduced-in-lok-sabha-101755515393941.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=Cabinet clears bill for new IIM in Guwahati, 2nd in North East |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-clears-bill-for-new-iim-in-guwahati-2nd-in-north-east/articleshow/123260748.cms |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

IIM Guwahati will be mentored by [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]] and is set to commence its academic session in the current year.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=New IIM in Guwahati gets Parliament nod; admissions to begin this academic year |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/new-iim-in-guwahati-gets-parliament-nod-admissions-to-begin-this-academic-year-q12cnphg |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Initially, classes will be held at a temporary campus provided by the state, with plans for a permanent campus in [[Palasbari]], [[Kamrup district]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-19 |title=LS passes bill to set up IIM in Guwahati; second in NE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ls-passes-bill-to-set-up-iim-in-guwahati-second-in-ne/articleshow/123393245.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The establishment of IIM Guwahati is expected to foster regional development by attracting talent and fostering economic growth in the Northeast.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Indian Institutes of Management}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management]]
[[Category:Business schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2025]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]

Yamuna Biodiversity Park

2026-05-04T17:31:23Z

Abesh Purkait: Created the article w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Yamuna biodiversity park
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| map_width = 208
| type = Natural area
| location = Jagatpur Khadar, Wazirabad, [[Delhi]]
| nearest_city = Sangam Vihar
| coords = {{coord|28.7341761|N|77.2146663|E|region:IN-HR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| created = {{Start date|2015}}
| area = 457 Acres
| operator = [[Delhi Development Authority]]
| visitation_num =
| status = Open
| designation =
| open =
}}
'''Yamuna Biodiversity Park''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-butterfly-park-in-yamuna-biodiversity-park/articleshow/7056163.cms |title=The Butterfly Park in Yamuna Biodiversity Park |last=Koner |first=Kamalkant |date=2010-12-07 |work=The Economic Times |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> located on [[Yamuna]] river front is a 457 acres biodiversity area in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/yamuna-biodiversity-park-leopard-captured-to-be-taken-out-of-delhi-4421121/ |title=Yamuna Biodiversity Park: Leopard captured, to be taken out of capital |date=2016-12-11 |work=The Indian Express |location=India |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/a-wildlife-success-story-leopard-caught-on-camera-at-yamuna-biodiversity-park/story-AeEIDhuDIuybz0fAeqx2LM.html |title=A wildlife success story? Leopard caught on camera at Yamuna Biodiversity Park |date=2016-11-23 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref name=dec1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/496978/sscientists-engaged-develop-four-biodiversity.html Scientists engaged to develop four biodiversity parks], ''Deccan Herald'', 23 August 2015.</ref><ref name=newbio2>[https://dda.org.in/greens/biodiv/aravalli-biodiversity-park.html DDA biodiversity parks].</ref> It is developed by Delhi Development Authority (DDA) with the technical help of Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Jain
|first=Ashok Kumar
|date=2009
|title=Low Carbon City: Policy, Planning and Practice
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DNg39u56pIAC
|location= India
|publisher=Discovery Publishing House
|page= 329
|isbn=978-8183564687

}}</ref> It serves as an ideal alternative habitat for migratory and resident bird species. It also is designed to conserve the wild [[genetic resources]] of agricultural crops and enhance [[groundwater recharge]] and augment freshwater availability.

==History==


{{Wildlife of India}}

Delhi has 7554 hectares of fragmented forests which are deprived of wild animals due to unplanned urbanisation, and of the 400 wetlands, fewer than 3 or 4 were left. In 2015, Delhi already had [[Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon|Aravalli Biodiversity Park]] and Yamuna biodiversity park. [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) engaged the scientist of [[Delhi University]] to develop four more biodiversity parks in Delhi, including the Northern ridge biodiversity park (Kamla Nehru Ridge), [[Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park]], [[Neela Hauz biodiversity park]] and Phase 2 of the Yamuna Biodiversity Park.<ref name=dec1/> Phase I of Yamuna biodiversity park focused on barren floodplains commenced in 2005 and phase-2 focused on the active floodplains commenced in 2015.<ref name=newbio1/>

==Restoration==
In 2005 restoration of floodplains of Yamuna commenced, which had been lying barren due to [[Soil salinity|sodic soil]] making it difficult for plants to grow. In Phase-I, 157 acres ecosystem was restored by developing two wetlands, a grassland and forest communities. Native plant species were reintroduced to reduce the salt content in the soil.<ref name=newbio1>[http://www.millenniumpost.in/government-takes-steps-to-restore-biodiversity-of-kamala-nehru-ridge-41733 Government takes steps to restore biodiversity of Kamala Nehru ridge], Millennium Post, 14 October 2014.</ref> The pH level (scale of acidity) of the soil was not neutral and detrimental to the success of the native Indian plants. Researchers from Delhi University had to plant one specific species of grass that brought the pH level from 10 to seven (neutral) level.<ref name=indexp1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/from-barren-land-to-rich-ecosystem-story-behind-yamuna-biodiversity-park-5743228/ From barren land to rich ecosystem: Story behind Yamuna Biodiversity Park], The Indian Express, 23 May 2019.</ref>

===Flora===
According to Prof. C R Babu of Delhi University, initially only mongooses, lizards and 31 species of birds were there in the park up until 2004.<ref name=indexp1/>
By 2014 the biodiversity park already had 900 species of native plants. The native species reintroduced included [[Adina (plant)|adina]], [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[teak]] and [[hardwickia]].<ref name=newbio1/> As of 2019, it has about 1,500 species of plants and animals, and 200 species of birds.<ref name=indexp1/>

===Fauna===
By 2014, the wetlands was already attracting thousands of [[migratory bird]]s from Siberia, Central Asia and Europe. It had 200 species of birds, 75 species of butterflies, 10 species of snakes, and big mammals like [[porcupine]], [[small Indian civet]] and [[wild boar]]s.<ref name=newbio1/>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi Ridge]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana]]
* [[Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Delhi]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2015]]

Murari (2001 film)

2026-05-03T19:12:34Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{short description|2001 Telugu film by Krishna Vamsi}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murari
| image = Murari poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Krishna Vamsi '''Dialogues''': [[Sobhan]]
| producer = N Devi Prasad Ramalingeswara Rao Gopi Nandigam
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu Ghattamaneni|Mahesh Babu]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Sukumari]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = Krishna Vamsi
| studio = Ram Prasad Arts
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| runtime = 170 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/murari-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizmzm2|title=Murari|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2001|02|17|df=y}}
| budget = {{INR|5 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-17 |title=20 Years of Murari: 5 Lesser-known Facts of Mahesh Babu's maiden blockbuster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/20-years-of-murari-5-lesser-known-facts-of-mahesh-babus-maiden-blockbuster/photostory/81048051.cms?picid=81048059 |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| gross = 

₹30 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=కల్ట్ క్లాసిక్ మురారికి 25 ఏళ్ళు….బిజినెస్ అండ్ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్!! |url=https://t2blive.com/murari-25years-complete-business-details/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Murari''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)#Family_drama|family drama]] film written and directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]]. It stars [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] in the lead roles, while [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Sukumari]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] and [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] play supporting roles. The film features music composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and cinematography by [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|Ram Prasad]]. It marks the Telugu debut of Sonali Bendre and action choreographer [[Peter Hein]]. Additionally, it serves as the final on-screen appearance of veteran actor [[Dhulipala]].

The film follows Murari, a carefree young man from a [[zamindar]] family plagued by a [[Ancestral sin|generational curse]] from Goddess [[Durga]] since the mid-19th century. Every 48 years, the male heir succumbs to the curse in their early 30s despite numerous rituals to break it. Murari, the current heir, must confront and overcome the curse through his spiritual resolve.

''Murari'' was released on 17 February 2001 to positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success, grossing over ₹21 crore at the box office in its original run, with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹13 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Telugu movies that define superstar Mahesh Babu's career |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/top-mahesh-babu-telegu-movies |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Vogue India |date=26 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It was a comeback for Babu after the failures of his previous movies, ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' and ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]''. The film won three [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]. It was later remade in Kannada as ''[[Gopi (2006 Kannada film)|Gopi]]'' (2006)<ref name="Remake">{{Cite web |title=Gopi: Even Murali fails to save it |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/07gopi.htm |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Rediff.com|quote= Manisharma has retained the original tunes}}</ref> and inspired the Tamil film ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003), starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp|date=15 May 2003|work=Chennai Online|title=Puthiya Geethai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210185457/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp|archive-date=10 February 2005}}</ref>. ''Murari'' was also dubbed into Hindi as ''Rowdy Cheetah''. ''Murari'' was re released on the occasion of Mahesh Babu's 49th birthday on August 9, 2024 where it earned an additional {{INR}}9 crore in its run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2025 |title=Top Re Release Movies Collections RECORDS |url=https://t2blive.com/top-re-release-movies-collections-records/ |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the 19th century, a greedy alcoholic [[zamindar]] attempts to steal a [[panchaloha]] idol of the principal deity, [[Durga]], from a temple during the inauspicious [[Amavasya]] phase. The zamindar, who hoped to repay his loans from the [[British Raj|British]], is killed along with the Britishers, and the goddess curses his family, resulting in the deaths of the male heirs every forty-eight years.

In 2001, Murari, the youngest child of the zamindar's family, is the next heir to face the curse. His mother has died, and his paternal grandmother Sabari, who lost her husband due to the curse forty-eight years ago, is concerned for Murari's safety. Murari is loved and respected by his family, which includes his father Sathipandu, his grandmother Sabari, and his elder brothers Seenayya, Baachi, and Soori, along with their wives and children. Murari is especially close to his eldest sister-in-law Gopi, whom he admires deeply.

Murari’s family is estranged from Gopi’s maternal family, headed by her uncle and foster father Chanti, due to issues caused by Chanti's alcoholic son, Rambabu, during Gopi's wedding. As a result, Gopi is allowed to visit her family alone, and the rest of the family avoids contact with them. Vasundhara "Vasu", Chanti's daughter, is an agricultural student who has come to the city to study. Murari believes that Gopi has refrained from having children to avoid the possibility of losing her affection for him.

Murari accompanies Gopi to her village to bring her happiness, and there, he flirts with Vasu and falls in love with her. After a confrontation with Rambabu, Murari returns home while Gopi stays behind to complete some rituals. Meanwhile, Murari’s family priest realises that Murari is the next intended victim of the curse but keeps this knowledge from Sabari. Vasu leaves for Hyderabad, missing Murari. Upon the insistence of Sathipandu, who is aware of Murari's feelings for Vasu, Murari follows her to Hyderabad. He confesses his love for her, and Vasu, unbeknownst to her family, agrees to stay with Murari and his family under the pretext of conducting research, as part of Sathipandu's plan. Over time, Murari successfully convinces his family to accept his relationship with Vasu.

When Murari informs Sabari about his wish to marry Vasu, Sabari is initially about to accept, but the family priest reveals the truth about the curse and warns her that Murari will die and Vasu would be widowed at a young age. Sabari, fearing the consequences, objects to the marriage without revealing the reason. Misinterpreting Sabari's last-minute decision to be an act of revenge for the family feud, Rambabu quickly arranges for Vasu to marry Bullabayi, a greedy man. In the meantime, Sabari has Murari perform several rituals to counter the curse. Chanti, arriving at the temple, informs everyone about Vasu's impending marriage.

Murari decides to rescue Vasu but is stopped by Sabari. The family accuses her of using Vasu to seek revenge on the other family due to their feud. At this point, the priest reveals the truth about the curse and Sabari's efforts to protect Murari. Shocked by the revelation, the family supports Murari's decision to save Vasu. Murari sets out to rescue Vasu, who escapes with the help of her mother and other women. As Murari attempts to save Vasu from Bullabayi, he is stabbed by him. Despite his injury, Murari continues his journey to the temple, carrying an unconscious Vasu, to complete the necessary [[Abhisheka|Abhishekam]] ritual.

Soori learns of Murari’s injury and arranges for medical treatment, without informing the family. Rambabu later attacks Murari, but during the struggle, the idol of Durga undergoes Rakthabhishekam, an offering of blood, as Murari carries the idol. Vasu regains consciousness and informs Gopi that Murari was stabbed. Murari completes the ritual and faints, but his condition worsens.

In a desperate attempt to save Murari, Sabari sacrifices herself by drowning in the river, offering herself as a sacrifice to satisfy the goddess. As a result, the curse is lifted, and Murari recovers. In the aftermath, Murari and Vasu marry, seeking blessings from the goddess and from Sabari's portrait.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Murari
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Vasundhara "Vasu", Murari's love interest later turned into wife (Voice-over by [[S. P. Sailaja]])
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Gopala "Gopi" Krishna Maheswari, Murari's eldest sister-in-law and adoptive mother
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Seenayya, Murari's elder brother
* [[Sukumari]] as Sabari, Murari's paternal grandmother
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Sathipandu, Murari's father
* [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Chanti, Vasu's father and Gopi's foster father
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Chanti's wife and Vasu's mother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Ammulu, Gopi and Vasu's cousin
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Seenayya, Murari's eldest brother and Gopi's husband
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Soori, Murari's third eldest brother
* Anitha Chowdary as Soori's wife and Murari's third eldest sister-in-law
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Baachi, Murari's second eldest brother
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Baachi's wife and Murari's second eldest sister-in-law
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Rambabu, Vasu's brother and Gopi's foster brother
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Gundu, Murari's friend
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Bullabbayi, Vasu's cousin
* [[Lakshmipati (actor)|Lakshmipati]] as Vaali, Bullabbayi's sidekick
* [[Dhulipala]] as a sage
* [[Prakash Raj]] as a [[zamindar]], Murari's ancestor who tried to steal the idol of [[Durga]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as the zamindar's clerk who tried to stop him
* [[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]] as Murari's ancestor
* [[Achyuth]] as Sabari's husband and Murari's paternal grandfather
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] (special appearance in the song "Dum Dum Dum"){{Colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
When [[Krishna Vamsi]] visited a temple in a village, he learned a famous resident there whose three sons died under suspicious circumstances at regular intervals four years ago. When he spoke to the local people, they said that the man killed a worker from lower cadre by hiring some goons and the wife of that murdered person came to this person's house and cursed that all his three sons would be dying within six months. After listening to them, he was intrigued by all these incidents. As a part of his research, he visited temples and observed the architecture, sculptures and also read books like ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.<ref name="Making of Murari" />

He said in an interview, "I met highly qualified people like [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] to enhance my knowledge in various things. I also studied the visions of our ancestors, who during their time have designed things like missiles, television, aircrafts{{sic}} etc." He added, "We always have an answer for any questions that start with 'what', 'how' and 'when'. But we do not have any reason or answer for questions starting with 'why'. I had this kind of backdrop in my mind and wanted to make a film. When a film in the combination of [[Mahesh Babu]] and Krishna Vamsi was announced, I though I should make all those mystic questions get a representation in this film." He wanted to incorporate Telugu culture and tradition with a festive mood and thus used a joint-family backdrop.<ref name="Making of Murari">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi1.html|title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part – II by Jeevi|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=13 February 2003|access-date=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018113418/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi1.html|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

Influenced by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s 1971 film ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'', Krishna Vamsi wanted to kill Mahesh Babu's character in this film as he felt that except ''Anand'', no other film introduced a hero who would be dying very soon. During the story discussions, when he said the same to his team, none accepted. He aimed to go in reverse trend and form the film's screenplay as story writers used to create a problem and then introduced the hero to solve it in [[Telugu cinema]]. After meeting Mahesh Babu, Krishna Vamsi decided to use the story of [[Krishna]] for the family part. He clarified that it was not a true adaptation of Lord Krishna's life but he got inspired by the characterizations in Krishna's story.<ref name="Making of Murari" />

According to Krishna Vamsi, the near-death situations Murari faces in the film are inspired from the attacks of ''[[rakshasa|rakshasas]]'' on [[Krishna]] and the fatal attack in the climax was inspired from Lord Krishna's death in the hands of a ''[[Yadava]]'' hunter.<ref name="Making of Murari" /> Sri Sita Ramachandra Swamy temple at Ammapally near [[Shamshabad]] was selected for filming key scenes related to the curse part of the story and the temple gained prominence after the film's release. A strong belief in the film industry emerged that a film with scenes shot at the temple will do well at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-temple-abuzz-with-film-shoots/article1555396.ece|title=Ancient temple abuzz with film shoots|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2011|access-date=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018121223/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-temple-abuzz-with-film-shoots/article1555396.ece|archivedate=18 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Sonali Bendre attends the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 (20) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Sonali Bendre]] made her debut in [[Telugu cinema]]]]

===Casting===
[[Mahesh Babu]] acknowledged that this film was a crucial one in his career and noted in 2012 that the character of Murari was his favourite role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Murari-was-a-crucial-film-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/17626453.cms|title=Murari was a crucial film: Mahesh Babu|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 December 2012|access-date=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018114440/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Murari-was-a-crucial-film-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/17626453.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> [[Sonali Bendre]] made her debut in Telugu with this film and it was her first collaboration with Krishna Vamsi. She has learned to speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Murari re-release: Sonali Bendre shares her fondest memory from sets of Mahesh Babu's film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/murari-re-release-sonali-bendre-shares-her-fondest-memory-from-sets-of-mahesh-babus-film-1334478 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Prasad Babu]], [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]], Deekshitulu and [[Raghu Babu]] were a part of the film's principal cast. [[Ravi Babu]] played a negative role in the film.<ref name="Making of Murari"/> Actress [[Sukumari]] was selected to play the character of Sabari, Mahesh Babu's grandmother in the film which was one of her widely remembered roles in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Actress-Sukumari-passes-away/articleshow/19223827.cms|title=Actress Sukumari passes away|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2013|access-date=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018120234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Actress-Sukumari-passes-away/articleshow/19223827.cms|archivedate=18 October 2014}}</ref> Veteran film actor and religious guru [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]] made a cameo appearance which was his last film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Veteran-actor-Dhulipala-is-dead/articleshow/1907576.cms|title=Veteran actor Dhulipala is dead|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2007|access-date=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018120433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Veteran-actor-Dhulipala-is-dead/articleshow/1907576.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] played a cameo as the evil [[zamindar]] who was the first victim of the curse while Deekshitulu played the role of the temple's priest named Seshayya.

The film also marks the debut of action choreographer [[Peter Hein]] in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-17 |title=20 Years of Murari: 5 Lesser-known Facts of Mahesh Babu's maiden blockbuster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/20-years-of-murari-5-lesser-known-facts-of-mahesh-babus-maiden-blockbuster/photostory/81048051.cms?picid=81048059 |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was extensively shot in [[Ramachandrapuram, Konaseema district|Ramachandrapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was shot for nearly 50 days in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=సిగ్గు లేకుండా వెళ్లి మహేష్ బాబుని భోజనం పెట్టమని అడిగాను.. 50 రోజులు మహేష్ ఫుడ్‌ని.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/actor-chinna-says-interesting-thing-about-mahesh-babu-and-murari-movie-853481.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[10TV]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Divya |date=2024-08-07 |title=సిగ్గులేకుండా వెళ్లి మహేశ్ బాబును అడిగేశాను - 'మురారి' జ్ఞాపకాలను గుర్తుచేసుకున్న యాక్టర్ చిన్న |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/actor-chinna-remembers-shooting-for-murari-with-mahesh-babu-174577 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref> The temple scenes featured in the opening shots were filmed at the [[Ranga Reddy district|Ammapalli Sri Sita Rama Chandra Swamy]] which is nearby [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangam |first=Sowmya |date=2020-12-14 |title='Cinema Gudi' – Tollywood's tryst with god |url=https://telanganatoday.com/cinema-gudi-tollywoods-tryst-with-god |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Characters===
Regarding Mahesh's character in the film, Krishna Vamsi said, "During that time, I met Mahesh Babu a couple of times. He has a 'mugdha manohara mohana roopam' meaning that Mahesh has very beautiful look which can mesmerize anyone. I was impressed to such an extent that I wanted to add 'Krishna tatvam' to that film, as 'mugdha manohara mohana roopam' is the first quality of Lord Krishna. Just like the way Krishna had herd of cows, hero in this film had an animal (elephant). I wanted to create the atmosphere of ''[[Brindavanam|Brundavanam]]''. That's the reason why Mahesh is shown to be moving along with and surrounded by girls/women and kids."<ref name="Making of Murari" />

Sonali Bendre's characterization in the first half was based on [[Satyabhama]] and her characterization in the second half was based on [[Rukmini]]. Because of that, Krishna Vamsi incorporated a scene similar to ''Rukmini Kalyanam'' (Lord Krishna takes Rukmini away from her place and marries her without the knowledge of her people) in the second half where Murari's character saves Vasundhara from her evil brother and takes away her from her village to marry her.<ref name="Making of Murari" />

Lakshmi's character was based on [[Yasoda]] while Prasad Babu and Kaikala Satyanarayana's roles were partially inspired from [[Balarama]]'s character. According to Krishna Vamsi, the other ''Yadavas'' in the film were the brothers and family members of hero while Ravi Babu's character was a mix of characterizations of [[Sisupala]], [[Karna]] and [[Duryodhana]]. Two separated joint families like that of ''[[Pandavas]]'' and ''[[Kauravas]]'' were created though they are on good terms unlike the way portrayed in Lord Krishna's story.<ref name="Making of Murari" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Murari
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = Murari
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:05
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Supreme Audio (2001) [[Aditya Music]] (2013)
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Devi Putrudu]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The songs and background score were composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref name="Murari Audio Songs – raagjatt.com">{{Cite web |title=Naa Songs |url=https://naasongs.my |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Raagjatt.my}}</ref> The album consisted of seven tracks. The soundtrack featured singers [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]], [[Jikki]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] and [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]. The lyrics were written by [[Veturi]], [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], and [[Suddala Ashok Teja]].

Except for "Alanati Ramachandrudu", Mani Sharma retained all tunes in the Kannada remake ''[[Gopi (2006 Kannada film)|Gopi]]'' (2006).<ref name="Remake"/>
{{tracklist
| headline = Track Listing<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/murari/qA68NGCYY,8_ | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Murari | access-date = 18 December 2020}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:02
| title1 = Alanati Ramachandrudu
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Jikki]], [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Sandhya
| length1 = 5:21
| title2 = Bhama Bhama
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Cheppamma Cheppamma
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:49
| title4 = Ekkada Ekkada
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = [[S. P. Charan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length4 = 6:12
| title5 = Andaanikey
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:24
| title6 = Bangaru Kalla
| lyrics6 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length6 = 5:01
| title7 = Dum Dum Dum
| lyrics7 = [[Veturi]]
| extra7 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length7 = 4:45
}}

== Release ==
''Murari'' was released in theatres on 17 February 2001. The satellite television rights of the film were acquired by [[Gemini TV]]. Subsequently it was later made available on digital streaming platform [[Sun NXT]]. It was re-released on 9 August 2024, coinciding with [[Mahesh Babu]]'s birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Mahesh Babu's 2001 blockbuster 'Murari' re-release smashes pre-sales records |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahesh-babus-2001-blockbuster-murari-re-release-smashes-pre-sales-records/articleshow/112260092.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Re-Release ===

It was re-released with a remastered 4K quality on the occasion of Mahesh Babu’s 49th birthday, on 9 August 2024. It went on to collect {{INR}}5.4 crores on the first day and {{INR}}9.12 crores in the final run, making it the highest-grosser in Telugu cinema among re-releases, till it was surpassed by the re-release of ''[[Khaleja]]'' on 30 May 2025.

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received positive reviews. Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stating, "The credit for the success or failure of this film should go to Krishna Vamsi. This film is bound get a little bit of dissent from the viewers of C class areas. But, this film is classic masterpiece for the class audience and highly recommended for the Mahesh and Krishnavamsi fans. This film will be a good fare for the people if they watch this film with no expectations. Just watch this film to experience Krishna Vamsi paint the silver screen with his classic strokes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-murari.html|title=Movie review – Murari|website=Idlebrain.com|date=17 February 2001|access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Director Krishna Vamsi won the appreciation of all sections of viewers with blockbuster Ninne Pelladutha while his other films catered to specific sections.With Murari he again reminds you of Nine..since it revolves around two lovable big families and boy and girl of these two families fall in love and a past misunderstanding between the two families forms a hitch between the lovers. In this Vamsi goes bit far and fuses in a mystery revolving around a goddess who has eliminated the three generations for trying to usurp her wealth and fourth generation Mahesh is destined to die. Both Mahesh and Sonali Bendre look charming and Mahesh is in his elements as light-hearted prankster".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007859&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Murari|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107172108/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007859&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|access-date=13 December 2023|author=}}</ref>

A critic from ''fullhyd.com'' rated the film 8/10 stating "Murari starts off on a good note with the desecration of the temple by Prakash Raj for money, and builds up an interesting story as to how three members of their family cursed by Devi Maa give up their lives. But the story soon loses its steam as we know for sure the sacrificial lamb. Murari is a typical ''Hum Aapke Hain Kaun'' kind of film with all the fun and laughter and the goodness among the people. It is good family movie with best cinematography and best performance by artists."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/murari/telugu/murari-movie-reviews-1694-2.html|title=Murari Movie Review|website=Fullhyd.com|date=17 February 2001|access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" |[[49th Filmfare Awards South|20 April 2002]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Gopi Nandigam and Ramalingeswara Rao
|{{nominated}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=49th Annual Filmfare Awards - South |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/tel_nom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153614/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/tel_nom.html |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=downloads.movies.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Krishna Vamsi]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Mani Sharma]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nandi Awards of 2001|2001]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film–Silver]]
|Producers: Gopi Nandigam and Ramalingeswara Rao{{Br}}Director: [[Krishna Vamsi]]{{Br}}Actors: [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Sonali Bendre]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2001.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]]
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Paranormal films]]
[[Category:Supernatural fiction]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]

India women's cricket team in South Africa in 2026

2026-05-03T17:34:27Z

Abesh Purkait: made new article

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India women's cricket team in South Africa in 2026
| team1_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team1_name = South Africa
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 17
| to_date = 27 April 2026
| team1_captain = [[Laura Wolvaardt]]
| team2_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 4
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] (330)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (169)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] (6) [[Tumi Sekhukhune]] (6)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Deepti Sharma]] (7)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] (SA)
}}

The [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] toured South Africa in April 2026 to play the [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/india-women-to-travel-to-south-africa-for-five-match-t20i-series/article70531219.ece |title=India Women to travel to South Africa for five-match T20I series |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> The tour consisted of five [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-women-to-host-india-for-five-t20is-in-april-1520250 |title=South Africa women to host India for five T20Is in April |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/schedule-for-india-s-tour-of-south-africa-announced |title=Schedule for India’s tour of South Africa announced |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> The matches served as preparation for both teams ahead of the [[2026 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-south-africa-womens-t20i-series-2026-schedule-world-cup-preparations-2855087-2026-01-20 |title=India women's team to tour South Africa for 5 T20Is before T20 World Cup 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> In January 2026, [[Cricket South Africa]] (CSA) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as part of the 2026 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/proteas-women-to-host-india-for-five-match-t20i-series-in-april/ |title=Proteas women to host India for five-match T20I series in April |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|SA}}
!{{crw|IND}}
|-
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |title=Proteas Women squad confirmed for India T20I series in Durban, Jhb and Benoni |url=https://cricket.co.za/proteas-women-squad-confirmed-for-india-t20i-series-in-durban-jhb-and-benoni/ |website=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |title=India’s squad for five T20Is against South Africa announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2026/news/55556332/india-s-squad-for-five-t20is-against-south-africa-announced |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Laura Wolvaardt]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Anneke Bosch]]
* [[Tazmin Brits]]
* [[Nadine de Klerk]]
* [[Annerie Dercksen]]
* [[Ayanda Hlubi]]
* [[Sinalo Jafta]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ayabonga Khaka]]
* [[Suné Luus]]
* Tebogo Macheke ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Eliz-Mari Marx]]
* [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]]
* Kayla Reyneke
* [[Tumi Sekhukhune]]
* [[Chloe Tryon]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh Thakur]]
* [[Kranti Gaud]]
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Shreyanka Patil]]
* [[Kashvee Gautam]]
* [[Bharti Fulmali]]
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* Anushka Sharma
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2026
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 157/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 47[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Ayabonga Khaka]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 51 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527253.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and [[Kerrin Klaaste]] (SA)
| motm = [[Ayabonga Khaka]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kashvee Gautam]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 April 2026
| time = 14:00
| night =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 147 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 57 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Chloe Tryon]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148/2 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suné Luus]] 57 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527254.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and [[Stacy Lackay]] (SA)
| motm = [[Chloe Tryon]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Anushka Sharma (Ind) made her T20I debut.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 April 2026
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 66 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 193/1 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 115 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 1/30 (3 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527255.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and Mazizi Gampu (SA)
| motm = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2026
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 185/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 43 (29)
| wickets1 = Kayla Reyneke 2/10 (2 overs)
| score2 = 171/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suné Luus]] 40 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 5/19 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 14 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527256.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = Mazizi Gampu (SA) and [[Kerrin Klaaste]] (SA)
| motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) took her maiden [[five-wicket haul]] in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepti's maiden T20I five-for downs South Africa |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-south-africa-2026-1527251/south-africa-women-vs-india-women-4th-t20i-1527256/match-report |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 April 2026
| time = 14:00
| night =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 155/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 92[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 132/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bharti Fulmali]] 40 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 23 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527257.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and [[Kerrin Klaaste]] (SA)
| motm = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-south-africa-2026-1527251 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International women's cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2026}}

[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa]]
[[Category:Women's cricket in India]]
[[Category:Women's cricket in South Africa]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2025–26

2026-05-03T17:24:58Z

Abesh Purkait: made bio

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|India women's cricket team in Australia in 2025–26}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Australia in 2025–26
| team1_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team1_name = Australia
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 19 October
| to_date = 8 November 2025
| team1_captain = [[Mitchell Marsh]]
| team2_captain = [[Shubman Gill]] (ODIs) [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (T20Is)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Matthew Short]] (112)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (202)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Adam Zampa]] (4)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Harshit Rana]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tim David]] (89)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (163)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Nathan Ellis]] (9)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (5)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured Australia in October and November 2025 to play the [[Australia national cricket team|Australia cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/australia-announce-action-packed-2025-26-home-season-fixtures |title=Australia announce action-packed 2025/26 home season fixtures |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=30 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133890/indias-white-ball-tour-headlines-australias-bumper-summer |title=India's white-ball tour headlines Australia's bumper summer |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 Internationals]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darwin's international return confirmed; India white-ball tour locked in |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-fixtures-2025-26-darwin-s-international-return-confirmed-india-white-ball-tour-locked-in-1478849 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> In March 2025, the [[Cricket Australia]] (CA) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2025 home international season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4239063/australia-mens-2025-26-schedule-fixture-tickets-dates-india-odi-t20-england-ashes-south-africa-darwin-cairns-mackay-top-end |title=India men set for big white-ball tour, cricket returns to Top End |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Cricket Australia]]}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2" |{{cr|AUS}}
!colspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}
|-
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4377109/australia-odi-t20-international-squad-for-india-white-ball-tour-2025-starc-returns-renshaw-owen-maxwell-carey-inglis?tags=9037 |title=Starc returns as Renshaw surges into ODI squad to face India |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/marnus-labuschagne-dropped-from-australia-odi-squad-matt-renshaw-earns-call-up-1505941 |title=Labuschagne dropped from Australia ODI squad, Renshaw earns call-up |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556266/india-s-squad-for-tour-of-australia-announced |title=India's squad for Tour of Australia announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |title=Kohli and Rohit selected in India's ODI squad for Australia |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/virat-kohli-and-rohit-sharma-selected-in-india-s-odi-squad-for-australia-1505609 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mitchell Marsh]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Xavier Bartlett]]
* [[Alex Carey]]{{Efn|name=ODI2&3|Only for the 2nd and 3rd ODIs}} ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cooper Connolly]]
* <s>[[Ben Dwarshuis]]</s>
* [[Jack Edwards (cricketer, born 2000)|Jack Edwards]]{{Efn|Only for the 3rd ODI}}
* [[Nathan Ellis]]
* <s>[[Cameron Green]]</s>
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* [[Travis Head]]
* [[Josh Inglis]]{{Efn|name=ODI2&3}} ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Matthew Kuhnemann]]
* <s>[[Marnus Labuschagne]]</s>
* [[Mitchell Owen]]
* [[Josh Philippe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Matt Renshaw]]
* [[Matthew Short]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Adam Zampa]]{{Efn|name=ODI2&3}}
|
* [[Mitchell Marsh]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sean Abbott]]{{Efn|name=T20I1,2&3|Only for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd T20Is}}
* [[Xavier Bartlett]]
* [[Mahli Beardman]]{{Efn|name=T20I3,4&5|Only for the 3rd, 4th and 5th T20Is}}
* [[Tim David]]
* [[Ben Dwarshuis]]{{Efn|name=T20I4&5|Only for the 4th and 5th T20Is}}
* [[Nathan Ellis]]
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]{{Efn|Only for the 1st and 2nd T20Is}}
* [[Travis Head]]{{Efn|name=T20I1,2&3}}
* [[Josh Inglis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Matthew Kuhnemann]]
* [[Glenn Maxwell]]{{Efn|name=T20I3,4&5}}
* [[Mitchell Owen]]
* [[Josh Philippe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tanveer Sangha]]
* [[Matthew Short]]
* [[Marcus Stoinis]]
* [[Adam Zampa]]
|
* [[Shubhman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shreyas Iyer]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Varun Chakaravarthy]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]{{Efn|name=T20I4&5}}
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]{{Efn|name=T20I1,2&3}}
|}

On 14 October, [[Josh Inglis]] (calf injury) and [[Adam Zampa]] (family reasons) were ruled out of the first ODI and were replaced by [[Matthew Kuhnemann]] and [[Josh Philippe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/inglis-zampa-to-miss-opening-odi-against-india |title=Inglis, Zampa to miss opening ODI against India |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/adam-zampa-josh-inglis-to-miss-perth-odi-against-india-matt-kuhnemann-and-josh-philippe-called-in-1506966 |title=Zampa, Inglis to miss Perth ODI against India, Kuhnemann, Philippe called up |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> [[Alex Carey]] was released from the squad for the first ODI to play in the round two [[2025–26 Sheffield Shield season|Sheffield Shield]] match for South Australia against Queensland as part of his preparation for the [[2025–26 Ashes series|Ashes series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4381472/josh-philippe-matt-kuhnemann-added-australia-odi-squad-india-match-perth-josh-inglis-injury-adam-zampa-family |title=Zampa, injured Inglis to miss ODI opener against India |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> On 17 October, [[Cameron Green]] was ruled out of the ODI series due to side soreness and was replaced by [[Marnus Labuschagne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4383504/cameron-green-side-strain-injury-update-ruled-out-australia-v-india-one-day-international-series-first-odi-perth-ashes-marnus-labuschagne |title=Labuschagne replaces Green in ODI squad after bowling setback |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> On 21 October, [[Ben Dwarshuis]] was ruled out of the ODI series due to calf strain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4385804/australia-india-england-ashes-pace-depth-injuries-crisis-selectors-fast-bowlers-quicks-pat-cummins-mystery-perth-test |title=Selectors 'comfortable' on injury-hit pace depth ahead of Ashes |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> On 24 October, Marnus Labuschagne was released from the ODI squad, without playing either match, to play in the round three of Sheffield Shield match for Queensland against New South Wales as part of his preparation for the Ashes series and was replaced by [[Jack Edwards (cricketer, born 2000)|Jack Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/edwards-called-up-for-sydney-odi-beardman-added-to-t20-squad-maxwell-returns-1508507 |title=Edwards called up for Sydney ODI, Beardman added to T20 squad, Maxwell returns |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Mahli Beardman]], [[Glenn Maxwell]] and Josh Philippe were added to the T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4388802/australia-odi-t20-squad-changes-maxwell-beardman-labuschagne-hazlewood-abbott-philippe |title=Maxwell back as Aussies ring changes with eye on Ashes |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136062/maxwell-returns-beardman-in-line-for-debut-as-australia-juggle-squads-ahead-of-ashes |title=Maxwell returns, Beardman in line for debut as Australia juggle squads ahead of Ashes |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> On 27 October, [[Tanveer Sangha]] was added to the T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tanveer-sangha-drafted-into-australia-s-t20i-squad-against-india-to-replace-zampa-1508906 |title=Tanveer Sangha drafted into Australia's T20I squad to replace Zampa |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> On 3 November, [[Travis Head]] was released from T20I squad to play fourth round of Sheffield Shield game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4395219/travis-head-released-to-join-australia-ashes-test-xi-in-sheffield-shield-round-smith-starc-hazlewood-lyon-boland-carey-labuschagne-khawaja-renshaw-webster-weatherald |title=Head released to play star-laden Shield round |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136190/travis-head-released-from-t20i-squad-to-play-sheffield-shield |title=Travis Head released from T20I squad to play Sheffield Shield |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>

On 29 October, [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] was ruled out of first three T20I matches due to neck spasms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-nitish-kumar-reddy-ruled-out-of-first-three-t20is-against-australia-1509100 |title=Nitish Kumar Reddy ruled out of first three T20Is against Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> On 2 November, [[Kuldeep Yadav]] was released from T20I squad to prepare for [[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26|Test series against South Africa]] and included in India A squad for second four day match [[South Africa A cricket team in India in 2025–26|against South Africa A]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/DZV1h6vF |title=Kuldeep Yadav released from India’s T20I squad |work=BCCI |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136180/kuldeep-to-return-home-to-prepare-for-sa-tests |title=Kuldeep to return home to prepare for SA Tests |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

== ODI series ==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 October 2025
| time = 11:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 9/136 (26 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 38 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/20 (7 overs)
| score2 = 3/131 (21.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 46[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Perth Stadium]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 26 overs per side due to rain.
* Australia were set a revised target of 131 runs from 26 overs due to rain.
| notes = [[Shubman Gill]] captained India for the [[List of India national cricket captains#ODI|first time in ODIs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/shubman-begins-odi-captaincy-stint-with-kohli-rohit-by-his-side-in-australia-1503500766.html |title=Shubman begins ODI captaincy stint with Kohli, Rohit by his side in Australia |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Mitchell Owen]], [[Matt Renshaw]] (Aus) and [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Ind) all made their ODI debuts.
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) played in his 500th international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-500th-match-history-ind-vs-aus-1st-odi-perth-today-10314002/ |title=Rohit Sharma plays 500th international match in IND vs AUS 1st ODI in Perth, joins rare club of legends with historic feat |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
* This was Australia's first ever ODI win at the venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2025/10/18/australia-v-india-odi-live-stream-score-start-time-virat-kohli |title=Australia claim their first ODI win at Perth Stadium |work=SEN |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 October 2025
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 9/264 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 73 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 4/60 (10 overs)
| score2 = 8/265 (46.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matthew Short]] 74 (78)
| wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 2/37 (7 overs)
| result = Australia won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478905.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 October 2025
| time = 14:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 236 (46.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Matt Renshaw]] 56 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Harshit Rana]] 4/39 (8.4 overs)
| score2 = 1/237 (38.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 121[[not out|*]] (125)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 1/23 (6 overs)
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478906.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Travis Head]] (Aus) scored his 3,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/travis-head-dethrones-steve-smith-to-become-fastest-to-3000-odi-runs-for-australia20251025102209 |title=Travis Head dethrones Steve Smith to become fastest to 3000 ODI runs for Australia |work=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) scores his 50th International century and 33rd in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-smashes-50th-international-hundred-most-successful-india-opener-ind-vs-aus-10326284/|title=STATS: Rohit Sharma smashes 50th international hundred, Virat Kohli becomes 2nd-highest ODI run-getter during Sydney chase|work=Indian Express|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) took his 100th catch in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/match-hub/rohit-sharma-completes-100-odi-catches-joins-elite-indian-list-topped-by-virat-kohli/68fc78c7f308fb93924d49e5 |title=Rohit Sharma completes 100 ODI catches; joins elite Indian list topped by Virat Kohli|work=Cricket One |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) surpassed [[Kumar Sangakkara]] to become the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Most career runs|second highest run scorer ever in ODIs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History! * Virat Kohli Becomes 2nd Highest Run-Scorer In ODIs, Surpasses...|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/history-virat-kohli-becomes-2nd-highest-run-scorer-in-odis-surpasses-ws-kl-9658217.html|website=News 18 |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
}}

== T20I series ==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 October 2025
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 1/97 (9.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 39[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Ellis]] 1/25 (1.4 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478907.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes =[[Sanju Samson]] (Ind) played in 50th T20I match.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 October 2025
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 125 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 68 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| score2 = 6/126 (13.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 46 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478908.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Shawn Craig]] (Aus) and [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2025
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 6/186 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tim David]] 74 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 5/188 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 49[[not out|*]] (23)
| wickets2 = [[Nathan Ellis]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478909.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Phillip Gillespie]] (Aus) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2025
| time = 18:15
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 8/167 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 46 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Ellis]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 30 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 3/3 (1.2 overs)
| result = India won by 48 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478910.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Carrara Stadium]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
| umpires = [[Phillip Gillespie]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Axar Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=BCCI |number=1986400647558930852 |date=6 November 2025 |title=@Sundarwashi5 into the act now. He also completes 5️⃣0️⃣ wickets in T20Is.}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2025
| time = 18:15
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 0/52 (4.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 29[[not out|*]] (16)
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478911.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Shawn Craig]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ind-vs-aus-abhishek-sharma-t20i-world-record-fastest-1000-runs-10349363/ |title=IND vs AUS: Abhishek Sharma breaks T20I world record, becomes fastest batter to reach 1000 runs |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2025-26-1478882 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2025–26 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia]]

Mumbai CSMT–Bidar Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:50:52Z

Abesh Purkait: starting a info more to come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Bidar Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus}} (CSMT)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Bidar}} (BIDR)
| distance = {{convert|672|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12h 15m
| frequency = Tri-weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22143/22144
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Bidar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] and {{stnlnk|Bidar}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22143/22144 train numbers on tri-weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/modi-to-inaugurate-bidar-kalaburagi-railway-line/article18237474.ece Modi to inaugurate Bidar, Kalaburagi railway line ]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3945&id=0,4,268 Extension of Mumbai-Latur Express to Bidar 3 days a week - Bookings for 22143 for Bidar (beyond Latur) & 22107/22108 open from 27.4.2017]</ref>

==Service==

*22143/Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Bidar Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 672 km in 12h 15m.
*22144/Bidar–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 672 km in 12h 15m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
* {{stnlnk|Dadar}}
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kurduvadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barsi Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharashiv}}
* {{stnlnk|Harangul}}
* {{stnlnk|Latur}}
* {{stnlnk|Latur Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Udgir}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhalki}}
* {{stnlnk|Bidar}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF – CBC rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 19 coaches:

* 1 First AC and AC II Tier
* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WDG-3A]] or [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from Mumbai to Bidar and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22107/22108 [[Latur–Mumbai Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
* [[Bidar railway station]]
* [[Latur–Mumbai Express|Mumbai CSMT–Latur Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/60959 22143/Mumbai CSMT–Bidar Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/60960 22144/Bidar–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CST-Bidar Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Bidar]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Vivah

2026-04-28T13:35:46Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|2006 film by Sooraj R. Barjatya}}
{{about|the Hindi language film|the 2019 Bhojpuri film|Vivah (2019 film)|the concept of wedding in Hinduism|Vivaah}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vivah
| image = Vivah (2006 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
| based_on = ''[[Subhodrishti]]'' {{small|([[Bengali language|Bengali]])}} by [[Prabhat Roy]]
| producer = {{ubl|Ajit Kumar Barjatya|Kamal Kumar Barjatya|[[Rajkumar Barjatya]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Sooraj R. Barjatya
| story = Sooraj R. Barjatya
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Aash Karan Atal}}
}}
| starring = {{ubl| [[Shahid Kapoor]]|[[Amrita Rao]]|[[Anupam Kher]]|[[Alok Nath]]}}
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = Harish Joshi
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2006|11|10}}
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/vivah-journey-engagement-marriage-2006|title=Vivah – a Journey From Engagement to Marriage ...|website=bbfc.co.uk|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629184915/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/vivah-journey-engagement-marriage-2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="VivahBOI">{{cite web|title=Vivah|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=378/|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224143533/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=378%2F|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}49.6 crore<ref name="VivahBOI">{{cite web|title=Vivah|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=378/|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224143533/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=378%2F|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Vivah''''' ({{translation|Wedding|Marriage}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]. Produced and distributed by [[Rajshri Productions]], the film is a remake of the production's earlier [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Subhodrishti]]'' (2005), with some plot changes. It stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Amrita Rao]] as lead, alongside [[Anupam Kher]], [[Alok Nath]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Amrita Prakash]], [[Samir Soni]] and [[Lata Sabharwal]]. ''Vivah'' tells the story of two individuals, and relates their journey from engagement to marriage and aftermath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As 'Vivah' clocks 15 yrs, Amrita Rao recalls her 'Mughal-e-Azam' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-vivah-clocks-15-yrs-amrita-rao-recalls-her-mughal-e-azam/articleshow/87646935.cms |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507203257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-vivah-clocks-15-yrs-amrita-rao-recalls-her-mughal-e-azam/articleshow/87646935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Vivah'' is the fourth film to feature Shahid Kapoor opposite Amrita Rao. The film was released on 10 November 2006. It became a commercial success, and the [[List of Hindi films of 2006|tenth highest-grossing film]] of the year, grossing more than {{INRConvert|49|c}} worldwide. Critical reception was mixed; some reviewers found it dramatically lacking and bloated, but it also has been credited for triggering changes to the way marriage is depicted on film. It became an unexpected success, as well as Kapoor and Rao's biggest commercial success at that point.

Kapoor and Rao's performance in the film earned them a nomination for [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] respectively at the [[Screen Awards]]. ''Vivah'' is the first Indian film to be simultaneously released in cinema and on the internet (through the production company's official site). The film was also dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released as ''Parinayam''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krithi Shetty and Bellamkonda Ganesh for 'Vivah' Telugu remake? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krithi-shetty-and-bellamkonda-ganesh-for-vivah-telugu-remake/articleshow/82681184.cms |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507203403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krithi-shetty-and-bellamkonda-ganesh-for-vivah-telugu-remake/articleshow/82681184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Poonam is a middle-class girl living in the small town of Madhupur in [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Her parents died in her childhood, and since then, her uncle Krishnakant has filled a father's void in her life. However, his wife Rama is jealous of Poonam's beauty and unable to accept her, driven by the fact that their own daughter Rajni is darker in complexion and not as fair-skinned as her cousin. Despite this, Rajni and Poonam are close and consider themselves sisters. Harish Chandra Bajpayee, a renowned businessman in New Delhi, has two sons: the married Sunil and the soft-spoken and well-educated Prem.

Poonam's simple and affectionate demeanor impresses Bhagatji, a jeweller and Krishnakant's friend, who takes her marriage proposal for Prem. Harish asks for his son's opinion on the proposition. Hesitant, Prem feels he needs to focus on his career first. Harish convinces him to at least meet Poonam before deciding, which Prem agrees to. They visit the Mishras and let him get acquainted with Poonam. Prem and Poonam are instantly attracted to each other, agree to the marriage, and get engaged.

Krishnakant invites Bajpayees to their summer place in Som Sarovar so Prem and Poonam get to know each other better. The two go through the most magical and romantic period of their lives, begin to fall in love, and become attached. Later, Harish and his family return home to attend a business meeting urgently. Poonam and Prem communicate via telephone and letter. Prem joins the business and takes on an essential project in Japan.

Upon returning, the family brings Poonam as a surprise, and a celebration is held in honour of Poonam's first visit and Prem's successful business venture. During the celebration, an angry and jealous Rama hides in her room, refusing to join. Krishnakant finds her and angrily confronts his wife, calling her out on her refusal to accept Poonam despite her attempts throughout her life to win Rama's love. He informs Rama that she is the only person who has ever had a problem with Poonam.

Two days before the wedding, a fire breaks out at Mishra House. Although Poonam escapes in time, she realizes Rajni is still inside and saves her, but gets severely burnt in the process. The doctor informs her uncle that in such cases, even families disown their own. Upon hearing Poonam's diagnosis and the fact that she was injured saving Rajni, a remorseful Rama breaks down, realizing how cruel she has been to her niece. A heartbroken Bhagatji calls Prem right as he is leaving for Madhupur for the ceremony. Krishnakant reminisces about Poonam's childhood and, being emotional, is unable to sign the waiver allowing Poonam's surgery. Prem arrives, determined to marry Poonam despite her injuries, and he brings the finest doctors from Delhi. He marries her informally before her surgery. With the aid of the doctors from Delhi, the hospital successfully performs surgery on Poonam. In the end, Poonam and Prem traditionally marry each other.

==Cast==


The cast is listed below:
{{Cast listing}}
*[[Shahid Kapoor]] as Prem Bajpayee
*[[Amrita Rao]] as Poonam "Bitto" Mishra Bajpayee
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Harishchandra Bajpayee, Prem and Sunil's father
*[[Alok Nath]] as Krishnakant Mishra, Poonam's uncle and Chhoti's father
*[[Seema Biswas]] as Rama Mishra, Krishnakant's wife and Chhoti's mother
*[[Samir Soni]] as Sunil Bajpayee, Prem's elder brother and Bhavna's husband
*[[Lata Sabharwal]] as Bhavna Bajpayee, Sunil's wife and Prem's sister-in-law
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Bhagatji, Krishnakant's friend
*[[Amrita Prakash]] as Rajni "Chhoti" Mishra, Krishnakant and Rama's daughter
* Amey Pandya as Rahul, Sunil and Bhavna's son<ref>{{cite news |title=Remember Shahid Kapoor's cute nephew from Vivah? Here's how he looks now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/remember-shahid-kapoors-cute-nephew-from-vivah-heres-how-he-looks-now-2571283-2024-07-24 |publisher=India Today |date=2024-07-24 |access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref>
* [[Dinesh Lamba]] as Munim
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] as Dr. Rashid Khan (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] in a friendly appearance as Dr. Jain

==Production==
===Development===
[[Sooraj Barjatya]] noted that the story of ''Vivah'' is based upon a newspaper article his father read in 1988.<ref name=story>{{cite web|title='I'm waiting for Salman to see Vivah'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/09sooraj.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505050200/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/09sooraj.htm |archive-date= 5 May 2014 }}</ref> Like in all of Barjatya's previous films, the male lead is named ''Prem''. Later, he also took up the idea from [[Prabhat Roy]]'s 2005 film ''[[Subhodrishti]]'', the only Bengali film produced by [[Rajshri Productions]]. The story combined elements of Hindu tradition to set itself up as a film of cultural significance and was constructed differently than Barjatya's earlier films. He also introduced some changes to the film's storyline—for instance, he portrayed the female protagonist as ill, whereas in the original story, it was the male lead who was unwell. Barjatya hoped that the film would be remembered as the first to tackle the definitions and dynamics of a marriage.<ref name=concept>{{cite web|last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Making 'Vivah' was not easy: Sooraj Barjatya |url=http://www.bollywood.com/celebrity-interview-sooraj-barjatya-0 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=8 June 2006 |access-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062821/http://www.bollywood.com/celebrity-interview-sooraj-barjatya-0 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Times of India]]'' Barjatya said, he kept in mind all the novels of [[Saratchandra Chatterjee]] while making ''Vivah''.<ref name=novel>{{cite news|title=Directorial venture Vivah |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bade-Bhaiyya-is-not-my-new-movie-title-Sooraj-Barjatya/articleshow/14798198.cms |access-date=6 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917173142/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bade-Bhaiyya-is-not-my-new-movie-title-Sooraj-Barjatya/articleshow/14798198.cms |archive-date=17 September 2015 }}</ref> Barjatya felt that the film should possess a lyrical feel, since it was, according to him, "a lyrics oriented film."<ref name=feel>{{cite web|title=Making of Vivah |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUC__Xm-MBQ |via=[[YouTube]] |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207045253/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUC__Xm-MBQ |archive-date= 7 December 2015 }}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = The film marks [[Shahid Kapoor|Kapoor]] and [[Amrita Rao|Rao]] 's fourth and final film collaboration till date.
| width2 = 120
| image2 = Amrita Rao Model.jpg
| width1 = 130
| image1 = Shahid Kapoor at GQ Fashion Nights.jpg
}}

[[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Amrita Rao]] were cast as the leads Prem and Poonam. The film marks their fourth project together after ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' (2003), ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' (2005) and ''[[Shikhar (2005 film)|Shikhar]]'' (2005).<ref name=look />

Kapoor played the soft-spoken and well-educated Prem. In an interview he stated that he had a tough time during the shoot and added, "I was a big city kid. I wasn't getting half the things that were happening. I just followed what Sooraj sir said and I did it with all my honesty."<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Kapoor talks about his experience on Vivah set |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-wasnt-getting-half-the-things-during-vivah-what-am-i-doing-8650495/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=13 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926143732/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-wasnt-getting-half-the-things-during-vivah-what-am-i-doing-8650495/ |archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> Rao played Poonam, a simple middle-class girl. She added, "I caught the sur of the character from Sooraj ji. I used to hear and see him very attentively, grab his sur and get into the character of Poonam. The challenge was to make her look simple without making her look fake."<ref>{{cite web|title=Aditya Chopra was in TEARS during the pre-climax scene – Amrita Rao |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/15-years-vivah-exclusive-aditya-chopra-tears-pre-climax-scene-amrita-rao/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129143732/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/15-years-vivah-exclusive-aditya-chopra-tears-pre-climax-scene-amrita-rao/ |archive-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

[[Samir Soni]] was cast to play Kapoor's brother, Sunil. He added that Barjatya would explain scenes to everyone individually.<ref>{{cite web|title=17 Years of Vivah: Samir Soni EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/17-years-vivah-exclusive-remember-film-kept-telling-shahid-kapoor-amrita-rao-guys-next-salman-khan-madhuri-dixit/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=10 November 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122143732/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/17-years-vivah-exclusive-remember-film-kept-telling-shahid-kapoor-amrita-rao-guys-next-salman-khan-madhuri-dixit/ |archive-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> [[Lata Sabharwal]] was cast as Bhavna opposite Soni. [[Anupam Kher]], [[Alok Nath]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] and [[Amrita Prakash]] were cast in other prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=14 Years of Vivah: Amrita Rao shares pic from the last day of shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/14-years-vivah-amrita-rao-shares-picture-last-day-sets-shahid-kapoor-says-knew-big-film/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 November 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212143732/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/14-years-vivah-amrita-rao-shares-picture-last-day-sets-shahid-kapoor-says-knew-big-film/ |archive-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:1 Almora Uttarakhand India.jpg|thumb|A major portion of the film was shot in [[Almora]], [[Uttarakhand]]]]

Filming took place during the first months of 2006.<ref name=look>{{cite web|title=First look: Amrita-Shahid's Vivah |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/08vivah.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=8 May 2006 |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143732/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/08vivah.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> The main hurdle came up with the location.<ref name=feel/> Barjatya wanted to shoot film in an authentic way. He asked the film's art director Sanjay Dhobade to create the entire town of Madhupur that can give a realistic look, particularly portions where water leaking takes place and portions where spit marks were visible on the walls of the buildings in the film.<ref name=feel/> Later, the town was created in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film city]], [[Mumbai]]. Outdoor session of the film was done in [[Delhi]], [[Lonavala]], [[Ranikhet]], [[Nainital]] and [[Almora]].<ref name="start">{{cite news|title=When Cupid strikes|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Siddiqui, Rana|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231295.ece|access-date=30 December 2006|date=10 November 2006|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819124455/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/when-cupid-strikes/article3231295.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-production===
Additional production credits include: Jay Borade – dance choreographer, Sound — Jitendra Chaudhary, Dialogue — Aash Karan Atal, Cinematography — Harish Joshi and Editor — V N Mayekar. Amrita Rao's costumes were created by Indian designer [[Anna Singh]] and Shahid Kapoor's clothes were created by Shabina Khan.<ref name=feel/> To promote the film, Shahid Kapoor and Amrita Rao sold tickets at the ''Fame Theatre'' in [[Malad (Mumbai suburb)|Malad]], Mumbai.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vivah
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cover =
| released = 26 September 2006
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:46
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
}}

The soundtrack (songs and the background score) and lyrics for ''Vivah'' was scored by [[Ravindra Jain]]. ''Vivah'' was seventh collaboration of Ravindra Jain with Rajshri Productions.<ref name=feel/> It was produced under the [[Saregama]] label. The composer primarily gave special importance to "[[Tala (music)|taal]]" and opted to keep two "antras" followed by a "mukhra" in the songs.<ref name=feel/> The orchestra combines with classical Indian instruments, like the sitar, sarod, violin, dholak and tabla to produce a blend between classical western and classical Indian music.<ref name=launch/> The complete film soundtrack album was released on 26 September 2006.<ref name=launch>{{cite web|title=Soundtrack album by Ravindra Jain|url=http://www.windservers.com/vivah/soundtrack|publisher=Wind Servers|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811005008/http://www.windservers.com/vivah/soundtrack|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=cd>{{cite web|title=Movie soundtrack album|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7325241|publisher=CD Universe|date=31 October 2006|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810090803/http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7325241|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Vivah (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:46
| title1 = Mujhe Haq Hai
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Do Anjaane Ajnabi
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Milan Abhi Aadha Adhura Hai
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal
| length3 = 5:47
| title4 = Hamari Shaadi Mein
| extra4 = [[Babul Supriyo]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 5:17
| title5 = O Jiji
| extra5 = [[Pamela Jain]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Savaiyaa — Raadhey Krishn Ki Jyoti
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 2:16
| title7 = Tere Dware Pe Aai Baraat
| extra7 = [[Sudesh Bhonsle]]
| length7 = 3:58
| title8 = Kal Jisne Janam Yahan Paaya
| extra8 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Ravindra Jain]]
| length8 = 7:43
| title9 = Savaiyaa- Chhota Sa Saajan
| extra9 = Suresh Wadkar
| length9 = 1:21
}}

===Critical reception===
Although the songs were appreciated, the music was criticised due to its monotony choice of instruments and music arrangements being very similar to one another. [[Rediff.com]] wrote in its music review that, "''Vivah''{{'}}s music disappoints".<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivah's music disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/03vivah.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414011956/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/03vivah.htm |archive-date=14 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Vivah'' premiered on 10 November 2006 across India.<ref name=show>{{cite web|title=Sooraj Barjatya & Amrita Rao as Special Judges |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq4akqgbRFE |via=YouTube |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807012026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq4akqgbRFE |archive-date= 7 August 2014 }}</ref> Like ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), Rajshri Productions released limited number of prints for the film and eventually increased prints with increasing popularity. Early reviewers of ''Vivah'' predicted that it would be a huge disappointment. The film opened well and went on to become a commercially successful venture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Hits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083806/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits|archive-date=30 April 2013|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Despite bad reviews, Vivah's a hit
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/14box.htm
|work=Rediff.com
|date=14 November 2006
|access-date=28 September 2014
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054053/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/14box.htm
|archive-date= 4 March 2016
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=B.O. Update: 'Vivah', 'A.S.M.M.' take favorable start
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1176621
|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]
|date=11 November 2006
|access-date=28 September 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403055748/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1176621
|archive-date= 3 April 2015
}}</ref>

The film earned {{INRConvert|222|c|lk=|year=2006}} net gross after seven weeks of running. Made on a budget of around {{INRConvert|80|m}},<ref name="VivahBOI"/> the film went on to collect {{INRConvert|496|m}} at the domestic box office.<ref name="VivahBOI"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Total box office collection |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-AZM8bByAE |via=YouTube |access-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610054655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-AZM8bByAE |archive-date=10 June 2014 }}</ref> ''Vivah'' was released by Rajshri Media Limited on the production company's official site.<ref name="Punathambekar2013">{{cite book|first=Aswin|last=Punathambekar|title=From Bombay to Bollywood: The Making of a Global Media Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsiyynyoZ1AC&pg=PA193|date=24 July 2013|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-7189-1|page=194}}</ref> The film's DVD was released by Rajshri Production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivah (2007) |website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Vivah-Shahid-Kapoor/dp/B000N3TWRG |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213211526/http://www.amazon.com/Vivah-Shahid-Kapoor/dp/B000N3TWRG |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Sify]]'' said, "''Vivah'' is far less offensive and far more watchable."<ref name=less>{{cite web|last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |title=Movie Review : Vivah |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vivah-review-bollywood-14328028.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809015614/http://www.sify.com/movies/vivah-review-bollywood-14328028.html |archive-date= 9 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] from ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it a "simple documentation of something as banal as an engagement to a vivah".<ref name=arrange>{{cite news|last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Film review — Vivah |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Vivah/movie-review/402010.cms |access-date=3 August 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=11 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914015029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Vivah/movie-review/402010.cms |archive-date=14 September 2015 }}</ref>

Madhuparna Das of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' criticised ''Vivah'' for lacking plot, flat characters and mentioning that the story was "rather weak and improbable."<ref name="Telegraph India Review">{{cite news|title=Telegraph India Review |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=India |first=Madhuparna |last=Das |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061117/asp/etc/story_7010890.asp |access-date=30 December 2006 |date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126185306/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061117/asp/etc/story_7010890.asp |archive-date=26 January 2007 }}</ref> ''[[BBC]]'' described Vivah as "a didactic, worthy, and highly sanitised take on reality in keeping with the Rajshri tradition."<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Joshi |first=Poonam |title=Vivah — A Journey From Engagement To Marriage (2006) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/13/vivaah_2006_review.shtml |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=1 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028234120/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/13/vivaah_2006_review.shtml |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave only 1 out of 5 stars and condemned the screenplay, calling both Kapoor and Rao "insipid and boring."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Masand |first1=Rajiv |title=Rajiv Masand's verdict: Vivah(2006) |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-vivah/ |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=16 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053650/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-vivah/ |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> A review carried by [[Anupama Chopra]] mentioned, "Sooraj Barjatya's fantasy world is carefully constructed, but his conviction infuses his films with an emotional heft."<ref name=conviction>{{cite news|last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Anupama Chopra reviews Vivah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20061127-film-review-of-vivah-782047-2006-11-26 |access-date=7 August 2014 |work=[[India Today]]|date=27 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207100317/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-of-vivah/1/180264.html |archive-date= 7 December 2014 }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[8th IIFA Awards|7–9 June 2007]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Vivah''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees for IIFA Awards 2007 |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=4 April 2007|url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/04/04/2478/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106101301/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/04/04/2478/index.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=6 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 6 January 2007
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web|author=Vijayakar, Rajiv|date=24 December 2006|title=Rang De, Omkara sweep Screen nominations|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rang-de-omkara-sweep-screen-nominations/19252/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150418042240/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rang-de-omkara-sweep-screen-nominations/19252/|archive-date=18 April 2015|access-date=31 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="asian">{{cite web|date=24 December 2006|title=13th Annual Star Screen Awards Nominations|url=http://www.asianoutlook.com/aoforum/showthread.php?t=6886|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044821/http://www.asianoutlook.com/aoforum/showthread.php?t=6886|archive-date=8 August 2014|access-date=5 August 2014|work=Asian Outlook}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Amrita Rao]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Seema Biswas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]
| [[Shahid Kapoor]] & [[Amrita Rao]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==Legacy==
''Vivah'' remains one of the most popular cast ensemble film of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-bollywood-family-dramas-featuring-an-ensemble-cast-58069.amp |title=10 Bollywood Family Dramas Movies Featuring An Ensemble Cast |website=Filmfare |date=23 April 2023 |accessdate=25 August 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423220145/https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-bollywood-family-dramas-featuring-an-ensemble-cast-58069.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapoor and Rao's performance has been noted as one of their most notable works.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-shahid-kapoor-movies-that-made-us-fall-head-over-heels-in-love-with-him-46708.amp |title=10 Shahid Kapoor movies that made us fall head over heels in love with him |website=Filmfare |date=25 February 2021 |accessdate=26 October 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225062308/https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-shahid-kapoor-movies-that-made-us-fall-head-over-heels-in-love-with-him-46708.amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/celebrity-special/amrita-rao-42nd-birthday-special-5-must-watch-films-highlighting-her-versatile-talent-415310 |title=Amrita Rao Special: 5 must-watch films highlighting her versatile talent |website=PTC Punjabi |date=7 June 2023 |accessdate=28 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927151752/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/celebrity-special/amrita-rao-42nd-birthday-special-5-must-watch-films-highlighting-her-versatile-talent-415310 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' placed Kapoor and Rao in its list of the top 10 best romantic couples of the decade.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsubramaniam|first=Nikhil|title=10 Best Onscreen Romantic Couples of the Decade|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062308/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Indian painter [[M. F. Husain]], decided to create a series of paintings inspired by Amrita Rao and ''Vivah''. Husain planned to create an entire exhibition around her.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Now, Amrita has entered by canvas: M. F. Husain |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1861304,001100030001.htm |access-date=30 December 2006 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Khalid |last=Mohamed |date=10 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101045030/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1861304%2C001100030001.htm |archive-date= 1 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He organised a private screening for 150 friends and press attendees to "convey his interest for the film" at Dubai's Plaza cinema.<ref name=mirror>{{cite news|title=MF Hussain goes fida over Amrita |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/MF-Hussain-goes-fida-over-Amrita-again/articleshow/16124298.cms |access-date=3 August 2014 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |agency=The Times Group |date=5 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113434/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/MF-Hussain-goes-fida-over-Amrita-again/articleshow/16124298.cms |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref> The Regent, a theater in [[Patna]], Bihar, put up a festive banner to promote the movie.<ref name=hall>{{cite news|title=Theatre turns into wedding hall for Vivah|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/theatre-turns-into-wedding-hall-for-vivah/27600-8.html|access-date=7 August 2014|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=21 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810210312/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/theatre-turns-into-wedding-hall-for-vivah/27600-8.html|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The banner reads ''Poonam weds Prem''. ''Vivah'' inspired couples at that time to emulate the protagonists.<ref name=patna>{{cite web|last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Patna theatre turns into wedding hall for Vivah |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:25350025769 |publisher=Nerve news portal |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145532/http://www.nerve.in/news%3A25350025769 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rajshri.com/films/vivah-2006/ Official site] at [[Rajshri Productions]]
* {{IMDb title|0494290}}
* {{Instagram|vivahmovieofficial}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/vivaah}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|508666}}

{{Sooraj Barjatya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivah}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lonavala]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sooraj Barjatya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]

Malavika Rajkotia

2026-04-25T19:22:48Z

Abesh Purkait: starting initial entry with sources

{{short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Malavika Rajkotia in her Office, 2018.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Malavika Rajkotia, 2018]]
'''Malavika Rajkotia''' is an Indian lawyer. She joined the Bar in 1985 and developed a practice with a focus on family and property law. She has handled several high profile and complex divorce and property disputes across various courts of the country.

She has been called one of the country's most successful [[divorce]] lawyers, and has handled several celebrity cases. Rajkotia is the founder of Rajkotia Associates, a leading multidisciplinary law firm specialising in matrimonial and property laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajkotiaassociates.in/|title=Home - Rajkotia Associates Advocates|website=Rajkotia Associates Advocates|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> She is the author of ''Intimacy Undone: Law of Marriage, Divorce and Family in India.''<ref>{{cite book |title=Amazon listing|id={{ASIN|9386050560|country=in}}}}</ref> The book explores the socio-economic and legal aspects of family law in India and has been called a ''tour de force.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menski |first=Werner |date=July 2018 |title=Book Review: Malavika Rajkotia, Intimacy Undone. Marriage, Divorce and Family Law in India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0262728018768949 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=202–204 |doi=10.1177/0262728018768949 |s2cid=149773959 |issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has also been critically acclaimed for its focus on issues faced by judges, lawyers and clients in the area of family law by weaving a compelling story interspersed with accounts of Rajkotia's experiences as a lawyer and incorporating nuanced perspectives from law, history, psychology, literature and mythology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/books/050517/book-review-analysing-marriage-in-contemporary-india.html|title=Book review: Analysing marriage in contemporary India|date=2017-05-05|work=asianage.com/|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-02 |title=Book Review- 'Intimacy Undone- Marriage, Divorce and Family Law in India' |url=https://vikalp.ind.in/2017/08/book-review-intimacy-undone-marriage/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=VIKALP |language=en-US}}</ref> She is also the author of ''Unpartitioned Time: A Daughter's Story,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Unpartitioned Time - Speaking Tiger Books |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/unpartitioned-time/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> published by Speaking Tiger in July 2024.

== Education ==
Rajkotia studied at [[Welham Girls' School]] in [[Dehradun]].<ref name="mentor_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Sambasivam |first1=Padmini |title=Innovation and Thought Leadership |journal=Mentor Magazine |date=January 2017 |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=12 |url=https://issuu.com/mentormagazine/docs/mentor_january_2016_volume_10_issue/12 |access-date=5 April 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After completing a bachelor's degree in political science from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], [[New Delhi]], she pursued her law degree from Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Work ==
In addition to arguing several notable family law cases, she has argued for the custody rights of mothers facing domestic violence in foreign jurisdictions with regard to the best interest of the child<ref>Nithya Anand vs. State of NCT of Delhi and Ors.https://indiankanoon.org/doc/53310178/</ref> and for the liberal interpretation of the doctrine of 'intimate and closest concern' in the context of international custody cases.<ref>Mrs. Kanika Goel vs The State Of Delhi

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/182690117/</ref> Given that India does not statutorily recognise the principle of 'no-fault' in contested divorce cases, she has argued for the lowering of the threshold of 'fault' in the grant of divorce, in recognition of the right to privacy and autonomy of an individual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=721 Malavika Rajkotia, Thinking privacy in family law |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2019/721/721_malavika_rajkotia.htm |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref> Rajkotia has advocated for an understanding of family law that does not blindly revere marriage as sacred, but instead acknowledges a more contractual arrangement, as sacredness cannot obliterate the individual's right to exit the wedlock for a just cause.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The intimate legal tangles |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/mar/25/the-intimate-legal-tangles-1585091.html |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>

Rajkotia has handled numerous celebrity cases and stated that even though the voyeuristic interest in celebrity cases is higher, the proceedings are no different from a regular case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=David |first=Ruth |title=India's Celebrity Divorces |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/19/india-bollywood-divorce-tech-media-cx_rd_1219indiadivorce.html#16fb9c731e28 |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> She has asserted against the perception of family law as a 'soft law', stating that it is a subject of marvellous complexity that has the potential to reform the very base of society.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The First Thing We Do, Let's Kill All The Lawyers" – Rajkotia Associates Advocates |url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-first-thing-we-do-lets-kill-all-the-lawyers/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Advocate Malavika Rajkotia on how family law is seen as 'soft-law' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Drz6ytr4TZg |language=en |access-date=2022-04-15}}</ref> In 2011, a judge in one of her cases remarked that divorce lawyers were responsible for prolonging divorce litigation. Objecting to this claim, Rajkotia wrote a letter to the Chief Justice of the [[Delhi High Court]], stating that such a view reflected a lack of understanding of the complex dynamics of matrimonial conflict. She then decided to elaborate on this notion in her book, ''Intimacy Undone,'' instead of sending the letter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajkotia |first1=Malavika |title=Intimacy Undone: Marriage, Divorce and Family Law in India |date=2017 |publisher=Speaking Tiger Books |isbn=978-9354472978|quote=My stung reaction was to write an open letter to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court - which I never sent because, to my surprise, it grew into this book.}}</ref>

She has worked on issues such as the protection of civil liberties from procedural laws,<ref>Sumer Singh Salkan vs Ranjeet Narayan https://indiankanoon.org/doc/24446025/</ref> gender rights, human rights and environmental concerns with various [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] like Sakshi and IFSHA. She has also lectured at the [[National Law University, Delhi|National Law University of Delhi]] and spoken at the Judicial Academy, in Ranchi and Delhi on family law and gender sensitisation of judges.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Rajkotia was a part of the Lady Shri Ram College dramatics society and was an amateur theatre actor before choosing to pursue law full time. She worked in Hindi theatre with her teacher [[Sheila Bhatia]] of Delhi Art Theatre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Interview With Malavika Rajkotia : www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/malavika-rajkotia-interview.asp# |access-date=2017-11-25 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com |language=en}}</ref> In addition to her work as a lawyer, she has worked in about thirty Hindi and English productions.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Commentary ==
Rajkotia has advocated for the concept of matrimonial property and equitable distribution in family and property law cases and has written on issues of gender,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-08 |title='With both genders wanting to break away from the stereotype, this results in increasing stress.' |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/cover-story-articles/focus/genders-wanting-break-away-stereotype-results-increasing-stress/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=India Legal |language=en-US}}</ref> privacy in family law,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thinking Privacy in Family Law – Rajkotia Associates Advocates |url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/thinking-privacy-in-family-law/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[marital rape]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Let the law prevail, not doubts |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/let-the-law-prevail-not-doubts.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=theweek.in}}</ref> a rights based approach to family law,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Law Commission's Questionnaire on Uniform Civil Code – Rajkotia Associates Advocates |url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-law-commissions-questionnaire-on-uniform-civil-code/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[triple talaq]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-02 |title=The case against abolitionists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/triple-talaq-muslim-women-the-case-against-abolitionists-4684993/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Malavika Rajkotia |date=7 January 2018 |title=Why Modi govt's Triple Talaq Bill is divorced from reality faced by Muslim women |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180115-triple-talaq-ban-triple-talaq-bill-jail-upto-three-years-1122116-2018-01-07 |access-date=2022-04-15 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> child rights,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Should we Sign the Hague Convention? – Rajkotia Associates Advocates |url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/should-we-sign-the-hague-convention/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> and adultery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-05 |title=Sexless marriage chalta hai? Book discusses loopholes in Indian divorce law |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/sexless-marriage-divorce-lawyer-book-loopholes-indian-law-love--sex-and-dhoka-18046198 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajkotia was born to a Sikh family in Karnal and lives in Delhi with her son and daughter. She was the anchor on ''Shakti,'' the first television talk show in India that focused on women's rights and acted in two episodes of a television law-based serial, ''Bhanwar''".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malavika Rajkotia – Rajkotia Associates Advocates|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/malavika-rajkotia/|access-date=2021-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===
''"Intimacy Undone: Law of Marriage, Divorce and Family in India"'' Speaking Tiger Books, 2017.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajkotia |first=Malavika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuDIAQAACAAJ |title=Intimacy Undone: Marriage, Divorce and Family Law In India |date=2017-02-15 |publisher=[[Speaking Tiger Books]] |isbn=9789386582072 |language=en}}</ref>

''"Unpartitioned Time: A Daughter's Story" Speaking Tiger Books,'' 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Unpartitioned Time - Speaking Tiger Books |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/unpartitioned-time/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Articles ===
Rajkotia has also written articles for publications such as ''[[India Today]]'', ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'':

*''Let the law prevail, not doubts.'' (The Week)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/let-the-law-prevail-not-doubts.html|title=Let the law prevail, not doubts|website=theweek.in}}</ref>
* ''The case against abolitionists.''([[The Indian Express]], 2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/triple-talaq-muslim-women-the-case-against-abolitionists-4684993/|title=The case against abolitionists|date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''Why Modi Govt's Triple Talaq is divorced from reality faced by Muslim Women.'' (India Today,2018)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180115-triple-talaq-ban-triple-talaq-bill-jail-upto-three-years-1122116-2018-01-07|title=Why Modi govt's Triple Talaq Bill is divorced from reality faced by Muslim women|author=Malavika Rajkotia |date=7 January 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
* ''Thinking Privacy in Family Law.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/thinking-privacy-in-family-law/|title=Thinking Privacy in Family Law – Rajkotia Associates Advocates}}</ref>
* ''The Law and The Mob''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-law-and-the-mob/|title=The Law and The Mob – Rajkotia Associates Advocates}}</ref>
* ''The Law Commission's Questionnaire on Uniform Civil Code.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-law-commissions-questionnaire-on-uniform-civil-code/|title=The Law Commission's Questionnaire on Uniform Civil Code – Rajkotia Associates Advocates}}</ref>
* ''Should we Sign the Hague Convention?<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/should-we-sign-the-hague-convention/|title=Should we Sign the Hague Convention? – Rajkotia Associates Advocates}}</ref>''
* ''The First Thing We Do, Let's Kill All The Lawyers''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-first-thing-we-do-lets-kill-all-the-lawyers/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026012204/https://rajkotiaassociates.in/the-first-thing-we-do-lets-kill-all-the-lawyers/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2020|title="The First Thing We Do, Let's Kill All The Lawyers" – Rajkotia Associates Advocates}}</ref>
* ''With both genders wanting to break away from the stereotype, this results in increasing stress''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/cover-story-articles/focus/genders-wanting-break-away-stereotype-results-increasing-stress/|title='With both genders wanting to break away from the stereotype, this results in increasing stress.'|first=India|last=Legal|date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkotia, Malavika}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Azizur Rahman (Indian politician)

2026-04-24T12:29:37Z

Abesh Purkait: adding initial details w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Azizur Rahman
| office = Member of [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| office2 = Member of [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| office1 = Member of [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 1974
| term_end = November 1989
}}
'''Azizur Rahman''' is an Indian Politician and member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He represented [[Bijnor (Assembly constituency)]] [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] and [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], in office from March 1974 to November 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bijnor.html|title=Bijnor Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/uttar-pradesh/bijnor-constituency.html|title=Bijnor Assembly Constituency Map, Bijnor Election 2017 Results|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1985/bijnor/azizur-rahman/|title=Azizur Rahman, Bijnor Assembly Elections 1985 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com|website=Latestly|language=en|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Azizur}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kumaraswamy Thangaraj

2026-04-20T11:38:56Z

Abesh Purkait: made new bio

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. Thangaraj
| native_name = கு. தங்கராஜ்
|image =கு. தங்கராஜ்.jpg
| birth_place = [[Cheyyur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| field = [[Genetics]], [[population genetics]]
| alma_mater = [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| workplaces = [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026) [[J.C. Bose National Fellowship]]
| known_for = Genetic history of the Indian population
}}
'''Kumaraswamy Thangaraj''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[geneticist]] and [[molecular biology]] researcher. He is a senior scientist at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in [[Hyderabad]]. For his significant contributions to research, the [[Government of India]] honored him with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award, in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/padma-shri-for-hyderabad-geneticist-dr-thangarajs-pioneering-research |title=Padma Shri for Hyderabad geneticist Dr. Thangaraj's pioneering research |access-date=2026-01-27|date=2026-01-25}}</ref><ref name="Padma2026">{{cite web|date=25 January 2026|title=Padma Awards 2026 Announced|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=14 February 2026|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

==Earlier life==
Born on 2 June 1963, in [[Cheyyur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Thangaraj completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in 1984 and his [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) in 1988 at the [[University of Madras]]. After completing his [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] in 1989, he did doctoral research in genetics at the [[University of Madras]] (Taramani Campus) and was awarded his Ph.D. in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Dr. K. Thangaraj |url=https://nabsindia.org/profiles/thangaraj.html|publisher=National Academy of Biological Sciences|access-date=2026-02-14}}</ref>

==Research career==
Shortly before receiving his doctorate in 1993, he joined the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in Hyderabad as a scientist. He later became a senior scientist at the institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=K. Thangaraj |url=https://www.ccmb.res.in/People/Research-Group/K-Thangaraj|publisher=CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|access-date=2026-02-14}}</ref> His research primarily focuses on human population genetics.

===Origins of the Indian Population===
He contributed to research on the genetic structure of [[Indian populations]], including studies supporting the model that present-day Indians derive ancestry from two ancient groups known as Ancestral [[North Indians]] (ANI) and Ancestral [[South Indians]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reich |first=David |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Indian population history |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |pages=489–494 |year=2009 |doi=10.1038/nature08365|pmc=2842210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Moorjani |first=Priya |display-authors=etal |title=Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=422–438 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006|pmc=3769933 }}</ref>

===Andaman tribes===
He led studies on the genetic history of Andamanese tribes, including the [[Onge]] and [[Great Andamanese peoples|Great Andamanese]] which found that their maternal lineages belong to [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M ]]and show deep divergence within Asian populations, supporting models of early modern human dispersal into Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thangaraj |first=Kumarasamy |display-authors=etal |title=Genetic affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a vanishing human population |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=86–93 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2}}</ref>

===Genetic diseases===
He conducted detailed studies on [[genetic diseases]] caused by the [[caste]] system and [[consanguineous marriages]] (marrying close relatives) prevalent in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nakatsuka |first=Nathan |display-authors=etal |title=The promise of discovering population-specific disease-associated genes in South Asia |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=49 |pages=1403–1407 |year=2017 |doi=10.1038/ng.3917|pmc=5675555 }}</ref>

===COVID-19===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he co-authored a genomic study examining genetic susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 among isolated and endogamous South Asian populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh|first1=Prajjval Pratap |first2=Prashanth |last2=Suravajhala|last3=Mallick|first3= Chandana Basu|display-authors=etal |title= COVID-19: Impact on linguistic and genetic isolates of India. |journal=Genes & Immunity |year=2022 |volume=23|pp=47–50|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00150-8|pmc=8504558}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2026) – For contributions to Science and Engineering, Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/padma-honour-for-ccmb-geneticist-k-thangaraj-for-pioneering-population-studies |title=Padma honour to CCMB genetist K. Thangaraj for pioneering population studies |access-date=2026-01-27}}</ref>
* [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Geneticist K. Thangaraj of CSIR-CCMB awarded Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar |date=28 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |location=Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/geneticist-k-thangaraj-of-csir-ccmb-awarded-rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar/article70208311.ece |access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>
* J. C. Bose Fellowship, CSIR-India (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=CCMB scientist K Thangaraj awarded JC Bose Fellowship in Hyderabad |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 August 2019 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180819/ccmb-scientist-k-thangaraj-awarded-jc-bose-fellowship-in-hyderabad.html |access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>
* Fellow – [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA){{fact|date=February 2026}}
* Fellow – [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IASc){{fact|date=February 2026}}
* [[Sun Pharma]] Research Award ([[Medical Sciences]]){{fact|date=February 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

Udaipura Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:47Z

Abesh Purkait: Created initial info more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udaipura
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 140
| map_image = 140-Udaipura.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Raisen district|Raisen]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Narmadapuram]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Narendra Shivaji Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Devendra Singh Patel
}}

'''Udaipura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Raisen district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Goutam Sharma
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Goverdhan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dilip Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Vimla Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Bhagwan Singh Rajpoot
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Ramkishan Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Devendra Singh Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Narendra Shivaji Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaipura<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narendra Shivaji Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:124279}}
|percentage = 57.67
|change = +13.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Singh Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81456}}
|percentage = 37.8
|change = -11.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Babulal Choudhri Phalban
|votes = {{formatnum:3120}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2032}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42823}}
|percentage = 19.87
|change = +15.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215488}}
|percentage = 82.4
|change = +4.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaipura<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Singh Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86441}}
|percentage = 48.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkishan Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:78440}}
|percentage = 44.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haribabu Dhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:2007}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohan Singh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1644}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Noriya (Pappu Bhaiya) Gram Thala
|votes = {{formatnum:1597}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2973}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8001}}
|percentage = 4.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176612}}
|percentage = 78.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Udaipura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.08|78.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Gadhada Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:44Z

Abesh Purkait: Creating a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gadhada
| mla = Mahant Shambhunath Tundiya
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Botad district|Botad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:263958}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 106
}}
'''Gadhada''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Botad district|Botad]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== List of segments ==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# [[Gadhada Taluka]] (part) Villages – Anida, Ankadiya, Bhandariya, Bodki, Chabhadiya, [[Chiroda]], [[Chosla]], Dhasa, Gadhada (M), [[Gadhali]], Ghogha Samdi, Gundala, Sanjanavadar, Haripar, Ingorala, Itariya, Jalalpur, Junavadar, Kamparadi, Kerala (Gadhada), Khijadiya, Khopala, Lakhanka, Limbadiya, Limbala, [[Limbali]], Malpara, Mandavdhar, Mandva, Mota Umarda, Moti Kundal, Nana Umarda, Padapan, Padvadar, Patana, Pipardi, Rajpipala, Raliyana, Rampara, Rasnal, Rojmal, Samadhiyala, Sitapar, Vanali, Vavdi, Vikaliya, Viravadi, Virdi.
# Umrala Taluka
#[[Vallabhipur Taluka]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
*1967 - Darbar Saheb Ranjeetsinhji B Gohil, [[Swatantra party]]
*1972 - Lakhman Goti, [[Indian National Congress]]
*1975 - Pratap Shah, [[Indian National Congress]]
*1980 - Bachu Gohel, [[Indian National Congress]]
*1985 - Kanti Gohil, [[Indian National Congress]]
*1990 - [[Maganlal Ranva]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1995 - [[Atmaram Parmar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1998 - [[Atmaram Parmar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2002 - Pravin Maru, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2007 - [[Atmaram Parmar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - [[Atmaram Parmar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Maru Pravinbhai Tidabhai]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2020 by-election
|[[Atmaram Parmar]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Mahant Shambhunath Tundiya
|
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Gadhada Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahant Shambhunath Tundiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64386
|percentage = 47.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmar Rameshbhai Parbhubhai
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 37692
|percentage = 27.64
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdishkumar Motilal Chavda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29899
|percentage = 21.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2031
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,694
|percentage = 19.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:261776}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2020===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Gadhada<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10 |accessdate=5 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10 |archivedate=5 October 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atmaram Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,912
|percentage = 56.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanbhai Shankharbhai Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,617
|percentage = 37.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,119
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,295
|percentage = 18.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,420
|percentage = 51.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Gadhada<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravinbhai Maru
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,457
|percentage = 50.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atmaram Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 60,033
|percentage = 43.80
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,424
|percentage = 6.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,070
|percentage = 56.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gadhada]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atmaram Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64043
|percentage = 44.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravinbhai Maru
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54959
|percentage = 37.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9084
|percentage = 6.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145273
|percentage = 65.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Botad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.97|71.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Botad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Gujarat]]

Raina I

2026-04-14T14:24:39Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{For|disambiguation|Raina (disambiguation){{!}}Raina}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Raina I
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Raina-I in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|subdivision_type3 =Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
|subdivision_type4 =Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]], [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 266.07
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 173,094
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|04|07|N|87|54|22|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 31
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 713421 (Raina) 713423 (Sehara)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code = 03451
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 80.20 per cent
|website = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Raina I''' (also spelled Rayna and called Raina) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]] Raina of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|thumb|left|500px|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]
===Location===
Raina is located at {{coord|23.0685|N|87.9062|E|format=dms|}}.

Raina I CD Block is part of the Khandaghosh Plain, which lies in the south-western part of the district, The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] flows through the area. The bed of the Damodar is higher than the surrounding areas and the right bank is protected against floods with embankments in portions of the south of the Damodar River. The region has [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soil of recent origin.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref> Unlike the rest of Bardhaman district, which lies to the north of the [[Damodar River]], the [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]]-Jamalpur-[[Raina I (community development block)|Raina]] area lies on the alluvial plains between the Damodar on its southern/ eastern side and the [[Dwarakeswar River]]. As a result, it has been a flood prone area.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, pp. 15-18</ref>

Raina I CD Block is bounded by [[Burdwan II]] CD Block on the north, [[Jamalpur (community development block)|Jamalpur]] CD Block on the east, [[Raina II]] CD Block in the south, and [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Raina I CD Block has an area of 266.07 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 139 gram sansads (village councils), 113 [[mouza]]s and 110 inhabited villages. [[Raina, Bardhaman#Police station|Raina]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Shyamsundar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

It is from this area that the [[Mundeswari River]] originates.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 33</ref> The small Ratnela khal also originates in the region and later flows into the Ghia river in [[Hooghly district]].<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 36</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Raina I block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Hijalna, Mugura, Narugram, Natu, Palasan, Raina, Sehara and Shyamsundar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Raina I CD Block had a total population of 180,952, of which 173,094 were rural and 7,858 were urban. There were 92,392 (51%) males and 88,560 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 18,734. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 62,151 (34.35%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 10,503 (5.80%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Raina I block had a total population of 162,921, out of which 83,633 were males and 79,288 were females. Raina I block registered a population growth of 13.71 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 54,462 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 9,808.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]] in Raina I CD Block is (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Seharabazar]] (7,858).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Raina I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Rayna (5,157), Jotsadi (4,998), Bantir (5,176), Haripur (4,992), Shyamsundar (4,903) and Dharan (4,403).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Raina I CD Block include (2011census figures in brackets): Mugura (1,867), Palasan (3,917), Hijalgram (1,685), Narugram (3,226) and Natu (1,626).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Raina I CD Block was 130,093 (80.20% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 71,005 (85.77% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 59,088 (74.38% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.39%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Raina I block had a total literacy of 74.69 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 83.01 per cent female literacy was 65.88 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Raina I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|70.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|28.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 127,978 and formed 70.72% of the population in Raina I CD Block. Muslims numbered 51,443 and formed 28.43% of the population. Christians numbered 108 and formed 0.06% of the population. Others numbered 1,423 and formed 0.79% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Bardhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Raina I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.08 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 4.25 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.67 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.08% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 4.25% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Raina I CD Block was 27.24%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Raina I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 18.11%, agricultural labourers 51.83%, household industry workers 1.84% and other workers 28.21%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Raina I CD Block is part of the area where agriculture dominates the scenario but the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown an increasing trend.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 110 inhabited villages in Raina I CD block. All 110 villages (100%) have power supply. All 110 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 26 villages (23.64%) have post offices. All 110 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 51 villages (46.36%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 71 villages (64.55%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 27 villages (24.55%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 6 villages (5.45%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 115 fertiliser depots, 9 seed stores and 60 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Raina I CD Block'''
|value1 = 6.47
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 11.45
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 8.29
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 25.00
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 48.79
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture Raina I could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6.47%, patta (document) holders 11.45%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 8.29%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25.00% and agricultural labourers 48.79%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Raina I Block was 20,726 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 16,500 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Raina I CD Block produced 141,339 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 42,057 hectares, 14,648 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,600 hectares, 541 tonnes of wheat from 202 hectares and 22,841 tonnes of potatoes from 1,966 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman | work = Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Raina I CD Block was 15,687.01 hectares, out of which 13,148.67 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 232.19 hectares by river lift irrigation and 2,306.15 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Raina I CD Block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
{{Bankura-Masagram line|collapse=yes}}

Raina I CD Block has 8 ferry services and 8 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Diesel multiple unit#Diesel-electric|DEMU]] services are available between Bankura and Masagram on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bankura-masagram-demu-78056/67667/955/8691 | title = 78056 Bankura-Masagram DEMU| publisher = India Rail Info |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref> There are stations at Berugram, Mathnasipur, [[Raina, Bardhaman|Rainagar]], [[Shyamsundarpur]], Gopinathpur and [[Seharabazar]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]] running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) passes through the western edge of this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
The Raina area had not lagged behind in education. In 1838, a survey by Adams revealed that there were 190 Sanskrit tols in Bardhaman district. Out of this 13 were in Raina. The same report also mentioned Persian schools in the area.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 547</ref> In 1947, at the time of independence there were only three colleges in Bardhaman district – at Bardhaman, Kalna and Asansol. [[Shyamsundar College]] in Raina I CD Block was established in 1948.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, pp. 560-561.</ref>

In 2013-14, Raina I CD Block had 128 primary schools with 9,391 students, 6 middle schools with 414 students, 15 high schools with 9,037 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 12,194 students. Raina I CD Block had 1 general college with 3,544 students, and 281 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,705 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Raina I CD block, amongst the 110 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have schools, 21 villages had two or more primary schools, 25 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Raina I CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 primary health centres and 4 private nursing homes with total 51 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 26 family welfare subcentres. 1,888 patients were treated indoor and 178,702 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Maheshbati Rural Hospital at [[Maheshbati]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Raina I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Meral (with 4 beds), Narugram (with 6 beds) and [[Shyamsundar]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Raina I CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study)| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Financial District, Hyderabad

2026-04-11T10:48:59Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Financial District
| settlement_type = [[Central business district]]
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg
| photo2a = Waverock buildings in Financial district (1).jpg
| photo2b =
| photo3a =
| photo3b =
| photo4a =
| size = 280
| color = white
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top: Amazon office building, WaveRock
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|25|N|78|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| established_date = {{Start date and age|2004|11|22|df=yes/no}}
| established_title = [[Municipal incorporation|Established]]
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 0.30
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 008
| registration_plate = TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Serilingampally (Assembly constituency)|Serilingampally]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|http://telangana.gov.in/}}
}}

The Financial District is a premier information technology, real estate, and architectural suburb located in the [[Serlingampally]] [[mandal]] of [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[India]]. Spanning an initial area of {{convert|100|acres|km2|adj=on}}, it serves as a core economic engine of the city's western corridor. It is part of the larger cluster of technology townships and business hubs is collectively known as '''[[HITEC City|Cyberabad]]''', a high-tech metropolitan zone for IT, banking, and financial services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-government-plans-new-financial-district/articleshow/53183838.cms|title=Telangana government plans new financial district|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-07-13|last=Didyala|first=Amrita|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/financial-district-land-sells-like-hot-cake-105120501034_1.html|title=Financial District land sells like hot cake}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2002/feb/02naidu.htm|title=NYSE to help Andhra set up financial district in Hyderabad}}</ref><ref name="name">{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/216730|title=Hyderabad to become 2nd financial capital|website=[[Arab News]]|quote=The financial district, the foundation stone for which was laid by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee Saturday, will be the first step toward Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu’s goal to make Hyderabad India’s second financial capital after Bombay.}}</ref>

==History==
The Financial District was an initiative of the [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] government and its foundation stone was laid by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in 2001.<ref name="name"/> The neighbourhoods of [[Nanakramguda]] and [[Gachibowli]] were part of the first phase of the Financial District.

The first phase is home to TSI Business Parks, [[special economic zone]]s (SEZs), and the WaveRock Building, which houses multinational conglomerates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/International-business-hub-planned/article16815354.ece|title=International business hub planned|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> WaveRock is a 2.5 million square foot Information Technology-SEZ in Nanakramguda covering about 12 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/city-it-sez-waverock-bought-by-shapoorji-allianz-jv-for-rs-1-8k-cr/articleshow/72876603.cms|title=Hyderabad's IT-SEZ WaveRock bought by Shapoorji-Allianz JV for Rs 1,800 crore|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2025-11-28|last=Sengupta|first=Sudipta}}</ref>

By 2019, The SEZ housed over 25 information technology companies including Apple, GAP, Accenture, Development Bank of Singapore, and DuPont, and has between 25,000 and 30,000 employees working out of the premises. In December 2019, WaveRock was bought by the Shapoorji Pallonji Real Estate Fund for Rs 1,800 crore from [[Tishman Speyer]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allianz Fund Buys Hyderabad Offices from Tishman, GIC|url=https://wework.co.in/hyderabad/|website=Mingtiandi|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US|first=James|last=Hatton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702163357/https://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/finance/allianz-fund-buys-hyderabad-offices-from-tishman-gic/|archive-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>

==Companies and IT Parks==
[[ICICI Bank]] also has Asia's biggest work place with over 4 million square feet of space. The Nanakramguda Village,<ref name=":0" /> [[Film Nagar]], and [[Nanakramguda temple]] are nearby.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hamlet-unchanged-welcome-to-nanakramguda/article4573961.ece|title=Hamlet unchanged: Welcome to Nanakramguda|first=S. Sandeep|last=Kumar|date=2 April 2013|via=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/international-business-hub-planned/article108883.ece International business hub planned | The Hindu]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Nanakramguda%20&district=Hyderabad|title=Pin code of Nanakramguda|publisher=citypincode.in|access-date=2014-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306065949/http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Nanakramguda%20&district=Hyderabad|archive-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>

Major hospitals like Continental Hospital, Care and AIG are in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/nanakramguda-favourite-for-real-estate-investors-722627|title=Nanakramguda, favourite for real estate investors}}</ref> SAS Infra iTower, a high-rise commercial complex on Khajaguda-Nanakramguda Road, was the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|tallest building in Hyderabad]] upon its completion in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/embassy-group-partners-with-sas-infra-to-develop-3-in-hyderabads-financial-district/articleshow/91124473.cms?from=mdr|title=Embassy Group partners with SAS Infra to develop 3 in Hyderabad's Financial District}}</ref>

The [[Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad|US consulate]] in Hyderabad shifted to Nanakramguda on 20 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/us-consulate-general-to-move-into-new-facility-in-nanakramguda-on-march-20/article66592747.ece|title=US Consulate General to move into new facility in Nanakramguda on March 20|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/one-of-the-busiest-in-country-us-consulate-general-in-hyderabad-to-get-new-office-6243164/|title=One of the busiest in country, US consulate General in Hyderabad to get new office}}</ref> Spread across a 12.3-acre site, it will be the largest US consular processing campus in-[[South East Asia]], both in terms of the number of visa windows and in area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/mar/19/us-to-establish-se-asias-largest-consulate-campus-in-hyderabad-2431708.html|title=US to establish SE Asia's largest Consulate campus in Hyderabad}}</ref> The current US consulate campus in historic [[Paigah Palace]] in Chiran Fort Club lane in [[Begumpet]] will be shifted to Nanakramguda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/apr/22/us-consul-office-to-shift-only-by-mid-2022-2293121.html|title=US Consul office to shift only by mid-2022}}</ref>

On 21 August 2019, Amazon opened its largest campus in the world at Nanakramguda. It is the first Amazon-owned campus located outside the United States and features the largest Amazon-owned building in the world. The 9.7-acre campus houses over 15,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-22|title=7 things you should know about Amazon's newest campus|url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/job-creation-investment/7-things-you-should-know-about-amazons-newest-campus|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Amazon India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Opens Its Largest Campus in the World in Hyderabad |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/amazon-opens-its-largest-campus-in-the-world-in-hyderabad-2088451 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |access-date=August 21, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Google's new Hyderabad facility in the Financial District, Nanakramguda will be a 3.3 Million sft energy efficient campus built with sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290422/work-kicks-off-on-googles-campus.html|title=Work kicks off on Google's campus in Hyderabad}}</ref> Google acquired the 7.3-acre site in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/google-begins-work-on-hyderabad-campus-largest-outside-its-headquarters/articleshow/91153533.cms|title=Google begins work on Hyderabad campus, largest outside its headquarters}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Amazon campus in Financial district.jpg|Amazon campus in Financial district
File:Waverock buildings in Financial district (2).jpg|Waverock buildings
File:ICICI Bank Towers Hyd.jpg|[[ICICI Bank]] Financial District Hyderabad
File:Continental Hospital Nanakramguda FD Hyd.jpg|Continental Hospital Financial District
File:Q-City building in Financial district.jpg|Q-city
File:Financial district gachibowli.jpg|view from ICICI Bank towers
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
Financial District is an upcoming hub for healthcare. Some of the major healthcare centers have opened branches in this area to cater to large IT crowd. Some of the popular hospitals and healthcare centers are

* Continental Hospitals
* Star Hospitals
* Rainbow Hospital
* Boon IVF & Fertility
* Sankara Eye Hospital

==Schools==
* The Shri Ram Universal School, 2-59/1/JM/104, Financial District Nanakramguda
Then we also have many other schools like keystone close to the Shri ram universal school

==Other sights==
* [[Sri Ranganadha swamy temple, Nanakramguda]]
* Flipside Adventure Park, ISB Rd, Financial District.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lack-of-safety-for-drivers-puts-go-karting-in-dangerous-lane/articleshow/78596857.cms|title=Lack of safety for drivers puts go-karting in dangerous lane|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* Sunset cinema club-open air cinemas at One Golf Brewery.
* Nanakramguda lake, popularly called Wipro lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080618/wipro-lake-littered-with-garbage-plastic.html|title=Wipro lake littered with garbage, plastic}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]]
* [[Bangalore Central Business District]]
* Gowlidoddy
* Gopanpally
* [[Genome Valley]]
* [[GIFT City]]
* [[Hyderabad Pharma City]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Financial districts in India]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]

Koneswaram Temple

2026-04-11T09:04:23Z

Abesh Purkait: made a place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Sri Lanka}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Koneswaram Kovil
| image = Spiritual 16.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| alt =
| caption = View of Temple before recent [[Kumbhabhishekham]]
| map_type = Sri Lanka Trincomalee Central
| map_caption = Location in central Trincomalee
| coordinates = {{coord|8|34|57|N|81|14|44|E|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = {{langx|ta|திருக்கோணேச்சரம்|label=none}} Tirukkōṇēsvaram kōṇanāta cuvāmi ālayam
| country = Sri Lanka
| province = [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]]
| district = [[Trincomalee District]]
| location = Swami Rock (Kōṇāmalai), [[Trincomalee]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva|Konanātha Swami]], [[Parvati|Māthumai]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Earliest records from the 6th century BCE, restored 1952
| creator =
| website =
}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}
{{Saivism}}
'''Koneswaram Temple of Trincomalee''' ({{langx|ta|திருக்கோணேச்சரம் கோயில்}}) or '''Thirukonamalai Konesar Temple''' – The Temple of the Thousand Pillars and Dakshina-Then Kailasam (Southern / Ancient Kailash) is a classical-medieval [[Hindu temple]] complex in [[Trincomalee]], a Hindu [[religious pilgrimage]] centre in [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]], Sri Lanka. The most sacred of the [[Pancha Ishwarams]] of Sri Lanka, it was built significantly during the ancient period on top of Konesar Malai, a promontory overlooking [[Trincomalee District]], [[Trincomalee Harbour|Gokarna bay]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. The monument contains its main shrine to [[Shiva]] in the form ''Kona-Ishvara'', shortened to ''Konesar''.

The original ''[[kovil]]'' combined key features to form its basic [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian temple]] plan, such as its thousand pillared hall – "Aayiram Kaal Mandapam" – and the [[Jagati (temple)|Jagati]]. Regarded as the greatest building of its age for its architecture, elaborate sculptural [[bas-relief]] ornamentation adorned a black granite [[megalith]] while its multiple gold plated ''[[gopuram]]'' towers were expanded in the medieval period. One of three major Hindu shrines on the promontory with a colossal gopuram tower, it stood distinctly on the cape's highest eminence.

The journey for pilgrims in the town begins at the opening of Konesar Road and follows a path through courtyard shrines of the compound to the deities [[Bhadrakali]], [[Ganesh|Ganesha]], [[Vishnu]] [[Thirumal]], [[Surya]], [[Raavana]], [[Mariamman|Ambal]]-[[Shakti]], [[Murukan]] and Shiva who presides at the promontory's height. The annual Koneswaram Temple Ther Thiruvilah festival involves the [[Pathirakali Amman Temple|Bhadrakali temple of Trincomalee]], the Pavanasam Theertham at the preserved Papanasuchunai holy well and the proximal Back Bay Sea (Theertham Karatkarai) surrounding Konesar Malai.

The [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] king [[Gajabahu II of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu II]] who ruled Polonnaruwa from 1131 to 1153 CE is described in the Konesar Kalvettu as a devout worshipper of Shiva and a benefactor of the temple of Konamalai.<ref name="HLtoSL"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillay|first1=K. |year=1963 |title=South India and Ceylon |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |pages=174 |oclc=250247191}}</ref> He spent his last days in the associated Brahmin settlement of [[Kantale|Kantalai]].{{refn|group=note|“He performed Brahmanical sacrifices, worshipped at the Saiva shrine of Konesvaram in Trincomalee and spent his last days in the Brahmana settlement at Kantalay.”<ref name="indrapala">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E. |date=2005|publisher=M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney |isbn=0-646-42546-3}} pp.252-253</ref>}}

The complex was destroyed in [[Portuguese Empire|colonial religious attacks]] between 1622 and 1624 and a [[Fort Fredrick|fort]] was built at the site from its debris. A 1632-built [[Ati Konanayakar temple|temple]] located away from the city houses some of its original idols. Worldwide interest was renewed following the discovery of its underwater and land ruins, sculptures and [[Chola art|Chola bronzes]] by archaeologists and [[Arthur C. Clarke]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/ceylon-and-the-underwater-archaeologist/ | title=Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum }}</ref> It has been preserved through restorations, most recently in the 1950s. Granted ownership of villages in its floruit to form the Trincomalee District, Trincomalee village is located on the cape [[isthmus]] within the compounds. Revenue from the temple provides services and food to local residents.

Koneswaram has many strong historical associations. The shrine is described in the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', the ''Konesar Kalvettu'' and ''[[Tevaram]]'' hymns by [[Sambandhar]] and [[Sundarar]] as a [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] along with its west coast Ishwaram counterpart [[Ketheeswaram temple]], [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]], and was praised for its tradition by [[Arunagirinathar]] upon his visit. The ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam'' and ''Manmiam'' works note it as ''Dakshina/Then Kailasam'' ([[Mount Kailash]] of the South) for its longitudinal position and pre-eminence, it lies directly east of [[Kudiramalai]] west coast Hindu port town, while it is the easternmost shrine of the five ancient ''Ishwarams'' of Shiva on the island.

Mentioned as a widely popular bay temple of the island in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Yalpana Vaipava Malai]]'', the ''Mattakallappu Manmiam'' confirms its sacred status for all Hindus. [[Kachiyapper|Kachiyappa Sivachariar]]'s ''Kanda Puranam'' compares the temple to [[Thillai Chidambaram Temple]] and Mount Kailash in Saivite esteem.

==Etymology==
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| image2 = Map1502cantino-eelam.jpg
| alt2 = 1502 Cantino map
| caption2 = [[Cantino]] map of 1502, showing three Tamil towns on east coast, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee (''Traganamalee'') and [[Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil|Pannoam]].
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According to Professor [[S. Pathmanathan]], "the name Kōnesvaram is derived from the Sanskrit expression Gokarnesvara, which was applied as the name of the form of [[Shiva]] for whose worship the temple at Tirukōnamalai had been dedicated". In India there exists three other important [[Shaiva]] shrines named Gokarna.<ref>S. Pathmanathan, Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka, pp.58-59</ref> The Gokarna Shiva temple in [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (modern day [[Orissa]]) is also located on a mountain and the presiding deity is known as Gokarnasvamin. [[S. Pathmanathan]] states that both [[Shaiva]] shrines named Gokarna facing the eastern coastline and existing on mountains is not a coincidence, and that the Kōnesvaram temple was likely first established by settlers from [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] whose "favourite deity was Gokarnasvamin enshrined on the Mahendra mountain in Kalinga".<ref>S. Pathmanathan, Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka, pp.58-59</ref>

===''Kona'', ''Ishvara'' and Trincomalee===
In the [[Tamil language]], temples are known as ''[[kovils]],''; thus the temple complex is known locally as ''Konecaram Kovil'' ({{langx|ta|கோணேச்சரம்}}), the abode of ''Kona''—''[[Iswara|Ishvara]]'' (the Chief Lord or God). The presiding Shiva deity's names are ''Konesar'' ({{langx|ta|கோணேசர்}}) (pronounced ''Konechar'' or ''Konasir'' – a compound of Kona and Ishvara), ''Koneswaran'', ''Kona—Natha'' and the goddess consort is called ''Mathumai Amman'' (another name for [[Mother goddess]] [[Mariamman|Amman]]).<ref name="HLtoSL"/><ref name="pridham"/><ref>Hugh Chisholm (1911). ''The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 27''. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. pp. 284</ref> It later earned the title ''Thiru Koneswaram Kovil''. Trincomalee, the coastal peninsula town where Koneswaram is located is an Anglicized form of the old Tamil word "Thiru-kona-malai" ({{langx|ta|திருகோணமலை}}), meaning "Lord of the Sacred Hill", its earliest reference in this form found in the ''[[Tevaram]]'' of the seventh century by [[Sampandar]].<ref name="CSHindu"/>

''Thiru'' is a word generally used to denote a "sacred" temple site while ''Malai'' means mountain or hill; [[Middle Tamil]] manuscripts and inscriptions mention the monumental compound shrine as the ''Thirukonamalai Konesar Kovil''.<ref name="CSHindu"/><ref name="namehist4">{{cite book |author1=Herbert Keuneman |author2=John Gottberg |author3=Ravindralal Anthonis |author4=Hans Hoefer |year=1985 |title=Sri Lanka|publisher=Hong Kong : Apa Productions (HK); [Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Distributed by] Prentice Hall, 1985|location=Hong Kong|edition=3 |pages=214 |isbn= 978-0-13-839944-3|oclc= 13501485}}</ref><ref name="Indrapala 2007 324">{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | page=324|location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1}}</ref>

Greek writer [[Strabo]], quoting [[Eratosthenes]] and [[Onesicritus]] notes the island's proximity to the southernmost regions of India, next to the country of the "''Koniakoi'' people," found south up to a coastal promontory on an eastern limit, and describes the island as extending towards [[Ethiopia]] and being home to elephants.<ref>Eratosthenes, Duane W. Roller (2010). Eratosthenes' "Geography". pp. 180. "Taprobane" (one of several names of the island known to Greeks and Romans) is perhaps Sanskrit "Tambraparni", encountered by Greeks through Tamil "Tampirapanni": See Lionel Casson, (1989). ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei''. Princeton. pp. 230–232</ref><ref>John Watson McCrindle (1971). Ancient India as described in classical literature. pp. 18–20</ref> The temple was constructed atop Swami Rock, also called Swami Malai or Kona-ma-malai, a cliff on the peninsula that drops 400 feet (120 metres) directly into the sea.<ref name="reluctant"/>

===Gokarna bay and Bhadrakali Koneswaram temple, Trincomalee===
{{Quote box
| title = Mahabharata on Koneswaram
| width = 300px
| border = 2px
| align = right
| qalign = center
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| source = [[Vyasa]], ''[[Mahabharata]]''. c.401 BCE Corroborating the map of Ptolemy drawn four hundred years later, this text also elaborates on two ashrams of the [[Siddhar]] [[Agastya]] in the region, one near the bay and another atop the Malaya mountain range.<ref name="Mahabharata">Vyasa. (400 B.C.). [https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Mahabharata-of-Krishna-Dwaipayana-Vyasa-Bk-35/ Mahabharata]. Sections LXXXV and LXXXVIII. Book 3. pp. 46–47, 99</ref>
| quoted = 1
| quote = "''Listen as I now recount the isle of [[Tamraparni]] below Pandya-desa and KanyaKumari, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the [[charan|charanas]], the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers, ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99''.
}}

The [[Trincomalee Harbour]], a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to in [[Sanskrit]] as Gokarna (Cow's Ear) and the deity's name ''Gokarneswara'' or ''Go—Natha''. [[S. Pathmanathan|Pathmanathan]] offers the etymological link ''Thiru-Gokarna-Malai'' or ''Thiru-Gona-Malai'' based on this connection.<ref name="S. Pathmanathan 1978. pages 135-144">S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144</ref>

The ethnographer [[Megasthenes]] writing in his ''Indica'' from 350 to 290 BCE, describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called ''Paleogoni'', meaning ''Old Goni'' in Tamil and [[Greek language|Greek]], who [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] adds worshipped [[Hercules]] and [[Dionysus]] (Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam.<ref>McCrindle 1877: pp. 62–63</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Pliny-Taprobane.pdf|title=South Dakota State University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095907/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Pliny-Taprobane.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', written in 300 CE specifically mentions the tallest mountain peak of the great gold and silver rich mountain range ''Malaya'' on the island, and that "to the east of this island at the shore of the sea lies a great Siva temple in a holy place called ''Gokarna''."<ref name="ReferenceA">H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929</ref> ''Gokarna'' is also a place name [[Gokarna, India|in Karnartaka, India]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Gokarna, Nepal|Nepal]] all associated with ancient Shiva temples and some with [[Ravana]] of the ''Ramayana'', the former temple in Karnartaka – the [[Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna|Mahabaleshwar Temple]] – also earning praise in the ''Tevaram''.<ref name=p57>{{Harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006|pages=57}}</ref> A major shrine to the deity [[Bhadrakali]] exists within the Mahabaleshwar Temple complex, and similarly the [[Pathirakali Amman Temple|Bhadrakali Amman Temple of Trincomalee]], dedicated to the same deity and significantly expanded by [[Rajendra Chola I]], stands on Konesar Road before the entrance to Swami Rock.<ref name="Rajendra I 2007">An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 A.D.) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 B.C. to C. 1200 A.D. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. {{ISBN|978-955-1266-72-1}}.</ref>

===Kailash of the South===

Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailash of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the [[Tibet]]an mountain [[Mount Kailash]] (the primary abode of Shiva), Koneswaram's early black granite rock-cut architectural style shared similarities to [[Kailasanathar Temple (disambiguation)|Kailasanathar Temple]]s of the subcontinent. Its traditional history and legends were compiled into the Sanskrit treatises ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam – Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram'', written in 1380 by [[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]], and the ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam'' – three chapters of the ''[[Skanda Puranam]]'' of unknown antiquity – manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th – 7th century.<ref name="aht">{{cite journal |last1=Arumugam|first1=S |year=1980 |title=Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka |publisher=[[University of California]] |edition=2 |pages=37 |oclc=8305376}}</ref><ref>S. Vithiananthan (1980). ''Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2''. p. 170</ref> It was in the ''[[Puranas]]'' that the shrine first found reference as ''Koneiswara Parwatia'', motivating Kullakottan Chola who learnt of its sanctity to sail to Trincomalee and develop the temple.<ref name="jetceylon"/>

The compiler of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]], [[Patanjali|Patañjali]]'s place of birth at the temple corroborates [[Tirumular]]'s ''[[Tirumandhiram]]'', which describes him as hailing from ''Then Kailasam'' and his self description as a "Gonardiya" from ''Gonarda'', "a country in the southern and eastern division" of the Indian continent.<ref>Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. p.285</ref><ref>Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969). ''India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira'', p.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of [[Varāhamihira]]. The [[Markandeya Purana]] (LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India."</ref> Both men were ardent disciples of Nandhi. Patanjali famously visited the [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]], where he wrote the ''Charana Shrungarahita Stotram'' on [[Nataraja]].<ref>Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81</ref>

===Matsya (Vishnu-Thirumal) and Shakti Koneswaram temples, Trincomalee===
In ''Kanda Puranam'', the epic authored by [[Kachiyapper|Kachiyappa Sivachariar]], Koneswaram is venerated as one of the three foremost Shiva abodes in the world, alongside Thillai Chidambaram Temple and Mount Kailash. The Vishnu-Thirumal shrine of the Koneswaram complex repaired by Kullakottan Chola was referred to as the ''Thirukonamalai Macchakeswaram/Macceswaram Kovil'' in some Middle Tamil inscriptions such as the Nilaveli inscription of the 10th century, a Tamil rendering of the Sanskrit ''Matsyakesvara''.<ref name="perspectives"/><ref>On palaeographical and other considerations this epigraphic record could be assigned to the late 10th or early 11th century. It records a grant of 250 veli of land on the coast, to the shrine of [[Neelakanta Lord Shiva|Nilakanta Mahadevar]] at Matsyakesvaram on Konaparvatam of Tirukonamalai for conducting daily worship and rituals. Nittavinotapuram, Patiyana Aipolilpattinam, Makalana, Vikkiramacalamekapuram, Matottamana Iramakulavallip pattinam are some of the merchant towns where archaeological remains of monuments datable to the period of Chola administration have been found.</ref> In fact, [[Matsya]] is the fish incarnation of Vishnu, and this shrine's significance along with that of the third pagoda of the promontory to the goddess is expounded further in the ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam'' and the ''Thirukonasala Puranam.''<ref name="HLtoSL"/><ref>P. P. Vaidyalinga Desicar (ed.), Daksinakailasapuranam, Jaffna, 1916, Tirunakaraccurukkam, vv. 31–34, p. 68</ref><ref>A Sanrnugaratna Ayyar ed., Tirukkonasalapuranam, Jaffna, 1909, Avaiyadakkarn, p. 6</ref>

The temple's "Aayiram Kaal Mandapam" earned it the title ''Pagoda of Trincomalee – Temple of a Thousand Columns'' among Europeans.<ref name="CSHindu"/> The rocky promontory is dedicated to Siva in his ancient form of Kona-Ishvara, and is a major centre of pilgrimage today. The worship of Ishvara is noted to have been the original worship of the island; Charles Pridham, Jonathan Forbes and [[George Turnour]] state that it is probable there is no more ancient form of worship existing than that of [[Iswara|Ishvara]] upon his sacred promontory.<ref name="pridham"/><ref>Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1893). Two happy years in Ceylon. pp. 295</ref><ref>Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1840). ''Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities''. p. 44</ref>

==History==
=== Origins and date of establishment ===
{{multiple image
| footer = Decorated gateway at partially restored Koneswaram (left). Koneswaram idol is taken on a procession around the temple, with pillar from the ruins in the background (right)
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| image1 = Spiritual 15.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = Decorated gateway at Koneswaram
| caption1 = Decorated gateway at Koneswaram

| image2 = Providing Shade.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = [[Temple car|Ther]] festival
| caption2 = Koneswaram Idol Procession

}}
{{multiple image
| footer = ''Ravana's Cleft'' at Swami Rock (Konamalai). It is 350 feet above the sea level and looks straight down into the ocean below (top). Cleft can be seen clearly from sea side by using any watercraft (bottom).
| align = right
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| image1 = Ravana's Cleft, Trincomalee.JPG
| width1 = 225
| alt1 = Lover's Leap
| caption1 = ''Lovers' Leap'' or ''Ravana's Cleft'' at Swami Rock temple entrance.
| image2 = Ravana's Cleft.JPG
| width2 = 225
| alt2 = Lover's Leap
| caption2 = ''Lovers' Leap'' or ''Ravana's Cleft'' seen from sea.
}}
The construction time of Koneswaram has been estimated by comparison between [[stone carving|carved]] reliefs on the temple's ruins, literature on the shrine and the [[inscription]]s commonly used in royal charters from the 5th to 18th centuries but its exact date of birth remains vague. The evidence extant attests to the shrine's [[classical antiquity]]. Construction of Hindu temples was made possible due to the prevalent faith amongst the locals and mercantile communities in the region during the Sangam period.<ref name="paulEPeiris">Dr. Paul E. Pieris declared in 1917, at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch), there was in Lanka five recognized 'Eeswarams' of [[Shiva|Siva]], which claimed and received adoration of all India. These were [[Tiruketheeswaram]] near Mahathitha, [[Munneswaram temple|Munneswaram]], [[Thondeswaram]], [[Tirukoneswaram]] and [[Naguleswaram]]. ''Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch)''</ref> Kaviraja Varothiyan's Tamil poem inscribed on the ''Konesar Kalvettu'', the 17th-century stone inscription chronicle of the temple, gives the shrine's date of birth as circa 1580 BCE.<ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book|last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C|year=1964 |title=An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers|location=Colombo|edition=1|oclc=12240260|quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE, according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty... }}</ref> Archaeologists point to its initial phase consisting of a rock cave, multilayered [[Dravidian architecture#Sangam period|brick shrine style]] popularly constructed to Tamil deities of a range of faiths during the [[Sangam period]] (see [[Religion in ancient Tamil country]]).

[[File:Double fish Pandyan relief, Koneswaram.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I's double fish carp black granite [[Relief|bas-relief]] of the temple, reminiscent of the [[Pandya coinage|dynasty's coinage]] symbols found on the island from the [[Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka|pre-modern era]], installed after defeating the usurper [[Chandrabhanu]] of [[Tambralinga]]]]
Contemporary historians such as S. Pathmanathan and Paul E. Peiris suggest Koneswaram temple has a recorded history from 300, when it finds mention in the ''Vayu Purana''.<ref name="S. Pathmanathan 1978. pages 135-144" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Peiris notes that Koneswaram was one of the five recognised ''Iswarams'' of the Hindu deity Shiva in Lanka before the sixth century BCE; a widely famous centre of deity worship long before the arrival of the mythical exile [[Prince Vijaya|Vijaya]] to the island, attributed to the period 543—505 BCE.<ref name="paulEPeiris" /> Koneswaram is the easternmost shrine of the ''Iswarams'', the others being [[Naguleswaram temple|Naguleswaram]] ([[Keerimalai]]), [[Ketheeswaram temple|Thiruketheeswaram]] ([[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]]), [[Munneswaram temple|Munneswaram]] ([[Chilaw]]) and [[Tenavaram]] ([[Dondra Head|Tevan Thurai]]).<ref name="aht" /> The historian [[Diogo de Couto]] of the 16th century adds [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]], [[Rameswaram]] to this group of principle temples in the region most revered on the Indian subcontinent.<ref>João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, [[João Baptista Lavanha]]. ''Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto'', Volume 13.: Asia de Diogo de Coto. pp. 31</ref> Other writers point to the worship of Ishvara by mythical royals on the island like [[Kuveni]] before the exile's arrival.<ref name="pridham" /> Pathmanathan differs from Peiris in his view on the shrine's birth however, stating that Koneswaram temple was most likely established as a Hindu shrine by the mercantile communities that frequented the island from the fourth-century BCE. [[Odisha|Kalinga]] region in India, where another temple dedicated to Shiva in the form ''Gokarnasvamin'' at ''Mahendra mountains'' is found.<ref name=p58>{{Harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006|pages=58}}</ref> The ''[[Yalpana Vaipava Malai]]'', an 18th-century Tamil chronicle connects the figure Vijaya and seven hundred of his followers to the shrine, stating they extensively repaired the five ''Iswarams'' upon their arrival to the island, before mixing with native tribes on the island forming matrimonial links with the Tamil kingdom through Pandyan queens. The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' currently appears to follow this view, although in volume 10 of the encyclopedia, printed in 1974, the shrine's establishment is attributed to Tamil migrants.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trincomalee|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605425/Trincomalee?anchor=ref8882|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMrAAAAMAAJ|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|first=Robert M.|last=Hutchins|date=1 January 1974|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |isbn=9780852292907}}</ref> ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'' and ''[[New International Encyclopedia]]'' note that early Tamil rulers erected the temple of a thousand columns on the hilltop.<ref>Frank Moore Colby, Talcott Williams. (1923). The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 22. pp. 476</ref><ref>The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 27 (2002). pp. 112</ref>
{{stack|{{multiple image
| footer = Ruins of the Koneswaram temple underwater
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| image1 = UnderwaterKoneswaramstatuesruins 01.png
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Koneswaram Ruins
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| image2 = UnderwaterKoneswaramstatuesruins 02.png
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| alt2 = Koneswaram Ruins
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}}}}
The prince Kulakottan of the [[Chola Dynasty]] extensively renovated the Koneswaram temple and the [[Kantalai Tank]], responsible for irrigating plains belonging to the shrine. Due to royal patronage by various Tamil dynasties from the early classical to medieval era, the temple flourished in the early centuries of the First Millennium. Hindus built at least three great stone temples with gopura on Swami Rock during Koneswaram's zenith, one to Vishnu-Thirumal, one to the goddess and the principal temple of the complex to Shiva at its highest eminence.<ref name=p83 /><ref name="ceylonportu2">{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Paulus Edward|year=1983 |title=Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1|publisher= Tisara Prakasakayo|location=Sri Lanka|volume=1|pages= 209 |oclc=12552979}}</ref><ref name="reef" />

===Naga Nadu, pre 377 BCE===
''[[Mahabharata]]'', the Hindu epic written between 400 and 100 BCE, notes that Koneswaram is at Gokarna bay in the middle of the ocean and is the island shrine of Uma's consort Shiva, known in the three worlds and worshiped by all peoples from the subcontinent, including the native tribes [[Naga people (Lanka)|Naga]], [[Deva people|Deva]] and the [[Yaksha]], the rivers, ocean and mountains.<ref name="Mahabharata"/> It continues that the shrine is the next pilgrimage spot for Hindus en route south following [[Kanyakumari]] of the early Pandyan kingdom and [[Taprobana|Tamiraparni]] island ([[Kudiramalai]]) and that worshipers should fast for three days at the temple.<ref>"Listen as I now recount the isle of Tamraparni, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the charanas, the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99</ref> In the same time period, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' in written form describes how King Ravana and his mother had worshipped Shiva at the shrine, when the former wanted to remove the temple of Koneswaram when his mother was in ailing health. This literature continues that as the king was heaving the rock, Shiva made him drop his sword. As a result of this a cleft was created on the rock, today called ''Ravana Vettu'' – meaning ''Ravana's Cleft''.<ref name="CSHindu"/>

===Restoration in Anuradhapura kingdom, 377 BCE–600 CE===
{|width="250" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-family: arial; font-size: 90%; background-color: ##F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #cccccc;"
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC"|<big>'''Timeline of [[Koneswaram temple]]'''</big> (BCE - 1982) 
|-
|Founded as a Hindu temple complex dedicated to Shiva
|([[Common Era|BCE]])
|-
|Described in the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Ramayana''
|(400-100 BCE)
|-
|Developed by Elara Manu Needhi Chola
|(235 BCE)
|-
|Birthplace of Patanjali, compiler of the ''Yoga Sutras''
|(200-150 BCE)
|-
|Temple restored by Chola king Kankan ("Kullakottan")
|(103 - 88 BCE)
|-
|Mentioned by Dionysius Periegetes in ''Orbis Descriptio''
|(117-138)
|-
|Mentioned in ''Vayu Purana''
|(300)
|-
|Described by Rufius Festus Avienus in ''Geography of Avienus''
|(350)
|-
|Mentioned by Sambandhar and Sundarar in ''Tevarams''
|(600 - 630)
|-
|Mentioned in ''Skanda Puranam'' - ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam''
|(c. 650)
|-
|Mentioned by Kachiyapper in ''Kanda Puranam''
|(780)
|-
|Mentioned in several stone inscriptions
|(1000 - 1200)
|-
|Described by Eustathius of Thessalonica
|(1115 - 1196)
|-
||Mentioned in ''[[Dakshina Kailasa Puranam]]'' compiled by Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
|(1380-1410)
|-
||Visited by [[Arunagirinathar]], heralded in ''Thiruppugazh''
|(1468)
|-
||Destroyed by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]
|(1622)
|-
|Successor temple built in [[Tampalakamam]]
|(1650-1690)
|-
|Mentioned in Konesar Kalvettu
|(1750)
|-
|Restored by Society for restoration of Koneswaram, Trincomalee
|(1952 )
|-
|Renovations by concerned Tamils
|(1982)
|-
|}
{{Quote box
| width = 300px
| border = 2px
| align = left
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| halign = center
| quote = "''Contemplator item qua se mare tendit in Austrum, Inque notum Oceanus freta ponti caerula curvat; Altaque coliadis mox hic tibi dorsa patescent rupis, et intenti spectabis cospitis arces''".

-Translation: ''Mark also the point where the sea stretches out towards the South and the ocean curves the blue straits of the deep into its familiar paths and soon here the tall ridges of the Cholian rock will lie open before you and you will behold the towers of the roof stretched out.''
| source = — ''Geography of Avienus'' poem of [[Avienius|Rufius Festus Avienius]], 350 CE [[Latin]] geographer and writer on the island, based on ''Orbis descriptio'' by Alexandrian Greek poet [[Dionysius Periegetes]] (117—138 CE): (''Inde convenus ante promontoriam Auatrale, Confestim ad magnam Coliadis insulam perveneris, Taprobanen Aaianoram elephantam genitricein''), mentioning the island as the great ''"Island of Coliadis" whose inhabitants worship the multi-towered Cholian temple to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] on their Cholian rock promontory, phallic-shaped and located at the end of the [[Mahaweli Ganga|island's Ganges river]] by the ocean.''<ref name="Coliadis Veneris Templum pp. 327-329">In a 12th-century commentary on lines 593 and 594 of ''Orbis descriptio'', [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] describes the temple as the ''Coliadis Veneris Templum, Taprobana'' – Eustathius (archevêque de Thessalonique) ''Commentarii in Dionysium Periegetam''. pp. 327–329</ref><ref name="Dionysius Periegetes pp.153-154">Dionysius Periegetes. ''Dionysii Orbis terrae descriptio''. pp.153–154 – Dionysius Periegetes also describes the Chola promontory to Venus of [[Taprobana]] as being a promontory to the extreme of the Ganges river of Ceylon (the Mavilli Gangai), served by the ocean below.</ref>
}}
The [[Early Cholas|Chola]] royal Kankan ([[Kulakkottan]]), a descendant of the legendary King [[Manu Needhi Cholan]] of [[Thiruvarur]], [[Chola Nadu]], restored the Koneswaram temple at Trincomalee and the [[Kantalai]] tank after finding them in ruins. He was the son of the king Vara Rama Tevan, who had been a prolific benefactor of the Konesar temple. [[Kulakkottan]] visited the Munneswaram temple on the west coast, before settling ancient [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniars]] in the east of the island. According to the chronicles, he extensively renovated and expanded the shrine, constructed several lofty gopuram towers and lavished much wealth on it; he was crowned with the ephitet ''Kulakkottan'' meaning ''Builder of tank and temple''.<ref name="tamilakkam">{{cite journal |last1=Schalk |first1=Peter |year=2002 |title=Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period |journal=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |publisher=[[Uppsala University]] |volume=19–20 |pages= 159, 503 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellmann-Rajanayagam |first1=Dagmar |year=1994 |title=Tamils and the meaning of history |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=Routledge |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages= 3–23 |doi= 10.1080/09584939408719724}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillay|first1=K. |year=1963 |title=South India and Ceylon |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |oclc=250247191|quote=The Tamil stone inscription ''Konesar Kalvettu'' details King Kulakottan's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D.}}</ref> Further to the reconstruction, Kulakottan paid attention to agriculture cultivation and economic development in the area, inviting the [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar]] chief Tanniuna Popalen and several families to a new founded town in the area including [[Thampalakamam]] to maintain the Kantalai tank and the temple itself.<ref name="pridham"/> The effects of this saw the [[Vanni region]] flourish. The Vanniar claim descent from this chief.<ref name="pridham"/><ref name="Tamils in early Ceylon">{{cite journal |last1=Sivaratnam|first1=C |year=1968 |title=Tamils in early Ceylon |oclc=248358279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlocAAAAMAAJ&q=Kulakoddan |quote=As for cultivators he got fifty one tribes of Vanniyars, a caste of agriculture experts from the Pandyan coasts... on the invitation of Kulakoddan in c 493 for the noble purpose of cultivating the land at Tambalakamam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arumugam|first1=S |year=1980 |title=The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka |publisher=Colombo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4YAAAAIAAJ&q=vanni+region+flourish |oclc=10020492|quote= Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at these, }}</ref> Kullakottan's restorations took place despite interferences from the queen of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan]] King Pandia, who was absent from his [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|throne in Anuradhapura]] on a visit to Jaffna. Kullakottan constructed and re-established the large temple of Shiva, the temple of Vishnu and that of the Mother-Goddess (''Tirukkamakkottam'') on the promontory, these shrines of the compound becoming the ''Three Pagodas of Tirukonamalai.''<ref name="Taksina Kailacapuranam 1999, p. 19">Taksina Kailacapuranam,(tkp): Tirunakarac Carukkam, Vv 28–29., 52–89. Temples of Siva in Sri Lanka, Chinmaya Mission of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 1999, p. 19.; Tkp: Tirunakarac Carukkam.</ref>

The ''Yalpana Vaipava Malai'' and [[Konesar Kalvettu]], as well as a 16th-century Tamil inscription in Trincomalee
and [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]] of the temple relate many details about Kullakottan's founding of Trincomalee and the Vanni.<ref name="tamilakkam"/> Modern historians and anthropologists agree as historically factual the connection of the Vanniars with the Konesar temple. Dating the reign of the king has proved difficult. The Konesar Kalvettu dates Kullakottan's renovations to specifically between 432 and 440.<ref name="Ras"/> C. Rasanayagam notes that the Vanniar chiefs who were in control of the temple could not have multiplied so fast within 150 years causing the king Aggrabodhi I of Anuradhapura to take elaborate steps to contain the Vanniars in 593. He argues the Vanniars of the Vannimai were a buffer state between Trincomalee and Mannar from the classical period.<ref name="Ras"/> Other historians suggest that Kullakottan arrived to the island during the island's reign of [[The Five Dravidians]] of Pandyan descent, between 103 and 88 BCE, corroborating the ''Yalpana Vaipava Malai'' equation of his grandfather Manu Needhi Chola's identity with that of [[Elara (monarch)|Ellalan Chola]], a historical king who ruled the island from 205 to 161 BCE that shared many character traits with the legendary Manu Needhi. In ''Geography of Avienus'', a poem of Latin geographer and writer [[Avienius|Rufius Festus Avienius]] in 350 CE, the author bases his writing on the island on ''Orbis descriptio'' by Alexandrian Greek poet [[Dionysius Periegetes]] (117—138 CE), who called the island the "great ''Island of Coliadis''" whose inhabitants worship the multi-towered Cholian temple to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] on their Cholian rock promontory by the sea. A twelfth-century commentary on Periegetes by [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] also compares the shape of Konesar Malai to a phallus.<ref name="Coliadis Veneris Templum pp. 327-329"/><ref name="Dionysius Periegetes pp.153-154"/> The Portuguese historian De Quieroz cited poetic and inscriptional evidence to date Kullakottan's renovations to 1589 BCE, based on a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan he read which was translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty. A major temple of the compound was built to the glory of the God Videmal by King Manica Raja 1300 years before the nativity according to ''Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën'' written in 1726 by [[François Valentijn]].<ref name="Robert Fellowes 1815 pp. 193">Robert Fellowes; Robert Knox. The history of Ceylon : from the earliest period to the year MDCCCXV [1815] : with characteristic details of the religion, laws, & manners of the people and a collection of their moral maxims & ancient proverbs. (1815). pp. 193</ref> Some consider the story of Kullakotan to be mythical based on the travails of historical figures such as [[Gajabahu II]], [[Kalinga Magha]] or a Chola regent of Sri Lanka.<ref name="pridham"/><ref name=p62>{{Harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006|pages=62}}</ref>

===Sixth-seventh century CE hymn, Pallava kingdom===
In the 6th century, a special coastal route by boat travelled from the [[Jaffna]] peninsula southwards to the Koneswaram temple, and further south to [[Batticaloa]] to the [[Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil|Thirukkovil]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ismail |first1=Marina |year=1995 |title=Early settlements in northern Sri lanka |publisher= Navrang |location=New Delhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R1VuAAAAMAAJ&q=koneswaram+marina|isbn= 978-81-7013-137-3|oclc=243878815|quote=In the sixth century CE there was a coastal route by boat from the [[Jaffna]] peninsula in the north, southwards to Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to [[Batticaloa]] and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast. }}</ref> Koneswaram temple of Kona-ma-malai is mentioned in the Saiva literature ''[[Tevaram]]'' in the late sixth century CE by [[Sampandar|Thirugnana Sambandar]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1|page=230}}</ref> Along with Ketheeswaram temple in Mannar, Koneswaram temple is praised in the same literature canon by the 8th century [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] Saint [[Sundaramoorthy Nayanar|Sundarar]] in [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakkam]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Raghavan | first = M.D. | title = Tamil culture in Ceylon : a general introduction.| publisher = Colombo : Kalai Nilayam | year = 1971 | location = Colombo | oclc =453189836 |page=233|quote=The earliest mention of the shrine is in the hymns of Thirugnana sambandar who sings of "Konamamalai, and of the peerless God, who dwelled on Konamamalai, to the sound of roaring ocean, and rows of Kalal and the anklets, and half of whose body is shared by the Maid of the Mountains..."}}</ref> Koneswaram henceforth is glorified as one of 275 ''[[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]]'' (Shiva abodes glorified in the ''Tevarams'') of the continent, part of the "[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]" group. The only other temple from [[Eelam|Eela Nādu]] (the country of the temple as named in the Tamil literature) is Ketheeswaram.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arumugam|first1=S |year=1980 |title=The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka |publisher=Colombo |pages=106 |oclc=10020492}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varadachari|first1=K.C.|journal=[[Sri Venkateswara University#Oriental Research Institute|Journal of the Sri Venkatesvara Oriental Institute]] |publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[University of California]] |volume=3 |pages=64 |oclc=52321640}}</ref> During this period, the temple saw structural development in the style of [[Dravidian architecture#Pallavas|Dravidian rock temples]] by the Tamil [[Pallava|Pallava Dynasty]].<ref name="shoh"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=Damodhar P. |year=1969 |title=India and world civilization |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |volume=2 |oclc=54202 }}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}</ref> This occurred when [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava]] King [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668 CE) armies conquered the island and when the island was under the sovereignty of his grandfather King [[Simhavishnu]] (537–590 CE), when many Pallava-built rock temples were erected in the region and this style of architecture remained popular in the next few centuries.<ref>Humphrey William Codrington. ''Short History of Ceylon''. pp. 36</ref><ref>Sachindra Kumar Maity. ''Masterpieces of Pallava Art''. pp.4</ref> The 8th–10th century ''Kanda Puranam'' (a Puranic Tamil literature epic and translation of the ''Skanda Puranam'') authored by [[Kachiyapper|Kachiyappa Sivachariar]] of [[Kanchipuram]] describes the Koneswaram shrine as one of the three foremost Shiva abodes in the world, alongside [[Chidambaram temple]] in Tamil Nadu and Mount Kailash of Tibet.<ref name="CSHindu"/> Several inscriptions written in the [[Tamil script|Tamil]] and [[Vatteluttu]] scripts interspersed with [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters relate to the temple from this period. Koneswaram temple is mentioned in the 10th century Tamil [[Nilaveli#10th century inscription|Nilaveli inscriptions]] as having received a land grant in the Tamil country of one thousand seven hundred and ten acres (two hundred and fifty four ''vèli'') of dry and wet land to meet its daily expenses – revealing the temple's role in providing various services to the local community by 900—1000 CE.<ref name="jots">{{cite book | title =Journal of Tamil studies | publisher = International Association of Tamil Research, International Institute of Tamil Studies| year = 1980 | location = Tamil Nadu |issue=17–18 |issn = 0022-4855|page=33|oclc=1773647}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pathmanathan|first1=S.|year=1978 |title= The Kingdom of Jaffna|publisher=University of London/Colombo : Arul M. Rajendran |volume=1 |pages= 56 |oclc= 6530926 |quote=The Nilaveli inscription describes the land grant of 250 veli ''on the coast'' to the Maccakesvaram (another name for Koneswaram) temple of Konaparvatam, Konamamalai from the localities Urakirikamam, Kirikanta and Kirikamam to the shrine of [[Neelakanta Lord Shiva|Nilakanta Mahadeva]]}}</ref> The fertile Koddiyapuram area of Trincomalee district paid one hundred avanams of rice to the shrine and was tasked with growing oil seed for Koneswaram annually.<ref name="perspectives"/>

===Tenth-twelfth century Chola empire===
[[File:Spiritual 16.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Golden statue of Shiva in front of partially restored Koneswaram temple where the inscriptional poem praising [[Raja Raja Chola I]] was found]]
Trincomalee figured prominently during the medieval golden age of the Tamil [[Chola Dynasty]], due to the proximity of the Trincomalee bay harbour with the rest of the continent and its benefits for the [[Chola Navy|Chola's maritime empire]] and the two powerful merchant guilds of the time – the [[Manigramam]] and the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu]] in their trade with the [[Far East]] and conquest of [[Srivijaya]] of the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="tamilakkam" /><ref>Chola-era inscriptions record the activities of Tamil mercantile communities in Padavikulam. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a Siva temple there. A Tamil inscription by Raja Raja Chola refers to Ravi Kulamanikkeswaram Siva Temple in Padavikulam. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971 – page 34). A 13th-century Sanskrit inscription excavated here mentions a Brahmin village in the area. The paddy fields of Padavikulam were watered by the Per Aru river.</ref><ref>Abraham, Meera (1988). Two medieval merchant guilds of south India. pp. 132</ref> The Koneswaram temple compounds and its adjacent region, from Periyakulam and Manankerni in the north, [[Kantalai]] and Pothankadu in the west, and Verugal in the south, formed a great Saiva Tamil principality.<ref name="tamilakkam" /> Residents in this collective community were allotted services, which they had to perform at the Koneswaram temple.<ref name="tamilakkam" /> An inscriptional record containing a praiseful poem of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], who ruled the northern Malabar country from 993 to 1014 CE was discovered in the 1970s within the premises of the Koneswaram temple.<ref>S. Vithiananthan (1980). ''Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2''. pp. 32</ref><ref>George Woolley Spencer (1983). ''The politics of expansion: the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya''. pp. 61</ref> The 1033–1047 CE Tamil inscriptions of the nearby [[Choleeswaram temple]] ruins of [[Peraru]], Kantalai and the [[Manankerni inscriptions]] reveal the administrative practices of the Chola King [[Ilankeshvarar Devar]] (Sri Cankavanamar) with the Koneswaram shrine and the Trincomalee region at the time. Construction activities at the temple were aided by architect and Chola dignitary Muventavelan Kanavati.<ref name="HTOS">{{harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}: As with the Nilaveli inscription, the Manankeni inscription describes Maccakesvaram (Koneswaram) of Konamamalai, mentioning that it is under the administration of Chola Ilankesvarar Deva in one of his regnal years. Both inscriptions show that Koneswaram was patronized by the Cholas.</ref><ref name="KIChola">{{cite journal | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = Senarat Paranavitana commemoration volume: An Inscription of the tenth year of Cola Lankesvara Deva from Kantalai, Sri Lanka. |publisher = Leiden|journal=Studies in South Asian Culture|volume=7| year = 1978 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-90-04-05455-4|oclc=185925405|page=82|quote=Chola imperial prince Ilankesvarar Tevar was crowned by his relative [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] and served as an independent king.}}</ref> The [[Palamottai inscription]] from the Trincomalee district, found amongst the inscriptions in nearby Kantalai, records a monetary endowment to the "Siva temple of Then Kailasam (Kailash of the South)" by a Tamil widow for the merit of her husband. This was administered by a member of the Tamil military caste – the [[Vellalar of Sri Lanka|Velaikkarar]], troops deployed to protect shrines in the state that were closely associated to King Ilankeshvarar Devar.<ref name="KIChola" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Paranavitana|first=S. |title=A Tamil Inscription from Palamottai|journal=Ephigraphia Zeylanica|volume=4|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1943}}</ref> King [[Gajabahu II of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu II]] who ruled Polonnaruwa from 1131 to 1153 CE is described in the Konesar Kalvettu as a devout worshipper of Shiva and a benefactor of the temple of Konamamalai.<ref name="HLtoSL" /><ref name="South India and Ceylon">{{cite journal |last1=Pillay|first1=K. |year=1963 |title=South India and Ceylon |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |pages=174 |oclc=250247191}}</ref> King Chodaganga Deva of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] made rich donations after visiting Konamamalai on [[Puthandu|Tamil New Years Day]] 1223 CE, according to a Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script excavated on a doorjamb at the Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = de Silva | first1 = K. M. |last2=Ray|first2=C.M.| title = History of Ceylon | publisher = Ceylon University Press |year=1959–1973 | location = [[Colombo]]
| oclc = 952216 | page = 112|quote=The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of ''Chodaganga Deva'' at ''Gokaranna'' to Friday 14th April, 1223 A.D. (recorded as [[Saka]] Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple}}</ref> A millennium-old Tamil inscription of the Chola Vatteluttu alphabet was discovered in October 2010 when digging for construction on an esplanade on the right side of Konesar Road leading to the shrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=32850&catid=13|title=TamilNet|last=TamilNet}}</ref>

===Pandyan kingdom, thirteenth century===
[[File:Koneswaram inscription Pandyan era.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pandyan era Koneswaram inscription]]
[[File:Tirumala gopurams.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Ananda Nilayam]] ''[[gopuram]]'' tower of the ''[[Vimana (shrine)|vimanam]]'', the inner and outer ''[[gopurams]]'' of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], with [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]]'s ''Kalasam'' visible. Sundara Pandyan gold plated the gopurams and placed the ''kalasam'' atop the towers of both Tirumala Venkateswaram and Thirukonamamalai Koneswaram Kovils. Compared in the sixteenth century, Tirumala is now the richest and most visited place of worship in the world.]]
[[File:TempleoftheoriginalTrincoKoneswaramKovilCompounds.jpeg|thumb|right|Drawing of a shrine/vimanam of the original Koneswaram Kovil Compounds of Trincomalee by Constantine de Sa de Noronha, who destroyed all three Koneswaram temple monuments on Swami Rock from 1622 to 1624. Published in 1687 dated ''The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon'' by Fernão de Queyroz]]
Involvement of the medieval [[Pandyan Dynasty]] in the affairs of the Tamil country became stronger after the conquest of Pandyan king [[Srimara Srivallabha]] from 815 to 862, a strongly welcomed intervention by the local Tamils on the island.<ref name="Indrapala 2007 324"/> While under Pandyan suzerainty in 1262 CE, Prince [[Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I]], brother and lieutenant of King [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] repeated his brother's 1258 conquest of the island to intervene and decisively defeat [[Chandrabhanu]] of [[Tambralinga]], a usurper of the northern Tamil throne; he proceeded to implant the Pandyan bull flag of victory and insignia of a "Double Fish" emblem at Konamalai while he subjugated the other king of the island.<ref name="CSHindu"/> Historically, the Pandyans were known to have sculpted two fishes facing each other on the ceilings of [[Dravidian architecture#Pandya|their multi-storey temple gopurams]] once they were completed (and left it with one fish in case it was incomplete). Sundara Pandyan had renovated the ''[[gopurams]]'' by gold plating the roofs and installing gold gilded Kalasam atop them, a work of art displaying affinity to Dravidian architecture. Swami Rock at this time is described as "Kona ma-malai, around which the ocean waves swept pearls, gold, precious stones, and shells from the depth of the ocean and heaped them along the shore." Local residents contributed to the wealth of the temple under the Pandyan's rule of the north of the island.<ref name="CSHindu"/> The 13th century Tamil stone inscription in [[Kankuveli]] village records the assignment by Vanniar chiefs Malaiyil Vanniyanar and Eluril Atappar of income and other contributions from the rice fields and meadows of the [[Vannimai]] districts of the ascending Jaffna kingdom to the Koneswaram shrine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pathmanathan|first1=S.|year=1978 |title= The Kingdom of Jaffna|volume=1 |pages= 267 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMcLAAAAIAAJ&q=Kankuveli+inscription+K.+Indrapala |publisher=University of London/Colombo : Arul M. Rajendran| oclc=6530926|quote= Tamil stone inscription inedited on the stone pillar in Kankuveli are grant records made by the chieftain Malaiyil Vanniyanar and the Eluril Atappar (Atappar of the seven villages) to the shrine of ''Konanayakar of Kona -ma malai.'' }}</ref>

===Jaffna kingdom (1215–1620 CE)===
The Tamil [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] kings of the [[Jaffna kingdom]] paid homage to the Koneswaram shrine under its sovereignty, offering gifts of gold and silver. Among the visitors were King [[Singai Pararasasegaram]] and his successor King [[Cankili I]].<ref name="ceylonportu">{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Paulus Edward|year=1983 |title=Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1|publisher= Tisara Prakasakayo|location=Sri Lanka|volume=1|pages= 262 |oclc=12552979}}</ref> King [[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]] (1380—1410 CE) had the traditional history of the temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, entitled ''[[Dakshina Kailasa Puranam]]'', known today as the ''Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram Temple''.<ref name="shoh">{{cite book | last = Navaratnam | first = C.S. | title = A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon| year = 1964 | location = Jaffna | oclc =6832704|pages=43–47}}</ref> The literature describes how from the middle of ''[[Sivanolipatha Malai|Sivanoli Padam Malai]]'', three rivers or "kankai" (''Ganges'') were generated to rise out of Shiva's foot print – [[Mahaweli River|Mavillie-Kankai]] flowing towards the North, reaches Shiva's abode at Trincomalee, and falls into the [[Bay of Bengal|sea]] [[Indian Ocean|south]] of it. Manikka-Kankai flows towards the East and passes by the temple of [[Katirkamam (Hindu temple)|Kadirkamam]], dedicated to Muruga, son of Shiva, and then falls into the eastern sea. Kavary-Kankai flows towards the West, and passes into the place of Shiva called Thiruketheecharam at Manthottam in Mannar. These three rivers are described as "highly meritorious streams". He shipped stone blocks from Trincomalee to the temple of [[Rameswaram]] to renovate its sanctum sanctorum. Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan's successor Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan (Pararacacekaran V), a trustee at Rameswaram who also oversaw structural development of that temple and the promotion of Saivite belief, donated part of his revenue to Koneswaram.<ref name="CSHindu"/><ref name="Tamils in early Ceylon"/> The powerful Jaffna emperor [[Martanda Cinkaiariyan]] (Pararasasekaram III) took the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] to Sivanoli Padam Malai in 1344 CE along with four yogis who were in the habit of visiting the foot-mark on the mountain peak annually; and with these men they were also accompanied by four Brahmanas and ten of the king's companions. In 1468 CE Saint [[Arunagirinathar|Arunagirinathar Swamikal]] paid homage at Koneswaram during his pilgrimage from [[Jaffna]]'s [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]] to Kadirkamam. At Koneswaram, he offered a garland of ''[[Thiruppugazh]]'' verses in praise of the Sthalam. The population, he stated, at Koneswaram, where the deep ocean rolled its furious waves, was vast, the temple well organised and the priests well versed in the ''[[Vedas|Four Vedas]].'' The shrine of [[Muruga]], adoring son of Konesar and his consort, was near one of the ''[[gopuram]]'' entrances of the complex.<ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala |year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka |publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. |location=Pannapitiya |oclc=230674424 |isbn=978-955-8733-97-4 }}</ref><ref name="shoh"/>

A rich collection of local texts written since the fourteenth century record the traditions pertaining to the shrine, including Konamamalai temple's use of the alternate name "Maccakeswaram".<ref name="HTOS"/> A temple of a thousand columns, during this medieval period, Koneswaram attracted pilgrims from around the Coylot Wanees Country and across Asia, culminating in it becoming the richest and most visited place of worship in the world of any faith. The last rites during the funeral of King [[Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte]], a Hindu monarch who signed all of his official proclamations in Tamil were conducted at Koneswaram in 1551. His closest religious official and most trusted ambassador was of Hindu faith. Historian [[Diogo do Couto]] described the ''Pagode of Triquinimale'' as a principle temple of its kingdom while Portuguese Catholic priest and author Fernão de Quieroz described it as the "Rome of the Hindus of the [[Orient]] more frequented by pilgrims than [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Rameshwaram]], [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumalai]]-[[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[Kilvelur]], [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Kanchipuram]], [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath]] in [[Odisha]] or Vaijayanti in [[Bengal]]." Furthermore, he described the splendor of the famous [[Tenavaram temple|temple of Tenavarai]] at its zenith as similar in its greatness on the island to Koneswaram and how [[idolatry|idolatrous]] navigators would descry Koneswaram from the sea.<ref name="perspectives">{{cite book|first1=Leelananda|last1= Prematilleka|first2= Sudharshan|last2= Seneviratne|year=1990|title= Perspectives in archaeology : Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift.| pages=96|quote= Queyroz compares Koneswaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Kanchipuram]], [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupatti]], Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples.}}</ref> In a 1613 written letter by Jesuit fray Manuel Barradas, Koneswaram is described as a "... massive structure, a singular work of art. It is of great height, constructed with wonderful skill in blackish granite, on a rock projecting into the sea, and occupies a large space on the summit."<ref name="Perniola, V. p. 366">Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.</ref> King [[Ethirimana Cinkam]] had resisted a call by D. Hieronymo de Azevedo the previous year to aid the latter in building a fortress in Trincomalee. The enterprise was abandoned.<ref>Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", Vol. II, p. 366.</ref> With the defeat of King [[Cankili II]], all of the territory of the kingdom of Jaffna, comprising Trincomalee and Batticaloa, was assigned to the "spiritual cures of the Franciscans." This decision was taken by the bishop of Cochin, fray Dom Sebastião de S. Pedro.<ref>Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 458.; Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. III, p. 51.: Later, another decree of the same bishop of Cochin dated 11 November 1622, tracing that one indicated in 1602, entrusted newly to the Jesuits the spiritual cure in the districts of Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, giving to them possibility to build churches, to train the sacraments and to convert the souls. The Jesuits would follow the Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee and Batticaloa when they occupied the two localities.</ref> By the end of 1619, a small Danish [[Danish East India Company|fleet]] had arrived at Trincomalee; in May 1620, the Danes occupied Koneswaram temple and began works for the fortification of the peninsula before being defeated.<ref>Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d'oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "[[Senarat of Kandy]] sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove Giedde."</ref>
[[File:MapofEelamTamilcountryengraving1692.jpg|thumb|right|1692 engraving by Wilhem Broedelet of [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]]'s 1681 map with Trincomalee on the east coast of Malabar country]]

===Seventeenth-century destruction===
{{Further|Conquest of Koneswaram Temple}}
The shrine was attacked and destroyed on 14 April 1622, the [[Puthandu|Tamil New Years Day]], by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] general Constantino de Sá de Noronha (who called it the ''Temple of a Thousand Pillars'').<ref name="CSHindu"/> Eleven brass lamps had been lit in the shrine and the main statues were taken out to town during the [[Temple car|ther]] procession in the festive period, during which time Portuguese soldiers entered the temple dressed as [[Iyer]] priests and began robbing it. In an act of religious zeal, the temple was then levered over the edge into the sea. Fleeing priests buried some of the temple's statues in the surrounding area, and all remaining priests, pilgrims and employees were massacred. The final monument of the temple complex was destroyed two years later in 1624. Temple stones and its carved pillars were used to construct [[Fort Fredrick]] to strengthen the colonists' influence over the eastern seaboard of the island against other invading European armies, including the [[Dutch period in Ceylon|Dutch]] navy during the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]]s. A new church and village were built in and around the fort. An extensive campaign of destruction of five hundred Hindu shrines, the ''Saraswathi Mahal Library'' and forced conversion in the Tamil country was conducted by the Portuguese upon their [[Portuguese period in Ceylon|arrival to the island]] and [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom|conquest of the Jaffna kingdom]]; the temple had been paying protection fees of 1280 ''[[Madras fanam|fanams]]'' a year to the Portuguese. Trincomalee witnessed several naval battles of Europe's [[Thirty Years' War]] under [[Philip III of Spain|Phillip II]]'s man [[Phillippe de Oliveira|Filipe de Oliveira]].<ref name=g153>Gnanaprakasar, S. ''A critical history of Jaffna'', pp. 153–72.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ceylontamils.com/history/history4.php|title= Portuguese Colonial Period (1505–645 CE)|access-date=7 December 2007 |work= Rohan Titus}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last1 = de Silva | first1 = K. M. |last2=Ray|first2=C.M.| title = History of Ceylon | publisher = Ceylon University Press |year=1959–1973 | location = [[Colombo]]
| oclc = 952216 | page = 112}}</ref> Between 1639 and 1689 CE, the [[Ati Konanayakar temple]] was built in nearby Thampalakamam to house the idols on procession that survived.<ref name=p102>{{Harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006|page=102}}</ref><ref name=r86-88>{{Harvnb|Ramachandran|2004|pages=86–88}}</ref> The destruction of the Konesar temple is historically viewed as the biggest loot of one of the richest temples of Asia. Gold, pearls, precious stones and silks collected for more than a millennium were robbed within a few hours.<ref name="TLS">{{cite journal |year=1953 |title=Tamil culture |journal=Tamil Literature Society |location=Tuticorin, South India|volume=2–3 |pages=191 |oclc=191253653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tG1AAAAIAAJ&q=konesar }}</ref> A site plan by De Quieroz states: "On the first rise to the summit of the rock was a [[Pagoda]], another at mid-ascent – the principal one of them all at the highest eminence, visited by a concourse of Hindus from the whole of India."<ref name=p83>{{Harvnb|Pathmanathan|2006|page=83}}</ref> He describes three temples of the compound on the promontory, stating that pilgrims leaped from the last temple into the ocean in sacrifice to their idols.<ref name=p83/> In his dispatch to [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III, King of Portugal]], Constantine described: "The land of the Pagoda is 600 fathoms long and 80 feet at its broadest, narrowing to 30 feet." Regarding a prophetic Tamil inscription de Noronha found at the site, he added "When I went there to make this Fort, I found engraved on the Pagoda, among many other inscriptions, one that ran thus: Kulakottan has built this pagoda..."<ref name="Ras">{{cite book |last1=Rasanayagam |first1=M.C.|year=1926 |title=Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period|publisher=Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993) |location=New Delhi|pages=378 |oclc=249907591}}</ref>

===Swami Rock (18th - 20th centuries)===
[[File:Swami rock 1870.jpg|thumb|right|The first photograph of Swami rock and ruins of Koneswaram in 1870, prior to the reconstruction of the temple. Local residents offered services to a pillar from the original mandapam in memory of the destroyed temple]]
Under [[Dutch Ceylon]], most of Trincomalee town was administered under Jaffna-dependent Vanniars again, while the fort was occupied by the Dutch on what they called "Pagoda Hill". [[Batticaloa district]] remained dependent to Trincomalee's fort until 1782.<ref>Jacob Burnand. ''Memoir''</ref> No ceremonies were permitted to take place on Swami Rock until [[British Ceylon|British rule of the island]], when pilgrims were permitted to return and worship Shiva at the fortressed sacred site.<ref name="TLS"/><ref name="systemofuni">{{cite book |last1=Laurie |first1=James|last2=Balbi|first2=Adriano|year=1842 |title=System of universal geography : founded on the works of Malte-Brun and Balbi : embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery ...|publisher= A. and C. Black, 1842.|location=Edinburgh|pages= 739 |oclc=84178282|quote=The rocky promontory occupied by the fort is dedicated to Siva, in his character of Eiswara, and is held by his votaries in great veneration.}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, sailors, the high priest and other pilgrims visited the rock, broke a coconut and said prayers, performing sacred rites every January. Fruits and other offerings were often cast over the edge of the cliff, falling to the ruins below.<ref name="pridham"/><ref name="pastors">{{cite book |last1=Jewitt Robinson |first1=Edward|year=1867 |title=Hindu pastors : a memorial|publisher=Wesleyan Conference Office|location=London|pages=18–19 |oclc=4169794}}</ref><ref name="cyclopaedia">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=George|year=1843 |title=Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|publisher=C. Knight 1846–1851|location=London|volume=25|pages=238 |oclc=46987946|quote=A pagoda, dedicated to Siva, formerly stood on a rocky summit of the peninsula, and the spot is still held sacred by Hindus. }}</ref> The first photograph of the shrine's remains and its promontory was taken in 1870. Literature on the shrine began to be written as the site began to regain popularity among pilgrims. ''Thirukonasala Puranam'' was written during the 19th century by Tamil scholar Masilamanipillai Muttucumaru on the temple and the ''[[Thirukonasala Vaipavam]]'' on Koneswaram was written by [[V. Akilesapillai]] in 1889, published sixty years later in 1952.<ref name="CSHindu"/>

===Idol recovery, ruins and 20th-century reconstruction===
[[File:Bocarro17thcenturyTrincomaleemap.png|thumb|left|Antonio Bocarro draws Koneswaram temple monuments at the end of the promontory in 1635. The compound had been largely destroyed a decade earlier to build the large fort depicted.]]
In 1950, the [[Trincomalee Urban Council|Urban Council of Trincomalee]] recovered a number of the original shrine's statues buried five hundred yards from the Koneswaram site. The discovery occurred during digging for a [[water well]].<ref name="HLtoSL"/><ref name="reef"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1|page=308}}</ref> The statues are of gold and copper alloy [[bronze]] and are believed to be from the tenth century CE. They depict a seated figure of Shiva (in the form of [[Somaskanda]]), Shiva as [[Shiva|Chandrasekhar]], his consort goddess [[Parvati]], the goddess Mathumai Ambal and [[Ganesh|Ganesha]]. They were taken in procession around the region before being reinstalled at Koneswaram.

Other Koneswaram statues that survived remain at the Ati Konanayakar temple.<ref name="p102"/><ref name="r86-88"/> A pillar from the original temple stands under a decorated [[Aegle marmelos|Vilvam]] (''[[Aegle marmelos]]'') tree on Swami Rock.

In 1956, while [[scuba diving]], photographer Mike Wilson and author [[Arthur C. Clarke]] discovered ruins from the sunken original temple spread on the shallow surrounding sea-bed. Relics found by Wilson and Clarke included masonry, architecture, idol images, carved columns with flower insignias, and stones in the form of elephant heads. <ref name="reluctant">{{cite journal |last1= E Greig|first1=Doreen|year=1987 |title=The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries |location= U.S.A. |publisher=Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A. |oclc=14069213|pages=227 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1965 |title=Expedition in the waters of Ceylon |journal=[[Science Digest]] |location= Chicago |issn=0036-8296|oclc=1624458|volume=57 |pages=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QCAAAAIAAJ&q=konesar |quote=One of the major achievements in Ceylon was the discovery of the ruins of the sunken Konesar Temple, which as located with the wrecked treasure ship... }}</ref> These ruins, as well as the pillar on Swami Rock, display Tamil, [[Pallava#Pallava architecture|Pallava]], and [[Dravidian architecture#Cholas|Chola architectural]] influence of the 3rd–9th century era. Corroborated by the discovery of [[Grantha script#Pallava Grantha|Pallava Grantha]] and Chola script inscriptions and Hindu images found in the premises, this suggests that the dynasties took a keen interest in the temple.<ref name="shoh"/>

Wilson and Clarke also retrieved the legendary [[Swayambhu]] [[lingam]] from the ocean floor. According to legend, this large natural stone obelisk was one of 69 naturally occurring lingams from time immemorial originally found on Mount Kailash of Tibet and housed in Koneswaram by King [[Ravana|Raavan]] – his most sacred power object from mythological times. This lingam was reinstalled at the Koneswaram site.

Publishing their findings in the 1957 book ''The Reefs of Taprobane'', Clarke expresses admiration for Swami rock's three thousand year veneration by Hindus.<ref name="reef"/> Identifying at least three Hindu temples as having been built on and around Swami rock, Clarke describes the tenth-century CE Koneswaram idols as "among the finest examples of Hindu bronze sculpture known to exist", the seated Shiva [[Chola art|Chola bronze]] "a masterpiece" and the battered stone work at the foot of Swami Rock as "probably the most photographed underwater ruins in the world."<ref name="reef">{{cite book | last = Clarke | first = Arthur C. | title = The Reefs of Taprobane; Underwater Adventures around Ceylon| publisher = [[HarperCollins|Harper]] | year = 1957 | location = New York | isbn = 0-7434-4502-3}}</ref> 350 years after its destruction, [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] Hindu people of Trincomalee organised the temple restoration committee to restore the temple; the old images were reinstalled amid opening ceremonies in the newly restored shrine on 3 March 1963.<ref name="CSHindu"/>
[[File:Trincomalee 0482a.jpg|thumb|right|Side entrance to the temple]]
Some of the artefacts from the demolished temple, including De Sa de Noronha's translation of the prophecy sent to Portugal, are kept in the Ajuda Library of [[Lisbon]] (Bibliotheca da Ajuda), along with a painting and map of the original shrine. The chronicler [[:pt:António Bocarro|António Bocarro]] shows three monuments of the Trincomalee Koneswaram Temple Compounds on the extremity of the peninsula in his map of the ''[[:pt:Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas|Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoaçois do Estado da India Oriental]]'' document of 1635, but these temples are missing from the copy of the document stored at the [[:pt:Paço Ducal di Vila Viçosa|Paço Ducal di Vila Viçosa]] library in Lisbon. The stone inscription discovered by the temple's destroyer has a Double-Fish insignia and its engraved prophecy, translated from ancient Tamil script, warns of the "coming of the Franks" after the 16th century. The prediction reads "O King! The franks shall later break down the holy edifice built by Kulakoddan in ancient times; and no future kings of this island will rebuild it! Following the successive reigns of the cat eyed, the red eyed and the smoke eyed nations it will voluntarily revert to the Tamils."<ref name="reef"/> Pandyan king Jatavarman Veera Pandyan's insignia of the old Koneswaram temple and a portion of the prophetic inscription are seen today at the door entrance to Fort Fredrick.<ref name="CSHindu"/>

==Location and layout==
[[File:KoneswaramtrincomaleecompoundKovillocation.jpeg|thumb|right|Location of one of the three Koneswaram temple monuments as Trincomalee was beginning to be fortified by European colonials in 1620. The fort visible is where a colossal monument of the Konesar temple stood on Konesar Malai (Swami Rock) before destruction in 1622; the final ''Pagoda'' monument was destroyed in 1624. Portuguese drawing/sketch published c. 1650.]]

===Trincomalee Koneswaram temple compounds===
The shrine was known to Europeans as the ''Pagoda of Trincomalee – Temple of a Thousand Columns.'' The main shrine was built upon the [[Jagati (temple)|jagati]] while its thousand pillared hall was the ''Aayiram Kaal [[Mandapa]]m'' – a distinctly thousand pillared platform close to the vimana of the koil that forms a distinct part of the site plan of classical Dravidian temple architecture. Ruins of this feature at Koneswaram indicate that the hall was a structural addition erected by Pallava artisans, dated between 537 and 668. It formed one of the nine ''prakara'' or major courtyard compounds of the Koneswaram complex. Two other temples were prominent compound monuments on the promontory, containing prolific gopura structures over the shrines built to Vishnu-Thirumal and the goddess Ambal-Shakti. Together, they became known as the Three Pagodas of Thirukonamalai. A site plan by De Quieroz states: "On the first rise to the summit of the rock was a Pagoda, another at mid-ascent, and the principal one of them all at the highest eminence, visited by a concourse of Hindus from the whole of India."<ref name=p83/> In his dispatch to Philip III, King of Portugal, Constantine described: "The land of the Pagoda is 600 fathoms long (1.2 km) and 80 feet at its broadest, narrowing to 30 feet."<ref name="Ras"/> The complex stretches across Konesar Road off the promontory, and includes shrines to Ganesha, Murukan and Bhadrakali. Koneswaram of Konesar Malai is located 152 kilometres (94.4 mi) directly east from [[Kudiramalai]], the ancient royal district and southern pearl-bank emporium of the Thiru Ketheeswaram temple, Mannar. Koneswaram lies on a straight diagonal path connected to Ketheeswaram and another former Jaffna temple and Paadal Petra Sthalam Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram. This pilgrimage path of 225 km (140 mi) is often traversed by foot according to Hindu custom. The complex also lies on exactly the same longitude as [[Mount Kailash]].

===Deities of the complex===
In line with custom of Tamil Hindu temple compounds, the complex houses shrines to several deities. Koneswaram is the easternmost shrine of the 5 ancient ''Iswarams'' of Shiva on the island, the others being [[Naguleswaram temple|Naguleswaram]] ([[Keerimalai]]), [[Ketheeswaram temple|Thiruketheeswaram]] ([[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]]), [[Munneswaram temple|Munneswaram]] ([[Chilaw]]) and [[Tondeswaram temple|Tenavaram]] ([[Dondra Head|Tevan Thurai]]).<ref name="aht"/> Koneswaram has attracted thousands of pilgrims from across Asia, its Shiva shrine mentioned in the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata'' written from 400 to 100 BCE describe at length its attraction to pilgrims from many countries and from 600 to 660, it has been glorified as one of 275 ''[[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]]'', or holy Shiva dwellings on the continent in ''Tevaram''.<ref name="aht"/> Swami Rock is heralded as a ''Shiva Upa Peetha'' (base) of Lanka in the ''Sivacharita'', a Sanskrit work in praise of Shiva, and subsequent manuscripts of the ''Pithanirnaya'' (Maha Piitha Nirupana) as a general Sakta Peetha of Lanka with a temple of the compounds dedicated to the goddess Indraksi Devi and a male deity [[Rakshasa|Raksasesvara]] – a reference to [[Ravana]]. Kullakottan reconstructed the ''Three Pagodas of Thirukonamalai'', the other two dedicated to Vishnu-Thirumal and that of the Mother-Goddess (''Tirukkamakkottam'' – a consort of Shiva) on the promontory over a far greater area than at present.<ref name="Taksina Kailacapuranam 1999, p. 19"/> This latter temple to the goddess – Ambal/Uma/Shakti/Shankari Devi – was one of the 18 Maha Shakta pithas, those [[Shakta pithas]] consecrated to the goddess which are mentioned in the ''Ashta dasa Shakta pitha stotram'' by the Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara]] (788—820).<ref>D. C. Sircar. (1998). The Sakta Pithas. pp. 39, 41, 89</ref><ref>The Astadasa (18) make separate mention of Lanka (Ceylon) and Simhala Dvipa – the name of the Bhairava – Raksasesvara – strongly suggests Lanka is identical with Ceylon/Eela Nadu</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2025|reason=The cited reference does not mention the Koneswaram temple, nor does it give a historical association between this place and the Shankari pitha.}} The [[Vishnu]]-[[Thirumal]] temple was likely the first temple encountered on the promontory – and is mentioned in ''Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën'' written in 1726 by [[François Valentijn]].<ref name="Robert Fellowes 1815 pp. 193"/> The temple closest to the sea end was likely that dedicated to the goddess, where the current reconstructed Shiva temple stands. Smaller shrines within the complex to [[Ganesh|Ganesha]], [[Durga]], [[Murukan]], [[Agastya]], and the [[Navagraha]] including the sun god [[Surya]] would have been customary near the main shrine in the centre to Shiva – the Murukan shrine is hailed at large in the ''Tiruppugal'' series of Arunagirinathar.<ref name="HLtoSL"/> The temple to [[Bhadrakali]] is located further along in the complex inland along Konesar Road, benefitted from Rajendra Chola I.<ref name="Rajendra I 2007"/> The Kali temple is mentioned in the book ''Birds of Prey'' (1997) by [[Wilbur Smith]], set in the 1660s. The ''Thirukonasala Mahatyam'', describing the origins of the world, Lanka and Koneswaram based on puranic legends is now lost. The historical literature ''[[Mattakallappu Manmiyam]]'' (''Batticaloa Manmiyam'') that chronicles the [[History of Eastern Tamils|history]] of Tamil settlement in Batticaloa, follows the ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam'' and ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam'' in describing Koneswaram as one of the nine most important and sacred sites in the world for all Hindus.<ref name="CSHindu"/>

===Twentieth-century restored Koneswaram temple===
The statue of Shiva was reconstructed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=The photographs of Koneswaram Temple in Trincomalee, August 2018|url=https://independent-travellers.com/sri_lanka/trincomalee/koneswaram_temple/|website=Independent Travellers|publisher=independent-travellers.com|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Colour 1.jpg|thumb|left|Coloured necklaces on sale at Koneswaram]]
The Koneswaram temple is well known for its celebration of the traditional Ther chariot festival, the [[Navaratri]] and [[Sivarathri]] functions. The Ther Chariot Festival lasts for twenty two days in April and focuses on preparing the deities and the community for Puthandu, the Tamil New Year. Navaratri lasts for nine days and is dedicated to various aspects of the presiding goddess, whereas Sivarathri is dedicated to Siva. Devotees visit the temple to attend the daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] and make their offerings. Booths are erected outside for the sale of food, drink, brassware, pottery, cloth and holy images. These functions primarily attract Hindus to the temple.

The main ''Thirukoneswaram Ther Thiruvilah Festival'', the twenty-two-day annual chariot festival begins with the hoisting of the temple Nandi flag. This is followed by temple processions of Konesar and his consort Mathumai Ambal, installed and pulled in an ornate chariot [[temple car]] while deities Pillayar and Murugan with his two consorts [[Valli]] and [[Deivayanai|Theivayanai]] are taken ahead in two other decorated chariots. This is conducted throughout Trincomalee district, and follows Kulakottan's stone scriptures detailing how Hindus in Tamil villages like Sambaltivu, lands which historically belonged to the temple, are entitled to hold poojahs as their Upayam during the annual festival period. Until April 1624 the Koneswaram Ther Festival occurred around [[Puthandu]] in April annually with five chariots and this tradition was reintroduced in April 2003, three hundred and seventy nine years later.<ref name="tamilnet.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14654|title= Koneswaram temple Chariot festival held|date=10 April 2005|access-date=21 July 2011 |work= [[TamilNet]]}}</ref> The water-cutting ''Theertham Thiruvilah'' festival (holy bath) takes place annually in the centuries-old Papanasachunai holy well (Papanasam Theertham) on Swami Rock during the Ther festival period. The deity and other holy artefacts are bathed in the water of the well in the complex's sacred precincts. Devotees are sprayed with the holy water following the Theertham.<ref name="tamilnet.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14659|title= Koneswaram water-cutting festival held|date=12 April 2005|access-date=21 July 2011 |work= [[TamilNet]]}}</ref> The ''Theppath Thiruvilah'' Boat Festival consists of Konesar and goddess Mathumai Ambal taken in a boat around the temple from Swami Rock via the Back Bay Sea to the Dutch Bay Sea. Religious discourses and cultural items take place throughout the night before Puthandu at the Dutch Bay Sea beach. Thereafter the deities are taken to the temple early morning the next day on Puthandu by road through the Fort Frederick entrance. The Trincomalee [[Pathirakali Amman Temple|Bhadrakali Amman Temple]] and other Hindu temples have held their water-cutting ''Theertham'' festivals in the Back Bay Sea (Theertha Kadatkarai) for several centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14566|title= Historic Trincomalee Koneswaram temple annual festival begins|date=29 March 2005|access-date=21 July 2011 |work= [[TamilNet]]}}</ref> The ''Koneswaram Poongavanam Festival'' – the Temple Garden Festival is held during this twenty-two-day festival period.

An annual three-day procession follows Maha Shivaratri Day, observed every year since 1951 following the rediscovery of the bronze idols in 1950. Occurring in three stages, on each day of the festival, the images of the chief deity Konesar, the presiding consort goddess Mathumai Amman, Ganesha and Murugan are brought from Swami Rock to the entrance of Fort Fredrick in decorated Ther temple cars before being paraded through the whole Periyakadai of the Trincomalee town. The chariot cars are pulled by devotees through a decorated route while singing hymns. Devotees hold [[Poorna kumbham]] outside their houses along the route and worship as the procession moves. On the second day of the festival there is a procession to the Pathirakalai Ambal Temple where the images are kept for the evening. On the final day of the festival, the large chariots are pulled back to Koneswaram along a route through Trincomalee, accompanied by traditional [[Nadeswaram]] and [[Thavil]] musicians.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=17317|title= Lord Konesar procession begins in Trincomalee town|date=27 February 2006|access-date=21 July 2011 |work= [[TamilNet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=17340|title= Lord Konesar three-day procession concludes|date=2 March 2006|access-date=21 July 2011 |work= [[TamilNet]]}}</ref>

==Legends==
{{multiple image
| footer = The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]], Tanjore (left) has a vimana tower that is 216 ft (66 m) high, a classical example of Dravidian architecture that inspired the shrines of the [[Prambanan]] temple compounds, [[Indonesia]], which contains a 154 ft (47m) high central shrine to Shiva (middle left) the [[Konark Sun Temple]] with a 229-foot tall tower (middle right) and [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] (right). Each temple shrine on the Koneswaram promontory extremity contained tall gopuram towers by Chola rule of Trincomalee and [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]'s expansion that escalated the building of those syncretic latter styles of Dravidian architecture seen across the continent.<ref name="Perniola, V. p. 366"/><ref>[[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', pp 424–426</ref><ref>Karen Schreitmuller (2012). ''Baedeker India'', pp. 90</ref>
| align = left
| caption_align = center

| image1 = PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurEntranceToUpperStoreyMainTower.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Brihadeeswarar Temple
| caption1 = Main shrine of Brihadeeswarar Temple

| image2 = Main shrine of Prambanan temples.JPG
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Main shrine of Prambanan temples to Shiva
| caption2 = Main shrine of Prambanan temples to Shiva

| image3 = Konark Temple.jpg
| width3 = 190
| alt3 = Main shrine of Konark Sun temple
| caption3 = Main shrine of Konark Sun Temple

| image4 = Sri Jagannath Temple Puri, Orissa.jpeg
| width4 = 210
| alt4 = Main shrine of Jagannath Temple
| caption4 = Main shrine of Jagannath Temple

}}

According to one Hindu legend, Shiva at Koneswaram was worshipped by [[Indra]], king of the gods.

King [[Ravana]] of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and his mother are believed to have worshiped Shiva in the sacred lingam form at Koneswaram circa 2000 BCE; the cleft of Swami Rock is attributed to Ravana's great strength.<ref name="CSHindu"/><ref name="aht"/> According to this tradition, his father-in-law Maya built the Ketheeswaram temple in Mannar. Ravana is believed to have brought the swayambhu lingam in the temple to Koneswaram, one of sixty-nine such lingams he carried from Mount Kailash.
[[File:Ravanan - King of Lanka.jpg|thumb|right|Iconography of [[Ravana]], the mythical king of [[Lanka]] depicted on the temple walls]]
With the legend of the smiling infant, [[James Emerson Tennent]] describes "one of the most graceful" of the Tamil legends connected to the ''Temple of the Thousand Columns'' atop Swami Rock. An oracle had declared that over the dominions of one of the kings of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] impended a great peril which could only be averted by the sacrifice of his infant daughter, who was committed to the sea on an ark of sandalwood, eventually reaching the island, south of Trincomalee at a place that in the mid 19th century was still called ’’Pālanakai’’ (smiling infant), current [[Panama (Sri Lanka)|Panagai]]. After being adopted by the king of the district, she succeeded over his dominions. Meanwhile, the Hindu prince Kullakottan, having ascertained from the [[Puranas]] that the rock of Trincomalee was the holy fragment ''Koneiswara parwatia'' of the golden mountain of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Meru]], hurled there during a conflict between gods, arrived at Swami Rock and constructed a temple of Shiva. The princess, hearing of his arrival, initially dispatched an army to expel him, but ended up marrying the prince to end the war, and later attached vast rice fields of Thampalakamam and built the great Kantalai tank to endow the temple and irrigate the surrounding plain. Upon her death, the prince shut himself inside the pagoda of Swami rock, and was later found translated into a golden lotus on the Shiva altar.<ref name="pridham">{{cite book | last = Pridham| first = Charles | title = An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies|chapter=Trincomalee – Its Early History| publisher = T. and W. Boone | year = 1849 | location = London | oclc=2556531 |pages=544–546|quote=The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of India...}}</ref><ref name="jetceylon">{{cite book | last = Tennent| first = James Emerson | title = Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions|chapter=The Northern Forests| publisher = Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts | year = 1859 | location = London | oclc=2975965 |page=484|quote=The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa, ''Pannoa'' and ''Pannaham'' are so called from the two Tamil words ''palen-nagai'', the smiling babe.}}</ref>

The ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam'', a chronicle on the history of the temple, notes that the Sage [[Agastya]] proceeded from [[Vedaranyam|Vetharaniam]] in South India to the Parameswara Shiva temple at Tirukarasai – now in ruins – on the bank of the [[Mahaweli River|Mavilli Kankai]] before worshipping at Koneswaram; from there he went to Maha Tuvaddapuri to worship Lord Ketheeswarar and finally settled down on the Podiya Hills.
[[File:Ravana statue, Koneswaram temple.JPG|thumbnail|left|Ravana statue on East side (same side of ''Ravana's Cleft'') of the Swami rock slope]]
Dutch legends connected with the Hindu pillar from the ruins on Swami Rock concern an inscription found engraved on the re-erected monument dated to 1687. The inscription reads: "Tot gedaghtenis van Fran- cina van Reede, lofr. van Mydregt, dezen A° 1687 M April opgeregt", or in English : " This has been erected on the 24th April 1687 to commemorate Francina van Reede, Lady of the Manor of Mydrecht". The Dutch Governor of Ceylon [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]] mentions the pillar in his diaries of 1738, visiting "Pagoodsberg" or "Pagoda Hill" on a trip from Jaffna to Trincomalee to meet Vanniar chiefs in the region. There he notes on his visit on 31 May, the "name of Francina van Reede, daughter of the late Commissaris Generaal van Reede was found cut on a shaft, with the year 1687, which shows that she too came as far as this. Nothing else worth mentioning...". The girl's father was [[Hendrik van Rheede]], commander of Jaffna during Dutch Ceylon, and sailed from Trincomalee to Point Pedro on 23 April 1687. Historian Jonathan Forbes writing in 1810 in his book ''Eleven Years in Ceylon'' describes the pillar as a memorial to Francina's suicide, having flung herself off the edge of the cliff into the sea having seen her lover, a young Dutch officer to whom she was betrothed, sail away to Holland. Some historians describe this story as a conflation with practices that Queyroz claimed occurred with pilgrims at the site as idol worshiping sailors venerated the site from the sea. Historical records from closer to the period indicate Francina van Reede remarried in 1694. Writers describe the intentions of the person who re-erected the old Hindu pillar and carved the inscription on it as being to commemorate Francina having climbed the crag to wave goodbye to her father as he sailed past, and a token of human affection. ''Ravana's Cleft'' is also known as ''Lover's Leap'' in reference to this legend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchburgherunion.org/journals/vol_31_40/JDBU%20Vol%2032%20No%201%20-%201942(1).pdf|title=Scommesse come i professionisti}}</ref>

Another tradition holds that during his rule in the 12th century, King [[Gajabahu II of Polonnaruwa|Gajabahu II]] marched from his southern strongholds to the Konesar Kovil with the intention of demolishing it and converting it to a Buddhist temple. When nearing the Kantalai tank, he is believed to have been miraculously cured of his blindness by a Hindu, and henceforth converted to Hinduism. The tank is said to be named on this account ''Kandalai'' meaning "eye grows" in Tamil.<ref name="HLtoSL"/>

==Hindu and Buddhist conflicts over the temple==
Sri Lanka has had a history of conflict between its minority Hindu Tamils and majority Sinhalese Buddhists since its political independence from Great Britain in 1948 which led to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. Since the 1950s Sinhalese Buddhists have claimed that the Tirukoneswaram temple was originally exclusively a Buddhist temple. They cite and interpret historical information of three Pagodas at the Koneswaram site as alluding to Buddhist temples.<ref name="Peiris"/> Buddhists have also claimed that the site was the location of the ancient [[Gokanna Vihara]] built by King Mahasena.<ref name="Standing">{{cite news|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/01/23/fea18.html|title=Standing sentinel|date=23 January 2005|work=Sunday Observer|publisher=Lakehouse Publishing House|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015050318/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/01/23/fea18.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also based on an assertion made by archaeologist [[Senarath Paranavithana]] in reading a 13th-century [[Sanskrit]] donative inscription in Grantha Tamil script made by a Codaganga Deva found in the Hindu temple's premises. The [[Tamil_inscriptions_in_Sri_Lanka#Sanskrit_inscription_of_Codaganga_from_Trincomalee|inscription reads that Codaganga landed in Gokarna in 1223]].

A temple dedicated to a deity in "Gokarna" city is mentioned in the [[Mahavamsa]]. It mentions that [[King Mahasena|Mahasena]] (334–361) a [[Mahayanist]] [[zealot]] known for his temple destructions, who ruled a central kingdom of the island from the southern city of [[Anuradhapura]] destroyed temples dedicated to a deity in Gokarna and built Buddhist [[Viharas]] in its place. A twelfth-century commentary on Mahavamsa indicates that the destroyed deity temple had a [[lingam]] – a form of Shiva in it.<ref name=p58/> The interpretation of deity temples into specifically a Siva temple by the commentary on Mahavamsa is disputed by Ambassador Bandu De Silva.<ref name="Peiris">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/07/31/fea25.asp|title=Ancient and medieval Hindu temples in Sri Lanka|last=Peiris|first=Kamalika|date=31 July 2009|access-date=6 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044948/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/07/31/fea25.asp|archive-date=29 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Other sources indicate that the complex may have had Hindu and Buddhist sections prior to its destruction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tamil culture|journal=Tamil Literature Society|year=1953|volume=2–3|pages=189–191}}</ref> During the [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958 riots]], Tamils cut down bo trees near the temple to fabricate that it was not a Buddhist entity.<ref name="PRR">{{cite journal |last1=Hoole |first1=Rajan |last2=Shimmin |first2=Kevin |last3=Ramanathapillai |first3=Rajmohan |title=Alternatives to War in Sri Lanka |journal=Peace Research Reviews |date=1996 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=96 }}</ref> In 1968, the unity government of majority Sinhalese dominated [[United National Party]] and the minority Tamil dominated [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi|Federal Party]] collapsed over disagreements about declaring the holy Hindu site a protected area. A committee appointed by a Federal Party Minister to study the viability of declaring the site protected was disbanded without consultation by the Prime Minister at the time, [[Dudley Senanayake]], after receiving a letter of complaint from a prominent Buddhist monk who objected because the temple area would "get into the hands" of those "who are neither Sinhalese or Buddhist". The Federal Party withdrew its support to the government following that action.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jeyaratnam|title=Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970|year=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=215|isbn=0-521-20429-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Phadnis|first=Urmila|author-link1=Urmila Phadnis|title= Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka |year=1976|publisher= C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd|page=364|isbn= 0-903983-52-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jayaratnam|title= Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism |year=1999|publisher= UBC Press|page=99|isbn= 0-7748-0759-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jayaratnam|title= S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947–1977: a political biography |year=1994|publisher= C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|page=110|isbn= 978-1-85065-130-7 }}</ref> According to journalists like T. Sabaratnam, this incident had negative repercussions towards the future co-operation between Tamil and Sinhalese communities.<ref name="Sabaratnam">{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/articles/view/?id=286|title=Pirapaharan:Tamil blood boils |last=Sabaratnam|first=T|year=2004|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> The temple and its environs are currently occupied by the Sri Lankan Army, which maintains a base at Fort Frederick. On 21 September 2008, the chief priest of the temple Sivashri Kugarajakurrukal was assassinated in a campaign that has targeted Hindu priests in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=27004|title=TamilNet|last=TamilNet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=33205|title=TamilNet|last=TamilNet}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hinduism in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Thirukonasala Vaipavam]]
*[[Kinniya]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited literature==
*{{Cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | author-link = Karthigesu Indrapala | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pathmanathan|first=Sivasubramaniam|author-link=Sivasubramaniam Pathmanathan | title=Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka|publisher=Kumaran Book House|year=2006|isbn=955-9429-91-4 }}
*{{Citation|last=Bastin|first=Rohan|title=The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka|publisher=Berghahn Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMRJDhDxu38C&q=The%20Domain%20of%20Constant%20Excess%3A%20Plural%20Worship%20at%20the%20Munnesvaram%20Temples%20in%20Sri%20Lanka&pg=PR7|date=December 2002|isbn=1-57181-252-0|oclc=50028737 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jeyaratnam|author-link=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|title=Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970|year=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-20429-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Phadnis|first=Urmila|title= Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka |year=1976|publisher= C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd|isbn= 0-903983-52-4 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.koneswaram.com Koneswaram website]
*[https://www.angelfire.com/planet/heritagesl/koneswaram/koneswaram.htm Swami Rock and Koneswaram temple]
*[http://kataragama.org/sacred/koneswaram.htm Trincomalee in Legend and History]
*[http://kataragama.org/sivakalki.htm Discovery of Ravana's swayambhu lingam]

{{Hindu temples in Sri Lanka}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koneswaram Temple}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Trincomalee District]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Trincomalee]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Siva temples in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Babulal Kharadi

2026-04-07T01:48:27Z

Abesh Purkait: adding the data v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babulal Kharadi
| caption = Kharadi in 2024
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Arjun Singh Bamniya]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list| * Tribal Regional Development | * Home Defense}}
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]] [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| constituency1 = [[Jhadol Assembly constituency|Jhadol]]
| predecessor1 = Heeralal Darangi
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2013
| constituency2 = Jhadol
| successor2 = Heeralal Darangi
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2008
| constituency3 = [[Jhadol Assembly constituency|Phalasia]]
| predecessor3 = Kuber Singh
| office4 = Pradhan, [[Kotra tehsil|Panchayat Samiti Kotra]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2003
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Nichlathala, [[Kotra tehsil|Kotda]], [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| parents = Phagana Kharadi (father) Harki Devi (mother)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Mani Devi and Tej Devi
| children = 8
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Agriculture
}}

'''Babulal Kharadi''' (born 15 August 1967) is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He is serving as a Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Rajasthan]], overseeing the Tribal Regional Development and Home Defense departments in the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Jhadol Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Takkar |first=Jatin |date=2023-12-30 |title=22 ministers take oath in Rajasthan, 17 of them first-timers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-kirodi-lal-meena-rajyavardhan-rathore-among-22-mlas-sworn-in-as-ministers/articleshow/106403045.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Adivasi leaders criticize tribal minister Babulal Kharadi's call for delisting converted tribals |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/tribal-news/rajasthan-adivasi-leaders-criticize-tribal-minister-babulal-kharadis-call-for-delisting-converted-tribals |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babulal Kharadi who has two wives lives in raw house, became cabinet minister |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/babulal-kharadi-who-has-two-wife-live-in-raw-house-became-cabinet-minister-in-bhajanlal-government/articleshow/106422045.cms?story=3 |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kharadi began his political career with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] youth wing in the late 1980s. He contested his first election in 1995 for the Zila Parishad and was elected as the Pradhan of Panchayat Samiti Kotra in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=झोपड़ी में रहने वाले मंत्री बाबूलाल खराड़ी सादगी की मिसाल, 4 बार से विधायक |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/babulal-kharadi-who-became-a-minister-in-rajasthan-government-is-an-example-of-simplicity-jhadol-mla-still-lives-in-a-hut-4773267 |website=NDTV Rajasthan |date=31 December 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2003, he was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from the Phalasia constituency. He subsequently represented the restructured Jhadol constituency in 2008, 2018, and 2023. He lost the 2013 election but returned in the next term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान के मंत्री बाबूलाल खराड़ी 2 कमरों के कच्चे घर में रहते हैं |url=https://www.aajtak.in/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-minister-babulal-kharadi-lives-in-a-2-room-mud-house-his-simplicity-is-discussed-lcls-1853760-2024-01-06 |website=Aaj Tak |date=6 January 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान: कौन हैं कच्चे घर में रहने वाले बाबूलाल खराड़ी, जो बने कैबिनेट मंत्री |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/udaipur/babulal-kharadi-became-cabinet-minister-in-bhajanlal-government/2036249 |website=Zee News Hindi |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

He was appointed a Cabinet Minister on 30 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meena |first=Prem Narayan |date=31 December 2023 |title=कौन है बाबूलाल खराड़ी? राजस्थान के दो पत्नियों वाले भजनलाल के मंत्री; झोपड़ी में रहते हैं |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-who-is-babulal-kharadi-rajasthan-two-wife-bhajanlal-minister-live-in-a-hut-9138525.html |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी स्टेट |title=कच्चे मकान में रहने वाले 4 बार के विधायक इस बार बने कैबिनेट मंत्री, जानें कौन हैं बाबूलाल खराड़ी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-cm-bhajan-lal-sharma-cabinet-expansion-bjp-made-mla-babulal-kharadi-cabinet-minister-2573741 |website=ABP Live |date=31 December 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2021, he received the "Best Legislator" award from the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for his contributions in the House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान सरकार के मंत्री बाबूलाल खराड़ी का स्टाइल है सबसे अलग |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/state/rajasthan-government-cabinet-minister-babulal-kharadi-style-is-unique-due-to-these-reasons-he-is-in-the-headlines-rjs24052304574 |website=ETV Bharat |date=23 May 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Election results'''
! Year !! Office !! Constituency !! Candidate (Party) !! Votes !! % !! Opponent (Party) !! Opponent Votes !! Opponent % !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2023 || rowspan="6" | [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] || rowspan="4" | Jhadol || rowspan="6" | Babulal Kharadi ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|20px]] || 76,537 || 34.99 || Heera Lal Darangi (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 70,049 || 32.02 || '''Won''' || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Jhadol TOI]
|-
| 2018 || 87,527 || 44.52 || Sunil Kumar Bhajat (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 74,580 || 37.93 || '''Won''' || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Jhadol TOI]
|-
| 2013 || 62,670 || 39.20 || Heeralal Darangi (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 67,354 || 42.13 || '''Lost''' || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Jhadol TOI]
|-
| 2008 || 46,654 || 37.37 || Heeralal Darangi (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 39,335 || 31.51 || '''Won''' || [https://www.electiontak.in/polls/rajasthan/constitueny/jhadol-2008-S20_150]
|-
| 2003 || rowspan="2" | Phalasia || 37,671 || 37.8 || Kuber Singh (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 26,192 || 26.3 || '''Won''' || [https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2003/rajasthan/phalasia/14/25339/165]
|-
| 1998 || 23,920 || 32.18 || Kuber Singh (INC) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 33,651 || 45.27 || '''Lost''' || [https://www.electiontak.in/polls/rajasthan/constitueny/phalasia-1998-S20_147]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/mla_babulal.kharadi/ Babulal Kharadi on Instagram]

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharadi, Babulal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Uski Roti

2026-04-05T11:10:44Z

Abesh Purkait: Created the entry initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uski Roti
| image = Uski_Roti_still.jpg
| caption = A still
| director = [[Mani Kaul]]
| producer = Rochak Pandit
| writer = [[Mohan Rakesh]] (original story, dialogue) [[Mani Kaul]] (screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = Gurdeep Singh, Garima
| music = Ratan Lal (santoor)
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1969}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uski Roti''''' (English titles: ''Other's bread'', ''His/her bread'', ''A Day's Bread'') is a 1969 [[Hindi]] film directed by [[Mani Kaul]]. It was Kaul's first feature film, based on a short story of the same name by [[Mohan Rakesh]], who also wrote the dialogue for the film. The film won the 1970 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]], and is considered a seminal work of the [[Parallel Cinema|Indian New Wave]].

==Synopsis==
The film depicts the life of a bus driver Sucha Singh (Gurdeep Singh) and his wife Balo (Garima). Balo has to get Sucha Singh's food ready every day, walk a long distance through the fields and wait for him on the highway as he drives past the village. He leads an independent life, playing cards with his friends and spending time with his mistress, and comes home only once a week. However, he expects his wife to play the traditional role. The narrative is non-linear, hence we can attest to incidents but not be certain of sequence. One day Balo is delayed as she endeavors to save her sister from the advances of a lecherous villager. Sucha Singh is angry, drives away without his food, declares his freedom to come home when he chooses. The ending is indeterminate.

==Cast==
* Gurdeep Singh − Sucha Singh
* Garima − Balo
* Richa Vyas − Balo's sister
* Savita Bajaj − Sucha Singh's mistress

==Crew==
*''Director'' – [[Mani Kaul]]
*''Story'' – [[Mohan Rakesh]]
*''Screenplay'' – [[Mani Kaul]]
*''Producer'' – [[Rochak Pandit]]
*''Cinematographer'' – [[K. K. Mahajan]]
*''Assistant Director'' – [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]

==Production==
The film was shot on location in a [[Punjab]] village. Still photographer [[Navroze Contractor]] helped Mani Kaul in his search for the right location. During this time, they also had long discussions on black-and-white, lenses, light, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Navroze Contractor - Film Education|url=http://oorvazifilmeducation.wordpress.com/2010/05/27/interview-with-navroze-contractor/|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> Later, Contractor was to be Kaul's cinematographer for his third film ''[[Duvidha]]''.

[[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]], who subsequently became known as a filmmaker, started his career by assisting Kaul on ''Uski Roti''.<ref name="gaekwad">{{cite news |last1=Gaekwad |first1=Manish |title=Will the real John Abraham please stand up? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/606/will-the-real-john-abraham-please-stand-up |access-date=8 June 2018 |work=Scroll.in |date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Uski Roti'' marked a major departure from the conventions of narrative cinema, dispensing altogether with plot in the usual sense. Kaul also did not use any established film actors. There is little dialogue in the film. The dialogue is delivered in undramatic monotones, somewhat reminiscent of the films of [[Robert Bresson]], whom Kaul acknowledged as a major influence.<ref name=Malcolm>{{cite news|last=Malcolm|first=Derek|title=Mani Kaul obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/14/mani-kaul-obituary|access-date=13 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=14 July 2011}}</ref> The camera, wielded by K. K. Mahajan, dwells on faces, hands and exteriors - mud walls, a windswept highway, a guava orchard. The emphasis on hands is particularly Bressonian. In the words of [[Derek Malcolm]], "The film is not an orthodox narrative, dealing instead with silence, mood and imagery."<ref name=Malcolm /> In a 1994 interview, Kaul said, "When I made ''A Day’s Bread'', I wanted to completely destroy any semblance of a realistic development, so that I could construct the film almost in the manner of a painter."<ref name=macdonald>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=Scott|title=A Critical Cinema 3: Interviews With Independent Filmmakers|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

Due to its radical departures from the prevalent cinematic norms, the film did not get commercial theatrical release. However, it did win the debutant director the 1970 Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie,<ref name=Hunt>{{cite news|last=Hunt|first=Ken|title=Mani Kaul: Versatile, genre-hopping film-maker|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mani-kaul-versatile-genrehopping-filmmaker-2330688.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 August 2011}}</ref> and also won Mahajan his second [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]. Subsequently, it has been recognised as "one of the key films of the New Indian Cinema or the Indian New Wave".<ref name=upst>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/mani-kaul |publisher=upperstall.com}}</ref> [[Shyam Benegal]] considers it "as much a landmark as ''[[Pather Panchali]]''".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|title=Mani Kaul ...|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-07/india/29746507_1_indian-cinema-original-filmmaker-pather-panchali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906143137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-07/india/29746507_1_indian-cinema-original-filmmaker-pather-panchali|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2012|access-date=9 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 July 2011}}</ref> In recent years, it has received renewed appreciation, being screened at retrospectives, aired on television channels such as [[Channel 4]], and also distributed in DVD form. A reviewer for Channel 4 writes: "Mani Kaul takes us on a moving journey into the internal life of his protagonist, and KK Mahajan's cinematography will linger long in the viewer's mind."<ref>{{cite web|title=Uski Roti - Channel 4|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/uski-roti/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1|access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> In a 2009 book on Indian cinema by Ashish Rajadhyaksha, an entire chapter is devoted to ''Uski Roti''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|title=Indian Cinema in the Time of Celluloid: From Bollywood to the Emergency|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana, USA|isbn=978-0-253-22048-6|pages=432|url=http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=84791|archive-date=15 December 2019|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215170626/http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=84791|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
*K. K. Mahajan received the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=26 September 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
*Mani Kaul received the 1970 Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0066514}}

{{Mani Kaul}}

[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Kaul]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]

Mannaru

2026-04-04T09:11:32Z

Abesh Purkait: starting the page more to come - done

{{Short description|2012 Indian Tamil-language film by Jai Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Mannaru poster.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| native_name =
| director = Jai Shankar
| producer =
| writer = Jai Shankar
| screenplay = [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Appukutty]]
*Swati
}}
| music = Udhayan
| cinematography = Agu Ajmal
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|9|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Mannaru''''' ({{Translation|King}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Jai Shankar and starring [[Appukutty]] and Swathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appukutty is back with 'Mannaru' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/8203appukutty-is-back-with-mannaru-news-tamil-mhkjvDiggicsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084824/https://www.sify.com/movies/8203appukutty-is-back-with-mannaru-news-tamil-mhkjvDiggicsi.html |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MANNARU MOVIE PREVIEW |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-previews/preview-1/sep-12-01/mannaru-movie-preview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045247/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-previews/preview-1/sep-12-01/mannaru-movie-preview.html |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Appukutty]] as Mannaru
*Swathi as Anjali
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*Vaishali
*[[Naadodigal Gopal]]
*Thavasi
*[[Rama (actress)|Rama]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*[[Pandiarajan]] (special appearance in a song)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Udhayan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://masstamilan.in/mannaru/ |title=Mannaru (2012) Tamil Mp3 Songs Free Download Masstamilan |date=May 2019}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dappa Dappa
| extra1 = Kampadi Amali, Vaigai Kovith, Vaigai Selvi, Krishnaraj
| title2 = Do Do Dubai
| extra2 = Udhayan
| title3 = Dubu Dubu Dubaayie
| extra3 = Bavan
| title4 = Ingu Ethvum Sariyila
| extra4 = [[Velmurugan]]
| title5 = Ooraiyellam Kaaval
| extra5 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], Krishnaraj
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2/5 and criticised the subplot and numerous flashbacks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mannaru Review {2.0/5} by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mannaru/movie-review/16310047.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News18]]'' wrote that "The highlight is Jai Shankar's sincere attempt to stay away from the clich's. The film begins on a sweet note and proceeds the same way all through".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Review: 'Mannaru' has a good storyline |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-mannaru-has-a-good-storyline-505700.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823043748/http://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-mannaru-has-a-good-storyline-505700.html |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=News18 |date=7 September 2012}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Once again Appukutty goes through the village simpleton act which he does with consummate ease, in a film which has no story or script".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannaru |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mannaru-review-tamil-pcma5fhhehfji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084829/https://www.sify.com/movies/mannaru-review-tamil-pcma5fhhehfji.html |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' praised the film, but called the concept old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மன்னாரு [Mannaru] |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/09/07154851/Mannaru-tamil-movie-review-act.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102235314/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/09/07154851/Mannaru-tamil-movie-review-act.vpf |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Maalai Malar |date=7 September 2012 |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' called the film average, but praised Appukutty's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மன்னாரு [Mannaru] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/692/Mannaru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084838/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/692/Mannaru/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2593124}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Banoth Shankar Nayak

2026-04-04T03:39:15Z

Abesh Purkait: adding the details basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Banoth Shankar Naik
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2018
| term_start2 = 12 December 2018<ref name="PRS India">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Telangana MLA
|url = https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/banoth-shankar-naik
|work = PRS India
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 2023
| predecessor2 = himself
| successor2 = [[Murali Naik Bhukya]]
| constituency2 = [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
| constituency = [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
| predecessor = [[Maloth Kavitha]] (constituency part of Andhra Pradesh until 2014)
| successor = himself
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|5|20|df=y}}<ref name="TS Legislature Profile">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Two-Term MLA Profile (2014-2023)
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?q=bWVtaWQ9MzA4NCZjb25zdGlkPTEwMiZ0ZXJtaWQ9MTQmb3JkZXJieT0x
|website = Telangana Legislative Assembly
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
|quote = Served as Mahabubabad (ST) MLA for two consecutive terms: 2014-2018 (1st Telangana Assembly) and 2018-2023 (2nd Assembly)
}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| education = {{bulleted list
|[[Bachelor of Technology]]<ref name="TS Legislature Profile" />
| [[Master of Business Administration]]<ref name="TS Legislature Profile" />
}}
| alma_mater = {{bulleted list
|REC Engineering College, Warangal (1985{{endash}}1990)<ref name="TS Legislature Profile" /><ref name="The Leaders Page">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Political Profile and Career
|url = https://theleaderspage.com/banoth-shankar-naik/
|website = The Leaders Page
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
|quote = Profile detailing the political career and background of Banoth Shankar Naik
}}</ref>
|Kakatiya University<ref name="TS Legislature Profile" /><ref name="The Leaders Page">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Political Profile and Career
|url = https://theleaderspage.com/banoth-shankar-naik/
|website = The Leaders Page
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
|quote = Profile detailing the political career and background of Banoth Shankar Naik
}}</ref>
}}
| profession =
| website =
| source =
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:#FF0090; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
|title =Other Positions
|bullets = on
|2019 – 2023: Member of Committee on Welfare of Schedule Tribes of Telangana<ref name="TS Legislature">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes Member Profile
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMemberDetails?q=Y29tbV90eXBlPTImYXNzZW1ibHlfdHlwZT0wJnRlcm1faWQ9MTUmY29tbV9pZD0xNSZwcm9maWxlX2lkPTQx
|work = Telangana Legislative Assembly
|date = 2019-01-01
|quote = Served as active member of the Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes (2019-2023), focusing on tribal education and land rights issues
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}} {{dead link|date=October 2025}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Banoth Shankar Nayak''' (also spelled as '''Banoth Shankar Naik'''<ref name="MyNeta">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Telangana Election 2023
|url = https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=167
|work = MyNeta.info
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="MyNeta 2018">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - 2018 Election Affidavit
|url = https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5896
|website = Association for Democratic Reforms (via MyNeta.info)
|date = 2018-11-12
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|quote = Self-declared affidavit data shows total assets of ₹4.9 crore (₹1.7 crore movable + ₹3.2 crore immovable) and no criminal cases.
|language = en
}}</ref>) is an Indian politician, who served as the Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He won the 2014 and 2018 Telangana elections for the [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency]].<ref name="News18">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Banoth Shankar Naik of TRS Wins
|url = https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mahabubabad-election-result-2018-live-updates-banoth-shankar-naik-of-trs-wins-1968085.html
|work = News18
|date = 2018-12-11
|access-date =7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="Times Now">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2018: TRS' Banoth Shankar Nayak
|url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/mahabubabad-assembly-constituency-election-2018-trs-banoth-shankar-nayak-bjp-jathothu-hussain-legislative-poll-kcr-kalvakuntla-chandrashekar-rao-tdp/323998
|work = Times Now
|date = 2018-11-20
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref> He was stood again as a candidate<ref name="ECI Affidavit">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Election Affidavit (2023)
|url = https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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
|work = Election Commission of India
|date = 2023-11-10
|quote = Official affidavit confirms name as "Banoth Shankar Naik" (BRS candidate for Mahabubabad, 2023)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}} {{dead link|date=October 2025}}</ref> for the Mahbubababd constituency<ref name="Business Standard">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Candidate Overview
|url = https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/banoth-shankar-naik-candidate-32219
|work = Business Standard
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="ABP Live">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik Telangana Mahabubabad Candidate Profile
|url = https://www.abplive.com/elections/banoth-shankar-naik-telangana-mahabubabad-candidate-profile.html
|work = ABP Live
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="News18 2023 Telangana election">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Naik - Telangana Elections Candidate Profile
|url = https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/telangana/banoth-shankar-naik-s29aed2008a102e2023c002/
|work = News18
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref> in the 2023 Telangana election. He lost against the Congress candidate Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya.<ref name="India TV News">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2023 Results
|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections/mahabubabad/constituencies-mahabubabad-st
|work = India TV News
|date = 2023-12-03
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (BRS) lost to Congress candidate Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya by 12,543 votes
|access-date = 7 August 2025
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="ECI">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2023 - Official Results
|url = https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29102.htm
|work = Election Commission of India
|date = 2023-12-08
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (BRS) secured 66,473 votes (31.60%), finishing second to INC's Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya (79,016 votes, 37.55%)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref>

==Political career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="IndiaVotes 2014">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2014 Results
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/telangana/mahabubabad/61/34829/239
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2014-05-16
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (TRS) won with 78,370 votes (45.2% vote share), defeating INC's S. Saidi Reddy (62,450 votes, 36.0%)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="LatestLY">{{Cite web
|title = Banoth Shankar Nayak - Mahabubabad Election 2014 Results
|url = https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/2014/mahabubabad/banoth-shankar-nayak/
|work = LatestLY
|date = 2014-05-16
|quote = Banoth Shankar Nayak (TRS) won Mahabubabad constituency with 78,370 votes (45.2% vote share)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FFC0CB; color:black;" | [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 78,370
| 45.20%
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="IndiaVotes 2018">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2018 Results
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/telangana/mahabubabad/61/42824/266
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2018-12-11
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (TRS) won with 85,397 votes (47.0% vote share), defeating INC Balaram Naik Porika (71,863 votes, 39.6%)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FFC0CB; color:black;" | [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] (now BRS)
| 85,397
| 47.00%
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="IndiaVotes">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2023 Results
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/mahabubabad/61/47030/296
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2023-12-03
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (BRS) lost to Congress candidate Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya by 12,543 votes (vote share: BRS 31.6% vs INC 37.5%)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="ECI">{{Cite web
|title = Mahabubabad Assembly Constituency Election 2023 - Official Results
|url = https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29102.htm
|work = Election Commission of India
|date = 2023-12-08
|quote = Banoth Shankar Naik (BRS) secured 66,473 votes (31.60%), finishing second to INC's Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya (79,016 votes, 37.55%)
|access-date = 2025-08-07
|language = en
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FFC0CB; color:black;" | [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| 66,473
| 31.60%
| {{lost}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar Nayak, Banoth}}

{{Telangana-BRS-politician-stub}}

Abhay

2026-04-03T01:17:10Z

Abesh Purkait: adding the article added tags

{{wiktionary|abhaya}}
'''Abhay''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Films and television==
* [[Abhay (1994 film)|''Abhay'' (1994 film)]] (English title: ''The Fearless''), an Indian children's film
* [[Abhay (2001 film)|''Abhay'' (2001 film)]] (Tamil title: ''Aalavandhan''), an Indian Hindi action thriller
* [[Abhay (2009 film)|''Abhay'' (2009 film)]], an Indian Kannada romantic action film
* [[Abhay (TV series)|''Abhay'' (TV series)]], an Indian crime web series

==Places==
* [[Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery]]
* [[Abhayagiri Dagaba]], an extensive ruins in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
* [[Abhayapuri]], a town in Assam

==People==
* [[Abhay Ashtekar]] (born 1949), professor of physics at Pennsylvania State University
* [[Abhay Bharadwaj]] (1954–2020), Indian politician
* [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] or Abhay Charan De (1896–1977), founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness
* [[Abhay Deol]] (born 1976), Indian actor
* [[Abhay Kumar]] (born 1980), diplomat, writer, poet, artist
* [[Abhay Sopori]] (born 1979), musician
* [[Kouprasith Abhay]], Laotian general
* [[Mallujola Venugopal|Abhay]], Indian maoist
* [[Abhay Verma]] (born 1998), Indian actor

==Other uses==
* [[Abhay IFV]], an infantry fighting vehicle developed by DRDO
* [[INS Abhay|INS ''Abhay'']] ships of the Indian navy
* [[Abhayamudra]], a pose that Hindu gods are often depicted in

==See also==
* [[Abhaya (disambiguation)]]
* {{Intitle|Abhay}}

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Nepalese masculine given names]]

Balussery

2026-03-28T14:48:04Z

Abesh Purkait: improved article

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=December 2025}}
{{Sources exist|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balussery
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Balussery Bus Terminal
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.45|N|75.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Kerala
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Grama Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Panchayat President
| leader_name1 = Roopalekha Kombilad ([[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
| leader_title2 = M.L.A
| leader_name2 = [[Adv K. M. Sachin Dev]] ([[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
| leader_title3 = M.P
| leader_name3 = [[M. K. Raghavan]] ([[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.44
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total = 27,363
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673612
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 496
| registration_plate = KL-76 Nanminda RTO
| website = [https://balussery.com/ balussery.com]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| image_skyline = Balussery Town.jpg
}}

'''Balussery''' is a town located about 25 km northeast of [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode city]], situated on State Highway 34. It is one of the 12 block Panchayats in the [[Kozhikode district]] and serves as the northeastern entry point to [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode city]].

== Geography and Climate ==
Balussery is located about 25 km from Kozhikode, the district headquarters, and is well connected by road to nearby towns. Three main roads lead out from the Balussery city centre. Kozhikode is accessible by two routes: the Balussery-[[Kozhikode]] Main Road and the Balussery-[[Ulliyeri]]-[[Kozhikode]] Road. The major town of [[Thamarassery]] is about 15 km away and can be reached via the [[Koyilandy]]-[[Edavanna]] [[state highway]], while [[Koyilandy]] is about 16 km away. Balussery has a bus stand with a shopping complex and serves as the starting point for bus services to all major surrounding areas.

== Overview ==
{{bar box
|title = Social composition in Balussery (2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala caste survey of 2011: Government releases community-wise data|work=The Hindu|date=2011}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Community
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Thiyyar]]|darkorange|45.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Kerala|Other Hindu]]|darkorange|30.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]|green|23.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|.8}}
}}
Balussery block has an area of 278.54 km2. There are eight Grama Panchayats in the block: [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]], Balussery, [[Koorachundu]], [[Kottur, Kerala|Kottur]], [[Naduvannur]], [[Panangad, Kozhikode|Panangad]], [[Ulliyeri]] and [[Unnikulam]]. The total population is 212,592: 105,962 males and 106,631 females.

Government offices are situated in the heart of the town. [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] has a 33 kV substation (at Manjappalam), a division office/subdivision, and a section office here. There is also an employment exchange at Balussery Mukku, a [[Kerala Police]] station, a PWD rest house, a Sub Registrar Office, an Educational Department Office, six The Co-operative Bank, [[State Bank of India]], [[Canara Bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[HDFC Bank]], [[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]],[[Axis Bank]] and [[ICICI Bank]].

Regular bus services operate throughout [[Kozhikode]], [[Thamarassery]], [[Koyilandy]], [[Perambra]], [[Narikkuni]] and Cheekilode. Mini-buses connect the hinterland to Balussery Town. KSRTC operates services to the hilly regions of Balussery, like [[Kinalur]], Mankayam, [[Koorachundu]], [[Kakkayam, Kozhikode|Kakkayam]], Kallanode and Vayalada.

== Education ==
There are three government higher secondary schools located in Balussery. Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary School and GHSS girls high school are near the town, [[Nanminda]] HSS and [[Kokkallur]] HSS are 3 km away from town. There are also primary and upper primary schools, like Balussery GLP school, A.L.P School Thuruthyad.

There is a central government institute named Adarsha Sanskrit Vidya Peetham, located in Vaikundam, Balussery. It is one of several Sanskrit Colleges in [[Kerala]].

[[Usha School of Athletics]] is at [[Kinalur]]. Saraswathy Vidya Mandir is situated 2 km away from Balussery.

Jai Rani SABS Public School is an [[English Medium School]] in Balussery.

== Politics ==
Balussery has been an influential constituency of the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]. Most of the workers are from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]. The Left Front has been winning with a huge lead in successive assembly and panchayat elections. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is [[K. M. Sachin Dev|Adv K.M Sachindev]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and he got a massive lead of ''20372'' votes. The opposite candidates are [[Dharmajan Bolgatty|Dharmajan Bolgaty]] for [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] and Libin Balussery for [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]. Other political parties in the area are [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Welfare Party of India|welfareparty]], and [[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]]. While the LDF seem to be dominant force in 2026 as well, recent local reportage highlight outstanding development project for large number of SC colonies as a major issue of contention.
<references group="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tough-battle-awaits-rivals-in-ldf-bastion/article70761692.ece" />

== Notable people ==
<references />
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] -Director
*[[Girish Puthenchery]]- Lyricist
*[[Sarasa Balussery]]- Actress
*[[Anoop Menon]]- Actor
*[[Sudheesh]]- Actor

==Transportation==
Balussery connects to other parts of India through NH 66 and NH 766. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode]]. The nearest railway station is at [[Koyilandy]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tough-battle-awaits-rivals-in-ldf-bastion/article70761692.ece<nowiki/>{{commons category|Balussery}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Koyilandy area]]

Outlook (Indian magazine)

2026-03-26T10:00:32Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|Indian news magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox magazine
| title = Outlook
| image_file = Outlook_(magazine)_india,_17th_anniversary_cover_pic.jpg
| image_caption = The 17th Anniversary Issue of ''Outlook''
| editor = Chinki Sinha<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/about-us |website=Outlook |access-date=6 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| editor_title = Editor
| editor_title2 = Editor
| previous_editor = Rajesh Ramachandran, [[Krishna Prasad (journalist)|Krishna Prasad]], [[Vinod Mehta]]
| category = News Magazine
| circulation = 4,25,000 (as of 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202014%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf |title=IRS 2014 Topline Findings |work=mruc.net |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092737/http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
| publisher =
| company = Rajan Raheja Group<ref name="reddif"/> (Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited)<ref>{{cite web |title=Outlook India - Privacy Policy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/pages/privacypolicy |website=Outlook (India) |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
| firstdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|1995|10}}
| country = India
| based = [[New Delhi]]
| language = English and Hindi
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.outlookindia.com|outlookindia.com}} {{in lang|en}}|{{URL|https://www.outlookhindi.com|outlookhindi.com}} {{in lang|hi}}}}
}}
'''''Outlook''''' is a weekly general interest [[Indian English|English]] and [[Hindi]] news magazine published in India.<ref>[http://www.worldpress.org/newspapers/ASIA/India.cfm India: Newspapers and Magazines Online] ''worldpress.org''. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Somak |title=Politicians, journalists should never be friends {{!}} Vinod Mehta |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/b0OBLCrqIzns2v5HJTL7eO/Vinod-Mehta--Politicians-and-journalists-should-never-be-f.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Mint |date=8 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==History and profile==
''Outlook'' was first issued in October 1995 with [[Vinod Mehta]] as the [[editor in chief]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vinod Mehta, editor of India's Outlook magazine, dies at 73|url=http://www.arabnews.com/world/news/715421|access-date=20 November 2016|work=Arab News|agency=AP|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> It is owned by the Rajan Raheja Group.<ref name="reddif">{{cite web|title=2. Which business family owns the Outlook Publishing group?|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/feb/20quiz.htm|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> The publisher is Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|title=Outlook group to relaunch Newsweek in India by Apr|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/outlook-group-to-relaunch-newsweek-in-india-by-apr-106022401017_1.html|access-date=20 November 2016|work=Business Standard|date=24 February 2006|location=New Delhi}}</ref> It features contents from politics, sports, cinema, and stories of broad interests. By December 2018, ''Outlook'' magazine's [[Facebook]] following had grown to over 12 [[lakh]] (1.2 million).

== Staff ==
=== Editors-in-chief ===
*[[Vinod Mehta]] (1995–2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Renowned journalist Vinod Mehta dies of multi-organ failure|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Renowned-journalist-Vinod-Mehta-dies-of-multi-organ-failure/articleshow/46491557.cms|date=8 March 2015|access-date=9 March 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Krishna Prasad (Journalist)|Krishna Prasad]] (2012–2016)
*Rajesh Ramachandran (2016–2018)

=== Managing editors ===
*[[Tarun Tejpal]] (1995 - March 2000)<ref>[http://archive.tehelka.com/commoncode/team/dateam.asp Who's Who @ Tehelka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728221007/http://archive.tehelka.com/commoncode/team/dateam.asp |date=28 July 2013 }} ''tehelka.com''. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref>

=== Notable contributors ===
*[[Arundhati Roy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.outlookindia.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1995]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]

{{mag-stub}}

List of party switchers during Operation Kamala

2026-03-26T07:41:38Z

Abesh Purkait: starting initial info added tags - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
The following India politicians [[Party switching|switched parties]] via [[Operation Kamala]] to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] while they were holding elected office.{{incomplete list|date=September 2022}}

== Karnataka ==
=== 2008 ===
{{sticky header}}{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" style="text-align:center"
|-
! MLA
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Notes
! Refs
|-
|[[J. Narasimha Swamy]]
|[[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |Won back seat as [[BJP]] candidate
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2018 |title=What is Operation Kamal? |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/what-is-operation-kamal-bjp-congress-jds-horse-trading-poaching-5178843/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=A fraternal fight that brought down the Karnataka government and threatens the next one |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fraternal-fight-brought-down-karnataka-government-and-threatens-next-one-106019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='2008ರ ಆಪರೇಷನ್‌ ಕಮಲ': ಕೆಲವರು ತೆರೆ ಮುಂದೆ, ಹಲವರು ತೆರೆಮರೆಗೆ - ಮಂಕಾದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಕಲಿಗಳ ಬದುಕು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/operation-kamala-2008-current-situation-of-leaders-life-story/articleshow/73974480.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anand Asnotikar]]
|[[Karwar Assembly constituency|Karwar]]
|
|-
|[[Jaggesh]]
|[[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]]
|Did not contest. Nominated as [[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]. Won by [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] candidate M. T. Krishnappa
|
|-
|[[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
|[[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]]
|Did not contest. Won by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[Rahim Khan (politician)|Rahim Khan]]
|
|-
|S. V. Ramachandra
|[[Jagalur Assembly constituency|Jagalur]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |Won back seat as [[BJP]] candidate
|
|-
|M Narayanaswamy
|[[Bangarapet Assembly constituency|Bangarapet]]
|
|-
|[[C. P. Yogeshwara]]
|[[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
|Lost to [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] candidate M. C. Ashwath
|
|-
|[[V. Somanna]]
|[[Govindraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Govindraj Nagar]]
|Lost to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]]
|
|-
|[[Balachandra Jarkiholi]]
|[[Arabhavi Assembly constituency|Arabhavi]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |Won back seat as [[BJP]] candidate
|
|-
|[[Umesh Katti]]
|[[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]]
|
|-
|[[K. Shivanagouda Naik]]
|[[Devadurga Assembly constituency|Devadurga]] (ST)
|
|-
|[[D. C. Gourishankar]]
|[[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]
|Did not contest. Won by [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] candidate [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
|
|}

=== 2019 ===
{{sticky header}}{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="min-width: 10%; width: 12.5%; max-width: 12.5%;" | Name
! style="min-width: 10%; width: 17.5%; max-width: 20%;" | Office
! style="min-width: 10%;" | Date of party switch
! colspan="2" |Old party
! colspan="2" |New party
! style="min-width: 10%; width: 25%; max-width: 35%;" | Notes
! style="min-width: 1em; width: 2.5%; max-width: 5%;" | Refs
|-
|[[R. Shankar (politician)|R. Shankar]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ranebennur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranebennur]]
| rowspan="17" |14 Nov 2019
|style="background-color: {{party color|Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party}}" |
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]]
| rowspan="17" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="17" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="17" |[[R. Shankar (politician)|R. Shankar]], who along with 15 other disqualified Congress and JD (S) MLAs joined the BJP.
| rowspan="17" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=KPJP winner Shankar joins BJP camp |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kpjp-winner-shankar-joins-bjp-camp-670196.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Karnataka bypolls: BJP names candidate for Ranebennur seat, says Shankar will be made MLC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-bypolls-bjp-names-candidate-for-ranebennur-seat-says-shankar-will-be-made-mlc/articleshow/72071480.cms |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/karnataka/ktaka-15-of-17-disqualified-congress-and-jd-s-mlas-join-bjp/na20191114124241802 | title=K'taka: 16 of 17 disqualified Congress and JD(S) MLAs join BJP | date=14 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|[[R. Roshan Baig]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| rowspan="13" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Pratap Gowda Patil]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Maski (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maski]]
|-
|[[M. T. B. Nagaraju]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hosakote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hoskote]]
|-
|[[Shrimant Balasaheb Patil]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kagwad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kagawad]]
|-
|[[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Krishnarajapuram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajapuram]]
|-
|[[Munirathna]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|-
|[[S. T. Somashekhar]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yeshvanthapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yeshvanthapura]]
|-
|[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gokak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gokak]]
|-
|[[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayanagara]]
|-
|[[B. C. Patil]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hirekerur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hirekerur]]
|-
|[[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Athani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athani]]
|-
|Dr. [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chikkaballapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chikkaballapur]]
|-
|[[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yellapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yellapur]]
|-
|[[K. Gopalaiah]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
|[[Narayana Gowda]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Krishnarajpete (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajpet]]
|-
|[[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hunasuru (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hunsur]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[Anti-defection law (India)]]
* [[Operation Kamala]]
* [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]
* [[List of state governments dismissed by the Indian National Congress]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Corruption in India}}
{{Party switching}}
{{Asia topic|Politics of}}

[[Category:Party switching|Kamala]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Party switchers, Kamala]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Bribery]]
[[Category:Democratic backsliding in India]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:History of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian politicians|party switchers during Operation Kamala]]

Glen, Shimla

2026-03-25T05:06:52Z

Abesh Purkait: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Forest in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox forest
|region=[[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale Road]], Chaura Maidan, [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|location=
|country=[[India]]
|image=Entrance gate of Glen Nature Trail.jpg
|image_caption=Entrance Gate of Glen Nature Trail from Boileuganj near [[Indian Institute of Advanced Studies|IIAS]]
|name=Glen Forest
|governing_body=[[Forest Department of Himachal Pradesh]]
|fauna=[[Antelopes]], [[Grey Junglefowl]]
|forest_cover=164 Hectares
|administrator=Divisional Forest Officer, Shimla
}}
<code>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}</code>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

'''Glen''' is a forest area situated between [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], [[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]], Chaura Maidan and Boileuganj in [[Shimla]] city in the [[North India|North Indian]] state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Glen is known for its natural scenic views and its nature trails.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-16|title=Heritage walk to boost tourism in 'Queen of Hills'|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/heritage-walk-boost-tourism-queen-hills-1502622824.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Glen is located below Chaura Maidan and besides Annadale, some of its part lies below the suburb of Summer Hill.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2018-06-11|title=Parched Shimla a tale of environmental degradation|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/parched-shimla-a-tale-of-environmental-degradation-118061100629_1.html|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref>

== View ==
Glen attracts a lot of tourists. It is a forest area which includes three trails and a gazebo. Below the major trails it also has a waterfall.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]

Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu

2026-03-25T03:00:43Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Telugu films
| image = Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan.jpg
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = [[India]]
| year = [[Prakash Raj]] for ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]''([[50th Filmfare Awards South|2002]])
| holder = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
| most_wins = [[Jagapathi Babu]] (4)
| most_nominations = [[Prakash Raj]] (11)
}}

The '''Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine as part of its annual [[Telugu Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]s for [[Telugu film]]s. The award was introduced and first given at the [[50th Filmfare Awards South|50th South Filmfare Awards]] in 2002, with [[Prakash Raj]] being the first recipient.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2003 |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms |access-date=1 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Winners==
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year || Actor || Role|| Film || Ref
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|[[Ashwatthama]]
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| rowspan="2" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Brahmanandam]]
|Chakrapani
|''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
|
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|[[Ravi Teja]]
|Vikram Sagar
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]] || [[Rana Daggubati]] || Daniel Shekhar || ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' || <ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020 / 21]]|| [[Murali Sharma]] || Valmiki || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-complete-winners-list/articleshow/94736704.cms | title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022: Complete winners list - Times of India ► | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]] ||Basi Reddy || ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]] || [[Rana Daggubati]] ||[[Bhallala Deva]] || ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html|title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]] || [[Jagapati Babu]] ||Krishna Murthy Kautilya ||''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html|title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]] || [[Allu Arjun]] ||[[Gona Ganna Reddy]] ||''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]] || [[Jagapati Babu]]||Jitendra || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]] || [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]||Sivarama Krishna || ''[[Tadakha]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]] || [[Sudeepa]]|| Sudeep || ''[[Eega]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html|title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]] || [[M. S. Narayana]] ||Bokka Venkata Rao|| ''[[Dookudu]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list)|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]] || [[P. Sai Kumar]]|| Lokanatham Naidu || ''[[Prasthanam]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/allu-arjun-mamooty-win-at-south-filmfare-awards-381403.html|title=The 58th Filmfare Award (South) winners|website=CNN-News18|date=4 July 2011|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]] || [[Sonu Sood]]||Pasupathy || ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Filmfare Awards winners | date=9 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[56th Filmfare Awards South|2008]] || [[Allari Naresh]] ||Gaali Seenu|| ''[[Gamyam]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 2009: Best Telugu Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2009/102|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2007]] || [[Jagapati Babu]] ||[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Bose|| ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''||<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jagapati Babu Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Jagapati Babu {{!}} Times of India Entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jagapati-Babu/awards|access-date=2020-08-15|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[54th Filmfare Awards South|2006]] || [[P. Sai Kumar]]||Bhagawan Raj || ''[[Samanyudu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php |title=Filmfare Awards presented |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303151528/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php |archive-date=3 March 2009 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005]] || [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] ||Sivarama Krishna|| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''|| <ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana Awards: List of Awards won by Telugu movie Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana/movieawards/61317402.cms|access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2004]] || [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]||ATM || ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2005|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| [[51st Filmfare Awards South|2003]] || [[Prakash Raj]]||Suryam || ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | title=51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | date=11 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare South Award winners|publisher=indiatimes.com|access-date=2009-08-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717020003/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th Filmfare Awards South|2002]] || [[Prakash Raj]]||Vishwanath || ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
|}

==Nominations==
*'''2024:''' '''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' – '''''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'''''
** [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – [[Zebra (film)|''Zebra'']]
** [[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
** [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] – ''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
** [[S. J. Suryah]] – ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
** [[Vinay Rai]] – ''[[Hanu-Man]]''
*'''2023: [[Brahmanandam]]''' – '''''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'' and [[Ravi Teja]]''' – '''''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'''''
** [[Dheekshith Shetty]] – ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
** Kota Jayaram – ''[[Balagam (film)|Balagam]]''
** [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
** Vishnu Oi – ''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
*'''2022: [[Rana Daggubati]]''' – '''''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'''''
**[[Ajay Devgn]] – ''[[RRR]]''
**[[Sumanth (actor)|Sumanth]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
**[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
**[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] – ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
**[[Muralidhar Goud]] – ''[[DJ Tillu]]''
*'''2020–2021: [[Murali Sharma]]''' – '''''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'''''
**[[Jagapathi Babu]] – [[Republic (film)|''Republic'']]
**[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] – ''[[Naandhi]]''
**[[Rahul Ramakrishna]] – ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
**[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] – ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam]]''
**[[Thiruveer]] – ''[[Palasa 1978]]''
**[[Vennela Kishore]] – [[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']]
* '''2018: [[Jagapathi Babu]]''' – '''''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'''''
** [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] – ''[[Rangasthalam]]''
** [[Doddanna]] – ''Aatagadharaa Siva''
** Mohan Bhagat – ''[[C/o Kancharapalem]]''
** [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – ''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]''
** [[R. Madhavan]] – ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''
** [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] – ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
* '''2017: [[Rana Daggubati]]''' – '''''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'''''
** [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] – ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
** [[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]''
** [[S. J. Suryah]] – ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
* '''2016: [[Jagapati Babu]]''' – '''''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'''''
** [[Arvind Swamy]] – ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
** [[Mohanlal]] – ''[[Janatha Garage]]''
** [[Rao Ramesh]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''
** [[Akkineni Nagarjuna]] – ''[[Oopiri]]''
*'''2015: [[Allu Arjun]]''' – '''''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'''''
**[[Jagapati Babu]] – ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
**[[Posani Krishna Murali]] – ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''
**[[Rana Daggubati]] – ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
**[[Sathyaraj]] – ''Baahubali: The Beginning''
*'''2014: [[Jagapati Babu]]''' – '''''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'''''
**[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] – ''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
**[[P. Sai Kumar]] – ''[[Yevadu]]''
**[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] – ''Govindudu Andarivadele''
*'''2013: [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]''' – '''''[[Tadakha]]'''''
**[[Brahmaji]] – ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
**[[Sundeep Kishan]] – ''[[Gundello Godari]]''
**[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] – ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]''
*'''2012: [[Sudeepa]]''' – '''''[[Eega]]'''''
**[[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Denikaina Ready]]''
**[[P. Ravi Shankar]] – ''[[Damarukam (film)|Damarukam]]''
**[[Posani Krishna Murali]] – ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
**[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] – ''[[Julai|Julayi]]''
*'''2011: [[M. S. Narayana]]''' – '''''[[Dookudu]]'''''
**[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] – ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
**[[Jagapati Babu]] – ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''Dookudu''
**[[Sonu Sood]] – ''[[Kandireega]]''
*'''2010: [[P. Sai Kumar]]''' – '''''[[Prasthanam]]'''''
**[[Allari Naresh]] – ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]''
**[[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Adhurs]]''
**[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – ''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]''
**[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] – ''[[Khaleja]]''
*'''2009: [[Sonu Sood]]''' – '''''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'''''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Aakasamantha]]''
**[[Sayaji Shinde]] – ''Arundhati''
**[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] – ''[[Magadheera]]''
**[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] – ''[[Eenadu (2009 film)|Eenadu]]''
*'''2008: [[Allari Naresh]]''' – '''''[[Gamyam]]'''''
**[[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
**[[Jagapati Babu]] – ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]''
**[[Srinivas Avasarala]] – ''[[Ashta Chamma]]''
*'''2007: [[Jagapati Babu]]''' – '''''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'''''
**[[Mohan Babu]] – ''[[Yamadonga]]''
**[[Rahul Haridas]] – ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]''
**[[Ravi Babu]] – ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]''
**[[Srihari]] – ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
*'''2006: [[P. Sai Kumar]]''' – '''''[[Samanyudu]]'''''
**[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] – ''[[Pokiri]]''
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Bommarillu]]''
**[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] – ''[[Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw]]''
*'''2005: [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]]''' – '''''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'''''
**[[Jagapati Babu]] – ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''
**[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] – ''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chhatrapati]]''
**[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] – ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''
**[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] – ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]''
*'''2004: [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]''' – '''''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.]]'''''
**[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] – ''[[Aa Naluguru]]''
**[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] – ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]''
**[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] – ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]''
*'''2003: [[Prakash Raj]]''' – '''''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'''''
**[[Krishnam Raju]] – ''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]''
**Prakash Raj – ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''
**[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] – ''[[Aithe]]''
*'''2002: [[Prakash Raj]]''' – '''''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'''''
**[[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] – ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]''
**Prakash Raj – ''[[Khadgam]]''
**[[Ravi Teja]] – ''Khadgam''

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
| Actor with most awards
| [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Rana Daggubati|Rana Daggubati]], [[Prakash Raj|Prakash Raj]], [[P. Sai Kumar]]
| 4 2 2 2
|-
| Actor with most nominations
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| 11
|-
| Actor with most nominations without a win
| [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
| 4
|-
| Actor with most nominations in a single year
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| 2 (2002 and 2003)
|-
| Oldest winner
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| 83 years
|-
| Oldest nominee
| [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
| 87 years
|-
| Youngest winner
| [[Allari Naresh]]
| 27 years
|-
| Youngest nominee
| [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
| 25 years
|}

* [[Jagapathi Babu]] holds the record of maximum wins with four awards, followed by [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Prakash Raj]], and [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] with two awards each.

== See also ==
* [[Telugu cinema]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}
{{Filmfare Awards South}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Telugu)|Supporting actor]]

Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry

2026-03-22T16:17:16Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|Regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
| image = Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg
| image_size = 150 px
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
| dates = 1947–present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = [[Light infantry]]
| role =
| garrison = Rangreth, [[Srinagar]]
| garrison_label =
| size = 15 battalions
| colors = Bharat Mata Ki Jai (Victory to Mother India)
| colors_label = War Cry
| current_commander =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Lt Gen]] Manish Erry<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| nickname = JAK LI
| notable_commanders = Lt Gen [[Satish Dua]], {{small|PVSM, UYSM, SM, VSM}}
| motto = ''Balidanam Vir Lakshanam'' ''(Sacrifice is a characteristic of the Brave)''
| identification_symbol = A pair of crossed rifles
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia
| march =
| anniversaries =
| decorations = * 1 Param Vir Chakra

* 3 Ashok Chakra
* 10 Maha Vir Chakras
* 34 Vir Chakras
* 4 Shaurya Chakras
* 56 Sena Medals.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/116-Jak-Li.html |title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site – J&K Light Infantry |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818171931/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/116-Jak-Li.html |archive-date=2009-08-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry''' (JAK LI) is an infantry regiment of the [[Indian Army]]. It was the first regiment that was raised in independent India and was formed by amalgamating various voluntary resistance groups from different parts of Jammu and Kashmir to beat back the raiders in 1947–48. It specialises in small unit tactics for border security, combat operations in difficult-to-reach and dangerous areas – especially jungle and mountainous areas, counterinsurgency in urban steep hill areas, frontline military intelligence gathering, manoeuvre warfare, and reconnaissance in jungle and mountainous areas.

==History==
In response to the [[Pakistan]]i [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|invasion]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] in October 1947 (Operation Gulmarg), local militias were raised to oppose the raiders.<ref name="News18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry-soldiers-par-excellence-ws-l-9441678.html|title= Jammu And Kashmir Light Infantry: Soldiers Par Excellence|work= News18|date=2025-07-15|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref> They included National Home Guards in the Kashmir Valley, Leh Scouts and [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] Guards in Ladakh, Border Defence Scouts in [[Jammu]], Bal Sena and Banmanush in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushera]], and Punch Scouts in [[Poonch district, India|Punch]].<ref name="John">{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991.|year=1992 |publisher=Stroud: Spellmount Publishers Ltd.|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1|page=289}}</ref> The militias were a paramilitary force under the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and operated on the Line of Control.<ref name=ia-hist/> They volunteers were organised initially into platoons and companies in late 1947 and early 1948, and later on into 14 battalions of the Jammu and Kashmir Militia on 15 April 1948. Officers from the Indian Army were posted into these battalions.<ref name="John"/> Following the [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]], on 1 June 1963, the 7th and 14th Battalions of the J & K Militia were spun off to form the 1st battalion of the [[Ladakh Scouts]].<ref name=ia-hist/>

The militias conducted themselves with great distinction during the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] and earned 3 battle honours during the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]. The troopers of the force felt strongly that they wanted the dignity and privileges of a regular army unit, especially keeping in mind their performance and sacrifice in the recent wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/eparlib.nic.in.456118/mode/1up|title=Unstarred question No 2097|date=2003-12-16|access-date=2025-10-09}}</ref> Keeping this in mind, the then head of the J & K Militia, [[Brigadier]] Lekhraj Singh Puar of the [[Garhwal Rifles]], who was on deputation to the Ministry of Home Affairs from the Indian Army, prepared and presented plans to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] for conversion of the militia into regular unit on his own initiative. These efforts bore fruit, and in 1972, the J & K Militia was converted to a full-fledged Army regiment as the Jammu and Kashmir Militia under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. Brigadier Puar went on to become the first Colonel of the Regiment. In 1976, the regiment was renamed as the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry.<ref name=ia-hist/><ref name="News18"/>

==Class composition==
The regiment has 50 percent Muslims and 50 percent other ethnic groups of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=ia-hist/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/barkha-dutt/2018/05/05/a-metaphor-for-india.html|title=A metaphor for India|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=2018-05-13|access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref>

==Regimental Insignia and Traditions==
;Regimental Crest
The original regimental insignia consisted of two crossed muskets mounted by a plough and a scroll below with the words 'JAMMU KASHMIR MILITIA'. The insignia was later changed to move the plough below the crossed muskets and above the scroll. The present insignia has only the crossed muskets, with a scroll below and the words 'JAK LIGHT INFANTRY'.
;Uniform
The present uniform of the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry includes a black lanyard on the left shoulder and the shoulder title 'JAKLI' over a scarlet background. They traditionally wear black rank badges and buttons, as the original purpose of the rifle regiments was camouflage and concealment.

The green beret (common to all infantry units in India) has the regimental crest on a scarlet diamond base stitched to the beret. The red and black regimental turban is worn by personnel during ceremonial occasions, parades, on guard duty and by those in the regimental band.

;Colours
The regimental colours are red and black.

;Regimental motto and war cry
The regimental motto is 'Balidanam Vir Lakshanam' (बलिदानं वीरलक्षणम्), which translates to 'Sacrifice is a characteristic of the Brave'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defstrat.com/magazine_articles/indian-army-righteousness-our-heritage/|title=Indian Army: Righteousness Our Heritage|access-date=2025-10-21}}</ref> The war cry of the regiment is 'Bharat Mata Ki Jai' (Victory to Mother India).

==Engagements==
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry (JAK LI) soldier.jpg|thumb|240px|A JAK LI soldier guarding [[India Gate]] in [[New Delhi]] with an [[INSAS rifle]].]]
The JAK LI has served with honour in numerous theatres, they are listed below – <ref name="ia-jakli">[http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_jakli.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093450/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_jakli.html|date=June 19, 2009}}</ref>
;[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
The Jammu and Kashmir militia, though outnumbered and under-equipped, displayed remarkable resilience and determination. They were crucial in delaying the advance of the invading forces, providing valuable time for the Indian Army to mobilise and intervene. Their intimate knowledge of the local terrain and unwavering commitment to defending their homeland were vital assets during the conflict. 1 and 2 battalions were under 161 Infantry Brigade at Srinagar. 8 and 11 saw action as part of the Punch Brigade. Four sections of 12 battalion saw operations in the Chhamb area and 7 battalion took part in the defence of Leh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553361/|title=Operations In Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48|last1=Prasad|last2=Pal|first1=SN|first2=Dharm|date=1987 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India|page=}}</ref>

;[[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China war of 1962]]

The 14th and 7th Battalions of the J&K Militia were deployed in the Ladakh sector under 114 Infantry Brigade, the former was positioned in the northern part of the sector, including areas like Daulat Beg Oldi and the Chip Chap River, while the 7th J&K Militia covered the southern part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmilitaryhistory.org/india/114chushul.html|title=Indian 114 Infantry Brigade at the Battle of Chushul, 1962|access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref> In this extremely harsh terrain and climate, the troops were spread over numerous small outposts with long distances between them. When the Chinese offensives hit in mid October 1962, many of those posts manned by 14 J&K Militia were heavily shelled, attacked and isolated. On 22 October, the brigade ordered the withdrawal. After the withdrawal by 23 October, fighting in that sector ceased until the cease-fire in November 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/opinion/gateway-to-hell-the-1962-operation-in-daulat-beg-oldie-5682|title='Gateway to Hell': The 1962 operation in Daulat Beg Oldie|date=2023-02-11|access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>

;[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]
The units of J&K Militia were deployed in Jammu and Kashmir frontier sectors, including Chhamb, Akhnur, Uri, Baramula, and Kargil. They performed various roles including defence of forward posts, reconnaissance, counter-infiltration patrols and in support of regular units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/archives/OfficialHistory/1965War/1965Chapter00.pdf|title=Official History|access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref>

;[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
During the conflict, the Jammu and Kashmir Militia displayed exceptional bravery and professionalism. The 8 J&K Militia fought in the Chhamb sector of Jammu and Kashmir and played a significant role in preventing enemy capture of strategic ground despite the fall of the Mandiala bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/tale-of-bravery-thirst-for-enemy-blood/articleshow/83480887.cms|title=-Tales of bravery, thirst for enemy bllod|work=The Times of India |date=2021-06-13|access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref> It was awarded the Battle Honours of 'Laleali' and 'Picket 707', the 9 J&K Militia received the Battle Honour of 'Shingo River Valley', and the 11 J&K Militia earned the Battle Honour of 'Gutrian'. In recognition of their gallant actions, the soldiers and officers of the J&K Militia Regiment were conferred with a total of 28 gallantry awards – seven Vir Chakras, ten Sena Medals, two Vishisht Seva Medals, and nine Mention-in-Despatches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/1971-wars-victory-torch-reaches-jakli/|title=1971 War's victory torch reaches JAKLI|date=2021-06-20|access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>

;[[Siachen Conflict]]
In 1984, units of the JAK LI were deployed to the [[Siachen Glacier]] as part of [[Operation Meghdoot]]. The 8th battalion (8 JAK LI) earned great honour by capturing a Pakistani post at 21,000 feet on the Siachen Glacier in 1987. Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]] earned the [[Param Vir Chakra]] for the regiment in this battle. He is the first and so far only recipient of the PVC for the regiment.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com"/> Major (later Brigadier) [[Varinder Singh Minhas|V.S. Minhas]] and 2Lt. Rajiv Pande won a [[Vir Chakra]] for gallantry displayed during the same engagement.
;[[Operation Pawan]]
In 1987, 1 and 11 JAK LI were deployed with the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] to [[Sri Lanka]] as part of [[Operation Pawan]].
;[[Kargil War]]
In 1999, JAK LI earned honours in the [[Kargil War]]. The [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] made a special instant award of "Unit Citation" to the 12th battalion for their exceptionally gallant and sterling performance during the battles of Point 5203 on the night of 10/11 June 1999 and Point 4812 on the night of 30 June/1 July 1999 in [[Batalik]]. The overall performance of the battalion during [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] was exceptional and marked with exemplary valour and grit in the face of the enemy.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>
;[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]]
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}
;[[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|United Nations Missions]]
* In 1992–93, the 2 JAK LI was deployed as a part of [[UNOSOM II]], the UN Peacekeeping Mission in [[Somalia]].<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-jakli.htm|title=Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry [JAKLI]|first=John|last=Pike|work=globalsecurity.org|access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
* 8 JAK LI was part of [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]] (UNMISS) in Sudan in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usiofindia.org/pdf/UN%20Peace%20Operations%20Part%20VI%20Leadership%202022.pdf|title=UN Peace Operations-Part VI|year=2022|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
* 5 JAK LI took part in United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo ([[MONUSCO|MONUC]]) in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/denied-united-nations-stint-soldiers-sue-indian-army/story-szcQbDB0bhU87iG2PuX0dL.html|title=Denied United Nations stint, soldiers sue Indian Army|date=2009-07-14|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
* 11 JAK LI was part of [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNIMISS) in 2019.

==Regimental Centre==
The force headquarters of the Jammu and Kashmir Militia was established on 15 April 1948 at Haft Chinar in downtown Srinagar city. This was later converted into a regimental centre. It was later shifted to its present location at Damodar Karewa, Rangreth in the outskirts of Srinagar in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/4/16/JAKLI-regimental-centre-celebrates-platinum-jubilee.php|title=JAL LI regimental centre celebrates its platinum jubilee|date=2023-04-16|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/the-jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry-regimental-centre-army-postal-covers-apos/|title=The Jammu And Kashmir Light Infantry Regimental Centre Army Postal Cover|date=2023-04-15|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref> An additional training centre exists at Dansal in [[Jammu district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/northern-commander-visits-agniveer-training-facility-at-dansal/|title=Northern Commander visits Agniveer training facility at Dansal|date=2023-01-05|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>

==Units==
[[File:The Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 65th Republic Day Parade 2014, in New Delhi on January 26, 2014.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry marching contingent of the 11th Battalion passes through the Rajpath during the 65th Republic Day Parade, 2014|alt=|right]]
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 140px;"| Battalion
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"| Raising Date
! scope="col" style="width: 130px;"| Nickname
! scope="col" style="width: 330px;"| Remarks
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;"| References
|-
|1st Battalion || 15 April 1948 || Sher-E-Kashmir, First || ||
|-
|2nd Battalion || 15 April 1948 || [[Maqbool Sherwani|Sherwani]] Paltan || Raised in Srinagar by Lieutenant Colonel Amar Singh from a core group of volunteers of National Home Guards from the [[Anantnag]] and [[Baramulla]] districts. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/raising-day-of-kashmir-heroes/cid/1077683|title=Raising Day of Kashmir heroes|date=2007-04-16| access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-
|3rd Battalion || 18 May 1948 || || || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/third-bn-the-jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry-army-postal-covers-apos/|title= Third BN The Jammu And Kashmir Light Infantry Army Postal Cover|date=2023-05-18|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-
|4th Battalion || 1 June 1995|| FAKHR E KASHMIR|| ||
|-
|5th Battalion || 1 September 1995 || Ashok Chakra Paltan || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://stampdigest.in/2020/09/06/aps-cover-sep-2020-25-glorious-years-5th-battalion-the-jammu-kashmir-light-infantry/|title=APS Cover Sep 2020 – 25 Glorious Years 5th Battalion The Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry|date=2020-09-01|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|6th Battalion || 1 August 1996 || || ||
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|7th Battalion || 1952 || || Now 1st Battalion, [[Ladakh Scouts]]. || <ref name="Ladakh">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-ladakh-scouts-regiment-celebrates-diamond-jubilee-all-you-want-to-know-3111213/|title=Ladakh Scouts Regiment celebrates Diamond Jubilee – All you want to know|date=2023-06-02|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|8th Battalion || 18 December 1947 || Bravest of the brave || Raised as First Battalion, Border Scouts in Poonch. Designated 8 Jammu and Kashmir Militia on 15 April 1948. Re-designated as 8 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry on 27 Apr 1976. Theatre honour ''J & K 1971'', Battle honours ''Laleali'' and ''Picquet 707''. Distinguished unit to have produced recipients of both the Param Vir Chakra and the Ashok Chakra. || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://ramnathkovind.nic.in/pdf/pr250817.pdf|title=8 JAK LI|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|9th Battalion || || || Theatre honour ''J & K 1971'', battle honour ''Shingo River Valley''. ||
|-
|10th Battalion || Re-raised 28 September 1984|| Towering Tenth || ||
|-
|11th Battalion || 17 May 1948 || Gutrian Battalion|| Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Kapil Dev Pachnanda at Moti Mahal, Poonch by assorting the sub-units of the erstwhile Poonch Scouts. Theatre honour ''J & K 1971'', battle honour ''Gutrain''.|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/17/11th-battalion-of-jk-light-infantry-celebrates-diamond-jubilee-1211148907.html|title=11th battalion|date=2008-05-19|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-
|12nd Battalion || 15 April 1948 || || Raised at Hamirpur Sidhar from the Jammu and Border Defence Scouts by Lieutenant Colonel Bhag Singh {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}}. Theatre honour ''Kargil 1999'' and Battle honour ''Batalik''. ||
|-
|13th Battalion || 1948 || || || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/75-th-platinum-jubliee-13-th-battalion-the-jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry-army-postal-covers-apos/|title=75th Platinum Jubilee – 13th Battalion The Jammu And Kashmir Light Infantry Army Postal Cover|date=2023-04-15|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|14th Battalion ||1959 || || Now 2nd Battalion, Ladakh Scouts. || <ref name="Ladakh"/>
|-
|15th Battalion || 15 March 1997 || || ||
|-
|16th Battalion || 1997 || Solah || || |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/16th-battalion-the-jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry-army-postal-covers-apos/|title=16th Battalion The Jammu And Kashmir Light Infantry Army Postal Cover|date=2022-10-01|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-
|17th Battalion || 1 March 2003 || || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/03/jj-presents-presidents-colours-to-17-jakli-1162619019.html|title=JJ presents President's 'Colours' to 17 JAKLI|date=2006-11-04|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|129 Infantry Battalion (TA) (Ecological) || || || Located at [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]. ||
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|161 Infantry Battalion (TA) (H&H) || || || Located at [[Baramulla]].|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2019/02/22/army-conducts-recruitment-rally/|title=Army conducts recruitment rally|date=2019-02-22|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|162 Infantry Battalion (TA) (H&H) || || Ashok Chakra Paltan ||Located at Srinagar. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ashok-chakra-to-kashmiri-soldier-puts-the-focus-on-ikhwan-its-role-in-fighting-terror/183667/|title=Ashok Chakra to Kashmiri soldier puts the focus on Ikhwan & its role in fighting terror|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=2019-01-26|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Rashtriya Rifles
*Unlike other infantry regiments, Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry does not have a [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (RR) battalion. Instead, their troops are allocated to the other RR battalions for counter insurgency and counter terrorism operations, as their troops are recruited locally from the J & K region. Hence, they have the knowledge of the local terrain, language (customs and traditions) and knowledge of militants’ modus operandi, which is very valuable resource. They also help interface between locals and the RR battalions as translators and communicators.

==Distinctions==
[[File:The President of India, Shri K R Narayanan presenting the colors to JAKLI Regiment at Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir on Oct 09, 1998.jpg|thumb|right|The regiment getting its colours from the President Mr KR Narayanan]]

===Battle Honours===
* Laleali, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<ref name=ia-hist/><ref name=laleali>[https://archive.today/20130203142401/http://vinayk.sulekha.com/blog/post/2007/07/war-memorial-at-laleali.htm WAR MEMORIAL AT LALEALI : Honey Vinay blogs on sulekha, Current Affairs blogs, Honey Vinay blog from india]. Vinayk.sulekha.com (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2011-03-21.</ref><ref name=chanddas>{{cite book|author=Chand N. Das |title=Hours of Glory: famous battles of the Indian army, 1801–1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QpuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=21 March 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=Vision Books|isbn=9788170940692 }}</ref>
* Picquet 707, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<ref name=ia-hist/><ref name=chanddas/>
* Shingo River Valley, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<ref name=ia-hist/>
* Gutrian, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
* Batalik, Indo-Pak War of 1999

===Gallantry Awards===

Though one of the younger infantry units of the Indian Army, the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry is considered to be one of the most decorated regiments of the Indian Army, having received one Param Vir Chakra and three Ashok Chakra. Two of the most decorated soldiers are Naib Subedar Chuni Lal of the 8 JAK LI, who was decorated with [[Sena Medal]] (Gallantry), Vir Chakra and finally with Ashoka Chakra posthumously, and Lance Naik Nazir Ahmad Wani who was awarded the Sena Medal for gallantry twice, before being posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra.<ref name=ia-hist>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/the-corps-of-engineers/jammu-and-kashmir-light-infantry|title=Official Website of Indian Army|date=|access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>

The following personnel of the JAK LI, have received the highest honours for gallantry. The symbol 'ϯ' indicates that the decoration was awarded posthumously.
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2025}}

;[[Param Vir Chakra]]
*Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]], 8 JAK LI, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1064|title= Naib Subedar Bana Singh |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
;[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
*Lieutenant [[Triveni Singh]], 5 JAK LI, 2004 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1099|title= Lieutenant Triveni Singh| access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Naib Subedar [[Chuni Lal]], 8 JAK LI, 2007 ϯ<ref name ="Chunilal">{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1101|title= Lieutenant Triveni Singh| access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Lance Naik [[Nazir Ahmad Wani]], 162 Infantry Battalion (TA), 34 RR, 2019 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-former-militant-who-laid-his-life-for-army-ashok-chakra-1439667-2019-01-26|title=Republic Day: Former militant who laid his life for the Army gets Ashok Chakra|date=2019-01-26|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4678|title= Lance Naik Nazir Ahmad Wani |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>

;[[Maha Vir Chakra]]
{{div col|colwidth=32em}}
*Jemadar [[Chewang Rinchen]], 7 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1952/E-2286-1952-0017-106013.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 17|date=1952-01-26|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref>
*Major [[Kushal Chand]], 7 J&K Militia, 1948<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1136|title=Major Kushal Chand |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major [[Thakur Prithi Chand]], 7 J&K Militia, 1948<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1133|title= Major Thakur Prithi Chand|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Sardul Singh Randhawa, 14 J&K Militia, 1962<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1210|title= Major Sardul Singh Randhawa |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Jemadar Ishe Tundup, 7 J&K Militia, 1962 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1224|title= Jemadar Ishe Tundup |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Satingian Phunchok, 7 J&K Militia, 1962 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4913|title= Havildar Satingian Phunchok |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Subedar Sonam Stobdhan, 7 J&K Militia, 1962 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1206|title= Subedar Sonam Stobdhan |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Saroop Singh, 14 J&K Militia, 1962 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1208|title= Havildar Saroop Singh |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Subedar Sansar Chand, 8 JAK LI 1987<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1474|title= Subedar Sansar Chand |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Brigadier [[Manjit Singh (soldier)|Manjit Singh]], 11 JAK LI, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1454|title= Brigadier Manjit Singh |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Captain [[Keishing Clifford Nongrum]], 12 JAK LI, 1999 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1506|title= Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
;[[Kirti Chakra]]
*Major Pradeep R Tathawade, 8 JAK LI, 2000 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3370|title= Major Pradeep R Tathawade |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Natarajan Parthiban, 5 JAK LI, 2006 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3495|title= Lieutenant Natarajan Parthiban |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Vijayant Bist, 4 JAK LI, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1526686|title=President Confers Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards|date=2018-03-27|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Ravi Kumar, 63 RR, 2025 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2130612|title=President confers six Kirti Chakras (four posthumous) & 33 Shaurya Chakras (seven posthumous) during Defence Investiture Ceremony 2025 (Phase-I)|date=2025-05-22|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>

;[[Vir Chakra]]
{{div col|colwidth=32em}}
*Subedar Parma Nand,11 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="Gazette"/>
*Lance Naik Gian Singh, 11 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="Gazette"/>
*Jemadar Bhagwan Dass, 14 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="History">{{cite web|url= https://ia601508.us.archive.org/27/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.116302/2015.116302.Operations-In-Jammu-Amp-Kashmir-1947-48_text.pdf|title= HISTORY OF OPERATIONS IN JAMMU & KASHMIR (1947–48)|year=1987|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref>
*Jemadar Hanas Raj, 9 J&K Militia, 1948ϯ<ref name="History"/>
*Naik Shiv Ram, 8 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="History"/>
*Lance Naik Gian Singh, 11 J&K Militia, 1948<ref name="History"/>
*Lieutenant Ujagar Singh Teje, 13 JAK LI, 1964 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3072|title= Lieutenant Ujagar Singh Teje|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Balwant Singh, 8 JAK LI, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2626|title= Havildar Balwant Singh |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major [[Varinder Singh (soldier)|Varinder Singh]], 8 JAK LI, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2583|title= Major Varinder Singh|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pandey, 8 JAK LI, 1987 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2591|title= Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pandey |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Naib Subedar Lekh Raj, 8 JAK LI 1988 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2622|title= Naib Subedar Lekh Raj|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Subedar Bahadur Singh, 12 JAK LI, 1999 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2675|title= Subedar Bahadur Singh|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Ghulam Mohd Khan, 12 JAK LI, 1999 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2626|title= Lance Naik Ghulam Mohd Khan|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Captain Amol Kalia, 12 JAK LI, 1999 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2653|title= Captain Amol Kalia |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Satish Chander, 12 JAK LI, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2852|title= Havildar Satish Chander|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Manoj M Deshpande, 8 JAK LI, 2000<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2868|title= Major Manoj M Deshpande |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Chuni Lal, 8 JAK LI, 2000<ref name ="Chunilal"/>
*Rifleman Sunil Kumar, 4 JAK LI, 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2156515|title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-10-21}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
;[[Shaurya Chakra]]
{{div col|colwidth=32em}}
*Major Mehar Singh Dahiya, 3 JAK LI, 1985<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/820|title=Major Mehar Singh Dahiya|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mohd Safeer Khan, 12 JAK LI, 1993 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1978|title=Rifleman Mohd Safeer Khan|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Bal Raj Sharma, [[90th Armoured Regiment (India)|90 AR]] / 10 JAK LI, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2301|title=Balraj Sharma SC|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Rohit Sharma, 8 JAK LI, 1998 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/318|title= Major Rohit Sharma|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Manish Mishra, 5 JAK LI, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/360|title= Major Manish Mishra|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mohammed Mushtaq, 6 JAK LI, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/355|title= Rifleman Mohammed Mushtaq|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Subedar Nain Singh, 4 JAK LI, 2001 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/417|title=Subedar Nain Singh|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mohammed Ajaz, 5 JAK LI, 2001 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/429|title= Rifleman Mohammed Ajaz |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Major Balraj Singh Sohi, 5 JAK LI, 2002<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/470|title=Major Balraj Singh Sohi|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Javid Ahmad Khanday, 10 JAK LI/46 RR, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/567|title=Rifleman Javid Ahmad Khanday|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Zahid Abass Mir, 5 JAK LI, 2006 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/658|title= Rifleman Zahid Abass Mir|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Riyas Ahmad Bhat, 16 JAK LI/35 RR, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/634|title=Rifleman Riyas Ahmad Bhat|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Havildar Abrahim, 2 JAK LI/47 RR, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/629|title=Havildar Abrahim|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Subash Chander, 10 JAK LI, 2008 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/752|title=Lance Naik Subash Chander|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mohd Abdul Amieen Bhat, 13 JAK LI/57 RR, 2009 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/756|title=Rifleman Mohd Abdul Amieen Bhat|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Suraj Prakash, 8 JAK LI/10 RR, 2010 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/783|title=Rifleman Suraj Prakash|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Aurangzab, 4 JAK LI/44 RR, 2018 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4656|title=Rifleman Aurangzab|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Badher Hussain, 4 JAK LI, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4630|title=Lance Naik Badher Hussain|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Rifleman Shive Kumar, 15 JAK LI/31 RR, 2019 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4896|title=Rifleman Shive Kumar|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
*Naik Naresh Kumar, 12 JAK LI/42 RR, 2020 ϯ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4906|title=Naik Naresh Kumar|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==President's Standard==
The President, Mr [[K. R. Narayanan]], presented the colours to the regiment at its regimental centre on 9 October 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct10/j&k.htm#5|title=President presents Colours to J&KLI|date=1998-10-10|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

==Affiliations==
The regiment was affiliated with [[INS Ganga (F22)|INS Ganga]] till her decommissioning in March 2018. In April 2018, the regiment was affiliated with [[INS Kochi]], a stealth guided-missile destroyer and [[No. 51 Squadron IAF|51 Squadron]] of the Indian Air Force, which is based in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/india/army-s-JAKLI-regiment-affiliated-with-ins-kochi-iaf-s-51-squadron/1200511.html|title=Army's JAK LI regiment affiliated with INS Kochi and IAF's 51st Squadron|date=2018-04-15|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>
The regiment was affiliated with [[No. 223 Squadron IAF|223 Squadron]] (Tridents) of Indian Air Force, based in Srinagar on 26 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/ChinarcorpsIA/status/1706617852940136950|title=Affiliation ceremony|date=2023-09-26|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Azad Kashmir Regiment]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}

[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1976]]

Shimla

2026-03-22T09:07:48Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{short description|Capital of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{For|the district|Shimla district}}
{{Redirect|Simla}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shimla
| native_name = ''Śimlā''
| other_name = Simla
| settlement_type = [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|State capital]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = centre
| image1 = Landscape of Shimla , Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| caption1 = Shimla's panoramic view
| image6 = Gaiety Theater - Mall Road - Shimla 2014-05-07 1290.JPG
| caption6 = [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]]
| image7 = Viceroy Lodge.jpg
| caption7 = [[Viceregal Lodge, Simla|Viceregal Lodge]]
| image4 = Christ Church, Shimla.jpg
| caption4 = [[Christ Church, Shimla|Christ Church]]
| image5 = Annandale Shimla3.jpg
| caption5 = [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]]
| image2 = Jakhu Temple Shimla.jpg
| caption2 = [[Jakhu Temple]]
| image3 = Kalibari Shimla.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari Temple]]
| image8 =Shimla during monsoon.jpg
| caption8 = Shimla hills during monsoon
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| nicknames = {{ublist|'''Queen of Hills''' |'''City of Seven Hills'''}}
| motto =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|6|12|N|77|10|20|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| founder =
| named_for = Goddess [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Shyamala]]<ref name="hpshimla.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129005604/http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2005|title=Home: District WebSite Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Bhupender Kumar Attri<ref>{{cite web |title=MC Commissioner Office Contact Directory |url=https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in/Contact/Index/3 |website=Municipal Corporation Shimla, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[District Magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Anupam Kashyap, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Shimla District, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpshimla.nic.in/profile/ |website=hpshimla.nic.in |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name4 = Surender Chauhan<ref>{{cite web |title=MC Mayor Office Contact Directory |url=https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in/Contact/Index/13 |website=Municipal Corporation Shimla, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 35.34
| area_footnotes = <ref name="SMLA">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0211_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMLA.pdf|title=Shimla District Census 2011 Handbook|publisher=Census of India|access-date=20 April 2016|page=39(Urban Section)}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2276
| population_total = 169,578
| population_metro = 171,640
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="SML"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 1 ([[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|in HP]])
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="SML">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/4-shimla.html|title=Shimla City Census 2011 data|access-date=20 April 2016|publisher=Census 2011 India}}</ref><ref name="GOI_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-himachalpradesh.php|title=Himachal Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 28–29 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 26 March 2019 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui (Keonthali)]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Himachal Pradesh |journal=Linguistic Survey of India |page=283 |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/linguistic-survey-of-india---himachal-pradesh/}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171 001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 177 XXX XXXX
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO 3166-2]]
| registration_plate = '''HP-01, HP-02, HP-03, HP-07, HP-62, HP-63'''
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1577|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|17|°C|°F|0}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|22|°C|°F|0}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert |6-7|°C|°F|0}}
| website = {{URL|hpshimla.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = IN SLV
}}

[[File:View of Shimla.jpg|thumb|Christ Church of Shimla captured with a scenic view of the surroundings]]
[[File:COE Sanjauli in snow.jpg|thumb]]
'''Shimla''',{{efn|{{Indic Transl|hi|Śimalā|ˈɕɪmᵊlaː|Shimla.ogg}}}} also known as '''Simla''' ([[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Himachal Pradesh|the official name until 1972]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=bedi|first=rahul|title=Steady Decline: From Simla To Shimla, And Now To Shyamala!|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala|access-date=27 December 2021|website=www.thecitizen.in|language=en-US|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227210809/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{IPA|hi|ʃɪmla|lang|audio=Shimla.ogg}}) is the summer capital and the largest city of the northern [[Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. In 1864, Shimla was declared the [[summer capital]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. After [[Indian independence movement|independence]], the city became the capital of [[East Punjab]] and was later made the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the state.

Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the [[Himalayas]]. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the [[Simla Deputation|Simla Deputation of 1906]], the [[Simla Convention|Simla Accord of 1914]] and the [[Simla Conference|Simla Conference of 1945]]. After independence, the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] came into being in 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 [[princely state]]s. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the [[Simla Agreement|Simla Agreement of 1972]]. After the reorganisation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu]] district was named Shimla.
[[File:Shimla Winter Skyline.jpg|thumb|Beautiful sunset in Shimla]]
Shimla is home to several buildings that are styled in the [[Tudorbethan]] and [[neo-Gothic]] architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples, and the natural environment of the city attract tourists. Major city centre's attractions include the ''[[Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue)]],'' [[Jakhu Temple]], [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]], [[Mall Road, Shimla|Mall Road]], [[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]] and [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]]. The city centre's northernmost point is Jakhoo and the southernmost location is Annadale, the easternmost point is [[Sanjauli]] and the western point is Chotta Shimla. The [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] line built by the British, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race [[MTB Himalaya]], which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest [[Ice rink|natural ice skating rink]] in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with several colleges and research institutions.

== Etymology ==
[[File:Kalibari Shimla.jpg|thumb|Kali Bari Mandir, after which the city is named]]
One theory suggests that the name "Shimla" was derived from ''Shyamalaya'', meaning 'blue house', a solitary house made of blue slate on Jakhu Hill, built by a [[fakir]].<ref name="Hist_District">{{cite web |title=History of Shimla Town |url=https://hpshimla.nic.in/history/ |website=District Shimla |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

According to another version, the city gets its name from ''Shamli'' or ''[[Matangi|Shyamala]]'', meaning 'blue lady', referring to the Hindu goddess [[Kali]]. It is believed that a temple dedicated to goddess Shamli, an incarnation of Kali, used to be on the [[Jakhu Temple|Jakhu]] hillside near the Rothney Castle.<ref name="Hist_District"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sharma |first1=Ashwani |date=10 October 2021 |title=Shimla's Heritage Rothney Castle Slipping Into Oblivion |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shimlas-heritage-rothney-castle-slipping-into-oblivion-news-397188 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> Many believe that during the [[British Raj|British period]], the image of the goddess was shifted to a new place, the now-famous [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Stunning facts about Shimla no one told you before|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/stunning-facts-about-shimla-no-one-told-you-before/as67179017.cms|access-date=10 June 2020|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|state government]] decided to change the city's name from Shimla to Shyamala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Shimla may get renamed as Shyamala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/simla-shimla-renaming-shyamala-himachal-pradesh-shimla-name-change-bjp-1372288-2018-10-21 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=21 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> However, seeing the negative response of the general public, the state government dismissed the plan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Himachal Pradesh is not considering any proposal to change Shimla's name to Shyamala, says CM|url=https://scroll.in/latest/899320/himachal-pradesh-is-not-considering-any-proposal-to-change-shimlas-name-to-shyamala-says-cm|access-date=10 June 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=23 October 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
===Early modern history===
Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only sign of civilisation was the [[Jakhu Temple]] and various other temples, a few scattered houses, and nearby villages which has now turned out as posh and major neighbourhoods of the city.<ref name="Vipin1996">{{cite book | author=Vipin Pubby | title=Shimla Then and Now | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&pg=PA17 | access-date=16 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=978-81-7387-046-0 | pages=17–34}}</ref> The area was called 'Shimla', named after [[Hindu goddess]] ''Shyamala Devi'', an incarnation of [[Kali]].<ref name="hpshimla.nic.in" />

===Anglo Gorkha Wars===
{{Main|Sugauli Treaty}}

[[File:Shimla, 1850s.jpg|left|thumb|The bridge connecting Shimla with Chhota Shimla, originally erected in 1829 by [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]], Shimla, the 1850s]]
The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by [[Bhimsen Thapa]] of [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] in 1806. The [[British East India Company]] took control of the territory as per the [[Sugauli Treaty]] after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–16). The [[Gurkha]] leaders were quelled by storming the fort of Malaun under the command of [[David Ochterlony]] in May 1815.

===Early British settlements in Simla===
{{Main|Simla Hill States}}

In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in the [[Hill States of India#|Hill States]], set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the [[Scotland|Scottish]] civil servant [[Charles Pratt Kennedy]] built the first [[pucca housing|pucca house]] in the area named Kennedy Cottage in 1822, near [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], what is now the home for CPWD office. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Amherst]], the [[Governor-General of Bengal]], visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Stapleton Cotton]], the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a {{convert|3|mi|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on|spell=on|order=flip}} road and a bridge were constructed near [[Jakhoo]]. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of [[Keonthal]] and [[Patiala]] in exchange for the Rawin [[pargana]] and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.<ref name="Vipin1996" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Harrop, F. Beresford| publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co.|place=Simla| year=1925| title=Thacker's new Guide to Simla| pages=16–19}}</ref>

In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting between the Governor-General [[Lord William Bentinck]] and the emissaries of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:<ref>Researches and Missionary Labours Among the Jews, Mohammedans, and Other Sects By Joseph Wolff, published by O. Rogers, 1837</ref>
{{cquote|Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah ([[Ludhiana]]), is easy to access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun ([[Hindustan]]).}}
[[File:Jakku Temple Simla.jpg|thumb|left|Jakhu Temple in 1910; the temple predates the British settlement in the area]]
Combermere's successor [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Earl Dalhousie]] visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town was under Nawab (King) Kumar Ghosal of Bally, West Bengal, and saw regular visits from the Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. Several young British officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties, and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby.

===Early urban development===
By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, several bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from [[Sood (surname)|Sood]] and [[Parsi]] communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844, the foundation of the [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]] was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the [[National Highway 22 (India)|Hindustan-Tibet road]] with a {{convert|560|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on}} tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851–52.<ref name="tunnel">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080206/himplus1.htm#2 |title=Shimla A five-tunnel town|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> The [[1857 uprising]] caused a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.<ref name="Vipin1996" />

===Simla as the 'summer capital' of the British Raj===
[[File:Old photo of Annadale, Shimla.jpg|thumb|[[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] during British period]]
In 1863, the [[Viceroy of India]], [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla.<ref name="Vipin1996" /> He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between [[Calcutta]] and this separate centre over {{convert|1000|mi|km|order=flip}} away, even though it was difficult to reach.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''[[Kipling Sahib]]'', London, Little Brown, 2007</ref> [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Robert Bulwer-Lytton]] ([[Viceroy of India]] 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the [[The Ridge, Shimla|Ridge]]<ref name="harassed">{{cite book | author=Hari Sud | title=Entrepreneurs of British Shimla | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8aRBQAAQBAJ | access-date=15 August 2015 | year=2013 | publisher=Lulu | isbn=978-1-304-11357-3 | pages=73–74}}</ref>), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and [[Lower Bazaar, Shimla|Lower Bazaars]] on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as a library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.

[[File:Simla QE4 24.jpg|right|thumb|Shimla's "[[Lower Bazaar, Shimla|Lower Bazaar]]" in a photograph taken between 1887 and 1889]]
During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the headquarters of the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], the head of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], and many departments of the [[Government of India]]. The summer capital of the regional Government of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] moved from [[Murree]], in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed the Shimla Society, which, according to [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]],<ref>''[[Kipling Sahib]]'', London, Little Brown, 2007: p. 134</ref> "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as [[Rudyard Kipling]] said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip, and intrigue".<ref name="heritage report">{{cite web | url = http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/ShimlaHeritageReport.pdf | title = Heritage of Shimla | publisher = Town & Country Planning Department, Shimla | access-date = 4 May 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070630171701/http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/ShimlaHeritageReport.pdf | archive-date = 30 June 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The {{convert|500|ft|adj=on}} Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium Tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about {{convert|120|ft}} in length, was also built in 1905.<ref name="tunnel" />

The [[Simla Convention]], an ambiguous [[treaty]] concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] and Great Britain was signed in Simla in 1913 and 1914.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914) [400]|url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html|access-date=9 July 2020|website=www.tibetjustice.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Steven A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC|title=India and the China Crisis|date=1 January 1990|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06537-6|language=en}}</ref> At the convention a demarcation line between [[Tibet]] and the [[Northeast India|North-east region]] of India was proposed by Sir [[Henry McMahon]]. The line came to be known as McMahon Line and is currently the effective boundary between [[China]] and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. This was also the site of a series of talks held by [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Viceroy Wavell]] to discuss a plan for the independence of India with the Indian political leaders of the time. Known as the [[Simla Conference]], the talks failed to bring about a resolution.
[[File:Victory Tunnel Shimla 02.jpg|alt=showing the urbanisation of Shimla city|thumb|[[Victory Tunnel|Victory Tunnel Shimla]]]]
Shimla was the capital city in exile of [[British Burma]] (present-day [[Myanmar]]) from 1942 to 1945.<ref name="IE2018">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Adrija Roy |title=Shimla could have been named after Goddess Shamli, but there was no Simla before the British. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/shimla-rename-shyamala-himachal-pradesh-shamli-5415941/ |access-date=24 October 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In 1945, [[Victory Tunnel]] was opened immediately after the [[Allied leaders of World War II|Allied victory]] in [[World War II|World War 2]] on 8 May 1945, hence its name. It was the celebratory mark of the end of the War from British side. Since then it has become one of the busiest tunnel routes of Shimla, connecting two major parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |date=8 October 2020 |title=Shimla's old tunnels are crying for attention; planned ones in limbo |url=https://citizenmatters.in/shimla-mobility-story-of-the-towns-old-tunnels/ |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:KSR Train on a small bridge 05-02-12 52.jpeg|left|thumb|Passenger train on the [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]] route]]
The [[Kalka–Shimla Railway|Kalka–Shimla railway line]], opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient".<ref name="heritage report" /> In 2008, it became part of the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944 |title=Unesco|publisher=Unesco.org|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>

===Post-Independence Shimla===
Following the [[partition of India]], Shimla briefly served as the capital of East Punjab, until construction of the new city of [[Chandigarh]] (the present-day capital of the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]). Upon the formation of the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.

After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western [[Himalaya]], known in full as the [[Simla Hills States|Shimla Hills States]] and four Punjab southern hill states by the issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|State of Bilaspur]] was merged into the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the [[Constitution of India]] and the Lt. Governor was appointed. The legislative assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a [[Union Territory]] on 1 November 1956.<ref name="nichist">{{cite web
|url=http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm|title=History of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=31 March 2008|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Himachal Pradesh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121013200/http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm|archive-date=21 November 2006}}</ref> Following areas of Punjab State namely Shimla, [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]] and [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] Districts, [[Nalagarh|Nalagarh Tehsil]] of [[Ambala district|Ambala District]], Lohara, [[Amb, Himachal Pradesh|Amb]] and [[Una district|Una]] Kanungo circle, some areas of [[Santokhgarh]] Kanungo circle and some other specified area of [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] tehsil of [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur District]] besides some parts of [[Dhar Kalan]] Tehsil of [[Pathankot district]]; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment of [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, [[The State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970|The State of Himachal Pradesh Act]] was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.<ref name="nichist" />

The [[Simla Agreement]] treaty was signed in Shimla by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the [[President of Pakistan]], and [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The agreement paved the way for diplomatic recognition of [[Bangladesh]] by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours on the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 October 2013|title=Relevance Of Simla Agreement – Khan Study Group – Best IAS Coaching Institute for General Studies (GS)|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2013|access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref>

Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], Assembly Chamber, [[Auckland School Shimla|Auckland House]], [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]], Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the [[Gaiety Theater, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]] are reminders of British rule in India.<ref name="shimla_distt">{{cite web|url = http://www.hpshimla.nic.in/|title = Official Web Site of District Shimla|publisher = Hpshimla.nic.in|access-date = 14 October 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120929220041/http://hpshimla.nic.in/|archive-date = 29 September 2012|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="shimla_history">{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010526/windows/main1.htm | title = Shimla: Another age, another time | publisher = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=26 May 2001}}</ref> The original [[Peterhoff, Shimla|Peterhoff]], another [[Viceroy of India|Viceregal]] residence, burnt down in 1981. British Shimla extended about {{convert|1+1/2|mi|km|order=flip|round=0.5}} along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the [[Mall Road, Shimla|Mall Road]], which ran along the length of the Ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the viceroy and his wife.

==Geography==
Shimla is on the south-western ranges of the [[Himalayas]] at {{Coord|31.61|N|77.10|E}}. It has an average altitude of {{convert|2206|m}} above [[mean sea level]] and extends along a ridge with seven [[Spur (mountain)|spur]]s. The city stretches nearly {{convert|9.2|km|mi|frac=8}} from east to west.<ref name="mcshimla">{{cite web|url=http://shimlamc.org/mcshimla.htm | title=Shimla Municipal Corporation | access-date=4 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403005805/http://www.shimlamc.org/mcshimla.htm  |archive-date = 3 April 2007}}</ref> It comes under the historical cultural [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hertel |first=Johannes |date=1 January 1924 |title=Grierson George Abraham. Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, India |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/if-1924-0139/html |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |language=de |volume=42 |issue=s1 |pages=363–368 |doi=10.1515/if-1924-0139 |issn=1613-0405}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vyas |first=Nitin |last2=Nagal |first2=Priti R. |last3=Dhanda |first3=Aniket |date=22 July 2025 |title=Mahasu Devta, Shamanism, And Cultural Heritage: Assessing The Scope Of Spiritual And Cultural Tourism In Himachal Pradesh |url=https://journal.ontourism.academy/index.php/jots/article/view/172 |journal=Journal On Tourism & Sustainability |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.16320417 |issn=2515-6780}}</ref>
[[File:Simla and Jutogh 1911 map.jpg|thumb|Simla and Jutogh, 1911 map]]
The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India]]. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region.<ref name="shimlavulnerable">{{cite web | url= http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/10/14/1410quake-shimla-vulnerable.html | title= Concrete buildings make Shimla vulnerable to quake | publisher= Indiainfo.com | access-date= 14 October 2005 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051222161747/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/10/14/1410quake-shimla-vulnerable.html | archive-date= 22 December 2005 | df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.andazresorts.com/| title = Report from the field: Shimla City, India | publisher = GeoHazards International | access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070630171700/http://www.geohaz.org/contents/publications/ShilmlaCityV5.pdf  |archive-date = 30 June 2007}}</ref> There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the [[Sutlej]], is about {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hptdc.nic.in/trans.htm | title = Sight seeing tours around Shimla | publisher = HP Tourism Development Corporation | access-date = 21 May 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070511001459/http://hptdc.nic.in/trans.htm | archive-date = 11 May 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of [[Yamuna]]).

The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over {{convert|414|ha}}.<ref name="heritage report" /> The main forests in and around the city are of [[Pine]], [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], [[Oak]] and [[Rhododendron]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hpforest.nic.in/ | title= H.P. Forest Department | access-date=11 May 2007}}</ref> Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an [[ecotourism]] spot.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Adarsh Batra | title = Himalayan Ecotourism in Shimla | journal = ABAC Journal | date = September 2001 | publisher = Assumption University, AU Journal | url = http://www.journal.au.edu/abac_journal/2001/sep01/article3.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070630171701/http://www.journal.au.edu/abac_journal/2001/sep01/article3.pdf | archive-date = 30 June 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of [[landslide]]s that often take place after heavy rains.<ref name="shimlavulnerable" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050716/himachal.htm#1 | title = Landslides disrupt traffic in Shimla | publisher= The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=16 July 2005}}</ref>

The city is situated {{convert|88|km|mi}} northeast of [[Kalka]], {{convert|116|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Chandigarh]], {{convert|247|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Delhi]], the national capital. Kalka can be reached within {{frac|2|1|2}} hours, and Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

To the east of Shimla stand the Choor Mountains (Chuor, 3647 m<ref>Insight Family World Atlas, Map 81, {{ISBN|978-981-258-427-4}}</ref>). A passage over these mountains, from the Tons River to Shimla is described in ''Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains'', by [[w:George Francis White|George Francis White]]<ref>{{cite book|last =White|first=George|title=Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains, 1836|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6gxJAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA55&printsec=frontcover|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> with accompanying drawings, ''Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor'', and two that were subsequently the subject of poetical illustrations by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], namely ''Crossing the Choor Mountains'',<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA6|section=Crossing the Choor Mountains: picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}} {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA11|section=Crossing the Choor Mountains: poetical illustration|pages=35–36|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> and ''Village of Koghera and Deodar Forest, near the Choor''.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA65-IA7|section=Village of Koghera: poetical illustration|pages=26–28|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}} {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA13|section=Village of Koghera: picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

The accompanying notes record that "During a considerable part of the year, the Choor is hoary with snow; and when moonlight falls upon the scene, an effect is produced as if floods of molten silver were poured over the surface. Moonlight in these regions assumes a novel charm."

{{wikisource|Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains/Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor|Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor}}Shimla city is geographically uniquely positioned in such a way, that if water is poured on the northern slope at the [[c:File:The_ridge_Shimla.jpg|Ridge ground]], it goes to the [[Arabian Sea]] via the [[Sutlej|Sutej River]], and if water is poured on the southern slope, it meets the [[Bay of Bengal]] through the Yamuna River.
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Crossing the Choor Mountains|'Crossing the Choor Mountains' a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

=== Seven Hills of Shimla ===
{{Main|Seven Hills of Shimla}}

Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhu Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhu hill, which is at a height of {{convert|2454|m}}. In recent times the city has spread past the initial seven hills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Rahul |date=20 January 2021 |title=How to Explore 7 Hills in Shimla |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2021/01/how-to-explore-7-hills-in-shimla/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Shimla dusk.jpg|thumb|Dusk at Shimla|right]]
[[File:Shimla Mall.jpg|thumb|Shimla's Mall road after fresh snowfall in winter]]<gallery>
File:Shimla, Snow and the Sun.jpg
File:The Snow Warrior.jpg|The Shimla Snow
</gallery>Shimla features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (Cwb) under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jannattravelguru.com/weather-log-for-shimla |title=Weather log for Shimla | publisher = shimlatimes.in | access-date = 21 December 2015}}</ref>

The average temperature during summer is between {{convert|16|and|25|C|F}}, and between {{convert|3|and|11|C|F}} in winter. Monthly [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] varies between {{convert|13.6|mm|in}} in November and {{convert|350|mm|in}} in August. It is typically around {{convert|45|mm|in|1}} per month during winter and spring, and around {{convert|190|mm|in|1}} in June as the [[monsoon]] approaches.

The average total annual precipitation is {{convert|1487|mm|in|0}}, which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lohumi |first=Rakesh |date=14 February 2007 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070214/himplus1.htm |title=62cm and counting |newspaper=The Tribune |access-date=14 February 2007}}</ref>

The maximum snowfall received in recent times was {{convert|38.6|cm}} on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received {{convert|63.6|cm}} of snow.<ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |date=19 January 2013 |title=Queen of Hills records the highest Snowfall of 8 Years On 25th December 2016 Shimla received its first snowfall of the year. Shimla received the snowfall on Christmas after 25 years on 25th December,2016 |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/01/queen-of-hills-records-highest-snowfall-of-8-years/ |work=Bihar Prabha |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

On the weekend of 12–13 August 2023, torrential rains attributed to [[climate change]] caused major landslides in Shimla, killing at least 57 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2023 |title=Death toll after landslides in Indian Himalayas rises to 57; 10 still missing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/death-toll-after-landslides-indian-himalayas-rises-57-10-still-missing-2023-08-15/ |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> These were part of the [[2023 North India floods]].

Highest recorded temperature: {{Convert|32.4|C|F|abbr=on}} on 28 May 2010<ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Shimla |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/SHIMLA_42083.xlsx |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=XLSX |quote=WMO number: 42083}}</ref> (A temperature of {{Convert|37.7|C|F|abbr=on}} was recorded on 22 May 2012 at [[Shimla Airport|Shimla airport]].<ref name="airport extremes">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Shimla airport |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/SHIMLA_AIRPORT_42084.xlsx |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=XLSX |quote=WMO number: 42084}}</ref>)

Lowest recorded temperature: {{Convert|-12.2|C|F|abbr=on}} on 13 December 1963.<ref name="NCEI"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Shimla (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| width = auto
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 23.1
| Feb record high C = 23.2
| Mar record high C = 25.8
| Apr record high C = 29.6
| May record high C = 32.4
| Jun record high C = 31.5
| Jul record high C = 28.9
| Aug record high C = 27.8
| Sep record high C = 28.6
| Oct record high C = 25.6
| Nov record high C = 23.6
| Dec record high C = 22.3
| year record high C = 32.4
| Jan high C = 9.3
| Feb high C = 10.3
| Mar high C = 14.5
| Apr high C = 19.8
| May high C = 23.0
| Jun high C = 23.8
| Jul high C = 21.3
| Aug high C = 20.5
| Sep high C = 20.4
| Oct high C = 18.9
| Nov high C = 15.4
| Dec high C = 11.9
| year high C = 17.5
| Jan low C = 1.7
| Feb low C = 2.4
| Mar low C = 6.1
| Apr low C = 10.8
| May low C = 13.6
| Jun low C = 15.1
| Jul low C = 14.6
| Aug low C = 14.2
| Sep low C = 12.9
| Oct low C = 10.5
| Nov low C = 7.0
| Dec low C = 4.0
| year low C = 9.5
| Jan record low C = -10.6
| Feb record low C = -8.5
| Mar record low C = -6.1
| Apr record low C = -1.3
| May record low C = 1.4
| Jun record low C = 7.8
| Jul record low C = 9.4
| Aug record low C = 10.6
| Sep record low C = 5.0
| Oct record low C = 0.2
| Nov record low C = -1.2
| Dec record low C = -12.2
| year record low C = -12.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm =79.6
| Feb rain mm =82.6
| Mar rain mm =78.6
| Apr rain mm =58.3
| May rain mm =82.2
| Jun rain mm =191.8
| Jul rain mm =328.3
| Aug rain mm =351.3
| Sep rain mm =164.5
| Oct rain mm =30.3
| Nov rain mm =13.6
| Dec rain mm =26.2
| year rain mm = 1487.3
| Jan snow cm = 42
| Feb snow cm = 43
| Mar snow cm = 7
| Apr snow cm = 0
| May snow cm = 0
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 0
| Nov snow cm = 0
| Dec snow cm = 7
| year snow cm =
| Jan rain days = 4.6
| Feb rain days = 5.7
| Mar rain days = 5.8
| Apr rain days = 4.4
| May rain days = 7.0
| Jun rain days = 10.0
| Jul rain days = 16.5
| Aug rain days = 16.3
| Sep rain days = 8.3
| Oct rain days = 2.2
| Nov rain days = 1.0
| Dec rain days = 1.9
| year rain days = 83.7
| Jan snow days = 4.2
| Feb snow days = 4.2
| Mar snow days = 1.4
| Apr snow days = 0.0
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 1.3
| year snow days =
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 57
| Apr humidity = 48
| May humidity = 49
| Jun humidity = 65
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 88
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 61
| year humidity = 66
| Jan uv = 3
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 5
| Apr uv = 6
| May uv = 6
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 5
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 4
| Dec uv = 3
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (snow 1990–2010)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Shimla Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 703–704
| access-date = 14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M71
| access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= Tyagi |first1= Ajit |last2= Singh |first2= O. |last3= Singh |first3= Manmohan |last4= Bhan |first4= S. |url= http://121.241.116.157/news_events/Shimla_climate.pdf |title= Climate of Shimla |publisher= India Meteorological Department |access-date= 6 April 2016 |archive-date= 20 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160420140230/http://121.241.116.157/news_events/Shimla_climate.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/shimla-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Shimla, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 13 June 2022
}}</ref>
}}

== Economy ==
Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.<ref name="cdp">{{cite web|url=http://shimlamc.org/cdp.htm | title=City Development Plan, Shimla | publisher=Municipal Corporation, Shimla | access-date=4 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061115025832/http://www.shimlamc.org/cdp.htm  |archive-date = 15 November 2006}}</ref> Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers.
[[File:IGMC SHIMLA.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital]], the largest Hospital of the state located in Snowdown, Shimla]]
In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's [[healthcare]] centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://himachal.nic.in/index.php?lang=1&dpt_id=19 |title=Department of Health and Family Welfare, Himachal Pradesh |website=himachal.nic.in |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi Medical College|Indira Gandhi Hospital]] (Snowdown Hospital,) [[Deendayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Shimla|Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital]] (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims to make Shimla an attractive [[health tourism]] spot.<ref name="cdp"/> Major departmental headquarters of the state are also located in Shimla such as Himachal Pradesh Government Printing and Stationery Press, [[Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board]], and [[Himachal Pradesh Police|Himachal Pradesh Police Headquarters]].
[[File:Cecil Oberoi.jpg|thumb|[[The Cecil|The Oberoi Cecil]], a five-star and historic hotel located in Chaura Maidan, Shimla]]
The hotel industry is one of the major sources of income generation for the city. Shimla has up to 6500 hotels, including 5-star hotels, most popular is [[The Cecil|Oberoi Cecil]], [[Peterhoff, Shimla|Peterhoff]], Wildflower Hall and Hotel Holiday Home. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest-ranked hotels.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Shimla tops list of highest ranked hotels in India: Study |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/shimla-tops-list-of-highest-ranked-hotels-in-india-study/articleshow/20972087.cms |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 July 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Yarrows41.jpg|thumb|National Academy of Audits and Accounts, Yarrows]]

Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely [[Himachal Pradesh University]] and [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]]. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the [[Civil Services Examination]]) and promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naaa.gov.in/en-IN/ |title=National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla |website=naaa.gov.in |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The government is trying to promote the technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm |title=36 cities that will shape India's future – Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Civic administration==
{{Main|Shimla Municipal Corporation}}

[[File:Town Hall, Shimla.JPG|right|thumb|Town Hall as seen from [[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]]]]
[[File:Rani Jhansi statue.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani Laxmi Bai]].]]

The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, [[Totu, Shimla|Totu]], and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]] is an elected body comprising 41 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the government of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics, and other activities. 33% of the seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the [[mayor]] and deputy mayor are elected by and among the councillors themselves.

The administrative head of the corporation is the Commissioner who is appointed by the state government.

The two major political parties are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]] with a third party, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], emerging.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020430/himachal.htm#1 | title = Cong retains hold on Shimla MC | publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=30 April 2002}}</ref>

The city contributes one seat to the state assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) and one seat to the lower house of parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indian-elections.com/himachalpradesh/simla.html | title=Indian Elections | publisher=Indian-elections.com | access-date=11 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430122511/http://www.indian-elections.com/himachalpradesh/simla.html | archive-date=30 April 2007 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police Force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://himachal.nic.in/smlhelp.htm | title = Shimla Helpline | publisher = Himachal Pradesh Government | access-date = 12 May 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070505063117/http://himachal.nic.in/smlhelp.htm | archive-date = 5 May 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://admis.hp.nic.in/himpol/ | title = Himachal Pradesh Police | access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref>

There are 11 courts in the district including a fast-track court.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://hphighcourt.nic.in/welcome.html | title=High court of Himachal Pradesh | publisher=Himachal Pradesh Government | access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km2 had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females.<ref name="SMLA"/><ref name="SML"/> Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020.<ref name="SM"/> The effective literacy rate of city was 93.63%<ref name="SML"/> and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14%.<ref name="SM">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref>

The city area has grown considerably over time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km2.<ref name="mcshimla"/> A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.<ref name="mcshimla"/> The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population is younger than 15 years. The low [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001<ref>Missing: Mapping the Adverse Child Sex Ratio in India, [[UNFPA]] 2003</ref> – is cause for concern, and much lower than the [[Himachal Pradesh#Demographics|974 versus 1,000]] for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.

The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and education.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070405/himachal.htm#1|title=CM turns down demand for unemployment dole | publisher= The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=5 April 2007}}</ref>

===Language===
[[File:Map of Mahasuic group of languages.jpg|thumb|[[George Abraham Grierson|G.A. Grierson's]] linguistic map of [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]], as Shimla comes under it<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32110 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4 |date=1916}}</ref>]]
[[Hindi]] is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, the [[Mahasu Pahari]] subdialect Keonthali, the native language of the region is mainly spoken here as well as other [[Himachali languages|Pahari languages]] are also spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who comprise the major part of the city's population. [[Punjabi language]] is prevalent among the [[Punjabi people|ethnic Punjabi]] migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from [[West Punjab]], who settled in the city after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Religion===
{{Bar box|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|1.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.62}}
{{Bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.10}}
|barwidth=250px|float=right|right=Religion|right1=Percent|title=Religion in Shimla Town (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>|titlebar=#Fcd116|width=300px}}
[[File:Shimla 20211219 145646.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Hanuman Jakhu (statue)]] in [[Jakhu Temple]]]]
[[File:Christ Church Shimla.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Christ Church, Shimla|Christ Church]] located on [[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]], Shimla]]
According to 2011 census, the majority religion of the city is [[Hinduism]] practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by [[Islam]] (2.29%), [[Sikhism]] (1.95%), [[Buddhism]] (1.33%), [[Christianity]] (0.62%), and [[Jainism]] (0.10%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - HP |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW02C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The annual [[Shimla Summer Festival]] is held on the Ridge during peak tourist season.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.himachaltourism.nic.in/fairs.htm | title= Himachal Tourism, Adventure Tourism | publisher= Himachal Tourism Official website | access-date=3 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070416094644/http://www.himachaltourism.nic.in/fairs.htm  |archive-date = 16 April 2007}}</ref> The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/BIGFMShimla/ 95.0 BIG FM]</ref> and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organising a week-long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New Year's.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Winter-carnival-to-add-to-Shimlas-tourism/articleshow/49957270.cms |title=Winter carnival to add to Shimla's tourism |date= 28 November 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/shimla-welcomes-tourists-with-fashion-show-during-winter-carnival-116122900112_1.html|title=Shimla welcomes tourists with fashion show during winter carnival|last=ANI|date=29 December 2016|work=Business Standard India|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040604/himachal.htm#4 | title= Summer festival begins on melodious note | publisher = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date = 4 June 2004}}</ref>

Shimla has several places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge area in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original '[[Tudorbethan]]' architecture. The former [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], which now houses the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery, and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built-in 1974). [[Charleville Mansion, Shimla|Charleville Mansion]] built in late 19th century was a known haunted place in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satpathy |first=Kriti Saraswat |date=29 April 2016 |title=India's Most Haunted: Charleville Mansion in Shimla |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/indias-most-haunted-charleville-mansion-in-shimla-3234568/ |work=India.com |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, sells souvenirs and crafts made of wood. [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tatta Pani]], {{convert|55|km|mi|1}} from the main city, is the name of hot [[sulphur]] springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of the River [[Satluj]]. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010211/himachal.htm#21 | title= Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again| publisher = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=11 February 2001}}</ref> State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figures skating events. Due to the effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on the ice every winter has been decreasing in the past few years.
[[File:Skating at Simla, one of the favourite winter recreations.jpg|thumb|Skating at Simla, c. 1905]]

Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari temple]], dedicated to the [[Hindu]] goddess [[Kali]] is near the mall. [[Jakhoo]] Temple, for the Hindu god [[Hanuman]], is located at the highest point in Shimla.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sukhdev Singh Charak|title=Himachal Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC&pg=PA7|year=1978|publisher=LIGHT & LIFE|isbn=978-81-7199-465-6|page=7}}</ref> [[Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla|Sankat Mochan]], another [[Hanuman]] temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about {{convert|10|km|mi|1}} from the city. [[Dhingu Mata Temple]] is another popular temple of the city situated above Sajauli atop of Dhingu Dhar. Another popular temple in the city is [[Kamna Devi Temple]], situated atop of Prospect Hill, one of the [[Seven Hills of Shimla|seven hills of Shimla]]. The nearby temple of [[Tara Devi Temple|Tara Devi]] is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a [[Gurudwara]] near old bus terminus and [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]] on the Ridge.

[[File:A folk procession in Shimla.jpg|thumb|upright|A folk celebration in Shimla]]

Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds of crafts of Shimla made out of wood include small boxes, utensils, image carvings, and souvenirs.

The carpet-making of Shimla is a great attraction for tourists. Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to making blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, and caps.

The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leathercraft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers, and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla include a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.

The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic [[Mahasui]] people with a simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.
[[File:Annadale Ground Shimla side view.jpg|thumb|Annadale Ground, located in [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] serves as major helipad as well as the golf course of the city]]
Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins at the start of December and goes on until the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex, a golf course at [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] and further out from the city is another nine-hole golf course at Naldehra, the oldest of its kind in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hptdc.nic.in/cir0103.htm |title=HP Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=2 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509202107/http://hptdc.nic.in/cir0103.htm |archive-date=9 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located {{convert|19|km|mi|1}} from the main city.
Shimla is also part of the wider [[Western Pahari]] cultural belt which extends until [[Murree]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amankiasha.com/dreaming-of-peace-dividends-revival-of-shimla-murree-linkages/|title=Dreaming of peace dividends: Revival of Shimla-Murree linkages - Aman Ki Asha |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/culture/india-pakistan-peace-shimla-murree-corridor/|title=Dreaming of peace dividends: Revival of Shimla-Murree linkages - The Wire |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Shimla}}
[[File:Himachal Pradesh State Library - Ridge - Shimla 2014-05-07 0974.JPG|thumb|Public library on The Ridge]]

The city has 13 [[anganwadi]]s and 64 primary schools.<ref name="mcshimla"/> There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular convent schools in the city are [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]], [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla|Convent of Jesus and Mary (Chelsea)]], [[St. Edward's School, Shimla|St. Edward's School]], [[Auckland House School, Shimla|Auckland House School]], [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent (Tara Hall)]]. [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]] and [[St. Edward's School, Shimla|St. Edward's School]] are for boys only, whereas, [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent, Tara Hall]] and [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea]] is for girls only. Other public schools include [[Himalayan International School]] and [[S.D. Senior Secondary School, Shimla|S.D. Senior Sec Secondary School]].
[[File:Sanjauli College Campus from above.jpg|thumb|Govt. College Sanjauli, a major college of the city]]
The major medical institute in Shimla is [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]] and degree colleges include [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]], RKMV College are two girls colleges and co-educational colleges in the city include [[Government College, Sanjauli|Government College Sanjauli]]. The [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], housed in the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The [[Himachal Pradesh University]] (state university of Himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. [[Himachal Pradesh University Business School]] (HPUBS) and [[University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University]] (UIIT), a premier technical education institute, [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla]] are also located here.

There is one private university, [[Alakh Prakash Goyal University|APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University]]. It was named the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3966|title=APG University adjudged Best University in Hills|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811214848/http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3966|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hillpost.in/2013/04/apg-shimla-university-making-a-mark/73019/|title=APG Shimla University making a mark|author=Bharat|work=Hill Post|date=30 April 2013 |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>

Shimla has four state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other also a heritage building on the ridge has 7,000, another is Baba Bhimrao Ambedkar State Library located near Vidhan Sabha and another is in Evening College on Bantony Hill.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010202/himachal.htm#5 | title = A state library on its last legs | publisher = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | access-date=2 February 2001}}</ref>

Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the [[Central Potato Research Institute]], a member of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) and the [[National Academy of Audit and Accounts]] for the training of officers of the [[Indian Audits and Accounts Service]] (IA&AS).

Since 2022, [[Dhami State|Dhami]], near Shimla, hosts the [[Sonali Gupta#Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies|Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies]] (HICHS). HICHS is dedicated to promoting knowledge and research on diverse Himalayan subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies |url=https://hichs.org/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
{{Original research section|date=August 2024}}
{{main|List of tourist attractions in Shimla}}

*[[Mall Road, Shimla|The Mall]] is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices, and tourist offices. The lower part of [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]] lies here.
*[[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]] is a large open space, which is situated alongside the Mall Road and hosts all the cultural activities in the city. [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]] situated on the Ridge, is the second oldest church in [[Northern India]]. Inside there are stained glass windows that represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience, and humility. There are State Library and [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complex]] too which are some of the notable buildings located here.
*[[Jakhoo]] – Jakhoo temple is 2 km from The Ridge, at a summit elevation of {{convert|8000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, Jakhoo Hill is the highest peak in the city and has views of the city and the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of [[Hanuman]], a [[Hindu deity]] which is popular among tourists and locals alike. A {{convert|33|m|ft|adj=on}} statue of Hanuman, at {{convert|8500|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the [[Christ Redeemer]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tallest-highaltitude-statue-puts-shimla-in-the-spotlight/707360 |title=Tallest high-altitude statue puts Shimla in the spotlight |newspaper=Indian Express |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Jakhoo has ropeway also which connects Jakhoo temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.
*[[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari]] is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali's fearless incarnation [[Matangi|Shyamala]] on which Shimla city is named. The extensive views from the temple include such sights as [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], [[Shimla railway station|Shima Railway Station]], Railway Board Building, Old Bus Stand, [[Army Training Command|ARTRAC]], TV Tower, etc.
*[[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] was developed as the [[racecourse]] of Shimla, Annadale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at an elevation of {{convert|6,117|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} It is now used by the Indian Army. It has the [[Army Heritage Museum, Shimla|Army Heritage Museum]] which is a notable tourist destination on its own, and also a golf course and a helipad are situated here. Every VVIP, VIP, or celebrity who visits Shimla comes by Annadale helipad. Annadale is one of the prime tourist sites of Shimla. The first [[Durand Cup|Durand Cup Football Tournament]] was organised here in 1888 by [[Mortimer Durand]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
*[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study|Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]] is an educational institute now. This institute is housed at the former [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], built-in 1884–88.
*[[Himachal State Museum|Himachal Pradesh State Museum]] – Himachal Pradesh State Museum was opened in 1974, and has tried to protect the hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles, and jewellery of the region.
*[[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]] is at an elevation of {{convert|6,500|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. [[Himachal Pradesh University]] is situated here.
*[[Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla|Sankat Mochan Temple]] is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Hanuman]]. It is situated on the [[Shimla–Chandigarh Expressway|Shimla-Chandigarh highway]].
*[[Tara Devi Temple]] – Tara Devi Temple is 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
*[[Sanjauli]] is the main suburb of Shimla.
*[[Dhingu Mata Temple]] is situated atop a hill in Sanjauli. It is the second-highest hilltop temple in Shimla after Jakhoo temple.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
*Kamna Devi Temple is situated on top of Prospect Hill in Baileuganj.
*Chadwick Falls
*[[Kufri, India|Kufri]] is situated near Shimla. Kufri sees the annual sports winter festival in February. Adventure activities like skiing and tobogganing.
* Himalayan Nature Park is situated just outside the city.
*[[Chharabra]] is near Kufri. It is famous for its natural beauty and Kalyani helipad.
*[[Mashobra]] is near Shimla. Craignano Park here is a popular spot.
*[[Jutogh]] is located 8 km from Shimla city centre,  this is an army cantonment, it is near [[Totu, Shimla|Totu]], an important suburb of Shimla city.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Transport==
[[File:ISBT Shimla.jpg|thumb|Inter State Bus Terminal at [[Tutikandi]], Shimla]]
Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity. Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited at the Mall, Ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the [[auto rickshaw]]s which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Road===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and all major towns and district headquarters within the state. [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] connects Shimla to the nearest big city of [[Chandigarh]]. This road is being widened by four-laning as part of the [[Shimla-Chandigarh Expressway]] project, and has been completed until [[Solan]] as of July 2021.

[[File:NH22 Shimla Chandigarh Mountain Highway through Forests, Roads in Himachal Pradesh India 2014.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] connects Shimla to the city of [[Chandigarh]].]]

===Air===
[[File:Shimla airport JubbarHatti.JPG|thumb|Aircraft at [[Shimla Airport]]]]
[[Shimla Airport]] is situated at Jubbarhatti, {{convert|23|km}} from the city.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/shimla.jsp | title = Shimla Airport, Airports Authority of India | access-date = 18 May 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070521185016/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/shimla.jsp | archive-date = 21 May 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Regular flights to [[Delhi]] operate from the airport. The nearest major airport is [[Chandigarh Airport|Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport]] in [[Chandigarh]] about 116 km away.

===Rail===
{{Main|Kalka–Shimla Railway}}

[[File:Shimla Railway Station.JPG|thumb|right|Shimla railway station]]

The scenic [[Kalka Shimla Railway]], a [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge track]], is listed in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khanna |first=Ruchika M |date=8 November 2003 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031108/windows/main1.htm |title=100 years of pine-scented travel |newspaper=The Tribune |access-date= 8 November 2003}}</ref> [[Kalka]], the [[Indo-Gangetic plain|plains]] rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. The city has a total of three railway stations with Shimla the main station and two others located at Summer Hill and Totu (Jutogh) respectively. It was built to connect [[Shimla railway station|Shimla]], the summer capital of India during the [[British Raj]], with the Indian rail system.

In 2007, the government of [[Himachal Pradesh]] declared the railway a heritage property.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.andazresorts.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm| title=HP declares Kalka–Shimla Railway as 'heritage' property| date=13 August 2007| newspaper=The Hindu| access-date=13 August 2007}}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> For about a week starting on 11 September 2007, an expert team from [[UNESCO]] visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a [[World Heritage Site]]. On 8 July 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway was listed as a World Heritage Site,<ref>{{cite news | work=The Hindu Business Line | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070951530700.htm | title=Kalka–Shimla Railway makes it to Unesco's World Heritage list | date=9 July 2008 | access-date=10 July 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625175612/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070951530700.htm | archive-date=25 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> alongside [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gyanpotli.info/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162904/https://gyanpotli.info/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2018|title=Hill towns of India and their height
|publisher=Admin|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>

==Media and communications==
State-owned [[All India Radio]] and [[Reliance Broadcast Network|Reliance Broadcast]] owned [[BIG FM 92.7|95.0 BIG FM]] have local radio stations in Shimla, which transmit various programmes of mass interest. Apart from a wide range of other national and international TV channels of different languages, the national TV broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] also broadcast channels like DD Shimla, DD National and DD Sports in the city. There are several private FM radio channels like 95.0 BIG FM and Radio Mirchi.

''[[Amar Ujala]]'',<ref name="NSP">{{cite news|title=Hindi Newspapers|url=http://www.amarujala.com/shimla|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'', and ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' are the widely circulated Hindi dailies while ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[Indian Express]]'' are popular English newspapers in the city.

== Notable people ==

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Javeed Alam]], scholar, author, political activist
* [[M. S. Banga]], businessman, former CEO, fund manager
* [[Raaja Bhasin]], writer, historian, television personality
* [[Kamayani Bisht]], educator, poet, actress
* [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton]], writer and activist
* [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Victor Bulwer-Lytton]], politician
* [[Shahid Javed Burki]], Pakistani economist, born during British rule
* [[Charlie Chauhan]], Indian actress
* [[Rubina Dilaik]], television actress
* [[Guy Gibson]], [[WWII]] [[RAF]] aviator, [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Horatio Boileau Goad]], British policeman and former secretary of the municipal corporation of Shimla
* [[Samuel Boileau Goad]], a principal property owner in Shimla
* [[O.C. Handa]], historian
* [[S.R. Harnot]], writer
* [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt|John Hunt]], British army officer and mountaineer
* [[Robin Jackman]], former England cricket player
* [[Celina Jaitly]], Bollywood actress
* [[Ursula Jeans]], British actress and wife of British actor [[Roger Livesey]]
* [[Shriniwas Joshi]], columnist, theatre person, ex-civil servant
* [[Balak Ram Kashyap]], Former [[Member of Parliament|MP]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency]] respectively
* [[Preneet Kaur]], Indian aristocrat of [[Patiala]] and [[Kashmir]] dynasties, former Minister for External Affairs
* [[M. M. Kaye]], novelist
* [[Rahat Kazmi]], Pakistani television actor
* [[Anupam Kher]], Bollywood actor
* [[Rudyard Kipling]], English author
* [[Earl Kitchener]], British viceroy
* [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]], painter
* [[Thakur Ram Lal]], politician
* [[John Lea (Royal Navy officer)|John Lea]], Navy officer
* [[Ankit Love]], leader of the [[One Love Party]], [[Great Britain]]
* [[Elsie Mackay]], British actress
* [[Simranjit Singh Mann]], Sikh politician
* [[Jamila Massey]], British actress
* [[Henry McMahon]], British Indian army officer
* [[Ashish R Mohan]], film director
* [[Raja Dina Nath]], Sikh Khalsa Diwan member
* [[Siddharth Pandey]], writer, historian, photographer
* [[Meghna Pant]], author and feminist
* [[Aalisha Panwar]], Indian actress
* [[Mohinder Singh Pujji]], WWII RAF and [[RIAF]] pilot, [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]]
* [[Asghar Qadir]], Pakistani cosmologist
* [[Javed Ashraf Qazi]], former director of ISI
* [[Sadiq Hussain Qureshi]], [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal Rajvansh]], Bollywood actor
* [[Priya Rajvansh]], actress
* [[Kalpana Kartik]], actress
* [[Sheila Ramani]], Miss Shimla
* [[Hanif Ramay]], former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
* [[Shafqat Rana]], Pakistani test cricketer
* [[Pratibha Ranta]], Indian actress
* [[Bruce Seton]], British soldier and actor
* [[Idries Shah]], writer on [[Sufism]]
* [[Anand Sharma]], Former Union Minister and MP, Rajya Sabha
* [[Shreya Sharma]], Indian actress
* [[Anwar Shemza]], Kashmiri writer and radio broadcaster
* [[Chetan Singh]], historian
* [[Mian Goverdhan Singh]], writer and librarian
* [[Pratibha Singh]], politician
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]], Indian cricketer
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]], Bollywood actor
* [[Asmita Sood]], television actress
* [[Salman Taseer]], Pakistani businessman
* [[Dhan Singh Thapa]], Indian army officer
* [[Nirmal Verma]], Hindi writer
* [[Sushma Verma]], Indian cricketer
* [[Preity Zinta]], Bollywood actress
{{div col end}}



==Sister cities==
[[Town twinning|Sister relationships]] with towns and regions worldwide include:
*{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Carbondale, Illinois]], United States<ref>[http://www.ci.carbondale.il.us/node/125 City of Carbondale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825071208/http://ci.carbondale.il.us/node/125 |date=25 August 2012 }} – Sister Cities</ref><ref>[http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/index.cfm Sister-Cities.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629184627/http://www.sister-cities.org/ |date=29 June 2007 }} – International Directory</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Shimla}}
{{Wikiquote}}

==External links==

* [http://hpshimla.gov.in/ Official website of Shimla district]
* [http://www.himachal.org.in/shimla.html Shimla – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000757/http://www.himachal.org.in/shimla.html |date=26 January 2019 }}
* [http://himachaltourism.gov.in Official website of Himachal Tourism]
* [http://shimlamc.gov.in/page/Home.aspx Municipal Corporation Shimla]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}


{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}


[[Category:Shimla| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:1819 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1819]]
[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Rajeev Bhardwaj

2026-03-21T18:13:24Z

Abesh Purkait: Created new article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Bhardwaj
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Kishan Kapoor]]
| successor1 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|02|02|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Doctor|Politician}}
}}
'''Rajeev Bhardwaj''' is an Indian [[politician]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is the member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kangra Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Rajeev Bhardwaj Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/kangra-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-himachal-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|work=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajeev Bhardwaj was originally a resident of the Mangwal in [[Kangra district]]’s [[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra tehsil]]. However, his family was evicted from the village following the construction of the [[Pong Dam]] in the 1970s. Bhardwaj continues to identify himself as a Pong Dam evictee as many families are yet to receive their promised compensation and subsequent land allocation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title='Depot Bazar-wale doctor' Rajeev Bhardwaj, BJP's Kangra candidate, sees himself as a Pong Dam evictee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rajeev-bhardwaj-kangra-lok-sabha-polls-himachal-pradesh-9356663/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2013 |title=Himachal Pradesh: Pong Dam raises tempers in House |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Himachal-Pradesh-Pong-Dam-raises-tempers-in-House/articleshow/18998402.cms |accessdate=2016-01-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bhardwaj currently serves as the Member of Lok Sabha from the [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra constituency]]. He was elected in the 2024 Indian general elections with a margin of 251,895 votes defeating his nearest rival candidate [[Anand Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kangra, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live: Kangra लोकसभा सीट पर Rajeev Bhardwaj को मिली बड़ी जीत, 251895 वोटोंं से Anand Sharma को किया पराजित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/kangra-himachal-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-chunav-parinam-news-in-hindi-1957528-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|work=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Rajeev}}
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pudhea Paadhai

2026-03-21T02:20:08Z

Abesh Purkait: Created a details.

{{short description|1989 film by R. Parthiepan}}
{{for|the 1960 film|Pudhiya Pathai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pudhea Paadhai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Parthiban]]
| writer = R. Parthiban
| producer = A. Sundaram
| starring = R. Parthiban [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
| cinematography = A. Rajpreet
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = Vivekchitra
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|4|14}}
| runtime = 116 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=302}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}3.8 million{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=303}}
| gross = 
}}
'''''Pudhea Paadhai''''' ({{Translation|New Path}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[R. Parthiban]] in his directorial debut. The film stars Parthiban as an inhumane ruffian who gets reformed by his [[Effects and aftermath of rape|rape victim]] ([[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]), while [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] and [[Sathyapriya]] appear in supporting roles.

''Pudhea Paadhai'' was released on 14 April 1989 and emerged a box-office success, while also winning several accolades including two [[National Film Awards]], and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. It was remade in [[Kannada]] in 1990 as ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'', in [[Hindi]] in 1991 as ''[[Benaam Badsha]]'', in 1991 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam]]'' and in 1996 in [[Malayalam]] as ''Swarnakireedam''.

== Plot ==
An unnamed orphan who was abandoned in the garbage soon after his birth, grows up to be a ruffian who does anything for money. On one occasion, he rapes Seetha, a bride-to-be, on the eve of her wedding at the instruction of Annapoorani, who Seetha had earlier exposed for her malpractices in running an orphanage and got her arrested. Though the sympathetic bridegroom offers to marry Seetha, she declines his offer. Instead, she takes residence in the house of Aaya, who lives in the same slum as the ruffian. She attempts to develop the ruffian's acquaintance, much to everyone's disbelief. Their constant confrontations bring about a chemistry in their relationship. She narrates to the people in the area that he molested her and the sequences which forced her to leave her father and live in the slum. They sympathise with her and everyone feels that the ruffian has to accept her as he is responsible for her present pitiable condition. Consequently, Seetha moves into his house. Her tender love and affection eventually leads to their marriage. Seetha advises him to shed the path of violence and reform himself. He is named Seetharaman.

Seetharaman slowly changes and tries to work hard in a righteous way to run his family. Seetha later gives birth to his son. However, Seetharaman's past sins do not spare him. Thoguthi, for whom Seetharaman previously worked, kills Annapoorani when she demands her share from his illegal gains. Seetharaman is arrested as he was working for Thoguthi earlier. To get exonerated, he is forced to become an [[Turn state's evidence|approver]] and report Thoguthi's activities. Thoguthi decides to kill Seetharaman to halt his appearance in court. He plants a bomb in a lunchbox (identical to the one sent by Seetha to Seetharaman) and replaces it with the original. The bomb is planted in such a way that it would explode immediately when the lunchbox is opened. Seetharaman, busy working for extra money to buy a gift for Seetha and their wedding anniversary, does not have lunch. He returns with the lunchbox and leaves to visit the temple with Seetha. When Seetha returns home to take her child's feeding bottle which she had forgotten, she opens the lunchbox out of curiosity, expecting a gift from her husband, and dies in the ensuing explosion. Enraged, Seetharaman attacks and almost kills Thoguthi, but his child's cries remind him of his responsibilities, so he spares Thoguthi's life. Thoguthi chases Seetharaman, but is struck to death by a vehicle. Seetharaman leaves with his child and brings him up.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Parthiban]] as Seetharaman
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Aaya
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Thoguthi
* [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] as Doctor
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Kuyili
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Annapoorani
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
}}

== Production ==

[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], an erstwhile assistant of [[K. Bhagyaraj]] made his directorial debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=30 July 1999 |title=Stark portrayal of reality |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5D4AFB5D5668C36665256940004D0D4C |url-status=dead |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152318/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5D4AFB5D5668C36665256940004D0D4C |archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> The film was initially titled as ''Kelvikkuri'' with Babji of Hemnag films producing it. However, after shooting for three days, it was stopped.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=ஒளரங்கசீப் |date=7 March 1999 |title=ஜெயித்த கதை |trans-title=The success story |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1999-03-07/kalki1999-03-07.pdf |access-date=15 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–68 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=303}} Babji advised Parthiban to tell the story to A. Sundaram, a popular distributor. Sundaram liked the script and decided to produce the film. They went to [[Rajinikanth]], who suggested Parthiban to play the hero.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9SBYgfzF7c |title=முதல் படத்திலேயே சீதாவோடு காதல் இருந்ததா? {{!}} Parthiepan Exclusive Interview {{!}} Chai With Chithra |date=22 June 2019 |last=Touring Talkies |author-link=Chitra Lakshmanan |language=ta |trans-title=Was there love with Seetha even in the first film? |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/e9SBYgfzF7c |archive-date=18 September 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Though Parthiban was keen on choosing another actor ([[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] or [[Sathyaraj]]) for the leading role, Sundaram wanted him to play the role considering what Rajinikanth said and the budget.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=303}} Sundaram wanted a different title, he then selected ''Pudhea Paadhai'' from the 50 titles shortlisted.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=303}} The film was made on a budget of ₹38 lakh (worth ₹11 crore in 2021 prices) and filming was completed within 50 days.<ref name="kalki" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=303}} Parthiban initially approached [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] to portray the lead actress, but the producer did not accept as she was not fluent in Tamil at the time; the role went to [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=சனா |date=7 May 2020 |title=பல சிக்கல்களைத் தாண்டித்தான் பாதை அமைஞ்சது! |trans-title=The path was paved after overcoming many difficulties! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-director-parthiban-exclusive-interview-in-which-he-opens-up-about-his-journey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607050045/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-director-parthiban-exclusive-interview-in-which-he-opens-up-about-his-journey |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by A. Rajpreet, and editing by M. N. Raja.<ref name="NFA" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], and all songs were penned by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Pudhiya Padhai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/pudhiya-padhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1163505869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607052139/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/pudhiya-padhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1163505869 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhiya Paathai Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Chandrabose |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/pudhiya-paathai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930114147/https://mossymart.com/shop/pudhiya-paathai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:18
| title1 = Yarappathiyum
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Appan Yaru
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Thalaiva
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 = 5:06
| title4 = Pachaippulla
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| length4 = 4.26
| title5 = Kannadicha
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 4:34
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pudhea Paadhai'' was released on 14 April 1989, [[Puthandu]]. Despite facing competition from other Puthandu releases such as ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'', ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'' and ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'', the film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title="ஒரு துப்பாக்கி கையில் எடுக்காதே, எந்தத் தோட்டாவும் என்ன துளைக்காதே!" - கமல் சொல்லி அடித்த 'அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள்' |trans-title="Don't pick up a gun, don't let any bullet pierce you!" - Kamal's ''Unique Brothers'' |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423042711/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie#bypass-sw |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' positively reviewed the film, particularly for Parthiban and Chandrabose.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=23 April 1989 |title=புதிய பாதை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/apr/23-04-1989/p6.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731050354/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/apr/23-04-1989/p6.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Category
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|A. Sundaram
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 1990 |title=State film awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
|[[R. Parthiban]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]]
|A. Sundaram
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="NFA" />
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|}

== Remakes ==
The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'' (1990),{{sfn|Arunachalam|2019|p=17}} in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Benaam Badsha]]'' (1991),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 March 2017 |title="Badrinath Ki Dulhania"... A troubling rom-com where the popcorn parts work, the 'progressive' parts don't |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2017/03/12/badrinath-ki-dulhania-a-troubling-rom-com-where-the-popcorn-parts-work-the-progressive-parts-dont/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175836/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2017/03/12/badrinath-ki-dulhania-a-troubling-rom-com-where-the-popcorn-parts-work-the-progressive-parts-dont/ |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam]]'' (1991),<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shobana: 6 films of the veteran actress one must watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-shobana-6-films-of-the-veteran-actress-one-must-watch/photostory/74736028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328232326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-shobana-6-films-of-the-veteran-actress-one-must-watch/photostory/74736028.cms |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Swarnakireedam'' (1996).{{sfn|Arunachalam|2019|p=17}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="NFA">{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=37th National Film Festival |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413122746/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2019 |isbn=9788193848210}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Parthiban}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1989 drama films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Parthiban]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kannagi (1942 film)

2026-03-20T19:38:39Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannagi
| image = Kannagi 1942 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. Somasundaram R. S. Mani
| producer =
| writer = Elangovan
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[P. Kannamba]]
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| distributor = South India Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1942|8|2|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 1942 |title=Kannagi |pages=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19420802&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 June 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 228 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=44}}
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}2.5 lakh
| gross =
}}

'''''Kannagi''''' is a 1942 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[epic film]] directed by R.S Mani based on one of [[Five Great Epics|The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature]], ''[[Cilappatikaram]]''. This is the first [[tamil language|Tamil]] film based on the epic. The second film, ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'', was released later in 1964.

== Plot ==
R.S. Mani directs this mythological fantasy based on the first century A.D. Tamil Jain saga [[Silapadhigaaram]]. The film centers on [[Kovalan]] (P.U. Chinnappa), who is married to the faithful [[Kannagi]] (P. Kannamba). Later, Kovalan falls for the beautiful, dissolute dancer [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]] (N.S. Saroja), who leads him to ruin. Kannagi comes in at the last moment and saves him from almost certain debauchery. She also offers to sell her golden [[anklet]] to restore the household's depleted funds. Unfortunately, the artistry and value of the object leads the king of a neighbouring land to accuse [[Kovalan]] of theft and sentence him to the chopping block. Once again, Kannagi comes in at the last moment and proves to the king and the queen that they are innocent, causing them both to die instantly. After razing Madhavi's native village to the ground, Kannagi ascends to heaven.

== Cast ==

The cast according to the opening credits of the film and the songbook:<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Kannagi_M.Somasundaram_R.S.Mani_1942/55.%20Kannagi_M.Somasundaram_R.S.Mani_1942.pdf |title=கண்ணகி |publisher=Kalaimagal Company |year=1942 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

; Female cast

* [[P. Kannamba]] as [[Kannagi]]
* M. S. Saroja as [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]]
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Vanjippathan's Daughter
* [[U. R. Jeevarathnam]] as Gownthiyadigal
* M. M. Radha Bai as Pandia's Wife
* T. V. A. Boorani as Vasanthamalai
* Golden Saradambal
* [[T. V. Rathnam|Kumari Rathnam]] as Young Kannagi
* S. R. Rajalakshmi
* S. Yogambal as Madhari
* S. Mangalam
* S. K. Lakshmi
* T. A. Jayalakshmi as Dancer
* K. A. Jayalakshmi as Dancer
* T. R. Kalyani
* Sarojani
* M. R. Alli
* Chellam
* Ranganayaki
* A. T. Sakku Bai as Injippathan's Wife

; Male cast

* [[P. U. Chinnappa]] as [[Kovalan]]
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Injippathan
* M. R. Swaminathan as Vanjippathan
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Shastri
* [[D. Balasubramaniam|D. Balasubramanyam]] as Pandian
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Paramasivan
* K. N. Kolathu Nani as Machottan
* K. P. Jayaraman as Manackam
* T. V. Namasivayam as Young Kovalan
* K. N. Ramalingam as Good Man
* S. P. Soundappan
* K. R. Chellamuthu
* M. S. Viswanathan
* K. S. Mani
* V. S. Kittappa
* V. Ramani as Bad Minster
* T. A. Anandan
* T. A. Narayanan
* M. Ramanathan
* P. G. Kuppuswami
* T. R. Ramaswami
* E. Krishnamurthi as Thanikachalam
* Thiruvenkatam as Meenakshi
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}

{{col-break|width=50%}}
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was mounted on a lavish budget of {{INR}}2.5 lakh (worth {{INR}}25 crore in 2021 prices). Producers have chosen Elangovan to write the script after makers were impressed with his work in ''Ashok-Kumar'' (1941). The script was finalised after reading 16 scripts relating to same concept and picking some points from them. P. Kannamba was cast as the titular character and she was 31 years old during the film's shoot.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=45}} Thyagaraja bagavathar was considered for the role of Kovalan but makers felt that pair may look odd since Kannamba acted as his stepmother in ''Ashokkumar'', finally Chinnappa who shot to fame with ''Aryamala'' was selected to play Kovalan. Chinnappa had apprehensions to act with Kannamba since she is talented and also taller than him however producers convinced him to do the role.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=45}} G. Subbalakshmi who was chosen for the role of Madhavi was removed due to misunderstanding and she was replaced by M. Saroja. The film was supposed to be shot at Coimbatore but later it was shot at Newton Studios. The dance sequences were choreographed by TR Raghunath who during the film's production fell in love with M. Saroja and married her.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Kannagi 1942 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannagi-1942/article3021610.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140823092522/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannagi-1942/article3021610.ece |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was originally directed by Boman Irani however he was replaced by then 22-year-old RS Mani after producers were not impressed with the work of Irani.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=46}} The song "Maanamellam" was shot at Mahabalipuram. Choreography was done by [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai|V. B. Ramaiah Pillai]] and Pandit Bholonath Sharma.

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]] while the orchestration was by N. S. Balakrishnan and group. In all, 22 songs were penned by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Lyrics
| title1 = Chandrodhayam
| length1 = 03:07
| extra1 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| title2 = Pathiniye Unpole
| length2 = 02:43
| extra2 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| title3 = Anbil Vilaindha Amudame
| length3 = 02:08
| extra3 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| title4 = Vandanal Oru Sundari
| length4 = 04:17
| extra4 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| title5 = Inbamendre Thunbamathai
| length5 = 03:07
| extra5 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
}}

== Release ==
The film ran over in 110 cities and more than 1 crore people had watched the film. CN Annadurai criticised the film in the magazine "Dravida Naadu".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=46}} Randor Guy wrote that film is "remembered for: Kannamba's brilliant performance, a classic example of how dialogue should be delivered in cinema. Also for Chinnappa's equally impressive performance, Saroja's dance sequences and tuneful music".<ref name="hindu" />

== Legacy ==
The film's success enabled the producers M. Somasundaram and S. K. Mohideen to take [[Central Studios]], Coimbatore on lease and launch several productions simultaneously. The film also gained popularity for its dialogues. Elangovan achieved stardom, thus laying the foundation for dialogue writers. Kannamba achieved star status with this film, being her third venture in Tamil.<ref name="hindu" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=46}} [[Mohan Raman]] wrote she handled the literary and poetic Tamil without compromising on emotion, diction or cadence. Her performance in that film remains iconic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=30 September 2011 |title=She walked tall in tinsel town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/she-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article2500388.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161203052130/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/she-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article2500388.ece |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The success of the film led Jupiter Somu to do a similar project ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'' (1959) on the theme of "woman, who is chastity personified fighting a relentless battle to win her husband back".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Thanga Pathumai (1959) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thanga-pathumai-1959/article471117.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170322131821/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Thanga-Pathumai-1959/article16257189.ece |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002159.html Kannagi] at [[Raaga.com]]

[[Category:1942 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:Films based on poems]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Jupiter Pictures films]]
[[Category:Silappatikaram]]

To Noora with Love

2026-03-13T21:42:44Z

Abesh Purkait: Created initial article needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = To Noora with Love
| image = To_Noora_with_Love.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Babu Narayanan]]
| producer = Muhammed Ansar
| story = C. H. Muhammad
| screenplay = G. S. Anil
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mamta Mohandas]]|[[Krish J. Sathaar]]|[[Kaniha]]|[[Archana Kavi]]}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]] [[Gopi Sundar]] (Background Score)
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N.]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = Don Bros International
| distributor = [[Grand Production]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|01}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''To Noora with Love''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic film]] directed by [[Babu Narayanan]] and produced by Muhammed Ansar.<ref>{{cite web|author=P. K. Ajith Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece |title=On location: To Noora with Love - All about Noora |work=The Hindu |date=2014-03-20 |accessdate=2014-04-11}}</ref> [[Mamta Mohandas]],<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Interview-with-Mamtha-Mohandas/articleshow/31581168.cms |title=Interview with Mamtha Mohandas - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-03-07 |accessdate=2014-04-11}}</ref> [[Krish J. Sathaar]],<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Interview-with-Krish-J-Sathar/articleshow/28603033.cms |title=Interview with Krish J Sathar - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-01-09 |accessdate=2014-04-11}}</ref> [[Kaniha]], and [[Archana Kavi]] play the lead roles in the film. Filming started in January 2014.

==Plot==
The plot revolves around a Muslim couple, Noorjahan aka Noora and Shahjahan. The movie begins showing Noora in the hospital for delivery with some complications. Depressed Shahjahan goes away from the hospital only to meet with an accident hitting his head with a stone. The movie takes a flashback. Noorjahan is a social activist who also won 1 crore rupees from the game show Crorepati to offer to the orphanage. Shahjahan is a Sufi singer. She uses "Phone-a-Friend" lifeline and calls Shahjahan to help her answer the last question which was based on Sufi singers, to which he gives her the correct answer. Soon it is telecasted on television. From that day onwards, Shahjahan tries to meet Noora whom he has never met. She falls in love and proposes to Shahjahan in a public mall for marriage. In the wedding ceremony of Dr. Sreeparvathi, Noora's close and childhood friend, Shahjahan kisses Noora to teach her a lesson for insulting him in public in front of everyone and all blame Noora for this. Shahjahan regrets his action and asks her forgiveness. Finally, both get married with a lot of celebrations.

One day, Noora and her friends along with their husbands go on an outing. While Noora and Shahjahan are boating, Noora faints and falls into the water when she is pregnant. After some days, her nose starts bleeding. Dr. Sajan Varghese tells the couple to abort the child because Noora is suffering from [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], causing her heart to work slowly which may create complications during the delivery and even death. However, the couple decides to continue with her pregnancy and leaves the rest in God's hands. Finally, the delivery date arrives, and Noora is admitted to the hospital. The whole town prays for her as she is a good activist. Now, the movie is back to Shahjahan's accident. By God's grace Noora and her baby are out of danger. Shahjahan has a severe head injury, and both him and Noora are in the same ICU room. Seeing Shahjahan injured, her health becomes critical. The doctor advises the family to get a heart donor as Noora's heart has to be transplanted immediately within 48 hours. A donor is found and Noora is alright. When the media asks the doctors about the donor's name Dr. Varghese replies that he is a man who loved Noora and touched her heart who comes out to be Brother James.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Noorjahan aka Noora
* [[Krish J. Sathaar]] as Shahjahan
* [[Kaniha]] as Sainaba, Shahjahan's only elder sister
* [[Archana Kavi]] as Dr. Sreeparvathi, Noora's best friend
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Dr. Sajan Varghese
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Noora's mother
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Brother James
* [[Sreedevi Unni]]
* [[Biyon]]
* [[Munna (actor)|Munna]]
* [[Madhupal]]
* [[Mamukkoya]]
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]]
* [[Niyas Backer]]
* [[Kannur Sreelatha]]
* [[Anees Oscario]]
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Special Appearance in the game show
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]], with lyrics written by [[Sarath Vayalar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4956|title=To Noora With Love|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=To noora with love music review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/to-noora-with-love-music-review/articleshow/34292204.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kannale Kothichatham" || Devie Neithiyar || [[Sarath Vayalar]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Love Mystery" || Priya Jerson || Sarath Vayalar ||
|-
| 3 || "Oodin Puka" || [[Najim Arshad]] || Sarath Vayalar ||
|-
| 4 || "Pira Nee" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || Sarath Vayalar ||
|-
| 5 || "Swarna Pattu" || Jisha Nevin || Sarath Vayalar ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babu Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]

Kumbhabhishekham

2026-03-13T12:10:50Z

Abesh Purkait: update

{{short description|Hindu temple consecration ritual}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
'''Kumbhabhishekam''' or '''Samprokshanam''', is a [[Hindu]] ritual that is performed during the consecration of [[Hindu temples|temples]].<ref name="Kumba">{{cite web |url=http://pluralism.org/religions/hinduism/the-hindu-experience/consecration-kumbhabhishekam/ |title=Consecration: Kumbhabhishekam |work=The Pluralism Project |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Sri Pathirakaali Amman Lord Veerabhadra Swamy temple kumbabishekam 2014.JPG|thumb|Kumbhabhishekham being performed]]

'Kumbhabhishekam' is derived from the combination of two words–'[[kumbha]]' meaning 'pot' and '[[abhishekam]]' meaning 'pouring' or 'sprinkling', which denotes the pouring of sacred waters bought in the kumbha over the [[kalasha]] of the temple during the consecration ceremony.<ref name="Kumba"/> 'Samprokshanam' is used in synonymous with the consecration ceremony, which broadly means purification, and used in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishanva]] temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=83929|title=Difference between Kumbhabhishekam and Samprokshanam|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/samprokshanam|title=Samprokshanam|work=Wisdom library|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Sometimes, the prefix 'maha' is added, which means 'great'.<ref name="Guru">{{cite book|title=Guru's Wisdom|author=Bodhinatha Veylanswami|isbn=978-1-934-14573-9|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|pages=76-77}}</ref>

'Astabandhana', a term usually used in association with the consecration of temples, is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words 'asta' meaning eight and 'bandhana' meaning tying or fixing, and denotes the eight ingredients that form the paste that is used to fix an icon or idol of a Hindu god to the pedestal. These eight ingredients include [[shellac]] (jatu), [[hematite]] (gairika), [[beeswax]] (siktha), [[agarwood]] [[resin]] (guggulu), [[molasses]] (gula), [[sesame oil]] (taila), [[limestone]] powder (sarkaracurṇa), [[Vateria indica|white dammar]] resin (sarja), and [[butter]] (navanita).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ashtabandhana|title=Ashtabandhana|work=Wisdom library|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Rituals ==
[[File:Vishnu Yagna Kunda.jpg|thumb|[[Yagna]] being performed at the yaga sala]]

Kumbhabhishekam is an important ritual in the consecration of a [[Hindu temple]].<ref name="Nair">{{cite book|title=Who is a Hindu?|author=N. T. Nair|year=1991|isbn=978-8-185-45707-9|publisher=Panther Publishers}}</ref> It is usually part of a multi day event which culminates in the ceremony. The rituals are performed by a group of Hindu priests, who chant various [[mantra]]s and perform [[yajna]]s. The yajna, which involves lighting the sacred [[fire]], and offerings to the fire, is conducted in a temporary yaga sala, set up for the ceremony.<ref name="Kumba"/><ref name="Guru"/> The priests often tie a protective thread (raksha bandhana) around their wrists signifying their commitment to the rituals.<ref name="Kumba"/> The ceremony often begins with prayers to [[Ganesha]] to remove any obstacles to the event, and a bhumi puja, performed to invoke the blessings of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhuma Devi]] (mother Earth).<ref name="Kumba"/>

In the yaga sala, kumbhas (pots), filled with sacred water and decorated with [[mango]] leaves and [[coconuts]] placed on top, are arranged near the fire pits, and [[puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] are performed. Various offerings such as food grains, flowers, [[ghee]], and [[honey]] are offered to the sacred fire. The rituals at the yaga sala conclude with purnahuati, the final offering and prayer of completion.<ref name="Kumba"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/purnahuti|title=Purnahuti|work=Wisdom Library|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The priests then carry the sacred water pots in a procession around the temple. The water is then poured over the kalashas, mounted atop the [[shikhara]] or [[gopuram]]s (towers).<ref name="Kumba"/><ref name="Guru"/> The idols of the gods are also bathed with the water, and special abhisheka and pujas are performed.<ref name="Guru"/> The consecrated water is sprinkled over the temple premises and the gathered devotees.<ref name="Kumba"/>

As per [[Hindu literature]], the ritual is believed to invoke and attract divine energy. The ritual usually attract large crowds as the participants are said to get positive benefits from the sprinkling of the holy water.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History Volume 89, Issues 1-3|year=2010|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zCVoWTgE_G4C|publisher=[[University of California]]|pages=52-53}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage of Bharata Varsha & Sanatana Dharma|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=B28AAAAAMAAJ|author=[[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]]|year=1973|publisher=Oriental Cultural Education Society|pages=73-74}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]

Vijay Kumar Malhotra

2026-03-10T17:33:05Z

Abesh Purkait: fixed intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Malhotra
| image = [[File:Vijay Kumar Malhotra.jpeg|Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] {{small|(Present-day [[Lahore, Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|9|30|1931|12|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| residence = New Delhi, India
| constituency = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Greater Kailash, New Delhi]]
| office = [[Leader of Opposition]] [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| successor = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| office1 = President of [[Indian Olympic Association]] (Acting)
| term_start1 = 26 April 2011
| term_end1 = 5 December 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| successor1 = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| office3 = Leader of the Opposition in [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]]
| term3 = 1972–1977
| predecessor3 = Shiv Charan Gupta
| successor3 = [[Dharam Dass Shastri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Krishna Malhotra
| children = 2
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20081223212259/http://vkmalhotra.in/ vkmalhotra]
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September|
| year = 2006|
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006080854/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=230
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Malhotra''' (3 December 1931 – 30 September 2025) was an Indian politician and a sport administrator. He belonged to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

Malhotra was born in Lahore city of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] in [[British India]], which is now in [[Pakistan]]. He was the 4th out of the seven children of Kaviraj Khazan Chand. He represented [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]] and [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] constituencies in the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in the [[9th Lok Sabha]] and the [[14th Lok Sabha]] respectively.

==Career==
Malhotra had a long active career in politics; Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi's Metropolitan Council (Chief Minister equivalent, 1967), President of the [[Janata Party]], [[Delhi]] (1977) and [[BJP]], Delhi (1980–84). Along with Mr [[Kidar Nath Sahani]] and [[Madan Lal Khurana]], Malhotra was credited with keeping BJP afloat in Delhi for many years.

His biggest political victory was defeating the former Prime Minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] in the [[1999 Indian general election]] by a huge margin. Malhotra was a 5-time MP and 2-time MLA from [[Delhi]], over the past 45 years, making him one of BJP's senior-most figures in the capital.

In the [[2004 Indian general election]], Malhotra was the only [[BJP]] candidate to win his seat in [[Delhi]], with the Congress winning the other 6 seats. Malhotra enjoyed a spotless and clean image throughout his distinguished career, and even at the age of 82, despite not being offered a post by the [[Narendra Modi]] government, he offered to become BJP's election campaign chairman for [[Delhi]] and led the party to a whitewash victory, securing all 7 seats.

Malhotra was also an educationist. He held a Doctorate in Hindi Literature. Besides politics and social work, Malhotra was also involved with the administration of the chess and archery clubs in Delhi.

=== Sports administration ===
Malhotra was the Senior Vice-President of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and the acting President of the IOA since 27 April 2011, after [[Suresh Kalmadi]] was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] in connection with the alleged irregularities in awarding contracts for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ioa-sacks-suresh-kalmadi-malhotra-to-replace-him-132755-2011-04-25 IOA sacks Suresh Kalmadi, V K Malhotra named acting president]</ref>

He was also the president of the General Association of National Sports Federations and the president of the [[Archery Association of India]] since last 44 years. He was also associated with the organisation of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] held in [[New Delhi]].

In October 2015, Malhotra was named as the Chairman of the All Indian Council of Sports (AICS), and was given the rank of a minister of state.

== Chief ministerial candidate ==
On 26 September 2008 the BJP announced that Malhotra would be party's chief ministerial candidate in the election to Delhi Assembly in 2008. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=258510bb-a15c-4351-866c-0cf222cb6685&&Headline=VK+Malhotra+is+BJP%e2%80%99s+CM+candidate&strParent=strParentID]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

While Malhotra easily won his [[Greater Kailash (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Greater Kailash constituency]], the BJP failed to dislodge the [[Sheila Dikshit]] government. Only days after election results were revealed, Malhotra was in attendance in the [[Lok Sabha]], fuelling speculation that he intended to continue in Parliament, instead of serving in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. However he resigned as [[Member of Parliament]] and retained his seat of an MLA in [[Delhi]] and would serve as Leader of opposition. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081212004906/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/outgunned-bjp-still-canvassing-as-vk-back-in-parliament/396862/]

== Death ==
Malhotra died at [[AIIMS Delhi]] on 30 September 2025, at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Vijay Kumar Malhotra passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vijay-kumar-malhotra-passes-away-bjp-veteran-leader-dies-at-93-defeated-manmohan-singh-in-1999/articleshow/124223723.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Shashi Bhushan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]|years=1977 - 1980}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jagdish Tytler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]|years=1989 - 1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jagdish Tytler]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Sushma Swaraj]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]|years=1999 - 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]}}
|-
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Suresh Kalmadi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Acting [[Indian_Olympic_Association#IOA_Presidents|President of Indian Olympic Association]]|years=2011–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Vijay Kumar}}
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Mutiny

2026-03-05T21:48:41Z

Abesh Purkait: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Disobeying of superiors}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Mutineers|other uses|Mutineer (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Army Mutiny|the 1924 event in the Irish Free State|Irish Army Mutiny}}
[[File:Mutiny HMS Bounty.jpg|thumb|An illustration of the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']]]]

'''Mutiny''' is a [[revolt]] among a group of people (typically of a [[military]] or a [[crew]]) to oppose, change, or remove their superiors or orders. The term is commonly used for [[insubordination]] by members of the military against an officer or superior, but it can also sometimes mean any type of rebellion against any force. Mutiny does not necessarily need to refer to a military force and can describe a [[political]], [[economic]], or [[power structure]] in which subordinates defy superiors.

During the [[Age of Discovery]], mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ship's [[Captain (nautical)|captain]]. This occurred, for example, during [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s journeys around the world, resulting in the killing of one mutineer, the [[Capital punishment|execution]] of another, and the [[marooning]] of others; on [[Henry Hudson]]'s ''[[Discovery (1602 ship)|Discovery]]'', resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat; and the famous [[mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']].

Mutiny is widely considered a serious crime, punishable by imprisonment, [[penal labour]] or death. Failure to prevent or suppress a mutiny may also be punishable depending on the circumstances; negligent failure may result in [[Military discharge|dishonourable discharge]] while wilful failure may bring any punishment including death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/23-24/123/part/I/crossheading/mutiny/enacted |title=Naval Discipline Act 1860 |website=[[UK National Archives]] |access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/894 |title=10 U.S. Code § 894 - Art. 94. Mutiny or sedition |website=[[Cornell Law School]] |access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref> The United Kingdom has passed various [[Mutiny Acts]] to establish procedure and punishment, the latest of which is the [[Armed Forces Act 2006]]. Military mutineers are usually tried at [[court martial]], represented by [[counsel]]. [[Piracy|Pirate]] captains have been known to mete out punishment ''[[ad hoc]]'' without [[due process]].

==Penalty==
Those convicted of mutiny often faced [[capital punishment]].

===United Kingdom===
Until 1689, mutiny was regulated in [[Kingdom of England|England]] by ''[[Articles of War]]'' instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first [[Mutiny Acts|Mutiny Act]] was approved, which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. The Mutiny Act, altered in 1803, and the Articles of War defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act in 1879. This, in turn, was replaced by the [[Army Act]] in 1881.

Today the [[Armed Forces Act 2006]] defines mutiny as follows:<ref>{{cite act |title=Armed Forces Act 2006 |pinpoint=s. 6 |institution=Parliament of the United Kingdom |index=c.52 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/52/section/6 |year=2006}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|(2)For the purposes of this section a person subject to service law takes part in a mutiny if—

(a)in concert with at least one other person subject to service law, he—

(i)acts with the intention of overthrowing or resisting authority; or

(ii)disobeys authority in such circumstances as to subvert discipline;

(b)he agrees with at least one other person subject to service law to overthrow or resist authority; or

(c)he agrees with at least one other person subject to service law to disobey authority, and the agreed disobedience would be such as to subvert discipline.}}

The same definition applies in the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Air Force]].

The military law of England in early times existed, like the forces to which it applied, in a period of war only. Troops were raised for a particular service and were disbanded upon the cessation of hostilities. The crown, by [[prerogative]], made laws known as Articles of War for the government and discipline of the troops while thus embodied and serving. Except for the punishment of desertion, which was made a [[felony]] by statute in the reign of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], these ordinances or Articles of War remained almost the sole authority for enforcing discipline until 1689. That year, the first Mutiny Act was passed and the military forces of the crown were brought under the direct control of Parliament. Even the Parliamentary forces in the time of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Oliver Cromwell]] were governed not by an act of the legislature, but by articles of war similar to those issued by the king and authorized by an ordinance of the Lords and Commons exercising in that respect the sovereign prerogative. This power of law-making by prerogative was however held to be applicable during a state of actual war only, and attempts to exercise it in times of peace were ineffectual. Subject to this limitation, it existed for considerably more than a century after the passing of the first Mutiny Act.

From 1689 to 1803, the Mutiny Act occasionally expired during times of peace. Yet [[statutory power]] was given to the crown to make Articles of War that operated in the [[British Empire|colonies]] and elsewhere beyond the seas in the same manner as those made by prerogative in times of war.

In 1715, in consequence of the rebellion, this power was created in respect of the forces in the kingdom, but apart from and in no respect affected the principle acknowledged all this time that the crown of its mere prerogative could make laws for the government of the army in foreign countries in time of war.

The [[Mutiny Act 1803]] effected a great constitutional change in this respect: the power of the Crown to make any Articles of War became altogether statutory, and the prerogative merged in the act of Parliament. The [[Mutiny Act 1873]] was passed in this manner.

Such matters remained until 1879 when the last Mutiny Act was passed and the last Articles of War were promulgated. The Mutiny Act legislated for offences in respect of which death or penal servitude could be awarded. Meanwhile, the Articles of War, while repeating those provisions of the act, constituted the direct authority for dealing with offences for which imprisonment was the maximum punishment, as well as with many matters relating to trial and procedure.

The act and the articles were found not to harmonize in all respects. Their general arrangement was faulty, and their language sometimes obscure. In 1869, a royal commission recommended that both should be recast in a simple and intelligible shape. In 1878, a committee of the House of Commons endorsed this view and made recommendations for performing the task. In 1879, a measure was passed into law consolidating in one act both the Mutiny Act and the Articles of War, and amending their provisions in certain important respects. This measure was called the Army Discipline and Regulation Act 1879.

After one or two years of experience highlighted the need for improvement, it was superseded by the Army Act 1881, which formed the foundation and main portion of the military law of England. The act contained a proviso saving the right of the crown to make Articles of War, but in such a manner as to render the power in effect a nullity by enacting that no crime made punishable by the act shall be otherwise punishable by such articles. As the punishment of every conceivable offence was provided, any articles made under the act could be no more than an empty formality having no practical effect.

Thus the history of English military law up to 1879 may be divided into three periods, each having a distinct constitutional aspect: (I) prior to 1689, the army, being regarded as so many personal retainers of the sovereign rather than servants of the state, was mainly governed by the will of the sovereign; (2) between 1689 and 1803, the army, being recognised as a permanent force, was governed within the realm by statute and without it by the prerogative of the crown; and (3) from 1803 to 1879, it was governed either directly by statute or by the sovereign under an authority derived from and defined and limited by statute. Although in 1879 the power of making Articles of War became in effect inoperative, the sovereign was empowered to make rules of procedure, having the force of law, to regulate the administration of the act in many matters formerly dealt with by the Articles of War. These rules, however, must not be inconsistent with the provisions of the Army Act itself, and must be laid before parliament immediately after they are made. Thus in 1879, the government and discipline of the army became for the first time completely subject either to the direct action or the close supervision of Parliament.

A further notable change took place at the same time. The Mutiny Act had been brought into force on each occasion for one year only, in compliance with the constitutional theory:
<blockquote>
that the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace, unless with the consent of parliament, is against law. Each session therefore the text of the act had to be passed through both Houses clause by clause and line by line. The Army Act, on the other hand, is a fixed permanent code. But constitutional traditions are fully respected by the insertion in it of a section providing that it shall come into force only by virtue of an annual act of parliament. This annual act recites the illegality of a standing army in time of peace unless with the consent of parliament, and the necessity nevertheless of maintaining a certain number of land forces (exclusive of those serving in India) and a body of royal marine forces on shore, and of keeping them in exact discipline, and it brings into force the Army Act for one year.
</blockquote>

====Sentence====
Until 1998, mutiny and another offence of failing to suppress or report a mutiny were each punishable with death.<ref>{{cite act |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1955&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=2675342&parentActiveTextDocId=2675303&showAllAttributes=1&hideCommentary=0&suppressWarning=0&versionNumber=1 |title=Army Act 1955 |index=c.18 |pinpoint=Part II Discipline and Trial and Punishment of Military Offences |institution=Parliament of the United Kingdom |year=1955}}</ref> Section 21(5) of the [[Human Rights Act 1998]] completely abolished the [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|death penalty in the United Kingdom]]. (Prior to this, the death penalty had already been abolished for murder, but it had remained in force for certain military offences and [[treason]], although no executions had been carried out for several decades.) This provision was not required by the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], since Protocol 6 of the Convention permitted the death penalty in time of war, and Protocol 13, which prohibits the death penalty for all circumstances, did not then exist. The government introduced section 21(5) as a late amendment in response to parliamentary pressure.

===United States===
The [[United States]]' [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] defines mutiny in section 894 of title 10 (Article 94 of the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]]) as follows<ref>{{cite web |title=10 USC 894: Art. 94. Mutiny or sedition |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:10%20section:894%20edition:prelim)%20OR%20(granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section894)&f=treesort&edition=prelim&num=0&jumpTo=true |website=uscode.house.gov |publisher=Office of the Law Revision Counsel |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>:

<blockquote>
'''§894. Art. 94. Mutiny or sedition'''
: '''(a)''' Any person subject to this chapter who-
:: '''(1)''' with intent to usurp or override lawful military authority, refuses, in concert with any other person, to obey orders or otherwise do his duty or creates any violence or disturbance is guilty of mutiny;
:: '''(2)''' with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of lawful civil authority, creates, in concert with any other person, revolt, violence, or other disturbance against that authority is guilty of sedition;
:: '''(3)''' fails to do his utmost to prevent and suppress a mutiny or sedition being committed in his presence, or fails to take all reasonable means to inform his superior commissioned officer or commanding officer of a mutiny or sedition which he knows or has reason to believe is taking place, is guilty of a failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition.
: '''(b)''' A person who is found guilty of attempted mutiny, mutiny, sedition, or failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition shall be punished by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.
</blockquote>

U.S. military law requires obedience only to lawful orders. Disobedience to unlawful orders (see [[Superior orders]]) is the obligation of every member of the [[U.S. military]], a principle established by the [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] and [[Tokyo Trials]] following [[World War II]] and reaffirmed in the aftermath of the [[My Lai Massacre]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. However, a U.S. soldier who disobeys an order after deeming it unlawful will almost certainly be court-martialed to determine whether the disobedience was proper. In addition, simple refusal to obey is not mutiny, which requires collaboration or conspiracy to disobedience.

==Famous mutinies in history==

===16th century===
* [[Sack of Antwerp]], one of the many mutinies in the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]]<ref>{{aut|Parker, G.}} (2004) ''The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659. Second edition''. Cambridge U.P., {{ISBN|978-0-521-54392-7}}, ch.8</ref> during the [[Eighty Years' War]]; this mutiny caused the provinces of the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] to temporarily unite in rebellion against [[Philip II of Spain]] and sign the [[Pacification of Ghent]].
*[[Sack of Rome (1527)]], military event carried out by the mutinous troops of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].

===17th century===
* [[Discovery (1602 ship)|''Discovery'']] mutiny in 1611 during the 4th voyage of [[Henry Hudson]], after having been trapped in pack ice over the winter, his desire to continue incited the crew to casting him and 8 others adrift.
* ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)|Batavia]]'' was a [[ship]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC), built in 1628 in [[Amsterdam]], which suffered both mutiny and [[shipwreck]] during her maiden voyage.
* [[Second English Civil War]]
** [[Corkbush Field mutiny]] (1647)
** [[Banbury mutiny]] (1649)
** [[Bishopsgate mutiny]] (1649)

===18th century===
* The [[Wager Mutiny|''Wager'' Mutiny]] – the main body of the crew of the British war ship HMS ''Wager'' mutinied against their Captain after she was wrecked on a desolate island off the [[Gulf of Penas|south coast of Chile]] in 1741. The ship was part of a [[George Anson's voyage around the world|squadron]] bound to attack Spanish interests in the Pacific.
* A failed 1787 mutiny aboard the [[Middlesex (1783 EIC ship)|''Middlesex'']] occurred two weeks before HMS ''Bounty''{{'}}s final departure from England, which included the lead mutineer of HMS ''Bounty'' Fletcher Christian's older brother Charles.
* [[Mutiny on the Bounty|Mutiny aboard HMS ''Bounty'']], a mutiny aboard a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]] ship in 1789 that has been made famous by several books and films.
* [[Quibéron mutinies]] were major mutinies in the French fleet in 1793.
* [[Hermione mutiny|HMS ''Hermione'']] was a 32-gun [[fifth-rate]] [[frigate]] of the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]]. While operating in the Caribbean in 1797 a portion of the crew mutinied, killing the captain, eight other officers, two midshipmen and a clerk before surrendering the ship to the Spanish authorities. The mutiny was the bloodiest recorded in the history of the Royal Navy.
* [[Spithead and Nore mutinies]] were two major mutinies by sailors of the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]] in 1797.
* Schemes for mutiny onboard nine British warships between June and mid-August 1798, resulting in courts-martial for crew from {{HMS|Adamant|1780|6}}, {{HMS|Atlas|1782|6}}, {{HMS|Caesar|1793|6}}, {{HMS|Defiance|1783|6}}, {{HMS|Glory|1788|6}}, {{HMS|Haughty|1797|6}}, {{HMS|Neptune|1797|6}}, {{HMS|Queen Charlotte|1790|6}} and {{HMS|St George|1785|6}}<ref name="MarinersMirror">{{cite journal |last1=MacDougall|first1=Phillip |date=2022 |title=The Naval Mutinies of 1798 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=423–438 |publisher=[[Society for Nautical Research]]|doi=10.1080/00253359.2022.2117457 |s2cid=253161503 }}</ref>
* The [[Vlieter Incident]] was a mutiny of a squadron of the fleet of the [[Batavian Republic]] which caused it to be surrendered to the British without a fight in 1799 at the start of the [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]].

===19th century===
* [[HMS Dominica (1805)|HMS ''Dominica'']] - in May 1806, crew members mutinied, took over the ship and turned her over to the French. She was later recaptured by the British and the mutiny's ringleader hanged.
* [[Vellore Mutiny]], outbreak against the [[British East India Company]] on 10 July 1806, by sepoys forming part of the garrison of a fortress and palace complex at Vellore (now in Tamil Nadu state, southern India).
* The [[Froberg mutiny]] by the Froberg Regiment in [[Fort Ricasoli]], [[Malta Protectorate|Malta]] in 1807. The mutiny was suppressed and 30 men were executed.
* The US whaler ''[[Globe (1815 whaleship)|Globe]]'' mutiny of 1824. Captain and several crewmen were brutally murdered by whaler Samuel Comstock of Nantucket. Comstock was then murdered on Mili, a remote but inhabited Pacific island that he intended to take over and make his own, by the ship's remaining survivors.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/gpl_1793280/page/n11/mode/2up | title=A narrative of the mutiny on board the ship Globe, of Nantucket, in the Pacific Ocean, Jan. 1824: And the journal of a residence of two years on the Mulgrave Islands : With observations on the manners and customs of the inhabitants by William Lay, of Saybrook, Conn. And Cyrus M. Hussey, of Nantucket, the only survivors from the massacre of the ship's company by the natives | date=1828 }}</ref>
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny]], (2 November 1824), incident during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), generally regarded as a dress rehearsal for the Indian Mutiny of 1857 because of its similar combination of Indian grievances against the British.
* [[St. Joseph Mutiny]] (1837): rebellion, led by [[Daaga]], of forcibly conscripted African soldiers in the [[1st West India Regiment]] in [[British Trinidad]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/01440399108575034|first=Thomas|last=August|year=1991|title=Rebels with a cause: The St. Joseph Mutiny of 1837|journal=Slavery & Abolition|volume=12|issue=2|pages=73–91}}</ref>
* ''[[La Amistad]]'', in 1839. A group of captured African [[slave]]s being transported in [[Cuba]] mutinied against the crew, killing the captain.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title = Unidentified Young Man |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1839–1840 |access-date = 2013-07-28 }}</ref>
* The brig [[USS Somers (1842)|USS ''Somers'']] had a mutiny plotted onboard on her first voyage in 1842. Three men were accused of conspiring to commit mutiny, and were hanged.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2017/11/20/jim-memmott-high-seas-mutiny-canandaigua-connection/881514001/|title=Jim Memmott: A high-seas mutiny with a Canandaigua connection|newspaper=Democrat & Chronicle (USA Today)|location=Rochester|last=Memmott|first=Jim|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
*''[[Lady Franklin (barque)|Lady Franklin]]'' (1854) seized by convicts
* The [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] was a period of armed uprising in [[India]] against [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial power, and was popularly remembered in Britain as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny. It is remembered in India as the First War of Independence.
* The ''Sharon'', a Fairhaven whaleship, was subject to multiple mass desertions, mutinies and the murder and dismemberment of a cruel (and from the record, [[Psychopathy#Sociopathy|sociopathic]]) captain by four [[Polynesians]] who had been pressed into service on the ''Sharon''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Druett |first=Joan |date=2003 |title=In the Wake of Madness |publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill}}</ref>
* In 1857 on the whaleship ''Junior'', Cyrus Plummer and several accomplices engineered a mutiny that resulted in the murder of Captain Archibald Mellen and Third Mate John Smith. The mutineers were captured and found guilty in the fall of 1858. Plummer was sentenced to be hanged and his accomplices received life sentences. The story made national and international news and Plummer was able to garner a stay of execution from President [[James Buchanan]] and was ultimately pardoned by [[Ulysses S. Grant]].
* The [[Cavite Mutiny]] of 1872 in the Philippines.
* The [[Brazilian Naval Revolt]] was the occasion of two mutinies in 1893 and 1894.

===20th century===
[[File:The Russian Revolution, 1905 Q81546.jpg|thumb|Artistic impression of the [[Russian battleship Potemkin#Mutiny|mutiny]] by the crew of the battleship ''Potemkin'' against the ship's officers on 14 June 1905.]]
* Mutiny aboard the [[Russian battleship Potemkin|Russian battleship ''Potemkin'']], a rebellion of the crew against their officers in June 1905 during the [[1905 Russian Revolution|Russian Revolution of 1905]]. It was made famous by the film ''[[Battleship Potemkin|Battleship ''Potemkin'']]''.
* The ''[[Revolt of the Lash|Revolta da Chibata]]'' ("Revolt of the Lash") was a Brazilian naval mutiny of 1910, where Afro-Brazilian crewmen rose up against oppressive white officers who frequently beat them. Their goal was to have their living conditions improved and the ''chibata'' (whips or lashes) banned from the navy.
* [[First Battle of Topolobampo|Guaymas Mutiny]] On 22 February 1914, [[Mexican Navy]] sailors under Lieutenant {{ill|Hilario Rodríguez Malpica|es}} seized control of gunboat ''Tampico'' off [[Guaymas, Mexico]]. This event led to a [[Fourth Battle of Topolobampo|naval campaign]] off [[Topolobampo]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]].
* [[Curragh Incident]], also known as the Curragh Mutiny of 20 July 1914 occurred in the [[Curragh]], [[Ireland]], where [[British Army|British officers]] threatened to resign rather than enforce the [[Home Rule Act 1914]].
* [[Etaples Mutiny]] by British troops, 1917
* [[French Army Mutinies (1917)|French Army mutinies]] in 1917. The failure of the [[Nivelle Offensive]] in April and May 1917 resulted in widespread mutiny in many units of the French Army.
* [[Wilhelmshaven mutiny]] broke out in the [[Imperial Germany|German]] [[High Seas Fleet]] on 29 October 1918. The mutiny led directly to the Kiel mutiny a few days later.
* [[Kiel mutiny]]: Major revolt by sailors on 3 November 1918 in response to arrests of suspected Wilhelmshaven ringleaders. It sparked the [[German Revolution of 1918-1919]], which led to the collapse of the [[House of Hohenzollern|monarchy]] and the establishment of the [[Weimar Republic]].
* [[Luxembourg rebellions|Luxembourg Rebellions]]: After two failed communist revolutions in November and after a minor mutiny in December, the [[Luxembourg Armed Forces|Luxembourg Army]] took over the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]], and proclaimed a republic.
* [[Black Sea mutiny]] by crews aboard the French dreadnoughts ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1911)|Jean Bart]]'' and ''[[French battleship France|France]]'', sent to assist the White Russians in the [[Russian Civil War]]. The ringleaders (including [[André Marty]] and [[Charles Tillon]]) received long prison sentences.
* The 1920 mutiny of the mainly Irish unit of [[Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920|Connaught Rangers]] in the British Army against [[Irish War of Independence#Martial law|martial law being imposed]] and brutally enforced by the [[Black and Tans]] in Ireland during the [[Irish War of Independence]]. The leader, [[James Daly (mutineer)|Private James Daly]], became the last member of the British Armed Forces to be executed for mutiny when he was shot by [[firing squad]] on 2 November 1920.
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]], an unsuccessful uprising of Russian sailors, led by [[Stepan Petrichenko]], against the government of the early [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] in the first weeks of March in 1921. It proved to be the last large rebellion against [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] rule.
* [[Irish Army Mutiny]], a crisis in March 1924 provoked by a proposed reduction in army numbers in the immediate post-[[Irish Civil War|Civil War]] period.<ref name="GFG">[[Garret FitzGerald]] ''[http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html Reflections On The Foundation of the Irish State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319151530/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html |date=2011-03-19 }}'', University College Cork, April 2003</ref><ref>[[Irish Times]] ''March 10th, 1924'' 10 Mar 2012</ref>
* [[Invergordon Mutiny]], an [[industrial action]] by around a thousand [[sailor]]s in the [[British Atlantic Fleet]], that took place on 15–16 September 1931. For two days, ships of the [[Royal Navy]] at [[Invergordon]] were in open mutiny, in one of the few military strikes in [[United Kingdom|British]] history.
* Mutiny aboard the Dutch warship the ''[[HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (1909)|De Zeven Provinciën]]'' as a result of salary cuts in early February 1933.
*[[1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal)|1936 Naval Revolt]] in Portugal, also known as the Mutiny on the Tagus ships. Sailors aboard two Portuguese ships imprisoned their officers and attempted to sail out into the open sea. Coastal artillery disabled both ships and the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] shortly thereafter founded the [[Legião Portuguesa (Estado Novo)|Legião Portuguesa]].
* [[Cocos Islands Mutiny]], a failed mutiny by [[Sri Lanka]]n servicemen on the [[British Empire|then-British]] [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] during the [[Second World War]].
* [[Battle of Bamber Bridge]] on 24–25 June 1943, a racially motivated mutiny by African American soldiers in a segregated U.S. Army truck unit stationed in [[Bamber Bridge]], [[Lancashire]], [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Townsville mutiny]] on 22 May 1942, a mutiny by about 600 African American servicemen of the [[96th Engineer Battalion (United States)|96th Engineer Battalion]] of the United States Army while serving in Townsville, Australia, during World War II. See also [[African-American mutinies in the United States armed forces]].
* [[Port Chicago mutiny]] on August 9, 1944, three weeks after the Port Chicago disaster. 258 out of the 320 African-American sailors in the ordnance battalion refused to load any ammunition.<ref>Though 50 sailors were convicted of mutiny after the [[Port Chicago disaster]], there is some question as to whether there was a conspiracy, a prerequisite of mutiny, rather than simple refusal to obey a lawful order. All of the sailors were willing to do any other task except load ammunition under unsafe conditions.</ref>
* [[Terrace Mutiny|Terrace mutiny]], a mutiny by French-Canadian soldiers in Terrace, British Columbia, in November 1944.

====After World War II====
* [[Post–World War II demobilization strikes]] occurred within [[Allies of World War II|Allied military forces]] stationed across the [[Middle East]], [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]] in the months and years following the Second World War.
* [[The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] encompasses a total strike and subsequent mutiny by the Indian sailors of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] on board ship and shore establishments at [[Bombay]] Harbour on 18 February 1946.
* [[SS Columbia Eagle incident|SS ''Columbia Eagle'' incident]] occurred on 14 March 1970 during the [[Vietnam War]] when sailors aboard an American merchant ship mutinied and hijacked the ship to [[Cambodia]].
* The [[East Bengal Regiment]] switched sides from the [[Pakistan Army]] to the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].
* The [[Unit 684#Mutiny|Unit 684 mutiny]] occurred in 23 August 1971 when members of [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] black ops Unit 684 mutinied for unclear reasons.
* The [[Soviet frigate Storozhevoy#Mutiny|''Storozhevoy'' mutiny]] occurred on 9 November 1975 in [[Riga]], [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union. The [[Political commissar|political officer]] locked up the [[Soviet Navy]] captain and sailed the ship toward [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]].
* [[Greek junta#Velos mutiny|The ''Velos'' mutiny]]: On 23 May 1973, the captain of [[USS Charrette|''Velos'']] destroyer refused to return to [[Greece]] after a [[NATO]] exercise to protest against the [[Greek junta|dictatorship in Greece]].
* [[1977 Bangladesh Air Force mutiny|1977 Bangladesh Air Force Mutiny]], during which 11 officers of the [[Bangladesh Air Force]] were killed by mutineers.
* The [[Coup d'état of December Twelfth]] in 1979, where a [[Hanahoe|secret society of military officers]] in [[South Korea]] led by Major General [[Chun Doo-hwan]] mutinied against the [[Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army]] General [[Jeong Seung-hwa]].
* Following [[Operation Blue Star]] against Sikh militants holed in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in the Sikh [[holy city]] of [[Amritsar]], many soldiers and officers of [[Indian Army]]'s [[Sikh Regiment]] mutinied or resigned.<ref>{{cite web|author=AP |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/02/world/general-promises-to-punish-sikh-mutineers.html |title=General Promises To Punish Sikh Mutineers |location=India; Amritsar (India); Punjab State (India) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1984-07-02 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/bluestar/newsreports/840611_6.html |title=Operation Blue Star 1984 Golden Temple Attack Sikhs |publisher=Sikhmuseum.com |date=1984-06-11 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref>

===21st century===
* 2003 [[Oakwood mutiny]] – A group of 321 officers and personnel of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Philippines Armed Forces]] took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center serviced apartment tower in [[Makati]] to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].
* [[2006 state of emergency in the Philippines#Fort Bonifacio crisis|2003 Fort Bonifacio Crisis]] – Members of the [[Philippine Marines]] staged a protest over the removal of their Commandant Maj. Gen. Renato Miranda.
* [[2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] – A group of Bangladesh border guards revolted, demanding equal rights to the regular army and killed several of their officers.
*2011 [[Mutiny on Lurongyu 2682|Mutiny on ''Lurongyu 2682'']], a Chinese fishing trawler in the South Pacific. After a month of killings, 11 of the 33 crew returned to China.
*[[2013 Eritrean Army mutiny]] on 21 January 2013, when around 100 to 200 soldiers of the [[Eritrean Army]] seized the headquarters of the state broadcaster, [[EriTV]], to resist the rule of President [[Isaias Afwerki]].
* 2013 1st Battalion [[Yorkshire Regiment]], British Army – Sixteen soldiers were jailed after a court martial for staging a 'sit-in' protest against their Captain and Colour Sergeant<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25313387|title=Yorkshire Regiment soldiers jailed for sit-in protest|work=BBC News|date=2013-12-10|access-date=2014-04-07}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Nigerian Army]]: A total of 54 soldiers were [[capital punishment in Nigeria|sentenced to death]] by [[firing squad]] by a court martial in two separate trials, after they had refused to fight to recapture a town that had been captured by [[Boko Haram]] [[insurgent]]s. The sentences are subject to the approval of senior officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=BREAKING: Nigerian Military Sentences 54 Soldiers To Death For Mutiny|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/17/breaking-nigerian-military-sentences-54-soldiers-death-mutiny|access-date=12 March 2017|publisher=Sahara Reporters|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigerian soldiers given death penalty for mutiny|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30526725|access-date=12 March 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[2020 Malian mutiny]], where elements of the [[Malian Armed Forces]] mutinied before developing into a coup which overthrew the civilian government of President [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Keïta]].
* 2022 [[Russian Ground Forces]]: [[Obozrevatel]] reported that around 5,000 contract soldiers in the city of [[Belgorod]] rioted after being told that they would be sent to fight in [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Рагуцька |first=Лілія |date=2022-02-26 |title=У Білгороді 5 тис. контрактників влаштували бунт та відмовилися їхати воювати з Україною. Ексклюзив |url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/ukr/russia/u-bilgorodi-5-tis-kontraktnikiv-vlashtuvali-bunt-ta-vidmovilisya-ihati-voyuvati-z-ukrainoyu-eksklyuziv.htm |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=OBOZREVATEL NEWS |language=uk}}</ref> Russian soldiers had also been [[Surrender (military)|surrendering]] en masse, and many had reportedly sabotaged their own vehicles, with prime examples being instances of gas tank sabotage among soldiers in the [[Russian Kyiv convoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balevic |first=Katie |title=Pentagon official says Russian troops have 'deliberately punched holes' in their own gas tanks in apparent attempts to avoid combat as morale declines: report |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-troops-have-punched-holes-their-own-gas-tanks-2022-3 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass surrender, sabotage of own equipment – Pentagon on Russian military units |url=https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/805291.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Interfax-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022 [[Russian Naval Infantry]]: Russian conscripts rioted aboard [[Ropucha-class landing ship|Russian naval ships]] which were going to land in [[Odessa]] as part of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. As a result of the riot, the [[Landing operation|landing]] was called off.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Russian young marine conscripts staged a riot against landing in Odessa |url=https://odessa-journal.com/russian-short-service-marine-conscripts-staged-a-riot/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=odessa-journal.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Дібров |first=Сергій |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Russian Marine conscripts riot when ordered to land 'straight to Odessa' |url=https://dumskaya.net/news/rossiyskie-matrosy-ustroili-bunt-kogda-im-prikaz-160512/ |access-date=February 28, 2022 |website=Dumskaya}}</ref>
* 2022 [[Russian Ground Forces]]: Russian soldiers of the [[37th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade|37th Motor Rifle Brigade]] purposefully [[Fragging|ran over their commanding officer]], [[Colonel]] Yuri Medvedev, killing or severely injuring him.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=2022-03-25 |title=Mutinous Russian troops ran over their own commander, say western officials |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/25/russian-troops-mutiny-commander-ukraine-report-western-officials |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> This was reportedly because the 37th Brigade had lost close to half of their men during the [[Battle of Makariv]] under the leadership of Medvedev.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Russian troops attack own commanding officer after suffering heavy losses |date=2022-03-25 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024156/https://thehill.com/policy/international/599792-russian-troops-attack-own-commanding-officer-after-suffering-heavy/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |url-status=live |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/599792-russian-troops-attack-own-commanding-officer-after-suffering-heavy/}}</ref>
* 2023 [[Wagner Group mutiny]], where the Russian private military company [[Wagner Group]] mutinied against the Russian Ministry of Defense for intentionally concealing the true number of [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|soldiers killed in the war in Ukraine]] and allegedly attempting to deceive the public and President Vladimir Putin by portraying Ukraine as an aggressive and hostile adversary which, in collaboration with NATO, was plotting an attack on Russian interests.
* 2024 Voznesensk mutiny: On 4 October 2024, Ukrainian soldiers of the 187th Battalion of the [[123rd Territorial Defense Brigade (Ukraine)|123rd Territorial Defense Brigade]] refused orders to perform a combat mission and went AWOL. The soldiers then held a rally in [[Voznesensk]] where they attempted to draw attention to the lack of training and weapons to participate in combat operations in the Donetsk sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |title=Самовільно залишили військову частину на Донбасі: у Вознесенську воїни 123-ї бригади ТрО вийшли на мітинг |trans-title=Went AWOL from Donbass: in Voznesensk, the soldiers of the 123rd brigade of the TDF went to a rally |url=https://suspilne.media/mykolaiv/850417-samovilno-zalisili-vijskovu-castinu-na-donbasi-u-voznesensku-voini-123-i-brigadi-tro-vijsli-na-miting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003202946/https://suspilne.media/mykolaiv/850417-samovilno-zalisili-vijskovu-castinu-na-donbasi-u-voznesensku-voini-123-i-brigadi-tro-vijsli-na-miting/ |archive-date=3 October 2024 |work=[[Suspilne|Suspilne Mykolaiv]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coup d'état]]
* [[Fragging]]
* [[Insubordination]]
* [[List of revolutions and rebellions]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[doi:10.1177/00223433211020092|Jaclyn Johnson's Military Mutinies and Defections Database (MMDD), 1945–2017.]]
*{{EB1911|noprescript=1|wstitle=Mutiny}}
*Easton, Callum, ''The 1797 Naval Mutinies and Popular Protest in Britain: Negotiation through Collective Action'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2025) {{ISBN|978-3-031-98839-4}}, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98840-0
* {{cite book|last=Guttridge|first=Leonard F|title=Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection|publisher=United States Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1992|isbn=0-87021-281-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel|url-access=registration|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Christopher M|editor2-last=Elleman|editor2-first=Bruce A|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|year=2003|isbn=0-7146-8468-6|oclc=464313205}}
* Pfaff, Steven and Michael Hechter. 2020. ''[[doi:10.1017/9781108149853|The Genesis of Rebellion: Governance, Grievance, and Mutiny in the Age of Sail]]''. Cambridge University Press.

{{Pirates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Military law]]
[[Category:Mutinies| ]]

Arjun (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:48Z

Abesh Purkait: adding a article w/ sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arjun
| image = Arjun (2008 film).jpg
| director = Shahuraj Shindhe
| producer = N Mohankumar Shashikala Narendranath N Jayanna Bhogendra
| writer =
| story = Shahuraj Sindhe
| screenplay = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
*[[Meera Chopra]]
}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|2008|08|12|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 143 minutes
}}
'''''Arjun''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Shahuraj Shindhe. [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] plays a cop in the titular role, alongside [[Meera Chopra]] (in her first and only Kannada film to date). The film features an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Anant Nag]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Kovai Sarala]], and [[Sanjjana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Cast & crew
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/arjun/cast-crew.html|
publisher=Filmibeat|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
Police officer Arjun has strong moral values and lets criminals off with a warning. But he is in a fix when he learns that his father is paying petty criminals to help him catch big criminals.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Arjun
* [[Meera Chopra]] as Nila/Kodan Rama's daughter
* [[Anant Nag]] as Jayasimharaja
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Vishalakshi Jayasimha
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Surya alias Gunnies East
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Surya's wife
* [[Sanjjana]] as Arjun's girlfriend
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Naga alias Medda Naga South
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajaya alias Adda Kasubi West
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Rahul alias Mama North
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Police Officer
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Auto Driver
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Vegetable Buyer
* [[Rekha Das]] as Vegetable Seller
* Shailaja Joshi as Kodan Rama's wife
{{Colend}}

==Production==
[[Meera Chopra]] made her Kannada debut through this film. In this film, she was credited as Nila, which is her onscreen name in [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meera-makes-her-kannada-debut/articleshow/3073626.cms|title=Meera makes her Kannada debut|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2008|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
Darshan was signed in to play the cop role again after ''[[Ayya (2005 Kannada film)|Ayya]]'' and ''[[Swamy (2005 film)|Swamy]]'' and worked on this film simultaneously with ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' (2008).<ref name="Two">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title='Gaja is the biggest hit of my career' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17ssdarshan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122223958/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17ssdarshan.htm |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Songs, Download Arjun Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/arjun/mvBSgFRtlNw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |date=15 June 2008}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Balle Balle
| length1 = 5:16
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Taubare Taubare
| length2 = 4:12
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Jassie Gift]]
| title3 = Leftalli Jayamala
| length3 = 4:21
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = Jassie Gift
| title4 = Gunturu Gunturu
| length4 = 4:32
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| extra4 = [[Chaitra H. G.]], Jassie Gift, Tippu
| title5 = Ye Kanaka
| length5 = 4:34
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| total_length = 22:55
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Arjun'' was theatrically released on 12 August 2008 on the same day as Ramya starrer ''[[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]''.<ref name="Re">{{Cite web |last=R G Vijayasarathy |title=Star wars: Darshan Vs Ramya |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/13sl1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323074041/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/13sl1.htm |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''Sify'' gave the film a verdict of "average" and opined that "Darshan fans is sure to lap up this mass action masala".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Arjun |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14741244&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021002114/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14741244&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vijayasarathy of ''Rediff'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "Darshan does his usual act, but he is handicapped by the lack of a proper story".<ref>{{Cite web |last=R G Vijayasarathy |date=18 August 2008 |title=Arjun: Not even for Darshan fans |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/18ssd.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122205758/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/18ssd.htm |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Despite being a panned by critics, the film initially had high collections and performed well at the box office similar to Darshan's previous film ''[[Gaja (2008 film)|Gaja]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2008 |title=Kannada Box-Office (Sep1-5) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14752709&cid=14635444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020230919/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14752709&cid=14635444 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2432788}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 action films]]

Rangpur, Gujarat

2026-02-28T18:36:57Z

Abesh Purkait: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Ancient archaeological site in Gujarat, western India}}
{{About|Rangpur as an archaeological site in Gujarat, India|other uses|Rangpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Rangpur
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India
|map_alt =
|map_size = 270
|coordinates = {{coord|22|26|N|71|55|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Surendranagar district]], Gujarat, India
|region =
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs = [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan 1]] to [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]]
|cultures = [[Indus Valley civilization]]
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
}}
'''Rangpur''' is an ancient archaeological site in [[Surendranagar district]] near [[Vanala]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula in [[Gujarat]], [[western India]]. Lying on the tip between the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] and [[Gulf of Kutch]], it belongs to the period of the [[Indus Valley civilization]], and lies to the northwest of the larger site of [[Lothal]].<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&dq=hulas%2Bsaharanpur+district&pg=PA214 History of Ancient and Early Medieval India, by Upinder Singh]</ref> It is the [[type site]] for the '''Rangpur culture''', a regional form of the late phase of the Indus Valley Civilization that existed in Gujarat during the 2nd millennium BCE.

== Excavation ==
{{see also | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History | l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis of pottery | Archaeological culture }}
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).png|thumb|Map of Rangpur and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, late phase.]]

'''Rangpur culture''': Based on the distinct [[pottery]] excavated here, it was identified as a separate culture or subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref>

Trail Diggings were conducted by the Archeological Survey of India (ASI) during 1931 led by [[Madho Sarup Vats|M.S.Vats]]. Later, Ghurye (1939), Dikshit (1947) and [[S. R. Rao]] (1953–56) excavated the site under ASI projects.<ref name="asi-guj">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|title=Excavations - Important - Gujarat|website=asi.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212044520/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|archive-date=2007-12-12|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>

S.R.Rao has classified the deposits into four periods with three sub periods in Harappan Culture, Period II with an earlier Period, Microlithic and a Middle Paleolithic State (River sections) with points, scrapers and blades of jasper.
The dates given by S.R.Rao are:
* Period I - Microlithis unassociated with Pottery : 3000 BC
* Period II - Harappan : 2000–1500 BC
** Period II B - Late Harappan : 1500–1100 BC
** Period II C - Transition Phase of Harappa : 1100–1000 BC
* Period III - Lustrous Red Ware Period : 1000-800 BC.<ref name="asi-guj" />

== Architecture and town planning==
[[Acacia]] wood was used in Rangpur for construction, tools and furniture.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 140 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Rangpur]</ref>

== Artifacts found ==
Dishes with beaded rim and grooved shoulder, painted [[blackware|black]] - and [[redware]] and high-necked jars.<ref>Archeological Surve of India Publication: Indian Archeology 1955-56. Page 70 [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201955-56%20%20A%20Review.pdf]</ref> Evidence of shell working found.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|pages=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=rangpur}}</ref> Other artifacts found at the site include axes, beads of steatite and carnelian and Earthen wares.

== Cultivation ==
Large quantity of plant remains were found at Rangpur. [[Pearl millet|Bajra]],<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 112 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Rangpur]</ref>
rice<ref name="books.google.com"/>
(Period IIA) and [[Millet]] (Period HI) were found.<ref>Bridget and Raymond Allchin (1968) The Rise of Civilisaton in India and Pakistan. Page 245 [https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&q=Rangpur&pg=PA103]</ref>

== Diet ==
People of Rangpur culture used rice and bajra for food. They also used to consume milk and curds from their domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC |title=Cultural History of India |date=2005 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1587-2 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bet Dwarka]]

* [[Chronological dating]]
** [[Phase (archaeology)|Phases in archaeology]]
** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
** [[Ahar-Banas culture]]
** Late Harappan Phase of IVC (1900 - 1500 BCE)
*** [[Cemetery H culture]] in Punjab
*** [[Jhukar Phase|Jhukar-Jhangar culture]] in Punjab
*** Rangpur culture in Gujarat

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao|author2=Braj Basi Lal|title=Excavation at Rangpur and Other Explorations in Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwz6MAAACAAJ|year=1960}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Villages in Surendranagar district]]

Paryushana

2026-02-20T11:17:44Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|Most important festivals for the Jains}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{POV|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Paryushan Parva
| type = Jain
| nickname = Paryushan Parva
| longtype =
| image =
| caption =
| observedby = [[Jains]]
| celebrations =
| observances = fasting, going to the [[Jain Temple]]
| relatedto = [[Samvatsari]]
| date = August or September
| date2025 = 20 August (Wed) – 27 August (Wed)<ref>{{Cite web | title=YJA Calendar | url=https://www.yja.org/jaincalendar?fbclid=PAAaYCU0ek0Ung2JkQIISxbeqcyTckGLu29LL-O6gas0H9jlexP_m0CQz2V7w}}</ref>
| duration = 8 days
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Paryushana''' is an annual holy event in [[Jainism]] and is usually celebrated in August, September, or October in the Hindu calendar month of Bhadrapad's Shukla Paksha.<ref name=SC/> Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity, often using [[Fasting in Jainism|fasting]] and prayer/meditation to help.<ref>{{citation |last=Roy|first=Christian |title=Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA356 |year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-089-1|page=356}}</ref><ref name=times>{{citation |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Paryushan_Parva_festival_of_forgiveness/articleshow/3441433.cms |title=Paryushan Parva, festival of forgiveness |author=Dhanpal Jain|date=4 September 2008 }}</ref> The [[Ethics of Jainism|five main vows]] are emphasized during this time.{{fact|date=May 2024}} There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their abilities and desires. The event lasts for 8 days and ends with the celebration of {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Samvatsari]]}} (forgiveness day).

== Meaning ==
The word "{{lang|sa-Latn|Paryushana|italics=no}}" means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and [[Fasting in Jainism|fasting]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Jain-festival-of-Paryushan-finds-many-admirers/articleshow/53953444.cms |title=Jain festival of Paryushan finds many admirers |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paryushana and the Festival of Forgiveness {{!}} The Pluralism Project |url=https://pluralism.org/paryushana-and-the-festival-of-forgiveness |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=pluralism.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Observances ==
Śvētāmbara Jains observe Paryushana for eight days and Digambara Jains observe it for ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paryushana and the Festival of Forgiveness {{!}} The Pluralism Project |url=https://pluralism.org/paryushana-and-the-festival-of-forgiveness |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=pluralism.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=147}}</ref> Almost all Jains see participation in Paryushana as a duty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=144}}</ref>

=== Sermons ===
During the first three days, sermons are based on the Paryushana Stahnika Vyakhyana, explaining the duties of Paryushana and annual duties. Explanations draw on stories of exemplary figures in Jain history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=148}}</ref>

The five duties of Paryushana are not killing, affection for fellow Jains, statement of annulling faults in the past year, a three-day fast, and pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=149-150}}</ref>

Starting on the fourth day, [[Śvētāmbara]] [[Murtipujaka]]s recite the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', which includes a recitation of the section on the birth of [[Mahavira]] on the fifth day. Some Śvētāmbaras recite the ''Antagada Sutra'', which details the life of 90 great men and women who attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' during the eras of the 22nd Tirthankar [[Neminatha]] and 24th Tirthankar Mahavira.<ref name="times" />

=== Fasting ===
{{Main|Fasting in Jainism}}

During Paryushana, Jains observe a fast. The span of the fast can last from a day to 30 days or more. In Śvētāmbara sect, [[śrāvaka]]s (laypeople) fast by having only boiled water that may be consumed between sunrise and sunset.<ref name=hindu>{{citation |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/13/stories/2007091353590500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107050613/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/13/stories/2007091353590500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Jains pray for peace, brotherhood |date=13 September 2007 }}</ref>

=== Requesting forgiveness ===
{{See also|Micchami Dukkadam|Kshamavani}}
At the conclusion of the festival, śrāvakas request each other for forgiveness for all offenses committed during the last year.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=555}}<ref name=hindu /> Forgiveness is asked by saying "[[Micchami Dukkadam]]" or "Uttam Kshama" to each other. This translates to: "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought word or deed, then I seek your forgiveness".<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Request-for-Forgiveness/355457/|title=Request for Forgiveness|author=Preeti Srivastav|date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001054813/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Request-for-Forgiveness/355457/|archive-date=1 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Date ==
The date for Paryushana is [[Bhadra]] shukla [[panchami]]. For this duration, Paryushana must be initiated by [[panchami]] (the fifth day) of the shukla [[paksha]] phase of [[Bhadra]]. The last day is called [[Samvatsari]], short for Samvatsari [[Pratikramana]]. Due to computational and other differences, there can be some minor differences among various sects. It comes at the time when the wandering monks take up temporary residence for the [[monsoon]] period or "[[chaturmas|cāturmāsa]]" ("four-month"). Because at this time the monks have settled in the town for a longer duration, it is time for the householders to have an annual renewal of the faith by listening to the statement of the Dharma and through meditation and vratas (self-control). Śvētāmbara celebrate an eight-day festival that ends with Bhadrapada shukla chaturthi.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=555}}

It is believed that the [[God in Jainism#Heavenly Beings|devas]] (heavenly beings) do an eight-part puja (worship) of the [[tirthankara]]s, which takes eight days. Śvētāmbara Jains celebrate this period as Paryushana.

== Closure ==
Slaughter houses are kept closed for one to eight days during the Paryushana festival in Indian states that have a large [[Jain community|Jain]] population, including Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|last1=POKHAREL|first1=KRISHNA|title=Why Mumbai Is Banning Meat This Weekend|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/09/11/why-mumbai-is-banning-meat-this-weekend/|access-date=11 September 2015|agency=Wall Street Journal|date=11 September 2015}}</ref> On 14 March 2008, the [[The Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] held that the ban on slaughterhouses in Ahmedabad during Paryushan festival was legal. The court noted:<ref name=SC>{{citation|last1=Katju|first1=Justice Markandey|title=Supreme Court Judgement regarding Closure of Slaughter houses during Paryushan|date=14 March 2008|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=30874|publisher=The Supreme Court of India}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{quote|In a multi-cultural country like ours with such diversity, one should not be over sensitive and over touchy about a short restriction when it is being done out of respect for the sentiments of a particular section of society. It has been stated above that the great Emperor Akbar himself used to remain a vegetarian for a few days every week out of respect for the vegetarian section of the Indian society and out of respect for his Hindu wife. We too should have similar respect for the sentiments for others, even if they are a minority sect. (para 74)}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]
* [[Ratnatraya]]
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[Jain cosmology]]
* [[Sallekhana]]
* [[Jain festival]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC |date=1999 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn=0-87779-044-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |author-link=Champat Rai Jain |date=1917 |title=Ratnakaranda Sravakachar of Acharya Samantabhadra }}
* {{citation |last=Jaina |title=Pratikraman |date=1992 }}
* {{citation |last=Nirvana Sagar |title=Pratikramana-sutra |date=1986 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/practices/festivals/paryusan.html ''Paryuṣaṇ'' on JAINpedia]
* [http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/practices/festivals/dasa-laksana-parvan.html ''Daśa-lakṣaṇa-parvan'' on JAINpedia]
* [https://parasdham.org/parvadhiraj-paryushan-2018/ Paryushan Pravachan by Jain Muni Rashtrasant Pujya Namramuni MS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185256/https://parasdham.org/parvadhiraj-paryushan-2018/ |date=9 September 2018 }}.
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Gaalivaana

2026-02-05T22:25:06Z

Abesh Purkait: Creating a biography

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language crime thriller series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = Mystery [[Crime thriller]]
| creator = Harry and Jack Williams
| based_on = ''[[One of Us (TV series)|One of Us]]''
| creative_director = Santosh Annaparthi
| screenplay = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]] Siddharth Hirwe Riya Poojary Anuj Rajoria
| story = Chandra Pemmaraju (also dialogues)
| director = Sharan Koppisetty
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
* [[Chandini Chowdary]]
* Ashritha Vemughanti
* [[Nandini Rai]]
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]]
*[[Surya Srinivas]]
}}
| music = Hari Gowra
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer = Deepali Handa Neelima S. Marar
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sameer Gogate
* Sharrath Marar
}}
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editor = Santhosh Kamireddy
| company = [[BBC Studios]] Northstar Entertainment
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
}}

'''''Gaalivaana''''' ({{translation|Storm}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime-thriller|mystery crime-thriller]] [[web series]] directed by Sharan Koppisetty with the story adapted and written by [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]. Produced by [[BBC Studios]] in association with Northstar Entertainment, the series has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]], [[Chandini Chowdary]], [[Nandini Rai]], [[Chaitanya Krishna]], [[Thagubothu Ramesh]], Sharanya Pradeep and Ashritha Vemuganti.

Based on [[BBC]]'s original series [[One of Us (TV series)|''One of Us'']],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2021-12-11 |title='గాలివాన'లో సాయికుమార్, రాధిక! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/sai-kumar-and-radhika-in-galivana-series-102159.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=NTV |language=te-IN}}</ref> it premiered on 14 April 2022 on [[ZEE5]].<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=కొడుకును చంపినవాడే ఇంటికొస్తే.. 'గాలివాన' వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/galivana-web-series-review-and-rating-telugu-1449083 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> The series was simultaneously dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Kaarmegam''.

== Synopsis ==
Ajay Varma and Geetha are childhood sweethearts, recently married and have just returned from their honeymoon. They are full of hope for the future-until their young lives are cut short by their brutal murder. Their two families, once split by old rifts, are now forced together in rage and grief. When the man who killed Ajay and Geetha crashes back into their lives, they face a choice that will have dark consequences for all of them. As they stumble down the dangerous path they've chosen, their journey twists and turns towards its devastating end.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sai Kumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] as Komarraju, Geetha's father<ref name="Telugu"/><ref name="Sai Kumar makes OTT debut with ‘Gaalivaana’">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |title=Sai Kumar makes OTT debut with 'Gaalivaana' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sai-kumar-makes-ott-debut-with-gaalivaana |access-date=2022-04-19 |date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419051853/https://telanganatoday.com/sai-kumar-makes-ott-debut-with-gaalivaana |archive-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
* Ashrita Vemuganti as Tulasi
** Yashna Chowdary as Young Tulasi
* [[Chandini Chowdary]] as Shravani<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telanganatoday |date=2022-04-01 |title=Nagarjuna unveils trailer for ZEE5's 'Gaalivaana' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nagarjuna-unveils-trailer-for-zee5s-gaalivaana |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Nandini Rai]] as Nandini [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Saraswathi, Ajay Varma, Shravani, and Marthand's mother<ref name="Telugu">{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2022-04-01 |title=Gaalivaana: జీ5లో మరో థ్రిల్లింగ్ వెబ్ సిరిస్.. గాలివాన ట్రైలర్ రిలీజ్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడంటే.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/radhika-sharath-kumar-and-saikumar-gaalivaana-web-series-trailer-released-by-akkineni-nagarjuna-674283.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
* Keshav Deepak as Ravindra Varma
** Karthik as Young Ravindra Varma
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Marthand
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as [[Sub-Inspector |SI]] Anjaneyulu; Nandini's close confident.
* [[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Jyothi
* Armaan as Srikanth<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Nagarjuna unveils trailer of ZEE5's 'Gaalivaana' |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/nagarjuna-unveils-trailer-of-zee5s-gaalivaana-156595 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=TeluguBulletin.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Charith as Ajay Varma
* Nikhitha Shree as Geetha
* Nanaji Karri as Patamata Srinu
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Shakuntala
* Satish Saripalli as Satyanaryana
* Surabhi Jaya Chandra as Suribabu
* Naveen Sanaka as David Varma
* [[Surya Sreenivas]] as Dev
* Arun as Arjun Naidu
* Rohini Naidu as Latha
{{colend}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|title=Gaalivaana|director=Sharan Koppisetty|writer=[[Chandra Pemmaraju]]|airdate={{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}|country=India|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The storm is coming
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Childhood sweethearts Ajay Varma and Geetha are brutally murdered on their return from the honeymoon. Soon their devastated families discover the identity of a badly injured stranger who turns up on their doorstep.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = One of us knows it all
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Nandini, a police officer from Vizag to investigate the young couple's murder. The two families have new problem to deal with, as they realise they are not above crime.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The buried truth
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While both families struggle to hide the crime, someone among them is hiding the truth from everyone. Saraswathi stumbles upon something that either solve it all, or create a big dilemma for her.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The knife knows the killer
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Savitri blackmails Komarraju to not reveal Srikanth's visit to the cattle barn the night Srinu died. Nandini is terrified to see the news of the young guy's death because of the drugs she supplied. Meanwhile, Ravindra Varma commits suicide, and Marthand gets arrested.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Is it right to be wrong
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = David Raju warns Nandini to help him escape the city. Srikanth leaks a shocking information to the police. Nandini and the police team find the clue they’ve been searching for.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = A truth greater than confession
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The two families are taken into custody. Finally, Marthand confesses to murder. Sravani's world shatters when Shakantulamma reveals the truth to her.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = An innocent mind knows no boundaries
|DirectedBy = Sharan Koppisetty
|WrittenBy = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Shakuntala reveals how overlooking something in the past has now caught up to destroy two families. Saraswathi unleashes a mother's wrath. Tulasi crumbles while Komarraju realises everything that he has been holding on to is false.
|LineColor = 000
}}}}

== Production ==
In December 2021, ''[[Telangana Today]]'' reported that [[P. Sai Kumar]] is making his debut in web series. The makers told the media house that "We have already started the shoot of the web series. It's the first time that a European show has been adapted into Telugu. Suitable changes have been made to the original to suit the Telugu nativity,” said the makers. BBC is entering the regional market with the show."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telanganatoday |date=2021-12-11 |title=Sai Kumar makes OTT debut with 'Gaalivaana' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sai-kumar-makes-ott-debut-with-gaalivaana |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The final schedule of filming the series began in [[Gachibowli]], [[Hyderabad]] in January 2022 and ended in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=ZEE5 Original 'GAALIVAANA' web series enters the last schedule - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/zee5-original-gaalivaana-web-series-enters-the-last-schedule-telugu-news-307020 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and praised the performance of lead actors [[P. Sai Kumar]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{Citation |title=Gaalivaana Season 1 Review: An interesting plot let down by subpar narration |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/gaalivaana/gaalivaana-season-1/seasonreview/90817618.cms |access-date=2022-04-15}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' stated that it is "fairly gripping thriller that comes with a shocking twist" and also praised performances of lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=Gaalivaana Review: A fairly gripping thriller that comes with a shocking twist |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/gaalivaana-web-series-review-fairly-gripping-thriller-comes-shocking-twist-1068570 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, a reviewer of [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] felt that mid episodes of the series were slow-paced but worked well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=కొడుకును చంపినవాడే ఇంటికొస్తే.. 'గాలివాన' వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/galivana-web-series-review-and-rating-telugu-1449083 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "On the whole, Gaalivaana is a decent crime thriller that offers stellar performances by Sai Kumar, Radhika Sarathkumar and a couple of other actors. Some scenes in a couple of episodes make you press the forward button. Especially, the climax portion could have been written well to make the series a great thriller."

Nelki Naresh of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' appreciated the performances and writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Nelki |title=Gaali vaana review {{!}} గాలివాన వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ... డిఫరెంట్ మర్డర్ మిస్టరీ డ్రామా |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gaali-vaana-web-series-review-gripping-crime-thriller-121650155960361.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417011002/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gaali-vaana-web-series-review-gripping-crime-thriller-121650155960361.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/gaalivaana/0-6-4z5114116 ''Gaalivaana''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Crime web series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]

Sivarapalli

2026-02-05T04:49:29Z

Abesh Purkait: Created the stub w/ refs

{{short description|Indian comedy drama series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sivarapalli.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Comedy drama]]
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''}}
| story =
| screenplay =
| writer = Shanmukha Prasanth
| director = Bhaskhar Maurya
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rag Mayur]]|[[Muralidhar Goud]]|[[Rupa Lakshmi]]|Uday Gurrala|Sunny Palle}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| music = Sinjith Yerramilli
| cinematography = Vasu Pendem
| editor = Sai Murali
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Vijay Koshy|Shreyansh Pandey}}
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| company = [[The Viral Fever|The Viral Kathalu]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| open_theme =
| runtime = approx.24–40 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2025|1|24}}
| last_aired =
| related = ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
| creator = {{ubl| Deepak Kumar Mishra |[[Arunabh Kumar]]}}
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
}}
'''''Sivarapalli''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series, which is an official remake of the [[Hindi]]-language series ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''. The series writer by Shanmukha Prashanth and directed by Bhaskhar Maurya for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It featured [[Rag Mayur]], [[Muralidhar Goud]], [[Rupa Lakshmi]], Uday Gurrala, Sunny Palle in primary roles.

Produced by [[Arunabh Kumar]] under the banner of [[The Viral Fever|TVF]], the show revolves around Shyam, a young engineering graduate from [[Hyderabad]] who reluctantly accepts a job as the Panchayat Secretary in the remote village of Sivarapalli, [[Telangana]].<ref name="‘Sivarapalli’ web series review: This Telugu remake of ‘Panchayat’ is uplifted by solid performances">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title='Sivarapalli' web series review: This Telugu remake of 'Panchayat' is uplifted by solid performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivarapalli-web-series-review-a-loyal-remake-uplifted-by-solid-performances/article69131543.ece |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124080554/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivarapalli-web-series-review-a-loyal-remake-uplifted-by-solid-performances/article69131543.ece |archive-date=24 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It premiered on 24 January 2025 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and consists of eight episodes.<ref name="Telugu comedy series 'Sivarapalli' to stream on Prime Video from January 24">{{cite news |title=Telugu comedy series 'Sivarapalli' to stream on Prime Video from January 24 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/telugu-comedy-series-sivarapalli-to-stream-on-prime-video-from-january-24/cid/2078186 |accessdate=23 January 2025 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=18 January 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123060931/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/telugu-comedy-series-sivarapalli-to-stream-on-prime-video-from-january-24/cid/2078186 |archivedate=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Sivarapalli to Sweet Dreams to Hisaab Barabar: Watch latest OTT releases this week on Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar">{{cite news |title=Sivarapalli to Sweet Dreams to Hisaab Barabar: Watch latest OTT releases this week on Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sivarapalli-to-sweet-dreams-to-hisaab-barabar-watch-latest-ott-releases-this-week-on-netflix-prime-video-disney-hotstar/articleshow/117494076.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123192249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sivarapalli-to-sweet-dreams-to-hisaab-barabar-watch-latest-ott-releases-this-week-on-netflix-prime-video-disney-hotstar/articleshow/117494076.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Telugu Original Series 'Sivarapalli' to Premiere on Prime Video on January 24">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telugu Original Series 'Sivarapalli' to Premiere on Prime Video on January 24 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/telugu-original-series-sivarapalli-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-january-24-937761 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work= |date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123192344/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/telugu-original-series-sivarapalli-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-january-24-937761 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rag Mayur]] as Shyam Prasad; Panchayat Secretary<ref name="Rag Mayur talks about ‘Sivarapalli,’ his role and the OTT journey">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Rag Mayur talks about 'Sivarapalli,' his role and the OTT journey |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rag-mayur-talks-about-sivarapalli-his-role-and-the-ott-journey |access-date=24 January 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124075621/https://telanganatoday.com/rag-mayur-talks-about-sivarapalli-his-role-and-the-ott-journey |archive-date=24 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Mitta Sudhakar; Sarpanch's Husband
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Mitta Susheela; Sarpanch
* Uday Gurrala as Mallikarjun; Deputy Sarpanch
* Sunny Palle as Naresh; Office Assistant
* Anji Valguman as Chandra Mohan
* Vijay Ambaiah as Tea Shop Suri
* Pavani Karanam as Mitta Anu, Sudhakar and Susheela’s daughter
* Pranay Pannala as Vinay, Shyam’s friend

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=50A2A6 |overall=|title=|writer=|director=Bhaskhar Maurya|airdate=24 January 2025|
episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Sam Sir!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Dayyam Chettu!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Chakrala Kurchi!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Adda Gadidha!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Kanabadutaledhu!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Idem Lolli?
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Chaduvukonivvandi Please!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Keratam!
|DirectedBy = Bhaskhar Maurya
|WrittenBy = Shanmukha Prashanth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Calling it an "polished execution", Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that the series had "strong cast", and appreciated cinematography and score.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-01-24 |title='Sivarapalli' web series review: This Telugu remake of 'Panchayat' is uplifted by solid performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivarapalli-web-series-review-a-loyal-remake-uplifted-by-solid-performances/article69131543.ece |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124080554/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivarapalli-web-series-review-a-loyal-remake-uplifted-by-solid-performances/article69131543.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and stated, "For those who have watched ''Panchayat Season 1'', ''Sivarapalli'' might come across as slightly underwhelming in comparison. However, if one overlooks the slow pace, this village drama offers some delightful moments worth cherishing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Sivarapalli Series Review: A Rustic Drama That Shines In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/sivarapalli-series-review-a-rustic-drama-that-shines-in-parts-review-117495633 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
Anisha Rao of ''[[India Today]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and stated "The performances in Sivarapalli are what makes the show watchable, with Rag Mayur portraying Shyam's frustration and eventual acceptance of his situation."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Sivarapalli review: Rag Mayur's Panchayat remake fails to pass authenticity test |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/sivarapalli-review-rag-mayurs-show-fails-to-pass-authenticity-test-panchayat-remake-2671869-2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
Tanya Garg from ''[[Jagran Prakashan|Jagaran]]'' said "Sivarapalli tells original, humorous tales set in rural India. The series transports you to a busy Telangana village where the intricacies of rural life are unfolded."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Sivarapalli Review: Rag Mayur's Telugu Comedy-Drama Met With Thunderous Applause In Hyderabad{{!}} Check OTT Details |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/sivarapalli-review-rag-mayur-telugu-comedy-drama-met-with-thunderous-applause-in-hyderabad-check-ott-details-10214856 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of OTTplay gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and said "The Rag Mayur series is earthy, entertaining and honest."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivarapalli Review: The Rag Mayur series is earthy, entertaining and honest |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sivarapalli-review-the-rag-mayur-series-is-earthy-entertaining-and-honest/7797855259385 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31914057}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Sivarapalli/0OIFOFM3FBALSVO7P4HOUF3DE5 ''Sivarapalli''] at [[Amazon Prime Video]]
{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]

Bihar Vidyapeeth

2026-01-23T10:42:13Z

Abesh Purkait: Added some stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Bihar Vidyapeeth
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = {{start date|df=yes|1921|02|06}}
| founder = [[Maulana Mazharul Haque]]
| affiliation = [[Bihar State Education Board]]
| academic_affiliation = [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]
| president = Vijay Prakash
| address = [[Sadaqat Ashram]], Kurji, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| city =
| country = India
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|32|acre}}
| website = {{URL|https://drpspm.biharvidyapeeth.edu.in/}}
}}

'''Bihar Vidyapeeth''' is an Indian educational institution founded by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] on 6 February 1921 but it was seized by the British in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=Bihar Vidyapeeth, founded by Gandhi, to be revived |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/471328/bihar-vidyapeeth-founded-gandhi-revived.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Day Special: बापू ने की थी पटना में बिहार विद्यापीठ की स्थापना, डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद बने थे पहले प्राचार्य |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-vidyapeeth-was-established-with-the-help-of-donation-from-public-mahatma-gandhi-had-an-important-role-in-its-establishment-jagran-special-21341575.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugurated By Mahatma Gandhi, Patna's Bihar Vidyapith Turns 100 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/inaugurated-gandhi-patnas-bihar-vidyapith-turns-100-many-rue-lack-of-centennial-lustre/amp |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> It was started in Patna by [[Rajendra Prasad|Shri Rajendra Prasad]] and the land was donated by [[Maulana Mazharul Haque]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salim |first=Saquib |date=2020-07-07 |title=Sadaqt Ashram, Patna : Mazharul Haque's gift to the Nation |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/sadaqt-ashram-patna-mazharul-haques-gift-to-the-nation/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Its first Institution was opened at [[Patna]]-[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] road presently known as Buddha Marg. It was inaugurated by [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Kasturba Gandhi]] along with Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Vidyapith – AICBVF |url=https://www.aicbvf.edu.in/bihar-vidyapith/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Century-old Bihar Vidyapeeth is encroachment-free |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/century-old-bihar-vidyapeeth-is-encroachment-free-7853062/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Patna HC asks state govt to make Bihar Vidyapeeth campus a museum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/patna-hc-asks-state-govt-to-make-bihar-vidyapeeth-campus-a-museum-8042291/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, it is proposed to make Bihar Vidyapeeth a Central University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार विद्यापीठ का लौटेगा गौरव, बनेगी सेंट्रल विवि |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-bihar-vidyapeeth-39-s-pride-will-return-central-university-will-be-formed-6175819.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra|first=Arnab|date=2021-08-14|title=75th Independence Day: The history behind India's own 'National Vidyapiths' founded by Mahatma Gandhi, others|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/news-75th-independence-day-national-vidyapiths-set-up-by-mahatma-gandhi-jamia-millia-islamia-gujarat-vidyapith-kashi-vidyapith-725782|access-date=2022-12-18|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-29 |title=आम के पेड़ चला रहे गांधी के सपनों की 'बिहार विद्यापीठ' {{!}} Mango trees running Gandhi's Bihar Vidyapeeth |url=https://www.patrika.com/education-news/mango-trees-running-gandhi-s-bihar-vidyapeeth-4051944/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
{{Rajendra Prasad series}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://drpspm.biharvidyapeeth.edu.in//}}

{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Patna}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Bihar}}
[[Category:Universities in Patna]]
[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Patna]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]

Vivek Vihar

2026-01-11T07:59:07Z

Abesh Purkait: Created a details more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Vivek Vihar''' is one of 3 subdivisions of [[Delhi|Delhi's]] [[Shahdara district]],<ref name = "DM Shahdara: Vivek Vihar">{{cite web |url=https://dmshahdara.delhi.gov.in/vivek-vihar/ |title=Vivek Vihar |date=18 September 2023 |website=dmshahdara.delhi.gov.in |publisher=DM Shahdara |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> near the edge of Ghaziabad as well as a small neighbourhood in that subdivision located beside just besides the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Choudhary Charan Singh road]] along with [[Uttar Pradesh]] border.<ref name = "Locality Review: Vivek Vihar">{{cite news |date=5 May 2023 |title=Locality Review: Vivek Vihar, Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/times-property/locality-review-vivek-vihar-delhi/videoshow/100020137.cms |work=Times of India |location=[[Delhi]] |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Google Maps: Vivek Vihar">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vivek+Vihar,+Delhi,+110095/@28.6704716,77.3158641,15.96z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x390cfb0e483ca36f:0xdfe1c4624fe6352a!8m2!3d28.6712458!4d77.3176541!16s%2Fg%2F122jxc4r?entry=ttu |title=Vivek Vihar |website=maps.google.com |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

== Vivek Vihar subdivision ==

The Vivek Vihar subdivision consists of 5 main areas:<ref name = "DM Shahdara: Vivek Vihar" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sec.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/SEC/universal-tab/ward-29e.pdf |title=Ward 29-E, Vivek Vihar |date=7 October 2016 |website=sec.delhi.gov.in |publisher=State Election Commission, Delhi |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/News/Documents/201509151213375465068AC_Revenue_District_Sub-Division.pdf |title=Revenue Districts, Sub-Divisions, & Assembly Constituencies - NCT of Delhi |date=15 September 2015 |website=ceodelhi.gov.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Delhi |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]]
* Oldenpur
* Chandrawali
* [[Ghonda|Ghondali]]
* [[Seelampur]]
* Jhilmil

== Vivek Vihar colony ==

Vivek Vihar is one of the most premier localities of Shahdara and primarily consists of residential developments dominated by builder floors and [[House|independent houses]]. The locality is horizontal in nature and comprises [[Low-rise building|low-rise establishments]]. It is systematically laid-out and has been divided into 4 blocks - blocks A to D. The area is close to other important areas of eastern Delhi such as Anand Vihar, Jhilmil Colony, Surajmal Vihar, Vishwas Nagar, Bihari Colony, Teliwara and Bhola Nath Nagar.<ref name = "Locality Review: Vivek Vihar" /><ref name = "Delhi Information: Vivek Vihar">{{cite web |url=https://www.delhiinformation.in/delhi/vivek-vihar |title=Vivek Vihar |website=delhiinformation.in |date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Delhi Information |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Hanuman|Hanuman Balaji temple]], located on Unnati Marg, is a major religious attraction. It was established in the year 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hanumanbalajimandir.org/ |title=Hanuman Balaji Mandir |website=hanumanbalajimandir.org |publisher=Hanuman Balaji Mandir |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Connectivity ===

*'''[[Delhi Metro]]:''' The area is located close to the [[Dilshad Garden metro station]] and [[Jhilmil metro station]] of the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]], and the [[Anand Vihar metro station]] and [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkardooma metro station]] of the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] lines.
*'''[[Indian Railways]]:''' The area is served by the Vivek Vihar railway station, which is on the [[Sahibabad Junction railway station|Sahibabad]]-[[Delhi Shahdara Junction railway station|Shahdara]]-[[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]] branch of the [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Delhi-Howrah line]].
*'''Bus:''' [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] bus routes 313, 336, 340, 342, 358, and 704 serve the area from the Vivek Vihar bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dtcbusroutes.in/bus/stop/1072/vivek-vihar/ |title=DTC Bus Routes - Stop Vivek Vihar - 6 Buses from Vivek Vihar |website=dtcbusroutes.in |publisher=DTC Bus Routes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111075436/https://www.dtcbusroutes.in/bus/stop/1072/vivek-vihar/ |archive-date=11 January 2026 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|28|40|N|77|19|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]
[[Category:Shahdara district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Molesalam

2025-12-01T17:51:00Z

Abesh Purkait: starting basic page and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Ethnic group|
| group = Molesalam Rajput
| population = 108,000<ref name="JP">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Molesalam in India people group profile |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17643/IN |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Joshua Project]]}}</ref>
| poptime =
| total_year = 

| popplace = India
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="JP" />
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="JP" />}}

The '''Molesalam''' are a [[Muslim Rajput|Muslim Rajput (Muslim Indo-Aryan)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Berger |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&dq=Molesalam+are+a+Muslim+Rajput&pg=RA1-PA1961 |title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory |last2=Heidemann |first2=Frank |date=2013-06-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-06118-1 |pages=1961 |language=en |quote=The dominant Rajput landowners ....which encompassed branches of both Hindu and Molesalam (Muslim) Rajputs.}}</ref> community found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India. They also refer to themselves as '''Molesalam Thakur''' and sometimes '''Molesalam [[Girasia]]''' or मॉलेसलाम (Grasiya). There is some documentation of "nomadic Molesalam", but it is unclear from a single source of the relationship of this nomadic group with the "origin community".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhakare |first=Shilpa |date=27 July 2020 |title=Nomadic Molesalams peddle traditional medicine despite challenges |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/nomadic-molesalams-peddle-traditional-medicine-despite-challenges/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Village Square |publication-place=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

The Molesalam were targeted in an oppressive ''[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|shuddhi]]'' ‘purification’ campaign launched by the [[Arya Samaj]] Hindu organization in 1908. In March 1926, the Molesalam held an anti-''shuddhi'' conference in [[Charotar]], led by a prominent leader of their community and member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]], [[Sardar Naharsinhji Ishvarsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virani |first=Shafique N. |author-link=Shafique Virani |year=2011 |title=Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community |url=http://www.shafiquevirani.org/pdfs/Virani-Taqiyya_and_Identity-JAS.pdf |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=99–139 |doi=10.1017/S0021911810002974 |s2cid=143431047}}</ref>{{Rp|page=114}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-ethno-stub}}

St. Francis Xavier's Church, Sampaloor

2025-11-29T08:30:48Z

Abesh Purkait: Created new article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Francis Xavier's Pilgrim Church, Sampaloor
| fullname =
| image = Sampaloor Church - സമ്പാളൂർ പള്ളി.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| location = [[Sampaloor]], [[Kadukutty]], [[Chalakudy taluk]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|16|7|N|76|17|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Latin Catholic Church]]
| churchmanship = [[High church]]
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = https://sampaloorchurch.org
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = [[Francis Xavier]]
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date = 1862
| people =
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
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| architectural type = Modern
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| parish = St. Francis Xavier's Church parish
| deanery =
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| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram]]
| province =
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| circuit =
| district =
| division =
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| archbishop = [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]]
| bishop = Bishop Ambrose Puthenveettil
| vicar =
| curate =
| priest = Rev. Fr. Dr. Johnson Panketh
| asstpriest = Rev. Fr. Rexon Panketh
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}}

'''St. Francis Xavier's Church, Sampaloor''', popularly known as '''Sampaloor Palli''', is a pilgrim centre coming under the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram|Diocese of Kottapuram]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]. It is situated along Palayamparambu Road, at [[Sampaloor]], [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] in [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The church is best known for hosting a number of Christian saints and [[missionaries]] including [[Francis Xavier]], [[John de Britto]], [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden|Arnos Pathiri]] and [[Constanzo Beschi]].

== Overview ==
[[File:Xavier's Castle.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Xavier's Castle]]
Sampaloor, the place where the church is located, had a number of missionary visitors in its history, starting with [[Francis Xavier]], who visited the village first in 1542, followed by two more visits in 1544 and 1548.<ref name="Sampaloor Church at Thrissur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/sampaloor-church-thrissur/62 |title=Sampaloor Church at Thrissur |date=2019-04-20 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The name of the village, prior to the arrival of Francis Xavier was Ambazhakad, and the concentration of [[Jesuit]] population in the village started in 1600s when they had to flee [[Kochi]] after the [[Dutch Colonial Empire|Dutch]] asserted their supremacy in Kochi.<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-times-and-life-of-arnos-paathiri/article7512463.ece |title=The times and life of Arnos Paathiri |last=K.pradeep |date=2015-08-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> The Jesuits relocated the St. Paul's Seminary at Kochi to Ambalakad and called the place, ''são(n)-paulo(u)-ur'', meaning the ''land of São Paulo (St. Paul)'', to honour the memory of [[Paul the Apostle]]. Another Catholic saint, [[John de Britto]] visited the place, estimated to be in 1673-74, followed by [[Constantine Joseph Beschi]], alternatively known as ''Veera Mamunyar'', an Italian missionary and the author of ''[[Thembavani]]'', whose resting place is by the church.<ref name="Rev. Fr. Constantine Joseph Beschi">{{Cite web |url=http://maryfaithblogcom.blogspot.com/2015/06/rev-fr-constantine-joseph-beschi-who.html |title=Rev. Fr. Constantine Joseph Beschi |website=Rev. Fr. Constantine Joseph Beschi |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref name="www.ashtamichira.com: History of Pilgrim Centrre Sampaloor, Ashtamichira">{{Cite web |url=http://ashtamichiraonline.blogspot.com/2012/08/history-of-pilgrim-centrre-sampaloor.html |title=www.ashtamichira.com: History of Pilgrim Centrre Sampaloor, Ashtamichira |date=2012-08-03 |website=www.ashtamichira.com |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

It was to the St. Paul's Seminary in Sampaloor, the German Jesuit priest and missionary, [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden]], better identified as Arnos Pathiri, came after his novitiate studies in [[Goa]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnosgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> While continuing his [[ecclesiastical]] studies, Pathiri studied Sanskrit and Malayalam while staying at Sampaloor and was ordained as a priest at this church.<ref name="Sampaloor Church at Thrissur" /> The church was destroyed during the [[Tipu Sultan#The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)|invasion of Malabar]] by [[Tippu Sultan]] in 1781, and a new church was constructed in its place by Bernadian Bechinelly, the then vicar apostolate of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Varapuzha]] in 1862 which was renovated twice, in 1893 and 1970 and the present church getting [[consecrated]] on 2 December 1979.<ref name="Sampaloor Church at Thrissur" />

The church complex, besides St. Paul's seminary, is home to St. Paul's Press and St. Paul's Monastery and it was at this press which was established in 1663, many of the early publications of Jesuit priests in the area were printed,<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" /> including the first text in Malayalam.<ref name="Sampaloor Church, Thrissur - a documentary">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3FotXm9gfU |title=Sampaloor Church, Thrissur - a documentary |last=likeworthy kerala |date=2017-08-11 |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The church premises also hold two museums, Historicum Museum and Anglo-Indian Cultural Museum and several exhibits such as cannon balls used by Tippu Sultan during the invasion, lamps, vestments, tablets and statues are displayed in these museums.<ref name="Sampaloor Museum">{{Cite web |url=http://kerala.trip-package.com/Tourist-destinations-in-Kerala/kerala-museums-destinations/sampaloor-kerala-museum-kerala.html |title=Sampaloor Museum |date=2019-04-20 |website=kerala.trip-package.com |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[Sampaloor]] is a small village, sitting on the banks of [[Chalakudy River]], in [[Kadukutty]] panchayat of [[Chalakudy taluk]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Sampaloor, Thrissur District, Kerala, India">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/sampaloor/id/41200 |title=Sampaloor, Thrissur District, Kerala, India |date=2019-04-20 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The church is accessible by rail through [[Chalakudy railway station]] roughly 7 km away. The nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]] which is around 25 km away from the church.<ref name="Sampaloor Church, Thrissur - Christian Pilgrim Center in Kerala">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/kerala/sampaloor-church-thrissur.html |title=Sampaloor Church, Thrissur - Christian Pilgrim Center in Kerala |date=2019-04-20 |website=www.tourmyindia.com |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
=== Old church ===
<gallery>
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 001.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 001}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 002.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 002}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 003.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 003}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 004.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 004}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 005.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 005}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 006.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 006}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 007.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 007}}
File:Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - പഴയ പള്ളിയുടെ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ - 008.JPG|{{center|Remains of Old Sampaloor Church - 008}}
</gallery>

=== New church ===
<gallery>
File:Altar - Sampaloor Church - 001.JPG|{{center|Altar}}
File:Baptism Stone - മാമോദീസ പാത്രം.JPG|{{center|Baptismal font}}
File:Christian Holy Dresses - വിശുദ്ധ വസ്ത്രങ്ങൾ.JPG|{{center|Clerical clothing}}
File:The model of Ship inside the Sampaloor Church.JPG|{{center|An exhibit of a ship}}
File:Sampaloor Church Cemtry - ശവക്കോട്ട.JPG|{{center|Church Cemetery}}
File:Confession Box - കുമ്പസാര കൂട്.JPG|{{center|Confession Box}}
File:Details - Sampaloor Church.JPG|{{center|History displayed on the church wall}}
File:New Parish Hall and Ship.JPG|{{center|New Parish Hall}}
</gallery>

==See also==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical
| width = 120
| image1 = Historical Museum Sampaloor.JPG
| caption1 = Historical Museum
| image2 = Anglo Indian Cultural Museum - ആംഗ്ലോ ഇന്ത്യൻ സാംസ്കാരിക മ്യൂസിയം.JPG
| caption2 = Anglo Indian Cultural Museum
}}
* [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicdirectory.com/sampaloor/church/st-francis-xavier |title=St. Francis Xavier on The Catholic Directory |date=2019-04-19 |website=The Catholic Directory |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxcga3D6nZY |title=Sambaloor Church |last=TheBossSolutions |date=2013-12-05 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-20}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1862]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Kerala]]

Adiyodi

2025-10-24T10:58:43Z

Abesh Purkait: adding new data w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Adiyodi
| popplace = [[Kerala]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madampi]], [[Samantan|Samantha]]
}}

'''Adiyodi''' is a subcaste of the [[Samantan]] [[Nair]] community found in the [[North Malabar|northern region]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTNRAAAAYAAJ&dq=unithiri+adiyodi&pg=RA1-PA150 |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1903 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gundert |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbfTg90v_akC&dq=%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC&pg=PP122 |title=Kēralōlpatti: (the origin of Malabar) |date=1874 |publisher=Stolz & Hirner |language=ml}}</ref> It is the same caste to which the king ([[Raja]]) of [[Kadathanadu]] belonged.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC&q=adiyodi+samantha+nair |title=Nâyars of Malabar |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0171-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin and history ==
The Adiyodi caste is believed to have originated from the old [[Samantan|Samantha Nair]] title "[[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]]." The title "Pillai" was traditionally reserved for junior Samanthan family members and junior members of a royal family,<ref>Mark de Lannoy,Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore, Page 6,7, 8</ref> particularly for children born of unions between the [[Maharaja]] and Nair women. Members of this group were also referred to as Pillayathiri—a compound of Pillai (royal child) and Thiri (a Sanskrit-derived term meaning "sacred one", primarily used as a suffix in [[Northern Kerala]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilhite |first=Harold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uzsAAAAMAAJ&q=thiri+meaning |title=Consumption and the Transformation of Everyday Life: A View from South India |date=2008-07-24 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-54254-9 |language=en}}</ref> which roughly translates to "sacred royal child." They held a unique social position as lords of landlords, ranking below the king but above the landed gentry. This elevated status gave rise to the title Adiyodi, which can be interpreted as "lord of lords." Women belonging to this group were known as Pillayathiri Amma, maintaining the same sacred undertone. Children born to an Adiyodi were known as Kidavu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nāyar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/N%C4%81yar |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> which also means "royal child". In certain regions, under the influence of [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritization]], this title evolved into Unnithiri, where Unni also denotes a royal child in the local context.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC&q=adiyodi+samantha+nair |title=Nâyars of Malabar |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0171-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Viṣṇunampūtiri |first=Eṃ Vi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMkOERxsvwQC&q=Pillayathiri |title=Folklore: The Identity of Culture |date=2012 |publisher=Department of Information & Public Relations, Government of Kerala |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPFWAAAAYAAJ&dq=Unnithiri+caste&pg=PA147 |title=The Cochin Tribes and Castes ... |date=1912 |publisher=government of Cochin |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Raja]] of [[Kadathanadu]] is traditionally believed to belong to the Adiyodi caste. Historical accounts suggest that they were originally Samanthan Nair Royal families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunhali |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xJuAAAAMAAJ&q=adiyodi+kadathanadu |title=Calicut in History |date=2004 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |isbn=978-81-7748-067-2 |language=en}}</ref> Due to conflicts with the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] (Samoothiri), they were driven out from their lands. Following their displacement, the [[Chirakkal Raja|Raja of Chirakkal]] is said to installed them as lords or vassals under his dominion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunhali |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xJuAAAAMAAJ&q=adiyodi+kadathanadu |title=Calicut in History |date=2004 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |isbn=978-81-7748-067-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5xEAQAAMAAJ |title=Malabar |date=1981 |publisher=Charithram Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Menon |first1=V. K. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJVuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Medieval Kerala |last2=Ramachandran |first2=Rathi |last3=Narayanan |first3=Girija |last4=Ramachandran |first4=Ammini |date=2006 |publisher=Pragati Publications |isbn=978-81-7307-091-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Caste system ==
Members of the Adiyodi caste were traditionally regarded as socially superior to all type of [[Nair]] subcastes. The Adiyodis were considered to hold a position above the traditional Nair caste and immediately below the king in the social hierarchy. This intermediate status sometimes led to their classification as Antarala Jati, in the traditional [[Caste system in Kerala|Kerala caste structure]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nair |first1=R. Raman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRfipEdV0C&dq=adiyodi+caste&pg=PA24 |title=Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography |last2=Devi |first2=L. Sulochana |date=2010 |publisher=South Indian Studies |isbn=978-81-905928-2-6 |language=en}}</ref>
Marriages were primarily arranged within the Samantan (Samanthan or Samanthan Nair) communities, reflecting their elevated status. In some instances, they also engaged in [[Sambandam|Sambandham]] with women from the [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]], [[Swaroopathil Nair|Purathu Charna]] and [[Kiryathil Nair|Kiriyathil Nair]] subcastes of [[North Malabar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC&q=adiyodi+higher+sambandam |title=Nâyars of Malabar |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0171-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=adiyodi+and+Unithiri |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwkbAAAAYAAJ&q=sambandham+nair+Samantan |title=Malabar Law and Custom |date=1905 |publisher=Higginbotham |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schneider |first=David Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&q=Malabar+marriage+nair+samantan |title=Matrilineal Kinship |date=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Kenoth G. Adiyodi]], Indian zoologist and author
* [[K. G. Adiyodi]], Indian politician

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adiyodi}}
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]

Intizam-ud-Daulah

2025-10-16T14:52:26Z

Abesh Purkait:

{{Short description|Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire from 1753 to 1754}}
'''Intizam-ud-Daulah''' (died 29 November 1759) was a [[List of Mughal Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier]] during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodwell |first1=Henry Herbert |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 5 |date=1928 |publisher=CUP Archive}}</ref>

He was the eldest son of [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din Khan]] and older brother of [[Moin-ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodwell |first1=Henry Herbert |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 5 |date=1928 |publisher=CUP Archive}}</ref> He was a pupil of [[Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan]], one of the four pillars of Urdu poetry, and wrote verses in Persian and Urdu, and had perfect skill in this art.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhuAAAAMAAJ&q=He+was+a+pupil+of+Mirza+Mazhar+Jan+-+i+Janan+in+poetic+composition+.+He+composed+verses+both+in+Persian+and+Urdu+.+He+had+attained+perfect+skill+in |title= Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |page= 462 |author= Muhammad Umar |date= 1998 |publisher= the University of Michigan |isbn= 978-81-215-0830-8 }}</ref> During the wazirate of [[Safdar Jung]] he led the Turani opposition and played a significant role in his dismissal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803 |date=1979 |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> He was subsequently appointed to replace Safdar Jung as Grand Vizier in 1753. He resigned in 1754 following pressure from his nephew [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodwell |first1=Henry Herbert |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 5 |date=1928 |publisher=CUP Archive}}</ref>

In 1759 he was murdered together with [[Alamgir II]], at the instigation of Imad-ul-Mulk, and his body was thrown in a river.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mīr Taqī Mīr |title=Zikr-i Mir: The Autobiography of the Eighteenth Century Mughal Poet, Mir Muhammad Taqi ʻMir', 1723-1810 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=019564588X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daulah, Intizam-ud}}
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1759 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

{{Asia-bio-stub}}

Indian National Theatre

2025-10-13T01:12:38Z

Abesh Purkait: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian National Theatre
| pronounce =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
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| abbreviation = INT
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| formation = {{start date and age|1944}}
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| founding_location = Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), British India
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| type = Theatre organisation and troupe
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| purpose = Theatre production, education and research
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The '''Indian National Theatre''' (INT) is a [[theatre]] organisation and troupe founded in 1943 and based in [[Mumbai]], India. Although performing predominantly [[Gujarati theatre]], the troupe has also produced a number of plays in other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]. In addition to theatre productions, the troupe also carries theatre education, training and research activities.

==History==

In 1940, on the 50th birthday of [[Dhansukhlal Mehta]], [[Chandravadan Mehta]] and his troupe improvised a [[revue]] performance named ''Ranglila''. The performance featured elements from ''Bhattnu Bhopalu'' (Bhatt's Hypocrisy) by [[Navalram Pandya]], ''Nawabni Mulakat'' (Nawab's Visit) by [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]], ''Ashok Parsi Hato'' (Ashok Was [[Parsi]]) by [[Jyotindra Dave]] and ''Narmad'' by Chandravadan Mehta. Such performances, although initially improvised, gradually evolved into organised theatrical activities. In 1944, the Indian National Theatre (INT) was founded in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), with Damubhai Jhaveri as its first General Secretary. Other members associated with the founding included Mansukh Joshi, Gautam Joshi, Naran Mistry and Chandravadan Bhatt with D. G. Vyas providing guidance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=History of Gujarati theatre|last=Baradi|first=Hasmukh|author-link=Hasmukh Baradi|date=2003|publisher=[[National Book Trust]], India|isbn=8123740328|edition=English 1st|location=New Delhi|page=143|chapter=New Theatre: Phase Two: Theatre Troupe (1939-1949)|oclc=56096332|orig-year=1997}}</ref>

In 1942, members of [[Socialism|socialist]] youth groups who supported the [[Quit India Movement]] sought to use the fledgling theatre scene as a tool for public education, resulting in arrests and imprisonment.<ref name=":1"/>

Early performances by the theatre were of ballets or dance-dramas, such as ''Kalbhairav'' and ''Bhukh'' (Hunger), written by [[Avinash Vyas]]
and directed by Yogendra Desai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|last=Joshi|first=Probodh|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|edition=1st|volume=2|location=Ahmedabad|publication-date=October 1990|pages=703-705|language=gu|chapter=Indian National Theatre}}</ref> The troupe used two lorries for a stage and to travel around [[Bombay Province]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0220|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Baradi|first=Hasmukh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195644468|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|location=New Delhi|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0220|oclc=56986659|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> Apart from Gujarati theatre, the troupe also performed at least one Marathi play. In 1947, Shanti Bardhan directed a dance-drama of ''Discovery of India'', based on the [[Discovery of India|book of the same name]] by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], at which he was also present and drew his appreciation, on the occasion of the Asian Relations Conference. Other big productions during this period included ''Narsaiyo'' on [[Narsinh Mehta]], ''Meera'' on [[Mirabai]] and ''Amrapali''.<ref name=":1" />

In 1949, the INT began performing Gujarati plays such as ''Lagnani Bedi'' (Fetters of Marriage), a Gujarati adaptation of [[Acharya Atre]]'s Marathi play of the same name,<ref name=":1" /> directed by Chadravadan Bhatt.<ref name=":3" /> This play also saw the first pre-sale of tickets. It was followed by a mystery play ''Snehna Jher'' (Poison of Love) in which different scenes were simultaneously performed on a partitioned stage. One of the founding members of the INT, Naran Mistry, also directed a number of successful plays. Productions in other Indian languages, such as the Parsi ''Mota Dilna Mota Bava'' (Parsi Man with Big Heart) and ''Shirinbainu Shantiniketan'' (Shirinbai's Shantiniketan) also began, as well as one-act plays by Firoze Antia, ''Chalo Jher Pao'' (Get Me Poison), ''Bairini Bala'' (Trouble of Wife). During this time, Firoze Antia, Madhukar Randeria, Anjani Desai, Shankarprasad Desai, Devyani Desai, Vrajlal Parekh, Vanlata Mehta, Nilanjana Mehta and Niharika Divetia became associated with the INT. The INT celebrated the centenary of [[Gujarati theatre]] later that year with plays.<ref name=":1" />

Other notable productions included ''Dekh teri Bambai'', Gujarati plays''Jesal Toral'', ''Moti Verana Chowkma'' (Pearls Scattered in the Yard), and ''Santu Rangeeli'' (Enchanting Santu), and [[Marathi theatre|Marathi play]]s ''Batatyachi Chal'' (Potato Chawl) by [[P. L. Deshpande]] as well as ''Kanyadan'' and ''Kondu'' by [[Vijay Tendulkar]]. The INT also produced Gujarati children's plays on ''Chhako Mako'' and ''[[Bakor Patel]]''.<ref name=":2" />

The English productions department of the INT produced [[W. Somerset Maugham]]'s ''[[The Sacred Flame (play)|The Sacred Flame]]'' directed by [[Adi Pherozeshah Marzban|Adi Marzban]] as well as several other plays.<ref name=":3" />

From 1950 to 1960, the INT organised [[Garba (dance)|Rasgarba]] competitions, which started a tradition of folk performances from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashta]] and [[Gujarat]] in Mumbai. The theatre also organised the All India Folk-dance Festival in 1955 and since 1974, has been organising Intercollege Theatre Competitions (later in an association with ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'').<ref name=":1" />

==Contemporary activities==
The INT produces commercial, art, and folk theatre, does research on folk theatre, and trains actors and directors, and has built facilities in Gujarat and Maharashtra for these activities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

The [[impresario]] department of the INT performs plays overseas in collaboration with the Indian Council of Cultural Relations.<ref name=":1" />

The INT performs throughout India in theatres as well as nontraditional venues, and uses no scenery. Productions focus on issues of [[social justice]], and rely on [[pantomime]] and dialogue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/theater-building/Developments-in-Asia#ref463838|title=Theatre – Developments in Asia|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-06-06|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Theatrical organisations in India]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1944]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Theatres in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:National theatres]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]

Rast Goftar

2025-10-12T21:54:39Z

Abesh Purkait: Created a entry.

{{Short description|Indian newspaper (1854)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Rast Goftar
| type = Daily newspaper (defunct)
| founder = [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]
| founded = 1851
| language = English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
}}

'''''Rast Goftar''''' ({{Translation|The Truth Teller}}) was an Anglo-Gujarati paper operating in [[Bombay]] that was started in 1854 by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and [[Kharshedji Rustomji Cama|Kharshedji Cama]] and championed social reform among [[Parsi]]s in Western India. "Rast Goftar" is in [[Persian language|Persian]], it also had a Sanskrit/Gujarati "[[Satyaprakash|Satya Prakash]]" subtitle since 1861 as a result of merging of "Satya Prakash" started in 1852 by Karsandas Mulji. It was edited by Kaikhosro Nowroji Kabraji during 1864-1904.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305832/page/n1/mode/2up In Memoriam Kaikhosro Nowroji Kabraji ]</ref> Kabraji also edited "Streebodh" which was edited by his daughter-in-law Putlaibai Kabraji until 1942.

== Background ==
A riot between Parsis and Muslims concerning the printing of a picture of prophet Mohammad in 1851 was an immediate cause of the founding of the paper. As the Riots in [[Bombay]] continued, the Parsis became frustrated with their leaders, and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] started the paper with the purpose of voicing the grievances of the poor and middle class of his people. Postal rates tended to limit their circulation to local or nearby areas, but sometimes enthusiasm for a cause led the managers of a paper to distribute several copies of each issue free. Thus, the founders of the paper lost some 10,000 rupees by distributing the first issues of the ''Rast Goftar'' free, impatient at the state of [[Parsi]] society, obviously in a hurry to reform it.

In 1857 the proprietors of ''Rast Goftar'' in Bombay converted their property into a joint-stock concern so that Nasarvanji Cama, who had financed the paper from the beginning, would not be the sole loss-bearer. K. R. Cama, Sorabji Shapoorji Bengalee, and Nowroji Fardonji all became proprietors. The local governments subsidized several vernacular journals in northern India, though only a few in Bengal and Bombay. Their subsidy consisted in subscribing to a certain fixed number of copies of the journals concerned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Uma Das|date=1977-01-01|title=The Indian Press 1870-1880: A Small World of Journalism|jstor=311549|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=213–235|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00015092|s2cid=145382547 }}</ref>

In 1858 circulation rose from 432 to 852, a number then unheard of for native journalism. The widened from exclusively Parsi topics to larger questions of Indian politics. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], the paper remained loyal to the British, and it even began the first English columns in Gujarat, mostly written by Nowroji Fardoonj. By the 1870s ''Rast Goftar'' was one of the four daily newspapers operating in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], and it was not only vigorous in itself, but was also the cause of vigor in other journals either by way of antagonism or support.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karkaria|first=R.P.|date=October 1898|title=The Revival of the Native Press of Western India- The Rast Goftar|journal=Calcutta Review|publisher=University of Calcutta|volume=107|pages=238–243}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian media]]
[[Category:Parsi culture]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1851]]

India women's cricket team in England in 2025

2025-09-03T19:12:35Z

Abesh Purkait: made new entry

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|Indian cricket team in England in 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India women's cricket team in England in 2025
| team1_image = Flag of England.svg
| team1_name = England
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 28 June
| to_date = 22 July 2025
| team1_captain = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (1st & 2nd T20I) [[Tammy Beaumont]] (3rd, 4th & 5th T20I)
| team2_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]{{efn|[[Smriti Mandhana]] captained India in the 1st T20I.}}
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (160)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (126)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (5)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Kranti Goud]] (9)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 2
| team2_twenty20s_won = 3
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Sophia Dunkley]] (151)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (221)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]] (6)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Shree Charani]] (10)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Shree Charani]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] toured England in June and July 2025 to play the [[England women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-to-host-india-men-and-women-tours-in-2025-1448317 |title=England to host India Men and Women tours in 2025 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/england-home-schedule-for-2025-west-indies-india-south-africa-zimbabwe-to-tour |title=England home schedule for 2025: West Indies, India, South Africa, Zimbabwe to tour |work=Wisden |date=22 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/england-reveal-blockbuster-schedule-for-2025-summer |title=England reveal blockbuster schedule for 2025 summer |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=22 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Future Tours Programme |url=https://images.icc-cricket.com/image/upload/prd/momiku5h9eyqzp5tohdb.pdf |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=4 November 2024}}</ref> In August 2024, the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2025 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4089748/england-men-and-women-2025-summer-international-fixtures-revealed |title=England Men and Women 2025 summer international fixtures revealed |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> The series ran alongside the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2025|men's series between England and India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12173/13200990/england-men-and-women-to-play-india-and-west-indies-in-2025-home-summer-full-schedule |title=England men and women to play India and West Indies in 2025 home summer - full schedule |work=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

India won the first T20I by 97 runs with [[Smriti Mandhana]] scored maiden century in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/smriti-mandhanas-elegant-maiden-ton-leads-india-to-97-run-win-over-england-in-1st-t20i/article69749647.ece |title=Smriti Mandhana's elegant maiden ton leads India to 97-run win over England in 1st T20I |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> The tourists won the second T20I comfortably 24 runs with [[Amanjot Kaur]] and [[Jemimah Rodrigues]], both scoring 63 runs each and lead the series 2-0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/2nd-womens-t20i-jemimah-rodrigues-amanjot-kaur-star-in-indias-24-run-win-vs-england/articleshow/122193985.cms |title=Jemimah Rodrigues, Amanjot Kaur star in India's 24-run win vs England |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/all-rounder-amanjot-eager-to-contribute-more-for-india |title=All-rounder Amanjot eager to contribute more for India |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> The hosts won the third T20I by five runs in thriller to keep series alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/england-women-vs-india-women-third-t20i-oval-last-ball-thriller-harmanpreet-kaur-2751161-2025-07-05 |title=ENG-W vs IND-W: England edge India in final-ball thriller to keep T20I series alive |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> India won the fourth T20I by six wickets in a low scoring game and secured first ever T20I series victory over England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/india-women-register-first-ever-t20i-series-win-in-england-take-unassailable-3-1-lead/articleshow/122354861.cms |title=India women register first-ever T20I series win in England; take unassailable 3-1 lead |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> The hosts won the fifth and final T20I by five wickets in final ball thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jul/12/ecclestone-guides-england-to-consolation-win-in-final-ball-thriller-against-india |title=Ecclestone guides England to consolation win in final-ball thriller against India |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cgjg053pyd8o |title=England stutter to consolation T20 win over India |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

India won the first ODI by four wickets with [[Deepti Sharma]] scored unbeaten 62 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indw-vs-engw-1st-odi-deepti-powers-india-to-four-wicket-victory-over-england/article69821797.ece |title=Deepti powers India to four-wicket victory over England |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cx23v5z0g1vo |title=Sloppy England beaten by India in first ODI |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> The hosts won the rain-hit second game by eight wickets and level the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13398751/england-vs-india-sophie-ecclestone-and-amy-jones-star-as-hosts-win-rain-affected-second-odi-at-lords-to-level-series |title=Sophie Ecclestone and Amy Jones star as hosts win rain-affected second ODI at Lord's to level series |work=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> The tourists won the third and last ODI by 13 runs with the captain [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] scored her 7th ODI century (102) and [[Kranti Goud]] took her maiden ODI five-wicket haul (6/52) and India won the series 2-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/harmanpreet-kaur-kranti-gaud-india-women-vs-england-women-odi-series-2759845-2025-07-23 |title=Harmanpreet's historic feat, Kranti's fire seal ODI series win for India |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cx24xw95rkxo |title=England well beaten as India take ODI series win |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2" |{{crw|ENG}}
!colspan="2" |{{crw|IND}}
|-
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4305556/england-women-name-squad-for-metro-bank-odi-series-against-india |title=England Women name squad for Metro Bank ODI Series against India |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4285192/england-women-announce-squad-for-vitality-it20-series-against-india |title=England Women announce squad for Vitality IT20 series against India |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/5Sm84xWz |title=Team India (Senior Women) squads for the England tour announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-unveil-power-packed-squads-for-england-tour |title=India unveil power-packed squads for England tour |work=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Emily Arlott]]
* [[Tammy Beaumont]]
* [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]]
* [[Maia Bouchier]]
* [[Alice Capsey]]{{efn|In squad for first and second ODI only.}}
* [[Kate Cross]]
* [[Alice Davidson-Richards]]
* [[Charlie Dean]]
* [[Sophia Dunkley]]
* [[Sophie Ecclestone]]
* [[Lauren Filer]]
* [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]]
* [[Emma Lamb]]
* [[Linsey Smith]]
|
* [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]){{efn|In squad for first and second T20I only.}}
* [[Emily Arlott]]
* [[Tammy Beaumont]]
* [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]]
* [[Maia Bouchier]]{{efn|In squad for fourth and fifth T20I only.}}
* [[Alice Capsey]]
* [[Charlie Dean]]
* [[Sophia Dunkley]]
* [[Sophie Ecclestone]]
* [[Lauren Filer]]
* [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]]
* [[Paige Scholfield]]
* [[Linsey Smith]]
* [[Issy Wong]]
* [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Kranti Goud]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Pratika Rawal]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Sayali Satghare]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* <s>[[Shuchi Upadhyay]]</s>
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Kranti Goud]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Sayali Satghare]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* <s>[[Shuchi Upadhyay]]</s>
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|}

On 12 June, [[Radha Yadav]] was added into the squad as a replacement for [[Shuchi Upadhyay]] who was ruled out due to a left shin injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/mhyZg208 |title=Radha Yadav named as replacement for injured Shuchi Upadhyay |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> [[Smriti Mandhana]] captained the Indian side for the first T20I as [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] was ruled out due to a head injury faced during the warm-up match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-england-2025-1448388/england-women-vs-india-women-1st-t20i-1448397/match-report |title=Harmanpreet ruled out; England bowl against Mandhana-led India |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]] |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

On 5 July, [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] was ruled out of the remainder match of the T20I series due to a groin injury, with [[Maia Bouchier]] named her replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eng-vs-ind-nat-sciver-brunt-out-of-remainder-of-t20i-series-maia-bouchier-called-up-1493631 |title=Sciver-Brunt out of remainder of T20I series, Bouchier called up |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref> On 22 July, [[Alice Capsey]] was released from the ODI squad to her domestic team to play [[2025 Women's One-Day Cup|Women's One-Day Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70546-why-was-alice-capsey-released-from-england-squad-ahead-of-odi-decider.html |title=Why was Alice Capsey Released from England Squad Ahead of ODI Decider? |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

==Tour matches==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = '''50-over match'''
| date = 24 June 2025
| time = 11:00
| team1 = ECB Development XI {{flagdeco|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 353/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Maia Bouchier]] 104[[Retired (cricket)#Retired - not out|*]] (84)
| wickets1 = [[Shree Charani]] 3/71 (9 overs)
| score2 = 335/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 100[[Retired (cricket)#Retired - not out|*]] (91)
| wickets2 = [[Ryana MacDonald-Gay]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| result = ECB Development XI won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1491792.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Beckenham|County Cricket Ground]], [[Beckenham]]
| umpires = [[Rose Fernando]] (Eng) and [[James Tredwell]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = '''20-over match'''
| date = 25 June 2025
| time = 11:00
| team1 = ECB Development XI {{flagdeco|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 194/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bryony Smith]] 62 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 2/28 (3 overs)
| score2 = 188/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 47 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Sarah Glenn]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = ECB Development XI won by 6 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1491801.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Beckenham|County Cricket Ground]], [[Beckenham]]
| umpires = [[Rose Fernando]] (Eng) and [[James Tredwell]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = ECB Development XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 June 2025
| time = 14:30
| night =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 210/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 112 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 66 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Shree Charani]] 4/12 (3.5 overs)
| result = India won by 97 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448397.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires = [[James Middlebrook]] (Eng) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shree Charani]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
* [[Harleen Deol]] (Ind) scored her 1,000th run in international cricket.
* [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]] (Eng) took her 100th wicket in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/india-tour-of-england-2025/69455-lauren-bell-surpasses-100-international-wickets-milestone-for-england.html |title=Lauren Bell Surpasses 100 International Wickets Milestone for England |work=Female Cricket |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] and [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind) recorded the most fifty-plus partnerships (21) in women's T20Is and breaking the record of Australia's [[Alyssa Healy]] and [[Beth Mooney]] (20).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/eng-w-vs-ind-w-smriti-mandhana-shafali-verma-break-world-record-for-50-plus-partnership-2747730-2025-06-28 |title=Smriti Mandhana, Shafali Verma break world record with stellar partnership vs England |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/smriti-mandhana-and-shafali-vermas-make-wt20i-partnership-history-6282025-1751120300342 |title=Smriti Mandhana And Shafali Verma Make WT20I Partnership History |work=Cricket.com |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>
* Smriti Mandhana became the first Indian woman cricketer to score [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in all three formats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/smriti-mandhana-first-centuries-in-all-formats-india-vs-england-womens-t20i-10094580/ |title=Smriti Mandhana becomes first Indian to score centuries in all formats of women’s international cricket |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> She recorded the highest score by an Indian woman in T20Is,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/smriti-mandhana-breaks-record-of-highest-score-by-an-indian-batter-in-womens-t20is-ws-l-9409998.html |title=Smriti Mandhana Breaks Record Of Highest Score By An Indian In Women's T20Is |work=News18 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> and recorded the most boundary runs in a T20I innings for India with 78, both surpassing [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-eng-vs-ind-1st-women-s-t20i-a-day-of-batting-highs-for-smriti-mandhana-and-india-1492241 |title=Stats - A day of batting highs for Mandhana and India |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 July 2025
| time = 18:30
| night = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 181/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 63[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets1 = [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tammy Beaumont]] 54 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Shree Charani]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 24 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448398.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bristol County Ground|County Cricket Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[James Middlebrook]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Amanjot Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Smriti Mandhana]] became the second Indian woman cricketer to play 150 T20I matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/smriti-mandhana-150-t20is-india-women-career-stats-records-debut-ind-w-vs-eng-news/article69760652.ece |title=Smriti Mandhana set to play milestone 150th T20I for India Women |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* Smriti Mandhana and [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind) recorded the most runs (2,724) as a pair in women's T20Is, going past the Australia's [[Beth Mooney]] and [[Alyssa Healy]] (2,720).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/smriti-mandhana-shafali-verma-record-womens-t20is-england-vs-india-2749189-2025-07-01 |title=ENG-W vs IND-W: Smriti Mandhana, Shafali Verma script history again in Women's T20Is |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/englad-vs-india-2nd-t20i-bristol-most-partnership-runs-in-womens-t20-internationals-smriti-mandhana-shafali-verma/article69761570.ece |title=ENG v IND: Smriti Mandhana, Shafali Verma break record for most partnership runs in Women’s T20Is |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Richa Ghosh]] (Ind) scored her 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/richa-ghosh-scripts-history-becomes-first-players-in-the-world-to-reach-this-milestone-7919498/ |title=Richa Ghosh scripts history, becomes first players in the world to reach this milestone |work=India.com |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/richa-ghosh-creates-history-becomes-first-player-in-the-world-to-register-incredible-feat-article-152195514 |title=Richa Ghosh Creates History; Becomes First Player In The World To Register Incredible Feat |work=Times Now |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Tammy Beaumont]] (Eng) scored her 7,000th run in international cricket.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 July 2025
| time = 18:35
| night = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 171/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophia Dunkley]] 75 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 56 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Lauren Filer]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448399.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Sue Redfern]] (Eng) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| motm = [[Sophia Dunkley]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tammy Beaumont]] (Eng) captained England for the [[List of England cricket captains#Women's Twenty20 International captains|first time in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eng-vs-ind-2025-beaumont-stands-in-as-captain-as-sciver-brunt-suffers-groin-injury-1493325 |title=Beaumont stands in as captain after Sciver-Brunt suffers groin injury |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Radha Yadav]] (Ind) took her 100th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/eng-w-vs-ind-w-1st-t20i-radha-yadav-becomes-second-indian-100-wickets-wt20is/article69748381.ece |title=Radha Yadav becomes second Indian to take 100 wickets in Women’s T20Is |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) became the joint-second highest wicket taker (144) in women's T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/deepti-sharma-joint-second-highest-womens-t20i-wickets-stats-record-india-women-v-england/article69761027.ece |title=Deepti Sharma becomes joint-second highest wicket-taker in Women’s T20Is, equals Pakistan spinner Nida Dar’s record |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) scored her 9,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100064831655828/posts/1151180757052969/ |title=9,000 international runs! Smriti Mandhana becomes only the 5th and the 2nd Indian - to the milestone! |work=Female Cricket |via=Facebook |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 July 2025
| time = 18:30
| night = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 126/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophia Dunkley]] 22 (19)
| wickets1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/4 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 32 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Issy Wong]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448400.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires = [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng) and [[Anna Harris]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Radha Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (Eng) played in her 100th T20I match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/india-tour-of-england-2025/69984-sophie-ecclestone-becomes-first-left-arm-spinner-and-youngest-from-england-to-play-100-t20is.html |title=Sophie Ecclestone Becomes First Left-Arm Spinner and Youngest from England to Play 100 T20Is |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) took her 300th wicket in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/india-tour-of-england-2025/69988-indias-all-rounder-deepti-sharma-becomes-2nd-indian-woman-to-complete-300-international-wickets.html |title=India’s All-Rounder Deepti Sharma becomes 2nd Indian Woman to complete 300 International Wickets |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> She took second highest wickets and took highest wickets among spinners surpassing [[Nida Dar]] in T20Is (145).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/deepti-sharma-creates-history-breaks-all-time-t20-record-during-ind-vs-eng-4th-t20i-2025-07-09-998191 |title=Deepti Sharma creates history, breaks all-time T20 record during IND vs ENG 4th T20I |work=India TV |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
* Sophie Ecclestone (Eng) took her 300th wicket in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/india-tour-of-england-2025/69992-sophie-ecclestone-completes-300-international-wickets-for-england.html |title=Sophie Ecclestone Completes 300 International Wickets for England |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 July 2025
| time = 18:35
| night = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 167/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 75 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Charlie Dean]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] 56 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448401.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| motm = [[Charlie Dean]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kranti Goud]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
* [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] became the second English woman cricketer to play 300 international matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70151-danni-wyatt-hodge-becomes-2nd-english-player-after-charlotte-edwards-to-300-international-matches.html |title=Danni Wyatt-Hodge Becomes 2nd English Player After Charlotte Edwards to 300 International Matches |work=Female Cricket |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Richa Ghosh]] (Ind) scored her 2,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70148-richa-ghosh-completes-2000-international-runs-for-india.html |title=Richa Ghosh Completes 2,000 International Runs for India |work=Female Cricket |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 July 2025
| time = 13:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 258/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophia Dunkley]] 83 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 2/31 (10 overs)
| score2 = 262/6 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 62[[not out|*]] (64)
| wickets2 = [[Charlie Dean]] 2/52 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448402.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Sue Redfern]] (Eng) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Eng) crossed 2,000 runs in England in ODIs.<ref name=records>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/eng-w-vs-ind-w-1st-odi-all-milestones-records-broken-list/article69820523.ece/ |title=From India’s chase to Smriti’s 4500 runs: All milestones and records broken during England Women vs India Women 1st ODI |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] and [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind) scored 1,000th run as a pair in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/smriti-mandhana-pratika-rawal-england-vs-india-womens-odi-record-2757224-2025-07-17 |title=Smriti Mandhana, Pratika Rawal set partnership world record in 1st Women's ODI |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
* This was India's second-highest successful run chase in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-highest-successful-chase-womens-odis-stats-list-eng-w-vs-ind-w-1st-odi/article69820571.ece |title=India registers its second-highest successful chase in Women’s ODIs |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 July 2025
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 143/8 (29 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 42 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 3/27 (6 overs)
| score2 = 116/2 (21 overs)
| runs2 = [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]] 46[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 1/12 (3 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448403.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Rob White (cricketer)|Rob White]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 29 overs per side due to rain.
* England were set a revised target of 115 runs from 24 overs due to rain.
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 July 2025
| time = 13:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 318/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 102 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 1/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 305 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 98 (105)
| wickets2 = [[Kranti Goud]] 6/52 (9.5 overs)
| result = India won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448404.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Riverside Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| umpires = [[Rob White (cricketer)|Rob White]] (Eng) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind) played in her 50th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70574-jemimah-rodrigues-completes-50-odis-indias-middle-order-star-shines-at-chester-le-street.html |title=Jemimah Rodrigues Completes 50 ODIs: India’s Middle-Order Star Shines at Chester-le-Street |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind) scored her 4,000th run,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/harmanpreet-kaur-4000-runs-womens-odis-india-stats-record-ind-w-vs-eng-series/article69818644.ece |title=Harmanpreet Kaur becomes third Indian to complete 4000 runs in Women’s ODIs |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> and became the second Indian woman to cross 1,000 runs in England in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70619-harmanpreet-kaur-becomes-the-2nd-indian-after-mithali-raj-to-surpass-1000-odi-runs-in-england.html |title=Harmanpreet Kaur becomes the 2nd Indian after Mithali Raj to surpass 1000 ODI runs in England |work=Female Cricket |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/eng-w-vs-ind-w-3rd-odi-all-records-and-milestones-harmanpreet-kaur-jemimah-rodrigues/article69843641.ece |title=All records broken and milestones achieved during England Women vs India Women third match |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
* Jemimah Rodrigues (Ind) scored her 4,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70615-jemimah-rodrigues-crosses-4000-international-runs-for-india-at-just-24.html |title=Jemimah Rodrigues Crosses 4000 International Runs for India at Just 24 |work=Female Cricket |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Eng) scored her 4,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70623-nat-sciver-brunt-crosses-4000-odi-runs-becomes-6th-english-player-to-achieve-milestone.html |title=Nat Sciver-Brunt Crosses 4000 ODI Runs, becomes 6th English Player to Achieve Milestone |work=Female Cricket |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Kranti Goud]] (Ind) took her maiden [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135093/harmanpreet-ton-goud-six-for-guide-india-to-series-win |title=Harmanpreet ton, Goud six-for guide India to series win |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-england-2025-1448388 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International women's cricket tours of England}}
{{International cricket in 2025}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in English women's cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England]]
[[Category:Women's cricket tours of England]]

Amdara

2025-08-17T04:29:22Z

Abesh Purkait: adding initial pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amdara
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.10|N|80.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maihar district]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 19]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 485771
}}

'''Amdara''' is a town and a railway station in [[Maihar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Police Stations | District Maihar, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India | url=https://maihar.nic.in/en/police-stations/ }}</ref> It is also a proposed tehsil headquarters. It's belongs to [[Rewa Division]].

==Geography==
Amdara is located at {{Coord|24.10|N|80.57|E}}. It has an average elevation of 367 metres (1204 ft).
It is in the Maihar district on the [[Jabalpur]]–[[Satna]] railway line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Amdara.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Amdara, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[Census of India 2011]], Amdara town has population of 2,524 of which 1,281 are males while 1,243 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/464645-amdara-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Amdara Village Population - Maihar - Satna, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Amdara is well connected with roadways and railways.

The town is located on the [[Jabalpur]]–[[Prayagraj]] railway line and connected with many major cities.

Amdara is situated between [[Katni]] and [[Maihar]], with daily bus services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/amdara-udr/4642|title=Amdara Railway Station Map/Atlas WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satna district]]
[[Category:Satna]]
[[Category:Religion in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Pushpa Bharati

2025-08-17T02:55:14Z

Abesh Purkait: Created new article

{{Short description|Indian writer and author (born 1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pushpa Bharati
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1935}}
| birth_place = [[Moradabad]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Writer, author
| nationality = Indian
| language = [[Hindi]]
| notable_works = ''Shubhagata'', ''Dhai Aakhar Prem Ke'', ''Saras Samvad'', ''Safar Suhane'', ''Yaadein, Yaadein aur Yaadein''
| period =
| genre = Stories, Biographies, Travelogue
| subject =
| movement =
| awards = {{ubl
|Maharashtra State Hindi Sahitya Academy Award (2008)
|[[Vyas Samman]] (2023)
|Hindi Seva Samman by [[Kalidasa Akademi]]
|Sahitya Bhushan by [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]
}}
| spouse = [[Dharamvir Bharati]]
| website =
}}
'''Pushpa Bharati''' (born 1935) is an Indian writer and author known for her contributions to [[Hindi literature]].<ref name=Hindustan/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Dr. Chandra Mukherjee |title=Comparative study of Hindi and English women's writing |date=23 December 2019 |publisher=Book Bazooka |isbn=9789386895776 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnfHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80&pg=PA19 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Anil Kumar |title=Svātantryottara yātrā-sāhitya kā viśleshanātmaka adhyayana |date=2007 |publisher=Hindi Book Center |page=84, 85 |isbn=978-81-85244-30-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ3fU8XfKowC&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80&pg=PA84}}</ref> She has authored 17 books in [[Hindi Language]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

== Biography ==
Pushpa was born in [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 1935. She pursued her [[Master of Arts]] in [[Hindi literature]] from the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1955. She was married to [[Dharamvir Bharati]], a renowned Hindi writer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Poonam |title=Why a 66-year-old Hindi love story needed to be translated into English |url=https://scroll.in/article/713676/why-a-66-year-old-hindi-love-story-needed-to-be-translated-into-english |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=15 March 2015}}</ref> The [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942 inspired Bharati to write stories.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dharam Paul Sarin |title=Influence of Political Movements on Hindi Literature, 1960-1947 |date=1967 |publisher=[[Panjab University]] Publication Bureau |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHjRAAAAMAAJ&q=Writer+Pushpa+Bharati}}</ref>

As a professor, she taught in the degree colleges of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] from 1957 to 1960 and in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1975.<ref name=livehindustan/>

Her literary career spans several decades. She has authored and edited books across genres earning her widespread critical acclaim. Her notable works, including ''Shubhagata'', ''Dhai Aakhar Prem Ke'', ''Saras Samvad'', ''Safar Suhane'' and many others, have gained popularity among readers.<ref name=Hindustan/>

Throughout her career, Pushpa Bharati authored several books which includes ''Romanchak Satya Kathaayein'', ''Prem Piyaala Jin Piya'', ''Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke'', ''Saras Samvaad'', ''Safar Suhaane'', ''Adhunik Sahitya Bo'', ''Ek Duniya Bachchon Ki'', ''Vaadein'', and ''Yaadein, Yaadein aur Yaadein''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

She joined the Children's Film Production Organization of the Government of India. She also served as a jury member for the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Film Censor Board]] in 1988.<ref name=livehindustan>{{cite news |title=संपादित... यादें यादें और यादें... के लिए पुष्पा भारती को व्यास सम्मान-2023 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/new-delhi/story-edited-vyas-samman-2023-to-pushpa-bharti-for-yaadein-yaadein-aur-yaadein-9053777.html |publisher=Hindustan |date=11 December 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

She has also authored a biography on [[Amitabh Bachchan]] titled ''Amitabh Bachchan Jeevan Gaatha'', published by Vani Prakashan in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Aarti |title=किताबघर व मयूरपंख की अगली किस्त में पढि़ए सदी के महानायक की जीवनगाथा और स्वयं से संवाद की जिरह |url=https://www.jagran.com/lifestyle/miscellaneous-book-review-of-amitabh-bachchan-jeewan-gatha-and-aako-bako-23112002.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=1 October 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पुष्पा भारती की अमिताभ बच्चन पर किताब |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/aapki-wall-se/analysis-pushpa-bhartis-book-amitabh-bachchan-4009614 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=10 February 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
== Bibliography ==
{{unsourced|section|date=August 2025}}
* ''Romanchak Satya Kathaayein'' (In two parts)
* ''Prem Piyaala Jin Piya''
* ''Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke''
* ''Saras Samvaad''
* ''Safar Suhaane''
* ''Adhunik Sahitya Bodh''
* ''Ek Duniya Bachchon Ki''
* ''Vaadein''
* ''Yaadein, Yaadein aur Yaadein''
* ''Akshar Akshar Yagya''
* ''Dharamveer Bharti Se Sakshatkaar''
* ''Meri Vani Garik-Vasna''
* ''Saans Ki Kalam Se''
* ''Dharamveer Bharti Ki Sahitya-Sadhana''
* ''Harivansh Rai Bachchan Ki Sahitya-Sadhana''
* ''Pushpanjali''<ref name=vani/>

== Personal life ==
She was married to [[Dharamvir Bharati]] and lives in Sahitya Sahwas, an apartment building in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Love Story |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/big-love-story/47134703.html |publisher=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=3 May 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In recognition of her literary contributions, Pushpa Bharati received various honors, including the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra State Hindi Sahitya Academy Award]] in 2008, Hindi Seva Samman from [[Kalidasa Akademi]], [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], and Sahitya Bhushan from [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

Notably, her memoir, ''Yaadein, Yaadein aur Yaadein'' (2016), was honored with the 33rd [[Vyas Samman]] in 2023 by the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]]. This award includes a cash prize of ₹4 lakh, a citation, and a plaque.<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite news |title=Writer Pushpa Bharati's memoir selected for Vyas Samman award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/pushpa-bharati-s-yaadein-yaadein-aur-yaadein-breaks-the-mould-of-memory-writing-brings-alive-literary-greats-101703486549342.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 December 2023}}</ref>

She has also been the recipient of other distinguished awards, such as the Rama Award, Swajan Award, Bharti Gaurav Award, Ashirwad Saraswat Award, and Uttar Hindi Shiromani Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=पुष्पा भारती |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80.cspx?id=1057&name=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80 |publisher=Hindisamay}}</ref><ref name=vani>{{cite web |title=Pushpa Bharati |url=https://www.vaniprakashan.com/author-details/1604-pushpa-bharti |publisher=Vani Prakashan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=cYPnEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80&pg=PA33 Pushpa Bharati's Interview] with ''[[Publications Division|Aajkal]]'' Magazine (page 31 to 37)

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharati, Pushpa}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad district]]